<rdf:RDF xmlns:admin="http://webns.net/mvcb/" xmlns="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:prism="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/prism/" xmlns:taxo="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/taxonomy/" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:syn="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/syndication/">
<channel rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org">
<admin:errorReportsTo rdf:resource="mailto:biorxiv@cshlpress.edu"/>
<title>bioRxiv Channel: University of California, Berkeley</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org</link>
<description>
This feed contains articles for bioRxiv Channel "University of California, Berkeley"
</description>

<items>
<rdf:Seq>
</rdf:Seq>
</items>
<prism:eIssn/>
<prism:publicationName>bioRxiv</prism:publicationName>
<prism:issn/>

<image rdf:resource=""/>
</channel>
<image rdf:about="">
<title>bioRxiv</title>
<url/>
<link>https://biorxiv.org</link>
</image>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.12.507619v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis for mTORC1-dependent regulation of the lysosomal and autophagic transcription factor TFEB 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.12.507619v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The transcription factor TFEB is a master regulator of lysosomal biogenesis and autophagy. The phosphorylation of TFEB by the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is unique in its mTORC1 substrate recruitment mechanism, which is strictly dependent on the amino-acid-mediated activation of the RagC GAP FLCN. TFEB lacks the TOR signaling (TOS) motif responsible for the recruitment of other mTORC1 substrates. We used cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) to determine the structure of TFEB as presented to mTORC1 for phosphorylation. Two full Rag-Ragulator complexes present each molecule of TFEB to the mTOR active site. One Rag-Ragulator complex is bound to Raptor in the canonical mode seen previously in the absence of TFEB. A second Rag-Ragulator complex (non-canonical) docks onto the first via a RagC GDP-dependent contact with the second Ragulator complex. The non-canonical Rag dimer binds the first helix of TFEB in a RagCGDP-dependent aspartate clamp in the cleft between the Rag G domains. Mutation of the clamp drives TFEB constitutively into the nucleus whilst having no effect on mTORC1 localization. The remainder of the 108-amino acid TFEB docking domain winds around Raptor and then back to RagA. This structure presents the phosphorylatable Ser residues of TFEB to the mTORC1 active site in a suitable geometry for their phosphorylation. The double use of RagC GDP contacts in both Rag dimers explains the strong dependence of TFEB phosphorylation on FLCN and the RagC GDP state.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cui, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Napolitano, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Araujo, M. E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esposito, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monfregola, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huber, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballabio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurley, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.12.507619</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis for mTORC1-dependent regulation of the lysosomal and autophagic transcription factor TFEB]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.12.507535v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Immunological landscape of human lymph nodes during ex vivo measles virus infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.12.507535v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In humans, lymph nodes are the primary site of measles virus (MeV) replication. To understand the immunological events that occur at this site, we infected human lymphoid tissue explants using a pathogenic strain of MeV that expresses GFP. We found that MeV infected between 5-15% of cells across donors. Using single cell RNA-Seq (scRNA-Seq) and flow cytometry, we found that while most of the 29 cell populations identified in the lymphoid culture were susceptible to MeV, there was a broad preferential infection of B cells and reduced infection of T cells. Further subsetting of T cells revealed that this reduction may be driven by the decreased infection of naive T cells. Transcriptional changes in infected B cells were dominated by an interferon stimulated gene (ISG) signature. To determine which of these ISGs were most substantial, we evaluated the proteome of MeV-infected Raji cells by mass spectrometry. We found that IFIT1, IFIT2, IFIT3, ISG15, CXCL10, MX2, and XAF1 proteins were the most highly induced, and positively correlated with their expression in the transcriptome. These data provide insight into the immunological events that occur in lymph nodes during infection and may lead to the development of therapeutic interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Acklin, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horiuchi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moss, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurland, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thibault, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Degrace, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ikegame, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmichael, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imai, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ueno, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tweel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.12.507535</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Immunological landscape of human lymph nodes during ex vivo measles virus infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.13.507682v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SPRAY-INDUCED GENE SILENCING IDENTIFIES PATHOGEN PROCESSES CONTRIBUTING TO POWDERY MILDEW PROLIFERATION 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.13.507682v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spray-induced gene silencing (SIGS) is an emerging tool for crop pest protection. It utilizes exogenously applied double stranded RNA to specifically reduce pest target gene expression using endogenous RNA interference machinery. Powdery mildews, widespread obligate biotrophic fungi infect agricultural crops including wheat, barley, cucurbits, grapevine, and ornamentals such as roses. In this study, SIGS methods were developed and optimized for powdery mildews using the known azole-fungicide target CYP51 and the Golovinomyces orontii-Arabidopsis thaliana pathosystem. Additional screening resulted in the identification of conserved gene targets and processes important to powdery mildew proliferation: apoptosis-antagonizing transcription factor in essential cellular metabolism and stress response; lipase a, lipase 1, and acetyl-CoA oxidase in lipid catabolism; 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase, xanthoxin dehydrogenase, and a putative abscisic acid G-protein coupled receptor predicted to function in manipulation of the plant hormone abscisic acid; and the secreted effector EC2. Powdery mildew is the dominant disease impacting grapes and extensive powdery mildew resistance to applied fungicides has been reported. Therefore, we developed SIGS for the Erysiphe necator-Vitis vinifera system and tested six successful targets identified using the G. orontii-A. thaliana system. For all targets tested, a similar reduction in powdery mildew disease was observed between systems. This indicates screening of broadly conserved targets in the G. orontii-A. thaliana pathosystem identifies targets and processes for the successful control of other powdery mildews. The flexibility, specificity, reduced environmental and health risks, and rapid transition from the bench to the field make SIGS an exciting prospect for commercial powdery mildew control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McRae, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taneja, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haridas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaButti, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grigoriev, I. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wildermuth, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.13.507682</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SPRAY-INDUCED GENE SILENCING IDENTIFIES PATHOGEN PROCESSES CONTRIBUTING TO POWDERY MILDEW PROLIFERATION]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.13.507547v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vowel and formant representation in human auditory speech cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.13.507547v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vowel sounds are a fundamental component of human speech across all languages. Vowels are cued acoustically by formants, the resonance frequencies determined by the shape of the vocal tract during speaking. An outstanding question in neurolinguistics is how the human brain processes vowel formants during speech perception. We used high-density intracranial recordings from the human speech cortex on the superior temporal gyrus (STG) while participants listened to natural continuous speech to address this question. We derived two-dimensional receptive fields based on the first and second formants to characterize tuning to vowel sounds. We found that neural activity at single STG sites was highly selective for particular zones in the formant space. Furthermore, this formant tuning shifted dynamically to adjust for speaker-specific spectral context. Despite this formant selectivity, local cortical responses were not sufficient to reliably discriminate between vowel categories. Instead, vowel category representations could be accurately decoded when using the entire population of formant encoding electrodes. Together, our results reveal that vowels are locally encoded in STG with complex acoustic tuning in two-dimensional formant space. As a population code this gives rise to phonological vowel perception.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oganian, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhaya-Grossman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.13.507547</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vowel and formant representation in human auditory speech cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.13.507833v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Kinase-independent activity of DYRK1A promotes viral entry of highly pathogenic human coronaviruses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.13.507833v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying host genes essential for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has the potential to reveal novel drug targets and further our understanding of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We previously performed a genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screen to identify pro-viral host factors for highly pathogenic human coronaviruses. Very few host factors were required by diverse coronaviruses across multiple cell types, but DYRK1A was one such exception. Although its role in coronavirus infection was completely unknown, DYRK1A encodes Dual Specificity Tyrosine Phosphorylation Regulated Kinase 1A and regulates cell proliferation, and neuronal development, among other cellular processes. Interestingly, individuals with Down syndrome overexpress DYRK1A 1.5-fold and exhibit 5-10x higher hospitalization and mortality rates from COVID-19 infection. Here, we demonstrate that DYRK1A regulates ACE2 and DPP4 transcription independent of its catalytic kinase function to support SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, and MERS-CoV entry. We show that DYRK1A promotes DNA accessibility at the ACE2 promoter and a putative distal enhancer, facilitating transcription and gene expression. Finally, we validate that the pro-viral activity of DYRK1A is conserved across species using cells of monkey and human origin and an in vivo mouse model. In summary, we report that DYRK1A is a novel regulator of ACE2 and DPP4 expression that may dictate susceptibility to multiple highly pathogenic human coronaviruses. Whether DYRK1A overexpression contributes to heightened COVID-19 severity in individuals with Down syndrome through ACE2 regulation warrants further future investigation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Strine, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, W. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alfajaro, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filler, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biering, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarnik, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patil, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cervantes, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collings, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeWeirdt, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanna, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schofield, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hulme, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konermann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doench, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadoch, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilen, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.13.507833</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Kinase-independent activity of DYRK1A promotes viral entry of highly pathogenic human coronaviruses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.13.507863v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Organization of Upstream ESCRT Machinery at the HIV-1 Budding Site 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.13.507863v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the late stages of the HIV-1 life cycle, membrane localization and self-assembly of the Gag polyproteins induce membrane deformation and budding. However, release of the immature virion requires direct interaction between Gag lattice and upstream ESCRT machinery at the budding site, followed by assembly of the downstream ESCRT-III factors, culminating in membrane scission. In this work, using "bottom-up" coarse-grained (CG) molecular dynamics (MD) simulations we investigated the interactions between Gag and different upstream ESCRT components to delineate the molecular organization of proteins at the membrane neck of the HIV-1 budding site. We developed CG models of upstream ESCRT proteins and HIV-1 structural protein Gag based on experimental structural data and extensive all-atom MD simulations. We find that ESCRT-I proteins bound to the immature Gag lattice can recruit multiple copies of ESCRT-II coating the membrane neck. ESCRT-I can effectively oligomerize to higher-order complexes both in absence of ESCRT-II and when multiple copies of ESCRT-II are localized at the bud neck. The ESCRT-I/II supercomplexes observed in our simulations exhibit predominantly extended conformations. Importantly, the ESCRT-I/II supercomplex modulates the membrane mechanical properties at the budding site by decreasing the overall Gaussian curvature of membrane neck. Our findings serve to elucidate a network of interactions between the upstream ESCRT machinery, immature Gag lattice, and membrane bud neck that regulate the protein assemblies and enable bud neck constriction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hudait, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurley, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voth, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.13.507863</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Organization of Upstream ESCRT Machinery at the HIV-1 Budding Site]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.14.507822v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development of human lateral prefrontal sulcal morphology and its relation to reasoning performance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.14.507822v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Previous findings show that the morphology of folds (sulci) of the human cerebral cortex flatten during postnatal development. However, previous studies did not consider the relationship between sulcal morphology and cognitive development in individual participants. Here, we fill this gap in knowledge by leveraging cross-sectional morphological neuroimaging data in the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) from individual human participants (6-36 years old, males and females; N = 108; 3672 sulci), as well as longitudinal morphological and behavioral data from a subset of child and adolescent participants scanned at two timepoints (6-18 years old; N = 44; 2992 sulci). Manually defining thousands of sulci revealed that LPFC sulcal morphology (depth, surface area, gray matter thickness, and local gyrification index) differed between children (6-11 years old)/adolescents (11-18 years old) and young adults (22-36 years old) cross-sectionally, but only cortical thickness showed both cross-sectional differences between children and adolescents and presented longitudinal changes during childhood and adolescence. Furthermore, a data-driven approach relating morphology and cognition identified that longitudinal changes in cortical thickness of four rostral LPFC sulci predicted longitudinal changes in reasoning performance, a higher-level cognitive ability that relies on LPFC. Contrary to previous findings, these results suggest that sulci may flatten either after this time frame or over a longer longitudinal period of time than previously presented. Crucially, these results also suggest that longitudinal changes in the cortex within specific LPFC sulci are behaviorally meaningful--providing targeted structures, and areas of the cortex, for future neuroimaging studies examining the development of cognitive abilities.

Significance StatementRecent work has shown that individual differences in neuroanatomical structures (indentations, or sulci) within the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) are behaviorally meaningful during childhood and adolescence. Here, we describe how specific LPFC sulci develop at the level of individual participants for the first time--from both cross-sectional and longitudinal perspectives. Further, we show, also for the first time, that the longitudinal morphological changes in these structures are behaviorally relevant. These findings lay the foundation for a future avenue to precisely study the development of the cortex and highlight the importance of studying the development of sulci in other cortical expanses and charting how these changes relate to the cognitive abilities those areas support at the level of individual participants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Willbrand, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bunge, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.14.507822</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development of human lateral prefrontal sulcal morphology and its relation to reasoning performance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.12.507656v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dispensing with unnecessary assumptions in population genetics analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.12.507656v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parametric assumptions in population genetics analysis - including linearity, sources of population stratification and additivity of variance as part of a Gaussian noise - are often made, yet their (approximate) validity depends on variant and traits of interest, as well as genetic ancestry and population dependence structure of the sample cohort. We present a unified statistical workflow, called TarGene, for targeted estimation of effect sizes, as well as two-point and higher-order epistatic interactions of genomic variants on polygenic traits, which dispenses with these unnecessary assumptions. Our approach is founded on Targeted Learning, a framework for estimation that integrates mathematical statistics, machine learning and causal inference. TarGene maximises power whilst simultaneously maximising control over false discoveries by: (i) guaranteeing optimal bias-variance trade-off, (ii) taking into account potential covariate non-linearities, sources of population stratification and dependence structure, and (iii) detecting genetic non-linearities. The necessity of this model-independent approach is demonstrated via extensive simulations. We validate the effectiveness of our method by reproducing previously verified effect sizes on UK Biobank data, whilst simultaneously discovering non-linear effect sizes of additional allelic copies on trait or disease, in a PheWAS study involving 781 traits. Specifically, we demonstrate genetic non-linearity at the FTO locus is significant for 54 traits in this study. We further find three pairs of epistatic loci associated with skin color that have been previously reported to be associated with hair color. Finally, we illustrate how TarGene can be used to investigate higher-order interactions using three variants linked to the vitamin D receptor complex. TarGene provides a platform for comparative analyses across biobanks, or integration of multiple biobanks and heterogeneous populations to simultaneously increase power and control for type I errors, whilst taking into account population stratification and complex dependence structures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Labayle, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tetley-Campbell, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Laan, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ponting, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beentjes, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khamseh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.12.507656</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dispensing with unnecessary assumptions in population genetics analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.14.508022v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ultraviolet radiation and dehydration stress induce overlapping transcriptional and metabolic responses in Syntrichia mosses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.14.508022v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIProtection from excess solar radiation and access to sufficient water are important problems for terrestrial plants to solve. Desiccation tolerance (DT), defined as the ability to equilibrate to dry air and resume normal metabolic activity after rehydration, allows organisms to survive dry periods by limiting metabolic activity to periods of moisture availability. We compared separate and combined effects of chronic ultraviolet radiation (UVR) treatments (UV-A and UV-A/B) and a dehydration treatment (as a surrogate for desiccation) in the mosses Syntrichia ruralis and S. caninervis to uncover the nature of correlation between DT and UVR tolerance (UVRT).
C_LIO_LIUsing a fully factorial experiment with combined transcriptomics and metabolomics, we tested for cross-talk (overlap in signaling pathways in response to different stressors but separate mechanisms of protection) in the genetic underpinnings of DT and UVRT and cross-tolerance (overlap in the mechanism of protection) these two stressors.
C_LIO_LIShared transcriptomic response to the two stressors with no significant interaction between them suggested cross-talk between UVRT and DT for S. caninervis. Phenolic metabolites and transcripts were involved in the response to UVR and dehydration in both species.
C_LIO_LISome candidate UVRT genes and metabolites were induced by UVR in S. ruralis, but not S. caninervis, supporting the hypothesis that S. ruralis has a more plastic, acclimatable UVR response than S. caninervis, and that these differences are predictable by their unique interaction with these stressors as poikilohydric organisms.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ekwealor, J. T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosina, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Northen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliver, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishler, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.14.508022</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ultraviolet radiation and dehydration stress induce overlapping transcriptional and metabolic responses in Syntrichia mosses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.14.508027v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Advanced Feedback Enhances Sensorimotor Adaptation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.14.508027v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It is widely recognized that sensorimotor learning is enhanced when the feedback is provided throughout the movement compared to when it is provided at the end of the movement. However, the source of this advantage is unclear: Continuous feedback is more ecological, dynamic, and available earlier than endpoint feedback. Here we assess the relative merits of these factors using a method that allows us to manipulate feedback timing independent of actual hand position. By manipulating the onset time of  endpoint feedback, we found that adaptation was modulated in a non-monotonic manner, with the peak of the function occurring in advance of the hand reaching the target. Moreover, at this optimal time, learning was of similar magnitude as that observed with continuous feedback. By varying movement duration, we demonstrate that this optimal time occurs at a relatively fixed time after movement onset, an interval we hypothesize corresponds to when the comparison of the sensory prediction and feedback generates the strongest error signal.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avraham, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsay, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thummala, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.14.508027</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Advanced Feedback Enhances Sensorimotor Adaptation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.14.507926v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid learning of neural circuitry from holographic ensemble stimulation enabled by model-based compressed sensing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.14.507926v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Discovering how neural computations are implemented in the cortex at the level of monosynaptic connectivity requires probing for the existence of synapses from possibly thousands of presynaptic candidate neurons. Two-photon optogenetics has been shown to be a promising technology for mapping such monosynaptic connections via serial stimulation of neurons with single-cell resolution. However, this approach is limited in its ability to uncover connectivity at large scales because stimulating neurons one-by-one requires prohibitively long experiments. Here we developed novel computational tools that, when combined, enable learning of monosynaptic connectivity from high-speed holographic neural ensemble stimulation. First, we developed a model-based compressed sensing algorithm that identifies connections from postsynaptic responses evoked by stimulation of many neurons at once, considerably increasing the rate at which the existence and strength of synapses are screened. We show that this model-based approach, explicitly incorporating known biophysics of optogenetic mapping experiments, is critical for accurately determining synaptic connectivity using compressed sensing. Second, we developed a deep learning method that isolates the postsynaptic response evoked by each stimulus, allowing stimulation to rapidly switch between ensembles without waiting for the postsynaptic response to return to baseline. We then validated our approach by performing large-scale connectivity mapping experiments in slices from layer 2/3 of mouse primary visual cortex. Together, our system increases the throughput of monosynaptic connectivity mapping by an order of magnitude over existing approaches, enabling the acquisition of connectivity maps at speeds needed to discover the synaptic circuitry implementing neural computations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Triplett, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gajowa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadahiro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adesnik, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paninski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.14.507926</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid learning of neural circuitry from holographic ensemble stimulation enabled by model-based compressed sensing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.14.508003v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optogenetic Instruction of Cell Fate by Temporal Patterning of Mechanobiological Signals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.14.508003v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During the intricate process by which cells give rise to tissues, embryonic and adult stem cells are exposed to diverse mechanical signals from the extracellular matrix (ECM) that influence their fate. Cells can sense these cues in part through dynamic generation of protrusions, modulated and controlled by cyclic activation of Rho GTPases. However, it remains unclear how extracellular mechanical signals regulate Rho GTPase activation dynamics and how such rapid, transient activation dynamics are integrated to yield long-term, irreversible cell fate decisions. Here, we report that ECM stiffness cues alter not only the magnitude but also the temporal frequency of RhoA and Cdc42 activation in adult neural stem cells (NSCs). Using optogenetics to control the frequency of RhoA and Cdc42 activation, we further demonstrate that these dynamics are functionally significant, where high- or low-frequency activation of RhoA and Cdc42 drives astrocytic or neuronal differentiation, respectively. In addition, high-frequency Rho GTPase activation induces sustained phosphorylation of the TGF{beta} pathway effector SMAD1, which in turn promotes astrocytic differentiation. By contrast, under low-frequency Rho GTPase stimulation, cells fail to accumulate SMAD1 phosphorylation and undergo neurogenesis. Our findings reveal the temporal patterning of Rho GTPase signaling and the resulting accumulation of a SMAD1 signal as a critical mechanism through which ECM stiffness cues regulate NSC fate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sampayo, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakamoto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaffer, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.14.508003</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optogenetic Instruction of Cell Fate by Temporal Patterning of Mechanobiological Signals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.19.508573v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA processing by the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus alkaline exonuclease SOX contributes to viral gene expression and infectious virion production 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.19.508573v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alkaline exonucleases (AE) are present in several large DNA viruses including bacteriophage {lambda} and herpesviruses, where they play roles in viral DNA processing during genome replication. Given the genetic conservation of AEs across viruses infecting different kingdoms of life, these enzymes likely assume central roles in the lifecycles of viruses where they have yet to be well characterized. Here, we applied a structure-guided functional analysis of the bifunctional AE in the oncogenic human gammaherpesvirus Kaposis sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), called SOX. In addition to identifying a preferred DNA substrate preference for SOX, we define key residues important for DNA binding and DNA processing, and how SOX activity on DNA partially overlaps with its functionally separable cleavage of mRNA. By engineering these SOX mutants into KSHV, we reveal roles for its DNase activity in viral gene expression and infectious virion production. Our results provide mechanistic insight into gammaherpesviral AE activity as well as areas of functional conservation between this mammalian virus AE and its distant relative in phage {lambda}.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hartenian, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Didychuk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khosla, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaunsinger, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.19.508573</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA processing by the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus alkaline exonuclease SOX contributes to viral gene expression and infectious virion production]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.19.508597v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Eliminating Genes for a Two Component System Increases PHB Productivity in Cupriavidus basilensis 4G11 Under PHB Suppressing, Non-Stress Conditions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.19.508597v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Species of bacteria from the genus Cupriavidus are known, in part, for their ability to produce high amounts of poly-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) making them attractive candidate bioplastic producers. The native production of PHB occurs during periods of metabolic stress, and the process regulating the initiation of PHB accumulation in these organisms is not fully understood. Screening an RB-TnSeq transposon library of Cupriavidus basilensis 4G11 allowed us to identify two genes of an apparent, uncharacterized two component system which, when omitted from the genome, are capable of increased PHB productivity in balanced, non-stress growth conditions. We observe average increases in PHB productivity of 56% and 41% relative to the wildtype parent strain, upon deleting each of two genes individually from the genome. The increased PHB phenotype disappears, however, in nitrogen-free unbalanced growth conditions suggesting the phenotype is specific to fast-growing, replete, non-stress growth. Bioproduction modeling suggests this phenotype could be due to a decreased reliance on metabolic stress induced by nitrogen limitation to initiate PHB production in the mutant strains. Such strains may allow for the use of single stage, continuous bioreactor systems, which are far simpler than PHB bioproduction schemes used previously. Bioproductivity modeling suggests that omitting this regulation in the cells may increase PHB productivity up to 24% relative to the wildtype organism when using single stage continuous systems. This work furthermore expands our understanding of the regulation of PHB accumulation in Cupriavidus, in particular the initiation of this process upon transition into unbalanced growth regimes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sander, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abel, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedline, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharpless, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skerker, J. M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutschbauer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.19.508597</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Eliminating Genes for a Two Component System Increases PHB Productivity in Cupriavidus basilensis 4G11 Under PHB Suppressing, Non-Stress Conditions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.19.508617v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synaptic scale dopamine disruption in Huntington's Disease model mice imaged with near infrared catecholamine nanosensors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.19.508617v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dopamine neuromodulation is a critical process that facilitates learning, motivation, and motor control. Disruption of these processes has been implicated in several neurological and psychiatric disorders including Huntingtons Disease (HD). While several treatments for physical and psychiatric HD symptoms target dopaminergic neuromodulation, the mechanism by which dopaminergic dysfunction occurs during HD is unknown. This is partly due to limited capability to visualize dopamine dynamics at the spatiotemporal resolution of both neuromodulator release (ms) and dopaminergic boutons ({micro}m). Here we employ near-infrared fluorescent catecholamine nanosensors (nIRCats) to image dopamine release within the brain striatum of R6/2 Huntingtons Disease Model (R6/2) mice. We find that stimulated dorsal striatal dopamine release decreases with progressive motor degeneration and that these decreases are primarily driven by a decrease in the number of dopamine hotspots combined with decreased release intensity and decreased release fidelity. Using nIRCats high spatial resolution, we show that dopamine hotspots in late HD show increased ability to add new dopamine hotspots at high extracellular calcium concentrations and track individual dopamine hotspots over repeated stimulations and pharmacological wash to measure dopamine hotspots release fidelity. Compellingly, we demonstrate that antagonism of D2-autoreceptors using Sulpiride and direct blocking of Kv1.2 channels using 4-Aminopyradine (4-AP) increases the fidelity of dopamine hotspot activity in WT striatum but not in late HD striatum, indicating that D2-autoreceptor regulation of dopamine release through Kv1.2 channels is compromised in late HD. These findings, enabled by nIRCats, provide a more detailed look into how dopamine release is disrupted and dysregulated during Huntingtons Disease to alter the coverage of dopamine modulation across the dorsal striatum.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTHuntingtons Disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder with no cure. Dysfunction of dopamine signaling is known to deteriorate in HD but has not been studied at the spatial level of individual release sites. Here, we image dopamine release from individual hotspots in brain slices from R6/2 HD mice at early and late disease timepoints with dopamine nanosensors. We track single dopamine hotspots and find that dopamine hotspot number, release intensity, and release fidelity decrease in HD, and demonstrate that changes in D2-autoreceptor regulation manifest through changes in hotspot release fidelity thus compromising dopamine coverage across the dorsal lateral striatum. These findings highlight dopaminergic neurons in cortico-striatal signaling during HD as a promising new therapeutic target for HD treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Del Bonis-O'Donnell, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giordani, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J. W.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lui, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piekarski, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irrinki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaffer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.19.508617</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synaptic scale dopamine disruption in Huntington's Disease model mice imaged with near infrared catecholamine nanosensors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.21.508844v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sequential Activation and Local Unfolding Control Poly(A)-Binding Protein Condensation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.21.508844v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eukaryotic cells form biomolecular condensates to sense and adapt to their environment1,2. Poly(A)-binding protein (Pab1), a canonical stress granule marker3,4, condenses upon heat shock or starvation, promoting adaptation5. The molecular basis of condensation has remained elusive due to a dearth of techniques to probe structure directly in condensates. Here we apply hydrogen-deuterium exchange/mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) to investigate the molecular mechanism of Pab1s condensation. We find that Pab1s four RNA recognition motifs (RRMs) undergo different levels of partial unfolding upon condensation, and the changes are similar for thermal and pH stresses. Although structural heterogeneity is observed, the ability of MS to describe individual subpopulations allows us to identify which regions become partially unfolded and contribute to the condensates interaction network. Our data yield a clear molecular picture of Pab1s stress-triggered condensation, which we term sequential activation, wherein each RRM becomes activated at a temperature where it partially unfolds and associates with other likewise activated RRMs to form the condensate. This model thus implies that sequential activation is dictated by the underlying free energy surface, an effect we refer to as thermodynamic specificity. Our study represents a methodological advance for elucidating the interactions that drive biomolecular condensation that we anticipate will be widely applicable. Furthermore, our findings demonstrate how condensation can use thermodynamic specificity to perform an acute response to multiple, stresses, a potentially general mechanism for stress-responsive proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shangguan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachleben, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riback, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drummond, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sosnick, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.21.508844</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sequential Activation and Local Unfolding Control Poly(A)-Binding Protein Condensation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.21.508939v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A hierarchy of cell death pathways confers layered resistance to shigellosis in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.21.508939v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria of the genus Shigella cause shigellosis, a severe gastrointestinal disease driven by bacterial colonization of colonic intestinal epithelial cells. Vertebrates have evolved programmed cell death pathways that sense invasive enteric pathogens and eliminate their intracellular niche. Previously we reported that genetic removal of one such pathway, the NAIP-NLRC4 inflammasome, is sufficient to convert mice from resistant to susceptible to oral Shigella flexneri challenge (Mitchell, Roncaioli et al., 2020). Here, we investigate the protective role of additional cell death pathways during oral mouse Shigella infection. We find that the Caspase-11 inflammasome, which senses Shigella LPS, restricts Shigella colonization of the intestinal epithelium in the absence of NAIP-NLRC4. However, this protection is limited when Shigella expresses OspC3, an effector that antagonizes Caspase-11 activity. TNF, a cytokine that activates Caspase-8-dependent apoptosis, also provides protection from Shigella colonization of the intestinal epithelium, but only in the absence of both NAIP- NLRC4 and Caspase-11. The combined genetic removal of Caspases-1,-11, and -8 renders mice hyper-susceptible to oral Shigella infection. Our findings uncover a layered hierarchy of cell death pathways that limit the ability of an invasive gastrointestinal pathogen to cause disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roncaioli, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babirye, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavez, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, F. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turcotte, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lesser, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vance, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.21.508939</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A hierarchy of cell death pathways confers layered resistance to shigellosis in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.20.508739v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The logic of recurrent circuits in the primary visual cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.20.508739v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recurrent cortical activity sculpts visual perception by refining, amplifying, or suppressing incoming visual signals. Despite the importance of recurrent circuits for cortical processing, the basic rules that govern how nearby cortical neurons influence each other remains enigmatic. We used two-photon holographic optogenetics to activate ensembles of neurons in Layer 2/3 of the primary visual cortex (V1) in the absence of external stimuli to isolate the impact of local recurrence from external inputs. We find that the spatial arrangement and the stimulus feature preference of both the stimulated and the target ensemble jointly determine the net effect of recurrent activity, defining the cortical activity patterns that drive competition versus facilitation in L2/3 circuits. Computational modeling suggests that a combination of highly local recurrent excitatory connectivity and selective convergence onto inhibitory neurons give rise to these principles of recurrent activity. Our data and modeling reveal that recurrent activity can have varied impact, but a logic emerges through an understanding of the precise spatial distribution and feature preference of the multicellular pattern of activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oldenburg, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendricks, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handy, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamardani, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bounds, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doiron, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adesnik, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.20.508739</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The logic of recurrent circuits in the primary visual cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.21.508960v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Host specific sensing of coronaviruses and picornaviruses by the CARD8 inflammasome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.21.508960v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hosts have evolved diverse strategies to respond to microbial infections, including the detection of pathogen-encoded proteases by inflammasome-forming sensors such as NLRP1 and CARD8. Here, we find that the 3CL protease (3CLpro) encoded by diverse coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2, cleaves a rapidly evolving region of human CARD8 and activates a robust inflammasome response. CARD8 is required for cell death and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines during SARS-CoV-2 infection. We further find that natural variation alters CARD8 sensing of 3CLpro, including 3CLpro-mediated antagonism rather than activation of megabat CARD8. Likewise, we find that a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in humans reduces CARD8s ability to sense coronavirus 3CLpros, and instead enables sensing of 3C proteases (3Cpro) from select picornaviruses. Our findings demonstrate that CARD8 is a broad sensor of viral protease activities and suggests that CARD8 diversity contributes to inter- and intra-species variation in inflammasome-mediated viral sensing and immunopathology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tsu, B. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agarwal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gokhale, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulsuptrakul, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beierschmitt, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turcotte, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fay, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vance, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyde, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daugherty, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.21.508960</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Host specific sensing of coronaviruses and picornaviruses by the CARD8 inflammasome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.22.509027v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Selection Landscape and Genetic Legacy of Ancient Eurasians 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.22.509027v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Holocene (beginning [~]12,000 years ago) encompassed some of the most significant changes in human evolution, with far-reaching consequences for the dietary, physical, and mental health of present-day populations. Using a dataset of >1600 imputed ancient genomes 1, we modelled the selection landscape during the transition from hunting and gathering, to farming and pastoralism across West Eurasia. We identify major selection signals related to metabolism, including that selection at the FADS cluster began earlier than previously reported, and that selection near the LCT locus predates the emergence of the lactase persistence allele by thousands of years. We also find strong selection in the HLA region, possibly due to increased exposure to pathogens during the Bronze Age. Using ancient individuals to infer local ancestry tracts in >400,000 samples from the UK Biobank, we identify widespread differences in the distribution of Mesolithic, Neolithic, and Bronze Age ancestries across Eurasia. By calculating ancestry-specific polygenic risk scores, we show that height differences between Northern and Southern Europe are associated with differential Steppe ancestry, rather than selection, and that risk alleles for mood-related phenotypes are enriched for Neolithic farmer ancestry, while risk alleles for diabetes and Alzheimers disease are enriched for Western Hunter-gatherer ancestry. Our results suggest that ancient selection and migration were major contributors to the distribution of phenotypic diversity in present-day Europeans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Irving-Pease, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Refoyo-Martinez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingason, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrie, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sjögren, K.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halgren, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macleod, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demeter, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henriksen, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vimala, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McColl, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaughn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Speidel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scorrano, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramsoe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schork, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosengren, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kristiansen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sudmant, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawson, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durbin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korneliussen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werge, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allentoft, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sikora, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Racimo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willerslev, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.22.509027</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Selection Landscape and Genetic Legacy of Ancient Eurasians]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.22.509104v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A natural language fMRI dataset for voxelwise encoding models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.22.509104v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Speech comprehension is a complex process that draws on humans abilities to extract lexical information, parse syntax, and form semantic understanding. These sub-processes have traditionally been studied using separate neuroimaging experiments that attempt to isolate specific effects of interest. More recently it has become possible to study all stages of language comprehension in a single neuroimaging experiment using narrative natural language stimuli. The resulting data are richly varied at every level, enabling analyses that can probe everything from spectral representations to high-level representations of semantic meaning. We provide a dataset containing BOLD fMRI responses recorded while 8 subjects each listened to 27 complete, natural, narrative stories (~6 hours). This dataset includes pre-processed and raw MRIs, as well as hand-constructed 3D cortical surfaces for each participant. To address the challenges of analyzing naturalistic data, this dataset is accompanied by a python library containing basic code for creating voxelwise encoding models. Altogether, this dataset provides a large and novel resource for understanding speech and language processing in the human brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>LeBel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adhikari-Desai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgenthal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huth, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.22.509104</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A natural language fMRI dataset for voxelwise encoding models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.23.509097v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic risk for Multiple Sclerosis originated in Pastoralist Steppe populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.23.509097v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a modern neuro-inflammatory and -degenerative disease, which is most prevalent in Northern Europe. Whilst it is known that inherited risk to MS is located within or within close proximity to immune genes, it is unknown when, where and how this genetic risk originated 1. By using the largest ancient genome dataset from the Stone Age 2, along with new Medieval and post-Medieval genomes, we show that many of the genetic risk variants for MS rose to higher frequency among pastoralists located on the Pontic Steppe, and were brought into Europe by the Yamnaya-related migration approximately 5,000 years ago. We further show that these MS-associated immunogenetic variants underwent positive selection both within the Steppe population, and later in Europe, likely driven by pathogenic challenges coinciding with dietary, lifestyle, and population density changes. This study highlights the critical importance of this period as a determinant of modern immune responses and its subsequent impact on the risk of developing MS in a changing environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barrie, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Attfield, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irving-Pease, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scorrano, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armen, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimopoulos, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Refoyo-Martinez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramsoe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaunitz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demeter, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jorkov, M. L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moller, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Springborg, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klassen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyldgard, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wickmann, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korneliussen, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allentoft, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sikora, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kristiansen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iversen, A. K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawson, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fugger, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willerslev, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.23.509097</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic risk for Multiple Sclerosis originated in Pastoralist Steppe populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.23.509249v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Models of Throughput for Multi-Cell, Multi-Type Droplet Microfluidics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.23.509249v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
New experimental platforms encapsulate multiple cells per microfluidic droplet, with each cell belonging to one of multiple possible types. The motivating example comes from microbial ecology, where we want to observe the interactions of microbial strains. Because droplets are formed randomly, we want to accurately predict the data throughput, the numbers of droplets containing desired combinations of cell types.

Herein I identify the default statistical model for predicting the data throughput of multi-cell, multi-type droplet microfluidics experiments, which fits to cell type count data. I explain the assumptions behind this model and issues that in practice may cause these assumptions to fail. One such issue, "compositional heterogeneity", is unique to multi-type experiments. I show how to modify the default statistical model to describe the consequences of these issues, without needing to mechanistically model their causes.

In practice, only two of these issues may substantially change the data throughput predictions. The changes depend on both (1) which combination of these issues are present, and (2) the precise definition of data throughput. Finally, I show that for a given experimental platform one can estimate the severity of these two issues, enabling more accurate data throughput predictions that account for these two issues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krinsman, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.23.509249</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Models of Throughput for Multi-Cell, Multi-Type Droplet Microfluidics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.23.509251v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extending Comparison Methods for Unsigned Networks to Signed Networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.23.509251v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We can allow the edges of networks to have both negative and positive weights. For example, signed networks can describe the interactions of microbes. To evaluate the performance of estimators for signed networks, we need quantitative comparison methods for signed networks. Finding such comparison methods is done most easily by extending a comparison method for unsigned networks.

Almost all methods reported in the literature for quantitatively comparing networks implicitly assume that edge weights are non-negative. Naive attempts to modify these methods to be applicable to signed networks can lead to nonsensical conclusions. Herein I identify requirements that should be satisfied by reasonable methods for comparing signed networks, most importantly the "double penalization principle". I extend several comparison methods for unsigned networks while satisfying these requirements. Finally, I give examples where these extensions behave reasonably but naive extensions do not.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krinsman, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.23.509251</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extending Comparison Methods for Unsigned Networks to Signed Networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.26.509408v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping of the bs5 and bs6 non-race-specific recessive resistances against bacterial spot of pepper 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.26.509408v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial spot caused by Xanthomonas euvesicatoria is a major disease of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) in warm and humid production environments. Use of genetically resistant cultivars is an effective approach to manage bacterial spot. Two recessive resistance genes, bs5 and bs6, confer non-race-specific resistance against bacterial spot. The objective of our study was to map these two loci in the pepper genome. We used a genotyping-by-sequencing approach to initially map the position of the two resistances. Segregant populations for bs5 and bs6 were developed by crossing susceptible Early CalWonder (ECW) with near-isogenic lines ECW50R (bs5 introgression) or ECW60R (bs6 introgression). Following fine-mapping, bs5 was delimited to a ~535 Kbp interval on chromosome 3, and bs6 to a ~666 Kbp interval in chromosome 6 of pepper. We also identified 14 and 8 candidate resistance genes for bs5 and bs6, respectively, based on predicted protein coding polymorphisms between ECW and the corresponding resistant parent. Mapping of bs5 and bs6 will facilitate their use in breeding programs through marker-assisted selection and is also a crucial step towards understanding the mechanisms of resistance.

Key messageTwo recessive bacterial spot resistance genes were mapped in the pepper genome, which will facilitate their advancement in commercial pepper for management of all races of Xanthomonas euvesicatoria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sharma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wente, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minsavage, G. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gill, U. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortega, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vallejos, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hart, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staskawicz, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazourek, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stall, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutton, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.26.509408</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping of the bs5 and bs6 non-race-specific recessive resistances against bacterial spot of pepper]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.26.509537v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Personalized transcranial alternating current stimulation improves sleep quality: Initial Findings 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.26.509537v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Insufficient sleep is a major health issue. Inadequate sleep is associated with an array of poor health outcomes, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, obesity, certain forms of cancer, Alzheimers disease, depression, anxiety, and suicidality. Given concerns with typical sedative hypnotic drugs for treating sleep difficulties, there is a compelling need for added alternative interventions. Here, we report results of a non-invasive electrical brain stimulation approach to optimizing sleep involving transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS).

A total of 25 participants (mean age: 46.3, S.D. {+/-}12.4, 15 females) were recruited for a null-stimulation controlled (Control condition), within subjects, randomized crossed design, that included two variants of an active condition involving 15 minutes pre-sleep tACS stimulation. To evaluate the impact on sleep quality, the two active tACS stimulation conditions were designed to modulate sleep-dependent neural activity in the theta/alpha frequency bands, with both stimulation types applied to all subjects in separate sessions. The first tACS condition used a fixed stimulation pattern across all participants, a pattern composed of stimulation at 5Hz and 10Hz. The second tACS condition used a personalized stimulation approach with the stimulation frequencies determined by each individuals peak EEG frequencies in the 4-6Hz and 9-11Hz bands.

Personalized tACS stimulation increased sleep quantity (duration) by 22 minutes compared to a Control condition (p=.04), and 19 minutes compared to Fixed tACS stimulation (p=.03). Fixed stimulation did not significantly increase sleep duration compared to Control (mean: 3 minutes; p=0.75). For sleep onset, the Personalized tACS stimulation resulted in reducing the onset by 28% compared to the Fixed tACS stimulation (6 minutes faster, p=.02). For a Poor Sleep sub-group (n=13) categorized with Clinical Insomnia and with a high insomnia severity, Personalized tACS stimulation improved sleep duration by 33 minutes compared to Fixed stimulation (p=0.02), and 30 minutes compared to Control condition (p<0.1).

Together, these results suggest that Personalized stimulation improves sleep quantity and time taken to fall asleep relative to Control and Fixed stimulation providing motivation for larger-scale trials for Personalized tACS as a sleep therapeutic, including for those with insomnia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gurumoorthy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayanampudi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.26.509537</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Personalized transcranial alternating current stimulation improves sleep quality: Initial Findings]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.26.509583v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The promiscuous development of an unconventional Qa1b-restricted T cell population 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.26.509583v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MHC-E restricted CD8 T cells show promise in vaccine settings, but their development and specificity remain poorly understood. Here we focus on a CD8 T cell population reactive to a self-peptide (FL9) bound to mouse MHC-E (Qa-1b) that is presented in response to loss of the MHC I processing enzyme ERAAP, termed QFL T cells. We find that mature QFL thymocytes are predominantly CD8{beta}+CD4-, show signs of agonist selection, and give rise to both CD8 and CD8{beta} intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL), as well as memory phenotype CD8{beta} T cells. QFL T cells require the MHC I subunit {beta}-2 microglobulin ({beta}2m), but do not require Qa1b or classical MHC I for positive selection. However, QFL thymocytes do require Qa1b for agonist selection and full functionality. Our data highlight the relaxed requirements for positive selection of an MHC-E restricted T cell population and suggest a CD8{beta}+CD4-pathway for development of CD8 IELs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Manoharan Valerio, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arana, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei Chan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurd, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shastri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robey, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.26.509583</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The promiscuous development of an unconventional Qa1b-restricted T cell population]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.26.509629v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A genome-wide CRISPR screen implicates plasma membrane asymmetry in exogenous C6-ceramide toxicity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.26.509629v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The bioactive sphingolipid ceramide impacts diverse cellular processes (e.g., apoptosis and cell proliferation) through its effects on membrane dynamics and intracellular signalling pathways. The dysregulation of ceramide metabolism has been implicated in cancer evasion of apoptosis and targeting ceramide metabolism has potential therapeutic benefits as a strategy to kill cancer cells and slow tumor growth. However, the mechanisms of cancer cell resistance to ceramide-mediated cell death are vastly intertwined and incompletely understood. To shed light on this mystery, we performed a genome wide CRISPR-Cas9 screen to systematically identify regulators of cancer resistance to the soluble short chain ceramide, C6 ceramide (C6-Cer). Our results reveal a complex landscape of genetic modifiers of C6-Cer toxicity, including genes associated with ceramide and sphingolipid metabolism, vesicular trafficking, and membrane biology. Furthermore, we find that loss of the phospholipid flippase subunit TMEM30A impairs the plasma membrane trafficking of its binding partner the P4-type ATPase ATP11B, and depletion of TMEM30A or ATP11B disrupts plasma membrane asymmetry and promotes resistance to C6-Cer toxicity independent of alterations in C6-Cer uptake. Together, our findings provide a resource of genetic modifiers of C6-Cer toxicity and reveal an unexpected role of plasma membrane asymmetry in C6-Cer induced cell death.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morris, S. N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deol, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lange, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olzmann, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.26.509629</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A genome-wide CRISPR screen implicates plasma membrane asymmetry in exogenous C6-ceramide toxicity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.27.509613v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Edaphic specialization onto bare, rocky outcrops as a factor in the evolution of desert angiosperms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.27.509613v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the processes that enable organisms to shift into more arid environments as they emerge is critical for gauging resilience to climate change, yet these forces remain poorly known. In a comprehensive clade-based study, we investigate recent shifts into North American deserts in the rock daisies (Perityleae), a diverse tribe of desert sunflowers (Compositae). We sample Perityleae across two separate contact zones between tropical deciduous forest and desert biomes in western North America and infer a time-calibrated phylogeny based on target capture sequence data. We reconstruct biome shifts using Bayesian inference with paleobiome-informed models and find evidence for seven independent shifts into desert habitats since the onset of aridification in the late Miocene epoch. The earliest shift occurred out of tropical deciduous forests and led to an extensive radiation throughout North American deserts that accounts for the majority of extant desert Perityleae. Reconstructions of life history and micro-habitat in Perityleae reveal a correlation between a suffrutescent perennial life history and edaphic endemism onto rocky outcrops, an ecological specialization that evolved prior to establishment and diversification in deserts. That the insular radiation of desert rock daisies stemmed from ancestors pre-adapted for dry conditions as edaphic endemics in otherwise densely vegetated tropical deciduous forests in northwest Mexico underscores the crucial role of exaptation and dispersal for shifts into arid environments.

Significance StatementThe environmentally stressful conditions found in desert regions have often been implicated as the main factor in the evolution of drought tolerance in desert plants. Yet many iconic desert plant lineages evolved prior to the recent emergence of widespread arid climates, suggesting an important role for pre-adaptation (exaptation). In the desert rock daisies (Perityleae), we provide empirical support for this view by showing that life history evolution associated with their ecological specialization onto rock outcrops was a precursor to their establishment and extensive diversification in North American deserts. We caution against assuming the presence of ancient dry biomes based on time-calibrated phylogenies and we emphasize the fundamental roles that exaptation and dispersal play during community assembly in novel environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lichter-Marck, I. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldwin, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.27.509613</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Edaphic specialization onto bare, rocky outcrops as a factor in the evolution of desert angiosperms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.27.509698v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pericytes control vascular stability and auditory spiral ganglion neuron survival 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.27.509698v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The inner ear has a rich population of pericytes, a multi-functional mural cell essential for sensory hair cell heath and normal hearing. However, the mechanics of how pericytes contribute to the homeostasis of the auditory vascular-neuronal complex in the spiral ganglion is not yet known. In this study, using an inducible and conditional pericyte depletion mouse (PdgfrbCreERT2+/-; ROSA26iDTR+/-) model, we demonstrate, for the first time, that pericyte depletion causes loss of vascular volume and spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) and adversely affects hearing sensitivity. Using an in vitro trans-well co-culture system, we show pericytes markedly promote neurite and vascular branch growth in neonatal SGN explants and adult SGNs. The pericyte-controlled neural growth is strongly mediated by pericyte-released exosomes containing vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A). Treatment of neonatal SGN explants or adult SGNs with pericyte-derived exosomes significantly enhances angiogenesis, SGN survival, and neurite growth, all of which were inhibited by a selective blocker of the VEGF receptor 2 (Flk1). Our study demonstrates that pericytes in the adult ear are critical for vascular stability and SGN health. Cross-talk between pericytes and SGNs via exosomes is essential for neuronal and vascular health and normal hearing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dabdoub, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.27.509698</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pericytes control vascular stability and auditory spiral ganglion neuron survival]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.28.509925v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parallel evolution and cryptic diversification in the common and widespread Amazonian tree, Protium subserratum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.28.509925v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The lowland Amazon rainforest houses some of the greatest tree diversity on earth. While the vast majority of these species are rare, a small number are common and widespread and thus considered to play a disproportionate role in many of the global ecosystem services provided by the Amazon. However, the extent to which dominant Amazonian tree species actually include multiple clades, each on their own unique evolutionary trajectory, is unknown. Here we investigate the extent to which lineage divergence may be occurring within Protium subserratum (Burseraceae), a common and widespread tree species that is monophyletic with populations exhibiting genotypic and phenotypic differences associated with soil and geography. Utilizing a combination of phylogenomic and population genomic methods with sampling from across the range, we found that P. subserratum contains at least eight distinct clades. Specialization onto white-sand soils has evolved independently at least two times within the species; however, phenotype is not correlated with soil type. Finally, cryptic diversity at the base of the Andes is associated with elevational shifts. Together these results lend support to the hypothesis that common and widespread Amazon tree species may not represent evolutionary cohesive units. Instead, these dominant species may more commonly represent species complexes, undergoing evolutionary transitions on a trajectory to become multiple range restricted, specialist species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Misiewicz, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmons, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fine, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.28.509925</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parallel evolution and cryptic diversification in the common and widespread Amazonian tree, Protium subserratum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.29.509744v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Semantic reconstruction of continuous language from non-invasive brain recordings 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.29.509744v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A brain-computer interface that decodes continuous language from non-invasive recordings would have many scientific and practical applications. Currently, however, decoders that reconstruct continuous language use invasive recordings from surgically implanted electrodes1-3, while decoders that use non-invasive recordings can only identify stimuli from among a small set of letters, words, or phrases4-7. Here we introduce a non-invasive decoder that reconstructs continuous natural language from cortical representations of semantic meaning8 recorded using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Given novel brain recordings, this decoder generates intelligible word sequences that recover the meaning of perceived speech, imagined speech, and even silent videos, demonstrating that a single language decoder can be applied to a range of semantic tasks. To study how language is represented across the brain, we tested the decoder on different cortical networks, and found that natural language can be separately decoded from multiple cortical networks in each hemisphere. As brain-computer interfaces should respect mental privacy9, we tested whether successful decoding requires subject cooperation, and found that subject cooperation is required both to train and to apply the decoder. Our study demonstrates that continuous language can be decoded from non-invasive brain recordings, enabling future multipurpose brain-computer interfaces.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LeBel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huth, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.29.509744</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Semantic reconstruction of continuous language from non-invasive brain recordings]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.29.510081v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cortical somatostatin interneuron subtypes form cell-type specific circuits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.29.510081v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cardinal interneuron classes are a useful simplification of cortical interneuron diversity, but such broad subgroupings glosses over the molecular, morphological, and circuit specificity of interneuron subtypes, most notably among the somatostatin interneuron class. The organizing principles by which the connectivity of these subtypes is specified are unknown. To address this knowledge gap, we designed a series of genetic strategies to target the breadth of somatostatin interneuron subtypes. Using these strategies to target three subtypes that span the entire cortical column, we examined their afferent and efferent connectivity. Our data demonstrated that each of these possesses remarkable reciprocal connectivity with the intracortical or corticofugal pyramidal classes, as well as parvalbumin interneurons. Even when two interneuron subtypes shared the same efferent target, their synaptic targeting proved selective for particular dendritic compartments. We thus provide evidence that subtypes of somatostatin cortical interneurons form cell-type specific cortical circuits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sevier, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saldi, G.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbott, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinde, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rizzo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrera, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marrero, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pörnneke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stafford, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macosko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fishell, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.29.510081</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cortical somatostatin interneuron subtypes form cell-type specific circuits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.30.509517v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanisms of insertions at a DNA double-strand break 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.30.509517v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Insertions and deletions (indels) are common sources of structural variation, and insertions originating from spontaneous DNA lesions are frequent in cancer. We developed a highly sensitive assay in human cells (Indel-Seq) to monitor rearrangements at the TRIM37 acceptor locus which reports indels stemming from experimentally-induced and spontaneous genome instability. Templated insertions derive from sequences genome-wide and are enriched within 100 kb of donor regions flanking a DSB. Insertions require contact between donor and acceptor loci as well as DNA-PK catalytic activity. Notably, these templated insertions originate from actively transcribed loci, underscoring transcription as a critical source of spontaneous genome instability. Transcription-coupled insertions involve a DNA/RNA hybrid intermediate and are stimulated by DNA end-processing. Using engineered Cas9 breaks, we establish that ssDNA overhangs at the acceptor site greatly stimulate insertions. Indel-Seq revels that insertions are generated via at least three distinct pathways. Our studies indicate that insertions result from movement and subsequent contact between acceptor and donor loci followed invasion or annealing, then by non-homologous end-joining at the acceptor site.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Min, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zagelbaum, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takahashi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cummings, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schooley, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottesman, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabadan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gautier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.30.509517</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanisms of insertions at a DNA double-strand break]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.30.510353v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of spatial and temporal cis-regulatory divergence between marine and freshwater sticklebacks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.30.510353v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cis-regulatory changes are thought to play a major role in adaptation. Threespine sticklebacks have repeatedly colonized freshwater habitats in the Northern Hemisphere, where they have evolved a suite of phenotypes that distinguish them from marine populations, including changes in physiology, behavior, and morphology. To understand the role of gene regulatory evolution in adaptive divergence, here we investigate cis-regulatory changes in gene expression between marine and freshwater ecotypes through allele-specific expression (ASE) in F1 hybrids. Surveying seven ecologically relevant tissues, including three sampled across two developmental stages, we identified cis-regulatory divergence affecting a third of genes, nearly half of which were tissue-specific. Next, we compared allele-specific expression in dental tissues at two timepoints to characterize cis-regulatory changes during development between marine and freshwater fish. Applying a genome-wide test for selection on cis-regulatory changes, we find evidence for lineage-specific selection on several processes, including the Wnt signaling pathway in dental tissues. Finally, we show that genes with ASE, particularly those that are tissue-specific, are enriched in genomic regions associated with marine-freshwater divergence, supporting an important role for cis-regulatory differences in adaptive evolution of sticklebacks. Altogether, our results provide insight into the cis-regulatory landscape of divergence between stickleback ecotypes and supports a fundamental role for cis-regulatory changes in rapid adaptation to new environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mack, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Square, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraser, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.30.510353</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of spatial and temporal cis-regulatory divergence between marine and freshwater sticklebacks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.30.510406v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Isotope-enrichment reveals active viruses follow microbial host dynamics during rewetting of a California grassland soil 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.30.510406v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Viruses are abundant, ubiquitous members of soil communities that kill microbial cells, but how they respond to perturbation of soil ecosystems is essentially unknown. Here, we investigated lineage-specific virus-host dynamics in grassland soil following "wet-up", when resident microbes are both resuscitated and lysed after a prolonged dry period. Quantitative isotope tracing, time-resolved metagenomics and viromic analyses indicated that dry soil held a diverse but low biomass reservoir of virions, of which only a subset thrived following wet-up. Viral richness decreased by 50% within 24 h post wet-up, while viral biomass increased four-fold within one week. Counter to recent hypotheses suggesting temperate viruses predominate in soil, our evidence indicates that wet-up is dominated by viruses in lytic cycles. We estimate that viruses drive a measurable and continuous rate of cell lysis, with up to 46% of microbial death driven by viral lysis one week following wet-up. Thus, viruses contribute to turnover of soil microbial biomass and the widely reported CO2 efflux following wet-up of seasonally dry soils.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nicolas, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sieradzki, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pett-Ridge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taga, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firestone, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blazewicz, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.30.510406</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Isotope-enrichment reveals active viruses follow microbial host dynamics during rewetting of a California grassland soil]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.30.510380v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
JGI Plant Gene Atlas: An updateable transcriptome resource to improve structural annotations and functional gene descriptions across the plant kingdom 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.30.510380v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene functional descriptions, which are typically derived from sequence similarity to experimentally validated genes in a handful of model species, offer a crucial line of evidence when searching for candidate genes that underlie trait variation. Plant responses to environmental cues, including gene expression regulatory variation, represent important resources for understanding gene function and crucial targets for plant improvement through gene editing and other biotechnologies. However, even after years of effort and numerous large-scale functional characterization studies, biological roles of large proportions of protein coding genes across the plant phylogeny are poorly annotated. Here we describe the Joint Genome Institute (JGI) Plant Gene Atlas, a public and updateable data resource consisting of transcript abundance assays from 2,090 samples derived from 604 tissues or conditions across 18 diverse species. We integrated across these diverse conditions and genotypes by analyzing expression profiles, building gene clusters that exhibited tissue/condition specific expression, and testing for transcriptional modulation in response to environmental queues. For example, we discovered extensive phylogenetically constrained and condition-specific expression profiles across many gene families and genes without any functional annotation. Such conserved expression patterns and other tightly co-expressed gene clusters let us assign expression derived functional descriptions to 64,620 genes with otherwise unknown functions. The ever-expanding Gene Atlas resource is available at JGI Plant Gene Atlas (https://plantgeneatlas.jgi.doe.gov) and Phytozome (https://phytozome-next.jgi.doe.gov), providing bulk access to data and user-specified queries of gene sets. Combined, these web interfaces let users access differentially expressed genes, track orthologs across the Gene Atlas plants, graphically represent co-expressed genes, and visualize gene ontology and pathway enrichments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sreedasyam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plott, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hossain, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lovell, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimwood, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daum, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barry, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amirebrahimi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zane, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodstein, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haas, F. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiss, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perroud, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jawdy, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kropat, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallaher, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipzen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tillman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shakirov, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres-Jerez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weers, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conde, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pappas, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muchlinski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shyu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sebastian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laiben, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medlin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrell, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perales, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swaminathan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allona, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grattapaglia, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, E</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.30.510380</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[JGI Plant Gene Atlas: An updateable transcriptome resource to improve structural annotations and functional gene descriptions across the plant kingdom]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.03.510743v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MarR-Dependent Transcriptional Regulation of mmpSL5 Induces Ethionamide Resistance in Mycobacterium abscessus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.03.510743v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mycobacterium abscessus (Mabs) is an emerging non-tuberculosis mycobacterial (NTM) pathogen responsible for a wide variety of respiratory and cutaneous infections that are difficult to treat with standard antibacterial therapy. Mabs has a high degree of both innate and acquired antibiotic resistance to most clinically relevant drugs, including standard anti-mycobacterial agents. Ethionamide (ETH), an inhibitor of mycolic acid biosynthesis is currently utilized as a second-line agent for treating multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) infections. Here, we show that ETH has activity against clinical strains of Mabs in vitro at concentrations that are therapeutically achievable. Using transposon mutagenesis and whole genome sequencing of spontaneous drug-resistant mutants, we identified marR (MAB_2648c) as a genetic determinant of ETH sensitivity in Mabs. The gene marR encodes a transcriptional regulator of the TetR family of regulators. We show that MarR represses expression of MAB_2649 (mmpS5) and MAB_2650 (mmpL5). Further, we show that de-repression of these genes in marR mutants confers resistance to ETH, but not other antibiotics. To identify determinants of resistance that may be shared across antibiotics, we also performed Tn-Seq during treatment with amikacin and clarithromycin, drugs currently used clinically to treat Mabs. We found very little overlap in genes that modulate the sensitivity of Mabs to all three antibiotics, suggesting a high degree of specificity for resistance mechanisms in this emerging pathogen.

ImportanceAntibiotic resistant infections caused by Mycobacterium abscessus (Mabs) have been increasing in prevalence and treatment is often unsuccessful. Success rates range from 30-50%, primarily due to the high intrinsic resistance of Mabs to most clinically useful antibiotics. New therapeutic strategies, including repurposing of existing antibiotics, are urgently needed to improve treatment success rates. Here, we show that the anti-TB antibiotic ethionamide (ETH) has repurposing potential against Mabs, displaying bacteriostatic activity and delaying emergence of drug resistance when combined with clinically relevant antibiotics currently used against Mabs in vitro. We identified genes that modulated susceptibility of Mabs to ETH. marR encodes a transcriptional regulator that when deleted, confers ETH resistance. Our collective findings can be used to further explore the function of other genes that contribute to ETH susceptibility and help design the next generation of antibacterial regimens against Mabs that may potentially include ETH.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell-Kruger, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez Camba, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berude, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fetterman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.03.510743</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MarR-Dependent Transcriptional Regulation of mmpSL5 Induces Ethionamide Resistance in Mycobacterium abscessus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.04.510817v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A human-specific motif facilitates CARD8 inflammasome activation after HIV-1 infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.04.510817v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inflammasomes are cytosolic innate immune complexes that play a critical role in host defense against pathogens but can also contribute to inflammatory pathogenesis. Here, we find that the human inflammasome-forming sensor CARD8 senses HIV-1 infection via site-specific cleavage of the CARD8 N-terminus by the HIV protease (HIV-1PR). HIV-1PR cleavage of CARD8 induces pyroptotic cell death and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines from infected cells, processes that we find are dependent on Toll-like receptor stimulation prior to viral infection. Our evolutionary analyses reveal that the HIV-1PR cleavage site in CARD8 is unique to humans, and that chimpanzee CARD8 does not recognize proteases from HIV or simian immunodeficiency viruses from chimpanzees (SIVcpz). In contrast, SIVcpz does cleave human CARD8, suggesting that SIVcpz was poised to activate the human CARD8 inflammasome prior to its cross-species transmission into humans and implicating the CARD8 inflammasome as a potential driver of HIV pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kulsuptrakul, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turcotte, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emerman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.04.510817</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A human-specific motif facilitates CARD8 inflammasome activation after HIV-1 infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.03.510703v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Photosynthetically active radiation is required for seedling growth promotion by volcanic dacitic tuff breccia (Azomite) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.03.510703v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A plants growth and development are shaped by its genome and the capacity to negotiate its environment for access to light, water, and nutrients. There is a vital need to understand the interactions between the plant, its physical environment, and the fertilizers used in agriculture. In this study, a commercially available volcanic ash fertilizer, Azomite(R), characterized as dacitic (rhyolitic) tuff breccia (DTB), was tested for its effect on promoting early seedling vigor. Early growth and photomorphogenesis processes are well studied in Arabidopsis. Seedling assays under different light conditions were used to dissect the underlying mechanisms involved. These assays are well established and can be translated to agriculturally important crop plants. The volcanic ash fertilizer was tested at different concentrations on seedlings grown on basic media lacking sucrose either in continuous darkness (Dc), continuous Red (Rc), Far-Red (FRc), or White Light (WLc). Micronutrients in the volcanic ash significantly increased seedling growth under Rc and WLc, but not under Dc and FRc, indicating that photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) was required for the observed growth increase. Furthermore, red-light photoreceptor mutant, phyB-9 lacked the growth response, and higher amount of fertilizer reduced growth in all conditions tested. These data suggest that light triggers the ability of the seedling to utilize micronutrients in volcanic ash in a dose-dependent manner. The methods described here can be used to establish mechanisms of activity of various nutrient inputs, and coupled with whole-genome expression profiling, can lead to better insights into optimizing nutrient field applications to improve crop production.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McCue, K. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehlferber, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reed, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortiz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khanna, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.03.510703</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Photosynthetically active radiation is required for seedling growth promotion by volcanic dacitic tuff breccia (Azomite)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.04.510863v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of high temperature and heavy precipitation on drinking water quality and child hand contamination levels in rural Kenya 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.04.510863v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Climate change may impact human health through the influence of weather on environmental transmission of diarrhea. Previous studies have found that high temperatures and heavy precipitation are associated with increased diarrhea prevalence, but the underlying causal mechanisms are not clear. We linked measurements of Escherichia coli in source water (n=1,673), stored drinking water (n=8,924), and hand rinses from children <2 years old (n=2,660) with publicly available gridded temperature and precipitation data (at [&le;]0.2 degree spatial resolution and daily temporal resolution) by the GPS coordinates and date of sample collection. Measurements were collected over a 3-year period across a 2500 km2 area in rural Kenya. In drinking water sources, high 7-day temperature was associated with a 0.16 increase in log10 E. coli levels (p<0.001), while heavy 7-day total precipitation was associated with a 0.29 increase in log10 E. coli levels (p<0.001). In household stored drinking water, heavy 7-day precipitation was associated with a 0.079 increase in log10 E. coli levels (p=0.042). On child hands, high 7-day temperature was associated with a 0.39 decrease in log10 E. coli levels (p<0.001). Our findings provide insight on how climate change could impact environmental transmission of bacterial pathogens in Kenya, and suggest water treatment could be a mitigation strategy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Powers, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mureithi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mboya, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campolo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swarthout, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pajka, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Null, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pickering, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.04.510863</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of high temperature and heavy precipitation on drinking water quality and child hand contamination levels in rural Kenya]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.03.510669v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A neural model of proximity to reward 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.03.510669v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Throughout learning, refinement of cortical activity in cortex, a process termed "credit assignment", underlies the refinement of behavioral actions leading to reward. While previous research shows striatums role in linking behavior to reward, striatums role in linking the underlying behaviorally-relevant cortical activity to reward remains unclear. Leveraging a neuroprosthetic task while recording from the rat cortex and striatum, we demonstrate that the striatum encodes the dynamics of the proximity of cortical activity to reward. Such encoding was independent from external task feedback and emerged as cortical activity consolidated over learning, with dorsal and ventral striatum playing complementary yet distinct roles. Striatal activity thus constitutes a neural model of cortical progress towards reward, suggesting one mechanism by which the brain implements credit assignment to refine behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Botros, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vendrell-Llopis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmena, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.03.510669</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A neural model of proximity to reward]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.04.510898v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep generative modeling for quantifying sample-level heterogeneity in single-cell omics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.04.510898v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The field of single-cell genomics is now observing a marked increase in the prevalence of cohort-level studies that include hundreds of samples and feature complex designs. These data have tremendous potential for discovering how sample or tissue-level phenotypes relate to cellular and molecular composition. However, current analyses are based on simplified representations of these data by averaging information across cells. We present MrVI, a deep generative model designed to realize the potential of cohort studies at the single-cell level. MrVI tackles two fundamental and intertwined problems: stratifying samples into groups and evaluating the cellular and molecular differences between groups, both without requiring a priori grouping of cells into types or states. Due to its single-cell perspective, MrVI is able to detect clinically relevant stratifications of patients in COVID-19 and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) cohorts that are only manifested in certain cellular subsets, thus enabling new discoveries that would otherwise be overlooked. Similarly, we demonstrate that MrVI can de-novo identify groups of small molecules with similar biochemical properties and evaluate their effects on cellular composition and gene expression in large-scale perturbation studies. MrVI is available as open source at scvi-tools.org.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boyeau, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gayoso, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azizi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.04.510898</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep generative modeling for quantifying sample-level heterogeneity in single-cell omics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.04.510761v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Does prefrontal connectivity during task switching help or hinder children's performance? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.04.510761v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to flexibly switch between tasks is key for goal-directed behavior and continues to improve across childhood. Childrens task switching difficulties are thought to reflect less efficient engagement of sustained and transient control processes, resulting in lower performance on blocks that intermix tasks (sustained demand) and trials that require a task switch (transient demand). Sustained and transient control processes are associated with frontoparietal regions, which develop throughout childhood and may contribute to task switching development. We examined age differences in the modulation of frontoparietal regions by sustained and transient control demands in children (8-11 years) and adults. Children showed greater performance costs than adults, especially under sustained demand, along with less upregulation of sustained and transient control activation in frontoparietal regions. Compared to adults, children showed increased connectivity between the inferior frontal junction (IFJ) and lateral prefrontal cortex (lPFC) from single to mixed blocks. For children whose sustained activation was less adult-like, increased IFJ-lPFC connectivity was associated with better performance. Children with more adult-like sustained activation showed the inverse effect. These results suggest that individual differences in task switching in later childhood at least partly depend on the recruitment of frontoparietal regions in an adult-like manner.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schwarze, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laube, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khosravani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindenberger, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bunge, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fandakova, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.04.510761</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Does prefrontal connectivity during task switching help or hinder children's performance?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.04.510799v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alignment, calibration, and validation of an adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope optimized for resolving human cones in the central fovea 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.04.510799v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Advances in adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope (AOSLO) technology have enabled cones in the human fovea to be reliably resolved, providing new insight into human foveal anatomy, visual perception, and retinal degenerative diseases. These high-resolution ophthalmoscopes require careful alignment of each optical subsystem to ensure diffraction-limited imaging performance, which is necessary for resolving the smallest foveal cones. This paper presents a systematic and rigorous methodology for building, aligning, calibrating, and testing an AOSLO designed for imaging the cone mosaic of the central fovea in humans with cellular resolution. This methodology uses a two-stage alignment procedure and thorough system testing to achieve diffraction-limited performance. Results from retinal imaging of healthy human subjects show that the system can resolve cones at the very center of the fovea, the region where the cones are smallest and most densely packed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poletti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roorda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiruveedhula, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linebach, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rucci, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rolland, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.04.510799</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alignment, calibration, and validation of an adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope optimized for resolving human cones in the central fovea]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.05.510735v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Majority of the highly variable NLRs in maize share genomic location and contain additional target-binding domains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.05.510735v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nucleotide-binding, Leucine Rich Repeat proteins (NLRs) are a major class of immune receptors in plants. NLRs include both conserved and rapidly evolving members, however their evolutionary trajectory in crops remains understudied. Availability of crop pan-genomes enables analysis of the recent events in the evolution of this highly complex gene family within domesticated species. Here, we investigated the NLR complement of 26 nested association mapping (NAM) founder lines of maize. We found that maize has just four main subfamilies containing rapidly evolving highly variable NLR (hvNLR) receptors. Curiously, three of these phylogenetically distinct hvNLR lineages are located in adjacent clusters on chromosome 10. Members of the same hvNLR clade show variable expression and methylation across lines and tissues, consistent with their rapid evolution. By combining sequence diversity analysis and AlphaFold2 computational structure prediction we predicted ligand binding sites in the hvNLRs. We also observed novel insertion domains in the LRR regions of two hvNLR subfamilies that likely contribute to target recogniton. To make this analysis accessible, we created NLRCladeFinder, a Google Colaboratory notebook, that accepts any newly identified NLR sequence, places it in the evolutionary context of the maize pan-NLRome, and provides an updated clade alignment, phylogenetic tree, and sequence diversity information for the gene of interest.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Prigozhin, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangavajjhala, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krasileva, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.05.510735</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Majority of the highly variable NLRs in maize share genomic location and contain additional target-binding domains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.05.511026v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Near Infrared Nanosensors Enable Optical Imaging of Oxytocin with Selectivity over Vasopressin in Acute Mouse Brain Slices 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.05.511026v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oxytocin plays a critical role in regulating social behaviors, yet our understanding of its role in both neurological health and disease remains incomplete. Real-time oxytocin imaging probes with the spatiotemporal resolution relevant to its endogenous signaling are required to fully elucidate oxytocin function in the brain. Herein we describe a near-infrared oxytocin nanosensor (nIROx), a synthetic probe capable of imaging oxytocin in the brain without interference from its structural analogue, vasopressin. nIROx leverages the inherent tissue-transparent fluorescence of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) and the molecular recognition capacity of an oxytocin receptor peptide fragment (OXTp) to selectively and reversibly image oxytocin. We employ these nanosensors to monitor electrically stimulated oxytocin release in brain tissue, revealing oxytocin release sites with a median size of 3 m which putatively represents the spatial diffusion of oxytocin from its point of release. These data demonstrate that covalent SWCNT constructs such as nIROx are powerful optical tools that can be leveraged to measure neuropeptide release in brain tissue.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Navarro, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ouassil, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mun, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leem, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.05.511026</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Near Infrared Nanosensors Enable Optical Imaging of Oxytocin with Selectivity over Vasopressin in Acute Mouse Brain Slices]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.06.511001v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A switch in jaw form-function coupling during the evolution of mammals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.06.511001v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The evolutionary shift from a single-element ear, multi-element jaw to a multi-element ear, single-element jaw during the transition to crown mammals marks one of the most dramatic structural transformations in vertebrates. Research on this transformation has focused on mammalian middle-ear evolution, but a mandible comprised of only the dentary is equally emblematic of this evolutionary radiation. Here we show that the remarkably diverse jaw shapes of crown mammals are coupled with surprisingly stereotyped jaw stiffness. This strength-based morphofunctional regime has a genetic basis and allowed mammalian jaws to effectively resist deformation as they radiated into highly disparate forms with markedly distinct diets. The main functional consequences for the mandible of decoupling hearing and mastication were a trade-off between higher jaw stiffness versus decreased mechanical efficiency and speed compared to non-mammals. This fundamental and consequential shift in jaw form-function underpins the ecological and taxonomic diversification of crown mammals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tseng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Lara, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flynn, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rowe, T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickson, B. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.06.511001</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A switch in jaw form-function coupling during the evolution of mammals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.06.511072v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
canaper: Categorical analysis of neo- and paleo-endemism in R 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.06.511072v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIBiodiversity has typically been quantified using species richness, but this ignores evolutionary history. Due to the increasing availability of robust phylogenies, methods have been developed that incorporate phylogenetic relationships into quantification of biodiversity. CANAPE (categorical analysis of neo- and paleo-endemism) is one such method that can provide insight into the evolutionary processes generating biodiversity. The only currently available software implementing CANAPE is Biodiverse, which is written in Perl and can be used either through a graphical user interface (GUI) or user-developed scripts. However, many researchers, particularly in the fields of ecology and evolutionary biology, use the R programming language to conduct their analyses.
C_LIO_LIHere, we present canaper, a new R package that provides functions to conduct CANAPE in R. canaper implements methods for efficient computation, including parallelization and encoding of community data as sparse matrices. The interface is designed for maximum simplicity and reproducibility; CANAPE can be conducted with two functions, and parallel computing can be enabled with one line of code.
C_LIO_LIOur case study shows that canaper produces equivalent results to Biodiverse and can complete computations on moderately sized datasets quickly (< 10 min to reproduce a canonical study).
C_LIO_LIcanaper allows researchers to conduct all analyses from data import and cleaning through CANAPE within R, thereby averting the need to manually import and export data and analysis results between programs. We anticipate canaper will become a part of the toolkit for analyzing biodiversity in R.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nitta, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laffan, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishler, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwasaki, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.06.511072</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[canaper: Categorical analysis of neo- and paleo-endemism in R]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.06.511172v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A single amino acid change drives left- right asymmetry in Bilateria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.06.511172v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Asymmetries are essential for proper organization and function of organ systems. Genetic studies in deuterostomes have shown signaling through the Nodal/Smad2 pathway plays a key, conserved role in the establishment of body asymmetries. While Nodal signaling is required for the establishment of left-right asymmetry (LRA) across bilaterian species, little is known about the regulation of Nodal signaling in spiralians. Here, we identified orthologs of the egf-cfc gene, a master regulator of the Nodal pathway in vertebrates, in several invertebrate species, the first evidence of its presence in non-deuterostomes. Our functional experiments indicate that despite being present, egf-cfc does not play a role in the establishment LRA in gastropods. However, experiments in zebrafish suggest that a single amino acid mutation in the egf-cfc gene in the deuterostome common ancestor was the necessary step in inducing a gain-of-function in LRA regulation. This study shows that that the egf-cfc gene likely appeared in the bilaterian stem lineage, before being adopted as a master mechanism to regulate the Nodal pathway and the establishment of LRA in deuterostomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Truchado-Garcia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavodeassi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenny, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henry, J. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grande, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.06.511172</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A single amino acid change drives left- right asymmetry in Bilateria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.06.511223v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanisms of AGO4 slicing-enhanced RNA-directed DNA methylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.06.511223v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA-directed DNA methylation in plants is guided by 24 nt siRNAs generated in parallel with 23 nt RNAs of unknown function. We show that 23 nt RNAs function as passenger strands during 24 nt siRNA incorporation into AGO4. The 23 nt RNAs are then sliced into 11 and 12 nt fragments, with 12 nt fragments remaining associated with AGO4. Slicing recapitulated with recombinant AGO4 and synthetic RNAs reveals that siRNAs of 21-24 nt, with any 5 terminal nucleotide, can guide slicing, with sliced RNAs then retained by AGO4. In vivo, RdDM target locus RNAs that copurify with AGO4 also display a sequence signature of slicing. Comparing plants expressing slicing-competent versus slicing-defective AGO4 shows that slicing elevates cytosine methylation levels at virtually all RdDM loci. We propose that siRNA passenger strand elimination and AGO4 tethering to sliced target RNAs are distinct modes by which AGO4 slicing enhances RNA-directed DNA methylation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, H.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pikaard, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.06.511223</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanisms of AGO4 slicing-enhanced RNA-directed DNA methylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.06.511233v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cellular sources and targets of type I interferons that drive susceptibility to tuberculosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.06.511233v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) causes 1.6 million deaths annually. Active tuberculosis correlates with a neutrophil-driven type I interferon (IFN) signature, but the cellular mechanisms underlying tuberculosis pathogenesis remain poorly understood. We found interstitial macrophages (IMs) and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are dominant producers of type I IFN during Mtb infection in mice and non-human primates, and pDCs localize near human Mtb granulomas. Depletion of pDCs reduces Mtb burdens, implicating pDCs in tuberculosis pathogenesis. During IFN-driven disease, we observe abundant DNA-containing neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) known to activate pDCs. Cell type-specific disruption of the type I IFN receptor suggests IFNs act on IMs to inhibit Mtb control. Single cell RNA-seq indicates type I IFN-responsive cells are defective in their response to IFN{gamma}, a cytokine critical for Mtb control. We propose pDC-derived type I IFNs act on IMs to drive bacterial replication, further neutrophil recruitment, and active tuberculosis disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kotov, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, O. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guillen, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burd, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witt, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stetson, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaye, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryson, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vance, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.06.511233</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cellular sources and targets of type I interferons that drive susceptibility to tuberculosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.07.511304v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Crystal Structure of the kinase domain of a receptor tyrosine kinase from a choanoflagellate, Monosiga brevicollis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.07.511304v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genomic analysis of the unicellular choanoflagellate, Monosiga brevicollis (MB), revealed the remarkable presence of cell signaling and adhesion protein domains that are characteristically associated with metazoans. Strikingly, receptor tyrosine kinases, one of the most critical elements of signal transduction and communication in metazoans, are present in choanoflagellates. We determined the crystal structure at 1.95 [A] resolution of the kinase domain of the M. brevicollis receptor tyrosine kinase C8 (RTKC8, a member of the choanoflagellate receptor tyrosine kinase C family) bound to the kinase inhibitor staurospaurine. The chonanoflagellate kinase domain is closely related in sequence to mammalian tyrosine kinases ([~] 40% sequence identity to the human Ephrin kinase domain EphA3) and, as expected, has the canonical protein kinase fold. The kinase is structurally most similar to human Ephrin (EphA5), even though the extracellular sensor domain is completely different from that of Ephrin. The RTKC8 kinase domain is in an active conformation, with two staurosporine molecules bound to the kinase, one at the active site and another at the peptide-substrate binding site. We show that the RTKC8 kinase domain can phosphorylate tyrosine residues in peptides from its C-terminal tail segment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bajaj, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuriyan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gee, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.07.511304</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Crystal Structure of the kinase domain of a receptor tyrosine kinase from a choanoflagellate, Monosiga brevicollis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.07.511309v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cerebellar degeneration impairs strategy discovery but not strategy recall 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.07.511309v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cerebellum is recognized to play a critical role in the automatic and implicit process by which movement errors are used to keep the sensorimotor system precisely calibrated. However, its role in other learning processes frequently engaged during sensorimotor adaptation tasks remains unclear. In the present study, we tested the performance of individuals with cerebellar degeneration on a variant of a visuomotor adaptation task in which learning requires the use of strategic re-aiming, a process that can nullify movement errors in a rapid and volitional manner. Our design allowed us to assess two components of this learning process, the discovery of an appropriate strategy and the recall of a learned strategy. Participants were exposed to a 60{degrees} visuomotor rotation twice, with the initial exposure block assessing strategy discovery and the re-exposure block assessing strategy recall. Compared to age-matched controls, individuals with cerebellar degeneration were slower to derive an appropriate aiming strategy in the initial Discovery block but exhibited similar recall of the aiming strategy during the Recall block. This dissociation underscores the multi-faceted contributions of the cerebellum to sensorimotor learning, highlighting one way in which this subcortical structure facilitates volitional action selection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tsay, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuck, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.07.511309</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cerebellar degeneration impairs strategy discovery but not strategy recall]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.07.511388v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pseudomonas aeruginosa can diversify after host cell invasion to establish multiple intracellular niches 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.07.511388v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Within epithelial cells, Pseudomonas aeruginosa depends on its type three secretion system (T3SS) to escape vacuoles and replicate rapidly in the cytosol. Previously, it was assumed that intracellular subpopulations remaining T3SS-negative (and therefore in vacuoles) were destined for degradation in lysosomes, supported by data showing vacuole acidification. Here, we report in both corneal and bronchial human epithelial cells that vacuole associated-bacteria can persist, sometimes in the same cells as cytosolic bacteria. Using a combination of phase-contrast, confocal, and correlative light and electron microscopy, we also found they can demonstrate biofilm-associated markers: cdrA and cyclic-di-GMP (c-di-GMP). Vacuolar-associated bacteria, but not cytosolic counterparts, tolerated the cell-permeable antibiotic ofloxacin. Surprisingly, use of mutants showed that both persistence in vacuoles and ofloxacin tolerance were independent of the biofilm-associated protein CdrA or exopolysaccharides (Psl, Pel, alginate). A T3SS mutant ({Delta}exsA) unable to escape vacuoles phenocopied vacuolar-associated sub-populations in wild-type PAO1-infected cells, results revealing that epithelial cell death depended upon bacterial viability. Intra-vital confocal imaging of infected mouse corneas confirmed that P. aeruginosa formed similar intracellular sub-populations within epithelial cells in vivo. Together, these results show that P. aeruginosa differs from other pathogens by diversifying intracellularly into vacuolar and cytosolic sub-populations that both contribute to pathogenesis. Their different gene expression and behavior (e.g., rapid replication versus slow replication/persistence) suggest cooperation favoring both short- and long-term interests and another potential pathway to treatment failure. How this intracellular diversification relates to previously described "acute versus chronic" virulence gene-expression phenotypes of P. aeruginosa remains to be determined.

ImportancePseudomonas aeruginosa can cause sight- and life-threatening opportunistic infections, and its evolving antibiotic resistance is a growing concern. Most P. aeruginosa strains can invade host cells, presenting a challenge to therapies that do not penetrate host cell membranes. Previously, we showed that the P. aeruginosa type III secretion system (T3SS) plays a pivotal role in survival within epithelial cells, allowing escape from vacuoles, rapid replication in the cytoplasm, and suppression of host cell death. Here, we report the discovery of a novel T3SS-negative sub-population of intracellular P. aeruginosa within epithelial cells that persist in vacuoles rather than the cytoplasm, and that tolerate a cell-permeable antibiotic (ofloxacin) that is able to kill cytosolic bacteria. Classical biofilm-associated markers, although demonstrated by this sub-population, are not required for vacuolar persistence or antibiotic tolerance. These findings advance our understanding of how P. aeruginosa hijacks host cells, showing it diversifies into multiple populations with T3SS-negative members enabling persistence whilst rapid replication is accomplished by more vulnerable T3SS-positive siblings. Intracellular P. aeruginosa persisting and tolerating antibiotics independently of the T3SS or biofilm-associated factors could present additional challenges to development of more effective therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kumar, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nieto, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kroken, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jedel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grosser, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallsten, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metruccio, M. M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yahr, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleiszig, S. M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.07.511388</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pseudomonas aeruginosa can diversify after host cell invasion to establish multiple intracellular niches]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.07.511265v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Drosophila epidermal cells are intrinsically mechanosensitive and drive nociceptive behavioral outputs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.07.511265v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Somatosensory neurons (SSNs) that detect and transduce mechanical, thermal, and chemical stimuli densely innervate an animals skin. However, although epidermal cells provide the first point of contact for sensory stimuli. our understanding of roles that epidermal cells play in SSN function, particularly nociception, remains limited. Here, we show that stimulating Drosophila epidermal cells elicits activation of SSNs including nociceptors and triggers a variety of behavior outputs, including avoidance and escape. Further, we find that epidermal cells are intrinsically mechanosensitive and that epidermal mechanically evoked calcium responses require the store-operated calcium channel Orai. Epidermal cell stimulation augments larval responses to acute nociceptive stimuli and promotes prolonged hypersensitivity to subsequent mechanical stimuli. Hence, epidermal cells are key determinants of nociceptive sensitivity and sensitization, acting as primary sensors of noxious stimuli that tune nociceptor output and drive protective behaviors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yoshino, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mali, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morita, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emerson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arp, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sophie, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chikaya, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Motoyoshi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishii, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emoto, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bautista, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parrish, J. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.07.511265</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Drosophila epidermal cells are intrinsically mechanosensitive and drive nociceptive behavioral outputs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.10.511241v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Elucidating the molecular programming of a nonlinear nonribosomal peptide synthetase responsible for fungal siderophore biosynthesis. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.10.511241v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Siderophores belonging to the ferrichrome family are essential for the viability of fungal species and play a key role for virulence of numerous pathogenic fungi. Despite their biological significance, our understanding of how these iron-chelating cyclic hexapeptides are assembled by non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) assembly lines remains poorly understood, primarily due to the nonlinearity exhibited by the domain architecture. Herein, we report the biochemical characterization of the SidC NRPS, responsible for construction of the intracellular siderophore ferricrocin. In vitro reconstitution of purified SidC revealed its ability to produce ferricrocin and its structural variant, ferrichrome. Application of intact protein mass spectrometry uncovered several non-canonical events during peptidyl siderophore biosynthesis, including inter-modular loading of amino acid substrates and an adenylation domain capable of poly-amide bond formation. This work expands the scope of NRPS programming, allows biosynthetic assignment of ferrichrome NRPSs, and sets the stage for reprogramming towards novel hydroxamate scaffolds.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jenner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Passmore, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skyrud, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garg, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogorzalek Loo, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.10.511241</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Elucidating the molecular programming of a nonlinear nonribosomal peptide synthetase responsible for fungal siderophore biosynthesis.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.10.511384v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional screens of barcoded expression libraries uncover new gene functions in carbon utilization among gut Bactereroidales 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.10.511384v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A mechanistic understanding of host-microbe interactions in the gut microbiome is hindered by poorly annotated bacterial genomes. While functional genomics can generate large gene-to- phenotype datasets to accelerate functional discovery, their applications to study gut anaerobes have been limited. For instance, most gain-of-function screens of gut-derived genes have been performed in Escherichia coli and assayed in a small number of conditions. To address these challenges, we developed Barcoded Overexpression BActerial shotgun library sequencing (Boba-seq). We demonstrate the power of this approach by assaying genes from diverse gut Bacteroidales overexpressed in Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. From hundreds of experiments, we identified new functions and novel phenotypes for 29 genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism or tolerance to antibiotics or bile salts. Highlights include the discovery of a D- glucosamine kinase, a raffinose transporter, and several routes that increase tolerance to bile salts through lipid biosynthesis. This approach can be readily applied to develop screens in other strains and additional phenotypic assay types.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hung, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gal-Oz, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carion, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutschbauer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.10.511384</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional screens of barcoded expression libraries uncover new gene functions in carbon utilization among gut Bactereroidales]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.10.511631v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A description of the genus Denitromonas nom. rev.: Denitromonas iodatirespirans sp. nov. a novel iodate-reducing bacterium and two novel perchlorate-reducing bacteria Denitromonas halophila and Denitromonas ohlonensis isolated from San Francisco Bay intertidal mudflats. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.10.511631v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The genus Denitromonas is currently a non-validated taxon that has been identified in several recent publications as members of microbial communities arising from marine environments. Very little is known about the biology of Denitromonas spp., and no pure cultures are presently found in any culture collections. The current epitaph of Denitromonas was given to the organism under the assumption that all members of this genus are denitrifying bacteria. This study performs phenotypic and genomic analyses on three new Denitromonas spp. isolated from tidal mudflats in the San Francisco Bay. We demonstrate that Denitromonas spp. are indeed all facultative denitrifying bacteria that utilize a variety of carbon sources such as acetate, lactate, and succinate. In addition, individual strains also use the esoteric electron acceptors perchlorate, chlorate, and iodate. Both 16S and Rps/Rpl phylogenetic analyses place Denitromonas spp. as a deep branching clade in the family Zoogloeaceae, separate from either Thauera spp., Azoarcus spp., or Aromatoleum spp. Genome sequencing reveals a G+C content ranging from 63.72% to 66.54%, and genome sizes range between 4.39-5.18 Mb. Genes for salt tolerance and denitrification are distinguishing features that separate Denitromonas spp. from the closely related Azoarcus and Aromatoleum genera.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reyes Umana, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coates, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.10.511631</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A description of the genus Denitromonas nom. rev.: Denitromonas iodatirespirans sp. nov. a novel iodate-reducing bacterium and two novel perchlorate-reducing bacteria Denitromonas halophila and Denitromonas ohlonensis isolated from San Francisco Bay intertidal mudflats.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.12.511962v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
wMel replacement of dengue-competent mosquitoes is robust to near-term climate change 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.12.511962v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rising temperatures and increasing temperature variability are impacting the range and prevalence of mosquito-borne disease. A promising biocontrol technology replaces wild mosquitoes with those carrying the virus-blocking Wolbachia bacterium. Laboratory and field observations show that the most widely used strain, wMel, is adversely affected by heat stress. Here, we examine whether and how climate warming may impact wMel-based replacement. We integrate empirical data on the temperature sensitivity of wMel bacteria into a mechanistic model of population dynamics for the dengue vector Aedes aegypti and use CMIP5 climate projections and historical temperature records from Cairns, Australia to simulate vector control interventions. We show that higher mean temperatures are predicted to lower wMel infection frequency and that extended heatwaves have the potential to reverse the public health benefits of this intervention. Sensitivity analysis probing the thermal limits of wMel replacement reveal that, under existing projections, operational adaptations would be required for heatwaves lasting longer than two weeks. We conclude that this technology is expected to be robust to both the increased mean temperatures and heatwaves associated with near-term climate change in temperate regions. However, more rapid warming or tropical and inland regions that presently feature hotter baselines may challenge these tested limits, requiring further research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vasquez, V. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kueppers, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasic, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.12.511962</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[wMel replacement of dengue-competent mosquitoes is robust to near-term climate change]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.14.512296v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disulfide stabilization reveals conserved dynamic features between SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 spikes. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.14.512296v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S) is structurally dynamic and has been observed by cryo-EM to adopt a variety of prefusion conformations that can be categorized as locked, closed and open. The locked conformations feature tightly packed trimers with structural elements incompatible with RBD in "up" position. For SARS-CoV-2 S, it has been shown that the locked conformations are transient under neutral pH. Probably due to their transience, locked conformations remain largely uncharacterized for SARS-CoV-1 S. Intriguingly, locked conformations were the only conformations captured for S proteins of bat and pangolin origin SARS-related coronaviruses. In this study, we introduced x1, x2, and x3 disulfides into SARS-CoV-1 S. Some of these disulfides have been shown to preserve rare locked conformations when introduced to SARS-CoV-2 S. Introduction of these disulfides allowed us to image a variety of locked and other rare conformations for SARS-CoV-1 S by cryo-EM. We identified bound cofactors and structural features that are associated with SARS-CoV-1 S locked conformations. We compare newly determined structures to other available spike structures of Sarbecoviruses to identify conserved features and discuss their possible functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.14.512296</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disulfide stabilization reveals conserved dynamic features between SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 spikes.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.14.512310v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-viral gene editing in utero with lipid nanoparticles complexed to mRNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.14.512310v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems have the potential to revolutionize medicine but their low vascular permeability and rapid clearance by phagocytic cells have limited their medical impact. Nanoparticles delivered at the in utero stage have the potential to overcome these key limitations, due to the high rate of angiogenesis and cell division in fetal tissue, and the under-developed immune system. However, very little is known about nanoparticle drug delivery at the fetal stage of development. In this report, using Ai9 CRE reporter mice, we demonstrate that lipid nanoparticle (LNP) mRNA complexes can deliver mRNA for gene editing enzymes in utero after an intrahepatic injection, and can access and edit major organs, such as the heart, the liver, kidneys, lungs and the gastrointestinal tract with remarkable efficiency and low toxicity. In addition, we show here that Cas9 mRNA and sgRNA complexed to LNPs were able to edit the fetal organs in utero after an intrahepatic injection. These experiments demonstrate the possibility of non-viral delivery of gene editing enzymes in utero and nanoparticle drug delivery has great potential for delivering macromolecules to organs outside of the liver in utero, which provides a promising strategy for treating a wide variety of devastating genetic diseases before birth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farmer, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murthy, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.14.512310</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-viral gene editing in utero with lipid nanoparticles complexed to mRNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.16.512436v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Impact of Protein Dynamics on Residue-Residue Coevolution and Contact Prediction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.16.512436v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The need to maintain protein structure constrains evolution at the sequence level, and patterns of coevolution in homologous protein sequences can be used to predict their 3D structures with high accuracy. Our understanding of the relationship between protein structure and evolution has traditionally been benchmarked by computational models ability to predict contacts from a single representative, experimentally determined structure per protein family. However, proteins in vivo are highly dynamic and can adopt multiple functionally relevant conformations. Here we demonstrate that interactions that stabilize alternate conformations, as well those that mediate conformational changes, impose an underappreciated but significant set of evolutionary constraints. We analyze the extent of these constraints over 56 paralogous G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), {beta}-arrestin and the human SARS-CoV2 receptor ACE2. Specifically, we observe that contacts uniquely found in molecular dynamics (MD) simulation data and alternate-conformation crystal structures are successfully predicted by unsupervised language models. In GPCRs, adding these contacts as positives increases the percentage of top contacts classified as true positives, as predicted by a state-of-the-art language model, from 69% to 87%. Our results show that protein dynamics impose constraints on molecular evolution and demonstrate the ability of unsupervised language models to measure these constraints.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fung, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koehl, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jagota, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.16.512436</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Impact of Protein Dynamics on Residue-Residue Coevolution and Contact Prediction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.17.512504v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decoding of YAP levels and dynamics by pluripotency factors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.17.512504v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
YAP is a transcriptional regulator that controls pluripotency, germ layer specification, and proliferation. Different subsets of YAP target genes are engaged in each physiological setting, but how YAP selectively regulates different effectors in different contexts is not known. Here we use optogenetics to investigate how the levels and dynamics of YAP activation control its pluripotency effectors Oct4 and Nanog. We observe different thresholds for repression of Oct4 and Nanog, enabling differential control of both genes through YAP levels. Pluripotency factors also decode YAP dynamics. Oct4 preferentially responds to oscillatory YAP inputs that mimic endogenous pulsatile YAP dynamics. Using single-cell live imaging of Oct4 transcription and computational-theoretical analysis of transcriptional regulation, we demonstrate that YAP dynamics are decoded by an adaptive change sensor that modulates Oct4 transcription burst frequency. Our results reveal how the levels and timing of YAP activation enable multiplexing of information transmission for key regulators of cellular differentiation and pluripotency.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meyer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lammers, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bugaj, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, O. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.17.512504</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decoding of YAP levels and dynamics by pluripotency factors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.17.512580v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
STING activation depends on ACBD3 and other phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate-regulating proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.17.512580v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
STING induces transcription of pro-inflammatory genes upon activation at the Golgi apparatus. Many of the regulators involved in STING activation are unknown. We found that ACBD3 and other phosphatidylinositol 4-phosohate (PI4P) regulating proteins play a critical role in STING activation. We show that proper STING localization and activation at the Golgi depended on ACBD3 and PI4KB expression. Furthermore, depleting PI4P by inactivating PI4KB or overexpressing Sac1 diminished STING activation. STING signalling was also regulated by the lipid-shuttling protein OSBP, which removes PI4P from the Golgi. OSBP inhibition by the FDA-approved antifungal itraconazole and other OSBP inhibitors greatly enhanced STING activation by increasing the levels of STING-activating phospholipids. Itraconazole-enhanced STING activation resulted in a hundred to thousand-fold increased expression of interferon-beta and other cytokines. In conclusion, the phospholipid PI4P is critical for STING activation and manipulating PI4P levels is a promising therapeutic strategy to alter the STING immune response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luteijn, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Terwisga, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ver Eecke, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Onia, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaver, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodward, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raulet, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Kuppeveld, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.17.512580</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[STING activation depends on ACBD3 and other phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate-regulating proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.17.512616v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ploidy modulates cell size and metabolic rate in Xenopus embryos 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.17.512616v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A positive correlation between genome size and cell size is well documented, but impacts on animal physiology are poorly understood. In Xenopus frogs, the number of genome copies (ploidy) varies across species and can be manipulated within a species. Here we show that triploid tadpoles contain fewer, larger cells than diploids and consume oxygen at a lower rate. Treatments that altered cell membrane stability or electrical potential abolished this difference, suggesting that a decrease in total cell surface area reduces basal energy consumption in triploids. Comparison of Xenopus species that evolved through polyploidization revealed that metabolic differences emerged during development when cell size scaled with genome size. Thus, ploidy affects metabolism by altering the cell surface area to volume ratio in a multicellular organism.

One-Sentence SummaryThe amount of DNA per cell in a vertebrate modulates basal metabolism by altering cell size and plasma membrane energetics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cadart, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oaks, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heald, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.17.512616</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ploidy modulates cell size and metabolic rate in Xenopus embryos]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.15.512390v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
WGT: Tools and algorithms for recognizing, visualizing and generating Wheeler graphs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.15.512390v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryA Wheeler graph represents a collection of strings in a way that is particularly easy to index and query. Such a graph is a practical choice for representing a graph-shaped pangenome, and it is the foundation for current graph-based pangenome indexes. However, there are no practical tools to visualize or to check graphs that may have the Wheeler properties. Here we present Wheelie, an algorithm that combines a renaming heuristic with a permutation solver (Wheelie-PR) or a Satisfiability Modulo Theory (SMT) solver (Wheelie-SMT) to check whether a given graph has the Wheeler properties, a problem that is NP complete in general. Wheelie can check a variety of random and real-world graphs in far less time than any algorithm proposed to date. It can check a graph with 1,000s of nodes in seconds. We implement these algorithms together with complementary visualization tools in the WGT toolkit, available as open source software at https://github.com/Kuanhao-Chao/Wheeler_Graph_Toolkit.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chao, K.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, P.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seshia, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langmead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.15.512390</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[WGT: Tools and algorithms for recognizing, visualizing and generating Wheeler graphs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.16.512439v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vitamin B2 enables peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α regulation of fasting glucose availability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.16.512439v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) interacts with flavoproteins to mediate oxidation-reduction reactions required for cellular energy demands. Not surprisingly, mutations that alter FAD binding to flavoproteins cause rare inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs) that disrupt liver function and render fasting intolerance, hepatic steatosis, and lipodystrophy. In our study, depleting FAD pools in mice with a vitamin B2 deficient diet (B2D) caused phenotypes associated with organic acidemias and other IEMs, including reduced body weight, hypoglycemia, and fatty liver disease. Integrated discovery approaches revealed B2D tempered fasting activation of target genes for the nuclear receptor PPAR, including those required for gluconeogenesis. Treatment with the PPAR agonist fenofibrate activated the integrated stress response and refilled amino acid substrates to rescue fasting glucose availability and overcome B2D phenotypes. Overall, these findings reveal PPAR governs metabolic responses to FAD availability and nominate its pharmacologic activation as strategies for organic acidemias.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Masschelin, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ochsner, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Felix, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharp, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Putluri, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorenzi, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuotio-Antar, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiapparettu, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Putluri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Summers, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKenna, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartig, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.16.512439</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vitamin B2 enables peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α regulation of fasting glucose availability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.19.512772v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Long-term, super-resolution HIDE imaging of the inner mitochondrial membrane in live cells with a cell-permeant lipid probe 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.19.512772v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The densely packed inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) is vital for bioenergy generation and its dynamics control mitochondrial health and cellular homeostasis. IMM structure is complex, however, and imaging its dynamics with high temporal and spatial resolution is complicated by the photosensitivity of IMM-resident enzymes. Here we describe the cell-permeant, lipid-like acridine orange derivative MAO-N3 and use it to assemble high-density, environmentally sensitive (HIDE) probes that selectively label and image the IMM in live cells. MAO-N3 pairs with multiple SPAAC-reactive fluorophores to support HIDE imaging via confocal, Structured Illumination, Single Molecule Localization, and Stimulated Emission Depletion microscopy, all with significantly improved resistance against photobleaching. The HIDE probes generated using MAO-N3 require no genetic manipulations, are non-toxic in model cell lines and primary cardiomyocytes, even under conditions that amplify the effects of mitochondrial toxins, and visualize the IMM for up to 12.5 hours with unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zheng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dadina, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mozumdar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lesiak, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schepartz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.19.512772</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Long-term, super-resolution HIDE imaging of the inner mitochondrial membrane in live cells with a cell-permeant lipid probe]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.17.512625v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss of Linker Histone H1 in the Maternal Genome Influences DEMETER-Mediated Demethylation and Affects the Endosperm DNA Methylation Landscape 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.17.512625v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Arabidopsis DEMETER (DME) DNA glycosylase demethylates the central cell genome prior to fertilization. This epigenetic reconfiguration of the female gamete companion cell establishes gene imprinting in the endosperm and is essential for seed viability. DME demethylates small and genic-flanking transposons as well as intergenic and heterochromatin sequences, but how DME is recruited to these target loci remains unknown. H1.2 was identified as a DME-interacting protein in a yeast two-hybrid screen, and maternal genome H1 loss affects DNA methylation and expression of selected imprinted genes in the endosperm. Yet, the extent to which how H1 influences DME demethylation and gene imprinting in the Arabidopsis endosperm has not been investigated. Here, we showed that unlike in the vegetative cell, both canonical histone H1 variants are present in the central cell. Our endosperm methylome analysis revealed that without the maternal linker histones, DME-mediated demethylation is facilitated, particularly in the heterochromatin regions, indicating that H1-containing nucleosomes are barriers for DME demethylation. Loss of H1 in the maternal genome has a very limited effect on gene transcription or gene imprinting regulation in the endosperm; however, it variably influences euchromatin TE methylation and causes a slight hypermethylation and a reduced expression in selected imprinted genes. We conclude that loss of maternal H1 indirectly influences DME-mediated demethylation and endosperm DNA methylation landscape but does not appear to affect endosperm gene transcription and overall imprinting regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, T.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hung, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartels, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rea, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fsicher, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.17.512625</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss of Linker Histone H1 in the Maternal Genome Influences DEMETER-Mediated Demethylation and Affects the Endosperm DNA Methylation Landscape]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.18.510514v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diurnality shapes the visual opsin genes of colorful Neotropical frogs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.18.510514v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Amphibians are ideal for studying visual system evolution because their biphasic (aquatic and terrestrial) life history and ecological diversity expose them to a broad range of visual conditions. Here we evaluate signatures of selection on visual opsin genes across Neotropical anurans and focus on three diurnal clades that are well-known for the concurrence of conspicuous colors and chemical defense (i.e., aposematism): poison frogs (Dendrobatidae), Harlequin toads (Bufonidae: Atelopus), and pumpkin toadlets (Brachycephalidae: Brachycephalus). We found evidence of positive selection on 44 amino acid sites in LWS, SWS1, SWS2, and RH1 opsin genes, of which one in LWS and two in RH1 have been previously identified as spectral tuning sites in other vertebrates. Given that anurans have mostly nocturnal habits, the patterns of selection revealed new sites that might be important in spectral tuning for frogs, potentially for adaptation to diurnal habits and for color-based intraspecific communication. Furthermore, we provide evidence that SWS2, normally expressed in rod cells in amphibians, has likely been lost in the ancestor of Dendrobatidae, suggesting that under low-light levels, dendrobatids have inferior wavelength discrimination compared to other frogs. This loss might follow the origin of diurnal activity in dendrobatids and could have implications for their chemical ecology, biodiversity, and behavior. Our analyses show that assessments of opsin diversification in understudied groups could expand our understanding of the role of sensory system evolution in ecological adaptation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wan, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navarrete, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connell, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uricchio, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roland, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maan, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ron, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betancourth-Cundar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pie, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howell, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richards-Zawacki, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cummings, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannatella, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarvin, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.18.510514</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diurnality shapes the visual opsin genes of colorful Neotropical frogs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.19.512959v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mating activates neuroendocrine pathways signaling hunger in Drosophila females 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.19.512959v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mated females reallocate resources to offspring production, causing changes in nutritional requirements and challenges to energy homeostasis. Although observed in most species, the neural and endocrine mechanisms that regulate the nutritional needs of mated females are not well understood. Here, we investigate the neural circuitry that regulates sugar appetite in mated Drosophila melanogaster females. During copulation, a male-derived sex peptide is transferred to females, silencing the mating status circuit to elicit many postmating behavioral changes1-3. We find that increased sucrose consumption is a postmated female behavior and show that it is mediated by the mating status circuit. We discovered that sexually dimorphic insulin receptor (Lgr3) neurons integrate mating status and nutritional state signals to adjust sucrose consumption. Lgr3+ cells receive inhibitory input from the mating status circuit via female specific pCd-2 neurons. In mated females, the inhibition of Lgr3 cells from pCd-2 is attenuated, transforming the mated signal into a long-term hunger signal that promotes sugar intake. Our results thus demonstrate that the mating circuit alters nutrient sensing centers in females to promote sugar consumption, providing a mechanism to increase intake in anticipation of the energetic costs associated with reproduction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Laturney, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sterne, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.19.512959</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mating activates neuroendocrine pathways signaling hunger in Drosophila females]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.20.513082v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Striatal dopamine synthesis and cognitive flexibility differ between hormonal contraceptive users and non-users 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.20.513082v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In rodents and nonhuman primates, sex hormones are powerful modulators of dopamine neurotransmission. Yet little is known about hormonal regulation of the dopamine system in the human brain. Using Positron Emission Tomography (PET), we address this gap by comparing hormonal contraceptive users and non-users across multiple aspects of dopamine function: dopamine synthesis capacity via the PET radioligand 6-[18F]fluoro-m-tyrosine ([18F]FMT), baseline D2/3 receptor binding potential using [11C]raclopride, and dopamine release using methylphenidate-paired [11C]raclopride. Participants consisted of 36 healthy women (n=21 naturally cycling; n=15 hormonal contraceptive users), and men (n=20) as a comparison group. A behavioral index of cognitive flexibility was assessed prior to PET imaging. Hormonal contraceptive users exhibited greater dopamine synthesis capacity than naturally cycling participants, particularly in dorsal caudate, and greater cognitive flexibility. Further, across individuals the magnitude of striatal DA synthesis capacity was associated with cognitive flexibility. No group differences were observed in D2/3 receptor binding or dopamine release. Analyses by sex alone may obscure underlying differences in DA synthesis tied to womens hormone status. Hormonal contraception (in the form of pill, shot, implant, ring or IUD) is used by ~400 million women worldwide, yet few studies have examined whether chronic hormonal manipulations impact basic properties of the dopamine system. Findings from this study begin to address this critical gap in womens health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Taylor, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berry, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jagust, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Esposito, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.20.513082</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Striatal dopamine synthesis and cognitive flexibility differ between hormonal contraceptive users and non-users]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.20.513104v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitotic chromosomes scale to nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio and cell size in Xenopus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.20.513104v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During the rapid and reductive cleavage divisions of early embryogenesis, subcellular structures such as the nucleus and mitotic spindle scale to decreasing cell size. Mitotic chromosomes also decrease in size during development, presumably to coordinately scale with mitotic spindles, but underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here we combine in vivo and in vitro approaches using eggs and embryos from the frog Xenopus laevis to show that mitotic chromosome scaling is mechanistically distinct from other forms of subcellular scaling. We found that mitotic chromosomes scale continuously with cell, spindle and nuclear size in vivo. However, unlike for spindles and nuclei, mitotic chromosome size cannot be re-set by cytoplasmic factors from earlier developmental stages. In vitro, increasing nucleo-cytoplasmic (N/C) ratio is sufficient to recapitulate mitotic chromosome scaling, but not nuclear or spindle scaling, through differential loading of maternal factors during interphase. An additional pathway involving importin  scales mitotic chromosomes to cell surface area/volume (SA/V) during metaphase. Finally, single-chromosome immunofluorescence and analysis of Hi-C data suggest that mitotic chromosomes scale through decreased recruitment of condensin I, resulting in major rearrangements of DNA loop architecture to accommodate the same amount of DNA on a shorter axis. Together, our findings demonstrate how mitotic chromosome size is set by spatially and temporally distinct developmental cues in the early embryo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekker, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabrera, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heald, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.20.513104</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitotic chromosomes scale to nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio and cell size in Xenopus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.23.513397v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Double emulsions as a high-throughput enrichment and isolation platform for slower-growing microbes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.23.513397v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our understanding of in situ microbial physiology is primarily based on physiological characterization of fast-growing and readily-isolatable microbes. Microbial enrichments to obtain novel isolates with slower growth rates or physiologies adapted to low nutrient environments are plagued by intrinsic biases for fastest-growing species when using standard laboratory isolation protocols. New cultivation tools to minimize these biases and enrich for less well-studied taxa are needed. In this study, we developed a high-throughput bacterial enrichment platform based on single cell encapsulation and growth within double emulsions (GrowMiDE). We showed that GrowMiDE can cultivate many different microorganisms and enrich for novel taxa that are never observed in traditional batch enrichments. For example, preventing dominance of the enrichment by fast-growing microbes due to nutrient privatization within the double emulsion droplets allowed cultivation of novel Negativicutes and Methanobacteria from stool samples in rich media enrichment cultures. In competition experiments between growth rate and growth yield specialist strains, GrowMiDE enrichments prevented competition for shared nutrient pools and enriched for slower-growing but more efficient strains. Finally, we demonstrated the compatibility of GrowMiDE with commercial fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) to obtain isolates from GrowMiDE enrichments. Together, GrowMiDE + DE-FACS is a promising new high-throughput enrichment platform that can be easily applied to diverse microbial enrichments or screens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McCully, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brower, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fordyce, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spormann, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.23.513397</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Double emulsions as a high-throughput enrichment and isolation platform for slower-growing microbes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.22.513294v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unsupervised Discovery of Ancestry Informative Markers and Genetic Admixture Proportions in Biobank-Scale Data Sets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.22.513294v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Admixture estimation plays a crucial role in ancestry inference and genomewide association studies (GWAS). Computer programs such as ADMIXTURE and STRUCTURE are commonly employed to estimate the admixture proportions of sample individuals. However, these programs can be overwhelmed by the computational burdens imposed by the 105 to 106 samples and millions of markers commonly found in modern biobanks. An attractive strategy is to run these programs on a set of ancestry informative SNP markers (AIMs) that exhibit substantially different frequencies across populations. Unfortunately, existing methods for identifying AIMs require knowing ancestry labels for a subset of the sample. This supervised learning approach creates a chicken and the egg scenario. In this paper, we present an unsupervised, scalable framework that seamlessly carries out AIM selection and likelihood-based estimation of admixture proportions. Our simulated and real data examples show that this approach is scalable to modern biobank data sets. Our implementation of the method is called OpenADMIXTURE.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ko, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okenwa, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papp, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobel, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lange, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.22.513294</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unsupervised Discovery of Ancestry Informative Markers and Genetic Admixture Proportions in Biobank-Scale Data Sets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.23.513368v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The trans-regulatory landscape of gene networks in plants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.23.513368v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The effector domains of transcription factors play a key role in controlling gene expression; however, their functional nature is poorly understood, hampering our ability to explore this fundamental dimension of gene regulatory networks. To map the trans-regulatory landscape in a complex eukaryote, we systematically characterized the putative effector domains of over 400 Arabidopsis thaliana transcription factors for their capacity to modulate transcription. We demonstrate that transcriptional effector activity can be integrated into gene regulatory networks capable of elucidating the functional dynamics underlying gene expression patterns. We further show how newly characterized domains can enhance genome engineering efforts and reveal how plant transcriptional activators share regulatory features conserved across distantly related eukaryotes. Our results provide a framework to systematically characterize the regulatory role of transcription factors at a genome-scale in order to understand the transcriptional wiring of biological systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hummel, N. F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ornelas, I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.23.513368</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The trans-regulatory landscape of gene networks in plants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.23.513390v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High Angular Resolution Susceptibility Imaging and Estimation of Fiber Orientation Distribution Functions in Primate Brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.23.513390v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Uncovering brain-tissue microstructure including axonal characteristics is a major neuroimaging research focus. Within this scope, anisotropic properties of magnetic susceptibility in white matter have been successfully employed to estimate primary axonal trajectories using mono-tensorial models. However, anisotropic susceptibility has not yet been considered for modeling more complex fiber structures within a voxel, such as intersecting bundles, or an estimation of orientation distribution functions (ODFs). This information is routinely obtained by high angular resolution diffusion imaging (HARDI) techniques. In applications to fixed tissue, however, diffusion-weighted imaging suffers from an inherently low signal-to-noise ratio and limited spatial resolution, leading to high demands on the performance of the gradient system in order to mitigate these limitations. In the current work, high angular resolution susceptibility imaging (HARSI) is proposed as a novel, phase-based methodology to estimate ODFs. A multiple gradient-echo dataset was acquired in an entire fixed chimpanzee brain at 61 orientations by reorienting the specimen in the magnetic field. The constant solid angle method was adapted for estimating phase-based ODFs. HARDI data were also acquired for comparison. HARSI yielded information on whole-brain fiber architecture, including identification of peaks of multiple bundles that resembled features of the HARDI results. Distinct differences between both methods suggest that susceptibility properties may offer complementary microstructural information. These proof-of-concept results indicate a potential to study the axonal organization in post-mortem primate and human brain at high resolution.

HighlightsO_LIIntroduction of High Angular Resolution Susceptibility Imaging (HARSI) for advancing Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping (QSM).
C_LIO_LIHARSI-derived fiber orientation distributions in fixed chimpanzee brain.
C_LIO_LIHARSI-based visualization of complex fiber configurations.
C_LIO_LIComparisons between HARSI and High Angular Resolution Diffusion Imaging.
C_LIO_LIPotential for high-resolution post-mortem imaging of fiber architecture.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gkotsoulias, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaeger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlumm, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mildner, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pampel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graessle, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alsleben, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crockford, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wittig, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moeller, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.23.513390</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High Angular Resolution Susceptibility Imaging and Estimation of Fiber Orientation Distribution Functions in Primate Brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.25.513764v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decision and response monitoring during working memory are sequentially represented in the human insula 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.25.513764v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Emerging research supports a role of the insula in human cognition. Here, we used intracranial EEG to investigate the spatiotemporal dynamics in the insula during a verbal working memory (vWM) task. We found robust effects for theta, beta, and high frequency activity (HFA) during probe presentation requiring a decision. Theta and beta band activity showed differential involvement across left and right insulae while sequential HFA modulations were observed along the anteroposterior axis. HFA in anterior insula tracked decision making and subsequent HFA was observed in posterior insula after the behavioral response. Our results provide electrophysiological evidence of engagement of different insula subregions in both decision-making and response monitoring during vWM and expand our knowledge of the role of the insula in complex human behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Llorens, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellier, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blenkmann, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivanovic, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larsson, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Endestad, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solbakk, A.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.25.513764</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decision and response monitoring during working memory are sequentially represented in the human insula]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.27.513991v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lipid homeostasis is essential for a maximal ER stress response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.27.513991v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Changes in lipid metabolism are associated with aging and age-related diseases, including proteopathies. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is uniquely a major hub for protein and lipid synthesis, making its function essential for both protein and lipid homeostasis. However, it is less clear how lipid metabolism and protein quality may impact each other. Here, we identity let-767, a putative hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, as an essential gene for both lipid and ER protein homeostasis. Knockdown of let-767 reduces lipid stores, alters ER morphology in a lipid-dependent manner, and also blocks induction of the Unfolded Protein Response of the ER (UPRER). Interestingly, a global reduction in lipogenic pathways restores UPRER induction in animals with reduced let-767. Specifically, we find that supplementation of 3-oxoacyl, the predicted metabolite directly upstream of let-767, is sufficient to block induction of the UPRER. This study highlights a novel interaction through which changes in lipid metabolism can alter a cells response to protein-induced stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garcia, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsui, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webster, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higuchi-Sanabria, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dillin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.27.513991</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lipid homeostasis is essential for a maximal ER stress response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.28.514160v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Linking Choroid Plexus Enlargement with Plasma Analyte and Structural Phenotypes in Clinical High Risk for Psychosis: A Multisite Neuroimaging Study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.28.514160v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundChoroid plexus (ChP) enlargement exists in first-episode and chronic psychosis, but whether enlargement occurs before psychosis onset is unknown. This study investigated whether ChP volume is enlarged in individuals with clinical high-risk (CHR) for psychosis and whether these changes are related to clinical, neuroanatomical, and plasma analytes.

MethodsClinical and neuroimaging data from the North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study 2 (NAPLS2) was used for analysis. 509 participants (169 controls, 340 CHR) were recruited. Conversion status was determined after 2-years of follow-up, with 36 psychosis converters. The lateral ventricle ChP was manually segmented from baseline scans. A subsample of 31 controls and 53 CHR had plasma analyte and neuroimaging data.

ResultsCompared to controls, CHR (d=0.23, p=0.017) and non-converters (d=0.22, p=0.03) demonstrated higher ChP volumes, but not in converters. In CHR, greater ChP volume correlated with lower cortical (r=-0.22, p<0.001), subcortical gray matter (r=-0.21, p<0.001), and total white matter volume (r=-0.28,p<0.001), as well as larger lateral ventricle volume (r=0.63,p<0.001). Greater ChP volume correlated with makers functionally associated with the lateral ventricle ChP in CHR [CCL1 (r=-0.30, p=0.035), ICAM1 (r=0.33, p=0.02)], converters [IL1{beta} (r=0.66, p=0.004)], and non-converters [BMP6 (r=-0.96, p<0.001), CALB1 (r=-0.98, p<0.001), ICAM1 (r=0.80, p=0.003), SELE (r=0.59, p=0.026), SHBG (r=0.99, p<0.001), TNFRSF10C (r=0.78, p=0.001)].

ConclusionsCHR and non-converters demonstrated significantly larger ChP volumes compared to controls. Enlarged ChP was associated with neuroanatomical alterations and analyte markers functionally associated with the ChP. These findings suggest that the ChP may be a key explanatory biomarker in CHR for psychosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bannai, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reuter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hegde, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adhan, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gandu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raymond, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Erp, T. G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Addington, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bearden, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cadenhead, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornblatt, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathalon, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGlashan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffries, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsuang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woods, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannon, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perkins, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keshavan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lizano, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.28.514160</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Linking Choroid Plexus Enlargement with Plasma Analyte and Structural Phenotypes in Clinical High Risk for Psychosis: A Multisite Neuroimaging Study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.28.514293v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tuned Fitness Landscapes for Benchmarking Model-Guided Protein Design 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.28.514293v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Advancements in DNA synthesis and sequencing technologies have enabled a novel paradigm of protein design where machine learning (ML) models trained on experimental data are used to guide exploration of a protein fitness landscape. ML-guided directed evolution (MLDE) builds on the success of traditional directed evolution and unlocks strategies which make more efficient use of experimental data. Building an MLDE pipeline involves many design choices across the design-build-test-learn loop ranging from data collection strategies to modeling, each of which has a large impact on the success of designed sequences. The cost of collecting experimental data makes benchmarking every component of these pipelines on real data prohibitively difficult, necessitating the development of synthetic landscapes where MLDE strategies can be tested. In this work, we develop a framework called SLIP ("Synthetic Landscape Inference for Proteins") for constructing biologically-motivated synthetic landscapes with tunable difficulty based on Potts models. This framework can be extended to any protein family for which there is a sequence alignment. We show that without tuning, Potts models are easy to optimize. In contrast, our tuning framework provides landscapes sufficiently challenging to benchmark MLDE pipelines. SLIP is open-source and is available at https://github.com/google-research/slip.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thomas, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agarwala, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belanger, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colwell, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.28.514293</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tuned Fitness Landscapes for Benchmarking Model-Guided Protein Design]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.29.514266v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Expanding the stdpopsim species catalog, and lessons learned forrealistic genome simulations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.29.514266v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Simulation is a key tool in population genetics for both methods development and empirical research, but producing simulations that recapitulate the main features of genomic data sets remains a major obstacle. Today, more realistic simulations are possible thanks to large increases in the quantity and quality of available genetic data, and to the sophistication of inference and simulation software. However, implementing these simulations still requires substantial time and specialized knowledge. These challenges are especially pronounced for simulating genomes for species that are not well-studied, since it is not always clear what information is required to produce simulations with a level of realism sufficient to confidently answer a given question. The community-developed framework stdpopsim seeks to lower this barrier by facilitating the simulation of complex population genetic models using up-to-date information. The initial version of stdpopsim focused on establishing this framework using six well-characterized model species (Adrion et al., 2020). Here, we report on major improvements made in the new release of stdpopsim (version 0.2), which includes a significant expansion of the species catalog and substantial additions to simulation capabilities. Features added to improve the realism of the simulated genomes include non-crossover recombination and provision of species-specific genomic annotations. Through community-driven efforts, we expanded the number of species in the catalog more than three-fold and broadened coverage across the tree of life. During the process of expanding the catalog, we have identified common sticking points and developed best practices for setting up genome-scale simulations. We describe the input data required for generating a realistic simulation, suggest good practices for obtaining the relevant information from the literature, and discuss common pitfalls and major considerations. These improvements to stdpopsim aim to further promote the use of realistic whole-genome population genetic simulations, especially in non-model organisms, making them available, transparent, and accessible to everyone.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lauterbur, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavassim, M. I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gladstein, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gower, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pope, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsambos, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adrion, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belsare, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biddanda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caudill, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cury, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Echevarria, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haller, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasan, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iasi, L. N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noskova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obsteter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavinato, V. A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peede, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, C. C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spence, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teterina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tittes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unneberg, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazquez, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waples, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wohns, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baumdicker, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cartwright, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorjanc, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutenkunst, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelleher, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kern, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ragsdale, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ralph, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schrider, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>G</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.29.514266</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Expanding the stdpopsim species catalog, and lessons learned forrealistic genome simulations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.31.514335v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A bistable autoregulatory module in the developing embryo commits cells to binary fates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.31.514335v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Positive autoregulation has been repeatedly proposed as a mechanism for cells to adopt binary fates during embryonic development through bistability. However, without quantitatively determining their parameters, it is unclear whether the plethora of positive autoregulatory modules found within developmental gene regulatory networks are actually bistable. Here, we combine in vivo live imaging with mathematical modeling to dissect the binary cell fate dynamics of the fruit fly pair-rule gene fushi tarazu (ftz), which is regulated by two known enhancers: the early (non-autoregulating) element and the autoregulatory element. Live imaging of transcription and protein concentration in the blastoderm revealed that binary Ftz cell states are achieved as ftz expression rapidly transitions from being dictated by the early element to the autoregulatory element. Moreover, we discovered that Ftz concentration alone is insufficient to activate the autoregulatory element, and that this element only becomes responsive to Ftz at a prescribed developmental time. Based on these observations, we developed a dynamical systems model, and quantitated its kinetic parameters directly from experimental measurements. Our model demonstrated that the ftz autoregulatory module is indeed bistable and that the early element transiently establishes the content of the binary cell fate decision to which the autoregulatory module then commits. Further analysis in silico revealed that the autoregulatory element locks the Ftz expression fate quickly, within 35 min of exposure to the transient signal of the early element. Overall, our work confirms the widely held hypothesis that autoregulation can establish developmental fates through bistability and, most importantly, provides a framework for the quantitative dissection of cellular decision-making based on systems dynamics models and real-time measurements of transcriptional and protein dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perkins, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norstad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.31.514335</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A bistable autoregulatory module in the developing embryo commits cells to binary fates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.31.514567v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome editing in plants using the compact editor Cas{Phi} 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.31.514567v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas systems have been developed as important tools for plant genome engineering. Here, we demonstrate that the hypercompact Cas{Phi} nuclease is able to generate stably inherited gene edits in Arabidopsis, and that Cas{Phi} guide RNAs can be expressed with either the Pol-III U6 promoter or a Pol-II promoter together with ribozyme mediated RNA processing. Using the Arabidopsis fwa epiallele we show that Cas{Phi} displays higher editing efficiency when the target locus is not DNA methylated, suggesting that Cas{Phi} is sensitive to chromatin environment. Importantly, two Cas{Phi} protein variants, vCas{Phi} and nCas{Phi}, both showed much higher editing efficiency relative to the wildtype Cas{Phi} enzyme, and yielded more offspring plants with inherited edits. Extensive genomic analysis of gene edited plants showed no off-target editing, suggesting that Cas{Phi} is highly specific. The hypercompact size, T-rich minimal PAM and wide range of working temperatures make Cas{Phi} an excellent supplement to existing plant genome editing systems.

Significance StatementPlant genome engineering with CRISPR-Cas systems is frequently used in both research and agriculture. Here, we demonstrate that the hypercompact Cas{Phi}-2 nuclease is able to generate heritable gene edits in Arabidopsis. Two Cas{Phi} protein variants vCas{Phi} and nCas{Phi} increased the editing efficiency in plants. Cas{Phi} also has a wide range of working temperatures and the editing by Cas{Phi} is highly specific. We also observed that editing by Cas{Phi} is sensitive to chromatin environment. The hypercompact size, T-rich minimal PAM and wide range of working temperatures make Cas{Phi} an excellent supplement to existing plant genome editing systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pausch, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Shayeb, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amerasekerae, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobsen, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.31.514567</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome editing in plants using the compact editor Cas{Phi}]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.31.514613v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Independent mutation effects enable design of combinatorial protein binding mutants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.31.514613v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent developments in protein design have adapted large neural networks with up to 100s of millions of parameters to learn complex sequence-function mappings. However, it is unclear which dependencies between residues are critical for determining protein function, and a better empirical understanding could enable high quality models that are also more data- and resource-efficient. Here, we observe that the per residue amino acid preferences - without considering interactions between mutations are sufficient to explain much, and sometimes virtually all of the combinatorial mutation effects across 7 datasets (R2 [~] 78-98%), including one generated here. These preference parameters (20*N, where N is the number of mutated residues) can be learned from as few as [~]5*20*N observations to predict a much larger number (potentially up to 20N) of combinatorial variant effects with high accuracy (Pearson r > 0.8). We hypothesized that the local structural dependencies surrounding a residue could be sufficient to learn these required mutation preferences, and developed an unsupervised design approach, which we term CoVES for  Combinatorial Variant Effects from Structure. We show that CoVES outperforms not just model free sampling approaches but also complicated, high-capacity autoregressive neural networks in generating functional and diverse sequence variants for two example proteins. This simple, biologically-rooted model can be an effective alternative to high-capacity, out of domain models for the design of functional proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ding, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.31.514613</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Independent mutation effects enable design of combinatorial protein binding mutants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.01.514662v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Syncytin-mediated open-ended membrane tubular connections facilitate the intercellular transfer of cargos including Cas9 protein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.01.514662v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Much attention has been focused on the possibility that cytoplasmic proteins and RNA may be conveyed between cells in extracellular vesicles (EVs) and tunneling nanotube (TNT) structures. Here, we set up two quantitative delivery reporters to study cargo transfer between cells. We found that EVs are internalized by reporter cells but do not efficiently deliver functional Cas9 protein to the nucleus. In contrast, donor and acceptor cells co-cultured to permit cell contact resulted in a highly effective transfer. Among our tested donor and acceptor cell pairs, HEK293T and MDA-MB-231 recorded optimal intercellular transfer. Depolymerization of F-actin greatly decreased Cas9 transfer whereas inhibitors of endocytosis or knock-down of genes implicated in this process had little effect on transfer. Imaging results suggest that intercellular transfer of cargos occurred through open-ended membrane tubular connections. In contrast, cultures consisting only of HEK293T cells form close-ended tubular connections ineffective in cargo transfer. Depletion of human endogenous fusogens, syncytins, especially syncytin-2 in MDA-MB-231 cells, significantly reduced Cas9 transfer. Full-length mouse syncytin, but not truncated mutants, rescued the effect of depletion of human syncytins on Cas9 transfer. Mouse syncytin overexpression in HEK293T cells partially facilitated Cas9 transfer among HEK293T cells. These findings suggest that syncytin may serve as the fusogen responsible for the formation of an open-ended connection between cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schekman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.01.514662</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Syncytin-mediated open-ended membrane tubular connections facilitate the intercellular transfer of cargos including Cas9 protein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.01.514781v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pyrophosphate-Mediated Repair of Damaged and Mismatched RNA by a Polymerase Ribozyme 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.01.514781v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prior to the emergence of the contemporary biosphere, the first replicating systems are thought to have progressed through an RNA-based stage. Such an evolving world would likely have transferred heritable information during replication using RNA polymerase ribozymes. Though substantial effort has been put forth towards evolving RNA polymerases, many variants suffer from premature termination and low fidelity, resulting in low yields of full-length or active sequences. Replication of longer sequences requires a sufficiently high fidelity to lend an evolutionary advantage to an evolvable system. Here we demonstrate ribozyme-mediated repair of mismatched and damaged RNA sequences. Under conditions of saturating pyrophosphate concentrations, we show that a polymerase ribozyme can repair RNA sequences terminated in a mismatch, a non-extendable 2'-3' cyclic phosphate, or both, to generate a triphosphorylated nucleotide. This repair step increases the fidelity and allows polymerization along an extended template, including the ribozyme itself. This increase of copying fidelity advances the longstanding goal of developing a self-replicating polymerase ribozyme.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kent, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luptak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.01.514781</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pyrophosphate-Mediated Repair of Damaged and Mismatched RNA by a Polymerase Ribozyme]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.03.515041v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Virus-Packageable CRISPR System Identifies Host Dependency Factors Across Multiple HIV-1 Strains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.03.515041v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
At each stage of the HIV life cycle, host cellular proteins are hijacked by the virus to establish and enhance infection. We adapted the virus packageable HIV-CRISPR screening technology at a genome-wide scale to comprehensively identify host factors that affect HIV replication in a human T cell line. Using a smaller, targeted HIV Dependency Factor (HIVDEP) sub-library, we then performed screens across multiple HIV strains representing different clades and with different biological properties to define which T cell host factors are strain-specific versus which ones are important across all HIV strains and different clades. Nearly 90% genes selected across multiple host pathways validated in subsequent assays as bona fide host dependency factors including numerous proteins not previously reported to play role in HIV biology such as UBE2M, MBNL1, FBXW7, PELP1, SLC39A7, and others. Our ranked list of screen hits across multiple viral strains form a resource of HIV dependency factors for future investigation of host proteins involved in HIV biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Montoya, V. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ready, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Felton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fine, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>OhAinle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emerman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.03.515041</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Virus-Packageable CRISPR System Identifies Host Dependency Factors Across Multiple HIV-1 Strains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.04.512693v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rational Chemical Design of Molecular Glue Degraders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.04.512693v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Targeted protein degradation with molecular glue degraders has arisen as a powerful therapeutic modality for eliminating classically undruggable disease-causing proteins through proteasome-mediated degradation. However, we currently lack rational chemical design principles for converting protein-targeting ligands into molecular glue degraders. To overcome this challenge, we sought to identify a transposable chemical handle that would convert protein-targeting ligands into molecular degraders of their corresponding targets. Using the CDK4/6 inhibitor Ribociclib as a prototype, we identified a covalent handle that, when appended to the exit vector of Ribociclib, induced the proteasome-mediated degradation of CDK4 in cancer cells. Covalent chemoproteomic profiling of this CDK4 degrader revealed covalent interactions with cysteine 32 of the RING family E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF126. Structural modification of our initial covalent scaffold led to an improved CDK4 degrader with the development of a but-2-ene, 1,4-dione ("fumarate") handle that showed improved interactions with RNF126. Thereafter, we worked to identify the minimum covalent motif required for interaction with RNF126, which we then transplanted onto chemically related and un-related protein-targeting ligands. This strategy successfully produced molecules which induced the degradation of several proteins across diverse protein classes, including BRD4, BCR-ABL and c-ABL, PDE5, AR and AR-V7, BTK, LRRK2, and SMARCA2. Our study undercovers a design strategy for converting protein-targeting ligands into covalent molecular glue degraders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Toriki, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papatzimas, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nishikawa, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dovala, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGregor, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hesse, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKenna, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tallarico, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schirle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomura, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.04.512693</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rational Chemical Design of Molecular Glue Degraders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.04.515211v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Towards Environmental Control of Microbiomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.04.515211v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial communities have consequential effects on health and the environment yet remain uncontrollable due to their complex dynamics. Ecological modeling offers a platform to overcome their nonlinear and interconnected nature but traditionally does not account for context-dependence. Here, we extend the generalized Lotka-Volterra (gLV) model to accommodate a varying environment by identifying how environmental changes alter species growth rates and interactions in a manner that predicts full community trajectories across environmental gradients. We identify key environment-varying interactions within a synthetic community derived from the Oryzae sativa rhizosphere, and demonstrate how variations in the environment change fixed point compositions and rates of convergence. With our model, we simulate how precise perturbations of the environment can offer improvements in an optimal control problem of driving a community to a target composition. We show that environmental perturbation can minimize the total species input (direct species perturbation) and greatly expand the set of initial states from which a desired target can be reached despite stochasticity. This work demonstrates that a formal perspective on environmental influence of community dynamics is valuable for not only understanding seasonal changes or anthropogenic manipulations, but is critical for improving control of the microbiome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sharpless, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sander, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuehl, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.04.515211</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Towards Environmental Control of Microbiomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.06.515311v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrative single-cell characterization of hypothalamus sex-differential and obesity-associated genes and regulatory elements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.06.515311v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over 500 noncoding genomic loci are associated with obesity. The majority of these loci reside near genes that are expressed in the hypothalamus in specific neuronal subpopulations that regulate food intake, hindering the ability to identify and functionally characterize them. Here, we carried out integrative single-cell analysis (RNA/ATAC-seq) on both mouse and human male and female hypothalamus to characterize genes and regulatory elements in specific cell subpopulations. Utilizing both transcriptome and regulome data, we identify over 30 different neuronal and non-neuronal cell subpopulations and a shared core of transcription factors that regulate cell cluster-specific genes between mice and humans. We characterize several sex-specific differentially expressed genes and the regulatory elements that control them in specific cell subpopulations. Overlapping cell-specific scATAC peaks with obesity-associated GWAS variants, identifies potential obesity-associated regulatory elements. Using reporter assays and CRISPR editing, we show that many of these sequences, including the top obesity-associated loci (FTO and MC4R), are functional enhancers whose activity is altered due to the obesity-associated variant and regulate known obesity genes. Combined, our work provides a catalog of genes and regulatory elements in hypothalamus cell subpopulations and uses obesity to showcase how integrative single-cell sequencing can identify functional variants associated with hypothalamus-related phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cintron, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harshman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nobuhara, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ushiki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biellak, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mifsud, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blake, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hemberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaisse, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahituv, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.06.515311</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrative single-cell characterization of hypothalamus sex-differential and obesity-associated genes and regulatory elements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.06.515368v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Orphan quality control shapes network dynamics and gene expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.06.515368v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
All eukaryotes require intricate protein networks to translate developmental signals into accurate cell fate decisions. Mutations that disturb crucial interactions between network components often result in disease, but how the composition and dynamics of complex networks are established is unknown. Here, we identify the tumor suppressor E3 ligase UBR5 as a quality control enzyme that helps degrade unpaired subunits of multiple transcription factors that operate within a single network. By constantly turning over orphan subunits, UBR5 forces cells to continuously replenish network components through new protein synthesis. The resulting cycles of transcription factor synthesis and degradation allow cells to effectively execute the gene expression program, while remaining susceptible to environmental signals. We conclude that orphan quality control plays an essential role in establishing the dynamics of protein networks, which may explain the conserved need for protein degradation in transcription and offers unique opportunities to modulate gene expression in disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mark, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolla, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garshott, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Gonzalez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akopian, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haakonsen, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>See, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rape, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.06.515368</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Orphan quality control shapes network dynamics and gene expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.04.515267v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct energy-coupling factor transporter subunits enable flavin acquisition and extracytosolic trafficking for extracellular electron transfer in Listeria monocytogenes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.04.515267v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A variety of electron transfer mechanisms link bacterial cytosolic electron pools with functionally diverse redox activities in the cell envelope and extracellular space. In Listeria monocytogenes, the ApbE-like enzyme FmnB catalyzes extracytosolic protein flavinylation, covalently linking a flavin cofactor to proteins that transfer electrons to extracellular acceptors. L. monocytogenes uses an energy-coupling factor (ECF) transporter complex that contains distinct substrate-binding, transmembrane, ATPase A, and ATPase A subunits (RibU, EcfT, EcfA, and EcfA) to import environmental flavins, but the basis of extracytosolic flavin trafficking for FmnB flavinylation remains poorly defined. In this study, we show that the proteins EetB and FmnA are related to ECF transporter substrate-binding and transmembrane subunits, respectively, and are essential for exporting flavins from the cytosol for flavinylation. Comparisons of the flavin import versus export capabilities of L. monocytogenes strains lacking different ECF transporter subunits demonstrates a strict directionality of substrate-binding subunit transport but partial functional redundancy of transmembrane and ATPase subunits. Based on these results, we propose that ECF transporter complexes with different subunit compositions execute directional flavin import/export through a broadly conserved mechanism. Finally, we present genomic context analyses which show that related ECF exporter genes are distributed across the Firmicutes phylum and frequently co-localize with genes encoding flavinylated extracytosolic proteins. These findings clarify the basis of ECF transporter export and extracytosolic flavin cofactor trafficking in Firmicutes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rivera-Lugo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meheust, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iavarone, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidebottom, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oldfield, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Portnoy, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Light, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.04.515267</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct energy-coupling factor transporter subunits enable flavin acquisition and extracytosolic trafficking for extracellular electron transfer in Listeria monocytogenes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.07.515418v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Periodic neglect after frontoparietal lesions provides causal evidence for rhythmic attention sampling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.07.515418v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Contemporary models conceptualize spatial attention as a blinking spotlight that sequentially samples visual space. Hence, behavior fluctuates over time even in states of presumed  sustained attention. Recent evidence suggested that rhythmic neural activity in the frontoparietal network constitutes the functional basis of rhythmic attentional sampling. However, causal evidence to support this notion remains absent. Using a lateralized spatial attention task, we addressed this issue in patients with focal lesions in the frontoparietal attention network. Our results uncovered that frontoparietal lesions introduce periodic neglect, i.e., temporally-specific behavioral deficits that were aligned with the underlying neural oscillations. Attention-guided perceptual sensitivity was on par with healthy controls during optimal phases but attenuated during the less excitable sub-cycles. Theta-dependent sampling (3 - 8 Hz) was causally dependent on prefrontal cortex, while alpha-band sampling (8 - 14 Hz) emerged from parietal areas. Collectively, our findings reveal that lesion-induced high amplitude, low frequency brain activity is not epiphenomenal, but has immediate behavioral consequences. More generally, these results provide causal evidence for the hypothesis that the functional architecture of attention is inherently rhythmic.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Raposo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szczepanski, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haaland, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Endestad, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solbakk, A.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helfrich, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.07.515418</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Periodic neglect after frontoparietal lesions provides causal evidence for rhythmic attention sampling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.09.515733v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantitative imaging of gene therapy delivery vehicles using CEST-NMR/MRI 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.09.515733v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeGene therapy employing AAV vector-mediated gene delivery has undergone substantial growth in recent years with promising results in both preclinical and clinical studies, as well as emerging regulatory approval. However, the lack of methods for quantifying the efficacy of gene therapy from cellular delivery of gene editing technology to specific functional outcomes remains an obstacle for the efficient development of gene therapy treatments. Building upon prior works that utilized a genetically encoded Lysine Rich Protein as a chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) reporter, we hypothesized that AAV viral capsids may generate endogenous CEST contrast from the large number of surface lysine residues.

MethodsWater-suppressed NMR and NMR-CEST experiments were performed on isolated solutions of AAV serotypes 1-9 on a Bruker 800MHz vertical scanner. A series of in vitro experiments were performed for thorough testing of NMR-CEST contrast of AAV2 capsids under varying pH, density, biological transduction stage, and later across multiple serotypes and mixed biological media. Reverse transcriptase (RT)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to quantify virus concentration. Subsequent experiments determined the pH-dependent exchange rate and optimized CEST saturation schemes for AAV contrast detection at 7 T.

ResultsNMR-CEST experiments revealed CEST contrast up to 52% for AAV2 viral capsids between 0.6-0.8 ppm. Evaluation of CEST contrast generated by AAV2 demonstrates high levels of CEST contrast across a variety of chemical environments, concentrations, and saturation schemes. AAV2 CEST contrast displayed significant positive correlations with capsid density (R2>0.99, P<0.001), pH (R2=0.97, P=0.01), and viral titer per cell count (R2=0.92, P<0.001). Transition to a preclinical field strength yielded up to 11.8% CEST contrast following optimization of saturation parameters.

ConclusionAAV2 viral capsids exhibit strong capacity as an endogenous CEST contrast agent and can potentially be used for monitoring and evaluation of AAV vector-mediated gene therapy protocols.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lam, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velasquez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velasquez-Mao, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godines, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>AlGhuraibawi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wendland, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pelton, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandsburger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.09.515733</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantitative imaging of gene therapy delivery vehicles using CEST-NMR/MRI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.10.516022v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A new LD protein, ApoL6 disrupts the Perilipin 1-HSL interaction to inhibit lipolysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.10.516022v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ApoL6 is a new LD-associated protein containing an apoprotein-like domain, expressed mainly in adipose tissue, specifically in adipocytes. ApoL6 expression is low in fasting but induced upon feeding. ApoL6 knockdown results in smaller LD with lower triglyceride (TAG) content in adipocytes, while ApoL6 overexpression causes larger LD with higher TAG content. We show that ApoL6 effect in adipocytes is by inhibition of lipolysis. While ApoL6, Perilipin 1 (Plin1) and HSL can form a complex on LD, C-terminal domain of ApoL6 directly interacts with Plin1, to compete with Plin1 binding to HSL through Plin1 N-terminal domain, thereby keeping HSL in a "stand by" status. Thus, ApoL6 ablation decreases WAT mass, protecting mice from diet-induced obesity, while adipose overexpression increases WAT mass to bring obesity and insulin resistance with hepatosteatosis, making ApoL6 a potential future target against obesity and diabetes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viscarra, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibe, N. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duncan, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sul, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.10.516022</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A new LD protein, ApoL6 disrupts the Perilipin 1-HSL interaction to inhibit lipolysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.11.516218v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Circuit dissection and functional validation of a cross-species emotional biomarker 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.11.516218v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Emotional responses arise from limbic circuits including the hippocampus and amygdala. In the human brain, beta-frequency communication between these structures correlates with self-reported mood and anxiety. However, both the mechanism and significance of this biomarker as a readout vs. driver of emotional state remain unknown. Here we show that beta-frequency communication between the ventral hippocampus and basolateral amygdala also predicts anxiety-related behavior in mice on both long timescales ([~]30 min) and immediately preceding behavioral choices. Genetically encoded voltage indicators reveal that this biomarker reflects synchronization between somatostatin interneurons across both structures. Indeed, synchrony between these neurons dynamically predicts approach vs. avoidance, and optogenetically shifting this synchronization by just 25 msec is sufficient to bidirectionally modulate anxiety-related behaviors. Thus, back-translation establishes a human biomarker as a causal determinant (not just predictor) of emotional state, revealing a novel mechanism whereby interregional synchronization that is frequency-, phase- and cell type-specific controls anxiety processing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jackson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phensy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawes, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sohal, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.11.516218</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Circuit dissection and functional validation of a cross-species emotional biomarker]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.10.516016v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Latch Verified Bulk-RNA Seq toolkit: a cloud-based suite of workflows for bulk RNA-seq quality control, analysis, and functional enrichment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.10.516016v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAnalysis of high-throughput bulk RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) data reveals changes in gene expression between diverse conditions. Many tools have emerged to quality control RNA-seq reads, quantify expression levels, conduct functional enrichment among differentially expressed genes, or identify differential RNA splicing. However, unified toolkits for conducting these analyses are lacking. Moreover, existing software does not use cloud-based platforms that provide the necessary storage and computational resources to process RNA-seq data or intuitive graphical interfaces for easy use by experimental and computational scientists.

ResultsTo address these challenges, we introduce the Latch Verified Bulk RNA-Seq (LVBRS) toolkit, a flexible suite of programs packaged into a single workflow coupled with a graphical user interface for conducting quality control, transcript quantification, differential splicing, differential expression analysis, and functional enrichment analyses. For functional enrichment, the LVBRS toolkit supports three databases--Gene Ontology, KEGG Pathway, and Molecular Signatures database--capturing diverse functional information. We demonstrate the utility of the LVBRS toolkit by reanalyzing a publicly available dataset examining the impact of severe and mild models of hypoxia--induced by Cobalt (II) Chloride (CoCl2) and oxyquinoline treatment, respectively--on a human colon adenocarcinoma cell line. Our analyses reveal CoCl2 treatment results in more differentially expressed genes, recapitulating previously reported results that CoCl2 models more severe hypoxia. Moreover, including alternative splicing and functional enrichment analysis using a greater breadth of functional databases revealed additional biological insights--such as greater alternative splicing in the CoCl2 condition and differentially expressed DNA repair pathways. These results demonstrate the LVBRS toolkits efficacy in facilitating biological insights from bulk RNA-seq data.

ConclusionsThe LVBRS toolkit offers a robust unified framework for processing and analyzing Bulk RNA-Seq experiments. The easy-to-use graphical user interface will enable diverse scientists to conduct high-throughput bulk RNA-Seq analysis efficiently. Our aim is that the LVBRS toolkit will help streamline bulk RNA-seq workflows and facilitate deriving biologically meaningful insights from bulk RNA-seq data. The source code is freely available under the MIT license and hosted on the LatchBio Console (https://console.latch.bio/se/bulk-rnaseq), complete with documentation (https://latch.wiki/bulk-rna-seq-end-to-end).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Le, H. G. B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steenwyk, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manske, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smolin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdulali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanchana, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giffin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andere, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Workman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.10.516016</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Latch Verified Bulk-RNA Seq toolkit: a cloud-based suite of workflows for bulk RNA-seq quality control, analysis, and functional enrichment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.11.516083v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Serial dependence in timing at the perceptual level being modulated by working memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.11.516083v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent experiences bias the perception of following stimuli, as has been verified in various kinds of experiments in visual perception. This phenomenon, known as serial dependence, may reflect mechanisms to maintain perceptual stability. In the current study, we examined several key properties of serial dependence in temporal perception. Firstly, we examined the source of serial dependence effect in temporal perception. We found that perception without motor reproduction is sufficient to induce the sequential effect; the motor reproduction caused a stronger effect and it is achieved by biasing the perception of the future target duration rather than directly influences the subsequent movement. Secondly, we ask how the working memory influences serial dependence in the in a temporal reproduction task. By varying the delay time between standard duration and the reproduction, we showed that the strength of serial dependence enhanced as the delay increased. Those features of serial dependence are consistent with what has been observed in the visual perceptual tasks, for example, orientation perception or location perception. The similarities between the visual and the timing tasks may suggest a similar neural coding mechanism of magnitude between the visual stimuli and the duration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.11.516083</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Serial dependence in timing at the perceptual level being modulated by working memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.11.515474v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An RFX transcription factor regulated ciliogenesis in the progenitors of choanoflagellates and animals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.11.515474v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Little is known about the origins of the transcriptional modules that coordinate cell-type specific functions in animals. The controlled expression of one cellular feature - the cilium - was likely critical during early animal evolution. Two key transcription factors, RFX and FoxJ1, coordinate ciliogenesis in animals but are absent from the genomes of most other ciliated eukaryotes, raising the question of how the transcriptional regulation of ciliogenesis has evolved. To reconstruct the evolution of the RFX/FoxJ1 transcriptional module and its role in the regulation of ciliogenesis, we investigated RFX and FoxJ1 function in one of the closest living relatives of animals, the choanoflagellate Salpingoeca rosetta. Targeted disruption of the S. rosetta RFX homolog cRFXa resulted in delayed cell proliferation and aberrant ciliogenesis, marked by the collapse and resorption of nascent cilia. Ciliogenesis genes and foxJ1 were significantly down-regulated in cRFXa mutants, consistent with a pre-animal ancestry for this transcriptional module. We also found that cRFXa protein preferentially binds to a sequence motif that is enriched in the promoters of S. rosetta ciliary genes and matches the sequence motif bound by animal RFX proteins. These findings suggest that RFX coordinated ciliogenesis before the divergence of animals and choanoflagellates, and that the deployment of this module may have provided a mechanism to differentiate ciliated and non-ciliated cell types in early animal evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Coyle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tajima, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leon, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choksi, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espinoza, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiter, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Booth, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.11.515474</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An RFX transcription factor regulated ciliogenesis in the progenitors of choanoflagellates and animals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.11.516149v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Some like it hotter: differential thermal preferences among lizard color morphs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.11.516149v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Temperature rules the lives of ectotherms. To perform basic biological functions, ectotherms must make behavioral adjustments to keep their body temperatures near a preferred temperature (Tpref). Many color polymorphic lizards are active thermoregulators and exhibit morph differences in traits related to thermoregulation, such as color, body size, and microhabitat use. The Aegean wall lizard, Podarcis erhardii, is a heliothermic lizard with orange, white, and yellow color morphs that differ in size, behavior, and microhabitat use. Here, we tested whether P. erhardii color morphs from the same population from Naxos island, Greece, differ in Tpref. We hypothesized that orange morphs would prefer lower temperatures than white and yellow morphs because orange morphs are often found on cooler substrates and in microhabitats with more vegetation cover. We obtained Tpref for 95 individuals using laboratory thermal gradient experiments of wild-caught lizards and found that orange morphs do, indeed, prefer significantly cooler temperatures, regardless of body size differences. Average orange morph Tpref was 2.3 {o}C lower than average white and yellow morph Tpref. Our results add support to the idea that P. erhardii color morphs have multivariate alternative phenotypes and present the possibility that thermally heterogeneous environments play a role in the maintenance of color polymorphism in this species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thompson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapsanaki, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liwanag, H. E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pafilis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brock, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.11.516149</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Some like it hotter: differential thermal preferences among lizard color morphs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.15.516626v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
It's not easy seeing green: the veridical perception of small spots 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.15.516626v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When single cones are stimulated with spots of 543-nm light presented against a white background, subjects report percepts that vary between predominately red, white, and green. However, light of the same spectral composition viewed over a large field under normal viewing conditions looks invariably green and highly saturated. It remains unknown what stimulus parameters are most important for governing the color appearance in the transition between these two extreme cases. The current study varied the size, intensity and retinal motion of stimuli presented in an adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope. Stimuli were either stabilized on target locations or allowed to drift across the retina with the eyes natural motion. Increasing both stimulus size and intensity led to higher likelihoods that monochromatic spots of light were perceived as green, while only higher intensities led to increases in perceived saturation. The data also show an interaction between size and intensity, suggesting that the balance between magnocellular and parvocellular activation may be critical factors for color perception.

Surprisingly, under the range of conditions tested, color appearance did not depend on whether stimuli were stabilized or not. Sequential activation of many cones does not appear to drive hue and saturation perception as effectively as simultaneous activation of many cones.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vanston, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boehm, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuten, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roorda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.15.516626</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[It's not easy seeing green: the veridical perception of small spots]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.16.516719v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Subspace partitioning in human prefrontal cortex resolves cognitive interference 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.16.516719v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human prefrontal cortex (PFC) constitutes the structural basis underlying flexible cognitive control, where mixed-selective neural populations encode multiple task-features to guide subsequent behavior. The mechanisms by which the brain simultaneously encodes multiple task-relevant variables while minimizing interference from task-irrelevant features remain unknown. Leveraging intracranial recordings from the human PFC, we first demonstrate that competition between co-existing representations of past and present task variables incurs a behavioral switch cost. Our results reveal that this interference between past and present states in the PFC is resolved through coding partitioning into distinct low-dimensional neural states; thereby strongly attenuating behavioral switch costs. In sum, these findings uncover a fundamental coding mechanism that constitutes a central building block of flexible cognitive control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weber, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwama, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solbakk, A.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blenkmann, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larsson, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivanovic, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Endestad, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helfrich, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.16.516719</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Subspace partitioning in human prefrontal cortex resolves cognitive interference]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.16.516768v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Auditory prediction hierarchy in the human hippocampus and amygdala 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.16.516768v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our brains can extract structure from the environment and form predictions given past sensory experience. Predictive circuits have been identified in wide-spread cortical regions. However, the contribution of subcortical areas, such as the hippocampus and amygdala in the formation of predictions remains under-explored. Here, we hypothesized that the hippocampus would be sensitive to predictability in sound sequences, while the amygdala would be sensitive to unexpected violations of auditory rules. We presented epileptic patients undergoing presurgical monitoring with standard and deviant sounds, in a predictable or unpredictable context. Onsets of auditory responses and unpredictable deviance effects were detected at earlier latencies in the temporal cortex compared to the amygdala and hippocampus. Deviance effects in 1-20 Hz local field potentials were detected in the lateral temporal cortex, irrespective of predictability. The amygdala showed stronger deviance responses in the unpredictable context. Additionally, low frequency deviance responses in the hippocampus (1-8 Hz) were observed in the predictable but not in the unpredictable context. Our results reveal a distributed cortical-subcortical network underlying the generation of auditory predictions, comprising temporal cortex and the hippocampus and amygdala, and suggest that the neural basis of sensory predictions and prediction error signals needs to be extended to subcortical regions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tzovara, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedele, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarnthein, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ledergerber, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.16.516768</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Auditory prediction hierarchy in the human hippocampus and amygdala]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.15.516217v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Uptake of tumor-derived microparticles induces metabolic reprogramming of macrophages in the early metastatic lung. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.15.516217v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The formation of a pre-metastatic niche is a critical step during the metastatic spread of cancer. One way by which primary tumors prime host cells at future metastatic sites is through local shedding of tumor-derived microparticles as a consequence of vascular sheer flow. However, it remains unclear how the uptake of such particles by resident immune cells affects their phenotype and function. Here we show that ingestion of tumor-derived microparticles by macrophages induces a rapid metabolic and phenotypic switch that is characterized by enhanced mitochondrial mass and function, increased oxidative phosphorylation and upregulation of cellular adhesion molecules resulting in reduced motility in the early metastatic lung. We show that this reprogramming event is dependent on signaling through the mTORC1, but not mTORC2 pathway, and is unique to uptake of tumor-derived microparticles. Together, these data support a mechanism by which uptake of tumor-derived microparticles induces reprogramming of macrophages to shape their fate and function in the early metastatic lung.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kersten, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>You, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tharp, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollack, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weaver, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krummel, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Headley, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.15.516217</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Uptake of tumor-derived microparticles induces metabolic reprogramming of macrophages in the early metastatic lung.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.15.516532v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cross-protein transfer learning substantially improves zero-shot prediction of disease variant effects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.15.516532v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic variation in the human genome is a major determinant of individual disease risk, but the vast majority of missense variants have unknown etiological effects. Here, we present a robust learning framework for leveraging saturation mutagenesis experiments to construct accurate computational predictors of proteome-wide missense variant pathogenicity. We train cross-protein transfer (CPT) models using deep mutational scanning data from only five proteins and achieve state-of-the-art performance on clinical variant interpretation for unseen proteins across the human proteome. High sensitivity is crucial for clinical applications and our model CPT-1 particularly excels in this regime. For instance, at 95% sensitivity of detecting human disease variants annotated in ClinVar, CPT-1 improves specificity to 68%, from 27% for ESM-1v and 55% for EVE. Furthermore, for genes not used to train REVEL, a supervised method widely used by clinicians, we show that CPT-1 compares favorably with REVEL. Our framework combines predictive features derived from general protein sequence models, vertebrate sequence alignments, and AlphaFold2 structures, and it is adaptable to the future inclusion of other sources of information. We find that vertebrate alignments, albeit rather shallow with only 100 genomes, provide a strong signal for variant pathogenicity prediction that is complementary to recent deep learning-based models trained on massive amounts of protein sequence data. We release predictions for all possible missense variants in 90% of human genes. Our results demonstrate the utility of mutational scanning data for learning properties of variants that transfer to unseen proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jagota, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rastogi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albors, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koehl, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ioannidis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.15.516532</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cross-protein transfer learning substantially improves zero-shot prediction of disease variant effects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.15.516675v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Defining the Parameters to Improve Plant Regeneration with Developmental Regulators 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.15.516675v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tissue culture methods which serve as the standard to regenerate modified plants are challenging and have limited the capacity to engineer new accessions. To improve upon these techniques, genome modifying reagents have been combined with developmental regulators to create gene edited plant tissues in both monocot and eudicot species. Co-culturing seedlings with Agrobacterium strains encoding developmental regulatory genes has proved to be effective at producing de novo meristems in multiple eudicot species. In order to see that this technology scales well beyond proof of concept experiments, various parameters were tested for refinement. Improvements have been observed at the key stages of growth induction and progression to shooting by manipulating the vector design, developmental regulator choice, Agrobacterium strain selection, and regulatory gene removal systems. Having defined these parameters as viable optimization points, the avenues to apply developmental regulators for plant regeneration in more diverse species have become more feasible.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nasti, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cody, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zinselmeier, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badey, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sridhar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maher, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackman, B. K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voytas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.15.516675</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Defining the Parameters to Improve Plant Regeneration with Developmental Regulators]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.17.516901v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Autotrophic biofilms sustained by deeply-sourced groundwater host diverse CPR bacteria implicated in sulfur and hydrogen metabolism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.17.516901v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundCandidate Phyla Radiation (CPR) bacteria are commonly detected yet enigmatic members of diverse microbial communities. Their host associations, metabolic capabilities, and potential roles in biogeochemical cycles remain under-explored. We studied chemoautotrophically-based biofilms that host diverse CPR bacteria and grow in sulfide-rich springs using bulk geochemical analysis, genome-resolved metagenomics and scanning transmission x-ray microscopy (STXM) at room temperature and 87{degrees} K.

ResultsCPR-affiliated Gracilibacteria, Absconditabacteria, Saccharibacteria, Peregrinibacteria, Berkelbacteria, Microgenomates, and Parcubacteria are members of two biofilm communities dominated by chemolithotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria including Thiothrix or Beggiatoa. STXM imaging revealed ultra-small cells along the surfaces of filamentous bacteria that we interpret are CPR bacterial episymbionts. STXM and NEXAFS spectroscopy at carbon K and sulfur L2,3 edges show protein-encapsulated elemental sulfur spherical granules associated with filamentous bacteria, indicating that they are sulfur-oxidizers, likely Thiothrix. Berkelbacteria and Moranbacteria in the same biofilm sample are predicted to have a novel electron bifurcating group 3b [NiFe]-hydrogenase, putatively a sulfhydrogenase, potentially linked to sulfur metabolism via redox cofactors. This complex could potentially underpin a symbiosis involving Berkelbacteria and/or Moranbacteria and filamentous sulfur-oxidizing bacteria such as Thiothrix that is based on cryptic sulfur cycling. One Doudnabacteria genome encodes adjacent sulfur dioxygenase and rhodanese genes that may convert thiosulfate to sulfite. We find similar conserved genomic architecture associated with CPR bacteria from other sulfur-rich subsurface ecosystems.

ConclusionsOur combined metagenomic, geochemical, spectromicroscopic and structural bioinformatics analyses link some CPR bacteria to sulfur-oxidizing Proteobacteria, likely Thiothrix, and indicate roles for CPR bacteria in sulfur and hydrogen cycling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alvarado, L. E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fakra, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Probst, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giska, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oltrogge, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West-Roberts, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rowland, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manga, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greening, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.17.516901</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Autotrophic biofilms sustained by deeply-sourced groundwater host diverse CPR bacteria implicated in sulfur and hydrogen metabolism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.17.516947v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NMY-2, TOE-2 and PIG-1 Regulate C. elegans Asymmetric Cell Divisions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.17.516947v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Asymmetric cell division (ACD) is an important mechanism that generates cellular diversity during development. Not only do asymmetric cell divisions produce daughter cells of different fates, many can produce daughters of different sizes, which we refer to as Daughter Cell Size Asymmetry (DCSA). In C. elegans, apoptotic cells are frequently produced by asymmetric divisions that exhibit DCSA, where the smaller daughter dies. We focus here on the divisions of the Q.a and Q.p neuroblasts, which produce apoptotic cells and divide with opposite polarity using both distinct and overlapping mechanisms. The PIG-1/MELK and TOE-2 proteins both regulate DCSA and specify the apoptotic cell fate in both the Q.a and Q.p divisions. In many asymmetric cell divisions, the non-muscle myosin NMY-2 is involved in properly positioning the cleavage furrow to produce daughters of unequal size. It was previously reported that NMY-2 is asymmetrically distributed and required for the DCSA of Q.a but not Q.p. In this study, we examined endogenously tagged reporters of NMY-2, TOE-2, and PIG-1 and found that all were asymmetric at the cortex during both the Q.a and Q.p divisions. TOE-2 and NMY-2 were biased toward the side of the dividing cell that would produce the smaller daughter, whereas PIG-1 was biased toward the side that would produce the larger daughter. We used temperature-sensitive nmy-2 mutants to determine the role of nmy-2 in these divisions and found that these mutants only displayed DCSA defects in the Q.p division. We generated double mutant combinations between the nmy-2 mutations and mutations in toe-2 and pig-1. The nmy-2 mutations did not significantly alter the DCSA of the toe-2 and pig-1 mutants but did alter the fate of the Q.a and Q.p daughters. This finding suggests that NMY-2 functions together with TOE-2 and PIG-1 to regulate DCSA but plays an independent role in specifying the fate of the Q.a and Q.p descendants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Robinson, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teuliere, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garriga, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.17.516947</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NMY-2, TOE-2 and PIG-1 Regulate C. elegans Asymmetric Cell Divisions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.18.517164v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineered molecular sensors of cell surface crowding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.18.517164v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells mediate interactions with the extracellular environment through a crowded assembly of transmembrane proteins, glycoproteins and glycolipids on their plasma membrane. The extent to which surface crowding modulates the biophysical interactions of ligands, receptors, and other macromolecules is poorly understood due to the lack of methods to quantify surface crowding on native cell membranes. In this work, we demonstrate that physical crowding on reconstituted membranes and live cell surfaces attenuates the effective binding affinity of macromolecules such as IgG antibodies in a surface crowding-dependent manner. We combine experiment and simulation to design a crowding sensor based on this principle that provides a quantitative readout of cell surface crowding. Our measurements reveal that surface crowding decreases IgG antibody binding by 2-20 fold in live cells compared to a bare membrane surface, resulting in a cell surface osmotic pressure opposing binding of 1 - 4 kPa. Our sensors show that sialic acid, a negatively charged monosaccharide, contributes disproportionately to red blood cell surface crowding via electrostatic repulsion, despite occupying only ~1% of the total cell membrane by mass. We also observe significant differences in surface crowding for different cell types and find that expression of single oncogenes can both increase and decrease crowding, suggesting that surface crowding may be an indicator of both cell type and state. Our high-throughput, single-cell measurement of cell surface osmotic pressure may be combined with functional assays to enable further biophysical dissection of the cell surfaceome.

Significance StatementCells interact with each other and the extracellular environment through a crowded assembly of polymers on their plasma membranes. The high density of these surface polymers can generate physical crowding that impacts cell function. However, tools to quantify the extent and effect of surface crowding on live cell membranes are lacking. In this work, we design macromolecular sensors that act as direct reporters of cell surface crowding. We combine experiments on reconstituted and live cell surfaces with molecular dynamics simulations to provide a mechanistic understanding of how cell surface crowding reduces binding of soluble molecules, and we show that crowding varies significantly with cell type and is affected by oncogene expression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Takatori, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Son, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fletcher, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.18.517164</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineered molecular sensors of cell surface crowding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.20.517211v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optogenetic dissection of transcriptional repression in a multicellular organism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.20.517211v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcriptional control is fundamental to cellular function. However, despite knowing that transcription factors can repress or activate specific genes, how these functions are implemented at the molecular level has remained elusive. Here we combine optogenetics, single-cell live-imaging, and mathematical modeling to study how a zinc-finger repressor, Knirps, induces switch-like transitions into long-lived quiescent states. Using optogenetics, we demonstrate that repression is rapidly reversible ([~]1 minute) and memoryless. Furthermore, we show that the repressor acts by decreasing the frequency of transcriptional bursts in a manner consistent with an equilibrium binding model. Our results provide a quantitative framework for dissecting the in vivo biochemistry of eukaryotic transcriptional regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lammers, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alamos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martini, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.20.517211</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optogenetic dissection of transcriptional repression in a multicellular organism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.20.517286v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel and unexpected genetic and microbial diversity for arsenic cycling in deep sea cold seep sediments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.20.517286v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cold seeps, where cold hydrocarbon-rich fluid escapes from the seafloor, showed strong enrichment of toxic metalloid arsenic (As). The toxicity and mobility of As can be greatly altered by microbial processes that play an important role in global As biogeochemical cycling. However, a global overview of genes and microbes involved in As transformation at seeps remains to be fully unveiled. Using 87 sediment metagenomes and 33 metatranscriptomes derived from 13 globally distributed cold seeps, we show that As detoxification genes (arsM, arsP, arsC1/arsC2, acr3) were prevalent at seeps and more phylogenetically diverse than previously expected. Asgardarchaeota and a variety of unidentified bacterial phyla (e.g. 4484-113, AABM5-125-24 and RBG-13-66-14) may also function as the key players in As transformation. The abundances of As-cycling genes and the compositions of As-associated microbiome shifted across different sediment depths or types of cold seep. The energy-conserving arsenate reduction or arsenite oxidation could impact biogeochemical cycling of carbon and nitrogen, via supporting carbon fixation, hydrocarbon degradation and nitrogen fixation. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive overview of As-cycling genes and microbes at As-enriched cold seeps, laying a solid foundation for further studies of As cycling in deep sea microbiome at the enzymatic and processual levels.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, L.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.20.517286</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel and unexpected genetic and microbial diversity for arsenic cycling in deep sea cold seep sediments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.21.517390v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lineage frequency time series reveal elevated levels of genetic drift in SARS-CoV-2 transmission in England 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.21.517390v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic drift in infectious disease transmission results from randomness of transmission and host recovery or death. The strength of genetic drift for SARS-CoV-2 transmission is expected to be high due to high levels of superspreading, and this is expected to substantially impact disease epidemiology and evolution. However, we dont yet have an understanding of how genetic drift changes over time or across locations. Furthermore, noise that results from data collection can potentially confound estimates of genetic drift. To address this challenge, we develop and validate a method to jointly infer genetic drift and measurement noise from time-series lineage frequency data. Our method is highly scalable to increasingly large genomic datasets, which overcomes a limitation in commonly used phylogenetic methods. We apply this method to over 490,000 SARS-CoV-2 genomic sequences from England collected between March 2020 and December 2021 by the COVID-19 Genomics UK (COG-UK) consortium and separately infer the strength of genetic drift for pre-B.1.177, B.1.177, Alpha, and Delta. We find that even after correcting for measurement noise, the strength of genetic drift is consistently, throughout time, higher than that expected from the observed number of COVID-19 positive individuals in England by 1 to 3 orders of magnitude, which cannot be explained by literature values of superspreading. Our estimates of genetic drift will be informative for parameterizing evolutionary models and studying potential mechanisms for increased drift.

Author SummaryThe transmission of pathogens like SARS-CoV-2 is strongly affected by chance effects in the contact process between infected and susceptible individuals, collectively referred to as random genetic drift. We have an incomplete understanding of how genetic drift changes across time and locations. To address this gap, we developed a computational method that infers the strength of genetic drift from time series genomic data that corrects for non-biological noise and is computationally scalable to the large numbers of sequences available for SARS-CoV-2, overcoming a major challenge of existing methods. Using this method, we quantified the strength of genetic drift for SARS-CoV-2 transmission in England throughout time and across locations. These estimates constrain potential mechanisms and help parameterize models of SARS-CoV-2 evolution. More generally, the computational scalability of our method will become more important as increasingly large genomic datasets become more common.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ascensao, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okada, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The COVID-19 Genomics UK (COG-UK) consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyd, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Volz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallatschek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.21.517390</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lineage frequency time series reveal elevated levels of genetic drift in SARS-CoV-2 transmission in England]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.22.517103v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Host translation machinery is not a barrier to phages that infect both CPR and non-CPR bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.22.517103v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Within human microbiomes, Gracilibacteria, Absconditabacteria, and Saccharibacteria, members of Candidate Phyla Radiation (CPR), are increasingly correlated with human oral health and disease. We profiled the diversity of CRISPR-Cas systems in the genomes of these bacteria and sought phages that are capable of infecting them by comparing their spacer inventories to large phage sequence databases. Gracilibacteria and Absconditabacteria recode the typical TGA stop codon to glycine and are infected by phages that share their hosts alternate genetic code. Unexpectedly, however, other predicted phages of Gracilibacteria and Absconditabacteria do not use an alternative genetic code. Some of these phages are predicted to infect both alternatively coded CPR bacteria and standard coded bacteria. These phages rely on other stop codons besides TGA, and thus should be capable of producing viable gene products in either bacterial host type. Interestingly, we predict that phages of Saccharibacteria can replicate in Actinobacteria, which have been shown to act as episymbiotic hosts for Saccharibacteria. Overall, the broad host range of some CPR phages may be advantageous for the production of these phages for microscopic characterization or use as therapy agents, given the current difficulty of CPR cultivation. Absconditabacteria phages and Gracilibacteria phages may have avoided acquisition of in-frame stop codons to increase the diversity of bacteria in which they can replicate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bor, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.22.517103</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Host translation machinery is not a barrier to phages that infect both CPR and non-CPR bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.21.517453v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Taste adaptations associated with host-specialization in the specialist Drosophila sechellia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.21.517453v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chemosensory-driven hostplant specialization is a major force mediating insect ecological adaptation and speciation. Drosophila sechellia, a species endemic to the Seychelles islands, feeds and oviposits on Morinda citrifolia almost exclusively. This fruit is harmless to D. sechellia but toxic to other Drosophilidae, including the closely related generalists D. simulans and D. melanogaster, due to its high content of fatty acids. While several olfactory adaptations mediating D. sechellias preference for its host have been uncovered, the role of taste has been much less examined. We found that D. sechellia has reduced taste and feeding aversion to bitter compounds and host fatty acids that are aversive to D. melanogaster and D. simulans. The loss of aversion to canavanine, coumarin, and fatty acids arose in the D. sechellia lineage, as its sister species D. simulans showed responses akin to those of D. melanogaster. D. sechellia has increased taste and feeding responses towards M. citrifolia. These results are in line with D. sechellias loss of genes encoding bitter gustatory receptors (GRs) in D. melanogaster. We found that two GR genes which are lost in D. sechellia, GR39a.a and GR28b.a, influence the reduction of aversive responses to some bitter compounds. Also, D. sechellia has increased appetite for a prominent host fatty acid compound that is toxic to its relatives. Our results support the hypothesis that changes in the taste system, specifically a reduction of sensitivity to bitter compounds that deter generalist ancestors, contribute to the specialization of D. sechellia for its host.

Summary statementTaste specializations in the specialist Drosophila sechellia include a lineage-specific reduced sensitivity to bitter compounds associated with losses of gustatory receptors, and increased appetite for Noni and host fatty acids.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>REISENMAN, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vedagarbha, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Livelo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.21.517453</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Taste adaptations associated with host-specialization in the specialist Drosophila sechellia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.23.517628v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Retinal microvascular and neuronal pathologies probed in vivo by adaptive optical two-photon fluorescence microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.23.517628v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The retina, behind the transparent optics of the eye, is the only neural tissue whose physiology and pathology can be non-invasively probed by optical microscopy. The aberrations intrinsic to the mouse eye, however, prevent high-resolution investigation of retinal structure and function in vivo. Optimizing the design of a two-photon fluorescence microscope (2PFM) and sample preparation procedure, we found that adaptive optics (AO), by measuring and correcting ocular aberrations, is essential for resolving synapses and achieving three-dimensional cellular resolution in the mouse retina in vivo. Applying AO-2PFM to longitudinal retinal imaging in transgenic models of retinal pathology, we characterized microvascular lesions and observed microglial migration in a proliferative vascular retinopathy model, and found Lidocaine to effectively suppress retinal ganglion cell hyperactivity in a retinal degeneration model. Tracking structural and functional changes at high resolution longitudinally, AO-2PFM enables microscopic investigations of retinal pathology and pharmacology for disease diagnosis and treatment in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paidi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, C.-h.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.23.517628</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Retinal microvascular and neuronal pathologies probed in vivo by adaptive optical two-photon fluorescence microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.23.517716v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A model for Scc2p Stimulation of Cohesin's ATPase and its Inhibition by Acetylation of Smc3p 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.23.517716v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The evolutionarily conserved cohesin complex mediates sister chromatid cohesion and facilitates mitotic chromosome condensation, DNA repair, and transcription regulation. These biological functions require cohesins two ATPases, formed by the Smc1p and Smc3p subunits. Cohesins ATPase activity is stimulated by the Scc2p auxiliary factor. This stimulation is inhibited by Eco1p acetylation of Smc3p at an interface with Scc2p. It was unclear how cohesins ATPase activity is stimulated by Scc2p, or how acetylation inhibits Scc2p, given that the acetylation site is distal to cohesins ATPase active sites. Here, we identify mutations in budding yeast that suppressed the in vivo defects caused by Smc3p acetyl-mimic and acetyl-defective mutations. We provide compelling evidence that Scc2p activation of cohesin ATPase depends upon an interface between Scc2p and a region of Smc1p proximal to cohesins Smc3p ATPase active site. Furthermore, substitutions at this interface increase or decrease ATPase activity to overcome ATPase modulation by acetyl-mimic and - null mutations. Using these observations and a cryo-EM structure, we propose a model for regulating cohesin ATPase activity. We suggest that Scc2p binding to Smc1p causes a shift in adjacent Smc1p residues and ATP, stimulating the Smc3p ATPase. This stimulatory shift is inhibited through acetylation of the distal Scc2p-Smc3 interface.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boardman, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mbonu, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guacci, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koshland, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.23.517716</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A model for Scc2p Stimulation of Cohesin's ATPase and its Inhibition by Acetylation of Smc3p]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.23.517749v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Physiological adaptation of sulfate reducing bacteria in syntrophic partnership with anaerobic methanotrophic archaea 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.23.517749v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sulfate-coupled anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) is performed by multicellular consortia of anaerobic methanotrophic archaea (ANME) in obligate syntrophic partnership with sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB). Diverse ANME and SRB clades co-associate but the physiological basis for their adaptation and diversification is not well understood. In this work, we explore the metabolic adaptation of four syntrophic SRB clades (HotSeep-1, Seep-SRB2, Seep-SRB1a and Seep-SRB1g) from a phylogenomics perspective, tracing the evolution of conserved proteins in the syntrophic SRB clades, and comparing the genomes of syntrophic SRB to their nearest evolutionary neighbors in the phylum Desulfobacterota. We note several examples of gain, loss or biochemical adaptation of proteins within pathways involved in extracellular electron transfer, electron transport chain, nutrient sharing, biofilm formation and cell adhesion. We demonstrate that the metabolic adaptations in each of these syntrophic clades are unique, suggesting that they have independently evolved, converging to a syntrophic partnership with ANME. Within the clades we also investigated the specialization of different syntrophic SRB species to partnerships with different ANME clades, using metagenomic sequences obtained from ANME and SRB partners in individual consortia after fluorescent-sorting of cell aggregates from anaerobic sediments. In one instance of metabolic adaptation to different partnerships, we show that Seep-SRB1a partners of ANME-2c appear to lack nutritional auxotrophies, while the related Seep-SRB1a partners of a different methanotrophic archaeal lineage, ANME-2a, are missing the cobalamin synthesis pathway, suggesting that the Seep-SRB1a partners of ANME-2a may have a nutritional dependence on its partner. Together, our paired genomic analysis of AOM consortia highlights the specific adaptation and diversification of syntrophic SRB clades linked to their associated ANME lineages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Murali, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Speth, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metcalfe, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cremiere, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laso-Perez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malmstrom, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goudeau, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woyke, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatzenpichler, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chadwick, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orphan, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.23.517749</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Physiological adaptation of sulfate reducing bacteria in syntrophic partnership with anaerobic methanotrophic archaea]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.24.517575v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gasdermin D is the only Gasdermin that provides non-redundant protection against acute Salmonella gut infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.24.517575v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gasdermins (GSDMs) share a common functional domain structure and are best known for their capacity to form membrane pores. These pores are hallmarks of a specific form of cell death called pyroptosis and mediate the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 1{beta} (IL1{beta}) and interleukin 18 (IL18). Thereby, Gasdermins have been implicated in various immune responses against cancer and infectious diseases such as acute Salmonella Typhimurium (S.Tm) gut infection. However, to date, we lack a comprehensive functional assessment of the different Gasdermins (GSDMA-E) during S.Tm infection in vivo. Here, we have performed littermate-controlled oral S.Tm infections to investigate the impact of all murine Gasdermins. While GSDMA, -C and -E appear dispensable, we show that GSDMD (i) restricts S.Tm loads in the gut tissue and systemic organs, (ii) controls gut inflammation kinetics, and (iii) prevents epithelium disruption by 72h of the infection. Full protection requires GSDMD expression by both bone-marrow-derived lamina propria cells and intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). In vivo experiments, 3D- and 2D-enteroid infections further show that infected IEC extrusion proceeds also without GSDMD, but that GSDMD controls the permeabilization and morphology of the extruding cells and affects extrusion kinetics. As such, this work identifies a non-redundant multipronged role of GSDMD in mucosal tissue defence against a common enteric pathogen.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LIGasdermin D restricts Salmonella Typhimurium (S.Tm) translocation across the gut tissue, controls gut inflammation kinetics, and prevents epithelium disruption by 72h of the infection.
C_LIO_LIGasdermins A, C and E appear dispensable for protection against acute S.Tm gut infection.
C_LIO_LIGasdermin D in bone-marrow-derived lamina propria cells and intestinal epithelial cells complement each other to suppress gut tissue S.Tm loads.
C_LIO_LIGasdermin D is not required for extrusion of infected intestinal epithelial cells but drives their permeabilization and affects qualitative features of the extrusion process.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fattinger, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maurer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geiser, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enz, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganguillet, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gul, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kroon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demarco, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barthel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pelczar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broz, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sellin, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardt, W.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.24.517575</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gasdermin D is the only Gasdermin that provides non-redundant protection against acute Salmonella gut infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.27.518061v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evidence that SPIO Chain Formation is Essential for High-Resolution MPI 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.27.518061v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Magnetic Particle Imaging (MPI) is a noninvasive imaging modality that exploits the saturation properties of superparamagnetic iron oxide particles (SPIOs). A major thrust of MPI research aims to sharpen the magnetic resolution of biocompatible SPIOs, which will be crucial for affordable and safe clinical translation. We recently reported on a new class of MPI tracers --called superferromagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SFMIOs) -- which offer much sharper magnetic saturation curves. SFMIOs experimentally demonstrate 10-fold improvement in both resolution and sensitivity. However, superferromagnetism is a relatively unexplored branch of physics and the nanoscale physics and dynamics of SFMIOs remain a mystery. Here we show experimentally that chaining of SPIOs can explain SFMIOs boost in SNR and resolution. We show how concentration, viscosity, transmit amplitude, and pre-polarization time can all affect SPIO chain formation and SFMIO behavior. These experiments will inform strategies on SFMIO chemical synthesis as well as SFMIO data acquisition pulse sequences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Colson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fung, K. L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tay, Z. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fellows, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sayuujya, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandrasekharan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conolly, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.27.518061</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evidence that SPIO Chain Formation is Essential for High-Resolution MPI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.27.518126v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionary dynamics of transposable elements in Magnaporthe oryzae reveal evidence of genomic transfer and key differences between rice and wheat blast pathotypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.27.518126v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transposable elements (TEs) contribute to intraspecific variation and play important roles in the evolution of fungal genomes. However, our understanding of the processes that shape TE landscapes is limited, as is our understanding of the relationship between TE content, population structure, and evolutionary history of fungal species. Fungal plant pathogens, which often have host-specific populations, are useful systems in which to study intraspecific TE content diversity. Here, we describe TE dynamics in five lineages of Magnaporthe oryzae, the fungus that causes blast disease of rice, wheat, and many other grasses. We identified differences in TE content across these lineages, and showed that recent lineage-specific expansions of certain TEs have contributed to overall greater TE content in rice-infecting and Setaria-infecting lineages. We reconstructed the evolutionary histories of LTR-retrotransposon expansions and found that in some cases they were caused by complex proliferation dynamics of one element, and in others by multiple elements from an older population of TEs multiplying in parallel. Additionally, we found evidence suggesting the recent transfer of a DNA transposon between rice and wheat-infecting M. oryzae lineages, and a region showing evidence of homologous recombination between those lineages, which could have facilitated such a transfer. By investigating intraspecific TE content variation, we uncovered key differences in the proliferation dynamics of TEs in various pathotypes of a fungal plant pathogen, giving us a better understanding of the evolutionary history of the pathogen itself.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nakamoto, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joubert, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krasileva, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.27.518126</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionary dynamics of transposable elements in Magnaporthe oryzae reveal evidence of genomic transfer and key differences between rice and wheat blast pathotypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.28.518237v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Age-related decline in prefrontal glutamate predicts failure to efficiently deploy working memory in the service of learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.28.518237v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to use past experience to effectively guide decision making declines in older adulthood. Such declines have been theorized to emerge from either impairments of striatal reinforcement learning systems (RL) or impairments of recurrent networks in prefrontal and parietal cortex that support working memory (WM). Distinguishing between these hypotheses has been challenging because either RL or WM could be used to facilitate successful decision making in typical laboratory tasks. Here we investigated the neurocomputational correlates of age-related decision making deficits using an RL-WM task to disentangle these mechanisms, a computational model to quantify them, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy to link them to their molecular bases. Our results reveal that task performance is worse in older age, in a manner best explained by working memory deficits, as might be expected if cortical recurrent networks were unable to sustain persistent activity across multiple trials. Consistent with this, we show that older adults had lower levels of prefrontal glutamate, the excitatory neurotransmitter thought to support persistent activity, compared to younger adults. Individuals with the lowest prefrontal glutamate levels displayed the greatest impairments in working memory after controlling for other anatomical and metabolic factors. Together, our results suggest that lower levels of prefrontal glutamate may contribute to failures of working memory systems and impaired decision making in older adulthood.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rmus, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baribault, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Festa, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, A. G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nassar, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.28.518237</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Age-related decline in prefrontal glutamate predicts failure to efficiently deploy working memory in the service of learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.29.518257v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 Envelope-mediated Golgi pH dysregulation interferes with ERAAP retention in cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.29.518257v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) aminopeptidase associated with antigen processing (ERAAP) trims peptide precursors in the ER for presentation by major histocompatibility (MHC)-I molecules to surveying CD8+ T-cells. This function allows ERAAP to regulate the nature and quality of the peptide repertoire and, accordingly, the resulting immune responses. We recently showed that infection with murine cytomegalovirus leads to a dramatic loss of ERAAP levels in infected cells. In mice, this loss is associated with the activation of QFL T-cells, a subset of T-cells that monitor ERAAP integrity and eliminate cells experiencing ERAAP dysfunction. In this study, we aimed to identify host factors that regulate ERAAP expression level and determine whether these could be manipulated during viral infections. We performed a CRISPR knockout screen and identified ERp44 as a factor promoting ERAAP retention in the ER. ERp44s interaction with ERAAP is dependent on the pH gradient between the ER and Golgi. We hypothesized that viruses that disrupt the pH of the secretory pathway interfere with ERAAP retention. Here, we demonstrate that expression of the Envelope (E) protein from Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) leads to Golgi pH neutralization and consequently decrease of ERAAP intracellular levels. Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2-induced ERAAP loss correlates with its release into the extracellular environment. ERAAPs reliance on ERp44 and a functioning ER/Golgi pH gradient for proper localization and function led us to propose that ERAAP serves as a sensor of disturbances in the secretory pathway during infection and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vargas-Zapata, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geiger, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puschnik, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coscoy, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.29.518257</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SARS-CoV-2 Envelope-mediated Golgi pH dysregulation interferes with ERAAP retention in cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.29.518452v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Translation-dependent downregulation of Cas12a mRNA by an anti-CRISPR protein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.29.518452v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria have evolved multiple defense systems, including CRISPR-Cas, to cleave the DNA of phage and mobile genetic elements (MGE). In turn, phage have evolved anti-CRISPR (Acr) proteins that use novel and co-opted mechanisms to block DNA binding or cleavage. Here, we report that an anti-CRISPR (AcrVA2) unexpectedly inhibits Cas12a biogenesis by triggering translation-dependent destruction of its mRNA. AcrVA2 specifically clears the mRNA of Cas12a by recognizing and binding its N-terminal polypeptide. Mutating conserved N-terminal amino acids in Cas12a prevents binding and inhibition by AcrVA2 but also decreases Cas12a anti-phage activity. This mechanism therefore enables AcrVA2 to specifically inhibit divergent Cas12a orthologs while constraining its ability to escape inhibition. AcrVA2 homologs are found on diverse MGEs across numerous bacterial classes, typically in the absence of Cas12a, suggesting that this protein family may induce similar molecular outcomes against other targets. These findings reveal a new gene regulatory strategy in bacteria and create opportunities for polypeptide-specific gene regulation in prokaryotes and beyond.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marino, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talaie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carion, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bondy-Denomy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.29.518452</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Translation-dependent downregulation of Cas12a mRNA by an anti-CRISPR protein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.29.518358v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiple paths towards repeated phenotypic evolution in the spiny-leg adaptive radiation (Tetragnatha; Hawaii) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.29.518358v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The repeated evolution of phenotypes is ubiquitous in nature and offers some of the clearest evidence of the role of natural selection in evolution. The genomic basis of repeated phenotypic evolution is often complex and can arise from a combination of gene flow, shared ancestral polymorphism and de novo mutation. Here, we investigate the genomic basis of repeated ecomorph evolution in the adaptive radiation of the Hawaiian spiny-leg Tetragnatha. This radiation comprises four ecomorphs that are microhabitat-specialists, and differ in body pigmentation and size (Green, Large Brown, Maroon, and Small Brown). Using 76 newly generated low-coverage, whole-genome resequencing samples, coupled with population genomic and phylogenomic tools, we studied the evolutionary history of the radiation to understand the evolution of the spiny-leg lineage and the genetic underpinnings of ecomorph evolution. Congruent with previous works, we find that each ecomorph has evolved twice, with the exception of the Small Brown ecomorph, which has evolved three times. The evolution of the Maroon and the Small Brown ecomorphs likely involved ancestral hybridization events, whereas the Green and the Large Brown ecomorphs likely evolved because of either standing genetic variation or de novo mutation. Pairwise comparisons of ecomorphs based on the fixation index (FST) show that divergent genomic regions include genes with functions associated with pigmentation (melanization), learning, neuronal and synapse activity, and circadian rhythms. These results show that the repeated evolution of ecomorphs in the Hawaiian spiny-leg Tetragnatha is linked to multiple genomic regions and suggests a previously unknown role of learning and circadian rhythms in ecomorph.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cerca, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cotoras, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santander, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bieker, V. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutchins, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morin-Lagos, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prada, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krehenwinkel, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rominger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimitrov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Struck, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillespie, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.29.518358</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiple paths towards repeated phenotypic evolution in the spiny-leg adaptive radiation (Tetragnatha; Hawaii)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.02.518885v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic DNA methylation turnover in gene bodies is associated with enhanced gene expression plasticity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.02.518885v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundIn several eukaryotes, DNA methylation occurs within the coding regions of many genes, termed gene body methylation (GbM). Whereas the role of DNA methylation on the silencing of transposons and repetitive DNA is well understood, gene body methylation is not associated with transcriptional repression, and its biological importance has remained unclear.

ResultsWe report a newly discovered type of GbM in plants, which is under constitutive addition and removal by dynamic methylation modifiers in all cells, including the germline. Methylation at Dynamic GbM genes is removed by the DRDD demethylation pathway and added by an unknown source of de novo methylation, most likely the maintenance methyltransferase MET1. We show that the Dynamic GbM state is present at homologous genes across divergent lineages spanning over 100 million years, indicating evolutionary conservation. We demonstrate that Dynamic GbM is tightly associated with the presence of a promoter or regulatory chromatin state within the gene body, in contrast to other gene body methylated genes. We find Dynamic GbM is associated with enhanced gene expression plasticity across development and diverse physiological conditions, whereas stably methylated GbM genes exhibit reduced plasticity. Dynamic GbM genes exhibit reduced dynamic range in drdd mutants, indicating a causal link between DNA demethylation and enhanced gene expression plasticity.

ConclusionsThis study proposes a new model for GbM in regulating gene expression plasticity, including a newly discovered type of GbM in which increased gene expression plasticity is associated with the activity of DNA methylation writers and erasers and the enrichment of a regulatory chromatin state.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Williams, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monroe, J. G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.02.518885</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic DNA methylation turnover in gene bodies is associated with enhanced gene expression plasticity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.01.518740v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell-surface targeting of fluorophores in Drosophila for rapid neuroanatomy visualization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.01.518740v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Visualizing neuronal anatomy often requires labor-intensive immunohistochemistry on fixed and dissected brains. To facilitate rapid anatomical staining in live brains, we used genetically targeted membrane tethers that covalently link fluorescent dyes for in vivo neuronal labeling. We generated a series of extracellularly trafficked small molecule tethering proteins, HaloTag-CD41 and SNAPf-CD4, which directly label transgene expressing cells with commercially available ligand substituted fluorescent dyes. We created stable transgenic Drosophila reporter lines which express extracellular HaloTag-CD4 and SNAPf-CD4 with LexA and Gal4 drivers. Expressing these enzymes in live Drosophila brains, we labeled the expression patterns of various Gal4 driver lines recapitulating histological staining in live brain tissue. Pan-neural expression of SNAPf-CD4 enabled registration of live brains to an existing template for anatomical comparisons. We predict that these extracellular platforms will not only become a valuable complement to existing anatomical methods but will also prove useful for future genetic targeting of other small molecule probes, drugs, and actuators.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kirk, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gold, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sterne, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.01.518740</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell-surface targeting of fluorophores in Drosophila for rapid neuroanatomy visualization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.03.519001v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Unitary Mechanism Underlies Adaptation to Both Local and Global Environmental Statistics in Time Perception 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.03.519001v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our sense of the passage of time flexibly adapts to the statistical properties of the temporal context. Humans and non-human species exhibit a perceptual bias towards the mean of durations previously observed as well as serial dependence, a perceptual bias towards the duration of recently processed events. Here we asked whether those two phenomena arise from a unitary mechanism or reflect the operation of two distinct systems that adapt separately to the global and local statistics of the environment. We employed a set of duration reproduction tasks in which the target duration was sampled from distributions with different variances and means. The central tendency and serial dependence biases were jointly modulated by the range and the variance of the prior. These effects were well-captured by a unitary mechanism model in which temporal expectancies are updated after each trial based on perceptual observations. Alternative models that assume separate mechanisms for global and local contextual effects failed to capture the empirical results.

TeaserTime perception of humans is shaped by a common mechanism that is sensitive to short-term and long-term environmental changes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsay, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poeppel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.03.519001</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Unitary Mechanism Underlies Adaptation to Both Local and Global Environmental Statistics in Time Perception]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.04.519061v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A highly active Burkholderia polyketoacyl-CoA thiolase for production of triacetic acid lactone 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.04.519061v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Triacetic acid lactone (TAL) is a platform chemical biosynthesized primarily through decarboxylative Claisen condensation by type III polyketide synthase 2-pyrone synthase (2-PS). However, this reaction suffers from intrinsic energy inefficiency and feedback inhibition by and competition for malonyl-CoA. TAL production through non-decarboxylative Claisen condensation by polyketoacyl-CoA thiolase alleviates many of these disadvantages. We discovered five more thiolases with TAL production activity by exploring homologs of a previously reported polyketoacyl-CoA thiolase, BktB, from Cupriavidus necator. Among them, the BktB homolog from Burkholderia sp. RF2-non_BP3 has [~] 30 times higher in vitro and in vivo TAL production activity and led to [~]10 times higher TAL titer than 2-PS when expressed in Escherichia coli, achieving a titer of 2.8 g/L in fed-batch fermentations. This discovery of a novel polyketoacyl-CoA thiolase with superior TAL production activity paves the way for realization of total biomanufacturing of TAL.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeGiovanni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barcelos, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haushalter, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keasling, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.04.519061</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A highly active Burkholderia polyketoacyl-CoA thiolase for production of triacetic acid lactone]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.05.519163v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
X-Chromosome Target Specificity Diverged Between Dosage Compensation Mechanisms of Two Closely Related Caenorhabditis Species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.05.519163v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An evolutionary perspective enhances our understanding of biological mechanisms. Comparison of sex determination and X-chromosome dosage compensation mechanisms between the closely related nematode species C. briggsae (Cbr) and C. elegans (Cel) revealed that the genetic regulatory hierarchy controlling both processes is conserved, but the X-chromosome target specificity and mode of binding for the specialized condensin dosage compensation complex (DCC) controlling X expression have diverged. We identified two motifs within Cbr DCC recruitment sites that are highly enriched on X: 13-bp MEX and 30-bp MEX II. Mutating either MEX or MEX II in an endogenous recruitment site with multiple copies of one or both motifs reduced binding, but only removing all motifs eliminated binding in vivo. Hence, DCC binding to Cbr recruitment sites appears additive. In contrast, DCC binding to Cel recruitment sites is synergistic: mutating even one motif in vivo eliminated binding. Although all X-chromosome motifs share the sequence CAGGG, they have otherwise diverged so that a motif from one species cannot function in the other. Functional divergence was demonstrated in vivo and in vitro. A single nucleotide position in Cbr MEX can determine whether Cel DCC binds. This rapid divergence of DCC target specificity could have been an important factor in establishing reproductive isolation between nematode species and contrasts dramatically with conservation of target specificity for X-chromosome dosage compensation across Drosophila species and for transcription factors controlling developmental processes such as body-plan specification from fruit flies to mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lo, T.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brejc, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schartner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ralston, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lapidus, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.05.519163</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[X-Chromosome Target Specificity Diverged Between Dosage Compensation Mechanisms of Two Closely Related Caenorhabditis Species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.06.519271v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Morphogenesis and development of human telencephalic organoids in the absence and presence of exogenous ECM 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.06.519271v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Establishment and maintenance of apical-basal polarity is a fundamental step in brain development, instructing the organization of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) and the developing cerebral cortex. Particularly, basally located extracellular matrix (ECM) is crucial for this process. In vitro, epithelial polarization can be achieved via endogenous ECM production, or exogenous ECM supplementation. While neuroepithelial development is recapitulated in cerebral organoids, the effects of different ECM sources in tissue morphogenesis remain unexplored. Here, we show that exposure to exogenous ECM at early neuroepithelial stages causes rapid tissue polarization and complete rearrangement of neuroepithelial architecture within 3 days. In unexposed cultures, endogenous ECM production by NPCs results in gradual polarity acquisition over an extended time. After the onset of neurogenesis, tissue architecture and neuronal differentiation are largely independent of the initial ECM source. These results advance the knowledge on neuroepithelial biology in vitro, with a focus on mechanisms of exogenously- and endogenously-guided morphogenesis. They demonstrate the self-sustainability of neuroepithelial cultures by endogenous processes, prompting an urgent reassessment of indiscriminate use of exogenous ECM in these model systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martins-Costa, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidhaye, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novatchkova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moeseneder, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corsini, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knoblich, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.06.519271</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Morphogenesis and development of human telencephalic organoids in the absence and presence of exogenous ECM]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.06.519402v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A rapid phylogeny-based method for accurate community profiling of large-scale metabarcoding datasets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.06.519402v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Environmental DNA (eDNA) is becoming an increasingly important tool in diverse scientific fields from ecological biomonitoring to wastewater surveillance of viruses. The fundamental challenge in eDNA analyses has been the bioinformatical assignment of reads to taxonomic groups. It has long been known that full probabilistic methods for phylogenetic assignment are preferable, but unfortunately, such methods are computationally intensive and are typically inapplicable to modern Next-Generation Sequencing data. We here present a fast approximate likelihood method for phylogenetic assignment of DNA sequences. Applying the new method to several mock communities and simulated datasets, we show that it identifies more reads at both high and low taxonomic levels more accurately than other leading methods. The advantage of the method is particularly apparent in the presence of polymorphisms and/or sequencing errors and when the true species is not represented in the reference database.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pipes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.06.519402</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A rapid phylogeny-based method for accurate community profiling of large-scale metabarcoding datasets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.07.519444v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Trans-cellular control of synapse properties by a cell type-specific splicing regulator 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.07.519444v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The recognition of synaptic partners and specification of synaptic properties are fundamental for the function of neuronal circuits.  Terminal selector transcription factors coordinate the expression of terminal gene batteries that specify cell type-specific properties. Moreover, pan-neuronal alternative splicing regulators have been implicated in directing neuronal differentiation. However, the cellular logic of how splicing regulators instruct specific synaptic properties remains poorly understood. Here, we combine genome-wide mapping of mRNA targets and cell type-specific loss-of-function studies to uncover the contribution of the nuclear RNA binding protein SLM2 to hippocampal synapse specification. Focusing on hippocampal pyramidal cells and SST-positive GABAergic interneurons, we find that SLM2 preferentially binds and regulates alternative splicing of transcripts encoding synaptic proteins, thereby generating cell type-specific isoforms. In the absence of SLM2, cell type-specification, differentiation, and viability are unaltered and neuronal populations exhibit normal intrinsic properties. By contrast, cell type-specific loss of SLM2 results in highly selective, non-cell autonomous synaptic phenotypes, altered synaptic transmission, and associated defects in a hippocampus-dependent memory task. Thus, alternative splicing provides a critical layer of gene regulation that instructs specification of neuronal connectivity in a trans-synaptic manner.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Traunmuller, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulz, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortiz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furlanis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreiner, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bischofberger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheiffele, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.07.519444</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Trans-cellular control of synapse properties by a cell type-specific splicing regulator]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.07.519480v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Attention weights accurately predict language representations in the brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.07.519480v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In Transformer-based language models (LMs) the attention mechanism converts token embeddings into contextual embeddings that incorporate information from neighboring words. The resulting contextual hidden state embeddings have enabled highly accurate models of brain responses, suggesting that the attention mechanism constructs contextual embeddings that carry information reflected in language-related brain representations. However, it is unclear whether the attention weights that are used to integrate information across words are themselves related to language representations in the brain. To address this question we analyzed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) recordings of participants reading English language narratives. We provided the narrative text as input to two LMs (BERT and GPT-2) and extracted their corresponding attention weights. We then used encoding models to determine how well attention weights can predict recorded brain responses. We find that attention weights accurately predict brain responses in much of the frontal and temporal cortices. Our results suggest that the attention mechanism itself carries information that is reflected in brain representations. Moreover, these results indicate cortical areas in which context integration may occur.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lamarre, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deniz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.07.519480</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Attention weights accurately predict language representations in the brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.07.519494v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single cell RNA-seq in Drosophila testis reveals evolutionary trajectory of sex chromosome regulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.07.519494v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although sex chromosomes have evolved from autosomes, they often have unusual regulatory regimes that are sex- and cell-type-specific such as dosage compensation (DC) and meiotic sex chromosome inactivation (MSCI). The molecular mechanisms and evolutionary forces driving these unique transcriptional programs are critical for genome evolution but have been, in the case of MSCI in Drosophila, subject to continuous debate. Here, we take advantage of the younger sex chromosomes in D. miranda (XR and the neo-X) to infer how former autosomes acquire sex-chromosome specific regulatory programs using single-cell and bulk RNA sequencing and ribosome profiling, in a comparative evolutionary context. We show that contrary to mammals and worms, the Xs are downregulated through germline progression most consistent with a loss of DC instead of MSCI, resulting in half gene dosage at the end of meiosis for all three Xs. For the young neo-X, DC is incomplete across all tissue and cell types and this dosage imbalance is rescued by contributions from Y-linked gametologs which produce transcripts that are translated to compensate both gene and protein dosage. We find an excess of previously autosomal testis genes becoming Y-specific, showing that the neo-Y and its masculinization likely resolve sexual antagonism. Multicopy neo-sex genes are predominantly expressed during meiotic stages of spermatogenesis, consistent with their amplification being driven to interfere with Mendelian segregation. Altogether, this study reveals germline regulation of evolving sex chromosomes and elucidates the consequences these unique regulatory mechanisms have on the evolution sex chromosome architecture.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bachtrog, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.07.519494</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single cell RNA-seq in Drosophila testis reveals evolutionary trajectory of sex chromosome regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.07.519496v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Asymmetric coding of reward prediction errors in human insula and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.07.519496v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The signed value and unsigned salience of reward prediction errors (RPEs) are critical to understanding reinforcement learning (RL) and cognitive control. Dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dMPFC) and insula (INS) are key regions for integrating reward and surprise information, but conflicting evidence for both signed and unsigned activity has led to competing proposals for the nature of RPE representations in these brain areas. Recently, the distributional RL theory (dRL) has been used to explain RPE coding diversity in the rodent midbrain by proposing that dopaminergic neurons have differential sensitivity to positive and negative RPEs. Here, we use intracranially recorded high frequency activity (HFA) to show that this asymmetric scaling strategy captures RPE coding diversity in human dMPFC and INS. We found neural populations responding to valence-specific positive and negative RPEs, as well as unsigned RPE salience, which are spatially interleaved within each region. Furthermore, directional connectivity estimates suggest a leading role of INS in communicating positive and unsigned RPEs to dMPFC. These findings support asymmetric scaling across distinct but intermingled neural populations as a core principle in RPE coding, expand the scope of dRL, and reconcile longstanding theoretical debates on the role of dMPFC and INS in RL and cognitive control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hoy, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quiroga-Martinez, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King-Stephens, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laxer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.07.519496</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Asymmetric coding of reward prediction errors in human insula and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.07.519516v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Controlling the bioelectrical properties of neurons with ferritin-based Magnetogenetics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.07.519516v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Magnetogenetics promises remote control of neurons, but its validity is questioned due to controversies surrounding the underlying mechanisms and deficits in reproducibility. Recent studies discovered that ferritin, used in Magnetogenetics, transduces radiofrequency (RF) magnetic fields into biochemical signals (reactive oxygen species and oxidized lipids). Magnetic stimulation of ferritin-tethered TRPV channels induces Ca2+ responses and modulates behavior but electrophysiological studies indicate that a particular channel, Magneto2.0, is ineffective in affecting the neuronal bioelectrical properties. We investigated this problem using the Magnetogenetic technique FeRIC. We resolved the electromagnetic interference caused by RF in patch-clamp recordings and supported the data with voltage imaging experiments. In neurons expressing TRPV4FeRIC, RF depolarizes the membrane potential and increases the spiking frequency. In neurons expressing the chloride-permeable TMEM16AFeRIC, RF hyperpolarizes the membrane potential and decreases the spiking frequency. Our study reveals the control of neuronal bioelectrical properties with Magnetogenetics that is non-instantaneous, long-lasting, and moderate, but effective and comparable to that induced by endogenous signaling molecules.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>HERNANDEZ-MORALES, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MORALES-WEIL, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>HAN, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>HAN, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>PEGRAM, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BENNER, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MILLER, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>KRAMER, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LIU, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.07.519516</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Controlling the bioelectrical properties of neurons with ferritin-based Magnetogenetics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.07.519508v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mild SARS-CoV-2 infection results in long-lasting microbiota instability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.07.519508v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Viruses targeting mammalian cells can indirectly alter the gut microbiota, potentially compounding their phenotypic effects. Multiple studies have observed a disrupted gut microbiota in severe cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection that require hospitalization. Yet, despite demographic shifts in disease severity resulting in a large and continuing burden of non-hospitalized infections, we still know very little about the impact of mild SARS-CoV-2 infection on the gut microbiota in the outpatient setting. To address this knowledge gap, we longitudinally sampled 14 SARS-CoV-2 positive subjects who remained outpatient and 4 household controls. SARS-CoV-2 cases exhibited a significantly less stable gut microbiota relative to controls, as long as 154 days after their positive test. These results were confirmed and extended in the K18-hACE2 mouse model, which is susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. All of the tested SARS-CoV-2 variants significantly disrupted the mouse gut microbiota, including USA-WA1/2020 (the original variant detected in the United States), Delta, and Omicron. Surprisingly, despite the fact that the Omicron variant caused the least severe symptoms in mice, it destabilized the gut microbiota and led to a significant depletion in Akkermansia muciniphila. Furthermore, exposure of wild-type C57BL/6J mice to SARS-CoV-2 disrupted the gut microbiota in the absence of severe lung pathology.

IMPORTANCETaken together, our results demonstrate that even mild cases of SARS-CoV-2 can disrupt gut microbial ecology. Our findings in non-hospitalized individuals are consistent with studies of hospitalized patients, in that reproducible shifts in gut microbial taxonomic abundance in response to SARS-CoV-2 have been difficult to identify. Instead, we report a long-lasting instability in the gut microbiota. Surprisingly, our mouse experiments revealed an impact of the Omicron variant, despite producing the least severe symptoms in genetically susceptible mice, suggesting that despite the continued evolution of SARS-CoV-2 it has retained its ability to perturb the intestinal mucosa. These results will hopefully renew efforts to study the mechanisms through which Omicron and future SARS-CoV-2 variants alter gastrointestinal physiology, while also considering the potentially broad consequences of SARS-CoV-2-induced microbiota instability for host health and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Upadhyay, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suryawanshi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tasoff, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCavitt-Malvido, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noecker, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bisanz, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hswen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sreekumar, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, I. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynch, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ott, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turnbaugh, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.07.519508</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mild SARS-CoV-2 infection results in long-lasting microbiota instability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.08.518776v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transboundary hotspots associated with SARS-like coronavirus spillover risk: implications for mitigation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.08.518776v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The emergence of SARS-like coronaviruses is a multi-stage process from wildlife reservoirs to people. Here we characterize multiple drivers--landscape change, host distribution, and human exposure--associated with the risk of spillover of SARS-like coronaviruses to help inform surveillance and mitigation activities. We consider direct and indirect transmission pathways by modeling four scenarios with livestock and mammalian wildlife as potential and known reservoirs before examining how access to healthcare varies within clusters and scenarios. We found 19 clusters with differing risk factor contributions within a single country (N=9) or transboundary (N=10). High-risk areas were mainly closer (11-20%) rather than far (<1%) from healthcare. Areas far from healthcare reveal healthcare access inequalities, especially Scenario 3, which includes wild mammals as secondary hosts. China (N=2) and Indonesia (N=1) had clusters with the highest risk. Our findings can help stakeholders in land use planning integrating healthcare implementation and One Health actions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Muylaert, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkinson, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kingston, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D`Odorico, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rulli, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galli, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alviola, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayman, D. T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.08.518776</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transboundary hotspots associated with SARS-like coronavirus spillover risk: implications for mitigation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.07.519390v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Insights into the evolution of herbivory from a leaf-mining, drosophilid fly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.07.519390v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Herbivorous insects and their host plants comprise most known species on Earth. Illuminating how herbivory repeatedly evolved in insects from non-herbivorous lineages is critical to understanding how this biodiversity is created and maintained. We characterized the trophic niche of Scaptomyza flava, a representative of a lineage nested within the Drosophila that transitioned to herbivory [~]15 million years ago. We used natural history studies to determine if S. flava is a true herbivore or a cryptic microbe-feeder. Specifically, we quantified oviposition substrate choice and larval viability across food-types, trophic-related morphological traits, and nitrogen isotope and sterol profiles across putatively herbivorous and non-herbivorous drosophilids. We confirmed that S. flava is an obligate herbivore of living plants. Paired with its genetic model host, Arabidopsis thaliana, S. flava is a novel and powerful system for exploring mechanisms underlying the evolution of herbivory, a complex trait that enabled the exceptional diversification of insects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aguilar, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gloss, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verster, K. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singhal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoff, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grebenok, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nabity, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behmer, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiteman, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.07.519390</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Insights into the evolution of herbivory from a leaf-mining, drosophilid fly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.09.519446v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic data suggest parallel dental vestigialization within the xenarthran radiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.09.519446v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWThe recent influx of genomic data has provided greater insights into the molecular basis for regressive evolution, or vestigialization, through gene loss and pseudogenization. As such, the analysis of gene degradation patterns has the potential to provide insights into the evolutionary history of regressed anatomical traits. We specifically applied these principles to the xenarthran radiation (anteaters, sloths, armadillos), which is characterized by taxa with a gradation in regressed dental phenotypes. Whether the pattern among extant xenarthrans is due to an ancient and gradual decay of dental morphology or occurred repeatedly in parallel is unknown. We tested these competing hypotheses by examining 11 core dental genes in most living species of Xenarthra, characterizing shared inactivating mutations and patterns of relaxed selection during their radiation. Here we report evidence of independent and distinct events of dental gene loss in the major xenarthran subclades. First, we found strong evidence of complete enamel loss in the common ancestor of sloths and anteaters, suggested by the inactivation of five enamel-associated genes (AMELX, AMTN, MMP20, ENAM, ACP4). Next, whereas dental regression appears to have halted in sloths, presumably a critical event that ultimately permitted adaptation to an herbivorous lifestyle, anteaters continued losing genes on the path towards complete tooth loss. Echoes of this event are recorded in the genomes of all living anteaters, being marked by a 2-bp deletion in a gene critical for dentinogenesis (DSPP) and a putative shared 1-bp insertion in a gene linked to tooth retention (ODAPH). By contrast, in the two major armadillo clades, genes pertaining to the dento-gingival junction and amelogenesis appear to have been independently inactivated prior to losing all or some enamel. These genomic data provide evidence for multiple pathways and rates of anatomical regression, and underscore the utility of using pseudogenes to reconstruct evolutionary history when fossils are sparse.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Emerling, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibb, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tilak, M.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duggan, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poinar, H. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nachman, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delsuc, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.09.519446</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic data suggest parallel dental vestigialization within the xenarthran radiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.10.519901v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Abstraction of reward context facilitates relative reward coding in dorsal and ventral anterior cingulate cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.10.519901v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is believed to be involved in many cognitive processes, including linking goals to actions and tracking decision-relevant contextual information. ACC neurons robustly encode expected outcomes, but how this relates to putative functions of ACC remains unknown. Here, we approach this question from the perspective of population codes by analyzing neural spiking data in the ventral and dorsal banks of the ACC in monkeys trained to perform a stimulus-motor mapping task. We found that neural populations favor a representational geometry that emphasizes contextual information, while facilitating the independent, abstract representation of multiple task-relevant variables. In addition, trial outcomes were primarily encoded relative to task context, suggesting that the population structures we observe could be a mechanism allowing feedback to be interpreted in a context-dependent manner. Together, our results point to a prominent role for ACC in context-setting and relative interpretation of outcomes, facilitated by abstract, or "untangled," representations of task variables.

Author SummaryThe ability to interpret events in light of the current context is a critical facet of higher-order cognition. The anterior cingulate cortex is suggested to be important for tracking information about current contexts, while alternate views hold that its function is more related to the motor system and linking goals to appropriate motor responses. Here, we evaluated these two possibilities by recording anterior cingulate neurons from monkeys performing a stimulus-motor mapping task in which compound cues both defined the current reward context and instructed appropriate motor responses. By analyzing geometric properties of neural population activity, we found that the ACC prioritized context information, representing it as a dominant, abstract concept. Ensuing trial outcomes were then coded relative to these contexts, suggesting an important role for these representations in context-dependent evaluation. Such mechanisms may be critical for the abstract reasoning and generalization characteristic of biological intelligence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chien, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallis, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rich, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.10.519901</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Abstraction of reward context facilitates relative reward coding in dorsal and ventral anterior cingulate cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.09.519836v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pseudomonas isolates from ponds populated with duckweed prevent disease caused by pathogenic Pseudomonas species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.09.519836v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Duckweeds are notoriously invasive plants. They are successful in inhabiting diverse environments, despite their lack of conventional immune pathways that are essential for disease resistance in other plant species. It is unclear how duckweeds thrive in the absence of these immune pathways. In this study, we investigated the effect of bacteria from duckweeds natural habitat on disease progression utilizing the duckweed-Pseudomonas pathosystem. Through nanopore sequencing of 16S and ITS rDNA amplicons we identified duckweed-associated bacterial and fungal genera present at three environmental sites. The pond filtrate from one of the three environmental locations primed duckweeds pathogen defenses leading to a reduction in disease symptoms. Furthermore, we were able to identify bacterial isolates from the filtrate that protect duckweed from disease symptoms upon Pseudomonas pathogen inoculation. The isolated protective bacteria belong to the Pseudomonas genus, and we demonstrated antagonistic interactions between the pathogen and beneficial strains in vitro and in vivo. The ability of our environmental isolates to protect against Pseudomonas pathogens appears to be plant/species specific as environmental strains showed no protective effect against Pseudomonas pathogens in Arabidopsis assays. Genome sequencing of the beneficial Pseudomonas strains showed the presence of several genes involved in bacterial competition. We have thus demonstrated that Pseudomonas species from duckweeds natural habitat can successfully antagonize other plant pathogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baggs, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stark, F. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiersma, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krasileva, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.09.519836</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pseudomonas isolates from ponds populated with duckweed prevent disease caused by pathogenic Pseudomonas species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.12.520082v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extending eco-evolutionary theory with oligomorphic dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.12.520082v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the interplay between ecological processes and the evolutionary dynamics of quantitative traits in natural systems remains a major challenge. Two main theoretical frameworks are used to address this question, adaptive dynamics and quantitative genetics, both of which have strengths and limitations and are often used by distinct research communities to address different questions. In order to make progress, new theoretical developments are needed that integrate these approaches and strengthen the link to empirical data. Here, we discuss a novel theoretical framework that bridges the gap between quantitative genetics and adaptive dynamics approaches. "Oligomorphic dynamics" can be used to analyse eco-evolutionary dynamics across different time scales and extends quantitative genetics theory to account for multimodal trait distributions, the dynamical nature of genetic variance, the potential for disruptive selection due to ecological feed-backs, and the non-normal or skewed trait distributions encountered in nature. Oligomorphic dynamics explicitly takes into account the effect of environmental feedback, such as frequency- and density-dependent selection, on the dynamics of multi-modal trait distributions and we argue it has the potential to facilitate a much tighter integration between eco-evolutionary theory and empirical data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lion, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sasaki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boots, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.12.520082</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extending eco-evolutionary theory with oligomorphic dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.14.520445v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of structurally diverse FSP1 inhibitors that sensitize cancer cells to ferroptosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.14.520445v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ferroptosis is a regulated form of cell death associated with the iron-dependent accumulation of lipid peroxides. Inducing ferroptosis is a promising approach to treat therapy resistant cancer. Ferroptosis suppressor protein 1 (FSP1) promotes ferroptosis resistance in cancer by generating the antioxidant form of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ). Despite the important role of FSP1, few molecular tools exist that target the CoQ-FSP1 pathway. Exploiting a series of chemical screens, we identify several structurally diverse FSP1 inhibitors. The most potent of these compounds, ferroptosis sensitizer 1 (FSEN1), is an uncompetitive inhibitor that acts selectively through on target inhibition of FSP1 to sensitize cancer cells to ferroptosis. Furthermore, a synthetic lethality screen reveals that FSEN1 synergizes with endoperoxide-containing ferroptosis inducers, including dihydroartemisinin, to trigger ferroptosis. These results provide new tools that catalyze the exploration of FSP1 as a therapeutic target and highlight the value of combinatorial therapeutic regimes targeting FSP1 and additional ferroptosis inducers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hendricks, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doubravsky, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wehri, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deol, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lange, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lasheras-Otero, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dixon, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bersuker, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaletzky, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olzmann, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.14.520445</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of structurally diverse FSP1 inhibitors that sensitize cancer cells to ferroptosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.13.520233v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Jaccard dissimilarity in stochastic community models based on the species-independence assumption 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.13.520233v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A fundamental problem in ecology is understanding the causes of change in species composition among sites (i.e. beta diversity). At present it is unclear how spatial heterogeneity in species occupancy across sites shapes these patterns. To address this question, we develop probabilistic models that consider two spatial or temporal sites, where presence probabilities vary both among species and between the sites. We derive analytical and approximate formulae for the expectation of pairwise beta-diversity. Using a novel graphical tool, Stochastic Incidence Plots (SIPs), which depict the presence probabilities in two sites across species labels, we develop a means to conceptualize the heterogeneity in presence probabilities: the steepness or unevenness of SIPs reflects species-level heterogeneity, while the degree of overlap between SIPs indicates site-level heterogeneity. Utilizing SIPs and a combinatorial approach in a two-species scenario, we demonstrate that beta-diversity is lower when SIPs are parallel compared to when they are anti-parallel. We also find that this prediction is testable with the well-known checkerboard pattern in incidence matrices. Finally, we applied the method to the species distribution models for five woodpecker species in Switzerland, showing that their spatial distributions will change significantly in the future. Overall, this work improves our understanding of how pairwise beta-diversity responds to occupancy heterogeneity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iritani, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ontiveros, V. L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alonso, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capitan, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godsoe, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tatsumi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.13.520233</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Jaccard dissimilarity in stochastic community models based on the species-independence assumption]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.15.520639v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell non-autonomous control of autophagy and metabolism by glial cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.15.520639v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glia are the protectors of the nervous system, providing neurons with support and protection from cytotoxic insults. We previously discovered that four astrocyte-like glia can regulate organismal proteostasis and longevity in C. elegans. Expression of the UPRER transcription factor, XBP-1s, in these glia increases stress resistance, longevity, and activates the UPRER in intestinal cells via neuropeptides. Autophagy, a key regulator of metabolism and aging, has been described as a cell autonomous process. Surprisingly, we find that glial XBP-1s enhances proteostasis and longevity by cell non-autonomously reprogramming organismal lipid metabolism and activating autophagy. Glial XBP-1s regulates the activation of another transcription factor, HLH-30/TFEB, in the intestine. HLH-30 activates intestinal autophagy, increases intestinal lipid catabolism, and upregulates a robust transcriptional program. Our study reveals a novel role for glia in regulating peripheral lipid metabolism, autophagy, and organellar health through peripheral activation of HLH-30 and autophagy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Metcalf, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monshietehadi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frakes, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durieux, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velichkovska, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mena, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farinas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dillin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.15.520639</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell non-autonomous control of autophagy and metabolism by glial cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.15.520573v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Logging alters tropical forest structure, while conversion reduces biodiversity and functioning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.15.520573v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The impacts of degradation and deforestation on tropical forests are poorly understood, particularly at landscape scales. We present an extensive ecosystem analysis of the impacts of logging and conversion of tropical forest to oil palm from a large-scale study in Borneo, synthesizing responses from 82 variables categorized into four ecological levels spanning a broad suite of ecosystem properties: 1) structure and environment, 2) species traits, 3) biodiversity, and 4) ecosystem functions. Responses were highly heterogeneous and often complex and non-linear. Variables that were directly impacted by the physical process of timber extraction, such as soil structure, were sensitive to even moderate amounts of logging, whereas measures of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning were generally resilient to logging but more affected by conversion to oil palm plantation.

One-Sentence SummaryLogging tropical forest mostly impacts structure while biodiversity and functions are more vulnerable to habitat conversion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marsh, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blonder, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bongalov, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Both, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruz, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elias, D. M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hemprich-Bennett, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jotan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kemp, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kritzler, U. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milne, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milodowski, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montoya Pillco, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nunes, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riutta, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, S. J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slade, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernard, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burslem, D. F. R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, A. Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clare, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coomes, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, Z. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kratina, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malhi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majalap, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nilus, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostle, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossiter, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Struebig, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ewers, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, O. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynolds, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teh, Y. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hector, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.15.520573</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Logging alters tropical forest structure, while conversion reduces biodiversity and functioning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.17.520895v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vocal learning-associated convergent evolution in mammalian proteins and regulatory elements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.17.520895v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vocal learning, the ability to modify vocal behavior based on experience, is a convergently evolved trait in birds and mammals. To identify genomic elements associated with vocal learning, we integrated new experiments conducted in the brain of the Egyptian fruit bat with analyses of the genomes of 222 placental mammals. We first identified an anatomically specialized region of the bat motor cortex containing direct monosynaptic projections to laryngeal motoneurons. Using wireless neural recordings of this brain region in freely vocalizing bats, we verified that single neuron activity in this region relates to vocal production. We profiled the open chromatin of this vocal-motor region, which we used to train machine learning models to identify enhancers associated with vocal learning across mammals. We found 201 proteins and 45 candidate enhancers that display convergent evolution associated with vocal learning, many of which overlapped loci associated with human speech disability. One such locus contains the neurodevelopmental transcription factors TSHZ3 and ZNF536 and multiple candidate vocal learning-associated enhancers, suggesting the co-evolution of protein and regulatory sequences underlying vocal learning.

One-Sentence SummaryAnalyses of bat neural activity and epigenomic data in a brain region involved in vocal behavior were used to identify proteins and regulatory elements associated with vocal learning in mammals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wirthlin, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmid, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elie, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shvareva, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rakuljic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhat, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplow, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schäffer, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawler, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Annaldasula, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azim, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zoonomia Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yartsev, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfenning, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.17.520895</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vocal learning-associated convergent evolution in mammalian proteins and regulatory elements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.16.520835v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-Throughput Discovery and Characterization of Viral Transcriptional Effectors in Human Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.16.520835v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Viruses encode transcriptional regulatory proteins critical for controlling viral and host gene expression. Given their multifunctional nature and high sequence divergence, it is unclear which viral proteins can affect transcription and which specific sequences contribute to this function. Using a high-throughput assay, we measured the transcriptional regulatory potential of over 60,000 protein tiles across [~]1,500 proteins from 11 coronaviruses and all nine human herpesviruses. We discovered hundreds of new transcriptional effector domains, including a conserved repression domain in all coronavirus Spike homologs, dual activation-repression domains in VIRFs, and an activation domain in six herpesvirus homologs of the single-stranded DNA-binding protein that we show is important for viral replication and late gene expression in KSHV. For the effector domains we identified, we investigated their mechanisms via high-throughput sequence and chemical perturbations, pinpointing sequence motifs essential for function. This work massively expands viral protein annotations, serving as a springboard for studying their biological and health implications and providing new candidates for compact gene regulation tools.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ludwig, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thurm, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgens, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tycko, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassik, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaunsinger, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bintu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.16.520835</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-Throughput Discovery and Characterization of Viral Transcriptional Effectors in Human Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.19.520812v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeted Protein Degradation through E2 Recruitment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.19.520812v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Targeted protein degradation (TPD) with Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras (PROTACs), heterobifunctional compounds consisting of protein targeting ligands linked to recruiters of E3 ubiquitin ligases, has arisen as a powerful therapeutic modality to induce the proximity of target proteins with E3 ligases to ubiquitinate and degrade specific proteins in cells. Thus far, PROTACs have primarily exploited the recruitment of E3 ubiquitin ligases or their substrate adapter proteins but have not exploited the recruitment of more core components of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). In this study, we used covalent chemoproteomic approaches to discover a covalent recruiter against the E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzyme UBE2D--EN67--that targets an allosteric cysteine, C111, without affecting the enzymatic activity of the protein. We demonstrated that this UBE2D recruiter could be used in heterobifunctional degraders to degrade neo-substrate targets in a UBE2D-dependent manner, including BRD4 and the androgen receptor. Overall, our data highlight the potential for the recruitment of core components of the UPS machinery, such as E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzymes, for TPD, and underscore the utility of covalent chemoproteomic strategies for identifying novel recruiters for additional components of the UPS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Forte, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dovala, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hesse, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKenna, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tallarico, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schirle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomura, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.19.520812</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeted Protein Degradation through E2 Recruitment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.21.521443v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep learning-enabled design of synthetic orthologs of a signaling protein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.21.521443v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Evolution-based deep generative models represent an exciting direction in understanding and designing proteins. An open question is whether such models can represent the constraints underlying specialized functions that are necessary for organismal fitness in specific biological contexts. Here, we examine the ability of three different models to produce synthetic versions of SH3 domains that can support function in a yeast stress signaling pathway. Using a select-seq assay, we show that one form of a variational autoencoder (VAE) recapitulates the functional characteristics of natural SH3 domains and classifies fungal SH3 homologs hierarchically by function and phylogeny. Locality in the latent space of the model predicts and extends the function of natural orthologs and exposes amino acid constraints distributed near and far from the SH3 ligand-binding site. The ability of deep generative models to specify orthologous function in vivo opens new avenues for probing and engineering protein function in specific cellular environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lian, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Praljak, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramanian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wasinger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranganathan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.21.521443</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep learning-enabled design of synthetic orthologs of a signaling protein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.21.521125v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic inactivation of the USP19 deubiquitinase regulates a-synuclein ubiquitination and inhibits accumulation of Lewy body like aggregates in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.21.521125v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The USP19 deubiquitinase is found in a locus associated with Parkinsons Disease (PD), interacts with heat shock proteins and promotes secretion of a-synuclein (a-syn) through the misfolding associated protein secretion (MAPS) pathway. Since these processes might modulate the processing of a-syn aggregates during the progression of PD, we tested the effect of USP19 knockout (KO) in mice expressing the A53T mutation of a-syn and in whom a-syn preformed fibrils (PFF) had been injected in the striatum. Compared to WT, KO brains showed decreased accumulation of phospho-synuclein (pSyn) positive aggregates. The improved pathology was associated with less activation of microglia, higher levels of synaptic marker proteins and improved performance in a tail suspension test. Exposure of primary neurons from WT and KO mice to PFF in vitro also led to decreased accumulation of pSyn aggregates. KO did not affect uptake of PFF in the cultured neurons. It also did not affect the propagation of aggregates as assessed by exposing WT or KO neurons to PFF and measuring pSyn positive aggregates in non-exposed adjacent neurons separated using a microfluidics device. We conclude that USP19 instead modulates intracellular dynamics of aggregates. Indeed, at the early time following PFF injection when the number of pSyn positive neurons were similar in WT and KO brains, the KO neurons contained less aggregates. KO brain aggregates stained more intensely with anti-ubiquitin antibodies. Immunoprecipitation of soluble proteins from primary neurons exposed to PFF with antibodies to ubiquitin or pSyn showed higher levels of ubiquitinated a-syn oligomeric species in the KO neurons. We propose that the improved pathology in USP19 KO brains may arise from decreased formation or enhanced clearance of the more ubiquitinated aggregates and/or enhanced disassembly towards more soluble oligomeric species. USP19 inhibition may represent a novel therapeutic approach that targets the intracellular dynamics of a-syn complexes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schorova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedard, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khayachi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolivar-Pedroso, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, H.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huynh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piccirelli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plourde, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Del Cid Pellitero, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlaifer, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durcan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wing, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.21.521125</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic inactivation of the USP19 deubiquitinase regulates a-synuclein ubiquitination and inhibits accumulation of Lewy body like aggregates in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.23.521805v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Expanded Multiplexing on Sensor-Constrained Microfluidic Partitioning Systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.23.521805v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microfluidics can split samples into thousands or millions of partitions such as droplets or nanowells. Partitions capture analytes according to a Poisson distribution, and in diagnostics, the analyte concentration is commonly calculated with a closed-form solution via maximum likelihood estimation (MLE). Here, we present a generalization of MLE with microfluidics, an extension of our previously developed Sparse Poisson Recovery (SPoRe) algorithm, and an in vitro demonstration with droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) of the new capabilities that SPoRe enables. Many applications such as infection diagnostics require sensitive detection and broad-range multiplexing. Digital PCR coupled with conventional target-specific sensors yields the former but is constrained in multiplexing by the number of available measurement channels (e.g., fluorescence). In our demonstration, we circumvent these limitations by broadly amplifying bacteria with 16S ddPCR and assigning barcodes to nine pathogen genera using only five nonspecific probes. Moreover, we measure only two probes at a time in multiple groups of droplets given our two-channel ddPCR system. Although individual droplets are ambiguous in their bacterial content, our results show that the concentrations of bacteria in the sample can be uniquely recovered given the pooled distribution of partition measurements from all groups. We ultimately achieve stable quantification down to approximately 200 total copies of the 16S gene per sample, enabling a suite of clinical applications given a robust upstream microbial DNA extraction procedure. We develop new theory that generalizes the application of this framework to a broad class of realistic sensors and applications, and we prove scaling rules for system design to achieve further expanded multiplexing. This flexibility means that the core principles and capabilities demonstrated here can generalize to most biosensing applications with microfluidic partitioning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kota, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vu, H.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LeJeune, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Syed, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baraniuk, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drezek, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.23.521805</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Expanded Multiplexing on Sensor-Constrained Microfluidic Partitioning Systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.26.521940v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ESCRT recruitment to mRNA-encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike induces virus-like particles and enhanced antibody responses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.26.521940v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prime-boost regimens for COVID-19 vaccines elicit poor antibody responses against Omicron-based variants and employ frequent boosters to maintain antibody levels. We present a natural infection-mimicking technology that combines features of mRNA- and protein nanoparticle-based vaccines through encoding self-assembling enveloped virus-like particles (eVLPs). eVLP assembly is achieved by inserting an ESCRT- and ALIX-binding region (EABR) into the SARS-CoV-2 spike cytoplasmic tail, which recruits ESCRT proteins to induce eVLP budding from cells. Purified spike-EABR eVLPs presented densely-arrayed spikes and elicited potent antibody responses in mice. Two immunizations with mRNA-LNP encoding spike-EABR elicited potent CD8+ T-cell responses and superior neutralizing antibody responses against original and variant SARS-CoV-2 compared to conventional spike-encoding mRNA-LNP and purified spike-EABR eVLPs, improving neutralizing titers >10-fold against Omicron-based variants for three months post-boost. Thus, EABR technology enhances potency and breadth of vaccine-induced responses through antigen presentation on cell surfaces and eVLPs, enabling longer-lasting protection against SARS-CoV-2 and other viruses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hoffmann, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huey-Tubman, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gnanapragasam, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakatomi, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Storm, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moon, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjorkman, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.26.521940</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ESCRT recruitment to mRNA-encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike induces virus-like particles and enhanced antibody responses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.26.521950v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exceptionally versatile respiratory metabolisms drive metabolite production by diverse gut bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.26.521950v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Respiratory reductases enable microbes to utilize molecules present in anaerobic ecosystems as energy-generating respiratory electron acceptors. Here we identify three taxonomically distinct families of human gut bacteria (Burkholderiaceae, Eggerthellaceae, Erysipelotrichaceae) that encode large arsenals of tens-to-hundreds of respiratory-like reductases per genome. Screening species from each family (Sutterella wadsworthensis, Eggerthella lenta, and Holdemania filiformis), we discover 22 metabolites used as respiratory electron acceptors in a species-specific manner. Identified reactions transform multiple classes of dietary- and host-derived metabolites, including bioactive molecules resveratrol and itaconate. Products of identified respiratory metabolisms highlight poorly characterized compounds, such as the itaconate-derived 2-methylsuccinate. Reductase substrate-profiling defines enzyme-substrate pairs and reveals a complex picture of reductase evolution, providing evidence that reductases with specificities for related cinnamate substrates independently emerged at least four times. These studies thus establish an exceptionally versatile form of anaerobic respiration that directly links microbial energy metabolism to the gut metabolome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Little, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Younker, I. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schechter, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meheust, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stemczynski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scorza, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nol Bernardino, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullowney, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waligurski, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramanswamy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leiter, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moran, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMillin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Odenwald, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iavarone, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidebottom, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundararajan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pamer, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eren, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Light, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.26.521950</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exceptionally versatile respiratory metabolisms drive metabolite production by diverse gut bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.28.522125v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Annexin A6 mediates calcium-dependent secretion of exosomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.28.522125v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Exosomes are a subtype of extracellular vesicles (EV) that are secreted upon fusion of multivesicular bodies (MVBs) with the plasma membrane. In order to identify proteins responsible for this fusion event, we developed sensitive cellular and cell-free assays to measure exosome secretion. Our results suggest that exosome secretion is coupled to Ca2+-dependent plasma membrane repair. Using a targeted proteomics approach, we identify annexin A6 (ANXA6), a well-known plasma membrane repair protein, as a MVB binding protein and demonstrate that it is required for Ca2+-dependent exosome secretion both in intact and in permeabilized cells. Our results suggest that cells employ MVBs as a membrane source for plasma membrane lesion repair during physiological mechanical stress or treatment with a bacterial pore-forming toxin, and that this repair process results in the coincident secretion of exosomes. We propose that this unconventional secretion process may contribute significantly to the heterogeneity of EVs in biological fluids.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Williams, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngo, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schekman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.28.522125</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Annexin A6 mediates calcium-dependent secretion of exosomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.28.522173v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Origin of wiring specificity in an olfactory map: dendrite targeting of projection neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.28.522173v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How does wiring specificity of neural maps emerge during development? Formation of the adult Drosophila olfactory glomerular map begins with patterning of projection neuron (PN) dendrites at the early pupal stage. To better understand the origin of wiring specificity of this map, we created genetic tools to systematically characterize dendrite patterning across development at PN type-specific resolution. We find that PNs use lineage and birth order combinatorially to build the initial dendritic map. Specifically, birth order directs dendrite targeting in rotating and binary manners for PNs of the anterodorsal and lateral lineages, respectively. Two-photon- and adaptive optical lattice light-sheet microscope-based time-lapse imaging reveals that PN dendrites initiate active targeting with direction-dependent branch stabilization on the timescale of seconds. Moreover, PNs that are used in both the larval and adult olfactory circuits prune their larval-specific dendrites and re-extend new dendrites simultaneously to facilitate timely olfactory map organization. Our work highlights the power and necessity of type-specific neuronal access and time-lapse imaging in identifying wiring mechanisms that underlie complex patterns of functional neural maps.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wong, K. K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, T.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luginbuhl, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upadhyayula, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betzig, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.28.522173</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Origin of wiring specificity in an olfactory map: dendrite targeting of projection neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.29.522180v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deficiency in Galectin-3, -8, and -9 impairs immunity to chronic Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection but not acute infection with multiple intracellular pathogens 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.29.522180v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Macrophages employ an array of pattern recognition receptors to detect and eliminate intracellular pathogens that access the cytosol. The cytosolic carbohydrate sensors Galectin-3, -8, and -9 (Gal-3, Gal-8, and Gal-9) recognize damaged pathogen-containing phagosomes, and Gal-3 and Gal-8 are reported to restrict bacterial growth via autophagy in cultured cells. However, the contribution of these galectins to host resistance during bacterial infection remains unclear. We found that Gal-9 binds directly to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (Stm) and localizes to Mtb in macrophages. To determine the combined contribution of membrane damage-sensing galectins to immunity in vivo, we generated Gal-3, -8, and - 9 triple knockout (TKO) mice. Mtb infection of primary macrophages from TKO mice resulted in defective lysosomal trafficking but normal bacterial replication. Surprisingly, these mice had no discernable defect in resistance to acute infection with Mtb, Stm or Listeria monocytogenes, and had only modest impairments in bacterial growth restriction and CD4 T cell activation during chronic Mtb infection. Collectively, these findings indicate that while Gal-3, -8, and -9 respond to an array of intracellular pathogens, together these membrane damage-sensing galectins play a limited role in host resistance to bacterial infection.

Author SummaryIntracellular bacterial pathogens cause many of the worlds most deadly infectious diseases. A common requirement for nearly all intracellular pathogens is the ability to damage the endomembrane compartments in which they reside, which allows pathogens access to the nutrient-rich cytosol of the host. However, membrane damage also creates a "pattern of pathogenesis" that triggers antimicrobial immune responses. Galectin-3, -8, and -9 (Gal-3, Gal-8, and Gal-9) act as a surveillance system for membrane damage and Gal-3 and Gal-8 inhibit bacterial growth by activating autophagy, a cellular pathway that can capture cytosolic bacteria and degrade them in lysosomes. Membrane damage-sensing galectins were hypothesized to promote bacterial killing during acute infection yet their role in the immune response of an infected animal remains unclear. Here, we show that mice deficient for Gal-3, -8, and -9 had no defects in resistance to acute infection with the pathogens Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), and were only modestly susceptible to chronic Mtb infection. Our data suggest that Gal-3, -8 and -9 are not critical for innate immune responses during acute infection and may play a more prominent role in the adaptive immune response. These results broaden our understanding of the role of membrane damage-sensing pathways in host defense against bacterial infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morrison, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craft, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera-Lugo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golovkine, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dodd, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Dis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beatty, W. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margolis, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Repasy, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaker, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vance, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanley, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krogan, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Portnoy, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penn, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.29.522180</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deficiency in Galectin-3, -8, and -9 impairs immunity to chronic Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection but not acute infection with multiple intracellular pathogens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.28.522046v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Data-driven model of glycolysis identifies the role of allostery in maintaining ATP homeostasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.28.522046v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glycolysis is a conserved metabolic pathway that produces ATP and biosynthetic precursors. Here, we use mathematical modeling to investigate how the control of mammalian glycolytic enzymes through allostery and mass action accomplishes various tasks of ATP homeostasis, such as controlling the rate of ATP production, maintaining high and stable ATP levels, and ensuring that ATP hydrolysis generates a net excess of energy. Our model uses data-derived enzyme rate equations, recapitulates the key tasks of glycolytic ATP homeostasis, and accurately predicts absolute concentrations of glycolytic intermediates and isotope tracing kinetics in live cells. We find that allosteric regulation of hexokinase (HK) and phosphofructokinase (PFK) by ATP, ADP, inorganic phosphate and glucose-6-phosphate (G6P), the surplus of lower glycolysis enzymes, and a large non-adenine phosphate pool are essential to robustly maintain high ATP levels and to prevent uncontrolled accumulation of phosphorylated intermediates of upper glycolysis. Meanwhile, mass action alone is sufficient to control ATP production rate and maintain high energy of ATP hydrolysis. Our results suggest a revision of the textbook view that the function of allosteric regulation of HK, PFK and PK is to control the net flux through glycolysis in response to variable ATP demand.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Einav, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Titov, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.28.522046</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Data-driven model of glycolysis identifies the role of allostery in maintaining ATP homeostasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.02.522090v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular characterization of nervous system organization in the hemichordate Saccoglossus kowalevskii 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.02.522090v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hemichordates are an important group for investigating the evolution of bilaterian nervous systems. As the closest chordate outgroup with a bilaterally symmetric adult body plan, hemichordates are particularly informative for exploring the origins of chordates. Despite the importance of hemichordate neuroanatomy for testing hypotheses on deuterostome and chordate evolution, adult hemichordate nervous systems have not been comprehensively described using molecular techniques, and classic histological descriptions disagree on basic aspects of nervous system organization. A molecular description of hemichordate nervous system organization is important for both anatomical comparisons across phyla and for attempts to understand how conserved gene regulatory programs for ectodermal patterning relate to morphological evolution in deep time. Here, we describe the basic organization of the adult hemichordate Saccoglossus kowalevskii nervous system using immunofluorescence, in situ hybridization, and transgenic reporters to visualize neurons, neuropil, and key neuronal cell types. Consistent with previous descriptions, we found the S. kowalevskii nervous system consists of a pervasive nerve plexus that is concentrated in the anterior, along with nerve cords on both the dorsal and ventral sides. Neuronal cell types exhibited clear anteroposterior and dorsoventral regionalization in multiple areas of the body. We observed spatially demarcated expression patterns for many genes involved in synthesis or transport of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides but did not observe clear distinctions between putatively centralized and decentralized portions of the nervous system. In the trunk, there is a clear division of cell types between the dorsal and ventral cords suggesting differences in function. The plexus shows regionalized structure and is consistent with the proboscis base as a major site for information processing rather than the dorsal nerve cord. The absence of neural processes crossing the basement membrane into muscle and extensive axonal varicosities suggest that volumetric transmission may play an important role in neural function. These data now facilitate more informed neural comparisons between hemichordates and other groups and contribute to broader debates on the origins and evolution of bilaterian nervous systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Andrade Lopez, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pani, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerhart, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowe, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.02.522090</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular characterization of nervous system organization in the hemichordate Saccoglossus kowalevskii]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.03.522625v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metrics of Coral Microfragment Viability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.03.522625v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coral reefs are being degraded at unprecedented rates and decisive intervention actions are urgently needed to help them. One such intervention in aid of reefs is coral cryopreservation. Although the cryopreservation of coral sperm and larvae has been achieved, preservation of coral fragments including both its tissue and skeleton, has not. The goal of this paper was to understand and assess the physiological stressors that might underlie coral fragment cryopreservation and the long-term consequences of these physiological exposures to continued growth. Therefore, we assessed small fragments ([~]0.5 x0.5 mm2) from the Hawaiian coral, Porites compressa, examining: 1) the sensitivity of the fragments and their algal symbionts to chilling temperatures; 2) the sensitivity of the coral to complex cryoprotectants; 3) methods to safely remove the algal symbionts from the coral fragment for cryopreservation, given the two symbiotic partners may require different cryopreservation protocols; 4) continued growth over time of coral fragments once returned to running seawater after treatment exposures; and, 5) assessment of health and viability of microfragments after treatments examining the distribution of green fluorescent protein and fluorescent symbionts. Technological advances in cryo-technology promise to support successful coral fragment cryopreservation soon, and its success could help secure much of the genetic and biodiversity of reefs in the next decade.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lager, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daly, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mizobe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouwmeester, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Consiglio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell-Palm, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagedorn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.03.522625</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metrics of Coral Microfragment Viability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.05.522788v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Novel Protein for the Bioremediation of Gadolinium Waste 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.05.522788v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Several hundreds of tons of gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) are being dumped into the environment every year. Although macrocyclic GBCAs exhibit superior stability compared to their linear counterparts, we have found that the structural integrity of chelates are susceptible to ultraviolet light, regardless of configuration. In this study, we present a synthetic protein termed GLamouR that binds and reports gadolinium in an intensiometric manner. We then explore the extraction of gadolinium from GBCA-spiked artificial urine samples and investigate if the low picomolar concentrations reported in gadolinium-contaminated water sources pose a barrier for bioremediation. Based on promising results, we anticipate GLamouR can be used for detecting and mining REEs beyond gadolinium as well and hope to expand the biological toolbox for such applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grady, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krell, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strebeck, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Good, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Gomez, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilad, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.05.522788</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Novel Protein for the Bioremediation of Gadolinium Waste]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.05.522916v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-throughput single molecule tracking identifies drug interactions and cellular mechanisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.05.522916v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The regulation of cell physiology depends largely upon interactions of functionally distinct proteins and cellular components. These interactions may be transient or long-lived, but often affect protein motion. Measurement of protein dynamics within a cellular environment, particularly while perturbing protein function with small molecules, may enable dissection of key interactions and facilitate drug discovery; however, current approaches are limited by throughput with respect to data acquisition and analysis. As a result, studies using super-resolution imaging are typically drawing conclusions from tens of cells and a few experimental conditions tested. We addressed these limitations by developing a high-throughput single-molecule tracking (htSMT) platform for pharmacologic dissection of protein dynamics in living cells at an unprecedented scale (capable of imaging > 106 cells/day and screening > 104 compounds). We applied htSMT to measure the cellular dynamics of fluorescently tagged estrogen receptor (ER) and screened a diverse library to identify small molecules that perturbed ER function in real time. With this one experimental modality, we determined the potency, pathway selectivity, target engagement, and mechanism of action for identified hits. Kinetic htSMT experiments were capable of distinguishing between on-target and on-pathway modulators of ER signaling. Integrated pathway analysis recapitulated the network of known ER interaction partners and suggested potentially novel, kinase-mediated regulatory mechanisms. The sensitivity of htSMT revealed a new correlation between ER dynamics and the ability of ER antagonists to suppress cancer cell growth. Therefore, measuring protein motion at scale is a powerful method to investigate dynamic interactions among proteins and may facilitate the identification and characterization of novel therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McSwiggen, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agramunt Puig, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akella, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bretan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darzacq, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ford, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godbey, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanuka, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heckert, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelso, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klammer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margolin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNamara, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierce, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sule, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beck, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.05.522916</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-throughput single molecule tracking identifies drug interactions and cellular mechanisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.06.522601v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Cortical Representation of Language Timescales is Shared between Reading and Listening 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.06.522601v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Language comprehension involves integrating low-level sensory inputs into a hierarchy of increasingly high-level features. Prior work studied brain representations of different levels of the language hierarchy, but has not determined whether these brain representations are shared between written and spoken language. To address this issue, we analyzed fMRI BOLD data recorded while participants read and listened to the same narratives in each modality. Levels of the language hierarchy were operationalized as timescales, where each timescale refers to a set of spectral components of a language stimulus. Voxelwise encoding models were used to determine where different timescales are represented across the cerebral cortex, for each modality separately. These models reveal that between the two modalities timescale representations are organized similarly across the cortical surface. Our results suggest that, after low-level sensory processing, language integration proceeds similarly regardless of stimulus modality.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dupre la Tour, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallant, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deniz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.06.522601</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Cortical Representation of Language Timescales is Shared between Reading and Listening]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.08.523178v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
H2A.X mutants exhibit enhanced DNA demethylation in Arabidopsis thaliana 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.08.523178v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
H2A.X is an H2A variant histone in eukaryotes, unique for its ability to respond to DNA damage, initiating the DNA repair pathway. H2A.X replacement within the histone octamer is mediated by the FAcilitates Chromatin Transactions (FACT) complex, a key chromatin remodeler. FACT is required for DEMETER (DME)-mediated DNA demethylation at certain loci in Arabidopsis thaliana female gametophytes during reproduction, though it is not known how FACT targets DME sites. Here, we investigated whether H2AX is involved in DME- and FACT-mediated DNA demethylation during Arabidopsis reproduction. We show that h2a.x mutants are more sensitive to genotoxic stress, consistent with previous reports. H2A.X fused to the Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) gene under the H2A.X promoter was highly expressed in newly developing Arabidopsis tissues, including in male and female gametophytes. We examined DNA methylation in h2a.x developing seeds using whole genome bisulfite sequencing, and found that CG DNA methylation in the developing endosperm, but not the embryo, is decreased genome-wide in h2a.x mutants, predominately in transposons and intergenic DNA. Hypomethylated sites overlapped 62 % with canonical DME loci. These data indicate that H2A.X is not required for DME function, but is important for DNA methylation homeostasis in the unique chromatin environment of Arabidopsis endosperm.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Frost, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, P.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Min, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Runkel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, H.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, T.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.08.523178</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[H2A.X mutants exhibit enhanced DNA demethylation in Arabidopsis thaliana]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.09.523327v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Cellular Platform for Production of C4 Monomers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.09.523327v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Living organisms carry out a wide range of remarkable functions, including the synthesis of thousands of simple and complex chemical structures for cellular growth and maintenance. The manipulation of this reaction network has allowed for the genetic engineering of cells for targeted chemical synthesis, but it remains challenging to alter the program underlying their fundamental chemical behavior. By taking advantage of the unique ability of living systems to use evolution to find solutions to complex problems, we have achieved ~95% theoretical yield of three C4 commodity chemicals, n-butanol, 1,3-butanediol, and 4-hydroxy-2-butanone. Genomic sequencing of the evolved strains identified pcnB and rpoBC as two gene loci that are able to alter carbon flow by remodeling the transcriptional landscape of the cell, highlighting the potential of synthetic pathways as a tool to identify metabolic control points.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Davis, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, V. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koleski, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silverman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berdan, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomura, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, M. C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.09.523327</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Cellular Platform for Production of C4 Monomers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.10.523416v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparing rapid rule-learning strategies in humans and monkeys 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.10.523416v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inter-species comparisons are key to deriving an understanding of the behavioral and neural correlates of human cognition from animal models. We perform a detailed comparison of macaque monkey and human strategies on an analogue of the Wisconsin Card Sort Test, a widely studied and applied multi-attribute measure of cognitive function, wherein performance requires the inference of a changing rule given ambiguous feedback. We found that well-trained monkeys rapidly infer rules but are three times slower than humans. Model fits to their choices revealed hidden states akin to feature-based attention in both species, and decision processes that resembled a Win-stay lose-shift strategy with key differences. Monkeys and humans test multiple rule hypotheses over a series of rule-search trials and perform inference-like computations to exclude candidates. An attention-set based learning stage categorization revealed that perseveration, random exploration and poor sensitivity to negative feedback explain the under-performance in monkeys.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goudar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dede, A. J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jutras, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skelin, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruvalcaba, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fairhall, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buffalo, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.10.523416</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparing rapid rule-learning strategies in humans and monkeys]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.10.523419v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Photosynthetic and water transport strategies of plants along a tropical forest aridity gradient: a test of optimality theory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.10.523419v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
(1) The research conducted, including the rationaleThe direct effect of aridity on photosynthetic and water-transport strategies is not easy to discern in global analyses because of large-scale correlations between precipitation and temperature. We analyze tree traits collected along an aridity gradient in Ghana, West Africa that shows little temperature variation, in an attempt to disentangle thermal and hydraulic influences on plant traits.

(2) MethodsPredictions derived from optimality theory on the variation of key plant traits along the aridity gradient are tested with field measurements.

(3) resultsMost photosynthetic traits show trends consistent with optimality-theory predictions, including higher photosynthetic capacity in the drier sites, and an association of higher photosynthetic capacity with greater respiration rates and greater water transport. Hydraulic traits show less consistency with theory or global-scale pattern, especially predictions based on xylem efficiency-safety tradeoff. Nonetheless, the link between photosynthesis and water transport still holds: species (predominantly deciduous species found in drier sites) with both higher sapwood-to-leaf area ratio (AS/AL) and potential hydraulic conductivity (Kp), implying higher transpiration, tend to have both higher photosynthetic capacity and lower leaf-internal CO2.

(4) ConclusionsThese results indicate that aridity is an independent driver of spatial patterns of photosynthetic traits, while plants show a diversity of water-transport strategies along the aridity gradient.

Plain language summaryAlong an aridity gradient in Ghana, West-Africa, we used optimality theory to explain that aridity is an important driver of photosynthetic traits, independent of temperature. Toward drier sites, plants have higher photosynthetic capacities per leaf area but have fewer leaves. We also explain how plants arrange water transportation to support quicker photosynthesis at drier sites. However, plants at the drier sites seem to have diverse combinations of hydraulic traits to satisfy the need for photosynthesis. We reported surprising data-theory inconsistency for some hydraulic traits along the aridity gradient where further research is needed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang-Zheng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malhi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gvozdevaite, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peprah, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boackye, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zieminska, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adu-Bredu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguirre-Gutierrez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandoval, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prentice, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliveras, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.10.523419</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Photosynthetic and water transport strategies of plants along a tropical forest aridity gradient: a test of optimality theory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.10.523474v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Let there be nightlights: the ecological role of bioluminescence in a Costa Rican mushroom 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.10.523474v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Both marine and terrestrial organisms produce light enzymatically in a process called bioluminescence. Though the ecological role of light production is known for some species, such as fireflies and bacteria, the ecological role in mushroom-producing fungi remains relatively unexplored, particularly in Central America. Here, we discovered a bioluminescent mushroom in the high-elevation oak forests of Costa Rica. We developed mushroom models with Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) producing various colors: green, blue, red, and yellow. Over three consecutive evenings after sunset, we applied Tanglefoot invertebrate-trapping glue to both mushroom models and actual mushrooms, and collected the traps before sunrise, then identified the trapped invertebrates to Order. We found green LED traps attracted more invertebrates than non-lit control traps, suggesting that light functions to attract invertebrates. The majority of invertebrates attracted to the green lights were Dipteran flies, who would be capable of dispersing fungal spores. The higher-intensity green LEDs attracted more total invertebrates than the dimmer mushrooms, but the results were not significant. Though we predicted that the invertebrate assemblages attracted to green lights would be similar to the invertebrate assemblage attracted to actual mushrooms, the results were not significant. Similarly, the red, blue, and yellow LEDs attracted fewer invertebrates than the green LEDs, but the differences in community composition were not statistically significant. Our findings corroborate other similar studies in tropical regions that found bioluminescent mushrooms may attract invertebrates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adams, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donald, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swearingen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escudero, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sourell, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landrein, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaverri, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.10.523474</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Let there be nightlights: the ecological role of bioluminescence in a Costa Rican mushroom]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.11.523558v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Two RNA-binding proteins mediate the sorting of miR223 from mitochondria into exosomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.11.523558v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fusion of multivesicular bodies (MVBs) with the plasma membrane results in the secretion of intraluminal vesicles (ILVs), or exosomes. The sorting of one exosomal cargo RNA, miR223, is facilitated by the RNA-binding protein, YBX1 (Shurtleff et al., 2016). We found that miR223 specifically binds a "cold shock" domain (CSD) of YBX1 through a 5 proximal sequence motif UCAGU that may represent a binding site or structural feature required for sorting. Prior to sorting into exosomes, most of the cytoplasmic miR223 resides in mitochondria. An RNA-binding protein localized to the mitochondrial matrix, YBAP1, appears to serve as a negative regulator of miR223 enrichment into exosomes. miR223 levels decreased in the mitochondria and increased in exosomes after loss of YBAP1. We observed YBX1 shuttle between mitochondria and endosomes in live cells. YBX1 also partitions into P body granules in the cytoplasm (Liu et al., 2021). We propose a model in which miR223 and likely other miRNAs are stored in mitochondria and are then mobilized by YBX1 to cytoplasmic phase condensate granules for capture into invaginations in the endosome that give rise to exosomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ma, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schekman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.11.523558</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Two RNA-binding proteins mediate the sorting of miR223 from mitochondria into exosomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.11.523644v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pressure and ultrasound activate mechanosensitive TRAAK K+ channels through increased membrane tension 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.11.523644v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
TRAAK is a mechanosensitive two-pore domain K+ (K2P) channel found in nodes of Ranvier within myelinated axons. It displays low leak activity at rest and is activated up to one hundred-fold by increased membrane tension. Structural and functional studies have led to physical models for channel gating and mechanosensitivity, but no quantitative analysis of channel activation by tension has been reported. Here, we use simultaneous patch-clamp recording and fluorescent imaging to determine the tension response characteristics of TRAAK. TRAAK shows high sensitivity and a broad response to tension spanning nearly the entire physiologically relevant tension range. This graded response profile distinguishes TRAAK from similarly low-threshold mechanosensitive channels Piezo1 and MscS, which activate in a step-like fashion over a narrow tension range. We further use patch imaging to show that ultrasonic activation of TRAAK and MscS is due to increased membrane tension. Together, these results provide mechanistic insight into TRAAK tension gating, a framework for exploring the role of mechanosensitive K+ channels at nodes of Ranvier, and biophysical context for developing ultrasound as a mechanical stimulation technique for neuromodulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sorum, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Docter, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panico, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rietmeijer, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brohawn, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.11.523644</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pressure and ultrasound activate mechanosensitive TRAAK K+ channels through increased membrane tension]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.11.523662v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Selection of optimal cell lines for high-content phenotypic screening 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.11.523662v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High-content microscopy offers a scalable approach to screen against multiple targets in a single pass. Prior work has focused on methods to select "optimal" cellular readouts in microscopy screens. However, methods to select optimal cell line models have garnered much less attention. Here, we provide a roadmap for how to select the cell line or lines that are best suited to identify bioactive compounds and their mechanism of action (MOA). We test our approach on compounds targeting cancer-relevant pathways, ranking cell lines in two tasks: detecting compound activity ("phenoactivity") and grouping compounds with similar MOA by similar phenotype ("phenosimilarity"). Evaluating six cell lines across 3214 well-annotated compounds, we show that optimal cell line selection depends on both the task of interest (e.g. detecting phenoactivity vs. inferring phenosimilarity) and distribution of MOAs within the compound library. Given a task of interest and set of compounds, we provide a systematic framework for choosing optimal cell line(s). Our framework can be used to reduce the number of cell lines required to identify hits within a compound library and help accelerate the pace of early drug discovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Heinrich, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumbier, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altschuler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.11.523662</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Selection of optimal cell lines for high-content phenotypic screening]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.11.523675v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phenotypic and genotypic adaptation of E. coli to thermal stress is contingent on genetic background 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.11.523675v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Evolution can be contingent on history, but we do not yet have a clear understanding of the processes and dynamics that govern contingency. Here we performed the second phase of a two-phase evolution experiment to investigate features of contingency. The first phase of the experiment was based on Escherichia coli clones that had evolved population at the stressful temperature of 42.2{degrees}C. The Phase 1 lines generally evolved through two adaptive pathways: mutations of rpoB, which encodes the beta subunit of RNA polymerase, or through rho, a transcriptional terminator. We hypothesized that epistatic interactions within the two pathways constrained their future adaptative potential, thus affecting patterns of historical contingency. Using 10 different E. coli Founders representing both adaptive pathways, we performed a second phase of evolution at 19.0{degrees}C to investigate how prior genetic divergence or adaptive history (rpoB vs. rho) may affect the likelihood of parallel responses and evolutionary outcomes. We found that phenotype, as measured by relative fitness, was contingent on founder genotypes and pathways. This finding extended to genotypes, because E. coli from different Phase 1 histories evolved by adaptive mutations in distinct sets of genes. Our results suggest that evolution depends critically on genetic history, likely due to idiosyncratic epistatic interactions within and between evolutionary modules.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Batarseh, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batarseh, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Verdugo, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaut, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.11.523675</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phenotypic and genotypic adaptation of E. coli to thermal stress is contingent on genetic background]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.12.523861v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High intraspecies allelic diversity in Arabidopsis NLR immune receptors is associated with higher transcription, gene body hypomethylation, and proximity to transposable elements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.12.523861v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plants rely on Nucleotide-binding, Leucine-rich repeat Receptors (NLRs) for pathogen recognition. Highly variable NLRs (hvNLRs) show remarkable intraspecies diversity, while their low variability paralogs (non-hvNLRs) are conserved between ecotypes. At a population level, hvNLRs provide new pathogen recognition specificities, but the association between allelic diversity and genomic and epigenomic features has not been established. Our investigation of NLRs in Arabidopsis Col-0 has revealed that hvNLRs show higher expression, less gene body cytosine methylation, and closer proximity to transposable elements than non-hvNLRs. hvNLRs show elevated synonymous and nonsynonymous nucleotide diversity and are in chromatin states associated with an increased probability of mutation. Diversifying selection maintains variability at a subset of codons of hvNLRs, while purifying selection maintains conservation at non-hvNLRs. How these features are established and maintained, and whether they contribute to the observed diversity of hvNLRs is key to understanding the evolution of plant innate immune receptors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sutherland, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prigozhin, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monroe, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krasileva, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.12.523861</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High intraspecies allelic diversity in Arabidopsis NLR immune receptors is associated with higher transcription, gene body hypomethylation, and proximity to transposable elements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.13.523987v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Draft Genome Sequence of  Pedococcus  sp. Strain 5OH_020 Isolated from California Grassland Soil 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.13.523987v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The draft genome sequence of the soil bacterium Pedococcus sp. 5OH_020, isolated on a natural vitamin B12 analog, contains 4.4 Mbp with 4,108 protein-coding genes. Its genome encodes B12-dependent enzymes including methionine synthase and class II ribonucleotide reductase. Taxonomic analysis suggests it is a novel species within the genus Pedococcus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Green, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez-Aponte, Z. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trotter, V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taga, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.13.523987</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Draft Genome Sequence of  Pedococcus  sp. Strain 5OH_020 Isolated from California Grassland Soil]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.12.523777v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanistic insights into robust cardiac IKs potassium channel activation by aromatic polyunsaturated fatty acid analogues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.12.523777v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Voltage-gated potassium (KV) channels are important regulators of cellular excitability and control action potential repolarization in the heart and brain. KV channel mutations lead to disordered cellular excitability. Loss-of-function mutations, for example, result in membrane hyperexcitability, a characteristic of epilepsy and cardiac arrhythmias. Interventions intended to restore KV channel function have strong therapeutic potential in such disorders. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and PUFA analogues comprise a class of KV channel activators with potential applications in the treatment of arrhythmogenic disorders such as Long QT Syndrome (LQTS). LQTS is caused by a loss-of-function of the cardiac IKs channel - a tetrameric potassium channel complex formed by KV7.1 and associated KCNE1 protein subunits. We have discovered a set of aromatic PUFA analogues that produce robust activation of the cardiac IKs channel and a unique feature of these PUFA analogues is an aromatic, tyrosine head group. We determine the mechanisms through which tyrosine PUFA analogues exert strong activating effects on the IKs channel by generating modified aromatic head groups designed to probe cation-pi interactions, hydrogen bonding, and ionic interactions. We found that tyrosine PUFA analogues do not activate the IKs channel through cation-pi interactions, but instead do so through a combination of hydrogen bonding and ionic interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bohannon, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jowais, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nyberg, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liin, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larsson, H. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.12.523777</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanistic insights into robust cardiac IKs potassium channel activation by aromatic polyunsaturated fatty acid analogues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.16.524343v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ribosome rescue factor PELOTA modulates translation start site choice and protein isoform levels of transcription factor C/EBPα 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.16.524343v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Translation initiation at alternative start sites can dynamically control the synthesis of two or more functionally distinct protein isoforms from a single mRNA. Alternate isoforms of the hematopoietic transcription factor CCAAT-enhancer binding protein  (C/EBP) produced from different start sites exert opposing effects during myeloid cell development. This alternative initiation depends on sequence features of the CEBPA transcript, including a regulatory upstream open reading frame (uORF), but the molecular basis is not fully understood. Here we identify trans-acting factors that affect C/EBP isoform choice using a sensitive and quantitative two-color fluorescence reporter coupled with CRISPRi screening. Our screen uncovered a role for the ribosome rescue factor PELOTA (PELO) in promoting expression of the longer C/EBP isoform, by directly removing inhibitory unrecycled ribosomes and through indirect effects mediated by the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase. Our work provides further mechanistic insights into coupling between ribosome recycling and translation reinitiation in regulation of a key transcription factor, with implications for normal hematopoiesis and leukemiagenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingolia, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.16.524343</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ribosome rescue factor PELOTA modulates translation start site choice and protein isoform levels of transcription factor C/EBPα]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.15.524102v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cultivation of Ulva sp. offshore the Eastern Mediterranean Sea in experimental bioreactors: seasonal growth dynamics and environmental effects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.15.524102v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Offshore macroalgae production could provide an alternative source of biomass for food, materials and energy. However, the offshore environment in general, and specifically the Eastern Mediterranean Sea (EMS) offshore, is a high energy and low nutrients environment and thus is challenging for macroalgae farming. This study aims to understand the effects of season, depth, and fertilization duration on growth rates and chemical composition in offshore Ulva biomass production and develop a predictive model suitable to offshore conditions. We hypothesize that offshore Ulva growth rates and chemical composition will follow a seasonal trend and that applying rapid onshore fertilization could refill nutrient storages and enable continuous offshore cultivation. We test this hypothesis by measuring Ulva biomass and internal nitrogen in offshore experiments in the nitrogen-poor EMS a few kilometers offshore the Israeli coast. We construct a predictive cultivation model to estimate N concentrations in the sea during experiments. This study demonstrates the feasibility of growing Ulva sp. offshore the EMS with an onshore nutrient supply and develops a better understanding of seasonal growth dynamics and environmental effects (nitrogen, waves, depth, etc.). Furthermore, the study showcases the applicability of the macroalgae cultivation model in the offshore environment and its potential contribution throughout the whole lifecycle of seaweed cultivation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zollmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liberzon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palatnik, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zilberman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.15.524102</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cultivation of Ulva sp. offshore the Eastern Mediterranean Sea in experimental bioreactors: seasonal growth dynamics and environmental effects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.17.524320v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adaptive optical two-photon fluorescence microscopy probes cellular organization of ocular lenses in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.17.524320v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mammalian ocular lens is an avascular multicellular organ that grows continuously throughout life. Traditionally, its cellular organization is investigated using dissected lenses, which eliminates in vivo environmental and structural support. Here, we demonstrated that two-photon fluorescence microscopy (2PFM) can visualize lens cells in vivo. To maintain subcellular resolution at depth, we employed adaptive optics (AO) to correct aberrations due to ocular and lens tissues, which led to substantial signal and resolution improvements. Imaging lens cells up to 980 m deep, we observed novel cellular organizations including suture-associated voids, enlarged vacuoles, and large cavities, contrary to the conventional view of a highly ordered organization. We tracked these features longitudinally over weeks and observed the incorporation of new cells during growth. Taken together, non-invasive longitudinal in vivo imaging of lens morphology using AO 2PFM will allow us to directly observe the development or alterations of lens cellular organization in living animals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paidi, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, C.-h.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.17.524320</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adaptive optical two-photon fluorescence microscopy probes cellular organization of ocular lenses in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.17.524442v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The evolution of the gliotoxin biosynthetic gene cluster in Penicillium fungi 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.17.524442v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fungi biosynthesize a diversity of secondary metabolites, small organic bioactive molecules that play diverse roles in fungal ecology. Fungal secondary metabolites are often encoded by physically clustered sets of genes known as biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs). Fungi in the genus Penicillium produce diverse secondary metabolites that have been both useful (e.g., the antibiotic penicillin and the cholesterol-lowering drug mevastatin) and harmful (e.g., the mycotoxin patulin and the immunosuppressant gliotoxin) to human affairs. BGCs often also encode resistance genes that confer self-protection to the secondary metabolite-producing fungus. Some Penicillium species, such as Penicillium lilacinoechinulatum and Penicillium decumbens, are known to produce gliotoxin, a secondary metabolite with known immunosuppressant activity; however, an evolutionary characterization of the BGC responsible for gliotoxin biosynthesis among Penicillium species is lacking. Here, we examine the conservation of genes involved in gliotoxin biosynthesis and resistance in 35 Penicillium genomes from 23 species. We found homologous, less fragmented gliotoxin BGCs in 12 genomes, mostly fragmented remnants of the gliotoxin BGC in 21 genomes, whereas the remaining two Penicillium genomes lacked the gliotoxin BGC altogether. In contrast, we observed broad conservation of homologs of resistance genes that reside outside the BGC across Penicillium genomes. Evolutionary rate analysis revealed that BGCs with higher numbers of genes evolve slower than BGCs with few genes. Even though the gliotoxin BGC is fragmented to varying degrees in nearly all genomes examined, ancestral state reconstruction suggests that the ancestor of Penicillium species possessed the gliotoxin BGC. Our analyses suggest that genes that are part of BGCs can be retained in genomes long after the loss of secondary metabolite biosynthesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Balamurugan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steenwyk, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.17.524442</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The evolution of the gliotoxin biosynthetic gene cluster in Penicillium fungi]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.17.524454v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifying Neural Signatures of Dopamine Signaling with Machine Learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.17.524454v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The emergence of new tools to image neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, and neuropeptides has transformed our understanding of the role of neurochemistry in brain development and cognition, yet analysis of this new dimension of neurobiological information remains challenging. Here, we image dopamine modulation in striatal brain tissue slices with near infrared catecholamine nanosensors (nIRCat) and implement machine learning to determine which features of dopamine modulation are unique to changes in stimulation strength, and to different neuroanatomical regions. We trained a support vector machine and a random forest classifier to determine whether recordings were made from the dorsolateral striatum (DLS) versus the dorsomedial striatum (DMS) and find that machine learning is able to accurately distinguish dopamine release that occurs in DLS from that occurring in DMS in a manner unachievable with canonical statistical analysis. Furthermore, our analysis determines that dopamine modulatory signals including the number of unique dopamine release sites and peak dopamine released per stimulation event are most predictive of neuroanatomy yet note that integrated neuromodulator amount is the conventional metric currently used to monitor neuromodulation in animal studies. Lastly, our study finds that machine learning discrimination of different stimulation strengths or neuroanatomical regions is only possible in adult animals, suggesting a high degree of variability in dopamine modulatory kinetics during animal development. Our study highlights that machine learning could become a broadly-utilized tool to differentiate between neuroanatomical regions, or between neurotypical and disease states, with features not detectable by conventional statistical analysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sorooshyari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ouassil, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.17.524454</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifying Neural Signatures of Dopamine Signaling with Machine Learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.18.524634v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predictors of sensorimotor adaption: insights from over 100,000 reaches 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.18.524634v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sensorimotor adaptation is essential for keeping our movements well-calibrated in response to changes in the body and environment. For over a century, we have studied sensorimotor adaptation in highly controlled laboratory settings that typically involve small sample sizes. While this approach has proven useful to characterize different learning processes, laboratory studies are typically very underpowered to generate data suited for exploring the myriad of factors that may modulate motor performance. Here, using a citizen science website (testmybrain.org), we collected over 2000 sessions on a visuomotor rotation task. This unique dataset has allowed us to replicate classic motor findings, reconcile controversial findings in the learning and memory literature, and discover novel constraints underlying dissociable implicit and explicit learning processes supporting sensorimotor adaptation. Taken together, this study suggests that large-scale motor learning studies hold enormous potential to advance sensorimotor neuroscience.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tsay, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asmerian, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Germine, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilmer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakayama, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.18.524634</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predictors of sensorimotor adaption: insights from over 100,000 reaches]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.18.524646v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex chromosome evolution in beetles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.18.524646v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Beetles are the most species-rich group of animals and harbor diverse karyotypes. Most species have XY sex chromosomes, but X0 sex determination mechanisms are also common in some groups. We generated a whole-chromosome assembly of a beetle species with a neo-sex chromosome and utilize eleven additional beetle genomes, to reconstruct karyotype evolution across Coleoptera. We identify ancestral linkage groups, termed Stevens elements, that share a conserved set of genes across beetles. While the ancestral X chromosome is maintained across beetles, we find independent additions of autosomes to the ancestral sex chromosomes. These neo-sex chromosomes evolve the stereotypical properties of sex chromosomes, including the evolution of dosage compensation, and a non-random distribution of genes with sex-biased expression. Beetles thus provide a novel model to gain a better understanding of the diverse forces driving sex chromosome evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bracewell, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatla, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bachtrog, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.18.524646</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex chromosome evolution in beetles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.19.524726v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Implicit motor adaptation and perceived hand position without proprioception: A kinesthetic error may be derived from efferent signals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.19.524726v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Implicit sensorimotor adaptation keeps our movements well-calibrated amid changes in the body and environment. We have recently postulated that implicit adaptation is driven by a perceptual error: the difference between the desired and perceived movement outcome. According to this perceptual re-alignment model, implicit adaptation ceases when the perceived movement outcome - a multimodal percept determined by a prior belief conveying the intended action, the motor command, and feedback from proprioception and vision - is aligned with the desired movement outcome. Here, we examined the role of proprioception in implicit motor adaptation and perceived movement outcome by examining individuals who lack proprioception. We used a modified visuomotor rotation task designed to isolate implicit adaptation and probe perceived outcome throughout the experiment. Surprisingly, implicit adaptation and perceived outcome were minimally impacted by deafferentation, posing a challenge to the perceptual re-alignment model of implicit adaptation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tsay, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandy, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chua, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miall, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farne, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarlegna, F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.19.524726</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Implicit motor adaptation and perceived hand position without proprioception: A kinesthetic error may be derived from efferent signals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.19.524821v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interactions between terminal RNA helices affect the stability of the Escherichia coli large ribosomal subunit 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.19.524821v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ribosome is a large ribonucleoprotein assembly that uses diverse and complex molecular interactions to maintain proper folding. In vivo assembled ribosomes have been isolated using MS2-tags installed in either the 16S or 23S ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), to enable studies of ribosome structure and function in vitro. RNA tags in the Escherichia coli 50S subunit have commonly been inserted into an extended helix H98 in 23S rRNA, as this addition does not affect cellular growth or in vitro ribosome activity. Here, we find that E. coli 50S subunits with MS2 tags inserted in H98 are destabilized compared to wild type (WT) 50S subunits. We identify the loss of RNA-RNA tertiary contacts that bridge helices H1, H94, and H98 as the cause of destabilization. Using cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM), we show that this interaction is disrupted by the addition of the MS2 tag and can be restored through the insertion of a single adenosine in the extended H98 helix. This work establishes ways to improve MS2 tags in the 50S subunit that maintain ribosome stability and investigates a complex RNA tertiary structure that may be important for stability in various bacterial ribosomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nissley, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamal, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cate, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.19.524821</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interactions between terminal RNA helices affect the stability of the Escherichia coli large ribosomal subunit]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.19.524770v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid turnover and evolution of sex-determining regions among Sebastes rockfishes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.19.524770v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nature has evolved a wealth of sex determination (SD) mechanisms, driven by both genetic and environmental factors. Recent studies of SD in fishes have shown that not all taxa fit the classic paradigm of sex chromosome evolution and diverse SD methods can be found even among closely related species. Here, we apply a suite of genomic approaches to investigate sex-biased genomic variation in eight species of Sebastes rockfish found in the northeast Pacific Ocean. Using recently assembled chromosome-level rockfish genomes, we leverage published sequence data to identify disparate sex chromosomes and sex-biased loci in five species. We identify two putative male sex chromosomes in S. diaconus, a single putative sex chromosome in the sibling species S. carnatus and S. chrysomelas, and an unplaced sex determining contig in the sibling species S. miniatus and S. crocotulus. Our study provides evidence for disparate means of sex determination within a recently diverged set of species, and sheds light on the diverse origins of sex determination mechanisms present in the animal kingdom.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sykes, N. T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolora, S. R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sudmant, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owens, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.19.524770</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid turnover and evolution of sex-determining regions among Sebastes rockfishes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.20.524947v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fine scale sampling reveals spatial heterogeneity of rhizosphere microbiome in young Brachypodium plants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.20.524947v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For a deeper and comprehensive understanding of the diversity, composition and function of rhizosphere microbiomes, we need to focus at the scale of individual roots in standardized growth containers. Root exudation patterns are known to vary across distinct parts of the root giving rise to spatially distinct microbial niches. To address this, we analyzed microbial community from two spatially distinct zones of the primary root (the tip vs. the base) in Brachypodium distachyon, grown in natural soil using standardized fabricated ecosystems known as EcoFABs as well as in more conventional pot and tubes. 16S rRNA based community analysis showed a stronger rhizosphere effect in the root base vs. bulk soil compared to the root tips vs. bulk soil, resulting in an enrichment of Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria, few OTUs belonging to less characterized lineages such as Verrucomicrobia and Acidobacteria. While the microbial community distributions are similar across growth containers, the EcoFAB displayed higher replicate reproducibility. Genome-resolved and bulk metagenomics revealed that genes associated with transcriptional regulation, transport of nutrients and catabolic enzymes indicating active metabolism, biofilm formation and root colonization were enriched in root tips. On the other hand, genes associated with nutrient-limitation and environmental stress were prominent in the bulk soil compared to the root tips, implying the presence of easily available, labile carbon and nutrients in the rhizosphere relative to bulk soil. Such insights into the relationships between root structure, exudation and microbial communities are critical for developing understanding of plant-microbe interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Acharya, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yee, M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diamond, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andeer, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baig, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aladesanmi, O. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Northen, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.20.524947</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fine scale sampling reveals spatial heterogeneity of rhizosphere microbiome in young Brachypodium plants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.23.522648v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome expansion by a CRISPR trimmer-integrase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.23.522648v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas adaptive immune systems capture DNA fragments from invading mobile genetic elements and integrate them into the host genome to provide a template for RNA-guided immunity. CRISPR systems maintain genome integrity and avoid autoimmunity by distinguishing between self and non-self, a process for which the CRISPR-Cas1:Cas2 integrase is necessary but not sufficient. In some microbes, the Cas4 endonuclease assists CRISPR adaptation, but many CRISPR-Cas systems lack Cas4. We show here that an elegant alternative pathway employs an internal exonuclease to select and process DNA for integration using the protospacer adjacent motif (PAM). A natural Cas1:Cas2-exonuclease fusion (trimmer-integrase) catalyzes coordinated DNA capture, trimming and integration. Five cryo-EM structures of the CRISPR trimmer-integrase, visualized both before and during DNA integration, show how asymmetric processing generates size-defined, PAM-containing substrates. Before genome integration, the PAM sequence is released by Cas1 and cleaved by the exonuclease, marking inserted DNA as self and preventing aberrant CRISPR targeting of the host. Together, these data support a model in which CRISPR systems lacking Cas4 use fused or recruited exonucleases for faithful acquisition of new CRISPR immune sequences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuck, O. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skopintsev, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soczek, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Shayeb, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.23.522648</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome expansion by a CRISPR trimmer-integrase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.24.525427v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Leveraging genomic redundancy to improve inference and alignment of orthologous proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.24.525427v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying protein sequences with common ancestry is a core task in bioinformatics and evolutionary biology. However, methods for inferring and aligning such sequences in annotated genomes have not kept pace with the increasing scale and complexity of the available data. Thus, in this work we implemented several improvements to the traditional methodology that more fully leverage the redundancy of closely related genomes and the organization of their annotations. Two highlights include the application of the more flexible k-clique percolation algorithm for identifying clusters of orthologous proteins and the development of a novel technique for removing poorly supported regions of alignments with a phylogenetic HMM. In making the latter, we also wrote a fully documented Python package Homomorph that implements standard HMM algorithms and created a set of tutorials to promote its use by a wide audience. We applied the resulting pipeline to a set of 33 annotated Drosophila genomes, generating 22,813 orthologous groups and 8,566 high-quality alignments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singleton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.24.525427</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Leveraging genomic redundancy to improve inference and alignment of orthologous proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.25.525395v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Selective recruitment: Evidence for task-dependent gating of inputs to the cerebellum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.25.525395v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
fMRI studies have documented cerebellar activity across a wide array of tasks. However, the functional contribution of the cerebellum within these task domains remains unclear because cerebellar activity is often studied in isolation. This is problematic, as cerebellar fMRI activity may simply reflect the transmission of neocortical activity through fixed connections. Here we present a new approach that addresses this problem. Rather than focus on task-dependent activity changes in the cerebellum alone, we ask if neocortical inputs to the cerebellum are gated in a task-dependent manner. We hypothesize that input is upregulated when the cerebellum functionally contributes to a task. We first validated this approach using a finger movement task, where the integrity of the cerebellum has been shown to be essential for the coordination of rapid alternating movements but not for force generation. While both neocortical and cerebellar activity increased with increasing speed and force, the speed-related changes in the cerebellum were larger than predicted by an optimized cortico-cerebellar connectivity model. We then applied the same approach in a cognitive domain, assessing how the cerebellum supports working memory. Enhanced gating was associated with the encoding of items in working memory, but not with the manipulation or retrieval of the items. Focusing on task-dependent gating of neocortical inputs to the cerebellum offers a promising approach for using fMRI to understand the specific contributions of the cerebellum to cognitive function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shahshahani, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nettekoven, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diedrichsen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.25.525395</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Selective recruitment: Evidence for task-dependent gating of inputs to the cerebellum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.25.525534v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aminobenzoic acid derivatives obstruct induced fit in the catalytic center of the ribosome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.25.525534v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Escherichia coli ribosome can incorporate a variety of non-O_SCPLOWLC_SCPLOW--amino acid monomers into polypeptide chains, but with poor efficiency. Although these monomers span a diverse set of compounds, there exists no high-resolution structural information regarding their positioning within the catalytic center of the ribosome, the peptidyl transferase center (PTC). Thus, details regarding the mechanism of amide bond formation and the structural basis for differences and defects in incorporation efficiency remain unknown. Within a set of three aminobenzoic acid derivatives-3-aminopyridine-4-carboxylic acid (Apy), ortho-aminobenzoic acid (oABZ), and meta-aminobenzoic acid (mABZ)-the ribosome incorporates Apy into polypeptide chains with the highest efficiency, followed by oABZ and then mABZ, a trend that does not track with the nucleophilicity of the reactive amines. Here, we report high resolution cryo-EM structures of the ribosome with these three aminobenzoic acid derivatives charged on tRNA bound in the aminoacyl-tRNA site (A site). These structures reveal how the aromatic ring of each monomer sterically blocks positioning of nucleotide U2506, thereby preventing rearrangement of nucleotide U2585 and the resulting induced fit in the PTC required for efficient amide bond formation. They also reveal disruptions to the "proton wire" responsible for facilitating formation and breakdown of the tetrahedral intermediate. Together, the cryo-EM structures reported here provide a clear rationale for differences in reactivity of aminobenzoic acid derivatives relative to O_SCPLOWLC_SCPLOW--amino acids and each other, and point to stereochemical constraints on the size and geometry of non-proteinogenic monomers that can be accepted efficiently by wild-type ribosomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Majumdar, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francis, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schepartz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cate, J. H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.25.525534</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aminobenzoic acid derivatives obstruct induced fit in the catalytic center of the ribosome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.26.525579v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-molecule displacement mapping indicates unhindered intracellular diffusion of small (<~1 kDa) solutes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.26.525579v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While fundamentally important, the intracellular diffusion of small (<~1 kDa) solutes has been difficult to elucidate due to challenges in both labeling and measurement. Here we quantify and spatially map the translational diffusion patterns of small solutes in mammalian cells by integrating several recent advances. In particular, by executing tandem stroboscopic illumination pulses down to 400-s separation, we extend single-molecule displacement/diffusivity mapping (SMdM), a super-resolution diffusion quantification tool, to small solutes with high diffusion coefficients D of >300 m2/s. We thus show that for multiple water-soluble dyes and dye-tagged nucleotides, intracellular diffusion is dominated by vast regions of high diffusivity ~60-70% of that in vitro, up to ~250 m2/s in the fastest cases. Meanwhile, we also visualize sub-micrometer foci of substantial slowdowns in diffusion, thus underscoring the importance of spatially resolving the local diffusion behavior. Together, these results suggest that the intracellular diffusion of small solutes is only modestly scaled down by the slightly higher viscosity of the cytosol over water, but otherwise not further hindered by macromolecular crowding. We thus lift a paradoxically low speed limit for intracellular diffusion suggested by previous experiments.

Abstract Graphic O_FIG_DISPLAY_L [Figure 1] M_FIG_DISPLAY C_FIG_DISPLAY
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choi, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.26.525579</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-molecule displacement mapping indicates unhindered intracellular diffusion of small (<~1 kDa) solutes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.26.525611v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-molecule displacement mapping unveils sign-asymmetric protein charge effects on intraorganellar diffusion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.26.525611v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Using single-molecule displacement/diffusivity mapping (SMdM), an emerging super-resolution microscopy method, here we quantify, at nanoscale resolution, the diffusion of a typical fluorescent protein (FP) in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondrion of living mammalian cells. We thus show that the diffusion coefficients D in both organelles are ~40% of that in the cytoplasm, with the latter exhibiting higher spatial inhomogeneities. Moreover, we unveil that diffusions in the ER lumen and the mitochondrial matrix are markedly impeded when the FP is given positive, but not negative, net charges. Calculation shows most intraorganellar proteins as negatively charged, thus a mechanism to impede the diffusion of positively charged proteins. However, we further identify the ER protein PPIB as an exception with a positive net charge, and experimentally show that the removal of this positive charge elevates its intra-ER diffusivity. We thus unveil a sign-asymmetric protein charge effect on the nanoscale intraorganellar diffusion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xiang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.26.525611</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-molecule displacement mapping unveils sign-asymmetric protein charge effects on intraorganellar diffusion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.26.525769v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multimodal models of animal sex: breaking binaries leads to a better understanding of ecology and evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.26.525769v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sex is often used to describe a suite of phenotypic and genotypic traits of an organism related to reproduction. However, these traits - gamete type, chromosomal inheritance, physiology, morphology, behavior, etc. - are not necessarily coupled, and the rhetorical collapse of variation into a single term elides much of the complexity inherent in sexual phenotypes. We argue that consideration of  sex as a constructed category operating at multiple biological levels opens up new avenues for inquiry in our study of biological variation. We apply this framework to three case studies that illustrate the diversity of sex variation, from decoupling sexual phenotypes to the evolutionary and ecological consequences of intrasexual polymorphisms. We argue that instead of assuming binary sex in these systems, some may be better categorized as multivariate and nonbinary. Finally, we conduct a meta-analysis of terms used to describe diversity in sexual phenotypes in the scientific literature to highlight how a multivariate model of sex can clarify, rather than cloud, studies of sexual diversity within and across species. We argue that such an expanded framework of  sex better equips us to understand evolutionary processes, and that as biologists it is incumbent upon us to push back against misunderstandings of the biology of sexual phenotypes that enact harm on marginalized communities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McLaughlin, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brock, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gates, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pethkar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piattoni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipshutz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.26.525769</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multimodal models of animal sex: breaking binaries leads to a better understanding of ecology and evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.27.524772v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vitamin interdependencies predicted by metagenomics-informed network analyses validated in microbial community microcosms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.27.524772v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial communities are fundamental components of most ecosystems but little is known about the interactions that structure them. Metagenomic data have revolutionized our understanding of complex consortia, yet predicted interactions are rarely explored experimentally. We developed an organism abundance correlation network to investigate factors that control community organization in soil-derived laboratory microbial consortia grown under dozens of conditions. The network was overlaid with metagenomic information about functional capacities to generate testable hypotheses. We developed a metric to predict the importance of each node within its local network environments relative to correlated vitamin auxotrophs and predicted that a Variovorax species is a hub because it is a highly important source of thiamine. Quantification of thiamine during the growth of Variovorax in minimal media conditions showed extraordinarily high levels of production of thiamine, up to 100 mg/L. This over-production of thiamine explains why the auxotrophs correlated with Variovorax are reliant on this organism for thiamine, despite the presence of other predicted thiamine producers in the community. A few of these thiamine auxotrophs are predicted to produce pantothenate that we show that Variovorax requires to grow, implying that a subset of vitamin-dependent interactions are mutualistic. We found that Cryptococcus produces the B-vitamin pantothenate, and co-cultures led to a 90-130-fold fitness increase for both Cryptococcus and Variovorax. This study demonstrates the predictive power of metagenome-informed, microbial consortia-based network analyses for identifying microbial interactions that underpin the structure and functioning of microbial communities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hessler, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huddy, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachdeva, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lei, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, S. T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diamond, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.27.524772</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vitamin interdependencies predicted by metagenomics-informed network analyses validated in microbial community microcosms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.27.525930v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure and dynamics of the essential endogenous mycobacterial polyketide synthasePks13 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.27.525930v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is currently the leading cause of death by any bacterial infection1. The mycolic acid layer of the cell wall is essential for viability and virulence, and the enzymes responsible for its synthesis are therefore front line targets for antimycobacterial drug development2,3. Polyketide synthase 13 (Pks13) is a module comprised of a closely symmetric parallel dimer of chains, each encoding several enzymatic and transport functions, that carries out the condensation of two different very long chain fatty acids to produce mycolic acids that are essential components of the mycobacterial cell wall. Consequently individual enzymatic domains of Pks13 are targets for antimycobacterial drug development4. To understand this machinery, we sought to determine the structure and domain trajectories of the dimeric multi-enzyme Pks13, a 2x198,426 Dalton complex, from protein purified endogenously from mycobacteria under normal growth conditions, to capture it with normal substrates bound trapped  in action.

Structures of the multi-domain assembly revealed by cryogenic electron microscopy (cryoEM) define the ketosynthase (KS), linker, and acyltransferase (AT) domains, each at atomic resolution (1.8[A]), with bound substrates defined at 2.4[A] and 2.9[A] resolution. Image classification reveals two distinct structures with alternate locations of the N-terminal acyl carrier protein (termed ACP1a, ACP1b) seen at 3.6[A] and 4.6[A] resolution respectively. These two structures suggest plausible intermediate states, related by a ~60[A] movement of ACP1, on the pathway for substrate delivery from the fatty acyl-ACP ligase (FadD32) to the ketosynthase domain. The linking sequence between ACP1 and the KS includes an 11 amino acid sequence with 6 negatively charged side chains that lies in different positively charged grooves on the KS in ACP1a versus ACP1b structures. This charge complementarity between the extended chain and the grooves suggests some stabilization of these two distinct orientations. Other domains are visible at lower resolution and indicate flexibility relative to the KS-AT core. The chemical structures of three bound endogenous long chain fatty acid substrates with their proximal regions defined in the structures were determined by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.

The domain proximities were probed by chemical cross-linking and identified by mass spectrometry. These were incorporated into integrative structure modeling to define multiple domain configurations that transport the very long fatty acid chains throughout the multistep Pks13 mediated synthetic pathway.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickinson, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finer-Moore, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaake, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Echeverria, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pulido, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krogan, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, O. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stroud, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.27.525930</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure and dynamics of the essential endogenous mycobacterial polyketide synthasePks13]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.27.525985v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural characterization of HIV-1 Env heterotrimers bound to one or two CD4 receptors reveals intermediate Env conformations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.27.525985v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
HIV-1 envelope (Env) exhibits distinct conformational changes in response to host receptor (CD4) engagement. Env, a trimer of gp120/gp41 heterodimers, has been structurally characterized in a closed, prefusion conformation with closely associated gp120s and coreceptor binding sites on gp120 V3 hidden by V1V2 loops, and in fully-saturated CD4-bound open Env conformations with changes including outwardly rotated gp120s and displaced V1V2 loops. To investigate changes resulting from sub-stoichiometric CD4 binding, we solved 3.4[A] and 3.9[A] single-particle cryo-EM structures of soluble, native-like Envs bound to one or two CD4 molecules. Env trimer bound to one CD4 adopted the closed, prefusion Env state. When bound to two CD4s, the CD4-bound gp120s exhibited an open Env conformation including a four-stranded gp120 bridging sheet and displaced gp120 V1V2 loops that expose the coreceptor sites on V3. The third gp120 adopted an intermediate, occluded-open state that included gp120 outward rotation but maintained the prefusion, three-stranded gp120 bridging sheet and showed only partial V1V2 displacement and V3 exposure. We conclude that engagement of one CD4 molecule was insufficient to stimulate CD4-induced conformational changes, while binding two CD4 molecules led to Env opening in CD4-bound protomers only. Together, these results illuminate HIV-1 Env intermediate conformations and illustrate the structural plasticity of HIV-1 Env.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dam, K.-M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjorkman, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.27.525985</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural characterization of HIV-1 Env heterotrimers bound to one or two CD4 receptors reveals intermediate Env conformations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.27.525949v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Perturbation Variability Does Not Influence Implicit Sensorimotor Adaptation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.27.525949v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cerebellar-dependent implicit adaptation has been regarded as a rigid process that automatically operates in response to movement errors in order to keep the sensorimotor system calibrated. This hypothesis has been challenged by recent evidence suggesting flexibility in this learning process. One compelling line of evidence comes from work suggesting that this form of learning is context-dependent, with the rate of learning modulated by error history. Specifically, learning was attenuated in the presence of perturbations exhibiting high variance compared to when the perturbation is fixed. However, these findings are confounded by the fact that the adaptation system corrects for errors of different magnitudes in a non-linear manner, with the adaptive response increasing in a proportional manner to small errors and saturating to large errors. Through simulations, we show that this non-linear motor correction function is sufficient to explain the effect of perturbation variance without referring to an experience-dependent change in error sensitivity. Moreover, by controlling the distribution of errors experienced during training, we provide empirical evidence showing that there is no measurable effect of perturbation variance on implicit adaptation. As such, we argue that the evidence to date remains consistent with the rigidity assumption.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avraham, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsay, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abram, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.27.525949</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Perturbation Variability Does Not Influence Implicit Sensorimotor Adaptation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.29.526158v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The viral packaging motor potentiates late gene expression in Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.29.526158v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
{beta}- and {gamma}-herpesviruses transcribe their late genes in a manner distinct from host transcription. This process is directed by a complex of viral transcriptional activator proteins that hijack cellular RNA polymerase II and an unknown set of additional factors. We employed proximity labeling coupled with mass spectrometry, followed by CRISPR and siRNA screening to identify proteins functionally associated with the Kaposis sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) late gene transcriptional complex. These data revealed that the catalytic subunit of the viral DNA packaging motor, ORF29, is both dynamically associated with the viral transcriptional activator complex and potentiates late gene expression. Through genetic mutation and deletion of ORF29, we establish that its catalytic activity potentiates viral transcription and is required for robust accumulation of essential late proteins during infection. Thus, we propose an expanded role for ORF29 that encompasses its established function in viral packaging and its newly discovered contributions to viral transcription and late gene expression in KSHV.

Author summary{beta}- and {gamma}-herpesviruses express a class of genes essential for completion of the viral life cycle late during infection. A specialized complex of viral transcriptional activator proteins drives expression of these late genes in a manner dependent on viral genome replication, although the mechanisms and regulation of this process are largely unknown. Here, we identified factors that physically and functionally associate with the late gene transcription complex and unexpectedly found that the viral DNA packaging motor in Kaposis sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) contributes to late gene expression. We show that the catalytic activity of this protein is not only required for genomic packaging but also for the robust expression of late genes to ensure the successful production of progeny virions. Thus, late gene transcription is mechanistically linked to the conserved processes of viral genome replication and packaging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McCollum, C. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Didychuk, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray-Nerger, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christea, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaunsinger, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.29.526158</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The viral packaging motor potentiates late gene expression in Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.31.526474v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A modular plasmid toolkit applied in marine Proteobacteria reveals functional insights during bacteria-stimulated metamorphosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.31.526474v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A conspicuous roadblock to studying marine bacteria for fundamental research and biotechnology is a lack of modular synthetic biology tools for their genetic manipulation. Here, we applied, and generated new parts for, a modular plasmid toolkit to study marine bacteria in the context of symbioses and host-microbe interactions. To demonstrate the utility of this plasmid system, we genetically manipulated the marine bacterium Pseudoalteromonas luteoviolacea, which stimulates the metamorphosis of the model tubeworm, Hydroides elegans. Using these tools, we quantified constitutive and native promoter expression, developed reporter strains that enable the imaging of host-bacteria interactions, and used CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) to knock down a secondary metabolite and a host-associated gene. We demonstrate the broader utility of this modular system for rapidly creating and iteratively testing genetic tractability by modifying marine bacteria that are known to be associated with diverse host-microbe symbioses. These efforts enabled the successful transformation of twelve marine strains across two Proteobacteria classes, four orders and ten genera. Altogether, the present study demonstrates how synthetic biology strategies enable the investigation of marine microbes and marine host-microbe symbioses with broader implications for environmental restoration and biotechnology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alker, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aspiras, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunbar, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrell, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedoriouk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikhail, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salcedo, G. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shikuma, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.31.526474</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A modular plasmid toolkit applied in marine Proteobacteria reveals functional insights during bacteria-stimulated metamorphosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.01.526391v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Isolating objective and subjective filling-in using the Drift Diffusion Model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.01.526391v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial context is known to influence the behavioral sensitivity (d) and the decision criterion (c) for detection of low-contrast targets. Of interest here is the effect on the decision criterion. Polat and Sagi (2007) demonstrated that for a Gabor target positioned between two similar co-aligned high contrast flankers, observers reports of seeing the target (Hit and False-Alarm) decreased with increasing target-flankers distance. This effect was more pronounced when distance was randomized within testing blocks compared to when it was fixed. According to Signal-Detection-Theory (SDT), the latter result suggests that the decision-criterion is adjusted to a specific, distance-dependent combination of signal (S) and Noise (N) when the S and N statistics are fixed, but not when they vary across trials. However, SDT cannot differentiate between changes in the decision-bias (criterion-shift) and changes introduced by variations in S and N (signal-shift). To circumvent this limitation of SDT, we analyze reaction-time data (RT) within the framework of the Drift-Diffusion-Model (DDM). We performed an RT analysis of target-flanker interactions using data from Polat & Sagi (2007) and Zomet et al. (2008; 2016). The analysis revealed a stronger dependence on flankers for faster RTs and a weaker dependence for slower RTs. The results are explained by DDM, where an evidence accumulation process depends on the flankers via a change in the rate of the evidence (signal-shift), and on observers prior via a change in the starting point (criterion-shift), leading to RT-independent and RT-dependent effects, respectively. The RT-independent distance-dependent response-bias is attributed to the observers inability to learn multiple internal distributions required to accommodate the distance-dependent effects of the flankers on both the Signal and Noise.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dekel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sagi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zomet, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levi, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polat, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.01.526391</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Isolating objective and subjective filling-in using the Drift Diffusion Model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.01.526664v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large-scale brain-wide neural recording in nonhuman primates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.01.526664v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High-density, integrated silicon electrodes have begun to transform systems neuroscience, by enabling large-scale neural population recordings with single cell resolution. Existing technologies, however, have provided limited functionality in nonhuman primate species such as macaques, which offer close models of human cognition and behavior. Here, we report the design, fabrication, and performance of Neuropixels 1.0-NHP, a high channel count linear electrode array designed to enable large-scale simultaneous recording in superficial and deep structures within the macaque or other large animal brain. These devices were fabricated in two versions: 4416 electrodes along a 45 mm shank, and 2496 along a 25 mm shank. For both versions, users can programmatically select 384 channels, enabling simultaneous multi-area recording with a single probe. We demonstrate recording from over 3000 single neurons within a session, and simultaneous recordings from over 1000 neurons using multiple probes. This technology represents a significant increase in recording access and scalability relative to existing technologies, and enables new classes of experiments involving fine-grained electrophysiological characterization of brain areas, functional connectivity between cells, and simultaneous brain-wide recording at scale.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Trautmann, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hesse, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stine, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shude Zhu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Shea, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karsh, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colonell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanfranchi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vyas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimnik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinemann, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagenaar, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrei, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mora Lopez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>OCallaghan, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Putzeys, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raducanu, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welkenhuysen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Churchland, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadlen, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shenoy, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsao, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutta, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.01.526664</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large-scale brain-wide neural recording in nonhuman primates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.01.526676v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adipocyte lipin 1 is positively associated with metabolic health in humans and regulates systemic metabolism in mice. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.01.526676v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dysfunctional adipose tissue is believed to promote the development of hepatic steatosis and systemic insulin resistance, but many of the mechanisms involved are still unclear. Lipin 1 catalyzes the conversion of phosphatidic acid to diacylglycerol (DAG), the penultimate step of triglyceride synthesis, which is essential for lipid storage. Herein we found that adipose tissue LPIN1 expression is decreased in people with obesity compared to lean subjects and low LPIN1 expression correlated with multi-tissue insulin resistance and increased rates of hepatic de novo lipogenesis. Comprehensive metabolic and multi-omic phenotyping demonstrated that adipocyte-specific Lpin1-/- mice had a metabolically-unhealthy phenotype, including liver and skeletal muscle insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis, increased hepatic de novo lipogenesis, and transcriptomic signatures of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis that was exacerbated by high-fat diets. We conclude that adipocyte lipin 1-mediated lipid storage is vital for preserving adipose tissue and systemic metabolic health and its loss predisposes mice to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>LaPoint, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singer, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shew, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>RenKemeyer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palacios, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Field, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shankaran, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, G. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshino, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patti, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hellerstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brestoff, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finck, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lutkewitte, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.01.526676</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adipocyte lipin 1 is positively associated with metabolic health in humans and regulates systemic metabolism in mice.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.01.526716v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
McrD binds asymmetrically to methyl-coenzyme M reductase improving active site accessibility during assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.01.526716v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Methyl-coenzyme M reductase (MCR) catalyzes the formation of methane and its activity accounts for nearly all biologically produced methane released into the atmosphere. The assembly of MCR is an intricate process involving the installation of a complex set of post-translational modifications and the unique Ni porphyrin cofactor F430. Despite decades of research, details of MCR assembly remain largely unresolved. Here, we report the structural characterization of MCR in two intermediate states of assembly. These intermediate states lack one or both F430 cofactors and form complexes with the previously uncharacterized McrD protein. McrD is found to bind asymmetrically to MCR, displacing large regions of the alpha subunit and increasing active site accessibility for the installation of F430--shedding light on the assembly of MCR and the role of McrD therein. This work offers crucial information for the expression of MCR in a heterologous host and provides new targets for the design of MCR inhibitors.

One-sentence summaryStructural characterization of methyl-coenzyme M reductase assembly intermediates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chadwick, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joiner, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramesh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nayak, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.01.526716</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[McrD binds asymmetrically to methyl-coenzyme M reductase improving active site accessibility during assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.01.526718v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Streamlined and sensitive mono- and diribosome profiling in yeast and human cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.01.526718v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ribosome profiling has unveiled diverse regulations and perturbations of translation through a transcriptome-wide survey of ribosome occupancy, read out by sequencing of ribosome-protected mRNA fragments. Generation of ribosome footprints and their conversion into sequencing libraries is technically demanding and sensitive to biases that distort the representation of physiological ribosome occupancy. We address these challenges by producing ribosome footprints with P1 nuclease rather than RNase I and replacing RNA ligation with Ordered Two-Template Relay, a single-tube protocol for sequencing library preparation that incorporates adapters by reverse transcription. Our streamlined approach reduced sequence bias and enhanced enrichment of ribosome footprints relative to ribosomal RNA. Furthermore, P1 nuclease preserved a myriad of distinct juxtaposed ribosome complexes informative about yeast and human ribosome fates during translation initiation, stalling, and termination. Our optimized methods for mRNA footprint generation and capture provides a richer translatome profile using lower input and fewer technical challenges.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upton, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pimentel, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mok, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lareau, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingolia, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.01.526718</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Streamlined and sensitive mono- and diribosome profiling in yeast and human cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.02.526920v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Force transmission and SUN-KASH higher-order assembly in the LINC complex models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.02.526920v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The linker of the nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton (LINC) complex comprises SUN (Sad-1 and UNC-84) and KASH (Klarsicht, ANC-1, SYNE homology) domain proteins, whose conserved interactions provide a physical coupling between the cytoskeleton and the nucleoskeleton, thereby mediating the transfer of physical forces across the nuclear envelope. The LINC complex can perform distinct cellular functions by pairing various KASH domain proteins with the same SUN domain protein. Recent studies have suggested a higher-order assembly of SUN and KASH instead of a more widely accepted linear trimer model for the LINC complex. In the present study, we use molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the mechanism of force transfer across the two proposed models of LINC complex assembly, namely the 3:3 linear trimer model and the 6:6 higher-order model. Employing steered molecular dynamics simulations with various structures using forces at different rates and directions, we examine the structural stability of the two models under various biologically relevant conditions. Our results suggest that both models can withstand and transfer significant levels of force while retaining their structural integrity. However, the force response of various SUN KASH assemblies depended on the force direction and pulling rates. Slower pulling rates resulted in higher mean square fluctuations of the 3:3 assembly compared to the fast pulling. Interestingly, the 6:6 assembly tends to provide an additional range of motion flexibility and might be more suitable for describing the interaction between SUN and KASH under compressive and shear forces. These findings offer insights into how the SUN and KASH proteins maintain the structural integrity of the nuclear membrane.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yerima, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domkam, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ornowski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahed, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mofrad, M. R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.02.526920</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Force transmission and SUN-KASH higher-order assembly in the LINC complex models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.03.527044v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The gag-like gene RTL8 antagonizes PEG10-mediated virus like particles in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.03.527044v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PEG10 is a retroelement-derived Mart-family gene that is necessary for placentation and has been implicated in neurological disease. PEG10 resembles both retrotransposon and retroviral proteins and forms virus-like particles (VLPs) that can be purified using iodixanol ultracentrifugation. It is hypothesized that formation of VLPs is crucial to the biological roles of PEG10 in reproduction and neurological health. Here, we describe the regulation of PEG10 VLP formation and release in human cells with a role for the related Mart gene RTL8. RTL8 resembles a truncated form of PEG10 that shares homology with the N-terminal gag-like capsid domain. Alone, RTL8 is unable to form VLPs, but was incorporated into PEG10-derived particles. RTL8 co-expression decreased the abundance of PEG10 VLPs and increased intracellular levels of PEG10, suggesting a model where RTL8 inhibits PEG10 VLP formation or release. Consistent with this model, RTL8 bound to the N-terminal domain of PEG10 capsid, and modulation of RTL8 influenced PEG10-derived VLP abundance in naturally producing cells. RTL8 is broadly expressed in many of the same tissues as PEG10, including in human brain. Taken together, these results describe a novel antagonistic relationship between two human retroelement-derived genes and have implications for our understanding of PEG10 biology and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Campodonico, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Black, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiteley, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.03.527044</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The gag-like gene RTL8 antagonizes PEG10-mediated virus like particles in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.06.527223v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sulcal morphology of posteromedial cortex substantially differs between humans and chimpanzees 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.06.527223v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent studies identify a surprising coupling between evolutionarily new sulci and the functional organization of human posteromedial cortex (PMC). Yet, no study has compared this modern PMC sulcal patterning between humans and non-human hominoids. To fill this gap in knowledge, we first manually defined 918 sulci in 120 chimpanzee (Pan Troglodytes) hemispheres and 1619 sulci in 144 human hemispheres. We uncovered four new PMC sulci, and quantitatively identified species differences in incidence, depth, and surface area. Interestingly, some PMC sulci are more common in humans and others, in chimpanzees. Further, we found that the prominent marginal ramus of the cingulate sulcus differs significantly between species. Contrary to classic observations, the present results reveal that the surface anatomy of PMC substantially differs between humans and chimpanzees -- findings which lay a foundation for better understanding the evolution of neuroanatomical-functional and neuroanatomical-behavioral relationships in this highly expanded region of the human cerebral cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Willbrand, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maboudian, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.06.527223</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sulcal morphology of posteromedial cortex substantially differs between humans and chimpanzees]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.07.527360v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Colocalization of Cancer Associated Biomarkers on Single Extracellular Vesicles for Early Cancer Detection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.07.527360v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Detection of cancer early, when it is most treatable, remains a significant challenge due to the lack of diagnostic methods sufficiently sensitive to detect nascent tumors. Early-stage tumors are small relative to their tissue of origin, heterogeneous, and infrequently manifest in clinical symptoms. Detection of their presence is made more difficult by a lack of abundant tumor-specific indicators (i.e., protein biomarkers, circulating tumor DNA, etc.) that would enable detection using a non-invasive diagnostic assay. In addition, many benign conditions manifest in a similar manner, thus discriminating an early-stage cancerous lesion from a benign tumor can present additional challenges and result in unnecessary medical procedures. To overcome these obstacles, we have developed a liquid biopsy assay that interrogates circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) to detect tumor-specific biomarkers colocalized on the surface of individual EVs. Extracellular vesicles from all cell types, including early-stage tumors, are known to be abundant in blood, are remarkably stable, and serve as a biopsy of their cell of origin. The detection of a colocalized combination of cancer associated biomarkers that provide tumor specificity on the surface of extracellular vesicles enables the discrimination of early- and late-stage cancer from non-malignant conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Salem, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bortolin, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Couvillon, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gusenleitner, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grosha, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zabrowski, I. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biette, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedlak, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byrne, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamzeh, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuoco, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duff, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winn-Deen, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schekman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedlak, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.07.527360</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Colocalization of Cancer Associated Biomarkers on Single Extracellular Vesicles for Early Cancer Detection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.31.525914v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid assembly of SARS-CoV-2 genomes reveals attenuation of the Omicron BA.1 variant through NSP6 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.31.525914v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant (BA.1) spread rapidly across the world and effectively evaded immune responses, its viral fitness in cell and animal models was reduced. The precise nature of this attenuation remains unknown as generating replication-competent viral genomes is challenging because of the length of the viral genome (30kb). Here, we designed a plasmid-based viral genome assembly and rescue strategy (pGLUE) that constructs complete infectious viruses or noninfectious subgenomic replicons in a single ligation reaction with >80% efficiency. Fully sequenced replicons and infectious viral stocks can be generated in 1 and 3 weeks, respectively. By testing a series of naturally occurring viruses as well as Delta-Omicron chimeric replicons, we show that Omicron nonstructural protein 6 harbors critical attenuating mutations, which dampen viral RNA replication and reduce lipid droplet consumption. Thus, pGLUE overcomes remaining barriers to broadly study SARS-CoV-2 replication and reveals deficits in nonstructural protein function underlying Omicron attenuation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Taha, T. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, I. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayashi, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabata, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walcott, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimmerly, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Syed, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciling, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suryawanshi, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bach, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsou, C.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khalid, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sreekumar, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ott, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.31.525914</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid assembly of SARS-CoV-2 genomes reveals attenuation of the Omicron BA.1 variant through NSP6]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.09.527888v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pumping Iron: A Multi-omics Analysis of Two Extremophilic Algae Reveals Mechanisms of Iron Economy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.09.527888v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Marine algae are responsible for half of the worlds primary productivity, but this critical carbon sink is often constrained by insufficient iron. One species of marine algae, Dunaliella tertiolecta, is remarkable for its ability to maintain photosynthesis and thrive in low-iron environments. A related species, Dunaliella salina Bardawil, shares this attribute but is an extremophile found in hyper-saline environments. To elucidate how algae manage their iron requirements, we produced high-quality genome assemblies and transcriptomes for both species to serve as a foundation for a comparative multi-omics analysis. We identified a host of iron-uptake proteins in both species, including a massive expansion of transferrins and a novel family of siderophore-iron uptake proteins. Complementing these multiple iron-uptake routes, ferredoxin functions as a large iron reservoir that can be released by induction of flavodoxin. Proteomic analysis revealed reduced investment in the photosynthetic apparatus coupled with remodeling of antenna proteins by dramatic iron-deficiency induction of TIDI1, an LHCA-related protein found also in other chlorophytes. These combinatorial iron scavenging and sparing strategies make Dunaliella unique among photosynthetic organisms.

Significance StatementDespite their small size, microalgae play a huge role in CO2 uptake via photosynthesis, and represent an important target for climate crisis mitigation efforts. Most photosynthesis proteins require iron as a co-factor so that insufficient iron often limits algal CO2 sequestration. With this in mind, we examined a genus of microalgae called Dunaliella that is exceptionally well-adapted to low iron environments. We produced complete genomes, transcriptomes, and proteomes for two species of Dunaliella that hail from radically different environments: one from coastal ocean waters and the other from salt flats. We identified dozens of genes and multiple, complementary strategies that both species utilize for iron-uptake and management that explain Dunaliellas remarkable ability to thrive on low iron.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Davidi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallaher, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-David, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purvine, S. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fillmore, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicora, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craig, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmollinger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roje, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blaby-Haas, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auber, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wisecaver, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merchant, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.09.527888</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pumping Iron: A Multi-omics Analysis of Two Extremophilic Algae Reveals Mechanisms of Iron Economy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.09.527910v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A highly efficient human cell-free translation system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.09.527910v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) systems enable easy in vitro expression of proteins with many scientific, industrial, and therapeutic applications. Here we present an optimized, highly efficient human cell-free translation system that bypasses many limitations of currently used in vitro systems. This CFPS system is based on extracts from human HEK293T cells engineered to endogenously express GADD34 and K3L proteins, which suppress phosphorylation of translation initiation factor eIF2. Overexpression of GADD34 and K3L proteins in human cells significantly simplifies cell lysate preparation. The new CFPS system improves the translation of 5 cap-dependent mRNAs as well as those that use internal ribosome entry site (IRES) mediated translation initiation. We find that expression of the GADD34 and K3L accessory proteins before cell lysis maintains low levels of phosphorylation of eIF2 in the extracts. During in vitro translation reactions, eIF2 phosphorylation increases moderately in a GCN2-dependent fashion that can be inhibited by GCN2 kinase inhibitors. We also find evidence for activation of regulatory pathways related to eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2) phosphorylation and ribosome quality control in the extracts. This new CFPS system should be useful for exploring human translation mechanisms in more physiological conditions outside the cell.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aleksashin, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, S. T.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cate, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.09.527910</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A highly efficient human cell-free translation system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.09.527927v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unified bursting strategies in ectopic and endogenous even-skipped expression patterns 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.09.527927v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcription often occurs in bursts as gene promoters switch stochastically between active and inactive states. Enhancers can dictate transcriptional activity in animal development through the modulation of burst frequency, duration, or amplitude. Previous studies observed that different enhancers can achieve a wide range of transcriptional outputs through the same strategies of bursting control. For example, despite responding to different transcription factors, all even-skipped enhancers increase transcription by upregulating burst frequency and amplitude while burst duration remains largely constant. These shared bursting strategies suggest that a unified molecular mechanism constraints how enhancers modulate transcriptional output. Alternatively, different enhancers could have converged on the same bursting control strategy because of natural selection favoring one of these particular strategies. To distinguish between these two scenarios, we compared transcriptional bursting between endogenous and ectopic gene expression patterns. Because enhancers act under different regulatory inputs in ectopic patterns, dissimilar bursting control strategies between endogenous and ectopic patterns would suggest that enhancers adapted their bursting strategies to their trans-regulatory environment. Here, we generated ectopic even-skipped transcription patterns in fruit fly embryos and discovered that bursting strategies remain consistent in endogenous and ectopic even-skipped expression. These results provide evidence for a unified molecular mechanism shaping even-skipped bursting strategies and serve as a starting point to uncover the realm of strategies employed by other enhancers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Berrocal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lammers, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisen, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.09.527927</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unified bursting strategies in ectopic and endogenous even-skipped expression patterns]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.10.528081v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The balance of acidic and hydrophobic residues predicts acidic transcriptional activation domains from protein sequence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.10.528081v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcription factors activate gene expression in development, homeostasis, and stress with DNA binding domains and activation domains. Although there exist excellent computational models for predicting DNA binding domains from protein sequence (Stormo, 2013), models for predicting activation domains from protein sequence have lagged behind (Erijman et al., 2020; Ravarani et al., 2018; Sanborn et al., 2021), particularly in metazoans. We recently developed a simple and accurate predictor of acidic activation domains on human transcription factors (Staller et al., 2022). Here, we show how the accuracy of this human predictor arises from the balance between hydrophobic and acidic residues, which together are necessary for acidic activation domain function. When we combine our predictor with the predictions of neural network models trained in yeast, the intersection is more predictive than individual models, emphasizing that each approach carries orthogonal information. We synthesize these findings into a new set of activation domain predictions on human transcription factors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kotha, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staller, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.10.528081</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The balance of acidic and hydrophobic residues predicts acidic transcriptional activation domains from protein sequence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.08.527777v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptomic profiles of stress susceptibility and resilience in the amygdala and hippocampus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.08.527777v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A single, severe episode of stress can bring about myriad responses amongst individuals, ranging from cognitive enhancement to debilitating and persistent anxiety; however, the biological mechanisms that contribute to resilience versus susceptibility to stress are poorly understood. The dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus and the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) are key limbic regions that are susceptible to the neural and hormonal effects of stress. Previous work has also shown that these regions contribute to individual variability in stress responses; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of these regions in susceptibility and resilience are unknown. In this study, we profiled the transcriptomic signatures of the DG and BLA of rats with divergent behavioral outcomes after a single, severe stressor. We subjected rats to three hours of immobilization with exposure to fox urine and conducted a behavioral battery one week after stress to identify animals that showed persistent, high anxiety-like behavior. We then conducted bulk RNA sequencing of the DG and BLA from susceptible, resilient, and unexposed control rats. Differential gene expression analyses revealed that the molecular signatures separating each of the three groups were distinct and non-overlapping between the DG and BLA. In the amygdala, key genes associated with insulin and hormonal signaling corresponded with vulnerability. Specifically, Inhbb, Rab31, and Ncoa3 were upregulated in the amygdala of stress-susceptible animals compared to resilient animals. In the hippocampus, increased expression of Cartpt - which encodes a key neuropeptide involved in reward, reinforcement, and stress responses - was strongly correlated with vulnerability to anxiety-like behavior. However, few other genes distinguished stress-susceptible animals from control animals, while a larger number of genes separated stress-resilient animals from control and stress-susceptible animals. Of these, Rnf112, Tbx19, and UBALD1 distinguished resilient animals from both control and susceptible animals and were downregulated in resilience, suggesting that an active molecular response in the hippocampus facilitates protection from the long-term consequences of severe stress. These results provide novel insight into the mechanisms that bring about individual variability in the behavioral responses to stress and provide new targets for the advancement of therapies for stress-induced neuropsychiatric disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Long, K. L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muroy, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorooshyari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaques, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sudmant, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.08.527777</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptomic profiles of stress susceptibility and resilience in the amygdala and hippocampus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.10.528061v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cognitive relevance of an evolutionarily new and variable prefrontal structure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.10.528061v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying structure-function correspondences is a major goal among biologists, cognitive neuroscientists, and brain mappers. Recent studies have identified relationships between performance on cognitive tasks and the presence or absence of small, shallow indentations, or sulci, of the human brain. Building on the previous finding that the presence of one such sulcus in the left anterior lateral prefrontal cortex (aLPFC) was related to reasoning task performance in children and adolescents, we tested whether this relationship extended to a different sample, age group, and reasoning task. As predicted, the presence of this aLPFC sulcus--the ventral para-intermediate frontal sulcus--was also associated with higher reasoning scores in young adults (ages 22-36). These findings have not only direct developmental, but also evolutionary relevance--as recent work shows that the pimfs-v is exceedingly rare in chimpanzees. Thus, the pimfs-v is a novel developmental, cognitive, and evolutionarily relevant feature that should be considered in future studies examining how the complex relationships among multiscale anatomical and functional features of the brain give rise to abstract thought.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Willbrand, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hathaway, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voorhies, W. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bunge, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.10.528061</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cognitive relevance of an evolutionarily new and variable prefrontal structure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.11.528119v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Somatotopic organization among parallel sensory pathways that promote a grooming sequence in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.11.528119v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mechanosensory neurons located across the body surface respond to tactile stimuli and elicit diverse behavioral responses, from relatively simple stimulus location-aimed movements to complex movement sequences. How mechanosensory neurons and their postsynaptic circuits influence such diverse behaviors remains unclear. We previously discovered that Drosophila perform a body location-prioritized grooming sequence when mechanosensory neurons at different locations on the head and body are simultaneously stimulated by dust (Hampel et al., 2017; Seeds et al., 2014). Here, we identify nearly all mechanosensory neurons on the Drosophila head that individually elicit aimed grooming of specific head locations, while collectively eliciting a whole head grooming sequence. Different tracing methods were used to reconstruct the projections of these neurons from different locations on the head to their distinct arborizations in the brain. This provides the first synaptic resolution somatotopic map of a head, and defines the parallel-projecting mechanosensory pathways that elicit head grooming.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eichler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hampel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alejandro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calle, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santana, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kmecova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blagburn, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoopfer, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seeds, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.11.528119</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Somatotopic organization among parallel sensory pathways that promote a grooming sequence in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.11.528139v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chemoproteomic Profiling Reveals that Anti-Cancer Natural Product Dankastatin B Covalently Targets Mitochondrial VDAC3 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.11.528139v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chlorinated gymnastatin and dankastatin alkaloids derived from the fungal strain Gymnascella dankaliensis have been reported to possess significant anti-cancer activity but their mode of action is unknown. These members possess electrophilic functional groups that may undergo covalent bond formation with specific proteins to exert their biological activity. To better understand the mechanism of action of this class of natural products, we mapped the proteome-wide cysteine-reactivity of the most potent of these alkaloids, dankastatin B, using activitybased protein profiling chemoproteomic approaches. We identified a primary target of dankastatin B in breast cancer cells as cysteine C65 of the voltage-dependent anion selective channel on the outer mitochondrial membrane VDAC3. We demonstrated direct and covalent interaction of dankastatin B with VDAC3. VDAC3 knockdown conferred hyper-sensitivity to dankastatin B-mediated anti-proliferative effects in breast cancer cells indicating that VDAC3 was at least partially involved in the anti-cancer effects of this natural product. Our study reveals a potential mode of action of dankastatin B through covalent targeting of VDAC3 and highlight the utility of chemoproteomic approaches in gaining mechanistic understanding of electrophilic natural products.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Belcher, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machicao, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedli, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>So, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bui, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isobe, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maimone, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomura, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.11.528139</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chemoproteomic Profiling Reveals that Anti-Cancer Natural Product Dankastatin B Covalently Targets Mitochondrial VDAC3]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.12.528160v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Overcoming resolution loss due to thermal magnetic field fluctuations from phase plates in transmission electron microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.12.528160v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We identify thermal magnetic field fluctuations, caused by thermal electron motion ("Johnson noise") in electrically conductive materials, as a potential resolution limit in transmission electron microscopy with a phase plate. Specifically, resolution loss can occur if the electron diffraction pattern is magnified to extend phase contrast to lower spatial frequencies, and if conductive materials are placed too close to the electron beam. While our initial implementation of a laser phase plate (LPP) was significantly affected by these factors, a redesign eliminated the problem and brought the performance close to the expected level. The resolution now appears to be limited by residual Johnson noise arising from the electron beam liner tube in the region of the LPP, together with the chromatic aberration of the relay optics. These two factors can be addressed during future development of the LPP.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Axelrod, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrov, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Remis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buijsse, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaeser, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.12.528160</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Overcoming resolution loss due to thermal magnetic field fluctuations from phase plates in transmission electron microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.13.528260v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intracellular replication of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in epithelial cells requires suppression of the caspase-4 inflammasome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.13.528260v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pathogenesis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections can include bacterial survival inside epithelial cells. Previously, we showed this involves multiple roles played by the type three-secretion system (T3SS), and specifically the effector ExoS. This includes ExoS-dependent inhibition of a lytic host cell response that subsequently enables intracellular replication. Here, we studied the underlying cell death response to intracellular P. aeruginosa, comparing wild-type to T3SS mutants varying in capacity to induce cell death and that localize to different intracellular compartments. Results showed that corneal epithelial cell death induced by intracellular P. aeruginosa lacking the T3SS, which remains in vacuoles, correlated with activation of NF-{kappa}B as measured by p65 relocalization and TNF transcription and secretion. Deletion of caspase-4 through CRISPR-Cas9 mutagenesis delayed cell death caused by these intracellular T3SS mutants. Caspase-4 deletion also countered more rapid cell death caused by T3SS effector-null mutants still expressing the TSSS apparatus that traffic to the host cell cytoplasm, and in doing so rescued intracellular replication normally dependent on ExoS. While HeLa cells lacked a lytic death response to T3SS mutants, it was found to be enabled by interferon gamma treatment. Together, these results show that epithelial cells can activate the noncanonical inflammasome pathway to limit proliferation of intracellular P. aeruginosa, not fully dependent on bacterially-driven vacuole escape. Since ExoS inhibits the lytic response, the data implicate targeting of caspase-4, an intracellular pattern recognition receptor, as another contributor to the role of ExoS in the intracellular lifestyle of P. aeruginosa.

ImportancePseudomonas aeruginosa can exhibit an intracellular lifestyle within epithelial cells in vivo and in vitro. The type three secretion system (T3SS) effector ExoS contributes via multiple mechanisms, including extending the life of invaded host cells. Here, we aimed to understand the underlying cell death inhibited by ExoS when P. aeruginosa is intracellular. Results showed that intracellular P. aeruginosa lacking T3SS effectors could elicit rapid cell lysis via the non-canonical inflammasome pathway. Caspase-4 contributed to cell lysis even when the intracellular bacteria lacked the entire T33S and were consequently unable to escape vacuoles, representing a naturally occurring subpopulation during wildtype infection. Together, the data show the caspase-4 inflammasome as an epithelial cell defense against intracellular P. aeruginosa, and implicate its targeting as another mechanism by which ExoS preserves the host cell replicative niche.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kroken, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nieto, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jedel, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleiszig, S. M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.13.528260</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intracellular replication of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in epithelial cells requires suppression of the caspase-4 inflammasome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.14.528546v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Self-organizing actin networks drive sequential endocytic protein recruitment and vesicle release on synthetic lipid bilayers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.14.528546v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Forces generated by actin assembly assist membrane invagination during clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). The sequential recruitment of core endocytic proteins and regulatory proteins, and assembly of the actin network, are well documented in live cells and are highly conserved from yeasts to humans. However, understanding of CME protein self-organization, as well as the biochemical and mechanical principles that underlie actins role in CME, is lacking. Here, we show that supported lipid bilayers coated with purified yeast WASP, an endocytic actin assembly regulator, and incubated in cytoplasmic yeast extracts, recruit downstream endocytic proteins and assemble actin tails. Time-lapse imaging of WASP-coated bilayers revealed sequential recruitment of proteins from different endocytic modules, faithfully replicating in vivo behavior. Reconstituted actin networks assemble in a WASP-dependent manner and deform lipid bilayers, as seen by electron microscopy. Time-lapse imaging revealed that vesicles are released from the lipid bilayers with a burst of actin assembly. Actin networks pushing on membranes have previously been reconstituted; here, we have reconstituted a biologically important variation of these actin networks that self-organize on bilayers and produce pulling forces sufficient to bud off membrane vesicles. We propose that actin-driven vesicle generation may represent an ancient evolutionary precursor to diverse vesicle forming processes adapted for a wide array of cellular environments and applications.

Significance StatementActin filament assembly participates in many vesicle-forming processes. However, the underlying principles for how assembly is initiated and organized to effectively harness assembly forces remain elusive. To address this gap, we report a novel reconstitution of actin-driven vesicle release from supported lipid bilayers. Using real-time imaging, we observe sequential recruitment of endocytic proteins and, following a burst of actin assembly, vesicle release from bilayers. Given the absence of cargo or upstream endocytic regulatory proteins on the bilayers, and the participation of actin in many vesicle-forming processes, we posit that this mode of vesicle formation represents an early evolutionary precursor for multiple trafficking pathways. We expect that this assay will be of great use for future investigations of actin-mediated vesicle-forming processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stoops, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrin, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jorgens, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drubin, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.14.528546</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Self-organizing actin networks drive sequential endocytic protein recruitment and vesicle release on synthetic lipid bilayers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.14.528558v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatiotemporal dynamics of sensory neuron and Merkel-cell remodeling are decoupled during epidermal homeostasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.14.528558v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As the juncture between the body and environment, epithelia are both protective barriers and sensory interfaces that continually renew. To determine whether sensory neurons remodel to maintain homeostasis, we used in vivo two-photon imaging of somatosensory axons innervating Merkel cells in adult mouse skin. These touch receptors were highly plastic: 63% of Merkel cells and 89% of branches appeared, disappeared, grew, regressed and/or relocated over a month. Interestingly, Merkel-cell plasticity was synchronized across arbors during rapid epithelial turnover. When Merkel cells remodeled, the degree of plasticity between Merkel-cell clusters and their axons was well correlated. Moreover, branches were stabilized by Merkel-cell contacts. These findings highlight the role of epithelial-neural crosstalk in homeostatic remodeling. Conversely, axons were also dynamic when Merkel cells were stable, indicating that intrinsic neural mechanisms drive branch plasticity. Two terminal morphologies innervated Merkel cells: transient swellings called boutons, and stable cups termed kylikes. In Atoh1 knockout mice that lack Merkel cells, axons showed higher complexity than control mice, with exuberant branching and no kylikes. Thus, Merkel cells limit axonal branching and promote branch maturation. Together, these results reveal a previously unsuspected high degree of plasticity in somatosensory axons that is biased, but not solely dictated, by plasticity of target epithelial cells. This system provides a platform to identify intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms that govern axonal patterning in epithelial homeostasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Clary, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lumpkin, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.14.528558</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatiotemporal dynamics of sensory neuron and Merkel-cell remodeling are decoupled during epidermal homeostasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.15.528508v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Flow augmentation from off-channel storage improves salmonid habitat and survival 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.15.528508v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
[A]In the Western United States, juvenile salmon and steelhead are especially vulnerable to streamflow depletion in the dry season. Releasing water from off-channel storage is a method of streamflow augmentation increasingly used to offset impacts of anthropogenic flow alteration. However, to date, no studies have evaluated the effects of these small-scale flow augmentations on salmonids. Here we quantify the effects of one such augmentation project on habitat connectivity, water quality, invertebrate drift, juvenile salmonid movement and survival. Our study took place in a Northern California stream and included an unusually wet summer (2019) and a more typical dry summer (2020). We found that differences in ambient streamflows between the two years mediated the physical and ecological effects of a 13.9 L/s augmentation treatment. In the dry year, flow augmentation significantly improved dissolved oxygen and habitat connectivity at sites > 1.5 km downstream from the point of augmentation and had a marginal warming effect on stream temperature. During the wet year, both dissolved oxygen and water temperature effects were negligible. In both years, augmentation had a small but positive effect on invertebrate drift. Inter-pool movement of juvenile steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and stocked Coho Salmon (O. kisutch) increased due to augmentation during the dry summer. Flow augmentation also increased the survival probability for salmonids, with a larger effect during the dry summer (24% higher survival for Coho and 20% higher for steelhead), than during the wet summer (when no effect was observed for steelhead survival and Coho Salmon survival increased by 11%). This study indicates that appropriately designed and timed flow augmentations can improve conditions for rearing salmonids in small streams, particularly during dry years. More broadly it provides empirical evidence that efforts to restore summer streamflow in small, salmon-bearing streams can yield significant ecological benefits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rossi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obedzinski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pneh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierce, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boucher, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flynn, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slaughter, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grantham, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.15.528508</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Flow augmentation from off-channel storage improves salmonid habitat and survival]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.16.528795v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An integrated transcriptomics-functional genomics approach reveals a small RNA that modulates  Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron  sensitivity to tetracyclines 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.16.528795v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene expression plasticity allows bacteria to adapt to diverse environments, tie their metabolism to available nutrients, and cope with stress. This is particularly relevant in a niche as dynamic and hostile as the human intestinal tract, yet transcriptional networks remain largely unknown in gut Bacteroides spp. Here, we map transcriptional units and profile their expression levels in Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron over a suite of 15 defined experimental conditions that are relevant in vivo, such as variation of temperature, pH, and oxygen tension, exposure to antibiotic stress, and growth on simple carbohydrates or on host mucin-derived glycans. Thereby, we infer stress- and carbon source-specific transcriptional regulons, including conditional expression of capsular polysaccharides and polysaccharide utilization loci, and expand the annotation of small regulatory RNAs (sRNAs) in this organism. Integrating this comprehensive expression atlas with transposon mutant fitness data, we identify conditionally important sRNAs. One example is MasB, whose inactivation led to increased bacterial tolerance of tetracyclines. Using MS2 affinity purification coupled with RNA sequencing, we predict targets of this sRNA and discuss their potential role in the context of the MasB-associated phenotype. Together, this transcriptomic compendium in combination with functional sRNA genomics--publicly available through a new iteration of the  Theta-Base web browser (www.helmholtz-hiri.de/en/datasets/bacteroides-v2)--constitutes a valuable resource for the microbiome and sRNA research communities alike.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ryan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bornet, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prezza, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alampalli, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Carvalho, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Felchle, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebbecke, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayward, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutschbauer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barquist, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westermann, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.16.528795</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An integrated transcriptomics-functional genomics approach reveals a small RNA that modulates  Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron  sensitivity to tetracyclines]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.16.528797v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of the ribbon-like organization of the Golgi apparatus in animal cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.16.528797v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Golgi ribbon is a structural organization formed by linked Golgi stacks that is believed to be exclusive to vertebrate cells. Its functional contribution to cellular processes is unclear, yet its disruption is associated with several human pathologies. In this study we address the evolutionary origin of the Golgi ribbon, describe a potential molecular mechanism for its emergence and identify a cellular process in which it may be involved. We observed the ribbon-like architecture in the cells of several metazoan taxa, suggesting its early appearance during animal evolution before the emergence of vertebrates. Supported by AlphaFold2 modelling, we propose that the evolution of the complex between two Golgi resident proteins, Golgin-45 and GRASP, led to the tethering of Golgi stacks into the ribbon-like configuration. Finally, we find that the ribbon is assembled during the early embryogenesis of deuterostome animals, a strong indication of its role in development. Overall, our study indicates that the Golgi ribbon is functionally relevant beyond vertebrates and calls for further investigations to decipher its elusive functions.

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=89 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/528797v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (33K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@17a404forg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@11413b4org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@119c036org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@19a512f_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG Graphical abstract C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benvenuto, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leone, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Astoricchio, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bormke, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jasek, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Aniello, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kittelmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartenstein, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baena, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escriva, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertrand, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schierwater, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burkhardt, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz-Trillo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jekely, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ullrich-Luter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luter, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Aniello, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnone, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferraro, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.16.528797</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of the ribbon-like organization of the Golgi apparatus in animal cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.17.529015v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct genomic contexts predict gene presence-absence variation in different pathotypes of a fungal plant pathogen 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.17.529015v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundFungi use the accessory segments of their pan-genomes to adapt to their environments. While gene presence-absence variation (PAV) contributes to shaping these accessory gene reservoirs, whether these events happen in specific genomic contexts remains unclear. Additionally, since pan-genome studies often group together all members of the same species, it is uncertain whether genomic or epigenomic features shaping pan-genome evolution are consistent across populations within the same species. Fungal plant pathogens are useful models for answering these questions because members of the same species often infect distinct hosts, and they frequently rely on gene PAV to adapt to these hosts.

ResultsWe analyzed gene PAV in the rice and wheat blast fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae, and found that PAV of disease-causing effectors, antibiotic production, and non-self-recognition genes may drive the adaptation of the fungus to its environment. We then analyzed genomic and epigenomic features and data from available datasets for patterns that might help explain these PAV events. We observed that proximity to transposable elements (TEs), gene GC content, gene length, expression level in the host, and histone H3K27me3 marks were different between PAV genes and conserved genes, among other features. We used these features to construct a random forest classifier that was able to predict whether a gene is likely to experience PAV with high precision (86.06%) and recall (92.88%) in rice-infecting M. oryzae. Finally, we found that PAV in wheat- and rice-infecting pathotypes of M. oryzae differed in their number and their genomic context.

ConclusionsOur results suggest that genomic and epigenomic features of gene PAV can be used to better understand and even predict fungal pan-genome evolution. We also show that substantial intra-species variation can exist in these features.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Joubert, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krasileva, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.17.529015</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct genomic contexts predict gene presence-absence variation in different pathotypes of a fungal plant pathogen]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.17.528811v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolic model predictions enable targeted microbiome manipulation through precision prebiotics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.17.528811v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1.The microbiome is increasingly receiving attention as an important modulator of host health and disease. However, while numerous mechanisms through which the microbiome influences its host have been identified, there is still a lack of approaches that allow to specifically modulate the abundance of individual microbes or microbial functions of interest. Moreover, current approaches for microbiome manipulation such as fecal transfers often entail a non-specific transfer of entire microbial communities with potentially unwanted side effects. To overcome this limitation, we here propose the concept of precision prebiotics that specifically modulate the abundance of a microbiome member species of interest. In a first step, we show that defining precision prebiotics by compounds that are only taken up by the target species but no other species in a community is usually not possible due to overlapping metabolic niches. Subsequently, we present a metabolic modeling network framework that allows us to define precision prebiotics for a two-member C. elegans microbiome model community comprising the immune-protective Pseudomonas lurida MYb11 and the persistent colonizer Ochrobactrum vermis MYb71. Thus, we predicted compounds that specifically boost the abundance of the host-beneficial MYb11, four of which were experimentally validated in vitro (L-serine, L-threonine, D-mannitol, and {gamma}-aminobutyric acid). L-serine was further assessed in vivo, leading to an increase in MYb11 abundance also in the worm host. Overall, our findings demonstrate that constraint-based metabolic modeling is an effective tool for the design of precision prebiotics as an important cornerstone for future microbiome-targeted therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marinos, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamerich, I. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debray, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obeng, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petersen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taubenheim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmermann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackburn, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samuel, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dierking, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laudes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waschina, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulenburg, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaleta, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.17.528811</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolic model predictions enable targeted microbiome manipulation through precision prebiotics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.18.525405v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Domestic dogs maintain positive clinical, nutritional, and hematological health outcomes when fed a commercial plant-based diet for a year 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.18.525405v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveDomestic dogs can maintain health on complete and well-balanced canine plant-based nutrition (K9PBN). Novel insight on health outcomes in dogs consuming K9PBN is of relevance to veterinary professionals and consumers given a growing interest in non-traditional dog foods with perceived health benefits, while considering potential safety concerns. We aimed to investigate nutritional equivalence by measuring clinical health outcomes in adult dogs fed K9PBN over twelve months compared to a meat-based diet at baseline.

AnimalsFifteen clinically healthy adult dogs living in households in Los Angeles County, California.

ProceduresProspective cohort study evaluating clinical, hematological, and nutritional parameters in dogs at 0, 6, and 12 months, including complete blood count (CBC), blood chemistry, cardiac biomarkers, plasma amino acids, and serum vitamin concentrations.

ResultsClinically healthy, client-owned, adult dogs maintain health, based on physical exams, CBC, serum chemistry, plasma amino acids, serum vitamins, and cardiac biomarkers combined with client-reported observations, when fed commercial K9PBN over a twelve-month period.

Clinical RelevanceThis study is the most comprehensive and longest known K9PBN investigation to date. It provides clinically important evidence-based nutrition data and new knowledge on outcomes in clinically healthy dogs who maintain health without consumption of animal-derived ingredients. Also, it is of major relevance to One Health paradigms since ingredients produced independent of industrial food animal production are both more sustainable and help to circumvent ethical dilemmas for maintenance of health in domestic dogs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Linde, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lahiff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krantz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharp, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melgarejo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.18.525405</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Domestic dogs maintain positive clinical, nutritional, and hematological health outcomes when fed a commercial plant-based diet for a year]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.20.528987v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DeepHeme: A generalizable, bone marrow classifierwith hematopathologist-level performance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.20.528987v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Morphology-based classification of cells in the bone marrow aspirate (BMA) is a key step in the diagnosis and management of hematologic malignancies. However, it is time-intensive and must be performed by expert hematopathologists and laboratory professionals. We curated a large, high-quality dataset of 41,595 hematopathologist consensus-annotated single-cell images extracted from BMA whole slide images (WSIs) containing 23 morphologic classes from the clinical archives of the University of California, San Francisco. We trained a convolutional neural network, DeepHeme, to classify images in this dataset, achieving a mean area under the curve (AUC) of 0.99. DeepHeme was then externally validated on WSIs from Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, with a similar AUC of 0.98, demonstrating robust generalization. When compared to individual hematopathologists from three different top academic medical centers, the algorithm outperformed all three. Finally, DeepHeme reliably identified cell states such as mitosis, paving the way for image-based quantification of mitotic index in a cell-specific manner, which may have important clinical applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goldgof, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cleaves, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spectors, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boiocchi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baik, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ardon, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dogan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldgof, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmichael, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prakash, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butte, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.20.528987</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DeepHeme: A generalizable, bone marrow classifierwith hematopathologist-level performance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.20.529175v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tracing cancer evolution and heterogeneity using Hi-C 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.20.529175v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromosomal rearrangements can initiate and drive cancer progression, yet it has been challenging to evaluate their impact, especially in genetically heterogeneous solid cancers. To address this problem we developed HiDENSEC, a new computational framework for analyzing chromatin conformation capture in heterogeneous samples, which can infer somatic copy number alterations, characterize large-scale chromosomal rearrangements, and estimate cancer cell fractions. We validated HiDENSEC with in silico and in vitro controls, and then characterized chromosome-scale evolution during melanoma progression in formalin-fixed tumor samples from three patients. The resulting comprehensive annotation of the genomic events includes copy number neutral translocations that disrupt tumor suppressor genes such as NF1, whole chromosome arm exchanges that result in loss of CDKN2A, and whole-arm copy-number neutral loss of homozygosity involving PTEN. These findings show that large-scale chromosomal rearrangements occur throughout cancer evolution and characterizing these events yields insights into drivers of melanoma progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Erdmann-Pham, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batra, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turkalo, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durbin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanchette, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeh, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shain, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastian, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokhsar, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hockemeyer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.20.529175</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tracing cancer evolution and heterogeneity using Hi-C]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.21.528863v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ubiquinone deficiency drives reverse electron transport to disrupt hepatic metabolic homeostasis in obesity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.21.528863v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS) are central to physiology. While excess mROS production has been associated with several disease states, its precise sources, regulation, and mechanism of generation in vivo remain unknown, limiting translational efforts. Here we show that in obesity, hepatic ubiquinone (Q) synthesis is impaired, which raises the QH2/Q ratio, driving excessive mROS production via reverse electron transport (RET) from site IQ in complex I. Using multiple complementary genetic and pharmacological models in vivo we demonstrated that RET is critical for metabolic health. In patients with steatosis, the hepatic Q biosynthetic program is also suppressed, and the QH2/Q ratio positively correlates with disease severity. Our data identify a highly selective mechanism for pathological mROS production in obesity, which can be targeted to protect metabolic homeostasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goncalves, R. L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inouye, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saksi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosique, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parlakgul, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arruda, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hui, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loperena, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgess, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graupera, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hotamisligil, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.21.528863</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ubiquinone deficiency drives reverse electron transport to disrupt hepatic metabolic homeostasis in obesity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.21.529452v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
choros: correction of sequence-based biases for accurate quantification of ribosome profiling data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.21.529452v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ribosome profiling quantifies translation genome-wide by sequencing ribosome-protected fragments, or footprints. Its single-codon resolution allows identification of translation regulation, such as ribosome stalls or pauses, on individual genes. However, enzyme preferences during library preparation lead to pervasive sequence artifacts that obscure translation dynamics. Widespread over- and under-representation of ribosome footprints can dominate local footprint densities and skew estimates of elongation rates by up to five fold. To address these biases and uncover true patterns of translation, we present choros, a computational method that models ribosome footprint distributions to provide bias-corrected footprint counts. choros uses negative binomial regression to accurately estimate two sets of parameters: (i) biological contributions from codon-specific translation elongation rates; and (ii) technical contributions from nuclease digestion and ligation efficiencies. We use these parameter estimates to generate bias correction factors that eliminate sequence artifacts. Applying choros to multiple ribosome profiling datasets, we are able to accurately quantify and attenuate ligation biases to provide more faithful measurements of ribosome distribution. We show that a pattern interpreted as pervasive ribosome pausing near the beginning of coding regions is likely to arise from technical biases. Incorporating choros into standard analysis pipelines will improve biological discovery from measurements of translation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mok, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tunney, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benegas, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, E. W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lareau, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.21.529452</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[choros: correction of sequence-based biases for accurate quantification of ribosome profiling data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.23.529575v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-omic screening of invasive GBM cells in engineered biomaterials and patient biopsies reveals targetable transsulfuration pathway alterations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.23.529575v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While the poor prognosis of glioblastoma arises from the invasion of a subset of tumor cells, little is known of the metabolic alterations within these cells that fuel invasion. We integrated spatially addressable hydrogel biomaterial platforms, patient site-directed biopsies, and multi-omics analyses to define metabolic drivers of invasive glioblastoma cells. Metabolomics and lipidomics revealed elevations in the redox buffers cystathionine, hexosylceramides, and glucosyl ceramides in the invasive front of both hydrogel-cultured tumors and patient site-directed biopsies, with immunofluorescence indicating elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) markers in invasive cells. Transcriptomics confirmed upregulation of ROS-producing and response genes at the invasive front in both hydrogel models and patient tumors. Amongst oncologic ROS, hydrogen peroxide specifically promoted glioblastoma invasion in 3D hydrogel spheroid cultures. A CRISPR metabolic gene screen revealed cystathionine gamma lyase (CTH), which converts cystathionine to the non-essential amino acid cysteine in the transsulfuration pathway, to be essential for glioblastoma invasion. Correspondingly, supplementing CTH knockdown cells with exogenous cysteine rescued invasion. Pharmacologic CTH inhibition suppressed glioblastoma invasion, while CTH knockdown slowed glioblastoma invasion in vivo. Our studies highlight the importance of ROS metabolism in invasive glioblastoma cells and support further exploration of the transsulfuration pathway as a mechanistic and therapeutic target.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garcia, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akins, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choudhary, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shukla, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gill, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carson, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carette, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aghi, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.23.529575</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-omic screening of invasive GBM cells in engineered biomaterials and patient biopsies reveals targetable transsulfuration pathway alterations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.23.529832v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intraluminal neutrophils limit epithelium damage by reducing pathogen assault on intestinal epithelial cells during Salmonella gut infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.23.529832v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recruitment of neutrophils into the gut epithelium is a cardinal feature of intestinal inflammation in response to enteric infections. Previous work using the model pathogen Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Tm) established that invasion of intestinal epithelial cells by S.Tm leads to recruitment of neutrophils into the gut lumen, where they can reduce pathogen loads transiently. Notably, a fraction of the pathogen population can survive this defense, re-grow to high density, and continue triggering enteropathy. However, the functions of intraluminal neutrophils in the defense against enteric pathogens and their effects on preventing or aggravating epithelial damage are still not fully understood. Here, we address this question via neutrophil depletion in different mouse models of Salmonella colitis, which differ in their degree of enteropathy. In an antibiotic pre-treated mouse model, neutrophil depletion by an anti-Ly6G antibody exacerbated epithelial damage. This could be linked to compromised neutrophil-mediated elimination and reduced physical blocking of the gut-luminal S.Tm population such that the pathogen density remained high near the epithelial surface throughout the infection. The removal of luminal S. Tm by gentamicin, an antibiotic restricted to the gut lumen, reversed the effect of neutrophil depletion on epithelial cell loss. Strikingly, when using germ-free mice and an S. Tm ssaV mutant capable of epithelium invasion, but attenuated for survival and growth within host tissues, neutrophil depletion caused exacerbated immune activation of the gut mucosa and a complete destruction of the epithelial barrier. Together, our data indicate that intraluminal neutrophils are central for maintaining epithelial barrier integrity during acute Salmonella-induced gut inflammation, by limiting the sustained pathogen assault on the epithelium in a critical window of the infection.

Highlights{circ} After the first wave of mucosal invasion (day 1 p.i.), S. Tm maintains the assault from the lumen, triggering the continued expulsion of epithelial cells in antibiotic pre-treated mice.
{circ}Neutrophil recruitment into the gut lumen is essential to limit this continued Salmonella attack on the epithelium.
{circ}In antibiotic pre-treated SPF mice, neutrophil depletion exacerbates S. Tm invasion, causing excessive epithelial cell loss, which compromises epithelial barrier integrity at later time points (day 2-3 p.i.).
{circ}In germ-free mice, neutrophil depletion exacerbates epithelial responses and epithelial barrier destruction even more strongly than in streptomycin pre-treated SPF mice.
{circ}Gentamicin treatment and ssaV mutant infections indicate that neutrophils prevent epithelial damage by eliminating and physically blocking gut-luminal pathogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gül, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fattinger, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hausmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barthel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sellin, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardt, W.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.23.529832</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intraluminal neutrophils limit epithelium damage by reducing pathogen assault on intestinal epithelial cells during Salmonella gut infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.26.530099v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coordinated growth of linked epithelia is mediated by the Hippo pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.26.530099v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An epithelium in a living organism seldom develops in isolation. Rather, most epithelia are tethered to other epithelial or non-epithelial tissues, necessitating growth coordination between layers. We investigated how two tethered epithelial layers of the Drosophila larval wing imaginal disc, the disc proper (DP) and the peripodial epithelium (PE), coordinate their growth. DP growth is driven by the morphogens Hedgehog (Hh) and Dpp, but regulation of PE growth is poorly understood. We find that the PE adapts to changes in growth rates of the DP, but not vice versa, suggesting a "leader and follower" mechanism. Moreover, PE growth can occur by cell shape changes, even when proliferation is inhibited. While Hh and Dpp pattern gene expression in both layers, growth of the DP is exquisitely sensitive to Dpp levels, while growth of the PE is not; the PE can achieve an appropriate size even when Dpp signaling is inhibited. Instead, both the growth of the PE and its accompanying cell shape changes require the activity of two components of the mechanosensitive Hippo pathway, the DNA-binding protein Scalloped (Sd) and its co-activator (Yki), which could allow the PE to sense and respond to forces generated by DP growth. Thus, an increased reliance on mechanically-dependent growth mediated by the Hippo pathway, at the expense of morphogen-dependent growth, enables the PE to evade layer-intrinsic growth control mechanisms and coordinate its growth with the DP. This provides a potential paradigm for growth coordination between different components of a developing organ.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Friesen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hariharan, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.26.530099</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coordinated growth of linked epithelia is mediated by the Hippo pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.24.529941v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pretraining strategies for effective promoter-driven gene expression prediction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.24.529941v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to deliver genetic cargo to human cells is enabling rapid progress in molecular medicine, but designing this cargo for precise expression in specific cell types is a major challenge. Expression is driven by regulatory DNA sequences within short synthetic promoters, but relatively few of these promoters are cell-type-specific. The ability to design cell-type-specific promoters using model-based optimization would be impactful for research and therapeutic applications. However, models of expression from short synthetic promoters (promoter-driven expression) are lacking for most cell types due to insufficient training data in those cell types. Although there are many large datasets of both endogenous expression and promoter-driven expression in other cell types, which provide information that could be used for transfer learning, transfer strategies remain largely unexplored for predicting promoter-driven expression. Here, we propose a variety of pretraining tasks, transfer strategies, and model architectures for modelling promoter-driven expression. To thoroughly evaluate various methods, we propose two benchmarks that reflect data-constrained and large dataset settings. In the data-constrained setting, we find that pretraining followed by transfer learning is highly effective, improving performance by 24 - 27%. In the large dataset setting, transfer learning leads to more modest gains, improving performance by up to 2%. We also propose the best architecture to model promoter-driven expression when training from scratch. The methods we identify are broadly applicable for modelling promoter-driven expression in understudied cell types, and our findings will guide the choice of models that are best suited to designing promoters for gene delivery applications using model-based optimization. Our code and data are available at https://github.com/anikethjr/promoter_models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reddy, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herschl, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, A. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ioannidis, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.24.529941</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pretraining strategies for effective promoter-driven gene expression prediction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.26.530120v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tipping points emerge from weak mutualism inmetacommunities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.26.530120v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The coexistence of obligate mutualists is often precariously close to tipping points where small environmental changes can drive catastrophic shifts in species composition. For example, microbial ecosystems can collapse by the decline of a strain that provides an essential resource on which other strains cross-feed. Here, we show that tipping points, ecosystem collapse, bistability and hysteresis arise even with very weak (non-obligate) mutualism provided the population is spatially structured. Based on numeric solutions of a metacommunity model and mean-field analyses, we demonstrate that weak mutualism lowers the minimal dispersal rate necessary to avoid stochastic extinction, while species need to overcome a mean threshold density to survive in this low dispersal rate regime. Moreover, we show that, starting with a randomly interacting species pool, metapopulation structure tends to select for an ecosystem with mutualistic interactions. Bistable metacommunities could, therefore, be a natural outcome of evolutionary dynamics in structured ecosystems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Denk, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallatschek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.26.530120</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tipping points emerge from weak mutualism inmetacommunities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.27.530264v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA folding studies inside peptide-rich droplets reveal roles of modified nucleosides at the origin of life 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.27.530264v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Compartmentalization of RNA in biopolymer-rich membraneless organelles is now understood to be pervasive and critical for the function of extant biology and has been proposed as a prebiotically-plausible way to accumulate RNA. However, compartment-RNA interactions that drive encapsulation have the potential to influence RNA structure and function in compartment- and RNA sequence-dependent ways. Herein, we detail Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) experiments performed for the first time in membraneless compartments called complex coacervates to characterize the fold of many different transfer RNAs (tRNAs) simultaneously under the potentially denaturing conditions of these compartments. Strikingly, we find that natural modifications favor the native fold of tRNAs in these compartments. This suggests that covalent RNA modifications could have played a critical role in metabolic processes at the origin of life.

One Sentence SummaryWe demonstrate that RNA folds into native secondary and tertiary structures in protocell models and that this is favored by covalent modifications, which is critical for the origins of life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meyer, M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamagami, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keating, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bevilacqua, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.27.530264</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA folding studies inside peptide-rich droplets reveal roles of modified nucleosides at the origin of life]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.28.530524v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacteriophage-mediated lysis supports robust growth of amino acid auxotrophs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.28.530524v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The majority of microbes are auxotrophs - organisms unable to synthesize one or more metabolites required for their growth. Auxotrophy is thought to confer an evolutionary advantage, yet auxotrophs must rely on other organisms that produce the metabolites they require. The mechanisms of metabolite provisioning by "producers" remain unknown. In particular, it is unclear how metabolites such as amino acids and cofactors, which are found inside the cell, are released by producers to become available to auxotrophs. Here, we explore metabolite secretion and cell lysis as two distinct possible mechanisms that result in release of intracellular metabolites from producer cells. We measured the extent to which secretion or lysis of Escherichia coli and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron amino acid producers can support the growth of engineered Escherichia coli amino acid auxotrophs. We found that cell-free supernatants and mechanically lysed cells provide minimal levels of amino acids to auxotrophs. In contrast, bacteriophage lysates of the same producer bacteria can support as many as 47 auxotroph cells per lysed producer cell. Each phage lysate released distinct levels of different amino acids, suggesting that in a microbial community the collective lysis of many different hosts by multiple phages could contribute to the availability of an array of intracellular metabolites for use by auxotrophs. Based on these results, we speculate that viral lysis could be a dominant mechanism of provisioning of intracellular metabolites that shapes microbial community structure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pherribo, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taga, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.28.530524</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacteriophage-mediated lysis supports robust growth of amino acid auxotrophs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.01.530633v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Vibrio cholerae viral satellite maximizes its spread and inhibits phage by remodeling hijacked phage coat proteins into small capsids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.01.530633v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phage satellites commonly remodel capsids they hijack from the phages they parasitize, but only a few mechanisms regulating the change in capsid size have been reported. Here, we investigated how a satellite from Vibrio cholerae, PLE, remodels the capsid it has been predicted to steal from the phage ICP1 (1). We identified that a PLE-encoded protein, TcaP, is both necessary and sufficient to form small capsids during ICP1 infection. Interestingly, we found that PLE is dependent on small capsids for efficient transduction of its genome, making it the first satellite to have this requirement. ICP1 isolates that escaped TcaP-mediated remodeling acquired substitutions in the coat protein, suggesting an interaction between these two proteins. With a procapsid-like-particle (PLP) assembly platform in Escherichia coli, we demonstrated that TcaP is a bona fide scaffold that regulates the assembly of small capsids. Further, we studied the structure of PLE PLPs using cryogenic electron microscopy and found that TcaP is an external scaffold, that is functionally and somewhat structurally similar to the external scaffold, Sid, encoded by the unrelated satellite P4 (2). Finally, we showed that TcaP is largely conserved across PLEs. Together, these data support a model in which TcaP directs the assembly of small capsids comprised of ICP1 coat proteins, which inhibits the complete packaging of the ICP1 genome and permits more efficient packaging of replicated PLE genomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boyd, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramanian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunham, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parent, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seed, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.01.530633</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Vibrio cholerae viral satellite maximizes its spread and inhibits phage by remodeling hijacked phage coat proteins into small capsids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.01.530600v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Commensal Bacteria Maintain a Qa-1b-restricted Unconventional CD8+ T Population in Gut Epithelium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.01.530600v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) are characterized by an unusual phenotype and developmental pathway, yet their specific ligands and functions remain largely unknown. Here by analysis of QFL T cells, a population of CD8+ T cells critical for monitoring the MHC I antigen processing pathway, we established that unconventional Qa-1b-restricted CD8+ T cells are abundant in intestinal epithelium. We found that QFL T cells showed a Qa-1b-dependent unconventional phenotype in the spleen and small intestine of naive wild-type mice. The splenic QFL T cells showed innate-like functionality exemplified by rapid response to cytokines or antigen, while the gut population was refractory to stimuli. Microbiota was required for the maintenance, but not the initial gut homing of QFL T cells. Moreover, monocolonization with Pediococcus pentosaceus, which expresses a peptide that cross-activated QFL T cells, was sufficient to maintain QFL T cells in the intestine. Thus, microbiota is critical for shaping the Qa-1b-restricted IEL landscape.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manoharan Valerio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peske, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robey, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadegh-Nasseri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shastri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.01.530600</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Commensal Bacteria Maintain a Qa-1b-restricted Unconventional CD8+ T Population in Gut Epithelium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.02.530876v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Detrimental Impact of a Type VI Secretion System on Direct Interspecies Electron Transfer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.02.530876v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) is important in anaerobic communities of environmental and practical significance. Other than the need for close physical contact for electrical connections, the interactions of DIET partners are poorly understood. Type VI secretion systems (T6SSs) typically kill competitive microbes. Surprisingly, Geobacter metallireducens highly expressed T6SS genes when DIET-based co-cultures were initiated with Geobacter sulfurreducens. T6SS gene expression was lower when the electron shuttle anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate was added to alleviate the need for interspecies contact. Disruption of hcp, the G. metallireducens gene for the main T6SS needle-tube protein subunit, and the most highly upregulated gene in DIET-grown cells, eliminated the long lag periods required for the initiation of DIET. The mutation did not aid DIET in the presence of granular activated carbon, consistent with the fact that DIET partners do not make physical contact when electrically connected through conductive materials. The hcp-deficient mutant also established DIET quicker with Methanosarcina barkeri. However, the mutant also reduced Fe(III) oxide faster than the wild-type strain, a phenotype not expected from the loss of the T6SS. Quantitative PCR revealed greater gene transcript abundance for key components of extracellular electron transfer in the hcp-deficient mutant versus the wild-type strain, potentially accounting for the faster Fe(III) oxide reduction and impact on DIET. The results highlight that interspecies interactions beyond electrical connections may influence DIET effectiveness. The unexpected increase in the expression of genes for extracellular electron transport components when hcp was deleted emphasize the complexities in evaluating the electromicrobiology of highly adaptable Geobacter species.

IMPORTANCEDirect interspecies electron transfer (DIET) is an alternative to the much more intensively studied process of interspecies H2 transfer as a mechanism for microbes to share electrons during the cooperative metabolism of energy sources. DIET is an important process in anaerobic soils and sediments generating methane, a significant greenhouse gas. Facilitating DIET can accelerate and stabilize the conversion of organic wastes to methane biofuel in anaerobic digesters. Therefore, a better understanding of the factors controlling how fast DIET partnerships are established is expected to lead to new strategies for promoting this bioenergy process. The finding that when co-cultured with G. sulfurreducens, G. metallireducens initially expressed a type VI secretion system, a behavior not conducive to interspecies cooperation, illustrates the complexity in establishing syntrophic relationships.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smith, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodard, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meier, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwarz, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lovley, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.02.530876</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Detrimental Impact of a Type VI Secretion System on Direct Interspecies Electron Transfer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.02.530745v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adaptive dynamics of memory-1 strategies in the repeated donation game 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.02.530745v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Social interactions often take the form of a social dilemma: collectively, individuals fare best if everybody cooperates, yet each single individual is tempted to free ride. Social dilemmas can be resolved when individuals interact repeatedly. Repetition allows individuals to adopt reciprocal strategies which incentivize cooperation. The most basic model to study reciprocity is the repeated donation game, a variant of the repeated prisoners dilemma. Two players interact over many rounds, in which they repeatedly decide whether to cooperate or to defect. To make their decisions, they need a strategy that tells them what to do depending on the history of previous play. Memory-1 strategies depend on the previous round only. Even though memory-1 strategies are among the most elementary strategies of reciprocity, their evolutionary dynamics has been difficult to study analytically. As a result, most previous work relies on simulations. Here, we derive and analyze their adaptive dynamics. We show that the four-dimensional space of memory-1 strategies has an invariant three-dimensional subspace, generated by the memory-1 counting strategies. Counting strategies record how many players cooperated in the previous round, without considering who cooperated. We give a partial characterization of adaptive dynamics for memory-1 strategies and a full characterization for memory-1 counting strategies.

Author summaryDirect reciprocity is a mechanism for evolution of cooperation based on the repeated interaction of the same players. In the most basic setting, we consider a game between two players and in each round they choose between cooperation and defection. Hence, there are four possible outcomes: (i) both cooperate; (ii) I cooperate, you defect; (ii) I defect, you cooperate; (iv) both defect. A memory-1 strategy for playing this game is characterized by four quantities which specify the probabilities to cooperate in the next round depending on the outcome of the current round. We study evolutionary dynamics in the space of all memory-1 strategies. We assume that mutant strategies are generated in close proximity to the existing strategies, and therefore we can use the framework of adaptive dynamics, which is deterministic.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>LaPorte, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilbe, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nowak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.02.530745</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adaptive dynamics of memory-1 strategies in the repeated donation game]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.02.530875v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Probing inter-areal computations with a cellular resolution two-photon holographic mesoscope 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.02.530875v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain computation depends on intricately connected yet highly distributed neural networks. Due to the absence of the requisite technologies, causally testing fundamental hypotheses on inter-areal processing has remained largely out-of-each. Here we developed the first two photon holographic mesoscope, a system capable of simultaneously reading and writing neural activity patterns with near single cell resolution across large regions of the brain. We demonstrate the precise photo-activation of spatial and temporal sequences of neurons in one or multiple brain areas while reading out the downstream effect in several other regions. We thus establish mesoscale two photon holographic optogenetics as a new platform for mapping functional connectivity and causal interactions across distributed cortical areas with high resolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abdeladim, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jagadisan, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogando, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adesnik, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.02.530875</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Probing inter-areal computations with a cellular resolution two-photon holographic mesoscope]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.03.530964v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Widespread CRISPR repeat-like RNA regulatory elements in CRISPR-Cas systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.03.530964v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-cas loci typically contain CRISPR arrays with unique spacers separating direct repeats. Spacers along with portions of adjacent repeats are transcribed and processed into CRISPR(cr) RNAs that target complementary sequences (protospacers) in mobile genetic elements, resulting in cleavage of the target DNA or RNA. Additional, standalone repeats in some CRISPR-cas loci produce distinct cr-like RNAs implicated in regulatory or other functions. We developed a computational pipeline to systematically predict crRNA-like elements by scanning for standalone repeat sequences that are conserved in closely related CRISPR-cas loci. Numerous crRNA-like elements were detected in diverse CRISPR-Cas systems, mostly, of type I, but also subtype V-A. Standalone repeats often form mini-arrays containing two repeat-like sequence separated by a spacer that is partially complementary to promoter regions of cas genes, in particular cas8, or cargo genes located within CRISPR-Cas loci, such as toxins-antitoxins. We show experimentally that a mini-array from a type I-F1 CRISPR-Cas system functions as a regulatory guide. We also identified mini-arrays in bacteriophages that could abrogate CRISPR immunity by inhibiting effector expression. Thus, recruitment of CRISPR effectors for regulatory functions via spacers with partial complementarity to the target is a common feature of diverse CRISPR-Cas systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shmakov, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barth, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makarova, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, Y. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brover, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koonin, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.03.530964</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Widespread CRISPR repeat-like RNA regulatory elements in CRISPR-Cas systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.05.531199v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryopreservation and revival of Hawaiian stony corals via isochoric vitrification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.05.531199v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Corals are under siege by both local and global threats, creating a wordwide reef crisis. Cryopreservation is an important intervention measure and a vital component of the modern coral conservation toolkit, but preservation techniques are currently limited to sensitive reproductive materials that can only be obtained a few nights per year during spawning. Here, we report the first successful cryopreservation and revival of cm-scale coral fragments via mL-scale isochoric vitrification. We demonstrate coral viability at 24h post-thaw using a calibrated oxygen-uptake respirometry technique, and further show that the method can be applied in a passive, electronics-free configuration. Finally, we detail a complete prototype coral cryopreservation pipeline, which provides a platform for essential next steps in modulating postthaw stress and initiating long-term growth. These findings pave the way towards an approach that can be rapidly deployed around the world to secure the biological genetic diversity of our vanishing coral reefs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Powell-Palm, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henley, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Consiglio, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lager, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daly, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubinsky, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagedorn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.05.531199</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryopreservation and revival of Hawaiian stony corals via isochoric vitrification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.07.531453v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanical transmission of Dengue Virus by Aedes aegypti may influence disease transmission dynamics during outbreaks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.07.531453v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The escalating number of dengue virus (DENV) outbreaks and their worldwide spread pose a major threat to global public health. DENV transmission dynamics significantly influence outbreak duration and magnitude. Conventional DENV transmission requires an incubation period between mosquitoes biting infected humans and the mosquitoes becoming infectious. However, the possibility of immediate, mechanical transmission of DENV without viral replication in the mosquito has received little attention despite its potential importance.

Here, we show that Aedes aegypti mosquitoes can mechanically transmit DENV to susceptible mice immediately after biting infected mice without the need for an incubation period. By incorporating parameters from our experiments into a newly developed mathematical model, we found a significant impact on DENV outbreak characteristics.

Mechanical transmission may amplify existing disease transmission routes and influence outbreak dynamics. Our findings have implications for vector control strategies that target mosquito lifespan and suggest the possibility of similar mechanical transmission routes in other disease-carrying mosquitoes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, H.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsou, H.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, K.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, G.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, C.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, P.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, W.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, L.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yueh, Y. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akbari, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, H.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, G.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>CHEN, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.07.531453</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanical transmission of Dengue Virus by Aedes aegypti may influence disease transmission dynamics during outbreaks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.06.531374v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex chromosome - autosome fusions in Heliconius butterflies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.06.531374v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sex chromosomes are evolutionarily labile in many animals and sometimes fuse with autosomes, creating so-called neo-sex chromosomes. Fusions between sex chromosomes and autosomes have been proposed to reduce sexual conflict and to promote adaptation and reproductive isolation among species. Recently, advances in genomics have fuelled the discovery of such fusions across the tree of life. Here, we discovered multiple fusions leading to neo-sex chromosomes in the sara/sapho clade of the classical adaptive radiation of Heliconius butterflies. Heliconius butterflies generally have 21 chromosomes with very high synteny. However, the five species in the sapho subclade show large variation in chromosome number ranging from 21 to 60. We found that the W chromosome is fused with chromosome 4 in all of them. Two sister species pairs showed subsequent fusions between the W and chromosomes 9 or 14, respectively. These sequential fusions between autosomes and sex chromosomes make Heliconius butterflies an ideal system for studying the role of neo-sex chromosomes in adaptive radiations and the degeneration of sex chromosomes over time. Our findings emphasize the capability of WGS technology to detect neo-sex chromosomes even when sex chromosomes are not explicitly assembled.

Author SummaryFusions between sex chromosomes and autosomes are thought to have the potential to resolve sexual conflict and enhance local adaptation or reproductive isolation between species. Here, we discovered such fusions in Heliconius butterflies. Heliconius butterflies mostly have a very stable karyotype with 21 chromosomes and high synteny across species. However, the five species in the sapho subclade have up to 60 chromosomes, suggesting that they have undergone many chromosomal fissions. We document that in addition to the fissions, the sapho subclade also showed multiple fusions between the female-specific sex chromosome (W) and autosomes. We found a W-4 fusion shared by all five species and additional W fusions with chromosomes 9 and 14 shared by two species each. Even though in many sapho subclade species the autosomes have undergone fissions, the chromosomes fused with the W represent the full-length autosomes, as seen in other Heliconius species, suggesting that fusing to the W protected them from fissions. Our study reveals the power of short-read sequencing to discover neo-sex chromosomes and showcases Heliconius butterflies as a promising system for studying the causes and consequences of sex chromosome evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rueda-M, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiggins, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardo-Diaz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMillan, W. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarthy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozak, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arias, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ready, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durbin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montejo-Kovacevich, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salazar, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.06.531374</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex chromosome - autosome fusions in Heliconius butterflies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.06.531392v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitochondrial haplotype and mito-nuclear matching drive somatic mutation and selection through aging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.06.531392v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondrial genomes co-evolve with the nuclear genome over evolutionary timescales and are shaped by selection in the female germline. Here, we investigate how mismatching between nuclear and mitochondrial ancestry impacts the somatic evolution of the mt-genome in different tissues throughout aging. We used ultra-sensitive Duplex Sequencing to profile [~]2.5 million mt-genomes across five mitochondrial haplotypes and three tissues in young and aged mice, cataloging [~]1.2 million mitochondrial somatic and ultra low frequency inherited mutations, of which 81,097 are unique. We identify haplotype-specific mutational patterns and several mutational hotspots, including at the Light Strand Origin of Replication, which consistently exhibits the highest mutation frequency. We show that rodents exhibit a distinct mitochondrial somatic mutational spectrum compared to primates with a surfeit of reactive oxygen species-associated G>T/C>A mutations, and that somatic mutations in protein coding genes exhibit signatures of negative selection. Lastly, we identify an extensive enrichment in somatic reversion mutations that "re-align" mito-nuclear ancestry within an organisms lifespan. Together, our findings demonstrate that mitochondrial genomes are a dynamically evolving subcellular population shaped by somatic mutation and selection throughout organismal lifetimes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Serrano, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirose, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valentine, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Austin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pratt, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salk, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibrahim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sudmant, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.06.531392</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitochondrial haplotype and mito-nuclear matching drive somatic mutation and selection through aging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.07.531504v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inference and reconstruction of the heimdallarchaeial ancestry of eukaryotes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.07.531504v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the ongoing debates about eukaryogenesis, the series of evolutionary events leading to the emergence of the eukaryotic cell from prokaryotic ancestors, members of the Asgard archaea play a key role as the closest archaeal relatives of eukaryotes. However, the nature and phylogenetic identity of the last common ancestor of Asgard archaea and eukaryotes remain unresolved. Here, we analyze distinct phylogenetic marker datasets of an expanded genomic sampling of Asgard archaea and evaluate competing evolutionary scenarios using state-of-the-art phylogenomic approaches. We find that eukaryotes are placed, with high confidence, as a well-nested clade within Asgard archaea, as a sister lineage to Hodarchaeales, a newly proposed order within Heimdallarchaeia. Using sophisticated gene tree/species tree reconciliation approaches, we show that, in analogy to the evolution of eukaryotic genomes, genome evolution in Asgard archaea involved significantly more gene duplication and fewer gene loss events compared to other archaea. Finally, we infer that the last common ancestor of Asgard archaea likely was a thermophilic chemolithotroph, and that the lineage from which eukaryotes evolved adapted to mesophilic conditions and acquired the genetic potential to support a heterotrophic lifestyle. Our work provides key insights into the prokaryote-to-eukaryote transition and the platform for the emergence of cellular complexity in eukaryotic cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eme, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamarit, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caceres, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stairs, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Anda, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schon, M.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seitz, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dombrowski, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saw, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Homa, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lombard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nunoura, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hua, Z.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>St. John, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reysenbach, A.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stott, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schramm, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kjeldsen, K. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teske, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ettema, T. J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.07.531504</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inference and reconstruction of the heimdallarchaeial ancestry of eukaryotes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.09.531918v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ophiobolin A Covalently Targets Complex IV Leading to Mitochondrial Metabolic Collapse in Cancer Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.09.531918v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryOphiobolin A (OPA) is a sesterterpenoid fungal natural product with broad anti-cancer activity. While OPA possesses multiple electrophilic moieties that can covalently react with nucleophilic amino acids on proteins, the proteome-wide targets and mechanism of OPA remain poorly understood in many contexts. In this study, we used covalent chemoproteomic platforms to map the proteome-wide reactivity of OPA in a highly sensitive lung cancer cell line. Among several proteins that OPA engaged, we focused on two targets--cysteine C53 of HIG2DA and lysine K72 of COX5A--that are part of complex IV of the electron transport chain and contributed significantly to the anti-proliferative activity. OPA activated mitochondrial respiration in a HIG2DA and COX5A-dependent manner, led to an initial spike in mitochondrial ATP, but then compromised mitochondrial membrane potential leading to ATP depletion. We have used chemoproteomic strategies to discover a unique anti-cancer mechanism of OPA through activation of complex IV leading to compromised mitochondrial energetics and rapid cell death.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gowans, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thach, D. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poblano, B. E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dovala, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tallarico, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKenna, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schirle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maimone, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomura, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.09.531918</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ophiobolin A Covalently Targets Complex IV Leading to Mitochondrial Metabolic Collapse in Cancer Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.09.531939v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineered allostery in light-regulated LOV-Turbo enables precise spatiotemporal control of proximity labeling in living cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.09.531939v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The incorporation of light-responsive domains into engineered proteins has enabled control of protein localization, interactions, and function with light. We integrated optogenetic control into proximity labeling (PL), a cornerstone technique for high-resolution proteomic mapping of organelles and interactomes in living cells. Through structure-guided screening and directed evolution, we installed the light-sensitive LOV domain into the PL enzyme TurboID to rapidly and reversibly control its labeling activity with low-power blue light. "LOV-Turbo" works in multiple contexts and dramatically reduces background in biotin-rich environments such as neurons. We used LOV-Turbo for pulse-chase labeling to discover proteins that traffick between endoplasmic reticulum, nuclear, and mitochondrial compartments under cellular stress. We also showed that instead of external light, LOV-Turbo can be activated by BRET from luciferase, enabling interaction-dependent PL. Overall, LOV-Turbo increases the spatial and temporal precision of PL, expanding the scope of experimental questions that can be addressed with PL.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheah, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, K. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Udeshi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ting, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.09.531939</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineered allostery in light-regulated LOV-Turbo enables precise spatiotemporal control of proximity labeling in living cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.10.531533v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ultrapotent SARS coronavirus-neutralizing single-domain antibodies that bind a conserved membrane proximal epitope of the spike 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.10.531533v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Currently circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants have gained complete or significant resistance to all SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing antibodies that have been used in the clinic. Such antibodies can prevent severe disease in SARS-CoV-2 exposed patients for whom vaccines may not provide optimal protection. Here, we describe single-domain antibodies (VHHs), also known as nanobodies, that can broadly neutralize SARS-CoV-2 with unusually high potency. Structural analysis revealed their binding to a unique, highly conserved, membrane proximal, quaternary epitope in the S2 subunit of the spike. Furthermore, a VHH-human IgG1 Fc fusion, efficiently expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells as a stable antibody construct, protected hamsters against SARS-CoV-2 replication in a therapeutic setting when administered systemically at low dose. This VHH-based antibody represents a new candidate anti-COVID-19 biologic that targets the Achilles heel of the viral spike.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>De Cae, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Molle, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Schie, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoemaker, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deckers, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debeuf, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lameire, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nerinckx, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roose, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fijalkowska, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desmet, A.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zavala Marchan, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venneman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghassabeh, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedeyn, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballegeer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanheerswynghels, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Wolf, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demol, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanhaverbeke, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lonigro, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bockstal, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rinaldi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdelnabi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neyts, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marqusee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lambrecht, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callewaert, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Remaut, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saelens, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schepens, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.10.531533</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ultrapotent SARS coronavirus-neutralizing single-domain antibodies that bind a conserved membrane proximal epitope of the spike]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.10.532131v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enzymatic Hydroxylation of Aliphatic C-H Bonds by a Mn/Fe Cofactor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.10.532131v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Manganese cofactors activate strong chemical bonds in many essential enzymes. Yet very few manganese-dependent enzymes are known to functionalize ubiquitous carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds, and those that catalyze this important reaction display limited intrinsic reactivity. Herein, we report that the 2-aminoisobutyric acid hydroxylase from Rhodococcus wratislaviensis requires manganese to functionalize a C-H bond possessing a bond dissociation enthalpy (BDE) exceeding 100 kcal/mol. Structural and spectroscopic studies of this enzyme reveal a redox-active, heterobimetallic manganese-iron active site that utilizes a manganese ion at the locus for O2 activation and substrate coordination. Accordingly, this enzyme represents the first documented Mn-dependent monooxygenase in biology. Related proteins are widespread in microorganisms suggesting that many uncharacterized monooxygenases may utilize manganese-containing cofactors to accomplish diverse biological tasks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Powell, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Britt, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rittle, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.10.532131</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enzymatic Hydroxylation of Aliphatic C-H Bonds by a Mn/Fe Cofactor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.10.532136v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic analysis of cultivated infant microbiomes identifies Bifidobacterium 2'-fucosyllactose utilization can be facilitated by co-existing species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.10.532136v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) ensure proper infant gut microbiome establishment. Isolate studies have revealed the genetic basis for HMO metabolism, but they exclude the possibility of HMO assimilation via synergistic interactions involving multiple organisms. Here, we investigated microbiome responses to 2-fucosyllactose (2FL), a prevalent HMO and infant formula additive, by establishing individualized microbiomes using fecal samples from three different infants as the inocula. Bifidobacterium breve, a prominent member of infant microbiomes, typically cannot metabolize 2FL. Using metagenomic data, we predicted that extracellular fucosidases encoded by co-existing members such as Ruminococcus gnavus initiate 2FL breakdown, thus critical for B. breves growth. Using both targeted co-cultures and by supplementation of R. gnavus into one microbiome, we show that R. gnavus can promote extensive growth of B. breve through the release of lactose from 2FL. Overall, microbiome cultivation combined with genome-resolved metagenomics demonstrated that HMO utilization can vary with an individuals microbiome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lou, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoelmerich, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiMarco, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borges, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rovinsky, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.10.532136</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic analysis of cultivated infant microbiomes identifies Bifidobacterium 2'-fucosyllactose utilization can be facilitated by co-existing species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.10.531984v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unsupervised pattern discovery in spatial gene expression atlas reveals mouse brain regions beyond established ontology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.10.531984v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The rapid growth of large-scale spatial gene expression data demands efficient and reliable computational tools to extract major trends of gene expression in their native spatial context. Here, we used stability-driven unsupervised learning (i.e. staNMF) to identify principal patterns (PPs) of 3D gene expression profiles and understand spatial gene distribution and anatomical localization at the whole mouse brain level. Our subsequent spatial correlation analysis systematically compared the PPs to known anatomical regions and ontology from the Allen Mouse Brain Atlas using spatial neighborhoods. We demonstrate that our stable and spatially coherent PPs, whose linear combinations accurately approximate the spatial gene data, are highly correlated with combinations of expert-annotated brain regions. These PPs yield a new brain ontology based purely on spatial gene expression. Our PP identification approach outperforms principal component analysis (PCA) and typical clustering algorithms on the same task. Moreover, we show that the stable PPs reveal marked regional imbalance of brainwide genetic architecture, leading to region-specific marker genes and gene co-expression networks. Our findings highlight the advantages of stability-driven machine learning for plausible biological discovery from dense spatial gene expression data that are infeasible by conventional manual approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cahill, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tasic, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbasi-Asl, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.10.531984</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unsupervised pattern discovery in spatial gene expression atlas reveals mouse brain regions beyond established ontology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.16.532481v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antigen receptor signaling and cell death resistance controls intestinal humoral response zonation. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.16.532481v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immunoglobulin A (IgA), the main antibody isotype found in the intestine, has evolved to maintain the stability of commensal communities, and prevent dysbiosis. In stark contrast to systemic antibody response against pathogens, the generation of IgA against intestinal resident microbes assures the simultaneous binding to multiple and diverse commensal-derived antigens. However, the exact mechanisms by which B cells mount such broadly reactive IgA response to the gut microbiome at the mucosal barrier remain elusive. Here we show surface IgA B cell receptor (BCR) is required to confer enhanced B cell fitness during the germinal center reaction in Peyers patches and to mediate selection of gut-homing plasma cells with higher efficiency. We demonstrate that, upon antigen stimulation, IgA+ BCR drives greater intracellular signaling in mouse and human B cells and as consequence, IgA+ B cells received higher positive selection cues in the germinal center. Mechanistically, in vivo IgA BCR signaling offsets Fas-mediated cell death to rescue low affinity B cell clones and redirects the humoral response to an increased variety of commensal strains at the intestinal interface. Our findings revealed a new mechanism linking tissue-specific antigen receptor signaling with B cell fate and localization of antibody production; and have implications for understanding how intestinal antigen recognition shapes humoral immunity in health and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Raso, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willett, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barton, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayer, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bannard, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acharya, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muppidi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshak-Rothstein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reboldi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.16.532481</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antigen receptor signaling and cell death resistance controls intestinal humoral response zonation.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.16.532987v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of chemosensory and detoxification gene families across herbivorous Drosophilidae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.16.532987v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Herbivorous insects are exceptionally diverse, accounting for a quarter of all known eukaryotic species, but the genetic basis of adaptations that enabled this dietary transition remains poorly understood. Many studies have suggested that expansions and contractions of chemosensory and detoxification gene families - genes directly mediating interactions with plant chemical defenses - underlie successful plant colonization. However, this hypothesis has been challenging to test because the origins of herbivory in many lineages are ancient (>150 million years ago [mya]), obscuring genomic evolutionary patterns. Here, we characterized chemosensory and detoxification gene family evolution across Scaptomyza, a genus nested within Drosophila that includes a recently derived (<15 mya) herbivore lineage of mustard (Brassicales) specialists and carnation (Caryophyllaceae) specialists, and several non-herbivorous species. Comparative genomic analyses revealed that herbivorous Scaptomyza have among the smallest chemosensory and detoxification gene repertoires across 12 drosophilid species surveyed. Rates of gene turnover averaged across the herbivore clade were significantly higher than background rates in over half of the surveyed gene families. However, gene turnover was more limited along the ancestral herbivore branch, with only gustatory receptors and odorant binding proteins experiencing strong losses. The genes most significantly impacted by gene loss, duplication, or changes in selective constraint were those involved in detecting compounds associated with feeding on plants (bitter or electrophilic phytotoxins) or their ancestral diet (yeast and fruit volatiles). These results provide insight into the molecular and evolutionary mechanisms of plant-feeding adaptations and highlight strong gene candidates that have also been linked to other dietary transitions in Drosophila.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pelaez, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gloss, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman-Huertas, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lapoint, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pimentel-Solorio, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verster, K. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilar, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dittrich, A. C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singhal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsunaga, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armstrong, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charboneau, J. L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groen, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hembry, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ochoa, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>OConnor, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prost, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaaijer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nabity, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiteman, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.16.532987</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of chemosensory and detoxification gene families across herbivorous Drosophilidae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.16.532988v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bioactive Natural Product Discovery via Deuterium Adduct Bioactivity Screening 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.16.532988v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The discovery of bioactive natural products lies at the forefront of human medicine. The continued discovery of these molecules is imperative in the fight against infection and disease. While natural products have historically dominated the drug market, discovery in recent years has slowed significantly, partly due to limitations in current discovery methodologies. This work demonstrates a new workflow, Deuterium Adduct Bioactivity Screening (DABS), which pairs untargeted isotope labeling with whole cell binding assays for bioactive natural product discovery. DABS was validated and led to the discovery of a new isoprenyl guanidine alkaloid, zillamycin, which showed anti-cancer and anti-microbial activities. DABS thus represents a new workflow to accelerate discovery of natural products with a wide range of bioactive potential.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zill, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marinkovich, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidel, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.16.532988</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bioactive Natural Product Discovery via Deuterium Adduct Bioactivity Screening]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.17.533036v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeted DNA integration in human cells without double-strand breaks using CRISPR RNA-guided transposases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.17.533036v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Traditional genome-editing reagents such as CRISPR-Cas9 achieve targeted DNA modification by introducing double-strand breaks (DSBs), thereby stimulating localized DNA repair by endogenous cellular repair factors. While highly effective at generating heterogenous knockout mutations, this approach suffers from undesirable byproducts and an inability to control product purity. Here we develop a system in human cells for programmable, DSB-free DNA integration using Type I CRISPR-associated transposons (CASTs). To adapt our previously described CAST systems, we optimized DNA targeting by the QCascade complex through a comprehensive assessment of protein design, and we developed potent transcriptional activators by exploiting the multi-valent recruitment of the AAA+ ATPase, TnsC, to genomic sites targeted by QCascade. After initial detection of plasmid-based transposition, we screened 15 homologous CAST systems from a wide range of bacterial hosts, identified a CAST homolog from Pseudoalteromonas that exhibited improved activity, and increased integration efficiencies through parameter optimization. We further discovered that bacterial ClpX enhances genomic integration by multiple orders of magnitude, and we propose that this critical accessory factor functions to drive active disassembly of the post-transposition CAST complex, akin to its demonstrated role in Mu transposition. Our work highlights the ability to functionally reconstitute complex, multi-component machineries in human cells, and establishes a strong foundation to realize the full potential of CRISPR-associated transposons for human genome engineering.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lampe, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halpin-Healy, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klompe, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hogan, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vo, P. L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sternberg, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.17.533036</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeted DNA integration in human cells without double-strand breaks using CRISPR RNA-guided transposases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.17.533234v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phyllosphere fungal diversity generates pervasive non-additive effects on plant performance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.17.533234v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIAll plants naturally harbor diverse microbiomes that can dramatically impact their health and productivity. However, it remains unclear how microbiome diversity, especially in the phyllosphere, impacts intermicrobial interactions and consequent non-additive effects on plant productivity.
C_LIO_LICombining manipulative experiments, field collections, culturing, microbiome sequencing, and synthetic consortia, we experimentally tested for the first time how foliar fungal community diversity impacts plant productivity. We inoculated morning glories with 32 synthetic phyllosphere communities of either low or high diversity or with single fungal taxa, and measured effects on plant productivity and allocation.
C_LIO_LIWe found 1) non-additive effects were pervasive with 56% of microbial communities interacting synergistically or antagonistically to impact plant productivity, including some consortia capable of generating acute synergism (e.g., >1000% increase in productivity above the additive expectation), 2) interactions among  commensal fungi were responsible for this non-additivity in diverse communities, 3) synergistic interactions were ~4 times stronger than antagonistic effects, 4) fungal diversity affected the magnitude but not frequency or direction of non-additivity, and 5) diversity affected plant performance nonlinearly with highest performance in low microbial diversity treatments.
C_LIO_LIThese findings highlight the importance of interpreting plant-microbial interactions under a framework that incorporates intermicrobial interactions and non-additive outcomes to understand natural complexity.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Almeida, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afkhami, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.17.533234</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phyllosphere fungal diversity generates pervasive non-additive effects on plant performance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.17.533246v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Control of meiotic entry by dual inhibition of a key mitotic transcription factor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.17.533246v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mitosis to meiosis transition requires dynamic changes in gene expression, but whether and how the mitotic transcriptional machinery is regulated during this transition is unknown. In budding yeast, SBF and MBF transcription factors initiate the mitotic gene expression program. Here, we report two mechanisms that work together to restrict SBF activity during meiotic entry: repression of the SBF-specific Swi4 subunit through LUTI-based regulation and inhibition of SBF by Whi5, a functional homolog of the Rb tumor suppressor. We find that untimely SBF activation causes downregulation of early meiotic genes and delays meiotic entry. These defects are largely driven by the SBF-target G1 cyclins, which block the interaction between the central meiotic regulator Ime1 and its cofactor Ume6. Our study provides insight into the role of SWI4LUTI in establishing the meiotic transcriptional program and demonstrates how the LUTI-based regulation is integrated into a larger regulatory network to ensure timely SBF activity.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LISBF subunit Swi4 is downregulated at meiotic entry by the LUTI-based mechanism
C_LIO_LISWI4LUTI and Whi5 work together to inhibit SBF at meiotic entry
C_LIO_LISBF and Ime1 TFs antagonize each other, ensuring mutually exclusive cell states
C_LIO_LISBF-target G1 cyclins block meiosis by preventing Ime1-Ume6 interaction
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Su, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yendluri, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ünal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.17.533246</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Control of meiotic entry by dual inhibition of a key mitotic transcription factor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.20.533580v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transgene Expression in Cultured Cells Using Unpurified Recombinant Adeno-Associated Viral Vectors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.20.533580v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors (rAAV) can achieve potent and durable transgene expression without integration in a broad range of tissue types, making them a popular choice for gene delivery in animal models and in clinical settings. In addition to therapeutic applications, rAAVs are a useful laboratory tool for delivering transgenes tailored to the researchers experimental needs and scientific goals in cultured cells. Some examples include exogenous reporter genes, overexpression cassettes, RNA interference, and CRISPR-based tools including those for genome-wide screens. rAAV transductions are less harmful to cells than electroporation or chemical transfection and moreover do not require any special equipment or expensive reagents to produce. Crude lysates or conditioned media containing rAAVs can be added directly to cultured cells without further purification to transduce many cell types - an underappreciated feature of rAAVs. Here, we provide protocols for basic transgene cassette cloning and demonstrate how to produce and apply crude rAAV preparations to cultured cells. As proof-of-principle, we demonstrate transduction of three cell types that have not yet been reported in rAAV applications. We discuss appropriate uses for crude rAAV preparations, the limitations of rAAVs for gene delivery, and considerations for capsid choice. The simplicity of production, exceedingly low cost, and often potent results make crude rAAV a primary choice for researchers to achieve effective DNA delivery.

SummaryRecombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) is widely used for clinical and preclinical gene delivery. An underappreciated use for rAAVs is the robust transduction of cultured cells without the need for purification. For researchers new to rAAV, we provide a protocol for transgene cassette cloning, crude vector production, and cell culture transduction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benyamini, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esbin, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitney, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walther, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maurer, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.20.533580</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transgene Expression in Cultured Cells Using Unpurified Recombinant Adeno-Associated Viral Vectors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.21.533689v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An endocytic myosin essential for plasma membrane invagination powers motility against resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.21.533689v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Myosins are required for clathrin-mediated endocytosis, but their precise molecular roles in this process are not known. This is, in part, because the biophysical properties of the relevant motors have not been investigated. Myosins have diverse mechanochemical activities, ranging from powerful contractility against mechanical loads to force-sensitive anchoring. To better understand the essential molecular contribution of myosin to endocytosis, we studied the in vitro force-dependent kinetics of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae endocytic type I myosin called Myo5, a motor whose role in clathrin-mediated endocytosis has been meticulously studied in vivo. We report that Myo5 is a low-duty-ratio motor that is activated [~]10-fold by phosphorylation, and that its working stroke and actin-detachment kinetics are relatively force-insensitive. Strikingly, the in vitro mechanochemistry of Myo5 is more like that of cardiac myosin than like that of slow anchoring myosin-1s found on endosomal membranes. We therefore propose that Myo5 generates power to augment actin assembly-based forces during endocytosis in cells.

SummaryPedersen, Snoberger et al. measure the force-sensitivity of the yeast endocytic the myosin-1 called Myo5 and find that it is more likely to generate power than to serve as a force-sensitive anchor in cells. Implications for Myo5s role in clathrin-mediated endocytosis are discussed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pedersen, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snoberger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pyrpassopoulos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drubin, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostap, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.21.533689</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An endocytic myosin essential for plasma membrane invagination powers motility against resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.22.533709v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitigation of chromosome loss in clinical CRISPR-Cas9-engineered T cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.22.533709v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing has enabled advanced T cell therapies, but occasional loss of the targeted chromosome remains a safety concern. To investigate whether Cas9-induced chromosome loss is a universal phenomenon and evaluate its clinical significance, we conducted a systematic analysis in primary human T cells. Arrayed and pooled CRISPR screens revealed that chromosome loss was generalizable across the genome and resulted in partial and entire loss of the chromosome, including in pre-clinical chimeric antigen receptor T cells. T cells with chromosome loss persisted for weeks in culture, implying the potential to interfere with clinical use. A modified cell manufacturing process, employed in our first-in-human clinical trial of Cas9-engineered T cells,1 dramatically reduced chromosome loss while largely preserving genome editing efficacy. Expression of p53 correlated with protection from chromosome loss observed in this protocol, suggesting both a mechanism and strategy for T cell engineering that mitigates this genotoxicity in the clinic.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tsuchida, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandes, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bueno, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trinidad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazumder, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hopkins, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satpathy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stadtmauer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cate, J. H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eyquem, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraietta, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>June, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.22.533709</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitigation of chromosome loss in clinical CRISPR-Cas9-engineered T cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.22.533710v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptomic contributions to a modern cytoarchitectonic parcellation of the human cerebral cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.22.533710v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcriptomic contributions to the anatomical, functional, and network layout of the human cerebral cortex (HCC) has become a major interest in cognitive and systems neuroscience. Here, we tested if transcriptomic differences support a modern, algorithmic cytoarchitectonic parcellation of HCC. Using a data-driven approach, we identified a sparse subset of genes that differentially contributed to the cytoarchitectonic parcellation of HCC. A novel metric (cortical thickness/myelination ratio; CT/M ratio), as well as cell density, correlated with gene expression. Enrichment analyses showed that genes specific to the cytoarchitectonic parcellation of the HCC were related to molecular functions such as transmembrane transport and ion channel activity. Together, the novel relationship between transcriptomics and the CT/M ratio bridges the gap among i) gradients at the macroscale, ii) areas at the meso-scale, and iii) cell density at the microscale, as well as supports the recently proposed cortical spectrum theory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>King, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.22.533710</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptomic contributions to a modern cytoarchitectonic parcellation of the human cerebral cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.23.532619v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeted and selective knockout of the TLQP-21 neuropeptide unmasks its unique role in energy homeostasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.23.532619v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pro-peptide precursors are processed into biologically active peptide hormones or neurotransmitters, each playing an essential role in physiology and disease. Genetic loss of function of a pro-peptide precursor results in the simultaneous ablation of all biologically-active peptides within that precursor, often leading to a composite phenotype that can be difficult to align with the loss of specific peptide components. Due to this biological constraint and technical limitations, mice carrying the selective ablation of individual peptides encoded by pro-peptide precursor genes, while leaving the other peptides unaffected, have remained largely unaddressed. Here, we developed and characterized a mouse model carrying the selective knockout of the TLQP-21 neuropeptide ({Delta}TLQP-21) encoded by the Vgf gene. To achieve this goal, we used a knowledge-based approach by mutating a codon in the Vgf sequence leading to the substitution of the C-terminal Arginine of TLQP-21, which is the pharmacophore as well as an essential cleavage site from its precursor, into Alanine (R21[-&gt;]A). We provide several independent validations of this mouse, including a novel in-gel digestion targeted mass spectrometry identification of the unnatural mutant sequence, exclusive to the mutant mouse. {Delta}TLQP-21 mice do not manifest gross behavioral and metabolic abnormalities and reproduce well, yet they have a unique metabolic phenotype characterized by a temperature-dependent resistance to diet-induced obesity and activation of the brown adipose tissue.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sahu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Razzoli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGonigle, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pallais, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadahiro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, W.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelley, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mansk, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cero, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caviola, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palanza, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beetch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alejandro, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sham, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frontini, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salton, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartolomucci, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.23.532619</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeted and selective knockout of the TLQP-21 neuropeptide unmasks its unique role in energy homeostasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.23.533946v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chiropterans are a hotspot for horizontal transfer of DNA transposons in Mammalia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.23.533946v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Horizontal transfer of transposable elements is an important mechanism contributing to genetic diversity and innovation. Bats (order Chiroptera) have repeatedly been shown to experience horizontal transfer of transposable elements at what appears to be a high rate compared to other mammals. We investigated the occurrence of horizontally transferred DNA transposons involving bats. We found over 200 putative horizontally transferred elements within bats; sixteen transposons were shared across distantly related mammalian clades and two other elements were shared with a fish and two lizard species. Our results indicate that bats are a hotspot for horizontal transfer of DNA transposons. These events broadly coincide with the diversification of several bat clades, supporting the hypothesis that DNA transposon invasions have contributed to genetic diversification of bats.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paulat, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Storer, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno-Santillan, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osmanski, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimshaw, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korstian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halsey, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crookshanks, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smit, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teeling, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vernes, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pippel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zoonomia Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rojas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davalos, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindblad-Toh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karlsson, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.23.533946</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chiropterans are a hotspot for horizontal transfer of DNA transposons in Mammalia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.23.533998v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nuclease genes occupy boundaries of genetic exchange between bacteriophages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.23.533998v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Homing endonuclease genes (HEGs) are ubiquitous selfish elements that generate targeted double-stranded DNA breaks, facilitating the recombination of the HEG DNA sequence into the break site and contributing to the evolutionary dynamics of HEG-encoding genomes. Bacteriophages (phages) are well-documented to carry HEGs, with the paramount characterization of HEGs being focused on those encoded by coliphage T4. Recently, it has been observed that the highly sampled vibriophage, ICP1, is similarly enriched with HEGs distinct from T4s. Here, we examined the HEGs encoded by ICP1 and diverse phages, proposing HEG-driven mechanisms that contribute to phage evolution. Relative to ICP1 and T4, we found a variable distribution of HEGs across phages, with HEGs frequently encoded proximal to or within essential genes. We identified large regions (> 10kb) of high nucleotide identity flanked by HEGs, deemed HEG islands, which we hypothesize to be mobilized by the activity of flanking HEGs. Finally, we found examples of domain swapping between phage-encoded HEGs and genes encoded by other phages and phage satellites. We anticipate that HEGs have a larger impact on the evolutionary trajectory of phages than previously appreciated and that future work investigating the role of HEGs in phage evolution will continue to highlight these observations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barth, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunham, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seed, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.23.533998</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nuclease genes occupy boundaries of genetic exchange between bacteriophages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.22.533675v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Comprehensive Enumeration of the Human Proteostasis Network. 2. Components of the Autophagy-Lysosome Pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.22.533675v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The condition of having a healthy, functional proteome is known as protein homeostasis, or proteostasis. Establishing and maintaining proteostasis is the province of the proteostasis network, approximately 2,700 components that regulate protein synthesis, folding, localization, and degradation. The proteostasis network is a fundamental entity in biology that is essential for cellular health and has direct relevance to many diseases of protein conformation. However, it is not well defined or annotated, which hinders its functional characterization in health and disease. In this series of manuscripts, we aim to operationally define the human proteostasis network by providing a comprehensive, annotated list of its components. We provided in a previous manuscript a list of chaperones and folding enzymes as well as the components that make up the machineries for protein synthesis, protein trafficking into and out of organelles, and organelle-specific degradation pathways. Here, we provide a curated list of 838 unique high-confidence components of the autophagy-lysosome pathway, one of the two major protein degradation systems in human cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>The Proteostasis Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elsasser, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elia, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morimoto, R. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powers, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finley, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Budron, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tokuno, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyer, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barth, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mockler, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finkbeiner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gestwicki, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, R. A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoeger, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Massey, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garza, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rainbolt, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masto, V. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frydman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nixon, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.22.533675</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Comprehensive Enumeration of the Human Proteostasis Network. 2. Components of the Autophagy-Lysosome Pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.23.533060v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Role of Lactate in the Regulation of Transcriptional Activity of Breast Cancer-Related Genes and Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition Proteins: A Comparison of MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 Cancer Cell Lines 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.23.533060v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Warburg Effect is characterized by accelerated glycolytic metabolism and lactate production and under fully aerobic conditions is a hallmark of cancer cells. Recently, we have demonstrated the role of endogenous, glucose-derived lactate as an oncometabolite which regulates gene expression in the estrogen receptor positive (ER+) MCF7 cell line cultivated in glucose media. Presently, with the addition of a triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell line, MDA-MB-231, we further confirm the effect of lactate on gene expression patterns and extend results to include lactate effects on protein expression. As well, we report effects of lactate on the expression of E-cadherin and vimentin, proteins associated with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Endogenous lactate regulates the expression of multiple genes involved in carcinogenesis. In MCF7 cells, lactate increased the expression of EGFR, VEGF, HIF-1a, KRAS, MIF, mTOR, PIK3CA, TP53, and CDK4 as well as decreased the expression of ATM, BRCA1, BRCA2, E2F1, MET, MYC, and RAF mainly after 48h of exposure. On the other hand, in the MDA-MB-231 cell line, lactate increased the expressions of PIK3CA, VEGF, EGFR, mTOR, HIF-1, ATM, E2F1, TP53 and decreased the expressions of BRCA1, BRCA2, CDK4, CDK6, MET, MIF, MYC, and RAF after 48h of exposure. In response to endogenous lactate, changes in protein expression of representative genes corroborated changes in mRNA expressions. Finally, lactate exposure decreased E-cadherin protein expression in MCF7 cells and increased vimentin expression in MDA-MB-231 cells. Further-more, by genetically silencing LDHA in MCF7 cells, we show suppression of protein expression of EGFR and HIF-1, while full protein expression occurred under glucose and glucose + exogenous lactate exposure. Hence, endogenous, glucose-derived lactate, and not glucose, elicited changes in gene and protein expression levels.

In this study, we demonstrate that endogenous lactate produced under aerobic conditions (Warburg Effect) elicits important changes in gene and protein expression in both ER+ and TNBC cell lines. The widespread regulation of multiple genes by lactate and involves those involved in carcinogenesis including DNA repair, cell growth, proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Furthermore, lactate affected the expression of two relevant EMT biomarkers, E-cadherin and vimentin, which could contribute to the complex process of EMT and a shift towards a more mesenchymal phenotype in the two cancer cell lines studied.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>San-Millan, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pickard, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirsch, F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivard, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.23.533060</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Role of Lactate in the Regulation of Transcriptional Activity of Breast Cancer-Related Genes and Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition Proteins: A Comparison of MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 Cancer Cell Lines]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.24.533575v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiscale Computational Framework to Investigate Integrin Mechanosensing and Cell Adhesion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.24.533575v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Integrin mechanosensing plays an instrumental role in cell behavior, phenotype, and fate by transmitting mechanical signals that trigger downstream molecular and cellular changes. For instance, force transfer along key amino acid residues can mediate cell adhesion. Disrupting key binding sites within 5{beta}1 integrins binding partner, fibronectin (FN) diminishes adhesive strength. While past studies have shown the importance of these residues in cell adhesion, the relationship between the dynamics of these residues and how integrin distributes force across the cell surface remains less explored. Here, we present a multiscale mechanical model to investigate the mechanical coupling between integrin nanoscale dynamics and whole-cell adhesion mechanics. Our framework leverages molecular dynamics simulations to investigate residues within 5{beta}1-FN during stretching and the finite element method to visualize the whole-cell adhesion mechanics. The forces per integrin across the cell surface of the whole-cell model were consistent with past atomic force microscopy and Forster resonance energy transfer measurements from literature. The molecular dynamics simulations also confirmed past studies that implicate two key sites within FN that maintain cell adhesion: the synergy site and RGD motif. Our study contributed to our understanding of molecular mechanisms by which these sites collaborate to mediate whole-cell integrin adhesion dynamics. Specifically, we showed how FN unfolding, residue binding/unbinding, and molecular structure contribute to 5{beta}1-FNs nonlinear force-extension behavior during stretching. Our computational framework could be used to explain how the dynamics of key residues influence cell differentiation or how uniquely designed protein structures could dynamically limit the spread of metastatic cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Montes, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buganza Tepole, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mofrad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.24.533575</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiscale Computational Framework to Investigate Integrin Mechanosensing and Cell Adhesion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.24.534044v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transformations of sensory information in the brain reflect a changing definition of optimality 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.24.534044v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurons throughout the brain modulate their firing rate lawfully in response to changes in sensory input. Theories of neural computation posit that these modulations reflect the outcome of a constrained optimization: neurons aim to efficiently and robustly represent sensory information under resource limitations. Our understanding of how this optimization varies across the brain, however, is still in its infancy. Here, we show that neural responses transform along the dorsal stream of the visual system in a manner consistent with a transition from optimizing for information preservation to optimizing for perceptual discrimination. Focusing on binocular disparity - the slight differences in how objects project to the two eyes - we re-analyze measurements from neurons characterizing tuning curves in macaque monkey brain regions V1, V2, and MT, and compare these to measurements of the natural visual statistics of binocular disparity. The changes in tuning curve characteristics are computationally consistent with a shift in optimization goals from maximizing the information encoded about naturally occurring binocular disparities to maximizing the ability to support fine disparity discrimination. We find that a change towards tuning curves preferring larger disparities is a key driver of this shift. These results provide new insight into previously-identified differences between disparity-selective regions of cortex and suggest these differences play an important role in supporting visually-guided behavior. Our findings support a key re-framing of optimal coding in regions of the brain that contain sensory information, emphasizing the need to consider not just information preservation and neural resources, but also relevance to behavior.

SignificanceA major role of the brain is to transform information from the sensory organs into signals that can be used to guide behavior. Neural activity is noisy and can consume large amount of energy, so sensory neurons must optimize their information processing so as to limit energy consumption while maintaining key behaviorally-relevant information. In this report, we re-examine classically-defined brain areas in the visual processing hierarchy, and ask whether neurons in these areas vary lawfully in how they represent sensory information. Our results suggest that neurons in these brain areas shift from being an optimal conduit of sensory information to optimally supporting perceptual discrimination during natural tasks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Manning, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cumming, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeAngelis, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.24.534044</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transformations of sensory information in the brain reflect a changing definition of optimality]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.24.534069v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rhizosphere and detritusphere habitats modulate expression of soil N-cycling genes during plant development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.24.534069v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Interactions between plant roots and rhizosphere bacteria mediate nitrogen (N)-cycling processes and create habitats rich in low molecular weight (growing roots, rhizosphere) and complex organic molecules (decaying root litter, detritusphere) compared to bulk soil. Microbial N-cycling is regulated by a diverse suite of genes from many interconnected metabolic pathways; but most studies of soil N-cycling gene expression have focused on single pathways. Currently, we lack a comprehensive understanding of the interplay between soil N-cycling gene regulation, spatial habitat and time. Here we present an analysis of a replicated time series of soil metatranscriptomes; we followed multiple N transformations in four soil habitats (rhizosphere, detritusphere, mixed rhizo-/detriusphere, bulk soil) over a period of active root growth for the annual grass, Avena fatua. The presence of root litter and living roots significantly altered the trajectory of N-cycling gene expression. Across soil habitats, the most highly expressed N-transformation genes were related to extracellular proteases, ammonium assimilation into microbial biomass via glutamate synthase, and ammonium oxidation. Upregulation of bacterial assimilatory nitrate reduction in the rhizosphere suggests that rhizosphere bacteria were actively competing with roots for nitrate. Simultaneously, bacterial ammonium assimilatory pathways were upregulated in both rhizosphere and detritusphere soil, which could have limited N availability to plants. The detritusphere supported dissimilatory processes DNRA and denitrification. Expression of ammonium oxidation genes was almost exclusively performed by three phylotypes of Thaumarchaeota and was upregulated in unamended bulk soil. Unidirectional ammonium assimilation and its regulatory genes (glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase, or GS/GOGAT) were upregulated in soil surrounding relatively young roots and more highly decayed root litter, suggesting N may have been limiting in these habitats (the GS/GOGAT pathway is known to be activated under low N availability). We did not detect expression of N-fixation or anammox genes. Our comprehensive metatranscriptomic time-series of organic and inorganic N-cycling in rhizosphere, detritusphere, and bulk soil, indicates that differences in C and inorganic N availability control contemporaneous transcription of N-cycling pathways in soil microhabitats that exist in close spatial proximity.

Contribution to the fieldPlant roots modulate microbial nitrogen cycling by regulating the supply of root-derived carbon and nitrogen uptake. These differences in resource availability cause distinct micro-habitats to develop: soil near living roots (rhizosphere), decaying roots (detritusphere), near both (rhizo/detritusphere), or outside the direct influence of roots (bulk). While many genes control the microbial processes involved in the nitrogen cycle, most research has focused on single genes and pathways, neglecting the interactive effects these pathways have on each other. The processes controlled by these pathways determine consumption and production of N by soil microorganisms. We followed the expression of N-cycling genes in the primary four soil microhabitats over a period of active root growth for an annual grass. We found that the presence of root litter and living roots significantly altered gene expression involving in multiple nitrogen pathways. We also found populations with genes for multiple pathways, where expression was likely shaped by available forms of carbon and by competition with plants for inorganic nitrogen. Phylogenetic differences in spatial and temporal expression of the soil microbial N-pathway genes ultimately regulate N-availability to plants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sieradzki, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuccio, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pett-Ridge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firestone, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.24.534069</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rhizosphere and detritusphere habitats modulate expression of soil N-cycling genes during plant development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.24.534139v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Primate TRIM34 is a broadly-acting, TRIM5-dependent lentiviral restriction factor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.24.534139v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other lentiviruses adapt to new hosts by evolving to evade host-specific innate immune proteins that differ in sequence and often viral recognition between host species. Understanding how these host antiviral proteins, called restriction factors, constrain lentivirus replication and transmission is key to understanding the emergence of pandemic viruses like HIV-1. Human TRIM34, a paralogue of the well-characterized lentiviral restriction factor TRIM5, was previously identified by our lab via CRISPR-Cas9 screening as a restriction factor of certain HIV and SIV capsids. Here, we show that diverse primate TRIM34 orthologues from non-human primates can restrict a range of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) capsids including SIVAGM-SAB, SIVAGM-TAN and SIVMAC capsids, which infect sabaeus monkeys, tantalus monkeys, and rhesus macaques, respectively. All primate TRIM34 orthologues tested, regardless of species of origin, were able to restrict this same subset of viral capsids. However, in all cases, this restriction also required the presence of TRIM5. We demonstrate that TRIM5 is necessary, but not sufficient, for restriction of these capsids, and that human TRIM5 functionally interacts with TRIM34 from different species. Finally, we find that both the TRIM5 SPRY v1 loop and the TRIM34 SPRY domain are essential for TRIM34-mediated restriction. These data support a model in which TRIM34 is a broadly-conserved primate lentiviral restriction factor that acts in tandem with TRIM5, such that together, these proteins can restrict capsids that neither can restrict alone.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Twentyman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khalifeh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Felton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emerman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohainle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.24.534139</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Primate TRIM34 is a broadly-acting, TRIM5-dependent lentiviral restriction factor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.27.534457v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intrinsic protein disorder is insufficient to drive subnuclear clustering in embryonic transcription factors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.27.534457v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Modern microscopy has revealed that core nuclear functions, including transcription, replication, and heterochromatin formation occur in spatially restricted clusters. Previous work from our lab has shown that subnuclear high-concentration clusters of transcription factors may play a role in regulating RNA synthesis in the early Drosophila embryo. A nearly ubiquitous feature of eukaryotic transcription factors is that they contain intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) that often arise from low complexity amino acid sequences within the protein. It has been proposed that IDRs within transcription factors drive co-localization of transcriptional machinery and target genes into high concentration clusters within nuclei. Here we test that hypothesis directly, by conducting a broad survey of the subnuclear localization of IDRs derived from transcription factors. Using a novel algorithm to identify IDRs in the Drosophila proteome, we generated a library of IDRs from transcription factors expressed in the early Drosophila embryo. We used this library to perform a high throughput imaging screen in Drosophila S2 cells. We found that while subnuclear clustering does not occur when the majority of IDRs are expressed alone, it is frequently seen in full length transcription factors. These results are consistent in live Drosophila embryos, suggesting that IDRs are insufficient to drive the subnuclear clustering behavior of transcription factors. Furthermore, the clustering of transcription factors in living embryos was unaffected by the deletion of IDR sequences. Our results demonstrate that IDRs are unlikely to be the primary molecular drivers of the clustering observed during transcription, suggesting a more complex and nuanced role for these disordered protein sequences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hannon, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisen, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.27.534457</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intrinsic protein disorder is insufficient to drive subnuclear clustering in embryonic transcription factors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.28.534494v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A visual paired associate learning (vPAL) paradigm to study memory consolidation during sleep 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.28.534494v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The hippocampus helps transform an experience into an enduring memory by associating its multiple aspects. Sleep improves the consolidation of the newly formed associations, leading to stable long-term memory. Most research on human declarative memory and its consolidation during sleep uses word-pair associations requiring exhaustive learning. Here we present the visual paired association learning (vPAL) paradigm, in which participants learn new associations between images of celebrities and animals. vPAL associations are based on a one-shot exposure that resembles learning in natural conditions. We tested if vPAL can reveal a role for sleep in memory consolidation by assessing the specificity of memory recognition, and the cued recall performance, before and after sleep. We found that a daytime nap improved the stability of recognition memory and discrimination abilities compared to identical intervals of wakefulness. By contrast, cued recall of associations did not exhibit significant sleep-dependent effects. High-density EEG during naps further revealed an association between sleep spindle density and stability of recognition memory. Thus, the vPAL paradigm opens new avenues for future research on sleep and memory consolidation across ages and heterogeneous populations in health and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schmidig, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geva-Sagiv, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falach, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yakim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gat, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharon, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fried, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nir, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.28.534494</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A visual paired associate learning (vPAL) paradigm to study memory consolidation during sleep]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.28.534564v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Implantation of engineered adipocytes that outcompete tumors for resources suppresses cancer progression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.28.534564v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tumors acquire an increased ability to obtain and metabolize nutrients. Here, we engineered and implanted adipocytes to outcompete tumors for nutrients and show that they can substantially reduce cancer progression. Growing cells or xenografts from several cancers (breast, colon, pancreas, prostate) alongside engineered human adipocytes or adipose organoids significantly suppresses cancer progression and reduces hypoxia and angiogenesis. Transplanting modulated adipocyte organoids in pancreatic or breast cancer mouse models nearby or distal from the tumor significantly suppresses its growth. To further showcase therapeutic potential, we demonstrate that co-culturing tumor organoids derived from human breast cancers with engineered patient-derived adipocytes significantly reduces cancer growth. Combined, our results introduce a novel cancer therapeutic approach, termed adipose modulation transplantation (AMT), that can be utilized for a broad range of cancers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ito, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruck, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biellak, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynce, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dillon, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magbanua, M. J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huppert, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammerlindl, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esserman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenbluth, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahituv, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.28.534564</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Implantation of engineered adipocytes that outcompete tumors for resources suppresses cancer progression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.28.534652v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Transcriptional Regulator Ume6 is a Major Driver of Early Gene Expression during Gametogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.28.534652v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The process of gametogenesis is orchestrated by a dynamic program of gene expression, where a vital subset constitutes the early meiotic genes (EMGs). In budding yeast, the transcription factor Ume6 represses EMG expression during mitosis. However, during mitosis to meiosis transition, EMGs are activated in response to the meiotic regulator Ime1 through its interaction with Ume6. While it is known that binding of Ime1 to Ume6 promotes EMG expression, the mechanism of EMG activation remains elusive. Two competing models have been proposed whereby Ime1 either forms a coactivator complex with Ume6 or promotes Ume6 degradation. Here, we resolve this controversy. First, we identify the set of genes that are directly regulated by Ume6, including UME6 itself. While Ume6 levels increase in response to Ime1, Ume6 degradation occurs much later in meiosis. Importantly, we found that depletion of Ume6 shortly before meiotic entry is detrimental to EMG activation and gamete formation, whereas tethering of Ume6 to a heterologous activation domain is sufficient to trigger EMG expression and produce viable gametes in the absence of Ime1. We conclude that Ime1 and Ume6 function as a coactivator complex. While Ume6 is indispensable for EMG expression, Ime1 primarily serves as a transactivator for Ume6.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harris, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ünal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.28.534652</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Transcriptional Regulator Ume6 is a Major Driver of Early Gene Expression during Gametogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.29.534805v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transposon-sequencing across multiple Mycobacterium abscessus isolates reveals significant functional genomic diversity among strains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.29.534805v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mycobacterium abscessus (Mab) is a clinically significant pathogen and a highly genetically diverse species due to its large accessory genome. The functional consequence of this diversity remains unknown mainly because, to date, functional genomic studies in Mab have been primarily performed on reference strains. Given the growing public health threat of Mab infections, understanding the functional genomic differences among Mab clinical isolates can provide more insight into how its genetic diversity influences gene essentiality, clinically relevant phenotypes, and importantly, potential drug targets. To determine the functional genomic diversity among Mab strains, we conducted transposon-sequencing (TnSeq) on 21 genetically diverse clinical isolates, including 15 M. abscessus subsp. abscessus isolates and 6 M. abscessus subsp. massiliense isolates, cataloging all the essential and non-essential genes in each strain. Pan-genome analysis revealed a core set of 3845 genes and a large accessory genome of 11,507. We identified 259 core essential genes across the 21 clinical isolates and 425 differentially required genes, representing [~]10% of the Mab core genome. We also identified genes whose requirements were sub-species, lineage, and isolate-specific. Finally, by correlating TnSeq profiles, we identified 19 previously uncharacterized genetic networks in Mab. Altogether, we find that Mab clinical isolates are not only genetically diverse but functionally diverse as well.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Akusobi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benghomari, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choudhery, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singhvi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ioerger, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.29.534805</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transposon-sequencing across multiple Mycobacterium abscessus isolates reveals significant functional genomic diversity among strains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.29.534370v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Splicing accuracy varies across human introns, tissues and age 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.29.534370v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alternative splicing impacts most multi-exonic human genes. Inaccuracies during this process may have an important role in ageing and disease. Here, we investigated mis-splicing using RNA-sequencing data from ~14K control samples and 42 human body sites, focusing on split reads partially mapping to known transcripts in annotation. We show that mis-splicing occurs at different rates across introns and tissues and that these splicing inaccuracies are primarily affected by the abundance of core components of the spliceosome assembly and its regulators. Using publicly available data on short-hairpin RNA-knockdowns of numerous spliceosomal components and related regulators, we found support for the importance of RNA-binding proteins in mis-splicing. We also demonstrated that age is positively correlated with mis-splicing, and it affects genes implicated in neurodegenerative diseases. This in-depth characterisation of mis-splicing can have important implications for our understanding of the role of splicing inaccuracies in human disease and the interpretation of long-read RNA-sequencing data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Ruiz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gustavsson, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocamora-Perez, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant-Peters, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fairbrother-Browne, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynolds, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenton, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gil-Martinez, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rio, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Botia, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guelfi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collado-Torres, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryten, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.29.534370</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Splicing accuracy varies across human introns, tissues and age]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.29.534803v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Model-based differential sequencing analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.29.534803v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Characterizing differences in biological sequences between two conditions using high-throughput sequencing data is a prevalent problem wherein we seek to (i) quantify how sequence abundances change between conditions, and (ii) build predictive models to estimate such differences for unobserved sequences. A key shortcoming of current approaches is their extremely limited ability to share information across related but non-identical reads. Consequently, they cannot make effective use of sequencing data, nor can they be directly applied in many settings of interest. We introduce model-based enrichment (MBE) to overcome this shortcoming. MBE is based on sound theoretical principles, is easy to implement, and can trivially make use of advances in modernday machine learning classification architectures or related innovations. We extensively evaluate MBE empirically, both in simulation and on real data. Overall, we find that our new approach improves accuracy compared to current ways of performing such differential analyses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Busia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Listgarten, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.29.534803</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Model-based differential sequencing analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.04.535582v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activation of a Vibrio cholerae CBASS anti-phage system by quorum sensing and folate depletion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.04.535582v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A major challenge faced by bacteria is infection by bacteriophage (phage). Abortive infection is one strategy for combating phage in which an infected cell kills itself to limit phage replication, thus protecting neighboring kin. One class of abortive infection systems is the cyclic oligonucleotide based anti-phage signaling system (CBASS) which relies on two core enzymatic activities; an oligo-nucleotide cyclase that is activated following phage infection and a cyclic-oligo-nucleotide sensitive effector whose activity kills the infected cell. However, the mechanisms behind the deployment and activation of these lethal CBASS systems prior-to and following infection have largely remained a mystery. While exploring unique genomic features of the current pandemic Vibrio cholerae biotype El Tor for clues underlying its pandemic success we found its CBASS was spuriously activated by the folate biosynthesis inhibitor sulfamethoxazole, but only after the population had reached a high-cell density. This population density dependent activity revealed that transcription of both the oligo-nucleotide cyclase, dncV, and the CBASS phospholipase effector, capV, is enhanced at high-cell density by quorum sensing. Together, these results demonstrate that the V. cholerae CBASS is deployed when the environment is densely populated and activated in response to a perturbation in folate biosynthesis.

SignificanceTo counteract infection with phage, bacteria have evolved a myriad of molecular defense systems. Some of these systems initiate a process called abortive infection, in which the infected cell kills itself to prevent phage propagation. However, such systems must be inhibited in the absence of phage infection to prevent spurious death of the host. Here we show that the cyclic oligonucleotide based anti-phage signaling system (CBASS) accomplishes this by sensing intracellular folate molecules and only expressing this system in a group. These results enhance our understanding of the evolution of the 7th V. cholerae pandemic and more broadly how bacteria defend themselves against phage infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Severin, G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramliden, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ford, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Alst, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanath-Kumar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Decker, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsueh, B. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demey, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Hara, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhoades, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiRita, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, W. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waters, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.04.535582</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activation of a Vibrio cholerae CBASS anti-phage system by quorum sensing and folate depletion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.05.535704v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hierarchical TAF1-dependent co-translational assembly of the basal transcription factor TFIID 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.05.535704v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large heteromeric multiprotein complexes play pivotal roles at every step of gene expression in eukaryotic cells. Among them, the 20-subunit basal transcription factor TFIID nucleates RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex at gene promoters. Here, by combining systematic RNA-immunoprecipitation (RIP) experiments, single-molecule imaging, proteomics and structure-function analyses, we show that TFIID biogenesis occurs co-translationally. We discovered that all protein heterodimerization steps happen during protein synthesis. We identify TAF1 - the largest protein in the complex - as a critical factor for TFIID assembly. TAF1 acts as a flexible scaffold that drives the co-translational recruitment of TFIID submodules preassembled in the cytoplasm. Altogether, our data suggest a multistep hierarchical model for TFIID biogenesis that culminates with the co-translational assembly of the complex onto the nascent TAF1 polypeptide. We envision that this assembly strategy could be shared with other large heteromeric protein complexes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bernardini, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamenova, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonova, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, P. K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yayli, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morlet, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timmers, H. T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tora, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.05.535704</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hierarchical TAF1-dependent co-translational assembly of the basal transcription factor TFIID]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.05.535757v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Secondary Structure Detection Through Direct Nanopore RNA Sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.05.535757v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eukaryotic reverse transcriptases (RTs) can have essential or deleterious roles in normal human physiology and disease. Compared to well-studied helicases, it remains unclear how RTs overcome the ubiquitous RNA structural barriers during reverse transcription. Herein, we describe the development of a Mycobacterium smegmatis porin A (MspA) nanopore technique to sequence RNA to quantify the single-molecule kinetics of an RT from Bombyx mori with single-nucleotide resolution. By establishing a quadromer map that correlates RNA sequence and MspA ion current, we were able to quantify the RTs dwell time at every single nucleotide step along its RNA template. By challenging the enzyme with various RNA structures, we found that during cDNA synthesis the RT can sense and actively destabilize RNA structures 11-12 nt downstream of its front boundary. The ability to sequence single molecules of RNA with nanopores paves the way to investigate the single-nucleotide activity of other processive RNA translocases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shaw, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craig, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amiri, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upton, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pimentel, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marqusee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gundlach, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustamante, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.05.535757</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Secondary Structure Detection Through Direct Nanopore RNA Sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.05.535718v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Building pangenome graphs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.05.535718v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pangenome graphs can represent all variation between multiple reference genomes, but current approaches to build them exclude complex sequences or are based upon a single reference. In response, we developed the PanGenome Graph Builder (PGGB), a pipeline for constructing pangenome graphs without bias or exclusion. PGGB uses all-to-all alignments to build a variation graph in which we can identify variation, measure conservation, detect recombination events, and infer phylogenetic relationships.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garrison, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guarracino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heumos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villani, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tattini, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagmann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vorbrugg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marco-Sola, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kubica, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashbrook, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thorell, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rusholme-Pilcher, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudbeck, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nahnsen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moses, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nobrega, F. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Ligt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sudmant, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soranzo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colonna, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prins, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.05.535718</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Building pangenome graphs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.06.535361v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Embryo-specific epigenetic mechanisms reconstitute the CHH methylation landscape during Arabidopsis embryogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.06.535361v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The modification of flowering plant DNA by CHH methylation acts primarily to silence transposable elements, of which many active copies are present in Arabidopsis thaliana. During embryogenesis, the CHH methylation landscape is dramatically reprogrammed, resulting in exceedingly high levels of this modification upon mature embryo formation. The mechanisms constituting the remodeling process, and its function in embryos, are unclear. Here, we isolate embryos from Arabidopsis plants harboring mutations for key components of the pathways that confer CHH methylation, namely RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) and the Chromomethylase 2 (CMT2) pathways. We reveal that embryos are more methylated than leaves at shared CMT2 and RdDM targeting loci, accounting for most embryonic CHH hypermethylation. While the majority of embryo CHH methylated loci overlap with those in somatic tissues, a subset of conventional pericentric CMT2-methylated loci are instead targeted by RdDM in embryos. These loci, termed  embRdDM exhibit intermediate H3K9me2 levels, associated with increased chromatin accessibility. Strikingly, more than 50% of the embRdDM loci in pollen vegetative (nurse) cells and ddm1 mutant somatic tissues are also targeted by RdDM, and these tissues were also reported to exhibit increased chromatin accessibility in pericentric heterochromatin. Furthermore, the root columella stem cell niche also displays CHH hypermethylation and an enriched presence of small RNAs at embRdDM loci. Finally, we observe a significant overlap of CHH hypermethylated loci with endosperm DEMETER targeting sites, suggesting that non-cell autonomous communication within the seed may contribute to the epigenetic landscape of the embryo. However, similar overlap with vegetative cell DEMETER targets indicates that the chromatin landscape that allows DEMETER access is mirrored in developing embryos, permitting CHH methylation catalysis at the same loci. Our findings demonstrate that both conserved and embryo-specific epigenetic mechanisms reshape CHH methylation profiles in the dynamic chromatin environment of embryogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, P.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frost, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, T.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zilberman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.06.535361</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Embryo-specific epigenetic mechanisms reconstitute the CHH methylation landscape during Arabidopsis embryogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.06.535891v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hunger- and thirst-sensing neurons modulate a neuroendocrine network to coordinate sugar and water ingestion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.06.535891v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Consumption of food and water is tightly regulated by the nervous system to maintain internal nutrient homeostasis. Although generally considered independently, interactions between hunger and thirst drives are important to coordinate competing needs. In Drosophila, four neurons called the Interoceptive Subesophageal zone Neurons (ISNs) respond to intrinsic hunger and thirst signals to oppositely regulate sucrose and water ingestion. Here, we investigate the neural circuit downstream of the ISNs to examine how ingestion is regulated based on internal needs. Utilizing the recently available fly brain connectome, we find that the ISNs synapse with a novel cell type Bilateral T-shaped neuron (BiT) that projects to neuroendocrine centers. In vivo neural manipulations revealed that BiT oppositely regulates sugar and water ingestion. Neuroendocrine cells downstream of ISNs include several peptide-releasing and peptide-sensing neurons, including insulin producing cells (IPC), crustacean cardioactive peptide (CCAP) neurons, and CCHamide-2 receptor isoform RA (CCHa2R-RA) neurons. These neurons contribute differentially to ingestion of sugar and water, with IPCs and CCAP neurons oppositely regulating sugar and water ingestion, and CCHa2R-RA neurons modulating only water ingestion. Thus, the decision to consume sugar or water occurs via regulation of a broad peptidergic network that integrates internal signals of nutritional state to generate nutrient-specific ingestion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Segarra, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pontes, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jourjine, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Del Toro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.06.535891</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hunger- and thirst-sensing neurons modulate a neuroendocrine network to coordinate sugar and water ingestion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.07.536039v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of neuronal cell classes and types in the vertebrate retina 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.07.536039v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The basic plan of the retina is conserved across vertebrates, yet species differ profoundly in their visual needs (Baden et al., 2020). One might expect that retinal cell types evolved to accommodate these varied needs, but this has not been systematically studied. Here, we generated and integrated single-cell transcriptomic atlases of the retina from 17 species: humans, two non-human primates, four rodents, three ungulates, opossum, ferret, tree shrew, a teleost fish, a bird, a reptile and a lamprey. Molecular conservation of the six retinal cell classes (photoreceptors, horizontal cells, bipolar cells, amacrine cells, retinal ganglion cells [RGCs] and Muller glia) is striking, with transcriptomic differences across species correlated with evolutionary distance. Major subclasses are also conserved, whereas variation among types within classes or subclasses is more pronounced. However, an integrative analysis revealed that numerous types are shared across species based on conserved gene expression programs that likely trace back to the common ancestor of jawed vertebrates. The degree of variation among types increases from the outer retina (photoreceptors) to the inner retina (RGCs), suggesting that evolution acts preferentially to shape the retinal output. Finally, we identified mammalian orthologs of midget RGCs, which comprise >80% of RGCs in the human retina, subserve high-acuity vision, and were believed to be primate-specific (Berson, 2008); in contrast, the mouse orthologs comprise <2% of mouse RGCs. Projections both primate and mouse orthologous types are overrepresented in the thalamus, which supplies the primary visual cortex. We suggest that midget RGCs are not primate innovations, but descendants of evolutionarily ancient types that decreased in size and increased in number as primates evolved, thereby facilitating high visual acuity and increased cortical processing of visual information.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hahn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monavarfeshani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kao, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kölsch, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunze, V. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasys, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baier, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meister, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trachtenberg, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, Y.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shekhar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.07.536039</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of neuronal cell classes and types in the vertebrate retina]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.10.536276v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Geochemical constraints on bacteriophage infectivity in terrestrial environments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.10.536276v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lytic phages can be potent and selective inhibitors of microbial growth and can have profound impacts on microbiome composition and function. However, there is uncertainty about the biogeochemical conditions under which phage predation can proceed and modulate microbial ecosystem function, particularly in terrestrial systems. Ionic strength is known to be critical for infection of bacteria by many phages, but there is limited quantitative data on ion thresholds for phage infection that can be compared with environmental ion concentrations. Similarly, while carbon composition varies in terrestrial environments, we know little of which carbon sources favor or disfavor phage infection and how these higher order interactions impact microbiome function. Here, we measured the half-maximal effective concentrations (EC50) of 80 different inorganic ions for the infection of E. coli with two canonical dsDNA and ssRNA phages, T4 and MS2, respectively. We found that many alkaline earth metals and alkali metals enabled successful lytic infection but that the ionic strength thresholds varied for different ions between phages. Additionally, using a freshwater nitrate reducing microbiome, we found that the ability of lytic phage to influence nitrate reduction end-products was dependent on the carbon source as well as the ion concentration. For all phage:host pairs we tested, the ion EC50s for phage infection we measured exceed the ion concentrations found in many terrestrial freshwater systems. Thus, our findings support a model where the influence of phages on terrestrial microbial functional ecology is greatest in hot spots and hot moments such as metazoan guts, drought influenced soils, or biofilms where ion concentration is locally or transiently elevated and carbon source composition is of a sufficiently low complexity to enrich for a dominant phage susceptible population.

SignificanceViral-prokaryote dynamics greatly influence microbial ecology and the earths biogeochemical cycles. Thus, identifying the key environmental controls on phage predation is critical for predictive microbial ecology. Here we conduct laboratory experiments that implicate ionic strength and carbon composition as major controls on phage interactions with bacterial hosts in terrestrial microbiomes. We propose a model in which terrestrial phage predation is most favored in drought impacted soils and in higher ionic strength environments such as metazoan guts or between adjacent cells in biofilms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carlson, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piya, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magar, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elisabeth, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutschbauer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mutalik, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.10.536276</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Geochemical constraints on bacteriophage infectivity in terrestrial environments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.11.536372v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Flowers are leakier than leaves but cheaper to build 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.11.536372v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
- Producing and maintaining flowers is essential for reproduction in most angiosperms, underpinning population persistence and speciation. Although the physiological costs of flowers often oppose pollinator selection, these physiological costs have rarely been quantified.
- We measured a suite of physiological traits quantifying the water and carbon costs and drought tolerance on flowers and leaves of over 100 phylogenetically diverse species, including water and dry mass contents, minimum epidermal conductance to water vapor (gmin), vein density, and dry mass per area.
- Although there was substantial variation among species, flowers had significantly higher gmin and water content per unit area than leaves, but significantly lower vein density and dry mass per area than leaves. Both leaves and flowers exhibited similarly strong scaling between dry mass investment and water content.
- The higher gmin of flowers offset their higher water content, suggesting that flowers may desiccate more rapidly than leaves during drought. The coordination between dry mass and water investment suggests that flowers rely on a hydrostatic skeleton to remain upright rather than on a carbon-based skeleton. For short-lived structures like flowers, water may be relatively cheaper than carbon, particularly given the relatively high amount of water loss per unit of carbon synthesized in photosynthesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roddy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guilliams, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fine, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mambelli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simonin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.11.536372</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Flowers are leakier than leaves but cheaper to build]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.11.536456v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Impact of Stability Considerations on Genetic Fine-Mapping 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.11.536456v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fine-mapping methods, which aim to identify genetic variants responsible for complex traits following genetic association studies, typically assume that sufficient adjustments for confounding within the association study cohort have been made, e.g., through regressing out the top principal components (i.e., residualization). Despite its widespread use, however, residualization may not completely remove all sources of confounding. Here, we propose a complementary stability-guided approach that does not rely on residualization, which identifies consistently fine-mapped variants across different genetic backgrounds or environments. Simulations show that stability guidance neither outperforms nor underperforms residualization, but each approach picks up different variants considerably often. Critically, prioritizing variants that match between the residualization and stability-guided approaches enhances recovery of causal variants. We further demonstrate the utility of the stability approach by applying it to fine-map eQTLs in the GEUVADIS data. Using 378 different functional annotations of the human genome, including recent deep learning-based annotations (e.g., Enformer), we compare enrichments of these annotations among variants for which the stability and traditional residualization-based fine-mapping approaches agree against those for which they disagree, and find that the stability approach enhances the power of traditional fine-mapping methods in identifying variants with functional impact. Finally, in cases where the two approaches report distinct variants, our approach identifies variants comparably enriched for functional annotations. Our findings suggest that the stability principle, as a conceptually simple device, complements existing approaches to fine-mapping, reinforcing recent advocacy of evaluating cross-population and cross-environment portability of biological findings. To support visualization and interpretation of our results, we provide a Shiny app, available at: https://alan-aw.shinyapps.io/stability_v0/.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aw, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ioannidis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.11.536456</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Impact of Stability Considerations on Genetic Fine-Mapping]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.11.536476v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Kir7.1 is the physiological target for hormones and steroids that regulate uteroplacental function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.11.536476v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Preterm birth is a multifactorial syndrome that is detrimental to the well-being of both the mother and the newborn. During normal gestation, the myometrium is maintained in a quiescent state by the action of progesterone. As a steroid hormone, progesterone is thought to modify uterine and placental morphology by altering gene expression, but a nongenomic mode of action has long been suspected. Here we reveal that progesterone activates both human and murine inwardly rectifying potassium channel Kir7.1, which is expressed in mammalian myometrial smooth muscle and placental pericytes during late gestation. Kir7.1 is also activated by compounds used to prevent premature labor, including the progestogens 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate and dydrogesterone, revealing an unexpected mode of action for these drugs. Our results reveal that Kir7.1 is the molecular target of a number of endogenous and synthetic steroids that control uterine excitability and placental function, and is therefore a promising therapeutic target to control utero-placental physiology and support healthy pregnancy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haoui, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vergara, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lishko, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.11.536476</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Kir7.1 is the physiological target for hormones and steroids that regulate uteroplacental function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.11.536490v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Flexibility and sensitivity in gene regulation out of equilibrium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.11.536490v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells adapt to environments and tune gene expression by controlling the concentrations of proteins and their kinetics in regulatory networks. In both eukaryotes and prokaryotes, experiments and theory increasingly attest that these networks can and do consume bio-chemical energy. How does this dissipation enable cellular behaviors unobtainable in equilibrium? This open question demands quantitative models that transcend thermodynamic equilibrium. Here we study the control of a simple, ubiquitous gene regulatory motif to explore the consequences of departing equilibrium in kinetic cycles. Employing graph theory, we find that dissipation unlocks nonmonotonicity and enhanced sensitivity of gene expression with respect to a transcription factors concentration. These features allow a single transcription factor to act as both a repressor and activator at different levels or achieve outputs with multiple concentration regions of locally-enhanced sensitivity. We systematically dissect how energetically-driving individual transitions within regulatory networks, or pairs of transitions, generates more adjustable and sensitive phenotypic responses. Our findings quantify necessary conditions and detectable consequences of energy expenditure. These richer mathematical behaviors--feasibly accessed using biological energy budgets and rates--may empower cells to accomplish sophisticated regulation with simpler architectures than those required at equilibrium.

Significance StatementGrowing theoretical and experimental evidence demonstrates that cells can (and do) spend biochemical energy while regulating their genes. Here we explore the impact of departing from equilibrium in simple regulatory cycles, and learn that beyond increasing sensitivity, dissipation can unlock more flexible input-output behaviors that are otherwise forbidden without spending energy. These more complex behaviors could enable cells to perform more sophisticated functions using simpler systems than those needed at equilibrium.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mahdavi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salmon, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daghlian, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.11.536490</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Flexibility and sensitivity in gene regulation out of equilibrium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.12.536655v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-specific recognition of histone modifications by H3K9bhb antibody 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.12.536655v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ketone bodies are short chain fatty acids produced in the liver during periods of limited glucose availability that provide an alternative source of energy for the brain, heart, and skeletal muscle. Beyond this classical metabolic role, {beta}-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), is gaining recognition as a pleiotropic signaling molecule. Lysine {beta}-hydroxybutyrylation (Kbhb) is a newly discovered post-translational modification in which BHB is covalently attached to lysine {varepsilon}-amino groups. This novel protein adduct is metabolically sensitive, dependent on BHB concentration, and found on proteins in multiple intracellular compartments, including the mitochondria and nucleus. Therefore, Kbhb is hypothesized to be an important component of ketone body-regulated physiology. Kbhb on histones is proposed to be an epigenetic regulator, which links metabolic alterations to gene expression. However, we found that the widely used antibody against the {beta}-hydroxybutyrylated lysine 9 on histone H3 (H3K9bhb) also recognizes other modification(s), which are increased by deacetylation inhibition and include likely acetylations. Therefore, caution must be used when interpreting gene regulation data acquired with the H3K9bhb antibody.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tsusaka, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oses-Prieto, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeFelice, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burlingame, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldberg, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.12.536655</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-specific recognition of histone modifications by H3K9bhb antibody]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.13.535674v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Selenium reduction of ubiquinone via SQOR suppresses ferroptosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.13.535674v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The canonical biological function of selenium is in the production of selenocysteine residues of selenoproteins, and this forms the basis for its role as an essential antioxidant and cytoprotective micronutrient. Here, we demonstrate that selenium, via its metabolic intermediate hydrogen selenide, efficiently donates its electrons to ubiquinone to form ubiquinol in the mitochondria through catalysis by sulfide quinone oxidoreductase (SQOR). Hydrogen selenide is superior to hydrogen sulfide as an electron donor owing to its larger valence shell. We show that this mechanism, independently of selenoprotein production, protects against ferroptosis via ubiquinol production in a manner that depends on xCT mediated selenide formation and SQOR activity. Our findings identify a regulatory mechanism against ferroptosis that implicates SQOR and expands our understanding of selenium in biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lange, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tseyang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doshi, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greer, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olzmann, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spinelli, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.13.535674</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Selenium reduction of ubiquinone via SQOR suppresses ferroptosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.13.536294v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome editing in the mouse brain with minimally immunogenic Cas9 RNPs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.13.536294v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transient delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) into the central nervous system (CNS) for therapeutic genome editing could avoid limitations of viral vector-based delivery including cargo capacity, immunogenicity, and cost. Here we tested the ability of cell penetrant Cas9 RNPs to edit the mouse striatum when introduced using a convection enhanced delivery system. These transient Cas9 RNPs showed comparable editing of neurons and reduced adaptive immune responses relative to one formulation of Cas9 delivered using AAV serotype 9. The production of ultra-low-endotoxin Cas9 protein manufactured at scale further improved innate immunity. We conclude that injection-based delivery of minimally immunogenic CRISPR genome editing RNPs into the CNS provides a valuable alternative to virus-mediated genome editing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stahl, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabo, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Applegate, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seth, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemus, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salinas-Rios, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soczek, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trinidad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vo, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeans, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wozniak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimberlin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foti, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.13.536294</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome editing in the mouse brain with minimally immunogenic Cas9 RNPs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.14.536235v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanisms of regulation of cryptic prophage-encoded gene products in Escherichia coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.14.536235v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The dicBF operon of Qin cryptic prophage in Escherichia coli K12 encodes the small RNA (sRNA) DicF and small protein DicB, which regulate host cell division and are toxic when overexpressed. While new functions of DicB and DicF have been identified in recent years, the mechanisms controlling the expression of the dicBF operon have remained unclear. Under standard laboratory growth conditions, transcription from dicBp, the major promoter of the dicBF operon, is repressed by DicA. Here, we discovered that transcription of the dicBF operon and processing of the polycistronic mRNA is regulated by multiple mechanisms. DicF sRNA accumulates during stationary phase and is processed from the polycistronic dicBF mRNA by the action of both RNase III and RNase E. DicA-mediated transcriptional repression of dicBp can be relieved by an antirepressor protein, Rem, encoded on the Qin prophage. Ectopic production of Rem results in cell filamentation due to strong induction of the dicBF operon and filamentation is mediated by DicF and DicB. Spontaneous derepression of dicBp occurs in a subpopulation of cells independent of the antirepressor. This phenomenon is reminiscent of the bistable switch of {lambda} phage with DicA and DicC performing functions similar to CI and Cro, respectively. Additional experiments demonstrate stress-dependent induction of the dicBF operon. Collectively, our results illustrate that toxic genes encoded on cryptic prophages are subject to layered mechanisms of control, some that are derived from the ancestral phage and some that are likely later adaptations.

ImportanceCryptic or defective prophages have lost genes necessary to excise from the bacterial chromosome and produce phage progeny. In recent years, studies have found that cryptic prophage gene products influence diverse aspects of bacterial host cell physiology. However, to obtain a complete understanding of the relationship between cryptic prophages and the host bacterium, identification of the environmental, host or prophage-encoded factors that induce the expression of cryptic prophage genes is crucial. In this study, we examine the regulation of a cryptic prophage operon in Escherichia coli encoding a small RNA and a small protein that are involved in inhibiting bacterial cell division, altering host metabolism, and protecting the host bacterium from phage infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ragunathan, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masse, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanderpool, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.14.536235</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanisms of regulation of cryptic prophage-encoded gene products in Escherichia coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.17.537212v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nucleus accumbens and dorsal medial striatal dopamine and neural activity are essential for action sequence performance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.17.537212v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Separable striatal circuits have unique functions in Pavlovian and instrumental behaviors but how these roles relate to performance of sequences of actions with and without associated cues is less clear. Here we tested whether dopamine release and neural activity more generally in three striatal subdomains are necessary for performance of an action chain leading to reward delivery. Male and female Long-Evans rats were trained to press a series of three spatially-distinct levers to receive reward. We assessed the contribution of neural activity or dopamine release within each striatal subdomain when progression through the action sequence was explicitly cued and in the absence of cues. Behavior in both task variations was substantially impacted following microinfusion of the dopamine antagonist, flupenthixol, into nucleus accumbens core (NAc) or dorsomedial striatum (DMS), with impairments in sequence timing and a strong impact on motivation after NAc flupenthixol. In contrast, after pharmacological inactivation to suppress overall activity, there was minimal impact on motivation, except within the uncued task after DMS inactivation. Inactivation of both NAc and DMS impaired sequence timing and led to sequence errors in the uncued, but not cued task. There was virtually no impact of dopamine antagonism or reversible inactivation of dorsolateral striatum on either cued or uncued action sequence completion. These results highlight an essential contribution of NAc and DMS dopamine systems in motivational and performance aspects of chains of actions, whether cued or internally generated, as well as the impact of intact NAc and DMS function for correct sequence performance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fraser, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janak, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.17.537212</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nucleus accumbens and dorsal medial striatal dopamine and neural activity are essential for action sequence performance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.17.537121v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Amyloplast sedimentation repolarizes LAZYs to achieve gravity sensing in plants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.17.537121v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gravity controls directional growth of plants, and the classical starch-statolith hypothesis proposed more than a century ago postulates that amyloplast sedimentation in specialized cells initiates gravity sensing, but the molecular mechanism remains mysterious. Here, we report that gravistimulation by reorientation triggers the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) signaling-mediated phosphorylation of LAZY proteins, the key regulators of gravitropism accumulated more on the lower side of the plasma membrane in columella cells in regular growth Arabidopsis. Phosphorylation of LAZY increases its interaction with several TOC proteins on the surface of amyloplasts, facilitating the translocation of LAZY proteins from the plasma membrane to the amyloplasts. Amyloplast sedimentation subsequently guides LAZY to relocate to the new lower side of the plasma membrane in columella cells, where LAZY induces asymmetrical auxin distribution and differential growth. Together, this study provides a molecular interpretation for the starch-statolith hypothesis: the organelle movement-triggered molecular polarity formation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, X. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.17.537121</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Amyloplast sedimentation repolarizes LAZYs to achieve gravity sensing in plants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.17.537254v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The hagfish genome and the evolution of vertebrates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.17.537254v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As the only surviving lineages of jawless fishes, hagfishes and lampreys provide a critical window into early vertebrate evolution. Here, we investigate the complex history, timing, and functional role of genome-wide duplications in vertebrates in the light of a chromosome-scale genome of the brown hagfish Eptatretus atami. Using robust chromosome-scale (paralogon-based) phylogenetic methods, we confirm the monophyly of cyclostomes, document an auto-tetraploidization (1RV) that predated the origin of crown group vertebrates [~]517 Mya, and establish the timing of subsequent independent duplications in the gnathostome and cyclostome lineages. Some 1RV gene duplications can be linked to key vertebrate innovations, suggesting that this early genomewide event contributed to the emergence of pan-vertebrate features such as neural crest. The hagfish karyotype is derived by numerous fusions relative to the ancestral cyclostome arrangement preserved by lampreys. These genomic changes were accompanied by the loss of genes essential for organ systems (eyes, osteoclast) that are absent in hagfish, accounting in part for the simplification of the hagfish body plan; other gene family expansions account for hagfishes capacity to produce slime. Finally, we characterise programmed DNA elimination in somatic cells of hagfish, identifying protein-coding and repetitive elements that are deleted during development. As in lampreys, the elimination of these genes provides a mechanism for resolving genetic conflict between soma and germline by repressing germline/pluripotency functions. Reconstruction of the early genomic history of vertebrates provides a framework for further exploration of vertebrate novelties.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marletaz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timoshevskaya, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timoshevskiy, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simakov, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parey, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gavriouchkina, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kubokawa, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokhsar, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.17.537254</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The hagfish genome and the evolution of vertebrates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.18.537324v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A multi-dimensional selective landscape drives adaptive divergence between and within closely related Phlox species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.18.537324v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Natural selection shapes diversity across micro and macro-evolutionary scales. Selection causes local adaptation across populations within species and is simultaneously responsible for much of the divergence between species. However, it is unclear if either the force of or the response to selection is the same or different across these scales. Here we show that natural selection drives adaptive divergence between closely related species in a pattern that is distinct from local adaptation within a species. We use reciprocal common-garden transplant experiments across three species of Phlox wildflowers to show widespread adaptive divergence causing species to have highest fitness in their native habitats. Using provenance trials, we also find that one of these Phlox species has strong local adaptation between populations. We compare the axes of divergence and selection between these two scales of diversity and discover that one suite of traits predicts fitness differences between species and that an independent suite of traits predicts fitness variation within species across individuals. Our work reveals how forces of selection can both drive key divergence between species, allowing for and causing speciation, while simultaneously causing extensive diversity that is maintained across populations within a species. The selection landscape is complex and multidimensional
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goulet-Scott, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farnitano, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, A. L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hale, C. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blumstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hopkins, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.18.537324</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A multi-dimensional selective landscape drives adaptive divergence between and within closely related Phlox species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.18.537382v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic expectations: Behavioral and electrophysiological evidence of sub-second updates in reward predictions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.18.537382v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Expectations are often dynamic: any sports fan knows that expectations are rapidly updated as games unfold. Yet expectations have traditionally been studied as static. Here, using slot machines as a case study, we provide parallel behavioral and electrophysiological evidence of sub-second moment-to-moment changes in expectations. In Study 1, we show that the dynamics of the EEG signal before the slot machine stopped differed depending on the nature of the outcome, including not only whether the participant won or lost, but also how close they came to winning. In line with our predictions, Near Win Before outcomes (the slot machine stops one item before a match) were similar to Wins, but different than Near Win After (the machine stops one item after a match) and Full Miss (the machine stops two or three items from a match). In Study 2, we designed a novel behavioral paradigm to measure moment-to-moment changes in expectations via dynamic betting. We found that different outcomes also elicited unique expectation trajectories in the deceleration phase. Notably, these behavioral expectation trajectories paralleled Study 1s EEG activity in the last second prior to the machines stop. In Studies 3 (EEG) and 4 (behavior) we replicated these findings in the loss domain where a match entails a loss. Again, we found a significant correlation between behavioral and EEG results. These four studies provide the first evidence that dynamic sub-second updates in expectations can be behaviorally and electrophysiologically measured. Our findings open up new avenues for studying the ongoing dynamics of reward expectations and their role in healthy and unhealthy cognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marciano, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellier, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayer, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruvalcaba, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.18.537382</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic expectations: Behavioral and electrophysiological evidence of sub-second updates in reward predictions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.18.537262v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Kinetic investigation reveals an HIV-1 Nef-dependent increase in AP-2 recruitment and productivity at endocytic sites 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.18.537262v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lentiviruses express non-enzymatic accessory proteins whose function is to subvert cellular machinery in the infected host. The HIV-1 accessory protein Nef hijacks clathrin adaptors to degrade or mislocalize host proteins involved in antiviral defenses. Here, we investigate the interaction between Nef and clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME), a major pathway for membrane protein internalization in mammalian cells, using quantitative live-cell microscopy in genome-edited Jurkat cells. Nef is recruited to CME sites on the plasma membrane, and this recruitment correlates with an increase in the recruitment and lifetime of CME coat protein AP-2 and late-arriving CME protein dynamin2. Furthermore, we find that CME sites that recruit Nef are more likely to recruit dynamin2, suggesting that Nef recruitment to CME sites promotes CME site maturation to ensure high efficiency in host protein downregulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iwamoto, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shirazinejad, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurley, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drubin, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.18.537262</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Kinetic investigation reveals an HIV-1 Nef-dependent increase in AP-2 recruitment and productivity at endocytic sites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.19.537435v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BayFlux: A Bayesian method to quantify metabolic Fluxes and their uncertainty at the genome scale 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.19.537435v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metabolic fluxes, the number of metabolites traversing each biochemical reaction in a cell per unit time, are crucial for assessing and understanding cell function. 13C Metabolic Flux Analysis (13C MFA) is considered to be the gold standard for measuring metabolic fluxes. 13C MFA typically works by leveraging extracellular exchange fluxes as well as data from 13C labeling experiments to calculate the flux profile which best fit the data for a small, central carbon, metabolic model. However, the nonlinear nature of the 13C MFA fitting procedure means that several flux profiles fit the experimental data within the experimental error, and traditional optimization methods offer only a partial or skewed picture, especially in "non-gaussian" situations where multiple very distinct flux regions fit the data equally well. Here, we present a method for flux space sampling through Bayesian inference (BayFlux), that identifies the full distribution of fluxes compatible with experimental data for a comprehensive genome-scale model. This Bayesian approach allows us to accurately quantify uncertainty in calculated fluxes. We also find that, surprisingly, the genome-scale model of metabolism produces narrower flux distributions (reduced uncertainty) than the small core metabolic models traditionally used in 13C MFA. The different results for some reactions when using genome-scale models vs core metabolic models advise caution in assuming strong inferences from 13C MFA since the results may depend significantly on the completeness of the model used. Based on BayFlux, we developed and evaluated novel methods (P-13C MOMA and ROOM) to predict the biological results of a gene knockout, that improve on the traditional MOMA and ROOM methods. We provide an open source Python implementation of BayFlux at https://github.com/JBEI/bayflux.

Author summary13C MFA practitioners know that modeling results can be sensitive to minor modifications of the metabolic model. Certain parts of the metabolic model that are not well mapped to a molecular mechanism (e.g. drains to biomass or ATP maintenance) can have an inordinate impact on the final fluxes. The only way to ascertain the validity of the model is by checking that the result does not significantly differ from previously observed flux profiles. However, that approach diminishes the possibility of discovering truly novel flux profiles. Because of this strong dependence on metabolic model details, it would be very useful to have a systematic and repeatable way to produce these metabolic models. And indeed there is one: genome-scale metabolic models can be systematically obtained from genomic sequences, and represent all the known genomically encoded metabolic information. However, these models are much larger than the traditionally used central carbon metabolism models. Hence, the number of degrees of freedom of the model (fluxes) significantly exceeds the number of measurements (metabolite labeling profiles and exchange fluxes). As a result, one expects many flux profiles compatible with the experimental data. The best way to represent these is by identifying all fluxes compatible with the experimental data. Our novel method BayFlux, based on Bayesian inference and Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling, provides this capability. Interestingly, this approach leads to the observation that traditional optimization approaches can significantly overestimate flux uncertainty, and that genome-scale models of metabolism produce narrower flux distributions than the small core metabolic models that are traditionally used in 13C MFA. Furthermore, we show that the extra information provided by this approach allows us to improve knockout predictions, compared to traditional methods. Although the method scales well with more reactions, improvements will be needed to tackle the large metabolic models found in microbiomes and human metabolism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Backman, T. W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schenk, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radivojevic, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ando, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Czajka, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costello, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keasling, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akhmatskaya, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia Martin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.19.537435</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BayFlux: A Bayesian method to quantify metabolic Fluxes and their uncertainty at the genome scale]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.20.537704v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MmcA is an electron conduit that facilitates both intracellular and extracellular electron transport in Methanosarcina acetivorans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.20.537704v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Methanogens are a diverse group of Archaea that couple energy conservation to the production of methane gas. While most methanogens have no alternate mode of energy conservation, strains like Methanosarcina acetivorans are known to also conserve energy by dissimilatory metal reduction (DSMR) in the presence of soluble ferric iron or iron-containing minerals. The ecological ramifications of energy conservation decoupled from methane production in methanogens are substantial, yet the molecular details are poorly understood. In this work, we conducted in vitro and in vivo studies with a multiheme c-type cytochrome (MHC), called MmcA, to establish its role during methanogenesis and DSMR in M. acetivorans. MmcA purified from M. acetivorans can donate electrons to methanophenazine, a membrane-bound electron carrier, to facilitate methanogenesis. In addition, MmcA can also reduce Fe(III) and the humic acid analog anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AQDS) during DSMR. Furthermore, mutants lacking mmcA have slower Fe(III) reduction rates. The redox reactivities of MmcA are consistent with the electrochemical data where MmcA displays reversible redox features ranging from -100 to -450 mV versus SHE. MmcA is prevalent in members of the Order Methanosarcinales but does not belong to a known family of MHCs linked to extracellular electron transfer, bioinformatically, and instead forms a distinct clade that is closely related to octaheme tetrathionate reductases. Taken together, this study shows that MmcA is widespread in methanogens with cytochromes where it acts as an electron conduit to support a variety of energy conservation strategies that extend beyond methanogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gupta, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elliott, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nayak, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.20.537704</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MmcA is an electron conduit that facilitates both intracellular and extracellular electron transport in Methanosarcina acetivorans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.19.537531v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A chromosome scale genome assembly and evaluation of mtDNA variation in the willow leaf beetle Chrysomela aeneicollis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.19.537531v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The leaf beetle Chrysomela aeneicollis has a broad geographic range across Western North America, but is restricted to cool habitats at high elevations along the west coast. Central California populations occur only at high altitudes (2900-3450 m) where they are limited by reduced oxygen supply and recent drought conditions that are associated with climate change. Here we report a chromosome-scale genome assembly alongside a complete mitochondrial genome, and characterize differences among mitochondrial genomes along a latitudinal gradient over which beetles show substantial population structure and adaptation to fluctuating temperatures. Our scaffolded genome assembly consists of 21 linkage groups; one of which we identified as the X chromosome based on female/male whole genome sequencing coverage and orthology with Tribolium castaneum. We identified repetitive sequences in the genome and found them to be broadly distributed across all linkage groups. Using a reference transcriptome, we annotated a total of 12,586 protein coding genes. We also describe differences in putative secondary structures of mitochondrial RNA molecules, which may generate functional differences important in adaptation to harsh abiotic conditions. We document substitutions at mitochondrial tRNA molecules and substitutions and insertions in the 16S rRNA region that could affect intermolecular interactions with products from the nuclear genome. This first chromosome-level reference genome will enable genomic research in this important model organism for understanding the biological impacts of climate change on montane insects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bracewell, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stillman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahlhoff, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smeds, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatla, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bachtrog, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rank, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.19.537531</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A chromosome scale genome assembly and evaluation of mtDNA variation in the willow leaf beetle Chrysomela aeneicollis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.20.537757v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic basis of aposematic coloration in a mimetic radiation of poison frogs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.20.537757v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The evolution of mimicry in a single species or population has rippling inter and intraspecific effects across ecological communities, providing a fascinating mechanism of phenotypic diversification. In this study we present the first identification of genes underlying Mullerian mimicry in a vertebrate, the Peruvian mimic poison frog, Ranitomeya imitator. We sequenced 124 R. imitator exomes and discovered loci with both strong divergence between different mimetic morphs and phenotypic associations within an intraspecific admixture zone, implicating mc1r, asip, bsn, retsat, and krt8.2 in the evolution of mimetic color phenotypes. We confirmed these associations for most candidate genes through linkage mapping in a lab-reared pedigree. We also sequenced transcriptomes from the model species, allowing tests for introgression and revealing that the mimetic resemblance between R. imitator and the models evolved independently. Selection analyses of the candidate genes show that the mimicry phenotypes likely have evolved through selective sweeps acting on polygenic variation. Our results suggest that the evolutionary origins and molecular mechanisms underlying mimicry phenotypes in vertebrates may be radically different from those previously documented in invertebrates such as the iconic Heliconius butterfly mimicry complex.

One Sentence SummaryMullerian mimicry evolved through independent selective sweeps on color and pattern loci in the mimic poison frog.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Linderoth, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilar-Gomez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Twomey, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stuckert, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacManes, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Summers, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.20.537757</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic basis of aposematic coloration in a mimetic radiation of poison frogs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.21.537837v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional analysis of Salix purpurea genes support roles for ARR17 and GATA15 as master regulators of sex determination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.21.537837v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Salicaceae family is of growing interest in the study of dioecy in plants because the sex determination region (SDR) has been shown to be highly dynamic, with differing locations and heterogametic systems between species. Without the ability to transform and regenerate Salix in tissue culture, previous studies investigating the mechanisms regulating sex in the genus Salix have been limited to genome resequencing and differential gene expression, which are mostly descriptive in nature, and functional validation of candidate sex determination genes has not yet been conducted. Here we used Arabidopsis to functionally characterize a suite of previously identified candidate genes involved in sex determination and sex dimorphism in the bioenergy shrub willow Salix purpurea. Six candidate master regulator genes for sex determination were heterologously expressed in Arabidopsis, followed by floral proteome analysis. In addition, 11 transcription factors with predicted roles in mediating sex dimorphism downstream of the SDR were tested using DAP-Seq in both male and female S. purpurea DNA. The results of this study provide further evidence to support models for the roles of ARR17 and GATA15 as master regulator genes of sex determination in S. purpurea, contributing to a regulatory system that is notably different from that of its sister genus Populus. Evidence was also obtained for the roles of two transcription factors, an AP2/ERF family gene and a homeodomain-like transcription factor, in downstream regulation of sex dimorphism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hyden, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carper, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abraham, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baumgart, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Malley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hettich, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuskan, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smart, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.21.537837</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional analysis of Salix purpurea genes support roles for ARR17 and GATA15 as master regulators of sex determination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.22.537938v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adaptation to bile and anaerobicity limits Vibrio cholerae phage adsorption 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.22.537938v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteriophages (viruses of bacteria) play a pivotal role in shaping both the evolution and dynamics of bacterial populations. Bacteria employ arsenals of genetically encoded phage defense systems, but can alternatively achieve protection by changing the availability of cellular resources that phages rely on for propagation. These physiological changes are often adaptive responses to unique environmental signals. The facultative pathogen Vibrio cholerae adapts to both aquatic and intestinal environments with niche-specific physiological changes that ensure its evolutionary success in such disparate settings. In both niches, V. cholerae is susceptible to predation by lytic phages like ICP1. However, both phages and susceptible bacterial hosts coexist in nature, indicating that environmental cues may modulate V. cholerae cell state to protect against phage infection. This work explores one such modification in response to the intestine-specific signals of bile and anaerobicity. We found that V. cholerae grown in these conditions reduces O1-antigen decoration on its outer membrane lipopolysaccharide. Because the O1-antigen is an essential moiety for ICP1 phage infection, we investigated the effect of partial O1-antigen depletion as a mechanism of phage defense and observed that O1-depletion limits phage adsorption. We identified mechanistic contributions to O1-depletion, including the essentiality of a weak acid tolerance system for O1 production at low pH, and alterations in transcriptional profiles indicating limitations in resources for O1-biosynthesis. This analysis illustrates a complex interplay between signals relevant to the intestinal environment and bacterial physiology that provide V. cholerae with protection from phage predation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Netter, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunham, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seed, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.22.537938</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adaptation to bile and anaerobicity limits Vibrio cholerae phage adsorption]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.23.537964v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cortical Plasticity is associated with Blood-Brain-Barrier Modulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.23.537964v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain microvessels possess the unique properties of a blood-brain barrier (BBB), tightly regulating the passage of molecules from the blood to the brain neuropil and vice versa. In models of brain injury, BBB dysfunction and the associated leakage of serum albumin to the neuropil have been shown to induce pathological plasticity, neuronal hyper-excitability, and seizures. The effect of neuronal activity on BBB function and whether it plays a role in plasticity in the healthy brain remain unclear. Here we show that neuronal activity induces modulation of microvascular permeability in the healthy brain and that it has a role in local network reorganization. Combining simultaneous electrophysiological recording and vascular imaging with transcriptomic analysis in rats, and functional and BBB-mapping MRI in human subjects we show that prolonged stimulation of the limb induces a focal increase in BBB permeability in the corresponding somatosensory cortex that is associated with long-term synaptic plasticity. We further show that the increased microvascular permeability depends on neuronal activity and involves caveolae-mediated transcytosis and transforming growth factor beta signaling. Our results reveal a role of BBB modulation in cortical plasticity in the healthy brain, highlighting the importance of neurovascular interactions for sensory experience and learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Swissa, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monsonego, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schori, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamintsky, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirloo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burger, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uzzan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sudmant, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prager, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.23.537964</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cortical Plasticity is associated with Blood-Brain-Barrier Modulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.21.536496v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Keystone competitor creates spatial patterns of biodiversity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.21.536496v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Conventional ecological theory on competition and competitive exclusion states that competition should limit diversity. However, diversity of all species is more common than competitive exclusion would suggest, especially in the tropics. Here, we use theoretical and field approaches to examine the relationship between a keystone ant competitor (Azteca sericeasur) and the richness of a ground-foraging ant community in a spatially explicit context. Theoretically, we demonstrate that a fixed keystone competitor can increase species diversity. In addition, we sampled the ground-foraging ant community in three differentially managed coffee habitats and found - with the exception of plots in the most intensified coffee habitat - a consistently higher species richness near to the keystone competitor and lower richness with increasing distance. These patterns show that keystone competitors may contribute to the maintenance of local species richness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ennis, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perfecto, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandermeer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.21.536496</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Keystone competitor creates spatial patterns of biodiversity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.25.538140v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tumor cell heterogeneity drives spatial organization of the intratumoral immune response in squamous cell skin carcinoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.25.538140v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intratumoral heterogeneity (ITH)--defined as genetic and cellular diversity within a tumor--is linked to failure of immunotherapy and an inferior anti-tumor immune response. The underlying mechanism of this association is unknown. To address this question, we modeled heterogeneous tumors comprised of a pro-inflammatory ("hot") and an immunosuppressive ("cold") tumor population, labeled with YFP and RFP tags respectively to enable precise spatial tracking. The resulting mixed-population tumors exhibited distinct regions comprised of YFP+ (hot) cells, RFP+ (cold) cells, or a mixture. We found that tumor regions occupied by hot tumor cells (YFP+) harbored more total T cells and a higher frequency of Th1 cells and IFN{gamma}+ CD8 T cells compared to regions occupied by cold tumor cells (RFP+), whereas immunosuppressive macrophages showed the opposite spatial pattern. We identified the chemokine CX3CL1, produced at higher levels by our cold tumors, as a mediator of intratumoral macrophage accumulation, particularly immunosuppressive CD206Hi macrophages. Furthermore, we examined the response of heterogeneous tumors to a therapeutic combination of PD-1 blockade and CD40 agonist on a region-by-region basis. While the combination successfully increases Th1 abundance in "cold" tumor regions, it fails to bring overall T cell activity to the same level as seen in "hot" regions. The presence of the "cold" cells thus ultimately leads to a failure of the therapy to induce tumor rejection. Collectively, our results demonstrate that the organization of heterogeneous tumor cells has a profound impact on directing the spatial organization and function of tumor-infiltrating immune cells as well as on responses to immunotherapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lum, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ledezma-Soto, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Superville, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kersten, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krummel, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reeves, M. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.25.538140</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tumor cell heterogeneity drives spatial organization of the intratumoral immune response in squamous cell skin carcinoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.27.538572v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Swi/Snf Chromatin Remodeling Regulates Transcriptional Interference and Gene Repression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.27.538572v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alternative transcription start sites can affect transcript isoform diversity and translation levels. In a recently described form of gene regulation, coordinated transcriptional and translational interference results in transcript isoform-dependent changes in protein expression. Specifically, a long undecoded transcript isoform (LUTI) is transcribed from a gene-distal promoter, interfering with expression of the gene-proximal promoter. While transcriptional and chromatin features associated with LUTI expression have been described, the mechanism underlying LUTI-based transcriptional interference is not well understood. Using an unbiased genetic approach followed by integrated genomic analysis, we uncovered that the Swi/Snf chromatin remodeling complex is required for co-transcriptional nucleosome remodeling that leads to LUTI-based repression. We identified genes with tandem promoters that rely on Swi/Snf function for transcriptional interference during protein folding stress, including LUTI-regulated genes. To our knowledge, this study is the first to observe Swi/Snfs direct involvement in gene repression via a cis transcriptional interference mechanism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morse, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swerdlow, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.27.538572</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Swi/Snf Chromatin Remodeling Regulates Transcriptional Interference and Gene Repression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.03.539206v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rediversification Following Ecotype Isolation Reveals Hidden Adaptive Potential 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.03.539206v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial communities play a critical role in ecological processes, and their diversity is key to their functioning. However, little is known about if communities can regenerate ecological diversity following species removal or extinction, and how the rediversified communities would compare to the original ones. Here we show that simple two-ecotype communities from the E. coli Long Term Evolution Experiment (LTEE) consistently rediversified into two ecotypes following the isolation of one of the ecotypes, coexisting via negative frequency-dependent selection. Communities separated by more than 30,000 generations of evolutionary time rediversify in similar ways. The rediversified ecotype appears to share a number of growth traits with the ecotype it replaces. However, the rediversified community is also different compared to the original community in ways relevant to the mechanism of ecotype coexistence, for example in stationary phase response and survival. We found substantial variation in the transcriptional states between the two original ecotypes, whereas the differences within the rediversified community were comparatively smaller, but with unique patterns of differential expression. Our results suggest that evolution may leave room for alternative diversification processes even in a maximally reduced community of only two strains. We hypothesize that the presence of alternative evolutionary pathways may be even more pronounced in communities of many species, highlighting an important role for perturbations, such as species removal, in evolving ecological communities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ascensao, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denk, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lok, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wetmore, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallatschek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.03.539206</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rediversification Following Ecotype Isolation Reveals Hidden Adaptive Potential]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.03.539286v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Patterns of evolution of TRIM genes highlight the evolutionary plasticity of antiviral effectors in mammals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.03.539286v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The innate immune system of mammals is formed by a complex web of interacting proteins, which together constitute the first barrier of entry for infectious pathogens. Genes from the E3-ubiquitin ligase tripartite motif (TRIM) family have been shown to play an important role in the innate immune system by restricting the activity of different retrovirus species. For example, TRIM5 and TRIM22, have both been associated with HIV restriction, and are regarded as crucial parts of the antiretroviral machinery of mammals. Our analyses of positive selection corroborate the great significance of these genes for some groups of mammals. However, we also show that many organisms lack TRIM5 and TRIM22 altogether. By analyzing a large number of mammalian genomes, here we provide the first comprehensive view of the evolution of these genes in eutherians, showcasing that the pattern of accumulation of TRIM genes has been dissimilar across mammalian orders. Our data suggests that these differences are caused by evolutionary plasticity of the immune system of eutherians, which have adapted to use different strategies to combat retrovirus infections. Altogether, our results provide insights into the dissimilar evolution of a representative family of restriction factors, highlighting a great example of adaptive and idiosyncratic evolution in the innate immune system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fernandes, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohainle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esteves, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.03.539286</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Patterns of evolution of TRIM genes highlight the evolutionary plasticity of antiviral effectors in mammals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.04.539362v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ARID1B controls transcriptional programs of axon projection in the human corpus callosum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.04.539362v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in ARID1B, a member of the mSWI/SNF complex, cause severe neurodevelopmental phenotypes with elusive mechanisms in humans. The most common structural abnormality in the brain of ARID1B patients is agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC). This condition is characterized by a partial or complete absence of the corpus callosum (CC), an interhemispheric white matter tract that connects distant cortical regions. Using human neural organoids, we identify a vulnerability of callosal projection neurons (CPNs) to ARID1B haploinsufficiency, resulting in abnormal maturation trajectories and dysregulation of transcriptional programs of CC development. Through a novel in vitro model of the CC tract, we demonstrate that ARID1B mutations reduce the proportion of CPNs capable of forming long-range projections, leading to structural underconnectivity phenotypes. Our study uncovers new functions of the mSWI/SNF during human corticogenesis, identifying cell-autonomous defects in axonogenesis as a cause of ACC in ARID1B patients.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=193 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/539362v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (40K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@dd4e9aorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@153a081org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@14e884corg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@d64081_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOGraphical abstractC_FLOATNO Human callosal projection neurons are vulnerable to ARID1B haploinsufficiency.

(Top) During healthy development, callosal projection neurons (CPNs) project long interhemispheric axons, forming the corpus callosum (CC) tract, which can be modeled in vitro. (Bottom) In ARID1B patients, transcriptional dysregulation of genetic programs of CC development reduces the formation of long-range projections from CPNs, causing CC agenesis in vivo and underconnectivity phenotypes in vitro.

C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martins-Costa, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiegers, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidhaye, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doleschall, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novatchkova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lendl, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piber, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moeseneder, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stuempflen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, S. Y. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidl, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prayer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoeftberger, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasprian, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ikeuchi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corsini, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knoblich, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.04.539362</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ARID1B controls transcriptional programs of axon projection in the human corpus callosum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.04.538973v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sleep is required for neural network plasticity in the jellyfish Cassiopea 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.04.538973v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sleep in animals plays roles that appear specific to the brain, including synaptic homeostasis [1], neurotransmitter regulation [2], cellular repair [3], memory consolidation [4], and neural plasticity [5,6]. Would any of these functions of sleep be relevant to an animal without a brain? The upside-down jellyfish Cassiopea xamachana, like other cnidarians, lacks a centralized nervous system, yet the animal sleeps [7]. By tracking the propensity of the radially spaced ganglia to initiate muscle contractions over several days we determined how neural activity changes between sleep and wake in a decentralized nervous system. Ganglia-network sleep/ wake activity patterns range from being highly specialized to a few ganglia, to being completely unspecialized. Ganglia specialization also changes over time, indicating a high degree of plasticity in the neural network. The ganglia that lead activity can persist or switch between sleep/wake transitions, signifying a level of local control of the behavioral state in a decentralized nervous system. Following sleep deprivation, ganglia usage becomes far more sleep specialized, demonstrating reduced network plasticity. Together, these findings identify a novel behavioral control system that is decentralized and yet displays temporal specialization and centralization, and show a role for sleep in maintaining neural network plasticity, revealing a conserved function of sleep in this brain-less animal.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abrams, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Emster, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeigler, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jafri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harland, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.04.538973</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sleep is required for neural network plasticity in the jellyfish Cassiopea]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.04.539504v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping the Morphology of DNA on Carbon Nanotube-Based Sensors in Solution using X-ray Scattering Interferometry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.04.539504v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with adsorbed single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) are applied as sensors to investigate biological systems, with applications ranging from clinical diagnostics to agricultural biotechnology. Unique ssDNA sequences render SWCNTs selectively responsive to target analytes. However, it remains unclear how the ssDNA conformation on the SWCNT surface contributes to their ultimate functionality, as observations have been constrained to computational models or experiments under dehydrated states that differ substantially from the aqueous biological environments in which the nanosensors are applied. Herein, we demonstrate a direct mode of measuring in-solution ssDNA geometries on SWCNTs via X-ray scattering interferometry (XSI), which leverages the interference pattern produced by AuNP tags conjugated to ssDNA on the SWCNT surface. We employ XSI to quantify distinct surface-adsorbed morphologies for two ssDNA oligomer lengths, conformational changes as a function of ionic strength, and the mechanism of dopamine sensing for a previously established ssDNA-SWCNT nanosensor, with corresponding ab initio modeling for visualization. We show that the shorter oligomer, (GT)6, adopts a highly ordered structure of stacked rings along the SWCNT axis, compared to the longer, less periodic (GT)15 wrapping. The presence of dopamine elicits a simultaneous axial elongation and radial constriction of the ssDNA closer to the SWCNT surface. Application of XSI to probe solution-phase morphologies of nanoparticle-based tools will yield insights into sensing mechanisms and inform future design strategies for polymer-functionalized SWCNT technologies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cunningham, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubbard, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goh, N. S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J. W.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayman, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hura, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinals, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.04.539504</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping the Morphology of DNA on Carbon Nanotube-Based Sensors in Solution using X-ray Scattering Interferometry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.05.539635v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A longitudinal single-cell therapeutic atlas of anti-tumour necrosis factor treatment in inflammatory bowel disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.05.539635v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Precision medicine in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) requires an understanding of how cellular networks change following therapy. We describe a therapeutic atlas for Crohns disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) following anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF) therapy. We generated ~1 million single-cell transcriptomes, organised into 109 cell states, from 216 gut biopsies from 38 patients and three controls, revealing disease- and therapy-specific differences. A systems-biology analysis identified distinct spatially-resolved cellular microenvironments: granuloma signatures in CD and interferon (IFN)-response signatures localising to T-cell aggregates and epithelial damage in CD and UC. Longitudinal comparisons demonstrated that disease progression in non-responders associated with myeloid and stromal cell perturbations in CD and increased multi-cellular IFN signalling in UC. IFN signalling was also observed in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovium with a lymphoid pathotype. Our therapeutic atlas informs drug positioning across IMIDs, and suggests a rationale for the use of janus kinase (JAK) inhibition following anti-TNF resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thomas, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rich-Griffin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pohin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedrich, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aschenbrenner, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pakpoor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jainarayanan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voda, A.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanches Peres, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nee, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sathananthan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotliar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nayar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonsson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raychaudhuri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulicke, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramsdell, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stransky, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pagliarini, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belecki, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spies, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coles, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jostins-Dean, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powrie, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Travis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uhlig, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dendrou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buckley, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.05.539635</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A longitudinal single-cell therapeutic atlas of anti-tumour necrosis factor treatment in inflammatory bowel disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.05.539132v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Critical role of down-regulated in adenoma bicarbonate transporter in linaclotide stimulated intestinal bicarbonate secretion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.05.539132v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Duodenal bicarbonate secretion is critical to epithelial protection, nutrient digestion/absorption and is impaired in cystic fibrosis (CF). We examined if linaclotide, typically used to treat constipation, may also stimulate duodenal bicarbonate secretion. Bicarbonate secretion was measured in vivo and in vitro using mouse and human duodenum (biopsies and enteroids). Ion transporter localization was identified with confocal microscopy and de novo analysis of human duodenal single cell RNA sequencing (sc-RNAseq) datasets was performed. Linaclotide increased bicarbonate secretion in mouse and human duodenum in the absence of CFTR expression (Cftr knockout mice) or function (CFTRinh-172). NHE3 inhibition contributed to a portion of this response. Linaclotide-stimulated bicarbonate secretion was eliminated by down-regulated in adenoma (DRA, SLC26A3) inhibition during loss of CFTR activity. Sc-RNAseq identified that 70% of villus cells expressed SLC26A3, but not CFTR, mRNA. Loss of CFTR activity and linaclotide increased apical brush border expression of DRA in non-CF and CF differentiated enteroids. These data provide further insights into the action of linaclotide and how DRA may compensate for loss of CFTR in regulating luminal pH. Linaclotide may be a useful therapy for CF individuals with impaired bicarbonate secretion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sarthi, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trumbull, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abazari, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Unen, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joo, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sellers, Z. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.05.539132</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Critical role of down-regulated in adenoma bicarbonate transporter in linaclotide stimulated intestinal bicarbonate secretion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.05.539629v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cortical cerebrovascular and metabolic perturbations in the 5xFAD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.05.539629v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The 5xFAD mouse model is a popular model of familial Alzheimers Disease (AD) that is characterized by early beta-amyloid (A{beta}) deposition and cognitive decrements. Despite numerous studies, the 5xFAD mouse has not been comprehensively phenotyped for vascular and metabolic perturbations over its lifespan. Male and female 5xFAD and WT littermates underwent in vivo 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) imaging at 4, 6, and 12 months of age to assess regional glucose metabolism. A separate cohort of mice (4, 8, 12 months) underwent "vessel painting" which labels all cerebral vessels and were analyzed for vascular characteristics such as vessel density, junction density, vessel length, network complexity, number of collaterals and vessel diameter. With increasing age, vessels on the cortical surface in both 5xFAD and WT mice showed increased vessel length, vessel and junction densities. The number of collateral vessels between the middle cerebral artery (MCA) and the anterior and posterior cerebral arteries decreased with age but collateral diameters were significantly increased only in 5xFAD mice. MCA total vessel length and junction density were decreased in 5xFAD mice compared to WT at 4 months. Analysis of 18F-FDG cortical uptake revealed significant differences between WT and 5xFAD mice spanning 4-12 months. Broadly, 5xFAD males had significantly increased 18F-FDG uptake at 12 months compared to WT mice. In most cortical regions, female 5xFAD mice had reduced 18F-FDG uptake compared to WT across their lifespan. While the 5xFAD mouse exhibits AD-like cognitive deficits as early as 4 months of age that are associated with increasing A{beta} deposition, we only found significant differences in cortical vascular features in males, not in females. Interestingly, 5xFAD male and female mice exhibited opposite effects in 18F-FDG uptake. The MCA supplies blood to large portions of the somatosensory cortex and portions of the motor and visual cortex and increased vessel lengths alongside decreased collaterals coincided with higher metabolic rates in 5xFAD mice. Thus, a potential mismatch between metabolic demand and vascular delivery of nutrients in the face of increasing A{beta} deposition could contribute to the progressive cognitive deficits seen in the 5xFAD mouse model.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jullienne, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szu, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trinh, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norouzi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noarbe, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedwell, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eldridge, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Persohn, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Territo, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obenaus, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.05.539629</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cortical cerebrovascular and metabolic perturbations in the 5xFAD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.08.539503v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Anatomical registration of intracranial electrodes. Robust model-based localization and deformable smooth brain-shift compensation methods 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.08.539503v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Precise electrode localization is important for maximizing the utility of intracranial EEG data. Electrodes are typically localized from post-implantation CT artifacts, but algorithms can fail due to low signal-to-noise ratio, unrelated artifacts, or high-density electrode arrays. Minimizing these errors usually requires time-consuming visual localization and can still result in inaccurate localizations. In addition, surgical implantation of grids and strips typically introduces non-linear brain deformations, which result in anatomical registration errors when post-implantation CT images are fused with the pre-implantation MRI images. Several projection methods are currently available, but they either fail to produce smooth solutions or do not account for brain deformations.

To address these shortcomings, we propose two novel algorithms for the anatomical registration of intracranial electrodes that are almost fully automatic and provide highly accurate results. We first present GridFit, an algorithm that simultaneously localizes all contacts in grids, strips, or depth arrays by fitting flexible models to the electrodes CT artifacts. We observed localization errors of less than one millimeter (below 8% relative to the inter-electrode distance) and robust performance under the presence of noise, unrelated artifacts, and high-density implants when we ran [~]6000 simulated scenarios. Furthermore, we validated the method with real data from 20 intracranial patients.

As a second registration step, we introduce CEPA, a brain-shift compensation algorithm that combines orthogonal-based projections, spring-mesh models, and spatial regularization constraints. When tested with real data from 15 patients, anatomical registration errors were smaller than those obtained for well-established alternatives. Additionally, CEPA accounted simultaneously for simple mechanical deformation principles, which is not possible with other available methods. Inter-electrode distances of projected coordinates smoothly changed across neighbor electrodes, while changes in inter-electrode distances linearly increased with projection distance. Moreover, in an additional validation procedure, we found that modeling resting-state high-frequency activity (75-145 Hz) in five patients further supported our new algorithm.

Together, GridFit and CEPA constitute a versatile set of tools for the registration of subdural grid, strip, and depth electrode coordinates that provide highly accurate results even in the most challenging implantation scenarios. The methods presented here are implemented in the iElectrodes open-source toolbox, making their use simple, accessible, and straightforward to integrate with other popular toolboxes used for analyzing electrophysiological data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blenkmann, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leske, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Llorens, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunner, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schalk, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivanovic, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larsson, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Endestad, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solbakk, A.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.08.539503</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Anatomical registration of intracranial electrodes. Robust model-based localization and deformable smooth brain-shift compensation methods]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.08.539874v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transmission mode shapes host specialization of the phyllosphere microbiome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.08.539874v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The collection of microorganisms inhabiting aboveground plant tissue, termed the phyllosphere microbiome, is shaped by both microbial dispersal and host filtering effects. Because plants often occur in multispecies assemblages, microbiome diversity is likely shaped by plant community composition through microbial transmission between conspecific (same species) and heterospecific (different species) host plants. Although rarely examined, the relative incidence of con-versus heterospecific transmission should impact microbiome-level specialization. Using four species of plants we experimentally tested this idea by passaging an initially diverse microbial community either between conspecific or heterospecific plants in the greenhouse. While conspecific transmission lines exhibited persistent host effects, these effects decreased in the heterospecific transmission lines, suggesting a shift towards more generalist microbiomes. Similarly, when microbiomes were transplanted onto a set of novel host plant species, host effects were weaker for these heterospecific lines than the conspecific lines. Finally, microbiomes conspecifically passaged on tomato plants were found to outcompete those passaged on either bean or pepper when co-inoculated onto tomato hosts, suggesting microbiome-level host specialization under conspecific transmission. Overall, we find that both transmission mode and host association history shape microbiome diversity, that repeated conspecific transmission results in microbiome specialization, and that repeated heterospecific transmission can drive microbiomes to develop generalist characteristics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meyer, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muscettola, I. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasconcelos, A. L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherman, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metcalf, C. J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindow, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koskella, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.08.539874</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transmission mode shapes host specialization of the phyllosphere microbiome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.08.539906v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Linking bacterial tetrabromopyrrole biosynthesis to coral metamorphosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.08.539906v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An important factor dictating coral fitness is the quality of bacteria associated with corals and coral reefs. One way that bacteria benefit corals is by stimulating the larval to juvenile life cycle transition of settlement and metamorphosis. Tetrabromopyrrole (TBP) is a small molecule produced by bacteria that stimulates metamorphosis in a range of coral species. A standing debate remains, however, about whether TBP biosynthesis from live Pseudoalteromonas bacteria is the primary stimulant of coral metamorphosis. In this study, we create a Pseudoalteromonas sp. PS5 mutant lacking the TBP brominase gene, bmp2. Using this mutant, we confirm that the bmp2 gene is critical for TBP biosynthesis in Pseudoalteromonas sp. PS5. Mutation of this gene ablates the bacteriums ability in live cultures to stimulate the metamorphosis of the stony coral Porites astreoides. We further demonstrate that expression of TBP biosynthesis genes is strongest in stationary and biofilm modes of growth, where Pseudoalteromonas sp. PS5 might exist within surface-attached biofilms on the sea floor. Finally, we create a modular transposon plasmid for genomic integration and fluorescent labeling of Pseudoalteromonas sp. PS5 cells. Our results functionally link a TBP biosynthesis gene from live bacteria to a morphogenic effect in corals. The genetic techniques established here provide new tools to explore coral-bacteria interactions and could help to inform future decisions about utilizing marine bacteria or their products for restoring degraded coral reefs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purdy, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adak, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sneed, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shikuma, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.08.539906</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Linking bacterial tetrabromopyrrole biosynthesis to coral metamorphosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.08.539937v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Context dependent function of the transcriptional regulator Rap1 in gene silencing and activation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.08.539937v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, heterochromatin is formed through interactions between site-specific DNA-binding factors, including the transcriptional activator Rap1, and Sir proteins. Despite a vast understanding of the establishment and maintenance of Sir-silenced chromatin, the mechanism of gene silencing by Sir proteins has remained a mystery. Utilizing high resolution chromatin immunoprecipitation, we found that Rap1, the native activator of the bi-directional HML promoter, bound its recognition sequence in silenced chromatin and its binding was enhanced by the presence of Sir proteins. In contrast to prior results, various components of transcription machinery were not able to access HML in the silenced state. These findings disproved the long-standing model of indiscriminate steric occlusion by Sir proteins and led to investigation of the transcriptional activator Rap1 in Sir-silenced chromatin. Using a highly sensitive assay that monitors loss-of-silencing events, we identified a novel role for promoter-bound Rap1 in the maintenance of silent chromatin through interactions with the Sir complex. We also found that promoter-bound Rap1 activated HML when in an expressed state, and aided in the transition from transcription initiation to elongation. Highlighting the importance of epigenetic context in transcription factor function, these results point toward a model in which the duality of Rap1 function was mediated by local chromatin environment rather than binding-site availability.

Significance StatementThe coarse partitioning of the genome into regions of active euchromatin and repressed heterochromatin is an important, and conserved, level gene expression regulation in eukaryotes. Repressor Activator Protein (Rap1) is a transcription factor that promotes the activation of genes when recruited to promoters, and aids in the establishment of heterochromatin through interactions with silencer elements. Here, we investigate the role of Rap1 when bound to a promoter in silent chromatin and dissect the context-specific epigenetic cues that regulate the dual properties of this transcription factor. Together, our data highlight the importance of protein-protein interactions and local chromatin state on transcription factor function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bondra, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rine, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.08.539937</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Context dependent function of the transcriptional regulator Rap1 in gene silencing and activation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.08.539924v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
"When I talk about it, my eyes light up!" Impacts of a national laboratory internship on community college student success 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.08.539924v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Participation in technical/research internships may improve undergraduate graduation rates and persistence in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM), yet little is known about the benefits of these activities a) for community college students, b) when hosted by national laboratories, and c) beyond the first few years after the internship. We applied Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT) to investigate alumni perspectives about how CCI at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) impacted their academic/career activities. We learned that alumni had low confidence and expectations of success in STEM as community college students. Participation in CCI increased their professional networks, expectations of success, and STEM skills, identity, and self-efficacy/confidence. Hispanic/Latinx alumni recalled the positive impact of mentors who prioritized personal connections, and women valued "warm" social environments. We propose several additions to the SCCT model, to better reflect the supports and barriers to STEM persistence for community college students.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cote, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Doren, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zamora, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaramillo Salcido, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Law, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otero Munoz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manocha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flood, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baranger, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.08.539924</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA["When I talk about it, my eyes light up!" Impacts of a national laboratory internship on community college student success]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.09.539936v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Anatomical and behavioral correlates of auditory perception in developmental dyslexia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.09.539936v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Developmental dyslexia is typically associated with difficulties in basic auditory processing and in manipulating speech sounds. However, the neuroanatomical correlates of auditory difficulties in developmental dyslexia (DD) and their contribution to individual clinical phenotypes are still unknown. Recent intracranial electrocorticography findings associated processing of sound amplitude rises and speech sounds with posterior and middle superior temporal gyrus (STG), respectively. We hypothesize that regional STG anatomy will relate to specific auditory abilities in DD, and that auditory processing abilities will relate to behavioral difficulties with speech and reading. One hundred and ten children (78 DD, 32 typically developing, age 7-15 years) completed amplitude rise time and speech in noise discrimination tasks. They also underwent a battery of cognitive tests. Anatomical MRI scans were used to identify regions in which local cortical gyrification complexity correlated with auditory behavior. Behaviorally, amplitude rise time but not speech in noise performance was impaired in DD. Neurally, amplitude rise time and speech in noise performance correlated with gyrification in posterior and middle STG, respectively. Furthermore, amplitude rise time significantly contributed to reading impairments in DD, while speech in noise only explained variance in phonological awareness. Finally, amplitude rise time and speech in noise performance were not correlated, and each task was correlated with distinct neuropsychological measures, emphasizing their unique contributions to DD. Overall, we provide a direct link between the neurodevelopment of the left STG and individual variability in auditory processing abilities in neurotypical and dyslexic populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandelli, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson Pereira, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wellman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Licata, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oganian, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorno-Tempini, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.09.539936</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Anatomical and behavioral correlates of auditory perception in developmental dyslexia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.11.540380v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
L. pneumophila resists its self-harming metabolite HGA via secreted factors and collective peroxide scavenging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.11.540380v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many pathogenic bacteria, including Legionella pneumophila, infect humans from environmental reservoirs. To survive in these reservoirs, bacteria must withstand microbe-on-microbe competition. We previously discovered that L. pneumophila can compete with neighboring bacteria via an antimicrobial metabolite called homogentisic acid (HGA) (Levin, Goldspiel, and Malik 2019). Curiously, L. pneumophila strains that secrete HGA are not wholly immune to its effects: low-density bacteria are strongly inhibited by HGA whereas high-density cells are tolerant. How do these bacteria tolerate HGA and avoid self-harm during interbacterial competition? Here, we find that HGA toxicity occurs via the production of toxic hydroperoxides and multiple factors facilitate high-density tolerance. First, HGA only becomes fully toxic after >1 hour of oxidation. While this manifests as a delay in killing within well-mixed liquid cultures, in a biofilm environment, this could provide time for HGA to diffuse away before becoming toxic. Second, HGA generates quantities of hydroperoxides that can be collectively scavenged by high-density, but not low-density cells. And third, high-density cells produce one or more secreted factors that are transiently protective from HGA. In combination, we propose that the bacteria are able to deploy HGA to generate a pool of reactive oxygen species surrounding their own biofilms, while maintaining non-toxic conditions within them. Overall, these findings help to explain how broadly toxic molecules can be used as inter-bacterial weapons. They also provide insights about why some of our current decontamination methods to control L. pneumophila are ineffective, leading to recurrent disease outbreaks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Holland, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farinella, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruz-Lorenzo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laubscher, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doakes, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kubota, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.11.540380</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[L. pneumophila resists its self-harming metabolite HGA via secreted factors and collective peroxide scavenging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.11.540079v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dysregulation of amino acid metabolism upon rapid depletion of cap-binding protein eIF4E 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.11.540079v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein synthesis is a crucial but metabolically costly biological process that must be tightly coordinated with cellular needs and nutrient availability. In response to environmental stress, translation initiation is modulated to control protein output while meeting new demands. The cap-binding protein eIF4E--the earliest contact between mRNAs and the translation machinery--serves as one point of control, but its contributions to mRNA-specific translation regulation remain poorly understood. To survey eIF4E-dependent translational control, we acutely depleted eIF4E and determined how this impacts protein synthesis. Despite its essentiality, eIF4E depletion had surprisingly modest effects on cell growth and protein synthesis. Analysis of transcript-level changes revealed that long-lived transcripts were downregulated, likely reflecting accelerated turnover. Paradoxically, eIF4E depletion led to simultaneous upregulation of genes involved in catabolism of aromatic amino acids, which arose as secondary effects of reduced protein biosynthesis on amino acid pools, and genes involved in the biosynthesis of amino acids. These futile cycles of amino acid synthesis and degradation were driven, in part, by translational activation of GCN4, a transcription factor typically induced by amino acid starvation. Furthermore, we identified a novel regulatory mechanism governing translation of PCL5, a negative regulator of Gcn4, that provides a consistent protein-to-mRNA ratio under varied translation environments. This translational control was partial dependent on a uniquely long poly-(A) tract in the PCL5 5 UTR and on poly-(A) binding protein. Collectively, these results highlight how eIF4E connects translation to amino acid homeostasis and stress responses and uncovers new mechanisms underlying how cells tightly control protein synthesis during environmental challenges.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Diamond, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGlincy, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingolia, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.11.540079</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dysregulation of amino acid metabolism upon rapid depletion of cap-binding protein eIF4E]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.11.540397v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dissociating instructive from permissive roles of brain circuits with reversible neural activity manipulations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.11.540397v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent work has demonstrated that both permanent lesions and acute inactivation experiments can lead to erroneous conclusions about the causal role of brain areas in specific behaviors, casting serious doubt on major avenues by which neuroscientists study the brain. To overcome this challenge, we developed a three-stage optogenetic approach which leverages the ability to precisely control the temporal period of regional inactivation with either brief or sustained illumination, enabling investigators to dissociate between putative  permissive and  instructive roles of brain areas in behavior. We applied this approach to the mouse primary visual cortex (V1) to probe whether V1 is permissive or instructive for the detection low contrast stimuli. Acute inactivation of V1 drastically suppressed performance, but during persistent inactivation, the animals contrast detection recovered to pre-silencing levels. This recovery was itself reversible, as returning the animals to intermittent V1 inactivation reinstated the behavioral deficit. These results argue that V1 is the default circuit mice use to detect visual stimuli, but in its absence, other regions can compensate for it. This novel, temporally controllable optogenetic perturbation paradigm should be useful in other brain circuits to assess whether they are instructive or permissive in a brain function or behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bounds, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quintana, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatla, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiegert, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adesnik, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.11.540397</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dissociating instructive from permissive roles of brain circuits with reversible neural activity manipulations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.11.540333v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Foldy: a web application for interactive protein structure analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.11.540333v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Foldy is a cloud-based application that allows non-expert scientists to easily access and utilize advanced AI-based structural biology tools, including AlphaFold and DiffDock. Built on Kubernetes, it can be deployed by universities, departments, and labs without requiring hardware resources, but can also be configured to utilize available computers. Foldy enables scientists to predict the structure of proteins and complexes up to 3000 amino acids, visualize Pfam annotations, and dock ligands with AutoDock Vina and DiffDock.

Our manuscript describes the user interface and deployment considerations of Foldy, as well as some of our applications. By democratizing access to sophisticated AI-based tools, Foldy can facilitate life science research and promote the wider adoption of structural bioinformatics tools. Our work demonstrates that even the most advanced tools can be made accessible to a broad audience through user-friendly platforms like Foldy, and we believe it will be a valuable resource for researchers across scientific disciplines. The public structures available on the Lawrence Berkeley Labs Foldy deployment can be viewed at https://foldy.lbl.gov.

Author SummaryFoldy is a cloud-based application that enables scientists to use AI-based structural biology tools such as AlphaFold and DiffDock without software expertise. Built on Kubernetes, it can be set up by universities, departments, and labs with no need for hardware resources. Foldy can predict the structure of proteins and complexes up to 3000 amino acids, visualize Pfam annotations, and dock ligands with AutoDock Vina and DiffDock. Our public structures can be viewed at https://foldy.lbl.gov.

Our manuscript highlights the user interface, deployment considerations, and product applications of Foldy. Its an accessible solution for researchers who are not software experts and can handle the traffic of thousands of users and hundreds of thousands of protein structures and docked ligands. This makes advanced AI-based tools more widely available, paving the way for accelerating life science research.

By developing an easy-to-use platform, our work demonstrates that even the most sophisticated AI-based tools can be made accessible to a wide audience. Foldy enables more scientists to draw from the rapidly growing field of structural biology, making it a valuable tool for researchers across scientific disciplines. We look forward to its adoption by the scientific community.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roberts, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nava, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Incha, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valencia, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keasling, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.11.540333</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Foldy: a web application for interactive protein structure analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.13.540658v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial Tracking Across Time (ST AT ): Tracking Neurons Across In-Vivo Imaging Sessions through Optimizing Local Neighborhood Motion Consistency 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.13.540658v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chronic calcium imaging has become a powerful and indispensable tool for analyzing the long-term stability and plasticity of neuronal activity. One crucial step of the data processing pipeline is to register individual neurons across imaging sessions, which usually extend over a few days or even months, and show various levels of spatial deformation of the imaged field of view (FOV). Previous solutions align FOVs of all sessions first and then register the same neurons according to their shapes and locations [1, 2]. However, the FOV registration is computational intensive, especially in the case of nonrigid case.

Here we propose a cell tracking method that does not require FOV image registration. Specifically, the algorithm STAT (short for Stay T ogether, Align Together, and for Spatial Tracking Across Time) represents neurons from two sessions as two sets of neuronal centroids, uses point set registration (PSR) to find a spatially smooth transformation to align them while assigning correspondences. The optimization method iteratively updates between the general motion and individual neuron identity tracking, an idea seen in the computer vision literatures [3, 4]. Our method can be thought of as a specialization and simplification of these more general methods to calcium imaging neuron tracking.

We validate STAT on datasets with simulated nonrigid motion that is hard to motion correct without extensive manual intervention. Next, we test STAT on experimental data from singing birds collected on three different days, and observe stable song-locked activity across days. An example use case of this package is reference [5].
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackevicius, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fee, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.13.540658</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial Tracking Across Time (ST AT ): Tracking Neurons Across In-Vivo Imaging Sessions through Optimizing Local Neighborhood Motion Consistency]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.14.540688v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide CRISPRi knockdown to map gene essentiality landscape in coliphages {lambda} and P1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.14.540688v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phages are one of the key ecological drivers of microbial community dynamics, function and evolution. Despite their importance in bacterial ecology and evolutionary processes, phage genes are poorly characterized, hampering their usage in a variety of biotechnological applications. Methods to characterize such genes, even those critical to the phage life cycle, are labor-intensive and are generally phage-specific. Here, we develop a systematic gene essentiality mapping method scalable to new phage-host combinations that facilitate the identification of non-essential genes. As proof of concept, we use a catalytically inactive Cas12a mediated genome-wide CRISPRi assay to determine the essential genes in the canonical coliphages {lambda} and P1. Results from a single panel of CRISPRi probes largely recapitulate the essential gene roster determined from decades of genetic analysis for lambda and provide new insights into essential and nonessential loci in P1. We present evidence of how CRISPRi polarity can lead to false positive gene essentiality assignments and recommend caution towards interpreting CRISPRi data on gene essentiality when applied to less studied phages. Finally, we show that we can engineer phages by inserting DNA barcodes into newly identified inessential regions, which will empower processes of identification, quantification and tracking of phages in diverse applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mutalik, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piya, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nolan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez Hernandez, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cress, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.14.540688</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide CRISPRi knockdown to map gene essentiality landscape in coliphages {lambda} and P1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/000307v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Drosophila embryogenesis scales uniformly across temperature and developmentally diverse species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/000307v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Temperature affects both the timing and outcome of animal development, but the detailed effects of temperature on the progress of early development have been poorly characterized. To determine the impact of temperature on the order and timing of events during Drosophila melanogaster embryogenesis, we used time-lapse imaging to track the progress of embryos from shortly after egg laying through hatching at seven precisely maintained temperatures between 17.5{degrees}C and 32.5{degrees}C. We employed a combination of automated and manual annotation to determine when 36 milestones occurred in each embryo. D. melanogaster embryogenesis takes 33 hours at 17.5{degrees}C, and accelerates with increasing temperature to a low of 16 hours at 27.5{degrees}C, above which embryogenesis slows slightly. Remarkably, while the total time of embryogenesis varies over two fold, the relative timing of events from cellularization through hatching is constant across temperatures. To further explore the relationship between temperature and embryogenesis, we expanded our analysis to cover ten additional Drosophila species of varying climatic origins. Six of these species, like D. melanogaster, are of tropical origin, and embryogenesis time at different temperatures was similar for them all. D. mojavensis, a sub-tropical fly, develops slower than the tropical species at lower temperatures, while D. virilis, a temperate fly, exhibits slower development at all temperatures. The alpine sister species D. persimilis and D. pseudoobscura develop as rapidly as tropical flies at cooler temperatures, but exhibit diminished acceleration above 22.5{degrees}C and have drastically slowed development by 30{degrees}C. Despite ranging from 13 hours for D. erecta at 30{degrees}C to 46 hours for D. virilis at 17.5{degrees}C, the relative timing of events from cellularization through hatching is constant across all of the species and temperatures examined here, suggesting the existence of a previously unrecognized timer controlling the progress of embryogenesis that has been tuned by natural selection in response to the thermal environment in which each species lives.nnAuthor SummaryTemperature profoundly impacts the rate of development of "cold-blooded" animals, which proceeds far faster when it is warm. There is, however, no universal relationship. Closely related species can develop at markedly different speeds at the same temperature, likely resulting from environmental adaptation. This creates a major challenge when comparing development among species, as it is unclear whether they should be compared at the same temperature or under different conditions to maintain the same developmental rate. Facing this challenge while working with flies (Drosophila species), we found there was little data to inform this decision. So, using time-lapse imaging, precise temperature-control, and computational and manual video-analysis, we tracked the complex process of embryogenesis in 11 species at seven different temperatures. There was over a three-fold difference in developmental rate between the fastest species at its fastest temperature and the slowest species at its slowest temperature. However, our finding that the timing of events within development all scaled uniformly across species and temperatures astonished us. This is good news for developmental biologists, since we can induce species to develop nearly identically by growing them at different temperatures. But it also means flies must possess some unknown clock-like molecular mechanism driving embryogenesis forward.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steven Gregory Kuntz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael B Eisen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2013-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/000307</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Drosophila embryogenesis scales uniformly across temperature and developmentally diverse species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2013-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/000448v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Design and implementation of a synthetic biomolecular concentration tracker 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/000448v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As a field, synthetic biology strives to engineer increasingly complex artificial systems in living cells. Active feedback in closed loop systems offers a dynamic and adaptive way to ensure constant relative activity independent of intrinsic and extrinsic noise. In this work, we design, model, and implement a biomolecular concentration tracker, in which an output protein tracks the concentration of an input protein. Synthetic modular protein scaffold domains are used to colocalize a two-component system, and a single negative feedback loop modulates the production of the output protein. Using a combination of model and experimental work, we show that the circuit achieves real-time protein concentration tracking in Escherichia coli and that steady state outputs can be tuned.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Victoria Hsiao</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emmanuel LC de los Santos</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weston R Whitaker</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John E Dueber</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard M Murray</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2013-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/000448</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Design and implementation of a synthetic biomolecular concentration tracker]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2013-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/000711v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sap flow through petioles and petioles reveals leaf-level responses to light and vapor pressure deficit in the tropical tree Tabebuia rosea (Bignoniaceae) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/000711v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Continuous measurements of sap flow have been widely used to measure water flux through tree stems and branches. However, these measurements lack the resolution necessary for determining fine-scale, leaf-level responses to environmental variables. We used the heat ratio method to measure sap flow rates through leaf petioles and leaflet petiolules of saplings of the tropical tree Tabebuia rosea (Bignoniaceae) to determine how leaf and leaflet sap flow responds to variation in light and vapor pressure deficit (VPD). We found that in the morning sap flow rates to east-facing leaves increased 26 minutes before adjacent west-facing leaves. Although leaves had higher integrated sap flow than their largest leaflet, this difference was not proportional to the difference in leaf area, which could be due to lower conduit area in petiolules than in petioles. In contrast to measurements on main stems, integrated daily sap flow was negatively correlated with daily mean VPD. Furthermore, leaves exhibited previously undescribed patterns of hysteresis in the sap flow-VPD and sap flow-PAR relationships. When hysteresis in the sap flow-PAR relationship was clockwise, the sap flow-VPD relationship was also clockwise; however, when hysteresis in the sap flow-PAR relationship was counterclockwise, the sap flow-VPD relationship displayed an intersected loop. These pattern differences highlight how substantially leaf-level processes may vary within a canopy and how leaf-level processes may not scale predictably to the stem level.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adam Roddy</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klaus Winter</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Todd Dawson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2013-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/000711</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sap flow through petioles and petioles reveals leaf-level responses to light and vapor pressure deficit in the tropical tree Tabebuia rosea (Bignoniaceae)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2013-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/001552v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/001552v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We sequenced genomes from a [~]7,000 year old early farmer from Stuttgart in Germany, an [~]8,000 year old hunter-gatherer from Luxembourg, and seven [~]8,000 year old hunter-gatherers from southern Sweden. We analyzed these data together with other ancient genomes and 2,345 contemporary humans to show that the great majority of present-day Europeans derive from at least three highly differentiated populations: West European Hunter-Gatherers (WHG), who contributed ancestry to all Europeans but not to Near Easterners; Ancient North Eurasians (ANE), who were most closely related to Upper Paleolithic Siberians and contributed to both Europeans and Near Easterners; and Early European Farmers (EEF), who were mainly of Near Eastern origin but also harbored WHG-related ancestry. We model these populations deep relationships and show that EEF had [~]44% ancestry from a "Basal Eurasian" lineage that split prior to the diversification of all other non-African lineages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iosif Lazaridis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nick Patterson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alissa Mittnik</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabriel Renaud</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swapan Mallick</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karola Kirsanow</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peter H. Sudmant</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshua G. Schraiber</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sergi Castellano</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mark Lipson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonnie Berger</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christos Economou</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruth Bollongino</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiaomei Fu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirsten Bos</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Susanne Nordenfelt</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heng Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cesare de Filippo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kay Prüfer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Susanna Sawyer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cosimo Posth</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfgang Haak</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fredrik Hallgren</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elin Fornander</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadin Rohland</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominique Delsate</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael Francken</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jean-Michel Guinet</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joachim Wahl</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George Ayodo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamza A. Babiker</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graciela Baillet</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elena Balanovska</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oleg Balanovsky</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramiro Barrantes</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabriel Bedoya</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haim Ben-Ami</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Judit Bene</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fouad Berrada</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claudio M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2013-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/001552</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2013-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/001750v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Shifts in stability and control effectiveness during evolution of Paraves support aerial maneuvering hypotheses for flight origins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/001750v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The capacity for aerial maneuvering was likely a major influence on the evolution of flying animals. Here we evaluate consequences of paravian morphology for aerial performance by quantifying static stability and control effectiveness of physical models for numerous taxa sampled from within the lineage leading to birds (Paraves). Results of aerodynamic testing are mapped phylogenetically to examine how maneuvering characteristics correspond to tail shortening, forewing elaboration, and other morphological features. In the evolution of Paraves we observe shifts from static stability to inherently unstable aerial planforms; control effectiveness also migrated from tails to the forewings. These shifts suggest that some degree of aerodynamic control and and capacity for maneuvering preceded the evolution of strong power stroke. The timing of shifts also suggests features normally considered in light of development of a power stroke may play important roles in control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dennis Evangelista</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharlene Cam</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tony Huynh</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Austin Kwong</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Homayun Mehrabani</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kyle Tse</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert Dudley</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/001750</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Shifts in stability and control effectiveness during evolution of Paraves support aerial maneuvering hypotheses for flight origins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/002345v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Approximation to the distribution of fitness effects across functional categories in human segregating polymorphisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/002345v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Quantifying the proportion of polymorphic mutations that are deleterious or neutral is of fundamental importance to our understanding of evolution, disease genetics and the maintenance of variation genome-wide. Here, we develop an approximation to the distribution of fitness effects (DFE) of segregating single-nucleotide mutations in humans. Unlike previous methods, we do not assume that synonymous mutations are neutral or not strongly selected, and we do not rely on fitting the DFE of all new nonsynonymous mutations to a single probability distribution, which is poorly motivated on a biological level. We rely on a previously developed method that utilizes a variety of published annotations (including conservation scores, protein deleteriousness estimates and regulatory data) to score all mutations in the human genome based on how likely they are to be affected by negative selection, controlling for mutation rate. We map this score to a scale of fitness coefficients via maximum likelihood using diffusion theory and a Poisson random field model on SNP data. Our method serves to approximate the deleterious DFE of mutations that are segregating, regardless of their genomic consequence. We can then compare the proportion of mutations that are negatively selected or neutral across various categories, including different types of regulatory sites. We observe that the distribution of intergenic polymorphisms is highly peaked at neutrality, while the distribution of nonsynonymous polymorphisms is bimodal, with a neutral peak and a second peak at s {approx} -10-4. Other types of polymorphisms have shapes that fall roughly in between these two. We find that transcriptional start sites, strong CTCF-enriched elements and enhancers are the regulatory categories with the largest proportion of deleterious polymorphisms.nnAuthor SummaryThe relative frequencies of polymorphic mutations that are deleterious, nearly neutral and neutral is traditionally called the distribution of fitness effects (DFE). Obtaining an accurate approximation to this distribution in humans can help us understand the nature of disease and the mechanisms by which variation is maintained in the genome. Previous methods to approximate this distribution have relied on fitting the DFE of new mutations to a single probability distribution, like a normal or an exponential distribution. Generally, these methods also assume that a particular category of mutations, like synonymous changes, can be assumed to be neutral or nearly neutral. Here, we provide a novel method designed to reflect the strength of negative selection operating on any segregating site in the human genome. We use a maximum likelihood mapping approach to fit these scores to a scale of neutral and negative fitness coefficients. Finally, we compare the shape of the DFEs we obtain from this mapping for different types of functional categories. We observe the distribution of polymorphisms has a strong peak at neutrality, as well as a second peak of deleterious effects when restricting to nonsynonymous polymorphisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fernando Racimo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshua G Schraiber</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/002345</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Approximation to the distribution of fitness effects across functional categories in human segregating polymorphisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/003780v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protected polymorphisms and evolutionary stability of patch-selection strategies in stochastic environments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/003780v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We consider consider a population living in a patchy environment that varies stochastically in space and time. The population is composed of two morphs (that is, individuals of the same species with different genotypes). In terms of survival and reproductive success, the associated phenotypes differ only in their habitat selection strategies. We compute invasion rates corresponding to the rates at which the abundance of an initially rare morph increases in the presence of the other morph established at equilibrium. If both morphs have positive invasion rates when rare, then there is an equilibrium distribution such that the two morphs coexist; that is, there is a protected polymorphism for habitat selection. Alternatively, if one morph has a negative invasion rate when rare, then it is asymptotically displaced by the other morph under all initial conditions where both morphs are present. We refine the characterization of an evolutionary stable strategy for habitat selection from [Schreiber, 2012] in a mathematically rigorous manner. We provide a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of an ESS that uses all patches and determine when using a single patch is an ESS. We also provide an explicit formula for the ESS when there are two habitat types. We show that adding environmental stochasticity results in an ESS that, when compared to the ESS for the corresponding model without stochasticity, spends less time in patches with larger carrying capacities and possibly makes use of sink patches, thereby practicing a spatial form of bet hedging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steve Evans</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandru Hening</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sebastian Schreiber</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/003780</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protected polymorphisms and evolutionary stability of patch-selection strategies in stochastic environments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/004242v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exact Reconstruction of Gene Regulatory Networks using Compressive Sensing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/004242v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundWe consider the problem of reconstructing a gene regulatory network structure from limited time series gene expression data, without any a priori knowledge of connectivity. We assume that the network is sparse, meaning the connectivity among genes is much less than full connectivity. We develop a method for network reconstruction based on compressive sensing, which takes advantage of the networks sparseness.nnResultsFor the case in which all genes are accessible for measurement, and there is no measurement noise, we show that our method can be used to exactly reconstruct the network. For the more general problem, in which hidden genes exist and all measurements are contaminated by noise, we show that our method leads to reliable reconstruction. In both cases, coherence of the model is used to assess the ability to reconstruct the network and to design new experiments. For each problem, a set of numerical examples is presented.nnConclusionsThe method provides a guarantee on how well the inferred graph structure represents the underlying system, reveals deficiencies in the data and model, and suggests experimental directions to remedy the deficiencies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Young Hwan Chang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joe W. Gray</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claire J. Tomlin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/004242</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exact Reconstruction of Gene Regulatory Networks using Compressive Sensing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/004259v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disentangling Multidimensional Spatio-Temporal Data into their Common and Aberrant Responses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/004259v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
With the advent of high-throughput measurement techniques, scientists and engineers are starting to grapple with massive data sets and encountering challenges with how to organize, process and extract information into meaningful structures. Multidimensional spatio-temporal biological data sets such as time series gene expression with various perturbations over different cell lines, or neural spike trains across many experimental trials, have the potential to acquire insight across multiple dimensions. For this potential to be realized, we need a suitable representation to understand the data. Since a wide range of experiments and the unknown complexity of the underlying system contribute to the heterogeneity of biological data, we propose a method based on Robust Principal Component Analysis (RPCA), which is well suited for extracting principal components when there are corrupted observations. The proposed method provides us a new representation of these data sets in terms of a common and aberrant response. This representation might help users to acquire a new insight from data.nnAuthor SummaryOne of the most exciting trends and important themes in science and engineering involves the use of high-throughput measurement data. With different dimensions, for example, various perturbations, different doses of drug or cell lines characteristics, such multidimensional data sets enable us to understand commonalities and differences across multiple dimensions. A general question is how to organize the observed data into meaningful structures and how to find an appropriate similarity measure. A natural way of viewing these complex high dimensional data sets is to examine and analyze the large-scale features and then to focus on the interesting details. With this notion, we propose an RPCA-based method which models common variations as approximately the low-rank component and anomalies as the sparse component. We show that the proposed method is able to find distinct subtypes and classify data sets in a robust way without any prior knowledge by separating these common responses and abnormal responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Young Hwan Chang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jim Korkola</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhara N. Amin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mark M. Moasser</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jose M. Carmena</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joe W. Gray</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claire J. Tomlin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/004259</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disentangling Multidimensional Spatio-Temporal Data into their Common and Aberrant Responses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/004267v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gradual divergence and diversification of mammalian duplicate gene functions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/004267v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene duplication provides raw material for the evolution of functional innovation. We recently developed a phylogenetic method to classify the evolutionary processes underlying the retention and functional evolution of duplicate genes by quantifying divergence of their gene expression profiles. Here, we apply our method to pairs of duplicate genes in eight mammalian genomes, using data from 11 distinct tissues to construct spatial gene expression profiles. We find that young mammalian duplicates are often functionally conserved, and that functional divergence gradually increases with evolutionary distance between species. Examination of expression patterns in genes with conserved and new functions supports the "out-of-testes" hypothesis, in which new genes arise with testis-specific functions and acquire functions in other tissues over time. While new functions tend to be tissue-specific, there is no bias toward expression in any particular tissue. Thus, duplicate genes acquire a diversity of functions outside of the testes, possibly contributing to the origin of a multitude of complex phenotypes during mammalian evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Raquel Assis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doris Bachtrog</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/004267</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gradual divergence and diversification of mammalian duplicate gene functions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/004374v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phylogenetic ANOVA: The Expression Variance and Evolution (EVE) model for quantitative trait evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/004374v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A number of methods have been developed for modeling the evolution of a quantitative trait on a phylogeny. These methods have received renewed interest in the context of genome-wide studies of gene expression, in which the expression levels of many genes can be modeled as quantitative traits. We here develop a new method for joint analyses of quantitative traits within and between-species, the Expression Variance and Evolution (EVE) model. The model parameterizes the ratio of population to evolutionary expression variance, facilitating a wide variety of analyses, including a test for lineage-specific shifts in expression level, and a phylogenetic ANOVA that can detect genes with increased or decreased ratios of expression divergence to diversity, analogous to the famous HKA test used to detect selection at the DNA level. We use simulations to explore the properties of these tests under a variety of circumstances and show that the phylogenetic ANOVA is more accurate than the standard ANOVA (no accounting for phylogeny) sometimes used in transcriptomics. We then apply the EVE model to a mammalian phylogeny of 15 species typed for expression levels in liver tissue. We identify genes with high expression divergence between-species as candidates for expression level adaptation, and genes with high expression diversity within-species as candidates for expression level conservation and/or plasticity. Using the test for lineage-specific expression shifts, we identify several candidate genes for expression level adaptation on the catarrhine and human lineages, including genes putatively related to dietary changes in humans. We compare these results to those reported previously using a model which ignores expression variance within-species, uncovering important differences in performance. We demonstrate the necessity for a phylogenetic model in comparative expression studies and show the utility of the EVE model to detect expression divergence, diversity, and branch-specific shifts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rori Rohlfs</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasmus Nielsen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/004374</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phylogenetic ANOVA: The Expression Variance and Evolution (EVE) model for quantitative trait evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/005082v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
diCal-IBD: demography-aware inference of identity-by-descent tracts in unrelated individuals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/005082v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Summary: We present a tool, diCal-IBD, for detecting identity-by-descent (IBD) tracts between pairs of genomic sequences. Our method builds on a recent demographic inference method based on the coalescent with recombination, and is able to incorporate demographic information as a prior. Simulation study shows that diCal-IBD has significantly higher recall and precision than that of existing IBD detection methods, while retaining reasonable accuracy for IBD tracts as small as 0.1 cM.nnAvailability: http://sourceforge.net/p/dical-ibdnnContact: yss@eecs.berkeley.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paula Tataru</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jasmine A. Nirody</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yun S. Song</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/005082</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[diCal-IBD: demography-aware inference of identity-by-descent tracts in unrelated individuals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/005470v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bio-inspired design of ice-retardant devices based on benthic marine invertebrates: the effect of surface texture 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/005470v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Growth of ice on surfaces poses a challenge for both organisms and for devices that come into contact with liquids below the freezing point. Resistance of some organisms to ice formation and growth, either in subtidal environments (e.g. Antarctic anchor ice), or in environments with moisture and cold air (e.g. plants, intertidal) begs examination of how this is accomplished. Several factors may be important in promoting or mitigating ice formation. As a start, here we examine the effect of surface texture alone. We tested four candidate surfaces, inspired by hard-shelled marine invertebrates and constructed using a three-dimensional printing process. We screened biological and artifical samples for ice formation and accretion in submerged conditions using previous methods, and developed a new test to examine ice formation from surface droplets as might be encountered in environments with moist, cold air. It appears surface texture plays only a small role in delaying the onset of ice formation: a stripe feature (corresponding to patterning found on valves of blue mussels, Mytilus edulis, or on the spines of the Antarctic sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri) slowed ice formation an average of 25% compared to a grid feature (corresponding to patterning found on sub-polar butterclams, Saxidomas nuttalli). The geometric dimensions of the features have only a small ([~]6%) effect on ice formation. Surface texture affects ice formation, but does not explain by itself the large variation in ice formation and species-specific ice resistance observed in other work. This suggests future examination of other factors, such as material elastic properties and coatings, and their interaction with surface pattern.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Homayun Mehrabani</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neil Ray</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kyle Tse</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dennis Evangelista</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/005470</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bio-inspired design of ice-retardant devices based on benthic marine invertebrates: the effect of surface texture]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/006130v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Validation of methods for Low-volume RNA-seq 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/006130v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recently, a number of protocols extending RNA-sequencing to the single-cell regime have been published. However, we were concerned that the additional steps to deal with such minute quantities of input sample would introduce serious biases that would make analysis of the data using existing approaches invalid. In this study, we performed a critical evaluation of several of these low-volume RNA-seq protocols, and found that they performed slightly less well in metrics of interest to us than a more standard protocol, but with at least two orders of magnitude less sample required. We also explored a simple modification to one of these protocols that, for many samples, reduced the cost of library preparation to approximately $20/sample.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peter Acuña Combs</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael B Eisen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/006130</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Validation of methods for Low-volume RNA-seq]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/006312v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Establishment of regions of genomic activity during the Drosophila maternal to zygotic transition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/006312v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A conspicuous feature of early animal development is the lack of transcription from the embryonic genome, and it typically takes several hours to several days (depending on the species) until widespread transcription of the embryonic genome begins. Although this transition is ubiquitous, relatively little is known about how the shift from a transcriptionally quiescent to transcriptionally active genome is controlled. We describe here the genome-wide distributions and temporal dynamics of nucleosomes and post-translational histone modifications through the maternal-to-zygotic transition in embryos of the pomace fly Drosophila melanogaster. At mitotic cycle 8, when few zygotic genes are being transcribed, embryonic chromatin is in a relatively simple state: there are few nucleosome free regions, undetectable levels of the histone methylation marks characteristic of mature chromatin, and low levels of histone acetylation at a relatively small number of loci. Histone acetylation increases by cycle 11, but it is not until cycle 13 that nucleosome free regions and domains of histone methylation become widespread. Early histone acetylation is strongly associated with regions that we have previously shown are bound in early embryos by the maternally deposited transcription factor Zelda. Most of these Zelda-bound regions are destined to be enhancers or promoters active during mitotic cycle 14, and our data demonstrate that they are biochemically distinct long before they become active, raising the possibility that Zelda triggers a cascade of events, including the accumulation of specific histone modifications, that plays a role in the subsequent activation of these sequences. Many of these Zelda-associated active regions occur in larger domains that we find strongly enriched for histone marks characteristic of Polycomb-mediated repression, suggesting a dynamic balance between Zelda activation and Polycomb repression. Collectively, these data paint a complex picture of a genome in transition from a quiescent to an active state, and highlight the role of Zelda in mediating this transition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xiao-Yong Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melissa Harrison</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tommy Kaplan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael Eisen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/006312</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Establishment of regions of genomic activity during the Drosophila maternal to zygotic transition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/006338v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluation of de novo transcriptome assemblies from RNA-Seq data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/006338v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
De novo RNA-Seq assembly facilitates the study of transcriptomes for species without sequenced genomes, but it is challenging to select the most accurate assembly in this context. To address this challenge, we developed a model-based score, RSEM-EVAL, for evaluating assemblies when the ground truth is unknown. Our experiments show that RSEM-EVAL correctly reflects assembly accuracy, as measured by REF-EVAL, a refined set of ground-truth-based scores that we also developed. With the guidance of RSEM-EVAL, we assembled the transcriptome of the regenerating axolotl limb; this assembly compares favorably to a previous assembly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bo Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nathanael Fillmore</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yongsheng Bai</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mike Collins</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James A Thomson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ron Stewart</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colin Dewey</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/006338</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluation of de novo transcriptome assemblies from RNA-Seq data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/006700v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The effective founder effect in a spatially expanding population 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/006700v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1The gradual loss of diversity associated with range expansions is a well known pattern observed in many species, and can be explained with a serial founder model. We show that under a branching process approximation, this loss in diversity is due to the difference in offspring variance between individuals at and away from the expansion front, which allows us to measure the strength of the founder effect, dependant on an effective founder size. We demonstrate that the predictions from the branching process model fit very well with Wright-Fisher forward simulations and backwards simulations under a modified Kingman coalescent, and further show that estimates of the effective founder size are robust to possibly confounding factors such as migration between subpopulations. We apply our method to a data set of Arabidopsis thaliana, where we find that the founder effect is about three times stronger in the Americas than in Europe, which may be attributed to the more recent, faster expansion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benjamin Marco Peter</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery Slatkin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/006700</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The effective founder effect in a spatially expanding population]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/006734v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-locus analysis of genomic time series data from experimental evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/006734v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genomic time series data generated by evolve-and-resequence (E&R) experiments offer a powerful window into the mechanisms that drive evolution. However, standard population genetic inference procedures do not account for sampling serially over time, and new methods are needed to make full use of modern experimental evolution data. To address this problem, we develop a Gaussian process approximation to the multi-locus Wright-Fisher process with selection over a time course of tens of generations. The mean and covariance structure of the Gaussian process are obtained by computing the corresponding moments in discrete-time Wright-Fisher models conditioned on the presence of a linked selected site. This enables our method to account for the effects of linkage and selection, both along the genome and across sampled time points, in an approximate but principled manner. Using simulated data, we demonstrate the power of our method to correctly detect, locate and estimate the fitness of a selected allele from among several linked sites. We also study how this power changes for different values of selection strength, initial haplotypic diversity, population size, sampling frequency, experimental duration, number of replicates, and sequencing coverage depth. In addition to providing quantitative estimates of selection parameters from experimental evolution data, our model can be used by practitioners to design E&R experiments with requisite power. Finally, we explore how our likelihood-based approach can be used to infer other model parameters, including effective population size and recombination rate, and discuss extensions to more complex models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jonathan Terhorst</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yun S. Song</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/006734</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-locus analysis of genomic time series data from experimental evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/006742v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Efficient inference of population size histories and locus-specific mutation rates from large-sample genomic variation data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/006742v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
With the recent increase in study sample sizes in human genetics, there has been growing interest in inferring historical population demography from genomic variation data. Here, we present an efficient inference method that can scale up to very large samples, with tens or hundreds of thousands of individuals. Specifically, by utilizing analytic results on the expected frequency spectrum under the coalescent and by leveraging the technique of automatic differentiation, which allows us to compute gradients exactly, we develop a very efficient algorithm to infer piecewise-exponential models of the historical effective population size from the distribution of sample allele frequencies. Our method is orders of magnitude faster than previous demographic inference methods based on the frequency spectrum. In addition to inferring demography, our method can also accurately estimate locus-specific mutation rates. We perform extensive validation of our method on simulated data and show that it can accurately infer multiple recent epochs of rapid exponential growth, a signal which is difficult to pick up with small sample sizes. Lastly, we apply our method to analyze data from recent sequencing studies, including a large-sample exome-sequencing dataset of tens of thousands of individuals assayed at a few hundred genic regions.nnSoftwareWe have implemented the algorithms described in this paper in an open-source software package called fastNeutrino, which stands for fast Ne (effective population size) and mutation rate inference using analytic optimization. It will be publicly available at https://sourceforge.net/projects/fastneutrino.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anand Bhaskar</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Y.X. Rachel Wang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yun S. Song</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/006742</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Efficient inference of population size histories and locus-specific mutation rates from large-sample genomic variation data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/007310v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Selection of chromosomal DNA libraries using a multiplex CRISPR system in Saccharomyces cerevisiae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/007310v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The directed evolution of biomolecules to improve or change their activity is central to many engineering and synthetic biology efforts. However, selecting improved variants from gene libraries in living cells requires plasmid expression systems that suffer from variable copy number effects, or the use of complex marker-dependent chromosomal integration strategies. We developed quantitative gene assembly and DNA library insertion into the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome by optimizing an efficient single-step and marker-free genome editing system using CRISPR-Cas9. With this Multiplex CRISPR (CRISPRm) system, we selected an improved cellobiose utilization pathway in diploid yeast in a single round of mutagenesis and selection, which increased cellobiose fermentation rates by over ten-fold. Mutations recovered in the best cellodextrin transporters reveal synergy between substrate binding and transporter dynamics, and demonstrate the power of CRISPRm to accelerate selection experiments and discoveries of the molecular determinants that enhance biomolecule function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Owen W Ryan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffrey M Skerker</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthew J Maurer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xin Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan C Tsai</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snigdha Poddar</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael E Lee</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Will DeLoache</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John E Dueber</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adam P Arkin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamie Cate</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/007310</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Selection of chromosomal DNA libraries using a multiplex CRISPR system in Saccharomyces cerevisiae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/007708v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ontogeny of aerial righting and wing flapping in juvenile birds 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/007708v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mechanisms of aerial righting in juvenile Chukar Partridge (Alectoris chukar) were studied from hatching through 14 days-post-hatching (dph). Asymmetric movements of the wings were used from 1-8 dph to effect progressively more successful righting behaviour via body roll. Following 8 dph, wing motions transitioned to bilaterally symmetric flapping that yielded aerial righting via nose-down pitch, along with substantial increases in vertical force production during descent. Ontogenetically, the use of such wing motions to effect aerial righting precedes both symmetric flapping and a previously documented behaviour in chukar (i.e., wing-assisted incline running) hypothesized to be relevant to incipient flight evolution in birds. These findings highlight the importance of asymmetric wing activation and controlled aerial manoeuvres during bird development, and are potentially relevant to understanding the origins of avian flight.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dennis Evangelista</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharlene Cam</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tony Huynh</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Igor Krivitskiy</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert Dudley</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/007708</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ontogeny of aerial righting and wing flapping in juvenile birds]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/007807v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Expanding xylose metabolism in yeast for plant cell wall conversion to biofuels 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/007807v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sustainable biofuel production from renewable biomass will require the efficient and complete use of all abundant sugars in the plant cell wall. Using the cellulolytic fungus Neurospora crassa as a model, we identified a xylodextrin transport and consumption pathway required for its growth on hemicellulose. Successful reconstitution of this xylodextrin utilization pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae revealed that fungal xylose reductases act as xylodextrin reductases, and together with two hydrolases, generate intracellular xylose and xylitol. Xylodextrin consumption using xylodextrin reductases and tandem intracellular hydrolases greatly expands the capacity of yeasts to use plant cell wall-derived sugars, and should be adaptable to increase the efficiency of both first-generation and next-generation biofuel production.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xin Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vivian Y Yu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuping Lin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulika Chomvong</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raíssa Estrela</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Julie M Liang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elizabeth Znameroski</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joanna Feehan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soo Rin Kim</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yong-Su Jin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>N Louise Glass</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamie Cate</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-08-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/007807</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Expanding xylose metabolism in yeast for plant cell wall conversion to biofuels]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-08-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/008540v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sensitivity of quantitative traits to mutational effects, number of loci, and population history 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/008540v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When models of quantitative genetic variation are built from population genetic first principles, several assumptions are often made. One of the most important assumptions is that traits are controlled by many genes of small effect. This leads to a prediction of a Gaussian trait distribution in the population, via the Central Limit Theorem. Since these biological assumptions are often unknown or untrue, we characterized how finite numbers of loci or large mutational effects can impact the sampling distribution of a quantitative trait. To do so, we developed a neutral coalescent-based framework, allowing us to experiment freely with the number of loci and the underlying mutational model. Through both analytical theory and simulation we found the normality assumption was highly sensitive to the details of the mutational process, with the greatest discrepancies arising when the number of loci was small or the mutational kernel was heavy-tailed. In particular, fat-tailed mutational kernels result in multimodal sampling distributions for any number of loci. An empirical analysis of 7079 expressed genes in 49 Neurospora crassa strains identified 116 genes with non-normal sampling distributions. Several genes showed evidence of multimodality and/or skewness, suggesting the importance of their genetic architecture. Since selection models and robust neutral models may produce qualitatively similar sampling distributions, we advise extra caution should be taken when interpreting model-based results for poorly understood systems of quantitative traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Joshua G. Schraiber</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael J. Landis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/008540</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sensitivity of quantitative traits to mutational effects, number of loci, and population history]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/008805v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The projection of a test genome onto a reference population and applications to humans and archaic hominins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/008805v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We introduce a method for comparing a test genome with numerous genomes from a reference population. Sites in the test genome are given a weight w that depends on the allele frequency x in the reference population. The projection of the test genome onto the reference population is the average weight for each x, [Formula]. The weight is assigned in such a way that if the test genome is a random sample from the reference population, [Formula]. Using analytic theory, numerical analysis, and simulations, we show how the projection depends on the time of population splitting, the history of admixture and changes in past population size. The projection is sensitive to small amounts of past admixture, the direction of admixture and admixture from a population not sampled (a ghost population). We compute the projection of several human and two archaic genomes onto three reference populations from the 1000 Genomes project, Europeans (CEU), Han Chinese (CHB) and Yoruba (YRI) and discuss the consistency of our analysis with previously published results for European and Yoruba demographic history. Including higher amounts of admixture between Europeans and Yoruba soon after their separation and low amounts of admixture more recently can resolve discrepancies between the projections and demographic inferences from some previous studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Melinda A Yang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelley Harris</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery Slatkin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/008805</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The projection of a test genome onto a reference population and applications to humans and archaic hominins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/009134v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization of the transcriptome, nucleotide sequence polymorphism, and natural selection in the desert adapted mouse Peromyscus eremicus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/009134v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As a direct result of intense heat and aridity, deserts are thought to be among the most harsh of environments, particularly for their mammalian inhabitants. Given that osmoregulation can be challenging for these animals, with failure resulting in death, strong selection should be observed on genes related to the maintenance of water and solute balance. One such animal, Peromyscus eremicus, is native to the desert regions of the southwest United States and may live its entire life without oral fluid intake. As a first step toward understanding the genetics that underlie this phenotype, we present a characterization of the P. eremicus transcriptome. We assay four tissues (kidney, liver, brain, testes) from a single individual and supplement this with population level renal transcriptome sequencing from 15 additional animals. We identified a set of transcripts undergoing both purifying and balancing selection based on estimates of Tajimas D. In addition, we used the branch-site test to identify a transcript - Slc2a9, likely related to desert osmoregulation - undergoing enhanced selection in P. eremicus relative to a set of related non-desert rodents.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matthew D MacManes</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael B Eisen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/009134</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization of the transcriptome, nucleotide sequence polymorphism, and natural selection in the desert adapted mouse Peromyscus eremicus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/009837v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reticulate speciation and adaptive introgression in the Anopheles gambiae species complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/009837v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anopheles gambiae, the primary vector of human malaria in sub-Saharan Africa, exists as a series of ecologically specialized subgroups that are phylogenetically nested within the Anopheles gambiae species complex. These species and subgroups exhibit varying degrees of reproductive isolation, sometimes recognized as distinct subspecies. We have sequenced 32 complete genomes from field-captured individuals of Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles gambiae M form (recently named A. coluzzii), sister species A. arabiensis, and the recently discovered "GOUNDRY" subgroup of A. gambiae that is highly susceptible to Plasmodium. Amidst a backdrop of strong reproductive isolation and adaptive differentiation, we find evidence for introgression of autosomal chromosomal regions among species and subgroups, some of which have facilitated adaptation. The X chromosome, however, is strongly differentiated among all species and subgroups, pointing to a disproportionately large effect of X chromosome genes in driving speciation among anophelines. Strikingly, we find that autosomal introgression has occurred from contemporary hybridization among A. gambiae and A. arabiensis despite strong divergence ({bsim}5x higher than autosomal divergence) and isolation on the X chromosome. We find a large region of the X chromosome that has swept to fixation in the GOUNDRY subgroup within the last 100 years, which may be an inversion that serves as a partial barrier to contemporary gene flow. We show that speciation with gene flow results in genomic mosaicism of divergence and introgression. Such a reticulate gene pool connecting vector species and subgroups across the speciation continuum has important implications for malaria control efforts.nnAuthor SummarySubdivision of species into ecological specialized subgroups allows organisms to access a wider variety of environments and sometimes leads to the formation of species complexes. Adaptation to distinct environments tends to result in differentiation among closely related subgroups, although hybridization can facilitate sharing of globally adaptive alleles. Here, we show that differentiation and hybridization have acted in parallel in a species complex of Anopheles mosquitoes that vector human malaria. In particular, we show that extensive adaptive differentiation and partial reproductive isolation has led to genomic differentiation among mosquito species and subgroups, especially on the X chromosome. However, we also find evidence for exchange of genes on the autosomes that has provided the raw material for recent rapid adaptation. For example, we show that A. arabiensis has shared a mutation conferring insecticide resistance with two subgroups of A. gambiae within the last 60 years, illustrating the fluid nature of species boundaries among even more advanced species pairs. Our results underscore the expected challenges in deploying vector-based disease control strategies since many of the worlds most devastating human pathogens are transmitted by arthropod species complexes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jacob Crawford</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michelle M. Riehle</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wamdaogo M. Guelbeogo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awa Gneme</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>N'fale Sagnon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenneth D. Vernick</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasmus Nielsen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brian P. Lazzaro</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/009837</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reticulate speciation and adaptive introgression in the Anopheles gambiae species complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/009969v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fitting the Balding-Nichols model to forensic databases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/009969v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large forensic databases provide an opportunity to compare observed empirical rates of genotype matching with those expected under forensic genetic models. A number of researchers have taken advantage of this opportunity to validate some forensic genetic approaches, particularly to ensure that estimated rates of genotype matching between unrelated individuals are indeed slight overestimates of those observed. However, these studies have also revealed systematic error trends in genotype probability estimates. In this analysis, we investigate these error trends and show how the specific implementation of the Balding-Nichols model must be considered when applied to database-wide matching. Specifically, we show that in addition to accounting for increased allelic matching between individuals with recent shared ancestry, studies must account for relatively decreased allelic matching between individuals with more ancient shared ancestry.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rori Rohlfs</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vitor R.C. Aguiar</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirk E. Lohmueller</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amanda M. Castro</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alessandro C.S. Ferreira</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanessa C.O. Almeida</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iuri D. Louro</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasmus Nielsen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/009969</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fitting the Balding-Nichols model to forensic databases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/010637v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A 22,403 marker composite genetic linkage map for cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) derived from ten populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/010637v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a major staple crop in Africa, Asia, and South America, and its starchy roots provide nourishment for 800 million people worldwide. Although native to South America, cassava was brought to Africa approximately 400 years ago and is now widely cultivated across sub-Saharan Africa. The widespread use of clonal planting material, however, aids the spread of disease. Breeding for disease resistance and improved yield began in the 1920s and has accelerated in the last 45 years. To assist in the rapid identification of markers for pathogen resistance and crop traits, and to accelerate breeding programs, we generated a framework map for M. esculenta Crantz derived from reduced representation sequencing (genotyping-by-sequencing [GBS]). The composite 2,412 cM map integrates ten biparental maps (comprising 3,480 meioses) and organizes 22,403 genetic markers on 18 chromosomes, in agreement with the observed karyotype. The map anchors 71.9% of the draft genome assembly and 90.7% of the predicted protein-coding genes. The resulting chromosome-anchored genome sequence provides an essential framework for identification of trait markers and causal genes as well as genomics-enhanced breeding of this important crop.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>International Cassava Genetic Map Consortium</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/010637</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A 22,403 marker composite genetic linkage map for cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) derived from ten populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/013540v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The origin and evolution of maize in the American Southwest 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/013540v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Maize offers an ideal system through which to demonstrate the potential of ancient population genomic techniques for reconstructing the evolution and spread of domesticates. The diffusion of maize from Mexico into the North American Southwest (SW) remains contentious with the available evidence being restricted to morphological studies of ancient maize plant material. We captured 1 Mb of nuclear DNA from 32 archaeological maize samples spanning 6000 years and compared them with modern landraces including those from the Mexican West coast and highlands. We found that the initial diffusion of domesticated maize into the SW is likely to have occurred through a highland route. However, by 2000 years ago a Pacific coastal corridor was also being used. Furthermore, we could distinguish between genes that were selected for early during domestication (such as zagl1 involved in shattering) from genes that changed in the SW context (e.g. related to sugar content and adaptation to drought) likely as a response to the local arid environment and new cultural uses of maize.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rute R da Fonseca</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruce D Smith</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nathan Wales</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enrico Cappellini</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pontus Skoglund</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matteo Fumagalli</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>José Alfredo Samaniego</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christian Carøe</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>María C Ávila-Arcos</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David E Hufnagel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thorfinn Sand Korneliussen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filipe Garrett Vieira</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattias Jakobsson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernardo Arriaza</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eske Willerslev</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasmus Nielsen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthew B Hufford</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anders Albrechtsen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffrey Ross-Ibarra</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>M Thomas P Gilbert</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/013540</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The origin and evolution of maize in the American Southwest]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/014639v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transition densities and sample frequency spectra of diffusion processes with selection and variable population size 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/014639v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Advances in empirical population genetics have made apparent the need for models that simultaneously account for selection and demography. To address this need, we here study the Wright-Fisher diffusion under selection and variable effective population size. In the case of genic selection and piecewise-constant effective population sizes, we obtain the transition density function by extending a recently developed method for computing an accurate spectral representation for a constant population size. Utilizing this extension, we show how to compute the sample frequency spectrum (SFS) in the presence of genic selection and an arbitrary number of instantaneous changes in the effective population size. We also develop an alternate, efficient algorithm for computing the SFS using a method of moments. We apply these methods to answer the following questions: If neutrality is incorrectly assumed when there is selection, what effects does it have on demographic parameter estimation? Can the impact of negative selection be observed in populations that undergo strong exponential growth?
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Daniel Zivkovic</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthias Steinrücken</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yun S. Song</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfgang Stephan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/014639</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transition densities and sample frequency spectra of diffusion processes with selection and variable population size]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/014852v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
After the games are over: life-history trade-offs drive dispersal attenuation following range expansion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/014852v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Increased dispersal propensity often evolves on expanding range edges due to the Olympic Village effect, which involves the fastest and fittest finding themselves together in the same place at the same time, mating, and giving rise to like individuals. But what happens after the ranges leading edge has passed and the games are over? Although empirical studies indicate that dispersal propensity attenuates following range expansion, hypotheses about the mechanisms driving this attenuation have not been clearly articulated or tested. Here we use a simple model of the spatiotemporal dynamics of two phenotypes, one fast and the other slow, to propose that dispersal attenuation beyond pre-expansion levels is only possible in the presence of trade-offs between dispersal and life-history traits. The Olympic Village effect ensures that fast dispersers pre-empt locations far from the ranges previous limits. When trade-offs are absent, this pre-emptive spatial advantage has a lasting impact, with highly dispersive individuals attaining equilibrium frequencies that are strictly higher than their introduction frequencies. When trade-offs are present, dispersal propensity decays rapidly at all locations. Our models results about the post-colonization trajectory of dispersal evolution are clear and, in principle, should be observable in field studies. We conclude that empirical observations of post-colonization dispersal attenuation offer a novel way to detect the existence of otherwise elusive trade-offs between dispersal and life-history traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alex Perkins</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carl Boettiger</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben Phillips</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/014852</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[After the games are over: life-history trade-offs drive dispersal attenuation following range expansion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/014993v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimal Haplotype Assembly from High-Throughput Mate-Pair Reads 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/014993v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humans have 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes. The homologous pairs are almost identical pairs of chromosomes. For the most part, differences in homologous chromosome occur at certain documented positions called single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). A haplotype of an individual is the pair of sequences of SNPs on the two homologous chromosomes. In this paper, we study the problem of inferring haplotypes of individuals from mate-pair reads of their genome. We give a simple formula for the coverage needed for haplotype assembly, under a generative model. The analysis here leverages connections of this problem with decoding convolutional codes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Govinda M Kamath</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eren Şaşoğlu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David Tse</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/014993</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimal Haplotype Assembly from High-Throughput Mate-Pair Reads]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/018697v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Detecting recent selective sweeps while controlling for mutation rate and background selection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/018697v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A composite likelihood ratio test implemented in the program SweepFinder is a commonly used method for scanning a genome for recent selective sweeps. SweepFinder uses information on the spatial pattern of the site frequency spectrum (SFS) around the selected locus. To avoid confounding effects of background selection and variation in the mutation process along the genome, the method is typically applied only to sites that are variable within species. However, the power to detect and localize selective sweeps can be greatly improved if invariable sites are also included in the analysis. In the spirit of a Hudson-Kreitman-Aguade test, we suggest to add fixed differences relative to an outgroup to account for variation in mutation rate, thereby facilitating more robust and powerful analyses. We also develop a method for including background selection modeled as a local reduction in the effective population size. Using simulations we show that these advances lead to a gain in power while maintaining robustness to mutation rate variation. Furthermore, the new method also provides more precise localization of the causative mutation than methods using the spatial pattern of segregating sites alone.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Christian D. Huber</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael DeGiorgio</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ines Hellmann</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasmus Nielsen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/018697</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Detecting recent selective sweeps while controlling for mutation rate and background selection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/019240v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular Fossils from Microorganisms Preserved in Glacial Ice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/019240v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The study of microbial evolution is hindered by the fact that microbial populations leave few fossils. We hypothesized that bacterial cells preserved in ancient ice could be used as a molecular fossil record if their DNA could be extracted and sequenced. Channels formed along triple junctions of ice crystals contain liquid "veins" in which microbial cells may be preserved intact. Since vertical motion through the ice matrix is impossible, microbes found in ice cores are representative of microbes present at the time the ice was formed. We detected chlorophyll fluorescence in intact ice cores taken from Greenland and Antarctica. Flow cytometric analysis localized at least some of this fluorescence to particles < 1 m in diameter. Metagenomic analysis of meltwater indeed revealed sequences similar to modern strains of the picocyanobacterial genera Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus, and some of these sequences were distinct from any sequences known from modern oceans or glacial environments. Our study is a first proof-of-concept of the use of ice cores as records of microbial evolution, and we suggest that future genetic studies with higher vertical resolution in the cores might shed light on the pace and character of evolution of these ecologically important cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>P. Buford Price</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>J. Jeffrey Morris</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan C. Bay</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ajeeth Adhikari</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephen J. Giovannoni</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kevin L. Vergin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/019240</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular Fossils from Microorganisms Preserved in Glacial Ice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/019786v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ancestral chromatin configuration constrains chromatin evolution on differentiating sex chromosomes in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/019786v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sex chromosomes evolve distinctive types of chromatin from a pair of ancestral autosomes that are usually euchromatic. In Drosophila, the dosage-compensated X becomes enriched for hyperactive chromatin in males (mediated by H4K16ac), while the Y chromosome acquires silencing heterochromatin (enriched for H3K9me2/3). Drosophila autosomes are typically mostly euchromatic but the small dot chromosome has evolved a heterochromatin-like milieu (enriched for H3K9me2/3) that permits the normal expression of dot-linked genes, but which is different from typical pericentric heterochromatin. In Drosophila busckii, the dot chromosomes have fused to the ancestral sex chromosomes, creating a pair of  neo-sex chromosomes. Here we collect genomic, transcriptomic and epigenomic data from D. busckii, to investigate the evolutionary trajectory of sex chromosomes from a largely heterochromatic ancestor. We show that the neo-sex chromosomes formed <1 million years ago, but nearly 60% of neo-Y linked genes have already become non-functional. Expression levels are generally lower for the neo-Y alleles relative to their neo-X homologs, and the silencing heterochromatin mark H3K9me2, but not H3K9me3, is significantly enriched on silenced neo-Y genes. Despite rampant neo-Y degeneration, we find that the neo-X is deficient for the canonical histone modification mark of dosage compensation (H4K16ac), relative to autosomes or the compensated ancestral X chromosome, possibly reflecting constraints imposed on evolving hyperactive chromatin in an originally heterochromatic environment. Yet, neo-X genes are transcriptionally more active in males, relative to females, suggesting the evolution of incipient dosage compensation on the neo-X. Our data show that Y degeneration proceeds quickly after sex chromosomes become established through genomic and epigenetic changes, and are consistent with the idea that the evolution of sex-linked chromatin is influenced by its ancestral configuration.nnAuthor SummaryDNA is packaged with proteins into two general types of chromatin: the transcriptionally active euchromatin and repressive heterochromatin. Sex chromosomes typically evolve from a pair of euchromatic autosomes. The Y chromosome of Drosophila is gene poor and almost entirely heterochromatic; the X chromosome, in contrast, has evolved a hyperactive euchromatin structure and globally up-regulates its gene expression, to compensate for loss of activity from the homologous genes on the Y chromosome. The evolutionary trajectory along which sex chromosomes evolve such opposite types of chromatin configurations remains unclear, as most sex chromosomes are ancient and no longer contain signatures of their transitions. Here we investigate a pair of unusual young sex chromosomes (termed  neo-Y and  neo-X chromosomes) in D. busckii, which formed through fusions of a largely heterochromatic autosome (the  dot chromosome) to the ancestral sex chromosomes. We show that nearly 60% of the neo-Y genes have already become non-functional within only 1 million years of evolution. Gene expression is lower on the neo-Y than on the neo-X, which is associated with a higher level of binding of a silencing heterochromatin mark. The neo-X, on the other hand, shows no evidence of evolving hyperactive chromatin for dosage compensation. Our results show that the Y chromosome can degenerate quickly, but the tempo and mode of chromatin evolution on the sex chromosomes may be constrained by the ancestral chromatin configuration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qi Zhou</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doris Bachtrog</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/019786</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ancestral chromatin configuration constrains chromatin evolution on differentiating sex chromosomes in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/020149v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Bayesian Approach for Detecting Mass-Extinction Events When Rates of Lineage Diversification Vary 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/020149v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The paleontological record chronicles numerous episodes of mass extinction that severely culled the Tree of Life. Biologists have long sought to assess the extent to which these events may have impacted particular groups. We present a novel method for detecting mass-extinction events from phylogenies estimated from molecular sequence data. We develop our approach in a Bayesian statistical framework, which enables us to harness prior information on the frequency and magnitude of mass-extinction events. The approach is based on an episodic stochastic-branching process model in which rates of speciation and extinction are constant between rate-shift events. We model three types of events: (1) instantaneous tree-wide shifts in speciation rate; (2) instantaneous tree-wide shifts in extinction rate, and; (3) instantaneous tree-wide mass-extinction events. Each of the events is described by a separate compound Poisson process (CPP) model, where the waiting times between each event are exponentially distributed with event-specific rate parameters. The magnitude of each event is drawn from an event-type specific prior distribution. Parameters of the model are then estimated using a reversible-jump Markov chain Monte Carlo (rjMCMC) algorithm. We demonstrate via simulation that this method has substantial power to detect the number of mass-extinction events, provides unbiased estimates of the timing of mass-extinction events, while exhibiting an appropriate (i.e., below 5%) false discovery rate even in the case of background diversification rate variation. Finally, we provide an empirical application of this approach to conifers, which reveals that this group has experienced two major episodes of mass extinction. This new approach--the CPP on Mass Extinction Times (CoMET) model--provides an effective tool for identifying mass-extinction events from molecular phylogenies, even when the history of those groups includes more prosaic temporal variation in diversification rate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Michael R. May</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sebastian Höhna</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brian R. Moore</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/020149</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Bayesian Approach for Detecting Mass-Extinction Events When Rates of Lineage Diversification Vary]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/021113v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MDMA impairs response to water intake in healthy volunteers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/021113v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hyponatremia is a serious complication of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) use. We investigated potential mechanisms in two double-blind, placebo-controlled studies. In study 1, healthy drug-experienced volunteers received MDMA or placebo alone and in combination with the alpha-1 adrenergic inverse agonist prazosin, used as a positive control to release antidiuretic hormone (ADH). In study 2, volunteers received MDMA or placebo followed by standardized water intake. MDMA lowered serum sodium, but did not increase ADH or copeptin, although the control prazosin did increase ADH. Water loading reduced serum sodium more after MDMA than after placebo. There was a trend for women to have lower baseline serum sodium than men, but there were no significant interactions with drug condition. Combining studies, MDMA potentiated the ability of water to lower serum sodium. Thus, hyponatremia appears to be a significant risk when hypotonic fluids are consumed during MDMA use. Clinical trials and events where MDMA use is common should anticipate and mitigate this risk.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matthew J Baggott</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kathleen J Garrison</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeremy R Coyle</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gantt P Galloway</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allan J Barnes</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marilyn A Huestis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John E Mendelson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/021113</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MDMA impairs response to water intake in healthy volunteers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/021238v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TESS: Bayesian inference of lineage diversification rates from (incompletely sampled) molecular phylogenies in R 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/021238v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryMany fundamental questions in evolutionary biology entail estimating rates of lineage diversification (speciation - extinction). We develop a flexible Bayesian framework for specifying an effectively infinite array of diversification models--where rates are constant, vary continuously, or change episodically through time--and implement numerical methods to estimate parameters of these models from molecular phylogenies, even when species sampling is incomplete. Additionally we provide robust methods for comparing the relative and absolute fit of competing branching-process models to a given tree, thereby providing rigorous tests of biological hypotheses regarding patterns and processes of lineage diversification.nnAvailability and implementationthe source code for TESS is freely available at http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/TESS/.nnContactSebastian.Hoehna@gmail.com
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sebastian Höhna</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael R. May</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brian R. Moore</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/021238</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TESS: Bayesian inference of lineage diversification rates from (incompletely sampled) molecular phylogenies in R]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/021329v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of MDMA on socioemotional feelings, authenticity, and autobiographical disclosure in healthy volunteers in a controlled setting 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/021329v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The drug 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "ecstasy", "molly") is a widely used illicit drug and experimental adjunct to psychotherapy. MDMA has unusual, poorly understood socioemotional effects, including feelings of interpersonal closeness and sociability. To better understand these effects, we conducted a within-subjects double-blind placebo controlled study of the effects of 1.5 mg/kg oral MDMA on social emotions and autobiographical disclosure in a controlled setting. MDMA displayed both sedative- and stimulant-like effects, including increased self-report anxiety. At the same time, MDMA positively altered evaluation of the self (i.e., increasing feelings of authenticity) while decreasing concerns about negative evaluation by others (i.e., decreasing social anxiety). Consistent with these feelings, MDMA increased how comfortable participants felt describing emotional memories. Overall, MDMA produced a prosocial syndrome that seemed to facilitate emotional disclosure and that appears consistent with the suggestion that it represents a novel pharmacological class.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matthew J Baggott</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeremy R Coyle</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jennifer D Siegrist</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kathleen J Garrison</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gantt P Galloway</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John E Mendelson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/021329</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of MDMA on socioemotional feelings, authenticity, and autobiographical disclosure in healthy volunteers in a controlled setting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/024208v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oxygen changes drive non-uniform scaling in Drosophila melanogaster embryogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/024208v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In Drosophila embryogenesis, increasing either oxygen concentration or temperature accelerates development. Having previously investigated temperatures impact on embryogenesis, we characterized developmental response to oxygen levels using time-lapse imaging. Changing oxygen concentrations greatly impact survival, with developmental rate changes that are dwarfed by those induced by temperature. While extreme temperatures increase early embryo mortality, mild hypoxia increases arrest and death during mid-embryogenesis and mild hyperoxia increases survival over normoxia. Though not independent, the reactions to temperature and oxygen are fundamentally different, with developmental time being inversely proportional to oxygen concentration but logarithmically related to temperature. Most notably, while development scales uniformly with temperature, oxygen changes drive developmental heterochrony. Morphological processes change with oxygen concentration at different rates. Gut formation is more severely slowed by decreases in oxygen, while head involution and syncytial development are less impacted than the rest of development. These data reveal that uniform scaling, seen with changes in temperature, is not the default result of adjusting developmental rate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steven Gregory Kuntz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael B. Eisen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/024208</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oxygen changes drive non-uniform scaling in Drosophila melanogaster embryogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/024711v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome divergence and gene flow between Drosophila simulans and D. mauritiana 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/024711v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During speciation, sex chromosomes often accumulate interspecific genetic incompatibilities faster than the rest of the genome. The drive theory posits that sex chromosomes are susceptible to recurrent bouts of meiotic drive and suppression, causing the evolutionary build-up of divergent cryptic sex-linked drive systems and, incidentally, genetic incompatibilities. To assess the role of drive during speciation, we combine high-resolution genetic mapping of X-linked hybrid male sterility with population genomics analyses of divergence and recent gene flow between the fruitfly species, Drosophila mauritiana and D. simulans. Our findings reveal a high density of genetic incompatibilities and a corresponding dearth of gene flow on the X chromosome. Surprisingly, we find that, rather than contributing to interspecific divergence, a known drive element has recently migrated between species, caused a strong reduction in local divergence, and undermined the evolution of hybrid sterility. Gene flow can therefore mediate the effects of selfish genetic elements during speciation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sarah B. Kingan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anthony J. Geneva</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffrey P. Vedanayagam</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel Garrigan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/024711</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome divergence and gene flow between Drosophila simulans and D. mauritiana]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/026591v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inference of complex population histories using whole-genome sequences from multiple populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/026591v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There has been much interest in analyzing genome-scale DNA sequence data to infer population histories, but inference methods developed hitherto are limited in model complexity and computational scalability. Here we present an efficient, flexible statistical method, diCal2, that can utilize whole-genome sequence data from multiple populations to infer complex demographic models involving population size changes, population splits, admixture, and migration. Applying our method to data from Australian, East Asian, European, and Papuan populations, we find that the population ancestral to Australians and Papuans started separating from East Asians and Europeans about 100,000 years ago, and that the separation of East Asians and Europeans started about 50,000 years ago, with pervasive gene flow between all pairs of populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matthias Steinrücken</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John A. Kamm</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yun S. Song</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/026591</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inference of complex population histories using whole-genome sequences from multiple populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/027417v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Social selection parapatry in an Afrotropical sunbird 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/027417v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The extent of range overlap of incipient and recent species depends on the type and magnitude of phenotypic divergence that separates them. Trait divergence by social selection likely initiates many speciation events, but may yield niche-conserved lineages predisposed to limit each others ranges via ecological competition. Here we examine this neglected aspect of social selection speciation theory in relation to the discovery of a non-ecotonal species border between sunbirds. We find that Nectarinia moreaui and N. fuelleborni meet in a ~6 km wide contact zone, as estimated by molecular cline analysis. These species exploit similar bioclimatic niches, but sing highly divergent learned songs, consistent with divergence by social selection. Cline analyses suggest that within-species stabilizing social selection on song-learning predispositions maintains species differences in song despite both hybridization and cultural transmission in the contact zone. We conclude that ecological competition between moreaui and fuelleborni contributes to the stabilization of the species border, but that ecological competition acts in conjunction with reproductive interference. The evolutionary maintenance of learned song differences in a hybrid zone recommend this study system for future studies on the mechanisms of learned song divergence and its role in speciation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jay P McEntee</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshua Penalba</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chacha Werema</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elia Mulungu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maneno Mbilinyi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David Moyer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louis Hansen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jon Fjeldsaa</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rauri C.K. Bowie</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/027417</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Social selection parapatry in an Afrotropical sunbird]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/028175v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep learning for population genetic inference 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/028175v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Given genomic variation data from multiple individuals, computing the likelihood of complex population genetic models is often infeasible. To circumvent this problem, we introduce here a novel likelihood-free inference framework by applying deep learning, a powerful modern technique in machine learning. In contrast to Approximate Bayesian Computation, another likelihood-free approach widely used in population genetics and other fields, deep learning does not require a distance function on summary statistics or a rejection step, and it is robust to the addition of uninformative statistics. To demonstrate that deep learning can be effectively employed to estimate population genetic parameters and learn informative features of data, we focus on the challenging problem of jointly inferring natural selection and demography (in the form of a population size change history). Our method is able to separate the global nature of demography from the local nature of selection, without sequential steps for these two factors. Studying demography and selection jointly is motivated by Drosophila, where pervasive selection confounds demographic analysis. We apply our method to 197 African Drosophila melanogaster genomes from Zambia to infer both their overall demography, and regions of their genome under selection. We find many regions of the genome that have experienced hard sweeps, and fewer under selection on standing variation (soft sweep) or balancing selection. Interestingly, we find that soft sweeps and balancing selection occur more frequently closer to the centromere of each chromosome. In addition, our demographic inference suggests that previously estimated bottlenecks for African Drosophila melanogaster are too extreme, likely due in part to the unaccounted impact of selection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sara Sheehan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yun S. Song</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/028175</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep learning for population genetic inference]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/028241v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gene discovery for Mendelian conditions via social networking: de novo variants in KDM1A cause developmental delay and distinctive facial features 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/028241v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Purpose:The pace of Mendelian gene discovery is slowed by the "n-of-1 problem" - the difficulty of establishing causality of a putatively pathogenic variant in a single person or family. Identification of an unrelated person with an overlapping phenotype and suspected pathogenic variant in the same gene can overcome this barrier but is often impeded by lack of a convenient or widely-available way to share data on candidate variants / genes among families, clinicians and researchers.nnMethods:Social networking among families, clinicians and researchers was used to identify three children with variants of unknown significance in KDM1A and similar phenotypes.nnResults:De novo variants in KDM1A underlie a new syndrome characterized by developmental delay and distinctive facial features.nnConclusion:Social networking is a potentially powerful strategy to discover genes for rare Mendelian conditions, particularly those with non-specific phenotypic features. To facilitate the efforts of families to share phenotypic and genomic information with each other, clinicians, and researchers, we developed the Repository for Mendelian Genomics Family Portal (RMD-FP). Design and development of a web-based tool, MyGene2, that enables families, clinicians and researchers to search for gene matches based on analysis of phenotype and exome data deposited into the RMD-FP is underway.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jessica Chong</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joon-Ho Yu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peter Lorentzen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karen Park</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seema M Jamal</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holly K Tabor</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anita Rauch</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margarita Sifuentes Saenz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eugen Boltshauser</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karynne E Patterson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deborah A Nickerson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>University of Washington Center for Mendelian Geno</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael J Bamshad</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/028241</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gene discovery for Mendelian conditions via social networking: de novo variants in KDM1A cause developmental delay and distinctive facial features]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/030122v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hydraulic conductance and the maintenance of water balance in flowers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/030122v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Flowers face desiccating conditions, yet little is known about their ability to transport water. We quantified variability in floral hydraulic conductance (Kflower) for 20 species from 10 families and related it to traits hypothesized to be associated with liquid and vapor phase water transport. Basal angiosperm flowers had trait values associated with higher water and carbon costs than monocot and eudicot flowers. Kflower was coordinated with water supply (vein length per area, VLA) and loss (minimum epidermal conductance, gmin) traits among the magnoliids, but was insensitive to variation in these traits among the monocots and eudicots. Phylogenetic independent contrast (PIC) correlations revealed that few traits had undergone coordinated evolution. However, VLA and the desiccation time (Tdes), the quotient of water content and gmin, had significant trait and PIC correlations. The near absence of stomata from monocot and eudicot flowers may have been critical in minimizing water loss rates among these clades. Early-divergent, basal angiosperm flowers maintain higher Kflower due to traits associated with high rates water loss and water supply, while monocot and eudicot flowers employ a more conservative strategy of limiting water loss and may rely on stored water to maintain turgor and delay desiccation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adam Roddy</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craig R. Brodersen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Todd E. Dawson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/030122</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hydraulic conductance and the maintenance of water balance in flowers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/031468v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An evaluation of transcriptome-based exon capture for frog phylogenomics across multiple scales of divergence (Class: Amphibia, Order: Anura) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/031468v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Custom sequence capture experiments are becoming an efficient approach for gathering large sets of orthologous markers with targeted levels of informativeness in non-model organisms. Transcriptome-based exon capture utilizes transcript sequences to design capture probes, often with the aid of a reference genome to identify intron-exon boundaries and exclude shorter exons (< 200 bp). Here, we test an alternative approach that directly uses transcript sequences for probe design, which are often composed of multiple exons of varying lengths. Based on a selection of 1,260 orthologous transcripts, we conducted sequence captures across multiple phylogenetic scales for frogs, including species up to ~100 million years divergent from the focal group. After several conservative filtering steps, we recovered a large phylogenomic data set consisting of sequence alignments for 1,047 of the 1,260 transcriptome-based loci (~630,000 bp) and a large quantity of highly variable regions flanking the exons in transcripts (~70,000 bp). We recovered high numbers of both shorter (< 100 bp) and longer exons (> 200 bp), with no major reduction in coverage towards the ends of exons. We observed significant differences in the performance of blocking oligos for target enrichment and non-target depletion during captures, and observed differences in PCR duplication rates that can be attributed to the number of individuals pooled for capture reactions. We explicitly tested the effects of phylogenetic distance on capture sensitivity, specificity, and missing data, and provide a baseline estimate of expectations for these metrics based on nuclear pairwise differences among samples. We provide recommendations for transcriptome-based exon capture design based on our results, and describe multiple pipelines for data assembly and analysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Daniel Portik</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lydia Smith</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ke Bi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/031468</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An evaluation of transcriptome-based exon capture for frog phylogenomics across multiple scales of divergence (Class: Amphibia, Order: Anura)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/033233v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide and single-base resolution DNA methylomes of the Sea Lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) Reveal Gradual Transition of the Genomic Methylation Pattern in Early Vertebrates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/033233v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In eukaryotes, cytosine methylation is a primary heritable epigenetic modification of the genome that regulates many cellular processes. While the whole-genome methylation pattern has been generally conserved in different eukaryotic groups, invertebrates and vertebrates exhibit two distinct patterns. Whereas almost all CpG sites are methylated in most vertebrates, with the exception of short unmethylated regions call CpG islands, the most frequent pattern in invertebrate animals is  mosaic methylation, comprising domains of heavily methylated DNA interspersed with domains that are methylation free. The mechanism by which the genome methylation pattern transited from a mosaic to a global pattern and the role of the one or two-round whole-genome duplication in this transition remain largely elusive, partly owing to the lack of methylome data from early vertebrates. In this study, we used the whole-genome bisulfite-sequencing technology to investigate the genome-wide methylation in three tissues (heart, muscle, and sperm) from the sea lamprey, an extant Agarthan vertebrate. Analyses of methylation level and the extent of CpG dinucleotide depletion of geneencoding, intergenic and promoter regions revealed a gradual increase in the methylation level from invertebrates to vertebrates, with the sea lamprey exhibiting an intermediate position. In addition, the methylation level of the majority of CpGs was intermediate in each sea lamprey tissue, indicating a high level of heterogeneity of methylation status between individual cells. In this regard, we defined the genomic methylation pattern of sea lamprey as "global genomic DNA intermediate methylation". The methylation features in different genomic regions, such as the transcription start site (TSS) region of the gene body, exon-intron boundaries, transposons, as well as genes grouping with different expression levels, supported the gradual methylation transition hypothesis. We further discussed that the copy number difference in DNA methylation transferases and the loss of the PWWP domain and/or DNTase domain in DNMT3 sub-family enzymes may have contributed to the methylation pattern transition in early vertebrates. These findings demonstrate an intermediate genomic methylation pattern between invertebrates and jawed vertebrates, providing evidence that supports the hypothesis that methylation patterns underwent a gradual transition from invertebrates (mosaic) to vertebrates (global).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao Zhang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gangbiao Liu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yangyun Zhou</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James P. B. Lloyd</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David W. McCauley</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiming Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xun Gu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhixi Su</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/033233</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide and single-base resolution DNA methylomes of the Sea Lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) Reveal Gradual Transition of the Genomic Methylation Pattern in Early Vertebrates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/035188v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tunable protein synthesis by transcript isoforms in human cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/035188v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eukaryotic genes generate multiple mRNA transcript isoforms though alternative transcription, splicing, and polyadenylation. However, the relationship between human transcript diversity and protein production is complex and not well understood at a global level. We fractionated a polysome profile and reconstructed transcript isoforms from each fraction, which we term Transcript Isoforms in Polysomes sequencing (TrIP-seq). Analysis of these data revealed regulatory features that control ribosome occupancy and the resulting translational output of each transcript isoform. We extracted a panel of 5' and 3' untranslated regions that control protein production from an unrelated gene in cells over a 100-fold range. Select 5' untranslated regions exert robust translational control between cell lines, while 3' untranslated regions can confer cell-type-specific expression. These results expose the large dynamic range of transcript-isoform-specific translational control, identify isoform-specific sequences that control protein output in human cells, and demonstrate that transcript isoform diversity must be considered when relating RNA and protein levels.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stephen N Floor</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jennifer A Doudna</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/035188</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tunable protein synthesis by transcript isoforms in human cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/036236v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Efficient Correction of the Sickle Mutation in Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells Using a Cas9 Ribonucleoprotein Complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/036236v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is a serious recessive genetic disorder caused by a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the {beta}-globin gene (HBB). Sickle hemoglobin polymerizes within red blood cells (RBCs), causing them to adopt an elongated "sickle" shape. Sickle RBCs damage vasculature, leading to severe symptoms, ultimately diminishing patient quality of life and reducing lifespan. Here, we use codelivery of a pre-formed Cas9 ribonucleoprotein complex (RNP) and a singlestranded DNA (ssDNA) oligonucleotide donor to drive sequence replacement at the SCD SNP in human CD34+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs). Corrected HSPCs from SCD patients produce less sickle hemoglobin protein and correspondingly increased wild-type hemoglobin when differentiated into erythroblasts. When injected into immunocompromised mice, treated HSPCs maintain editing long-term at therapeutically relevant levels. These results demonstrate that the Cas9 RNP/ssDNA donor approach can mediate efficient HSPC gene editing and could form the basis for treatment of SCD by autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mark DeWitt</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wendy Magis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicolas L Bray</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tianjiao Wang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jennifer R Berman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fabrizia Urbinati</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denise P Muñoz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donald B Kohn</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mark C Walters</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dana Carroll</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David K Martin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacob E Corn</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/036236</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Efficient Correction of the Sickle Mutation in Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells Using a Cas9 Ribonucleoprotein Complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/037051v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Effect of Anthropogenic Land Cover Change on Pollen-Vegetation Relationships in the American Midwest 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/037051v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fossil pollen assemblages are widely used to reconstruct past vegetation community composition at time scales ranging from centuries to millennia. These reconstructions often are based on the observed relationships between the proportions of plant taxa in the source vegetation and the proportions of the corresponding pollen types in pollen assemblages collected from surface sediments. Pollen-vegetation models rely upon parameters whose values typically are assumed to be stable through time, but this assumption is largely unevaluated, due in part to the rarity of comprehensive forest data, particularly for earlier time periods.nnHere we present a new dataset of early settlement-era pollen records for the upper Midwest of North America and combine it with three other pollen and forest composition datasets to assess the stability of the relationship between relative pollen composition and relative abundances of tree genera for two time periods: immediately prior to Euro-American settlement, and the late 20th Century. Over this time interval, Euro-American settlement resulted in widespread forest clearance for agriculture and logging, producing major changes to forest composition and structure and the pollen assemblages produced by these forests. These major changes provide an opportunity to test the constancy of the relationship between pollen and forest vegetation during a period of large vegetation change. Pollen-vegetation relationships are modeled, using a Generalized Linear Model, for thirteen upper Midwestern tree genera.nnWe find that estimates of pollen source radius for the gridded mesoscale data are 25-85 kilometers, consistent with prior studies. Pollen-vegetation relationships are significantly altered for several genera: Fagus, Betula, Tsuga, Quercus, Pinus, and Picea (p < 0.05). The use of contemporary pollen-vegetation relationships to model settlement era community composition significantly under-predicts the presence of Fagus, Betula, Tsuga, Quercus and Picea at all tree densities. Pinus is over-predicted at low relative proportions (<25%), but under-predicted at greater abundances. The divergence of pollen-vegetation relationships appears to be greatest for late-successional taxa characterized by high shade tolerance and low fire tolerance, although the statistical power is low for this analysis.nnHence, the ongoing rapid changes in land use and ecological communities associated with the Anthropocene affect not just our ability to make confident ecological forecasts for the future, but can also modify our inferences about the past. In the Anthropocene era, characterized by its rapidly changing vegetation and climates, paleoecology must move from its traditional reliance on spatial calibration datasets assumed to represent a single "present". Instead, when possible, paleoecologists should develop calibration datasets of pollen and forest composition that are distributed across major vegetation changes in time and space. Multitemporal calibration datasets are increasingly possible given the growing length and availability of vegetation observational data and will enable paleoecologists to better understand the complex processes governing pollen-vegetation relationships and make better-informed reconstructions of past vegetation dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ellen Ruth Kujawa</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon J. Goring</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andria Dawson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Randy Calcote</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eric Grimm</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sara Hotchkiss</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elizabeth A. Lynch</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jason McLachlan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeannine-Marie St-Jacques</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charles Umbanhowar</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John W. Williams</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-01-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/037051</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Effect of Anthropogenic Land Cover Change on Pollen-Vegetation Relationships in the American Midwest]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-01-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/037200v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bayesian inference of natural selection from allele frequency time series 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/037200v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The advent of accessible ancient DNA technology now allows the direct ascertainment of allele frequencies in ancestral populations, thereby enabling the use of allele frequency time series to detect and estimate natural selection. Such direct observations of allele frequency dynamics are expected to be more powerful than inferences made using patterns of linked neutral variation obtained from modern individuals. We developed a Bayesian method to make use of allele frequency time series data and infer the parameters of general diploid selection, along with allele age, in non-equilibrium populations. We introduce a novel path augmentation approach, in which we use Markov chain Monte Carlo to integrate over the space of allele frequency trajectories consistent with the observed data. Using simulations, we show that this approach has good power to estimate selection coefficients and allele age. Moreover, when applying our approach to data on horse coat color, we find that ignoring a relevant demographic history can significantly bias the results of inference. Our approach is made available in a C++ software package.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Joshua Schraiber</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steven N. Evans</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery Slatkin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-01-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/037200</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bayesian inference of natural selection from allele frequency time series]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-01-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/038711v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An open library of human kinase domain constructs for automated bacterial expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/038711v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Kinases play a critical role in many cellular signaling pathways and are dysregulated in a number of diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, and neurodegeneration. Since the FDA approval of imatinib in 2001, therapeutics targeting kinases now account for roughly 50% of current cancer drug discovery efforts. The ability to explore human kinase biochemistry, biophysics, and structural biology in the laboratory is essential to making rapid progress in understanding kinase regulation, designing selective inhibitors, and studying the emergence of drug resistance. While insect and mammalian expression systems are frequently used for the expression of human kinases, bacterial expression systems are superior in terms of simplicity and cost-effectiveness but have historically struggled with human kinase expression. Following the discovery that phosphatase coexpression could produce high yields of Src and Abl kinase domains in bacterial expression systems, we have generated a library of 52 His-tagged human kinase domain constructs that express above 2 {micro}g/mL culture in a simple automated bacterial expression system utilizing phosphatase coexpression (YopH for Tyr kinases, Lambda for Ser/Thr kinases). Here, we report a structural bioinformatics approach to identify kinase domain constructs previously expressed in bacteria likely to express well in a simple high-throughput protocol, experiments demonstrating our simple construct selection strategy selects constructs with good expression yields in a test of 84 potential kinase domain boundaries for Abl, and yields from a high-throughput expression screen of 96 human kinase constructs. Using a fluorescence-based thermostability assay and a fluorescent ATP-competitive inhibitor, we show that the highest-expressing kinases are folded and have well-formed ATP binding sites. We also demonstrate how the resulting expressing constructs can be used for the biophysical and biochemical study of clinical mutations by engineering a panel of 48 Src mutations and 46 Abl mutations via single-primer mutagenesis and screening the resulting library for expression yields. The wild-type kinase construct library is available publicly via Addgene, and should prove to be of high utility for experiments focused on drug discovery and the emergence of drug resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Daniel L. Parton</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sonya M. Hanson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucelenie Rodríguez-Laureano</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steven K. Albanese</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott Gradia</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chris Jeans</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markus A. Seeliger</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicholas M. Levinson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John D. Chodera</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/038711</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An open library of human kinase domain constructs for automated bacterial expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/039073v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantifying pollen-vegetation relationships to reconstruct ancient forests using 19th-century forest composition and pollen data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/039073v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitigation of climate change and adaptation to its effects relies partly on how effectively land-atmosphere interactions can be quantified. Quantifying composition of past forest ecosystems can help understand processes governing forest dynamics in a changing world. Fossil pollen data provide information about past forest composition, but rigorous interpretation requires development of pollen-vegetation models (PVMs) that account for interspecific differences in pollen production and dispersal. Widespread and intensified land-use over the 19th and 20th centuries may have altered pollen-vegetation relationships. Here we use STEPPS, a Bayesian hierarchical spatial PVM, to estimate key process parameters and associated uncertainties in the pollenvegetation relationship. We apply alternate dispersal kernels, and calibrate STEPPS using a newly developed Euro-American settlement-era calibration data set constructed from Public Land Survey data and fossil pollen samples matched to the settlement-era using expert elicitation. Models based on the inverse power-law dispersal kernel outperformed those based on the Gaussian dispersal kernel, indicating that pollen dispersal kernels are fat tailed. Pine and birch have the highest pollen productivities. Pollen productivity and dispersal estimates are generally consistent with previous understanding from modern data sets, although source area estimates are larger. Tests of model predictions demonstrate the ability of STEPPS to predict regional compositional patterns.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Andria Dawson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christopher J. Paciorek</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jason S. McLachlan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon Goring</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John W. Williams</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephen T. Jackson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-02-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/039073</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantifying pollen-vegetation relationships to reconstruct ancient forests using 19th-century forest composition and pollen data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-02-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/039230v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Shannon: An Information-Optimal de Novo RNA-Seq Assembler 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/039230v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
De novo assembly of short RNA-Seq reads into transcripts is challenging due to sequence similarities in transcriptomes arising from gene duplications and alternative splicing of transcripts. We present Shannon, an RNA-Seq assembler with an optimality guarantee derived from principles of information theory: Shannon reconstructs nearly all information-theoretically reconstructable transcripts. Shannon is based on a theory we develop for de novo RNA-Seq assembly that reveals differing abundances among transcripts to be the key, rather than the barrier, to effective assembly. The assembly problem is formulated as a sparsest-flow problem on a transcript graph, and the heart of Shannon is a novel iterative flow-decomposition algorithm. This algorithm provably solves the information-theoretically reconstructable instances in linear-time even though the general sparsest-flow problem is NP-hard. Shannon also incorporates several additional new algorithmic advances: a new error-correction algorithm based on successive cancelation, a multi-bridging algorithm that carefully utilizes read information in the k-mer de Bruijn graph, and an approximate graph partitioning algorithm to split the transcriptome de Bruijn graph into smaller components. In tests on large RNA-Seq datasets, Shannon obtains significant increases in sensitivity along with improvements in specificity in comparison to state-of-the-art assemblers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sreeram Kannan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph Hui</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kayvon Mazooji</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lior Pachter</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David Tse</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-02-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/039230</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Shannon: An Information-Optimal de Novo RNA-Seq Assembler]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-02-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/040212v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-homologous DNA increases gene disruption efficiency by altering DNA repair outcomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/040212v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cas9 endonuclease can be targeted to genomic sequences by varying the sequence of the single guide RNA (sgRNA). The activity of these Cas9-sgRNA combinations varies widely at different genomic loci and in different cell types. Thus, disrupting genes in polyploid cell lines, or using inefficient sgRNAs, can require extensive downstream screening to identify homozygous clones. We have found that linear, non-homologous oligonucleotide DNA greatly stimulates Cas9-mediated gene disruption in the absence of homology-directed repair. This stimulation greatly increases the frequency of clones with homozygous gene disruptions, even in polyploid cell lines, and rescues otherwise ineffective sgRNAs. The mechanism of enhanced gene disruption differs between human cell lines, stimulating deletion of genomic sequence and/or insertion of non-homologous oligonucleotide DNA at the edited locus in a cell line specific manner. Thus, the addition of non-homologous DNA appears to drive cells towards error-prone instead of error-free repair pathways, dramatically increasing the frequency of gene disruption.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Christopher D Richardson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grahm J Ray</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacob E Corn</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/040212</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-homologous DNA increases gene disruption efficiency by altering DNA repair outcomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/040337v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
C. elegans paraoxonase-like proteins control the functional expression of DEG/ENaC mechanosensory proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/040337v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Caenorhabditis elegans senses gentle touch via a mechanotransduction channel formed from the DEG/ENaC proteins MEC-4 and MEC-10. An additional protein, the paraoxonase-like protein MEC-6, is essential for transduction, and previous work suggested that MEC-6 was part of the transduction complex. We found that MEC-6 and a similar protein, POML-1, reside primarily in the endoplasmic reticulum and do not colocalize with MEC-4 on the plasma membrane in vivo. As with MEC-6, POML-1 is needed for touch sensitivity, for the neurodegeneration caused by the mec-4(d) mutation, and for the expression and distribution of MEC-4 in vivo. Both proteins are likely needed for the proper folding or assembly of MEC-4 channels in vivo as measured by FRET. MEC-6 detectably increases the rate of MEC-4 accumulation on the Xenopus oocyte plasma membrane. These results suggest that MEC-6 and POML-1 interact with MEC-4 to facilitate expression and localization of MEC-4 on the cell surface. Thus, MEC-6 and POML-1 act more like chaperones for MEC-4 than channel components.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yushu Chen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shashank Bharill</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeynep Altun</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert O'Hagan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brian Coblitz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehud I. Isacoff</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin Chalfie</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/040337</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[C. elegans paraoxonase-like proteins control the functional expression of DEG/ENaC mechanosensory proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/040410v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct stages in the recognition, sorting and packaging of proTGFα into COPII coated transport vesicles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/040410v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In addition to its role in forming vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the coat protein complex II (COPII) is also responsible for selecting specific cargo proteins to be packaged into COPII transport vesicles. Comparison of COPII vesicle formation in mammalian systems and in yeast suggested that the former employs more elaborate mechanisms for cargo recognition, presumably to cope with a significantly expanded repertoire of cargo that transits the secretory pathway. Using proTGF, the transmembrane precursor of transforming growth factor alpha (TGF), as a model cargo protein, we demonstrate in cell-free assays that at least one auxiliary cytosolic factor is specifically required for the efficient packaging of proTGF into COPII vesicles. Using a knockout HeLa cell line generated by CRISPR/Cas9, we provide functional evidence showing that a transmembrane protein, Cornichon-1 (CNIH), acts as a cargo receptor of proTGF. We show that both CNIH and the auxiliary cytosolic factor(s) are required for efficient recruitment of proTGF to the COPII coat in vitro. Moreover, we provide evidence that the recruitment of cargo protein by the COPII coat precedes and may be distinct from subsequent cargo packaging into COPII vesicles.nnAbbreviations
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pengcheng Zhang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Randy Schekman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/040410</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct stages in the recognition, sorting and packaging of proTGFα into COPII coated transport vesicles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/041079v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extrusions promote engulfment and Chlamydia survival within macrophages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/041079v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
All obligate intracellular pathogens must exit their host cells in order to propagate and survive as a species; the precise strategies they use have a direct impact on their ability to disseminate within a host, transmit to new hosts, and engage or avoid immune responses. The obligate intracellular bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis exits the host cell by two distinct exit strategies, lysis and extrusion. Despite being equally active pathways, lysis and extrusion differ greatly in their mechanisms. The defining characteristics of extrusions, and advantages gained by Chlamydia within this unique double-membrane structure are not well understood. Here, we present data that defines extrusions as being largely devoid of host organelles, comprised mostly of Chlamydia elementary bodies, and containing phosphatidylserine on the outer surface of the extrusion membrane. Towards defining a functional role for extrusions in Chlamydia pathogenesis, we demonstrate that extrusions confer significant infectious advantages for Chlamydia by serving as transient, intracellular-like niches for extracellular Chlamydia, as compared to Chlamydia that would otherwise exit by lysing the host cell. In addition to enhanced survival outside of the host cell, we report the key discovery that chlamydial extrusions can be engulfed by primary bone marrow-derived macrophages, after which they provide a protective microenvironment for Chlamydia. Extrusion-derived Chlamydia were able to stave off macrophage based killing beyond 8 h, and culminated in the release of infectious EB from the macrophage. Based on these findings, we propose a model in which a major outcome of Chlamydia exiting epithelial cells inside extrusions is to hijack macrophages as vehicles for dissemination within the host.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meghan Zuck</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tisha C Ellis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anthony Venida</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kevin Hybiske</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/041079</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extrusions promote engulfment and Chlamydia survival within macrophages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/042051v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fast imaging of DNA motion reveals distinct sub-diffusion regimes at the site of DNA damage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/042051v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The dynamic organization of genes inside the nucleus is an important determinant for their function. Using ultra-fast microscopy in S. cerevisiae cells and improved analysis of mean square displacements, we quantified DNA motion at time scales ranging from 10 milliseconds to minutes and found that following DNA damage, DNA exhibits distinct sub-diffusive regimes. In response to double-strand breaks, chromatin is more mobile at large time scales but, surprisingly, its mobility is dramatically reduced at short time scales. This effect is even more pronounced at the break. Such pattern of dynamics is consistent with a global increase in chromatin persistence length following DNA damage. Scale-dependent nuclear exploration is regulated by the Rad51 repair protein, both at the break and throughout the genome. We propose a model in which stiffening of the damaged ends by the repair complex, combined with global increased stiffness, act like a "needle in a decompacted ball of yarn", enhancing the ability of the break to traverse the chromatin meshwork.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Judith Mine-Hattab</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vincent Recamier</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ignacio Izeddin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodney Rothstein</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xavier Darzacq</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/042051</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fast imaging of DNA motion reveals distinct sub-diffusion regimes at the site of DNA damage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/042226v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genotyping Allelic and Copy Number Variation in the Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Locus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/042226v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The study of genomic regions that contain gene copies and structural variation is a major challenge in modern genomics. Unlike variation involving single nucleotide changes, data on the variation of copy number is difficult to collect and few tools exist for analyzing the variation between individuals. The immunoglobulin heavy variable (IGHV) locus, which plays an integral role in the adaptive immune response, is an example of a genomic region that is known to vary in gene copy number. Lack of standard methods to genotype this region prevents it from being included in association studies and is holding back the growing field of antibody repertoire analysis. Here, we establish a convention of representing the locus in terms of a reference panel of operationally distinguishable segments defined by hierarchical clustering. Using this reference set, we develop a pipeline that identifies copy number and allelic variation in the IGHV locus from whole-genome sequencing reads. Tests on simulated reads demonstrate that our approach is feasible and accurate for detecting the presence and absence of gene segments using reads as short as 70 bp. With reads 100 bp and longer, coverage depth can also be used to determine copy number. When applied to a family of European ancestry, our method finds new copy number variants and confirms existing variants. This study paves the way for analyzing population-level patterns of variation in the IGHV locus in larger diverse datasets and for quantitatively handling regions of copy number variation in other structurally varying and complex loci.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shishi Luo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jane A Yu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yun S. Song</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/042226</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genotyping Allelic and Copy Number Variation in the Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Locus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/043463v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FastProject: A Tool for Low-Dimensional Analysis of Single-Cell RNA-Seq Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/043463v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundA key challenge in the emerging field of single-cell RNA-Seq is to characterize phenotypic diversity between cells and visualize this information in an informative manner. A common technique when dealing with high-dimensional data is to project the data to 2 or 3 dimensions for visualization. However, there are a variety of methods to achieve this result and once projected, it can be difficult to ascribe biological significance to the observed features. Additionally, when analyzing single-cell data, the relationship between cells can be obscured by technical confounders such as variable gene capture rates.nnResultsTo aid in the analysis and interpretation of single-cell RNA-Seq data, we have developed FastProject, a software tool which analyzes a gene expression matrix and produces a dynamic output report in which two-dimensional projections of the data can be explored. Annotated gene sets (referred to as gene  signatures) are incorporated so that features in the projections can be understood in relation to the biological processes they might represent. FastProject provides a novel method of scoring each cell against a gene signature so as to minimize the effect of missed transcripts as well as a method to rank signature-projection pairings so that meaningful associations can be quickly identified. Additionally, FastProject is written with a modular architecture and designed to serve as a platform for incorporating and comparing new projection methods and gene selection algorithms.nnConclusionsHere we present FastProject, a software package for two-dimensional visualization of single cell data, which utilizes a plethora of projection methods and provides a way to systematically investigate the biological relevance of these low dimensional representations by incorporating domain knowledge.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>David DeTomaso</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nir Yosef</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/043463</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FastProject: A Tool for Low-Dimensional Analysis of Single-Cell RNA-Seq Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/043869v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Left-right leaf asymmetry in decussate and distichous phyllotactic systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/043869v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Leaves in plants with spiral phyllotaxy exhibit directional asymmetries, such that all the leaves originating from a meristem of a particular chirality are similarly asymmetric relative to each other. Models of auxin flux capable of recapitulating spiral phyllotaxis predict handed auxin asymmetries in initiating leaf primordia with empirically verifiable effects on superficially bilaterally symmetric leaves. Here, we extend a similar analysis of leaf asymmetry to decussate and distichous phyllotaxy. We found that our simulation models of these two patterns predicted mirrored asymmetries in auxin distribution in leaf primordia pairs. To empirically verify the morphological consequences of asymmetric auxin distribution, we analyzed the morphology of a tomato sister-of-pinformed1a (sopin1a) mutant, entire-2, in which spiral phyllotaxy consistently transitions to a decussate state. Shifts in the displacement of leaflets on the left and right sides of entire-2 leaf pairs mirror each other, corroborating predicted model results. We then analyze the shape of >800 commonivy (Hedera helix) and >3,000 grapevine (Vitis and Ampelopsis spp.) leaf pairs and find statistical enrichment of predicted mirrored asymmetries. Our results demonstrate that left-right auxin asymmetries in models of decussate and distichous phyllotaxy successfully predict mirrored asymmetric leaf morphologies in superficially symmetric leaves.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ciera C Martinez</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel H Chitwood</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard S Smith</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neelima R Sinha</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/043869</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Left-right leaf asymmetry in decussate and distichous phyllotactic systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/045104v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Towards standard practices for sharing computer code and programs in neuroscience 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/045104v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background Background References Many areas of neuroscience are now critically dependent on computational tools to help understand the large volumes of data being created. Furthermore, computer models are increasingly being used to help predict and understand the function of the nervous system. Many of these computations are complex and usually cannot be concisely reported in the methods section of a scientific article. In a few areas there are widely used software packages for analysis (e.g., SPM, FSL, AFNI, FreeSurfer, Civet in neuroimaging) or simulation (e.g. NEURON, NEST, Brian). However, we often write new computer programs to solve specific problems in the course of our research. Some of these programs may be relatively small scripts that help analyze all of our data, and these rarely get described in papers. As authors, how best can we maximize the chances that other scientists can reprod ...
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stephen Eglen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben Marwick</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaroslav Halchenko</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael Hanke</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoaib Sufi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padraig Gleeson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>R. Angus Silver</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew Davison</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linda Lanyon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathew Abrams</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas Wachtler</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David J Willshaw</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christophe Pouzat</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jean-Baptiste Poline</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/045104</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Towards standard practices for sharing computer code and programs in neuroscience]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/046128v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide measurement of spatial expression in patterning mutants of Drosophila melanogaster 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/046128v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome sequencing has become commonplace, but the understanding of how those genomes ultimately specify cell fate during development is still elusive. Extrapolating insights from deep investigation of a handful of developmentally important Drosophila genes to understanding the regulation of all genes is a major challenge. The developing embryo provides a unique opportunity to study the role of gene expression in pattern specification; the precise and consistent spatial positioning of key transcription factors essentially provides separate transcriptional-readout experiments at a critical point in development.nnWe cryosectioned and sequenced mRNA from single Drosophila melanogaster embryos at the blastoderm stage to screen for spatially-varying regulation of transcription. Expanding on our previous screening of wild type embryos, here we present data from dosage mutants for key maternally provided regulators, including depletion of zelda and hunchback and both over-expression and depletion of bicoid. These data recapitulate all of the expected patterning changes driven by these regulators; for instance, we show spatially-confined up-regulation of expression in the bicoid over-expression condition, and down-regulation of those genes in the bicoid knock-down case, consistent with bicoids known function as an anterior-localized activator.nnOur data highlight the role of combinatorial regulation of patterning gene expression. When comparing changes in multiple conditions, genes responsive to one mutation tend to respond to other mutations in a similar fashion. Furthermore, genes that respond differently to these mutations tend to have more complex patterns of TF binding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peter A. Combs</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael B Eisen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/046128</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide measurement of spatial expression in patterning mutants of Drosophila melanogaster]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/047555v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Magnetite biomineralization in Magnetospirillum magneticum is regulated by a switch-like behavior in the HtrA protease MamE 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/047555v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Magnetotactic bacteria are aquatic organisms that produce subcellular magnetic particles in order to orient in the earths geomagnetic field. MamE, a predicted HtrA protease required to produce magnetite crystals in the magnetotactic bacterium Magnetospirillum magneticum AMB-1, was recently shown to promote the proteolytic processing of itself and two other biomineralization factors in vivo. Here, we have analyzed the in vivo processing patterns of three proteolytic targets and used this information to reconstitute proteolysis with a purified form of MamE in vitro. MamE cleaves a custom peptide substrate with positive cooperativity, and its auto-proteolysis can be stimulated with exogenous substrates or peptides that bind to either of its PDZ domains. A misregulated form of the protease that circumvents specific genetic requirements for proteolysis causes biomineralization defects, showing that proper regulation of its activity is required during magnetite biosynthesis in vivo. Our results represent the first reconstitution of MamEs proteolytic activity and show that its behavior is consistent with the previously proposed checkpoint model for biomineralization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>David M Hershey</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patrick J Browne</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anthony T Iavarone</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joan Teyra</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eun H Lee</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachdev S Sidhu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arash Komeili</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/047555</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Magnetite biomineralization in Magnetospirillum magneticum is regulated by a switch-like behavior in the HtrA protease MamE]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/048355v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The effects of population size histories on estimates of selection coefficients from time-series genetic data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/048355v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPCAPBSTRACTC_SCPCAPMany approaches have been developed for inferring selection coefficients from time series data while accounting for genetic drift. However, the improvement in inference accuracy that can be attained by modeling drift is unknown. Here, by comparing maximum likelihood estimates of selection coefficients that account for the true population size history with estimates that ignore drift, we address the following questions: how much can modeling the population size history improve estimates of selection coefficients? How much can mis-inferred population sizes hurt inferences of selection coefficients? We conduct our analysis under the discrete Wright-Fisher model by deriving the exact probability of an allele frequency trajectory in a population of time-varying size and we replicate our results under the diffusion model by extending the exact probability of a frequency trajectory derived by Steinrucken et al. (2014) to the case of a piecewise constant population. For both the discrete Wright-Fisher and diffusion models, we find that ignoring drift leads to estimates of selection coefficients that are nearly as accurate as estimates that account for the true population history, even when population sizes are small and drift is high. In populations of time-varying size, estimates of selection coefficients that ignore drift are similar in accuracy to estimates that rely on crude, yet reasonable, estimates of the population history. These results are of interest because inference methods that ignore drift are widely used in evolutionary studies and can be many orders of magnitude faster than methods that account for population sizes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ethan M Jewett</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthias Steinrücken</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yun S. Song</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/048355</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The effects of population size histories on estimates of selection coefficients from time-series genetic data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/048371v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Real-time observation of DNA recognition and rejection by the RNA-guided endonuclease Cas9 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/048371v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Binding specificity of Cas9-guide RNA complexes to DNA is important for genome engineering applications, but how mismatches influence target recognition and rejection kinetics is not well understood. We used single-molecule FRET to probe real-time interactions between Cas9-RNA and DNA targets. The bimolecular association rate is only weakly dependent on sequence, but the dissociation rate greatly increases from < 0.006 s-1 to > 2 s-1 upon introduction of mismatches proximal to the protospacer adjacent motif (PAM), demonstrating that mismatches encountered early during heteroduplex formation induce rapid rejection of off-target DNA. In contrast, PAM-distal mismatches up to 12 base pairs in length, which prevent DNA cleavage, still allow the formation of a stable complex (off-rate < 0.006 s-1), suggesting that extremely slow rejection could sequester Cas9-RNA, increasing the Cas9 expression level necessary for genome editing thereby aggravating off-target effects. We also observed at least two different bound FRET states that may represent distinct steps in target search and proofreading.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Digvijay Singh</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samuel H. Sternberg</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jingyi Fei</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taekjip Ha</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jennifer A. Doudna</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/048371</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Real-time observation of DNA recognition and rejection by the RNA-guided endonuclease Cas9]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/049353v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Allele Surfing Promotes Microbial Adaptation from Standing Variation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/049353v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The coupling of ecology and evolution during range expansions enables mutations to establish at expanding range margins and reach high frequencies. This phenomenon, called allele surfing, is thought to have caused revolutions in the gene pool of many species, most evidently in microbial communities. It has remained unclear, however, under which conditions allele surfing promotes or hinders adaptation. Here, using microbial experiments and simulations, we show that, starting with standing adaptive variation, range expansions generate a larger increase in mean fitness than spatially uniform population expansions. The adaptation gain results from  soft selective sweeps emerging from surfing beneficial mutations. The rate of these surfing events is shown to sensitively depend on the strength of genetic drift, which varies among strains and environmental conditions. More generally, allele surfing promotes the rate of adaptation per biomass produced, which could help developing biofilms and other resource-limited populations to cope with environmental challenges.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matti Gralka</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fabian Stiewe</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fred Farrell</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfram Moebius</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartlomiej Waclaw</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oskar Hallatschek</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-04-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/049353</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Allele Surfing Promotes Microbial Adaptation from Standing Variation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-04-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/050484v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Membrane tension is a key determinant of bud morphology in clathrin-mediated endocytosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/050484v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A critical step in cellular trafficking pathways is the budding of membranes by protein coats, which recent experiments have demonstrated can be inhibited by elevated membrane tension. The robustness of processes like clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) across a diverse range of organisms and mechanical environments suggests that the protein machinery in this process has evolved to take advantage of some set of physical design principles to ensure robust vesiculation against opposing forces like membrane tension. Using a theoretical model for membrane mechanics and membrane protein interaction, we have systematically investigated the influence of membrane rigidity, curvature induced by the protein coat, area covered by the protein coat, membrane tension and force from actin polymerization on bud formation. Under low tension, the membrane smoothly evolves from a flat to budded morphology as the coat area or spontaneous curvature increases, whereas the membrane remains essentially flat at high tensions. At intermediate, physiologically relevant, tensions, the membrane undergoes a snapthrough instability in which small changes in the coat area, spontaneous curvature or membrane tension cause the membrane to "snap" from an open, U-shape to a closed bud. This instability can be smoothed out by increasing the bending rigidity of the coat, allowing for successful budding at higher membrane tensions. Additionally, applied force from actin polymerization can bypass the instability by inducing a smooth transition from an open to a closed bud. Finally, a combination of increased coat rigidity and force from actin polymerization enables robust vesiculation even at high membrane tensions.nnSignificance statementPlasma membrane tension plays an important role in various biological processes. In particular, recent experimental studies have shown that membrane tension inhibits membrane budding processes like clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). We have identified a mathematical relationship between the curvature-generating capability of the protein coat and membrane tension that can predict whether the coat alone is sufficient to produce closed buds. Additionally, we show that a combination of increased coat rigidity and applied force from actin polymerization can produce closed buds at high membrane tensions. These findings are general to any membrane budding process, suggesting that biology has evolved to take advantage of a set of physical design principles to ensure robust vesicle formation across a range of organisms and mechanical environments.nnAuthor ContributionsJ.E.H., G.O., and P.R. designed research. J.E.H. performed research. J.E.H., D.G.D., and P.R. analyzed data. J.E.H., G.O., D.G.D., and P.R. wrote the paper.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Julian E. Hassinger</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George Oster</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David G. Drubin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padmini Rangamani</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-04-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/050484</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Membrane tension is a key determinant of bud morphology in clathrin-mediated endocytosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-04-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/050492v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Paradoxical signaling regulates structural plasticity in dendritic spines 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/050492v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transient spine enlargement (3-5 min timescale) is an important event associated with the structural plasticity of dendritic spines. Many of the molecular mechanisms associated with transient spine en{-}largement have been identified experimentally. Here, we use a systems biology approach to construct a mathematical model of biochemical signaling and actin-mediated transient spine expansion in response to calcium-influx due to NMDA receptor activation. We have identified that a key feature of this signaling network is the paradoxical signaling loop. Paradoxical components act bifunctionally in signaling net{-}works and their role is to control both the activation and inhibition of a desired response function (protein activity or spine volume). Using ordinary differential equation (ODE)-based modeling, we show that the dynamics of different regulators of transient spine expansion including CaMKII, RhoA, and Cdc42 and the spine volume can be described using paradoxical signaling loops. Our model is able to capture the experimentally observed dynamics of transient spine volume. Furthermore, we show that actin remod{-}eling events provide a robustness to spine volume dynamics. We also generate experimentally testable predictions about the role of different components and parameters of the network on spine dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Padmini Rangamani</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael G. Levy</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shahid M. Khan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George Oster</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-04-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/050492</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Paradoxical signaling regulates structural plasticity in dendritic spines]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-04-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/051102v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reduced spatial integration in the ventral visual cortex underlies face recognition deficits in developmental prosopagnosia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/051102v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Developmental prosopagnosia (DP) is characterized by deficits in face recognition without gross brain abnormalities. However, the neural basis of DP is not well understood. We measured population receptive fields (pRFs) in ventral visual cortex of DPs and typical adults to assess the contribution of spatial integration to face processing. While DPs showed typical retinotopic organization of ventral visual cortex and normal pRF sizes in early visual areas, we found significantly reduced pRF sizes in face-selective regions and in intermediate areas hV4 and VO1. Across both typicals and DPs, face recognition ability correlated positively with pRF size in both face-selective regions and VO1, whereby participants with larger pRFs perform better. However, face recognition ability is correlated with both pRF size and ROI volume only in face-selective regions. These findings suggest that smaller pRF sizes in DP may reflect a deficit in spatial integration affecting holistic processing required for face recognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nathaniel Witthoft</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sonia Poltoratski</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mai Nguyen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golijeh Golarai</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alina Liberman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karen F LaRocque</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mary E Smith</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalanit Grill-Spector</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/051102</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reduced spatial integration in the ventral visual cortex underlies face recognition deficits in developmental prosopagnosia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/051789v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Data-Driven Phenotypic Categorization for Neurobiological Analyses: Beyond DSM-5 Labels 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/051789v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundData-driven approaches can capture behavioral and biological variation currently unaccounted for by contemporary diagnostic categories, thereby enhancing the ability of neurobiological studies to characterize brain-behavior relationships.nnMethodsA community-ascertained sample of individuals (N=347, ages 18-59) completed a battery of behavioral measures, psychiatric assessment, and resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (R-fMRI) in a cross-sectional design. Bootstrap-based exploratory factor analysis was applied to 49 phenotypic subscales from 10 measures. Hybrid Hierarchical Clustering was applied to resultant factor scores to identify nested groups. Adjacent groups were compared via independent samples t-tests and chi-square tests of factor scores, syndrome scores, and psychiatric prevalence. Multivariate Distance Matrix Regression examined functional connectome differences between adjacent groups.nnResultsReduction yielded six factors, which explained 77.8% and 65.4% of the variance in exploratory and constrained exploratory models, respectively. Hybrid Hierarchical Clustering of these 6 factors identified 2, 4, and 8 nested groups (i.e., phenotypic communities). At the highest clustering level, the algorithm differentiated functionally adaptive and maladaptive groups. At the middle clustering level, groups were separated by problem type (maladaptive groups; internalizing vs. externalizing problems) and behavioral type (adaptive groups; sensation-seeking vs. extraverted/emotionally stable). Unique phenotypic profiles were also evident at the lowest clustering level. Group comparisons exhibited significant differences in intrinsic functional connectivity at the highest clustering level in somatomotor, thalamic, basal ganglia, and limbic networks.nnConclusionsData-driven approaches for identifying homogenous subgroups, spanning typical function to dysfunction not only yielded clinically meaningful groups, but captured behavioral and neurobiological variation among healthy individuals as well.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nicholas Van Dam</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David O'Connor</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enitan T Marcelle</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erica J Ho</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard Cameron Craddock</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell H Tobe</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vilma Gabbay</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James J Hudziak</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francisco Xavier Castellanos</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett L Leventhal</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael P Milham</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/051789</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Data-Driven Phenotypic Categorization for Neurobiological Analyses: Beyond DSM-5 Labels]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/052399v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacteria regulate choanoflagellate development with lipid activators, inhibitors, and synergists 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/052399v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In choanoflagellates, the closest living relatives of animals, multicellular "rosette" development is regulated by environmental bacteria. The simplicity of this evolutionarily-relevant interaction provides an opportunity to identify the molecules and regulatory logic underpinning bacterial regulation of development. We find that the rosette-inducing bacterium Algoriphagus machipongonensis produces three structurally divergent classes of bioactive lipids that, together, activate, enhance, and inhibit rosette development in the choanoflagellate S. rosetta. One class of molecules, the lysophosphatidylethanolamines (LPEs), elicits no response on its own, but synergizes with activating sulfonolipid rosette inducing factors (RIFs) to recapitulate the full bioactivity of live Algoriphagus. LPEs, while ubiquitous in bacteria and eukaryotes, have not previously been implicated in the regulation of a host-microbe interaction. This study reveals that multiple bacterially-produced lipids converge to activate, enhance, and inhibit multicellular development in a choanoflagellate.nnSignificance StatementBacterial symbionts profoundly influence the biology of their animal hosts, yet complex interactions between animals and their resident bacteria often make it challenging to characterize the molecules and mechanisms. Simple model systems can reveal fundamental processes underlying interactions between eukaryotes and their associated microbial communities, and provide insight into how bacteria regulate animal biology. In this study we isolate and characterize bacterial molecules that regulate multicellular development in the closest living relatives of animals, the choanoflagellate. We find that multiple bacterially-derived lipids converge to activate, enhance, and inhibit choanoflagellate multicellular development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arielle Woznica</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandra M. Cantley</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christine Beemelmanns</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elizaveta Freinkman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jon Clardy</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicole King</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/052399</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacteria regulate choanoflagellate development with lipid activators, inhibitors, and synergists]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/052480v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Self-driven jamming in growing microbial populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/052480v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In natural settings, microbes tend to grow in dense populations [1-4] where they need to push against their surroundings to accommodate space for new cells. The associated contact forces play a critical role in a variety of population-level processes, including biofilm formation [5-7], the colonization of porous media [8, 9], and the invasion of biological tissues [10-12]. Although mechanical forces have been characterized at the single cell level [13-16], it remains elusive how collective pushing forces result from the combination of single cell forces. Here, we reveal a collective mechanism of confinement, which we call self-driven jamming, that promotes the build-up of large mechanical pressures in microbial populations. Microfluidic experiments on budding yeast populations in space-limited environments show that self-driven jamming arises from the gradual formation and sudden collapse of force chains driven by microbial proliferation, extending the framework of driven granular matter [17-20]. The resulting contact pressures can become large enough to slow down cell growth by delaying the cell cycle in the G1 phase and to strain or even destroy the microenvironment through crack propagation. Our results suggest that self-driven jamming and build-up of large mechanical pressures is a natural tendency of microbes growing in confined spaces, contributing to microbial pathogenesis and biofouling [21-26].
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morgan Delarue</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jörn Hartung</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carl Schreck</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pawel Gniewek</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucy Hu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephan Herminghaus</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oskar Hallatschek</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/052480</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Self-driven jamming in growing microbial populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/053405v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Excess of mutational jackpot events in growing populations due to gene surfing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/053405v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One of the hallmarks of spontaneous mutations in growing populations is the emergence of mutational jackpot events - large mutant clones arising from mutations that by chance occur early in the development of a cellular population so that their progenitors benefit from prolonged growth. Due to their sheer size, these jackpot events, first discovered by Luria and Delbruck [1], are thought to have momentous roles in short-term evolutionary processes, including the adaptation from standing variation [2-4], evolutionary rescue [5], drug resistance evolution [6-10], and the somatic evolution of genetic diseases [11, 12]. However, because the emergence of jackpot events has been understood only in uniformly growing populations [1, 10, 13], it is currently impossible to predict their impact on the evolution of many naturally structured populations. To study jackpot events in spatially structured populations, we tracked mutant clones in microbial populations using fluorescent microscopy and population sequencing. High-frequency mutations were massively enriched in microbial colonies compared to well-shaken liquid cultures, as a result of late-occurring mutations surfing at the edge of range expansions [14-16]. We provide a mathematical theory that explains the observed excess of jackpot events and predicts their role in promoting rare evolutionary outcomes. In particular, we show that resistant clones generated by surfing can become unleashed under high selection pressures, and thus represent a drug resistance hazard for high-dose drug treatments. An excess of mutational jackpot events is shown to be a general consequence of non-uniform growth and, therefore, could be relevant to the mutational load of developing biofilm communities, solid tumors and multi-cellular organisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Diana Fusco</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matti Gralka</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alex Anderson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jona Kayser</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oskar Hallatschek</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/053405</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Excess of mutational jackpot events in growing populations due to gene surfing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/053934v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Building a Web of Linked Data Resources to Advance Neuroscience Research 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/053934v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The fundamental goal of neuroscience is to understand the nervous system at all levels of description, from molecular components to behavior. The complexity of achieving this goal in neuroscience, and biomedicine in general, poses many technical and sociological challenges. Among these are the need to organize neuroscientific data, information, and knowledge to facilitate new scientific endeavors, provide credibility and visibility of research findings, and increase the efficiency of data reuse. Linked Data is a set of principles based on Web technology that can aid this process as it organizes data as an interconnected network of information. This review examines the history, practical impact, potential, and challenges of applying Linked Data principles to neuroscience.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>B Nolan Nichols</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satrajit S Ghosh</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tibor Auer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas J Grabowskith</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camille Maumet</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David Keator</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kilian Pohl</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jean-Baptiste Poline</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/053934</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Building a Web of Linked Data Resources to Advance Neuroscience Research]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/054262v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Best Practices in Data Analysis and Sharing in Neuroimaging using MRI 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/054262v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuroimaging enables rich noninvasive measurements of human brain activity, but translating such data into neuroscientific insights and clinical applications requires complex analyses and collaboration among a diverse array of researchers. The open science movement is reshaping scientific culture and addressing the challenges of transparency and reproducibility of research. To advance open science in neuroimaging the Organization for Human Brain Mapping created the Committee on Best Practice in Data Analysis and Sharing (COBIDAS), charged with creating a report that collects best practice recommendations from experts and the entire brain imaging community. The purpose of this work is to elaborate the principles of open and reproducible research for neuroimaging using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), and then distill these principles to specific research practices. Many elements of a study are so varied that practice cannot be prescribed, but for these areas we detail the information that must be reported to fully understand and potentially replicate a study. For other elements of a study, like statistical modelling where specific poor practices can be identified, and the emerging areas of data sharing and reproducibility, we detail both good practice and reporting standards. For each of seven areas of a study we provide tabular listing of over 100 items to help plan, execute, report and share research in the most transparent fashion. Whether for individual scientists, or for editors and reviewers, we hope these guidelines serve as a benchmark, to raise the standards of practice and reporting in neuroimaging using MRI.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thomas E. Nichols</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samir Das</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon B. Eickhoff</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alan C. Evans</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tristan Glatard</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael Hanke</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikolaus Kriegeskorte</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael P. Milham</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell A. Poldrack</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jean-Baptiste Poline</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erika Proal</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertrand Thirion</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David C. Van Essen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tonya White</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>B. T. Thomas Yeo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/054262</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Best Practices in Data Analysis and Sharing in Neuroimaging using MRI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/054452v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Long shelf-life streptavidin support-films suitable for electron microscopy of biological macromolecules 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/054452v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We describe a rapid and convenient method of growing streptavidin (SA) monolayer crystals directly on holey-carbon EM grids. As expected, these SA monolayer crystals retain their biotin-binding function and crystalline order through a cycle of embedding in trehalose and, later, its removal. This fact allows one to prepare, and store for later use, EM grids on which SA monolayer crystals serve as an affinity substrate for preparing specimens of biological macromolecules. In addition, we report that coating the lipid-tail side of trehalose-embedded monolayer crystals with evaporated carbon appears to improve the consistency with which well-ordered, single crystals are observed to span over entire, 2 m holes of the support films. Randomly biotinylated 70 S ribosomes are used as a test specimen to show that these support films can be used to obtain a high-resolution cryo-EM structure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bong-Gyoon Han</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zoe Watson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hannah Kang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arto Pulk</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenneth Downing</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamie Cate</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert Glaeser</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/054452</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Long shelf-life streptavidin support-films suitable for electron microscopy of biological macromolecules]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/054700v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The evolution of alternative splicing in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/054700v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alternative pre-mRNA splicing ("AS") greatly expands proteome diversity, but little is known about the evolutionary landscape of AS in Drosophila, and how it differs between embryonic and adult stages, or males and females. Here we study the transcriptome from several tissues and developmental stages in males and females from four species across the Drosophila genus. We find that 20-37% of multi-exon genes are alternatively spliced. While males generally express a larger number of genes, AS is more prevalent in females, suggesting that the sexes adopt different expression strategies for their specialized function. While the number of total genes expressed increases during early embryonic development, the proportion of expressed genes that are alternatively spliced is highest in the very early embryo, before the onset of zygotic transcription. This indicates that females deposit a diversity of isoforms into the egg, consistent with abundant AS found in ovary. Cluster analysis by gene expression levels ("GE") show mostly stage-specific clustering in embryonic samples, and tissue-specific clustering in adult tissues. Clustering embryonic stages and adult tissues based on AS profiles results in stronger species-specific clustering, and over development, samples segregate by developmental stage within species. Most sex-biased AS found in flies is due to AS in gonads, with little sex-specific splicing in somatic tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lauren Gibilisco</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi Zhou</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shivani Mahajan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doris Bachtrog</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/054700</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The evolution of alternative splicing in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/055053v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An open-hardware platform for optogenetics and photobiology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/055053v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In optogenetics, researchers use light and genetically encoded photoreceptors to control biological processes with unmatched precision. However, outside of neuroscience, the impact of optogenetics has been limited by a lack of user-friendly, flexible, accessible hardware. Here, we engineer the Light Plate Apparatus (LPA), a device that can deliver two independent 310 to 1550 nm light signals to each well of a 24-well plate with intensity control over three orders of magnitude and millisecond resolution. Signals are programmed using an intuitive web tool named Iris. All components can be purchased for under $400 and the device can be assembled and calibrated by a non-expert in one day. We use the LPA to precisely control gene expression from blue, green, and red light responsive optogenetic tools in bacteria, yeast, and mammalian cells and simplify the entrainment of cyanobacterial circadian rhythm. The LPA dramatically reduces the entry barrier to optogenetics and photobiology experiments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karl Gerhardt</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evan Olson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sebastian Castillo-Hair</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas Hartsough</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brian Landry</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Felix Ekness</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rayka Yokoo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eric Gomez</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prabha Ramakrishnan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Junghae Suh</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David Savage</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffrey Tabor</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/055053</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An open-hardware platform for optogenetics and photobiology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/059188v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scanning the Horizon: challenges and solutions for neuroimaging research 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/059188v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Functional neuroimaging techniques have transformed our ability to probe the neurobiological basis of behaviour and are increasingly being applied by the wider neuroscience community. However, concerns have recently been raised that the conclusions drawn from some human neuroimaging studies are either spurious or not generalizable. Problems such as low statistical power, flexibility in data analysis, software errors, and lack of direct replication apply to many fields, but perhaps particularly to fMRI. Here we discuss these problems, outline current and suggested best practices, and describe how we think the field should evolve to produce the most meaningful answers to neuroscientific questions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Russell Poldrack</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chris I Baker</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joke Durnez</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krzysztof Gorgolewski</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul M Matthews</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcus Munafo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas Nichols</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jean-Baptiste Poline</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edward Vul</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tal Yarkoni</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/059188</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scanning the Horizon: challenges and solutions for neuroimaging research]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/059782v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-throughput biochemical profiling reveals Cas9 off-target binding and unbinding heterogeneity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/059782v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
**. Introduction **. Introduction **. Main body **. Online Methods **. Author contributions **. Competing financial... ** References The bacterial adaptive immune system CRISPR-Cas9 has been appropriated as a versatile tool for editing genomes, controlling gene expression, and visualizing genetic loci1. To analyze Cas9s ability to bind DNA rapidly and specifically, we measured the kinetics of catalytically dead Cas9 (dCas9) interactions with a library of potential binding partners. Using a massively parallel assay of protein-DNA interactions derived from a high-throughput sequencing flow cell (HiTS-FLIP)2 and building on the established importance of protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) and seed recognition3- ...
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Evan August Boyle</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johan Oscar Lennart Andreasson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauren Mallory Chircus</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samuel Henry Sternberg</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michelle Jennifer Wu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chantal Katrin Guegler</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jennifer Anne Doudna</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>William James Greenleaf</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/059782</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-throughput biochemical profiling reveals Cas9 off-target binding and unbinding heterogeneity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/062190v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Periodic Non-Sinusoidal Activity Can Produce Cross-Frequency Coupling in Cortical Signals in the Absence of Functional Interaction Between Neural Sources 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/062190v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The analysis of cross-frequency coupling (CFC) has become popular in studies involving intracranial and scalp EEG recordings in humans. It has been argued that some cases where CFC is mathematically present may not reflect an interaction of two distinct yet functionally coupled neural sources with different frequencies. Here we provide two empirical examples from intracranial recordings where CFC can be shown to be driven by the shape of a periodic waveform rather than by a functional interaction between distinct sources. Using simulations, we also present a generalized and realistic scenario where such coupling may arise. This scenario, which we term waveform-dependent CFC, arises when sharp waveforms (e.g., cortical potentials) occur in a periodic manner throughout parts of the data. Since the waveforms are repeated periodically, they constitute a slow wave that is inherently phase-aligned with the high-frequency component carried by the same waveforms. We submit that such behavior of the data, which seems to be present in various cortical signals, cannot be interpreted as reflecting functional modulation between distinct neural sources without additional evidence. In addition, we show that even low amplitude periodic potentials that cannot be readily observed or controlled for, are sufficient for significant CFC to occur.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Edden M. Gerber</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boaz Sadeh</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew Ward</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert T. Knight</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leon Y. Deouell</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-07-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/062190</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Periodic Non-Sinusoidal Activity Can Produce Cross-Frequency Coupling in Cortical Signals in the Absence of Functional Interaction Between Neural Sources]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-07-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/063537v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Thousand Fly Genomes: An Expanded Drosophila Genome Nexus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/063537v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Drosophila Genome Nexus is a population genomic resource that provides D. melanogaster genomes from multiple sources. To facilitate comparisons across data sets, genomes are aligned using a common reference alignment pipeline which involves two rounds of mapping. Regions of residual heterozygosity, identity-by-descent, and recent population admixture are annotated to enable data filtering based on the users needs. Here, we present a significant expansion of the Drosophila Genome Nexus, which brings the current data object to a total of 1,122 wild-derived genomes. New additions include 306 previously unpublished genomes from inbred lines representing six population samples in Egypt, Ethiopia, France, and South Africa, along with another 193 genomes added from recently-published data sets. We also provide an aligned D. simulans genome to facilitate divergence comparisons. This improved resource will broaden the range of population genomic questions that can addressed from multi-population allele frequencies and haplotypes in this model species. The larger set of genomes will also enhance the discovery of functionally relevant natural variation that exists within and between populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Justin B Lack</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeremy D Lange</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alison B Tang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell B Corbett-Detig</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John E Pool</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/063537</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Thousand Fly Genomes: An Expanded Drosophila Genome Nexus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/064360v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Architectures of a lipid transport systems for the bacterial outer membrane 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/064360v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How phospholipids are trafficked between the bacterial inner and outer membranes through the intervening hydrophilic space of the periplasm is not known. Here we report that members of the mammalian cell entry (MCE) protein family form structurally diverse hexameric rings and barrels with a central channel capable of mediating lipid transport. The E. coli MCE protein, MlaD, forms a ring as part of a larger ABC transporter complex in the inner membrane, and employs a soluble lipid-binding protein to ferry lipids between MlaD and an outer membrane protein complex. In contrast, EM structures of two other E. coli MCE proteins show that YebT forms an elongated tube consisting of seven stacked MCE rings, and PqiB adopts a syringe-like architecture. Both YebT and PqiB create channels of sufficient length to span the entire periplasmic space. This work reveals diverse architectures of highly conserved protein-based channels implicated in the transport of lipids between the inner and outer membranes of bacteria and some eukaryotic organelles.nnHIGHLIGHTSO_LIMCE proteins adopt diverse architectures for transporting lipids across the bacterial periplasmnC_LIO_LICryo-EM and X-ray structures reveal how the MlaFEDB complex, along with MlaC, might shuttle lipids across the periplasmnC_LIO_LI3.9 [A] cryo-EM structure of PqiB reveals a syringe-like architecture with a continuous central channelnC_LIO_LIYebT forms a a segmented tube-like structure, and YebT and PqiB are poised to directly link the inner and outer membranes to facilitate lipid transport.nC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Damian C Ekiert</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gira Bhabha</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrett Greenan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sergey Ovchinnikov</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffery S Cox</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ronald D Vale</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/064360</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Architectures of a lipid transport systems for the bacterial outer membrane]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/064824v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas9 mediated mutagenesis of a DMR6 ortholog in tomato confers broad-spectrum disease resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/064824v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pathogenic microbes are responsible for severe production losses in crops worldwide. The use of disease resistant crop varieties can be a sustainable approach to meet the food demand of the worlds growing population. However, classical plant breeding is usually laborious and time-consuming, thus hampering efficient improvement of many crops. With the advent of genome editing technologies, in particular the CRISPR-Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-Cas9) system, we are now able to introduce improved crop traits in a rapid and efficient manner. In this work, we genome edited durable disease resistance in tomato by modifying a specific gene associated with disease resistance. Recently, it was demonstrated that inactivation of a single gene called DMR6 (downy mildew resistance 6) confers resistance to several pathogens in Arabidopsis thaliana. This gene is specifically up-regulated during pathogen infection, and mutations in the dmr6 gene results in increased salicylic acid levels. The tomato SlDMR6-1 orthologue Solyc03g080190 is also up-regulated during infection by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato and Phytophthora capsici. Using the CRISPR-Cas9 system, we generated tomato plants with small deletions in the SlDMR6-1 gene that result in frameshift and premature truncation of the protein. Remarkably, these mutants do not have significant detrimental effects in terms of growth and development under greenhouse conditions and show disease resistance against different pathogens, including P. syringae, P. capsici and Xanthomonas spp.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Daniela Paula de Toledo Thomazella</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinton Brail</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglas Dahlbeck</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brian J Staskawicz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/064824</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CRISPR-Cas9 mediated mutagenesis of a DMR6 ortholog in tomato confers broad-spectrum disease resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/068742v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNase H enables efficient repair of R-loop induced DNA damage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/068742v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
R-loops, three-stranded structures that form when transcripts hybridize to chromosomal DNA, are potent agents of genome instability. This instability has been explained by the ability of R-loops to induce DNA damage. Here, we show that persistent R-loops also compromise DNA repair. Depleting endogenous RNase H activity impairs R-loop removal in budding yeast, causing DNA damage that occurs preferentially in the repetitive ribosomal DNA locus (rDNA). We analyzed the repair kinetics of this damage and identified mutants that modulate repair. Our results indicate that persistent R-loops in the rDNA induce damage that is slowly repaired by break-induced replication (BIR). Furthermore, R-loop induced BIR at the rDNA leads to lethal repair intermediates when RNA polymerase I elongation is compromised. We present a model to explain how removal of R-loops by RNase H is critical in ensuring the efficient repair of R-loop induced DNA damage by pathways other than BIR.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jeremy D. Amon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglas Koshland</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-08-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/068742</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNase H enables efficient repair of R-loop induced DNA damage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-08-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/069294v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A functional analysis of the contribution of climatic niche divergence to adaptive radiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/069294v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Elucidating how ecological and evolutionary mechanisms interact to produce and maintain biodiversity is a fundamental problem in evolutionary ecology. We investigate this issue by focusing on how physiological evolution affects performance and species coexistence along the thermal niche axis in replicated radiations of Anolis lizards, groups best known for resource partitioning based on morphological divergence. We find repeated divergence in thermal physiology within these radiations, and that this divergence significantly affects performance within natural thermal environments. Morphologically similar species that co-occur invariably differ in their thermal physiology, providing evidence that physiological divergence facilitates species co-existence within anole communities. Despite repeated divergence in traits of demonstrable ecological importance, phylogenetic comparative analyses indicate that physiological traits have evolved more slowly than key morphological traits related to the structural niche. Phylogenetic analyses also reveal that physiological divergence is correlated with divergence in broad-scale habitat climatic features commonly used to estimate thermal niche evolution, but that the latter incompletely predicts variation in the former. We provide comprehensive evidence for repeated adaptive evolution of physiological divergence within Anolis adaptive radiations, including the complementary roles of physiological and morphological divergence in promoting community-level diversity. We recommend greater integration of performance-based traits into analyses of climatic niche evolution, as they facilitate a more complete understanding of the phenotypic and ecological consequences of climatic divergence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alex R Gunderson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D. Luke Mahler</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manuel Leal</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/069294</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A functional analysis of the contribution of climatic niche divergence to adaptive radiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/069542v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Systems-Level Model Reveals That 1,2-Propanediol Utilization Microcompartments Enhance Pathway Flux Through Intermediate Sequestration. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/069542v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The spatial organization of metabolism is common to all domains of life. Enteric and other bacteria use subcellular organelles known as bacterial microcompartments to spatially organize the metabolism of pathogenicity-relevant carbon sources, such as 1,2-propanediol. The organelles are thought to sequester a private cofactor pool, minimize the effects of toxic intermediates, and enhance flux through the encapsulated metabolic pathways. We develop a mathematical model of the function of the 1,2-propanediol utilization microcompartment of Salmonella enterica and use it to analyze the function of the microcompartment organelles in detail. Our model makes accurate predictions of doubling times based on an optimized compartment shell permeability determined by maximizing metabolic flux in the model. The compartments function primarily to decouple cytosolic intermediate concentrations from the concentrations in the microcompartment, allowing significant enhancement in pathway flux by the generation of large concentration gradients across the microcompartment shell. We find that selective permeability of the microcompartment shell is not absolutely necessary, but is often beneficial in establishing this intermediate-trapping function. Our findings also implicate active transport of the 1,2-propanediol substrate under conditions of low external substrate concentration, and we present a mathematical bound, in terms of external 1,2-proanediol substrate concentration and diffusive rates, on when active transport of the substrate is advantageous. By allowing us to predict experimentally inaccessible aspects of microcompartment function, such as intra-microcompartment metabolite concentrations, our model presents avenues for future research and underscores the importance of carefully considering changes in external metabolite concentrations and other conditions during batch cultures. Our results also suggest that the encapsulation of heterologous pathways in bacterial microcompartments might yield significant benefits for pathway flux, as well as for toxicity mitigation.nnAuthor SummaryMany bacterial species, such as Salmonella enterica (responsible for over 1 million illnesses per year in the United States) and Yersinia pestis (the causative agent of bubonic plague), have a suite of unique metabolic capabilities allowing them to proliferate in the hostile environment of the host gut. Bacterial microcompartments are the subcellular organelles that contain the enzymes responsible for these special metabolic pathways. In this study, we use a mathematical model to explore the possible reasons why Salmonella enclose the 1,2-propanediol utilization metabolic pathway within these sophisticated organelle structures. Using our model, we can examine experimentally inaccessible aspects of the system and make predictions to be tested in future experiments. The metabolic benefits that bacteria gain from the microcompartment system may also prove helpful in enhancing bacterial production of fuels, pharmaceuticals, and specialty chemicals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Christopher M Jakobson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marilyn F. Slininger</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danielle Tullman-Ercek</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niall M. Mangan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/069542</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Systems-Level Model Reveals That 1,2-Propanediol Utilization Microcompartments Enhance Pathway Flux Through Intermediate Sequestration.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/071043v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CH···O Interactions Are Not the Cause of Trends in Reactivity and Secondary Kinetic Isotope Effects for Enzymatic SN2 Methyl Transfer Reactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/071043v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Compaction mattersSN2 substitution represents an important class of reaction for both chemical and biological systems. The ability to assess enzymatic transition state structure within this class of reaction remains a major experimental challenge. Here, we comment on and compare the relative impact of compaction along the axis of reaction to the impact of an orthogonal CH{middle dot}{middle dot}{middle dot}O hydrogen bonding interaction. The latter is concluded to play a limited role in determining relative reaction rates and secondary KIEs derived from experimental structure-activity correlations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jianyu Zhang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Judith P. Klinman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/071043</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CH···O Interactions Are Not the Cause of Trends in Reactivity and Secondary Kinetic Isotope Effects for Enzymatic SN2 Methyl Transfer Reactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/071233v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ohana, a tool set for population genetic analyses of admixture components 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/071233v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationStructure methods are highly used population genetic methods for classifying individuals in a sample fractionally into discrete ancestry components.nnContributionWe introduce a new optimization algorithm of the classical Structure model in a maximum likelihood framework. Using analyses of real data we show that the new optimization algorithm finds higher likelihood values than the state-of-the-art method in the same computational time. We also present a new method for estimating population trees from ancestry components using a Gaussian approximation. Using coalescence simulations modeling populations evolving in a tree-like fashion, we explore the adequacy of the Structure model and the Gaussian assumption for identifying ancestry components correctly and for inferring the correct tree. In most cases, ancestry components are inferred correctly, although sample sizes and times since admixture can influence the inferences. Similarly, the popular Gaussian approximation tends to perform poorly when branch lengths are long, although the tree topology is correctly inferred in all scenarios explored. The new methods are implemented together with appropriate visualization tools in the computer package Ohana.nnAvailabilityOhana is publicly available at https://github.com/jade-cheng/ohana. Besides its source code and installation instructions, we also provide example workflows in the project wiki site.nnContactjade.cheng@birc.au.dk
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jade Yu Cheng</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas Mailund</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasmus Nielsen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/071233</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ohana, a tool set for population genetic analyses of admixture components]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/073320v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Range stability predicts lineage persistence in a morphologically cryptic ground squirrel species complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/073320v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The processes responsible for patterns of cytonuclear discordance remain unclear. Here, we employ an exon capture dataset, demographic methods, and species distribution modeling to elucidate the impact of historical demography on patterns of genealogical concordance and discordance in ground squirrel lineages from the Otospermophilus beecheyi species complex. Previous studies in O. beecheyi revealed three morphologically cryptic and highly divergent mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) lineages (named the Northern, Central, and Southern lineages based on geography) with only the Northern lineage exhibiting concordant divergence in nuclear markers. We show that these mtDNA lineages likely formed in allopatry during the Pleistocene, but responded differentially to climatic changes that occurred since the last interglacial ([~]120,000 years ago). We find that the Northern lineage maintained a stable range throughout this period, correlating with genetic distinctiveness among all genetic markers and low migration rates between the other lineages. In contrast, our results support a scenario where the Southern lineage expanded from Baja California Sur during the Late Pleistocene and hybridized with the Central lineage, eventually driving the Central lineage to extinction. While high intraspecific gene flow among newly colonized populations eroded significant signals of Central ancestry from autosomal markers, male sex-biased dispersal in this system preserved signals of this past hybridization and introgression event in matrilineal-biased X-chromosome and mtDNA markers. Our results highlight the importance of range stability in maintaining the persistence of phylogeographic lineages, whereas unstable range dynamics can increase the tendency for lineages to interact and collapse upon secondary contact.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mark A Phuong</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ke Bi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craig Moritz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/073320</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Range stability predicts lineage persistence in a morphologically cryptic ground squirrel species complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/073866v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
mTORC1 controls cytoplasmic crowding by regulating ribosome concentration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/073866v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Summary (Abstract)Macromolecular crowding has a profound impact on reaction rates and the physical properties of the cell interior, but the mechanisms that regulate crowding are poorly understood. We developed Genetically Encoded Multimeric nanoparticles (GEMs) to dissect these mechanisms. GEMs are homomultimeric scaffolds fused to a fluorescent protein. GEMs self-assemble into bright, stable fluorescent particles of defined size and shape. By combining tracking of GEMs with genetic and pharmacological approaches, we discovered that the mTORC1 pathway can tune the effective diffusion coefficient of macromolecules [&ge;]15 nm in diameter more than 2-fold without any discernable effect on the motion of molecules [&ge;]5 nm. These mTORCI-dependent changes in crowding and rheology affect phase-separation both in vitro and in vivo. Together, these results establish a role for mTORCI in controlling both the biophysical properties of the cytoplasm and the phase-separation of biopolymers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Delarue, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brittingham, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Surovtsev, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groves, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs-Wagner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holt, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/073866</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[mTORC1 controls cytoplasmic crowding by regulating ribosome concentration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/075333v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuroplasticity of language in left-hemisphere stroke: evidence linking subsecond electrophysiology and structural connections 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/075333v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our understanding of neuroplasticity following stroke is predominantly based on neuroimaging measures that cannot address the subsecond neurodynamics of impaired language processing. We combined behavioral and electrophysiological measures and structural-connectivity estimates to characterize neuroplasticity underlying successful compensation of language abilities after left-hemispheric stroke. We recorded the electroencephalogram from patients with stroke lesions to the left temporal lobe and matched controls during context-driven word retrieval. Participants heard lead-in sentences that either constrained the final word ("He locked the door with the") or not ("She walked in here with the"). The last word was shown as a picture to be named. We conducted individual-participant analyses and focused on oscillatory power as a subsecond indicator of a brain region's functional neurophysiological computations. All participants named pictures faster following constrained than unconstrained sentences, except for two patients, who had extensive damage to the left temporal lobe. Left-lateralized alpha-beta oscillatory power decreased in controls pre-picture presentation for constrained relative to unconstrained contexts. In patients, the alpha-beta power decreases were observed with the same time course as in controls but were lateralized to the intact right hemisphere. The right lateralization depended on the probability of white-matter connections between the bilateral temporal lobes. The two patients who performed poorly behaviorally showed no alpha-beta power decreases. Our findings suggest that incorporating direct measures of neural activity into investigations of neuroplasticity can provide important neural markers to help predict language recovery, assess the progress of neurorehabilitation, and delineate targets for therapeutic neuromodulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vitoria Piai</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lars Meyer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nina F Dronkers</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert T Knight</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/075333</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuroplasticity of language in left-hemisphere stroke: evidence linking subsecond electrophysiology and structural connections]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/075861v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiple factors influence population sex ratios in the Mojave Desert moss Syntrichia caninervis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/075861v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIPremise of research: Natural populations of many mosses appear highly female-biased based on the presence of reproductive structures. This bias could be caused by increased male mortality, lower male growth rate, or a higher threshold for achieving sexual maturity in males. Here we test these hypotheses using samples from two populations of the Mojave Desert moss Syntrichia caninervis.nC_LIO_LIMethods: We used double digest restriction-site associated DNA (RAD) sequencing to identify candidate sex-associated loci in a panel of sex-expressing plants. Next, we used putative sex-associated markers to identify the sex of individuals without sex structures.nC_LIO_LIKey results: We found an 18:1 phenotypic female: male sex ratio in the higher elevation site (Wrightwood), and no sex expression at the low elevation site (Phelan). In contrast, based on genetic data we found a 2:1 female bias in the Wrightwood site and only females in the Phelan site. The area occupied by male and female genets was indistinguishable.nC_LIO_LIConclusions: These data suggest that both differential mortality and sexual dimorphism in thresholds for sex expression likely contribute to population genetic and phenotypic sex ratio biases, and that phenotypic sex expression alone fails to capture the extent of actual sex ratio bias present in natural populations of S. caninervis.nC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jenna T. Baughman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adam C. Payton</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amber E. Paasch</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirsten M. Fisher</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stuart F. McDaniel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/075861</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiple factors influence population sex ratios in the Mojave Desert moss Syntrichia caninervis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/076364v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ATP homeostasis underlies optimal glucose consumption by Saccharomyces cerevisiae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/076364v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glycolysis is central to energy metabolism in most organisms, and is highly regulated to enable optimal growth. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, feedback mechanisms that control flux through glycolysis span transcriptional control to metabolite levels in the cell. Using a cellobiose consumption pathway, we decoupled glucose sensing from carbon utilization, revealing new modular layers of control that induce ATP consumption to drive rapid carbon fermentation. Alterations of the beta subunit of phosphofructokinase (PFK2), H+-plasma membrane ATPase (PMA1), and glucose sensors (SNF3, RGT2) revealed the importance of coupling extracellular glucose sensing to manage ATP levels in the cell. Controlling the upper bound of cellular ATP levels may be a general mechanism used to regulate energy levels in cells, via a regulatory network that can be uncoupled from ATP concentrations under perceived starvation conditions.nnImportanceLiving cells are fine-tuned through evolution to thrive in their native environments. Genome alterations to create organisms for specific biotechnological applications may result in unexpected and undesired phenotypes. We used a minimal synthetic biological system in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a platform to reveal novel connections between carbon sensing, starvation conditions and energy homeostasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kulika Chomvong</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel Benjamin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dan Nomura</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamie Cate</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/076364</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ATP homeostasis underlies optimal glucose consumption by Saccharomyces cerevisiae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/077545v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Electrochemistry Study of Cryoelectrolysis in Frozen Physiological Saline 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/077545v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This is the first quantitative study on the fundamental physical and electrochemical processes that occur during cryoelectrolysis. Cryoelectrolysis is a new minimally invasive tissue ablation surgical technique that combines the processes of electrolysis and solid/liquid phase transformation (freezing). We measured the pH front propagation and the changes in resistance in a tissue simulant made of physiological saline gel with a pH dye as a function of the sample temperature in the high subzero range above the eutectic. Results demonstrate that effective electrolysis can occur in a high subzero freezing milieu and that the propagation of the pH front is only weakly dependent on temperature. These observations are consistent with a mechanism involving ionic movement through the concentrated saline solution channels between ice crystals at subfreezing temperatures above the eutectic. The Joule heating in these microchannel may cause local microscopic melting, the observed weak dependence of pH front propagation on temperature, and the large changes in resistance with time. In addition, we observed that the pH front propagation from the anode is more rapid than from the cathode. The explanation is the electro-osmotic flow from the cathode to the anode. The findings in this paper may be of fundamental value for designing future cryoelectrolytic ablation surgery protocols.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thomas J. Manuel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pujita Munnangi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boris Rubinsky</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/077545</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Electrochemistry Study of Cryoelectrolysis in Frozen Physiological Saline]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/079350v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reproducibility and replicability of rodent phenotyping in preclinical studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/079350v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The scientific community is increasingly concerned with cases of published "discoveries" that are not replicated in further studies. The field of mouse behavioral phenotyping was one of the first to raise this concern, and to relate it to other complicated methodological issues: the complex interaction between genotype and environment; the definitions of behavioral constructs; and the use of the mouse as a model animal for human health and disease mechanisms. In January 2015, researchers from various disciplines including genetics, behavior genetics, neuroscience, ethology, statistics and bioinformatics gathered in Tel Aviv University to discuss these issues. The general consent presented here was that the issue is prevalent and of concern, and should be addressed at the statistical, methodological and policy levels, but is not so severe as to call into question the validity and the usefulness of model organisms as a whole. Well-organized community efforts, coupled with improved data and metadata sharing, were agreed by all to have a key role to play in identifying specific problems and promoting effective solutions. As replicability is related to validity and may also affect generalizability and translation of findings, the implications of the present discussion reach far beyond the issue of replicability of mouse phenotypes but may be highly relevant throughout biomedical research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Neri Kafkafi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph Agassi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elissa J Chesler</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John C Crabbe</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wim E Crusio</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David Eilam</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert Gerlai</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilan Golani</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alex Gomez-Marin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruth Heller</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuad Iraqi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iman Jaljuli</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natasha A Karp</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hugh Morgan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George Nicholson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donald W Pfaff</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helene S Richter</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philip B Stark</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliver Stiedl</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Victoria Stodden</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lisa M Tarantino</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valter Tucci</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>William Valdar</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert W Williams</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanno Wurbel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoav Benjamini</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/079350</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reproducibility and replicability of rodent phenotyping in preclinical studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/079764v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
QTL-guided metabolic engineering of a complex trait 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/079764v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Engineering complex phenotypes for industrial and synthetic biology applications is difficult and often confounds rational design. Bioethanol production from lignocellulosic feedstocks is a complex trait that requires multiple host systems to utilize, detoxify, and metabolize a mixture of sugars and inhibitors present in plant hydrolysates. Here, we demonstrate an integrated approach to discovering and optimizing host factors that impact fitness of Saccharomyces cerevisiae during fermentation of a Miscanthus x giganteus plant hydrolysate. We first used high-resolution Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) mapping and systematic Bulk Reciprocal Hemizygosity analysis (bRHA) to discover 17 loci that differentiate hydrolysate tolerance between an industrially related (JAY291) and a laboratory (S288C) strain. We then used this data to identify a subset of favorable allelic loci that were most amenable for strain engineering. Guided by this "genetic blueprint", and using a dual-guide Cas9-based method to efficiently perform multi-kilobase locus replacements, we engineered an S288C strain with superior hydrolysate tolerance than JAY291. Our methods should be generalizable to engineering any complex trait in S. cerevisiae, as well as other organisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matthew J Maurer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawrence Sutardja</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominic Pinel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefan Bauer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amanda L Muehlbauer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyler D Ames</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffrey M Skerker</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adam P Arkin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/079764</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[QTL-guided metabolic engineering of a complex trait]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/081786v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SWALO: scaffolding with assembly likelihood optimization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/081786v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Scaffolding i.e. ordering and orienting contigs is an important step in genome assembly. We present a method for scaffolding based on likelihoods of genome assemblies. Generative models for sequencing are used to obtain maximum likelihood estimates of gaps between contigs and to estimate whether linking contigs into scaffolds would lead to an increase in the likelihood of the assembly. We then link contigs if they can be unambiguously joined or if the corresponding increase in likelihood is substantially greater than that of other possible joins of those contigs. The method is implemented in a tool called SO_SCPLOWWALOC_SCPLOW with approximations to make it efficient and applicable to large datasets. Analysis on real and simulated datasets reveals that it consistently makes more or similar number of correct joins as other scaffolders while linking very few contigs incorrectly, thus outperforming other scaffolders and demonstrating that substantial improvement in genome assembly may be achieved through the use of statistical models. SO_SCPLOWWALOC_SCPLOW is freely available for download at https://atifrahman.github.io/SWALO/.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rahman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pachter, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/081786</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SWALO: scaffolding with assembly likelihood optimization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/083725v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A simple molecular mechanism explains multiple patterns of cell-size regulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/083725v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Increasingly accurate and massive data have recently shed light on the fundamental question of how cells maintain a stable size trajectory as they progress through the cell cycle. Microbes seem to use strategies ranging from a pure sizer, where the end of a given phase is triggered when the cell reaches a critical size, to pure adder, where the cell adds a constant size during a phase. Yet the biological origins of the observed spectrum of behavior remain elusive. We analyze a molecular size-control mechanism, based on experimental data from the yeast S. cerevisiae, that gives rise to behaviors smoothly interpolating between adder and sizer. The size-control is obtained from the titration of a repressor protein by an activator protein that accumulates more rapidly with increasing cell size. Strikingly, the size-control is composed of two different regimes: for small initial cell size, the size-control is a sizer, whereas for larger initial cell size, is is an imperfect adder. Our model thus indicates that the adder and critical size behaviors may just be different dynamical regimes of a single simple biophysical mechanism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Delarue, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallatschek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/083725</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A simple molecular mechanism explains multiple patterns of cell-size regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/084459v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Minimal-assumption inference from population-genomic data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/084459v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Samples of multiple complete genome sequences contain vast amounts of information about the evolutionary history of populations, much of it in the associations among polymorphisms at different loci. Current methods that take advantage of this linkage information rely on models of recombination and coalescence, limiting the sample sizes and populations that they can analyze. We introduce a method, Minimal-Assumption Genomic Inference of Coalescence (MAGIC), that reconstructs key features of the evolutionary history, including the distribution of coalescence times, by integrating information across genomic length scales without using an explicit model of recombination, demography or selection. Using simulated data, we show that MAGICs performance is comparable to PSMC on single diploid samples generated with standard coalescent and recombination models. More importantly, MAGIC can also analyze arbitrarily large samples and is robust to changes in the coalescent and recombination processes. Using MAGIC, we show that the inferred coalescence time histories of samples of multiple human genomes exhibit inconsistencies with a description in terms of an effective population size based on single-genome data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weissman, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallatschek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/084459</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Minimal-assumption inference from population-genomic data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/085670v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impaired lexical selection with competing distractors: Evidence from left temporal and left prefrontal lesions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/085670v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
According to the competition account of lexical selection in word production, conceptually driven word retrieval involves the activation of a set of candidate words in left temporal cortex, and competitive selection of the intended word from this set, regulated by frontal cortical mechanisms. However, the relative contribution of these brain regions to competitive lexical selection is uncertain. In the present study, five patients with left prefrontal cortex lesions (overlapping in ventral and dorsal lateral cortex), eight patients with left lateral temporal cortex lesions (overlapping in middle temporal gyrus), and 13 matched controls performed a picture-word interference task. Distractor words were semantically related or unrelated to the picture, or the name of the picture (congruent condition). Semantic interference (related vs unrelated), tapping into competitive lexical selection, was examined. An overall semantic interference effect was observed for the control and left-temporal groups separately. The left-frontal patients did not show a reliable semantic interference effect as a group. The left-temporal patients had increased semantic interference in the error rates relative to controls. Error distribution analyses indicated that these patients had more hesitant responses for the related than for the unrelated condition. We propose that left middle temporal lesions affect the lexical activation component, making lexical selection more susceptible to errors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Piai, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/085670</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impaired lexical selection with competing distractors: Evidence from left temporal and left prefrontal lesions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/086819v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inactivation of thermogenic UCP1 as a historical contingency in multiple placental mammal clades 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/086819v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) is essential for non-shivering thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue and is widely accepted to have played a key thermoregulatory role in small-bodied and neonatal placental mammals that enabled the exploitation of cold environments. Here we map ucp1 sequences from 133 mammals onto a species tree constructed from a [~]51-kb sequence alignment and show that inactivating mutations have occurred in at least eight of the 18 traditional placental orders, thereby challenging the physiological importance of UCP1 across Placentalia. Selection and timetree analyses further reveal that ucp1 inactivations temporally correspond with strong secondary reductions in metabolic intensity in xenarthrans and pangolins, or in six other lineages coincided with a [~]30 million year episode of global cooling in the Paleogene that promoted sharp increases in body mass and cladogenesis evident in the fossil record. Our findings also demonstrate that members of various lineages (e.g., cetaceans, horses, woolly mammoths, Stellers sea cows) evolved extreme cold hardiness in the absence of UCP1-mediated thermogenesis. Finally, we identify ucp1 inactivation as a historical contingency that is linked to the current low species diversity of clades lacking functional UCP1, thus providing the first evidence for species selection related to the presence or absence of a single gene product.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gaudry, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jastroch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Treberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofreiter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paijmans, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Starett, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wales, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Signore, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Springer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/086819</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inactivation of thermogenic UCP1 as a historical contingency in multiple placental mammal clades]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/087304v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Statistical properties of simple random-effects models for genetic heritability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/087304v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Random-effects models are a popular tool for analysing total narrow-sense heritability for simple quantitative phenotypes on the basis of large-scale SNP data. Recently, there have been disputes over the validity of conclusions that may be drawn from such analysis. We derive some of the fundamental statistical properties of heritability estimates arising from these models, showing that the bias will generally be small. We show that that the score function may be manipulated into a form that facilitates intelligible interpretations of the results. We use this score function to explore the behavior of the model when certain key assumptions of the model are not satisfied -- shared environment, measurement error, and genetic effects that are confined to a small subset of sites -- as well as to elucidate the meaning of negative heritability estimates that may arise.nnThe variance and bias depend crucially on the variance of certain functionals of the singular values of the genotype matrix. A useful baseline is the singular value distribution associated with genotypes that are completely independent -- that is, with no linkage and no relatedness -- for a given number of individuals and sites. We calculate the corresponding variance and bias for this setting.nnMSC 2010 subject classifications: Primary 92D10; secondary 62P10; 62F10; 60B20.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steinsaltz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahl, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wachter, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/087304</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Statistical properties of simple random-effects models for genetic heritability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/087486v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Time-resolved proteomics vs. ribosome profiling reveals translation dynamics under stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/087486v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many small molecule chemotherapeutics induce stresses that globally inhibit mRNA translation, remodeling the cancer proteome and governing response to treatment. Here we measured protein synthesis in multiple myeloma cells treated with low-dose bortezomib by coupling pulsed-SILAC (pSILAC) with high-accuracy targeted quantitative proteomics. We found that direct measurement of protein synthesis by pSILAC correlated well with the indirect measurement of protein synthesis by ribosome profiling under conditions of robust translation. By developing a statistical model integrating longitudinal proteomic and mRNA-seq measurements, we found that proteomics could directly detect global alterations in translational rate as a function of therapy-induced stress after prolonged bortezomib exposure. Finally, the model we develop here, in combination with our experimental data including both protein synthesis and degradation, predicts changes in proteome remodeling under a variety of cellular perturbations. pSILAC therefore provides an important complement to ribosome profiling in directly measuring proteome dynamics under conditions of cellular stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, T.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wells, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiita, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/087486</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Time-resolved proteomics vs. ribosome profiling reveals translation dynamics under stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/088021v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Persistent neural activity encoding real-time presence of visual stimuli decays along the ventral stream 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/088021v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural populations that encode sensory experience should be persistently active for as long as the experience persists. However, research into visual neural activity has focused almost exclusively on onset-driven responses that cannot account for sustained perception. We used intracranial recordings in humans to determine the degree to which the presence of a visual stimulus is persistently encoded by neural activity. The correspondence between stimulus duration and response duration was strongest in early visual cortex and gradually diminished along the visual hierarchy, such that is was weakest in inferior-temporal category-selective regions. A similar posterior-anterior gradient was found within inferior temporal face-selective regions, with posterior but not anterior sites showing persistent face-selective activity. The results suggest that regions that appear uniform in terms of their category selectivity are dissociated by how they temporally represent a stimulus in support of real-time experience, and delineate a large-scale organizing principle of the ventral visual stream.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gerber, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deouell, L. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/088021</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Persistent neural activity encoding real-time presence of visual stimuli decays along the ventral stream]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/089615v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Semantics of Adjective Noun Phrases in the Human Brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/089615v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As a person reads, the brain performs complex operations to create higher order semantic representations from individual words. While these steps are effortless for competent readers, we are only beginning to understand how the brain performs these actions. Here, we explore semantic composition using magnetoencephalography (MEG) recordings of people reading adjective-noun phrases presented one word at a time. We track the neural representation of semantic information over time, through different brain regions. Our results reveal two novel findings: 1) a neural representation of the adjective is present during noun presentation, but this neural representation is different from that observed during adjective presentation 2) the neural representation of adjective semantics observed during adjective reading is reactivated after phrase reading, with remarkable consistency. We also note that while the semantic representation of the adjective during the reading of the adjective is very distributed, the later representations are concentrated largely to temporal and frontal areas previously associated with composition. Taken together, these results paint a picture of information flow in the brain as phrases are read and understood.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fyshe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sudre, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wehbe, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rafidi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/089615</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Semantics of Adjective Noun Phrases in the Human Brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/090837v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification and quantitative analysis of the major determinants of translation elongation rate variation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/090837v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Previous studies have shown that translation elongation is regulated by multiple factors, but the observed heterogeneity remains only partially explained. To dissect quantitatively the different determinants of elongation speed, we use probabilistic modeling to estimate initiation and local elongation rates from ribosome profiling data. This model-based approach allows us to quantify the extent of interference between ribosomes on the same transcript. We show that neither interference nor the distribution of slow codons is sufficient to explain the observed heterogeneity. Instead, we find that electrostatic interactions between the ribosomal exit tunnel and specific parts of the nascent polypeptide govern the elongation rate variation as the polypeptide makes its initial pass through the tunnel. Once the N-terminus has escaped the tunnel, the hydropathy of the nascent polypeptide within the ribosome plays a major role in modulating the speed. We show that our results are consistent with the biophysical properties of the tunnel.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dao Duc, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/090837</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification and quantitative analysis of the major determinants of translation elongation rate variation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/091843v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovery of an autoimmunity-associated IL2RA enhancer by unbiased targeting of transcriptional activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/091843v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The majority of genetic variants associated with common human diseases map to enhancers, non-coding elements that shape cell type-specific transcriptional programs and responses to specific extracellular cues 1-3. In order to understand the mechanisms by which non-coding genetic variation contributes to disease, systematic mapping of functional enhancers and their biological contexts is required. Here, we develop an unbiased discovery platform that can identify enhancers for a target gene without prior knowledge of their native functional context. We used tiled CRISPR activation (CRISPRa) to synthetically recruit transcription factors to sites across large genomic regions (>100 kilobases) surrounding two key autoimmunity risk loci, CD69 and IL2RA (interleukin-2 receptor alpha; CD25). We identified several CRISPRa responsive elements (CaREs) with stimulation-dependent enhancer activity, including an IL2RA enhancer that harbors an autoimmunity risk variant. Using engineered mouse models and genome editing of human primary T cells, we found that sequence perturbation of the disease-associated IL2RA enhancer does not block IL2RA expression, but rather delays the timing of gene activation in response to specific extracellular signals. This work develops an approach to rapidly identify functional enhancers within non-coding regions, decodes a key human autoimmunity association, and suggests a general mechanism by which genetic variation can cause immune dysfunction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Simeonov, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gowen, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boontanrart, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gate, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramaniam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woo, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitros, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bray, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curie, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naddaf, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Gool, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schumann, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daly, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fahr, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bluestone, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corn, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/091843</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovery of an autoimmunity-associated IL2RA enhancer by unbiased targeting of transcriptional activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/092213v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Resource for Assessing Information Processing in the Developing Brain Using EEG and Eye Tracking 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/092213v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present a dataset combining electrophysiology and eye tracking intended as a resource for the investigation of information processing in the developing brain. The dataset includes high-density task-based and task-free EEG, eye tracking, and cognitive and behavioral data collected from 126 individuals (ages: 6-44). The task battery spans both the simple/complex and passive/active dimensions to cover a range of approaches prevalent in modern cognitive neuroscience. The active task paradigms facilitate principled deconstruction of core components of task performance in the developing brain, whereas the passive paradigms permit the examination of intrinsic functional network activity during varying amounts of external stimulation. Alongside these neurophysiological data, we include an abbreviated cognitive test battery and questionnaire-based measures of psychiatric functioning. We hope that this dataset will lead to the development of novel assays of neural processes fundamental to information processing, which can be used to index healthy brain development as well as detect pathologic processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Langer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jozanovic, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcelle, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parra, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milham, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/092213</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Resource for Assessing Information Processing in the Developing Brain Using EEG and Eye Tracking]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/095349v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Shared activity patterns arising at genetic susceptibility loci reveal underlying genomic and cellular architecture of human disease. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/095349v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic variants underlying complex traits, including disease susceptibility, are enriched within the transcriptional regulatory elements, promoters and enhancers. There is emerging evidence that regulatory elements associated with particular traits or diseases share patterns of transcriptional regulation. Accordingly, shared transcriptional regulation (coexpression) may help prioritise loci associated with a given trait, and help to identify the biological processes underlying it. Using cap analysis of gene expression (CAGE) profiles of promoter and enhancer-derived RNAs across 1824 human samples, we have quantified coexpression of RNAs originating from trait-associated regulatory regions using a novel analytical method (network density analysis; NDA). For most traits studied, sequence variants in regulatory regions were linked to tightly coexpressed networks that are likely to share important functional characteristics. These networks implicate particular cell types and tissues in disease pathogenesis; for example, variants associated with ulcerative colitis are linked to expression in gut tissue, whereas Crohns disease variants are restricted to immune cells. We show that this coexpression signal provides additional independent information for fine mapping likely causative variants. This approach identifies additional genetic variants associated with specific traits, including an association between the regulation of the OCT1 cation transporter and genetic variants underlying circulating cholesterol levels. This approach enables a deeper biological understanding of the causal basis of complex traits.nnONE SENTENCE SUMMARYWe discover that variants associated with a specific disease share expression profiles across tissues and cell types, enabling fine mapping and identification of new disease-associated variants, illuminating key cell types involved in disease pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baillie, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bretherick, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haley, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clohisey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barret, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stahl, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tenesa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faulkner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lizio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaefer, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daub, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itoh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kondo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lassmann, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>IIBDGC Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>FANTOM5 Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bajic, V. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heutink, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rehli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawaji, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandelin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satsangi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wells, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nir, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freeman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayashizaki, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carninci, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forrest, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hume, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/095349</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Shared activity patterns arising at genetic susceptibility loci reveal underlying genomic and cellular architecture of human disease.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/095802v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeted degradation of CTCF decouples local insulation of chromosome domains from higher-order genomic compartmentalization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/095802v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The molecular mechanisms underlying folding of mammalian chromosomes remain poorly understood. The transcription factor CTCF is a candidate regulator of chromosomal structure. Using the auxin-inducible degron system in mouse embryonic stem cells, we show that CTCF is absolutely and dose-dependently required for looping between CTCF target sites and segmental organization into topologically associating domains (TADs). Restoring CTCF reinstates proper architecture on altered chromosomes, indicating a powerful instructive function for CTCF in chromatin folding, and CTCF remains essential for TAD organization in non-dividing cells. Surprisingly, active and inactive genome compartments remain properly segregated upon CTCF depletion, revealing that compartmentalization of mammalian chromosomes emerges independently of proper insulation of TADs. Further, our data supports that CTCF mediates transcriptional insulator function through enhancer-blocking but not direct chromatin barrier activity. These results define the functions of CTCF in chromosome folding, and provide new fundamental insights into the rules governing mammalian genome organization.nnnnO_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=178 SRC="FIGDIR/small/095802_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">nView larger version (49K):norg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@79c6c5org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@e8e61forg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@5c2eedorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@cf7f3_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nora, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goloborodko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valton, A.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibcus, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uebsersohn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdennur, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirny, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruneau, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/095802</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeted degradation of CTCF decouples local insulation of chromosome domains from higher-order genomic compartmentalization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/100099v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanical interactions in bacterial colonies and the surfing probability of beneficial mutations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/100099v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial conglomerates such as biofilms and microcolonies are ubiquitous in nature and play an important role in industry and medicine. In contrast to well-mixed, diluted cultures routinely used in microbial research, bacteria in a microcolonv interact mechanically with one another and with the substrate to which they are attached. Despite their ubiquity, little is known about the role of such mechanical interactions on growth and biological evolution of microbial populations. Here we use a computer model of a microbial colony of rod-shaped cells to investigate how physical interactions between cells determine their motion in the colony, this affects biological evolution. We show that the probability that a faster-growing mutant "surfs" at the colonys frontier and creates a macroscopic sector depends on physical properties of cells (shape, elasticity, friction). Although all these factors contribute to the surfing probability in seemingly different ways, they all ultimately exhibit their effects by altering the roughness of the expanding frontier of the colony and the orientation of cells. Our predictions are confirmed by experiments in which we measure the surfing probability for colonies of different front roughness. Our results show that physical interactions between bacterial cells play an important role in biological evolution of new traits, and suggest that these interaction may be relevant to processes such as de novo evolution of antibiotic resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Farrell, F. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gralka, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallatschek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waclaw, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/100099</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanical interactions in bacterial colonies and the surfing probability of beneficial mutations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/102715v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The complex origins of strigolactone signalling in land plants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/102715v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Strigolactones (SLs) are a class of plant hormones that control many aspects of plant growth. The SL signalling mechanism is homologous to that of karrikins (KARs), smoke-derived compounds that stimulate seed germination. In angiosperms, the SL receptor is an /{beta} hydrolase known as DWARF14 (D14); its close homologue, KARRIKIN INSENSITIVE2 (KAI2), functions as a KAR receptor, and likely recognizes an uncharacterized, endogenous signal. Previous phylogenetic analyses have suggested that the KAI2 lineage is ancestral in land plants, and that canonical D14-type SL receptors only arose in seed plants; this is paradoxical, however, as non-vascular plants synthesize and respond to SLs. Here, we have used a combination of phylogenetic and structural approaches to re-assess the evolution of the D14/KAI2 family in land plants. We analyzed 339 members of the D14/KAI2 family from land plants and charophyte algae. Our phylogenetic analyses show that the divergence between the eu-KAI2 lineage and the DDK (D14/DLK2/KAI2) lineage that includes D14 occurred very early in land plant evolution. We identify characteristic structural features of D14 and KAI2 proteins, and use homology modelling to show that the earliest members of the DDK lineage structurally resemble KAI2, and not D14 proteins. Furthermore, we show that probable SL receptors in non-seed plants do not have D14-like structure. Our results suggest that SL perception has relatively relaxed structural requirements, and that the evolution from KAI2-like to D14-like protein structure in the DDK lineage may have been driven by interactions with protein partners, rather than being required for SL perception itself.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bythell-Douglas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothfels, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevenson, D. W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, G. K.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/102715</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The complex origins of strigolactone signalling in land plants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/106492v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Composite Likelihood Method for Inferring Local Pedigrees 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/106492v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pedigrees contain information about the genealogical relationships among individuals and are of fundamental importance in many areas of genetic studies. However, pedigrees are often unknown and must be inferred from genetic data. Despite the importance of pedigree inference, existing methods are limited to inferring only close relationships or analyzing a small number of individuals or loci. We present a simulated annealing method for estimating pedigrees in large samples of otherwise seemingly unrelated individuals using genome-wide SNP data. The method supports complex pedigree structures such as polygamous families, multi-generational families, and pedigrees in which many of the member individuals are missing. Computational speed is greatly enhanced by the use of a composite likelihood function which approximates the full likelihood. We validate our method on simulated data and show that it can infer distant relatives more accurately than existing methods. Furthermore, we illustrate the utility of the method on a sample of Greenlandic Inuit.nnAuthor SummaryPedigrees contain information about the genealogical relationships among individuals. This information can be used in many areas of genetic studies such as disease association studies, conservation efforts, and learning about the demographic history and social structure of a population. Despite their importance, pedigrees are often unknown and must be estimated from genetic information. However, pedigree inference remains a difficult problem due to the high cost of likelihood computation and the enormous number of possible pedigrees we must consider. These difficulties limit existing methods in their ability to infer pedigrees when the sample size or the number of markers is large, or when the sample contains only distant relatives. In this report, we present a method that circumvents these computational barriers in order to infer pedigrees of complex structure for a large number of individuals. From our simulation studies, we found that our method can infer distant relatives much more accurately than existing methods. Our ability to infer pedigrees with a greater accuracy opens up possibilities for developing or improving pedigree-based methods in many areas research such as linkage analysis, demographic inference, association studies, and conservation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/106492</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Composite Likelihood Method for Inferring Local Pedigrees]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/106708v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Measuring changes in transmission of neglected tropical diseases, malaria, and enteric pathogens from quantitative antibody levels 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/106708v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundSerologicalantibody levels are a sensitive marker of pathogen exposure, and advances in multiplex assays have created enormous potential for large-scale, integrated infectious disease surveillance. Most methods to analyze antibody measurements reduce quantitative antibody levels to seropositive and seronegative groups, but this can be difficult for many pathogens and may provide lower resolution information than quantitative levels in low transmission settings. Analysis methods have predominantly maintained a single disease focus, yet integrated surveillance platforms would benefit from methodologies that work across diverse pathogens included in multiplex assays.nnMethods/Principal FindingsWe developed an approach to measure changes in transmission from quantitative antibody levels that can be applied to diverse pathogens of global importance. We compared age-dependent immunoglobulin G curves in repeated cross-sectional surveys between populations with differences in transmission for multiple pathogens, including: lymphatic filariasis (Wuchereria bancrofti) measured before and after mass drug administration on Mauke, Cook Islands, malaria (Plasmodium falciparum) before and after a combined insecticide and mass drug administration intervention in the Garki project, Nigeria, and enteric protozoans (Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia intestinalis, Entamoeba histolytica), bacteria (enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp.), and viruses (norovirus groups I and II) in children living in Haiti and the USA. Age-dependent antibody curves fit with ensemble machine learning followed a characteristic shape across pathogens that aligned with predictions from basic mechanisms of humoral immunity. Differences in pathogen transmission led to shifts in fitted antibody curves that were remarkably consistent across pathogens, assays, and populations. Mean antibody levels correlated strongly with traditional measures of transmission intensity, such as the entomological inoculation rate for P. falciparum (Spearmans rho=0.75). Seroprevalence estimates recapitulated patterns observed in quantitative antibody levels, albeit with lower resolution.nnConclusions/SignificanceAge-dependent antibody curves and summary means provided a robust and sensitive measure of changes in transmission, with greatest sensitivity among young children. The method generalizes to pathogens that can be measured in high-throughput, multiplex serological assays, and scales to surveillance activities that require high spatiotemporal resolution. The approach represents a new opportunity to conduct integrated serological surveillance for neglected tropical diseases, malaria, and other infectious diseases with well-defined antigen targets.nnAuthor SummaryGlobal elimination strategies for infectious diseases like neglected tropical diseases and malaria rely on accurate estimates of pathogen transmission to target and evaluate control programs. Circulating antibody levels can be a sensitive measure of recent pathogen exposure, but no broadly applicable method exists to measure changes in transmission directly from quantitative antibody levels. We developed a novel method that applies recent advances in machine learning and data science to flexibly fit age-dependent antibody curves. Shifts in age-dependent antibody curves provided remarkably consistent, sensitive measures of transmission changes when evaluated across many globally important pathogens (filarial worms, malaria, enteric infections). The methods generality and performance in diverse applications demonstrate its broad potential for integrated serological surveillance of infectious diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arnold, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Laan, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubbard, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kubofcik, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamlin, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moss, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nutman, T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Priest, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lammie, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/106708</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Measuring changes in transmission of neglected tropical diseases, malaria, and enteric pathogens from quantitative antibody levels]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/107789v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recovery of genomes from metagenomes via a dereplication, aggregation, and scoring strategy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/107789v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial communities are critical to ecosystem function. A key objective of metagenomic studies is to analyse organism-specific metabolic pathways and reconstruct community interaction networks. This requires accurate assignment of assembled genome fragments to genomes. Existing binning methods often fail to reconstruct a reasonable number of genomes and report many bins of low quality and completeness. Furthermore, the performance of existing algorithms varies between samples and biotopes. Here, we present a dereplication, aggregation and scoring strategy, DAS Tool, that combines the strengths of a flexible set of established binning algorithms. DAS Tool applied to a constructed community generated more accurate bins than any automated method. Further, when applied to environmental and host-associated samples of different complexity, DAS Tool recovered substantially more near-complete genomes, including novel lineages, than any single binning method alone. The ability to reconstruct many near-complete genomes from metagenomics data will greatly advance genome-centric analyses of ecosystems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sieber, C. M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Probst, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharrar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hess, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tringe, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/107789</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recovery of genomes from metagenomes via a dereplication, aggregation, and scoring strategy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/108324v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parsing propagule pressure: Simulated and experimental disentanglement of introduction size and number of introductions for colonizing individuals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/108324v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Predicting whether individuals will colonize a novel habitat is of fundamental ecological interest and is crucial to both conservation efforts and invasive species management. A consistently supported predictor of colonization success is the number of individuals introduced, also called propagule pressure. Propagule pressure increases with the number of introductions and the number of individuals per introduction (the size of the introduction), but it is unresolved which process is a stronger driver of colonization success. Furthermore their relative importance may depend upon the environment, with multiple introductions potentially enhancing colonization of fluctuating environments. To evaluate the relative importance of the number and size of introductions and its dependence upon environmental variability, we paired demographic simulations with a microcosm experiment. Using Tribolium flour beetles as a model system, we introduced a fixed number of individuals into replicated novel habitats of stable or fluctuating quality, varying the number of introductions through time and size of each introduction. We evaluated establishment probability and the size of extant populations after 7 generations. In the simulations and microcosms, we found that establishment probability increased with more, smaller introductions, but was not affected by biologically realistic fluctuations in environmental quality. Population size was not significantly affected by environmental variability in the simulations, but populations in the microcosms grew larger in a stable environment, especially with more introduction events. In general, the microcosm experiment yielded higher establishment probability and larger populations than the demographic simulations. We suggest that genetic mechanisms likely underlie these differences and thus deserve more attention in efforts to parse propagule pressure. Our results highlight the importance of preventing further introductions of undesirable species to invaded sites, and suggest conservation efforts should focus on increasing the number of introductions or re-introductions of desirable species rather than increasing the size of those introduction events.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koontz, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oldfather, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melbourne, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hufbauer, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/108324</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parsing propagule pressure: Simulated and experimental disentanglement of introduction size and number of introductions for colonizing individuals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/110700v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
COPII-coated membranes function as transport carriers of intracellular procollagen-1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/110700v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The coat protein complex II (COPII) is essential for the secretion of large cargo, such as the 300 nm precursor fibrils of procollagen I (PC1). Previous work has shown that the CUL3-KLHL12 complex increases the size of COPII vesicles to over 300 nm in diameter and accelerates the secretion of PC1; however, the role of large COPII vesicles as PC1 transport carriers was not unambiguously demonstrated. In this study, using stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM), correlated light electron microscopy (CLEM), and live cell imaging we report the existence of mobile COPII-coated vesicles that completely encapsulate the cargo PC1 and are physically separated from ER. We have also developed a cell-free COPII vesicle budding reaction that reconstitutes the capture of PC1 into large COPII vesicles. This process requires COPII proteins and the GTPase activity of the COPII subunit SAR1. We conclude from in vivo and in vitro evidence that large COPII vesicles are bona fide carriers of PC1.nnSummaryCOPII may play a direct or indirect role in the traffic of large protein complexes such as procollagen. Using high resolution imaging techniques in intact cells and in vitro reconstituted vesicles, Gorur et al. show that COPII coated vesicles carry procollagen1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gorur, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenny, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baba, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schekman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/110700</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[COPII-coated membranes function as transport carriers of intracellular procollagen-1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/112599v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Super-resolution microscopy reveals the three-dimensional organization of meiotic chromosome axes in intact C. elegans tissue 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/112599v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When cells enter meiosis, their chromosomes reorganize as linear arrays of chromatin loops anchored to a central axis. Meiotic chromosome axes form a platform for the assembly of the synaptonemal complex (SC), and play central roles in other meiotic processes, including homologous pairing, recombination, and chromosome segregation. However, little is known about the three-dimensional organization of components within the axes, which consist of cohesin complexes and additional meiosis-specific proteins. Here we investigate the molecular organization of meiotic chromosome axes in C. elegans through STORM and PALM superresolution imaging of intact germline tissue. By tagging one axis protein (HIM-3) with a photoconvertible fluorescent protein, we established a spatial reference for other components, which were localized using antibodies against epitope tags inserted by CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing. Using three-dimensional averaging, we determined the 3D-organization of all known components within synapsed chromosome axes to a precision of 2-5 nanometers. We find that meiosis-specific HORMA-domain proteins span a gap between cohesin complexes and the central region of the SC, consistent with their essential roles in SC assembly. Our data further suggest that the two different meiotic cohesin complexes are distinctly arranged within the axes: Cohesin complexes containing COH-3 or -4 kleisins form a central core in the central plane of the axes, whereas complexes containing REC-8 kleisin protrude above and below the plane defined by the SC. This splayed organization may help to explain the role of the chromosome axes in promoting inter-homolog repair of meiotic double strand breaks by inhibiting inter-sister repair.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kohler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wojcik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dernburg, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/112599</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Super-resolution microscopy reveals the three-dimensional organization of meiotic chromosome axes in intact C. elegans tissue]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/112987v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacterial Microtubules Exhibit Polarized Growth, Mixed-Polarity Bundling, and Destabilization by GTP Hydrolysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/112987v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria of the genus Prosthecobacter express homologs of eukaryotic -and {beta}-tubulin, called BtubA and BtubB, that have been observed to assemble into bacterial microtubules (bMTs). The btubAB genes likely entered the Prosthecobacter lineage via horizontal gene transfer and may derive from an early ancestor of the modern eukaryotic microtubule (MT). Previous biochemical studies revealed that BtubA/B polymerization is GTP-dependent and reversible and that BtubA/B folding does not require chaperones. To better understand bMT behavior and gain insight into the evolution of microtubule dynamics, we characterized in vitro bMT assembly using a combination of polymerization kinetics assays, and microscopy. Like eukaryotic microtubules, bMTs exhibit polarized growth with different assembly rates at each end. GTP hydrolysis stimulated by bMT polymerization drives a stochastic mechanism of bMT disassembly that occurs via polymer breakage. We also observed treadmilling (continuous addition and loss of subunits at opposite ends) of bMT fragments. Unlike MTs, polymerization of bMTs requires KCl, which reduces the critical concentration for BtubA/B assembly and induces bMTs to form stable mixed-orientation bundles in the absence of any additional bMT-binding proteins. Our results suggest that at potassium concentrations resembling that inside the cytoplasm of Prosthecobacter, bMT stabilization through self-association may be a default behavior. The complex dynamics we observe in both stabilized and unstabilized bMTs may reflect common properties of an ancestral eukaryotic tubulin polymer.nnImportanceMicrotubules are polymers within all eukaryotic cells that perform critical functions: they segregate chromosomes in cell division, organize intracellular transport by serving as tracks for molecular motors, and support the flagella that allow sperm to swim. These functions rely on microtubules remarkable range of tunable dynamic behaviors. Recently discovered bacterial microtubules composed of an evolutionarily related protein are evolved from a missing link in microtubule evolution, the ancestral eukaryotic tubulin polymer. Using microscopy and biochemical approaches to characterize bacterial microtubules, we observed that they exhibit complex and structurally polarized dynamic behavior like eukaryotic microtubules, but differ in how they self-associate into bundles and become destabilized. Our results demonstrate the diversity of mechanisms that microtubule-like filaments employ to promote filament dynamics and monomer turnover.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Diaz Celis, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Risca, V. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurtado, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polka, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maturana, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lagos, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullins, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monasterio, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/112987</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacterial Microtubules Exhibit Polarized Growth, Mixed-Polarity Bundling, and Destabilization by GTP Hydrolysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/116863v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Junction Usage Model (JUM): A method for comprehensive annotation-free differential analysis of tissue-specific global alternative pre-mRNA splicing patterns 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/116863v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alternative pre-mRNA splicing (AS) greatly diversifies metazoan transcriptomes and proteomes and is crucial for gene regulation. Current computational analysis methods of AS from Illumina RNA-seq data rely on pre-annotated libraries of known spliced transcripts, which hinders AS analysis with poorly annotated genomes and can further mask unknown AS patterns. To address this critical bioinformatics problem, we developed a method called the Junction Usage Model (JUM) that uses a bottom-up approach to identify, analyze and quantitate global AS profiles without any prior transcriptome annotations. JUM accurately reports global AS changes in terms of the five conventional AS patterns and an additional "Composite" category composed of inseparable combinations of conventional patterns. JUM stringently classifies the difficult and disease-relevant pattern of intron retention, reducing the false positive rate of IR detection commonly seen in other annotation-based methods to near negligible rates. When analyzing AS in RNA-samples derived from Drosophila heads, human tumors and human cell lines bearing cancer-associated splicing factor mutations, JUM consistently identified ~ twice the number of novel AS events missed by other methods. Computational simulations showed JUM exhibits a 1.2-4.8 times higher true positive rate at a fixed cut-off of 5% false discovery rate. In summary, JUM provides a new framework and improved method that removes the necessity for transcriptome annotations and enables the detection, analysis and quantification of AS patterns in complex metazoan transcriptomes with superior accuracy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rio, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/116863</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Junction Usage Model (JUM): A method for comprehensive annotation-free differential analysis of tissue-specific global alternative pre-mRNA splicing patterns]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/117606v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Demographic compensation does not rescue populations at a trailing range edge 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/117606v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As climate change shifts species' climatic envelopes across the landscape, equilibrium between geographic ranges and niches is likely diminishing due to time lags in demography and dispersal. If a species' range and niche are out of equilibrium, then population performance should decrease from cool, "leading" range edges, where populations are expanding into recently ameliorated habitats, to warm, "trailing" range edges, where populations are contracting from newly unsuitable areas. Population contraction signals that compensatory changes in vital rates are insufficient to buffer population growth from deteriorating environments. Life history theory predicts tradeoffs between fast development, high reproduction, and short longevity at low latitudes and slow development, less frequent but multiple bouts of reproduction, and long lifespan at high latitudes. If demographic compensation is driven by life history evolution, compensatory negative correlations in vital rates may be associated with this fast-slow continuum. An outstanding question is whether range limits and range contractions reflect inadequate compensatory life history shifts along environmental gradients, causing population growth rates to fall below replacement levels at range edges. We surveyed demography of 32 populations of the scarlet monkeyflower (Erythranthe cardinalis) spanning 11{degrees} latitude in western North America and used integral projection models to infer population dynamics and assess demographic compensation. Population growth rates decreased from north to south, consistent with leading-trailing dynamics. Southern populations are declining due to reduced survival, growth, and recruitment, despite compensatory increases in reproduction and faster life history characteristics, suggesting that demographic compensation will not rescue populations at the trailing range edge.nnSIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTWhile climate change is causing poleward shifts in many species' geographic distributions, some species' ranges have remained stable, particularly at low-latitude limits. One explanation for why some species' ranges have not shifted is demographic compensation, whereby declines in some demographic processes are offset by increases in others, potentially buffering populations from extinction. However, we have limited understanding of whether demographic compensation can prevent collapse of populations facing climate change. We examined the demography of natural populations of a perennial herb spanning a broad latitudinal gradient. Despite increases in reproduction, low-latitude populations declined due to diminished survival, growth, and recruitment. Thus, demographic compensation may not be sufficient to rescue low-latitude, warm-edge populations from extinction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sheth, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angert, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/117606</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Demographic compensation does not rescue populations at a trailing range edge]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/121202v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Human Cell Atlas 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/121202v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The recent advent of methods for high-throughput single-cell molecular profiling has catalyzed a growing sense in the scientific community that the time is ripe to complete the 150-year-old effort to identify all cell types in the human body, by undertaking a Human Cell Atlas Project as an international collaborative effort. The aim would be to define all human cell types in terms of distinctive molecular profiles (e.g., gene expression) and connect this information with classical cellular descriptions (e.g., location and morphology). A comprehensive reference map of the molecular state of cells in healthy human tissues would propel the systematic study of physiological states, developmental trajectories, regulatory circuitry and interactions of cells, as well as provide a framework for understanding cellular dysregulation in human disease. Here we describe the idea, its potential utility, early proofs-of-concept, and some design considerations for the Human Cell Atlas.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Regev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teichmann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lander, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amit, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benoist, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birney, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodenmiller, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carninci, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clatworthy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clevers, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deplancke, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunham, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eberwine, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eils, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enard, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farmer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fugger, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottgens, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hacohen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haniffa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hemberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klenerman, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kriegstein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linnarsson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lundeberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majumder, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marioni, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mhlanga, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nawijn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Netea, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nolan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pe'er, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philipakis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ponting, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quake, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reik, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozenblatt-Rosen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanes, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satija, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shumacher, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shalek, A. K</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/121202</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Human Cell Atlas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/121228v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biosynthesis of Isonitrile Lipopeptides by Conserved Non-ribosomal Peptide Synthetase Gene Clusters in Actinobacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/121228v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A putative lipopeptide biosynthetic gene cluster is conserved in many species of Actinobacteria, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. marinum, but the specific function of the encoding proteins has been elusive. Using both in vivo heterologous reconstitution and in intro biochemical analyses, we have revealed that the five encoding biosynthetic enzymes are capable of synthesizing a new family of isonitrile lipopeptides (INLPs) through a thio-template mechanism. The biosynthesis features the generation of isonitrile from a single precursor Gly promoted by a thioesterase and a non-heme iron(II)-dependent oxidase homologue, and the acylation of both amino groups of Lys by the same isonitrile acyl chain facilitated by a single condensation domain of a non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS). In addition, the deletion of INLP biosynthetic genes in M. marinum has decreased the intracellular metal concentration, suggesting the role of this biosynthetic gene cluster in metal transport.nnSignificance StatementMycobacterium tuberculosis is the leading causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), of which millions of deaths occur annually. A putative lipopeptide biosynthetic gene cluster has been shown to be essential for the survival of this pathogen in hosts, and homologous gene clusters have also been found in all pathogenic mycobacteria and other species of Actinobacteria. We have identified the function of these gene clusters in making a new family of isonitrile lipopeptides. The biosynthesis has several unique features, including an unprecedented mechanism for isonitrile synthesis. Our results have further suggested that these biosynthetic gene clusters play a role in metal transport, and thus have shed light on a new metal transport system that is crucial for virulence of pathogenic mycobacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harris, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sato, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herman, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Twigg, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Downey, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khalaf, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koshino, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/121228</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biosynthesis of Isonitrile Lipopeptides by Conserved Non-ribosomal Peptide Synthetase Gene Clusters in Actinobacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/122267v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Should A Few Null Findings Falsify Prefrontal Theories Of Conscious Perception? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/122267v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Is activity in prefrontal cortex (PFC) critical for conscious perception? Major theories of consciousness make distinct predictions about the role of PFC, providing an opportunity to arbitrate between these views empirically. Here we address three common misconceptions: i) PFC lesions do not affect subjective perception; ii) PFC activity does not reflect specific perceptual content; iii) PFC involvement in studies of perceptual awareness is solely driven by the need to make reports required by the experimental tasks, rather than subjective experience per se. These claims are incompatible with empirical findings, unless one focuses only on studies using methods with limited sensitivity. The literature highlights PFCs essential role in enabling the subjective experience in perception, contra the objective capacity to perform visual tasks; conflating the two can also be a source of confusion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Odegaard, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/122267</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Should A Few Null Findings Falsify Prefrontal Theories Of Conscious Perception?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/122275v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nanoscale Manipulation Of Membrane Curvature For Probing Endocytosis In Live Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/122275v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) involves nanoscale bending and inward budding of the plasma membrane, by which cells regulate both the distribution of membrane proteins and the entry of extracellular species1,2. Extensive studies have shown that CME proteins actively modulate the plasma membrane curvature1,3,4. However, the reciprocal regulation of how plasma membrane curvature affects the activities of endocytic proteins is much less explored, despite studies suggesting that membrane curvature itself can trigger biochemical reactions5-8. This gap in our understanding is largely due to technical challenges in precisely controlling the membrane curvature in live cells. In this work, we use patterned nanostructures to generate well-defined membrane curvatures ranging from +50 nm to -500 nm radius of curvature. We find that the positively curved membranes are CME hotspots, and that key CME proteins, clathrin and dynamin, show a strong preference toward positive membrane curvatures with a radius < 200 nm. Of ten CME related proteins we examined, all show preferences to positively curved membrane. By contrast, other membrane-associated proteins and non-CME endocytic protein, caveolin1, show no such curvature preference. Therefore, nanostructured substrates constitute a novel tool for investigating curvature-dependent processes in live cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lou, H.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akamatsu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chowdary, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santoro, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marks, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grassart, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drubin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/122275</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nanoscale Manipulation Of Membrane Curvature For Probing Endocytosis In Live Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/125005v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A correlation analysis framework for localization-based super-resolution microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/125005v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Super-resolution images reconstructed from single-molecule localizations can reveal cellular structures close to the macromolecular scale and are now being used routinely in many biomedical research applications. However, because of their coordinate-based representation, a widely applicable and unified analysis platform that can extract a quantitative description and biophysical parameters from these images is yet to be established. Here, we propose a conceptual framework for correlation analysis of coordinate-based super-resolution images using distance histograms. We demonstrate the application of this concept in multiple scenarios including image alignment, tracking of diffusing molecules, as well as for quantification of colocalization.nnSignificance statementCorrelation analysis is one of the most widely used image processing method. In the quantitative analysis of localization-based super-resolution images, there still lacks a generalized coordinate-based correlation analysis framework to take fully advantage of the super-resolution information. We show a coordinate-based correlation analysis framework for localization-based super-resolution microscopy. This framework is highly general and flexible in that it can be easily extended to model the effect of localization uncertainty, to the time domain and other distance definitions, enabling it to be adapted for a wide range of applications. Our work will greatly benefit the quantitative interpretation of super-resolution images and thus the biological application of super-resolution microscopy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schnitzbauer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakalar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuwal, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/125005</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A correlation analysis framework for localization-based super-resolution microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/125112v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ZINB-WaVE: A general and flexible method for signal extraction from single-cell RNA-seq data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/125112v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) is a powerful high-throughput technique that enables researchers to measure genome-wide transcription levels at the resolution of single cells. Because of the low amount of RNA present in a single cell, some genes may fail to be detected even though they are expressed; these genes are usually referred to as dropouts. Here, we present a general and flexible zero-inflated negative binomial model (ZINB-WaVE), which leads to low-dimensional representations of the data that account for zero inflation (dropouts), over-dispersion, and the count nature of the data. We demonstrate, with simulated and real data, that the model and its associated estimation procedure are able to give a more stable and accurate low-dimensional representation of the data than principal component analysis (PCA) and zero-inflated factor analysis (ZIFA), without the need for a preliminary normalization step.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Risso, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perraudeau, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gribkova, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudoit, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vert, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/125112</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ZINB-WaVE: A general and flexible method for signal extraction from single-cell RNA-seq data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/127654v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic regression of claw keratin, taste receptor and light-associated genes inform biology and evolutionary origins of snakes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/127654v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Regressive evolution of anatomical traits corresponds with the regression of genomic loci underlying such characters. As such, studying patterns of gene loss can be instrumental in addressing questions of gene function, resolving conflicting results from anatomical studies, and understanding the evolutionary history of clades. The origin of snakes coincided with the regression of a number of anatomical traits, including limbs, taste buds and the visual system. By studying the genomes of snakes, I was able to test three hypotheses associated with the regression of these features. The first concerns two keratins that are putatively specific to claws. Both genes that encode these keratins were pseudogenized/deleted in snake genomes, providing additional evidence of claw- specificity. The second hypothesis is whether snakes lack taste buds, an issue complicated by unequivocal, conflicting results in the literature. I found evidence that different snakes have lost one or more taste receptors, but all snakes examined retained at least some capacity for taste. The final hypothesis I addressed is that the earliest snakes were adapted to a dim light niche. I found evidence of deleted and pseudogenized genes with light- associated functions in snakes, demonstrating a pattern of gene loss similar to other historically nocturnal clades. Together these data also provide some bearing on the ecological origins of snakes, including molecular dating estimates that suggest dim light adaptation preceded the loss of limbs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Emerling, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/127654</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic regression of claw keratin, taste receptor and light-associated genes inform biology and evolutionary origins of snakes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/128843v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Slingshot: Cell lineage and pseudotime inference for single-cell transcriptomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/128843v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell transcriptomics allows researchers to investigate complex communities of heterogeneous cells. These methods can be applied to stem cells and their descendants in order to chart the progression from multipotent progenitors to fully differentiated cells. While a number of statistical and computational methods have been proposed for analyzing cell lineages, the problem of accurately characterizing multiple branching lineages remains difficult to solve. Here, we introduce a novel method, Slingshot, for inferring multiple developmental lineages from single-cell gene expression data. Slingshot is a uniquely robust and flexible tool for inferring developmental lineages and ordering cells to reflect continuous, branching processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Street, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Risso, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fletcher, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purdom, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudoit, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/128843</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Slingshot: Cell lineage and pseudotime inference for single-cell transcriptomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/129577v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A chromatin extension model for insulator function based on comparison of high-resolution chromatin conformation capture and polytene banding maps 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/129577v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Insulator proteins bind to specific genomic loci and have been shown to play a role in partitioning genomes into independent domains of gene expression and chromatin structure. Despite decades of study, the mechanism by which insulators establish these domains remains elusive. Here, we use genome-wide chromatin conformation capture (Hi-C) to generate a high-resolution map of spatial interactions of chromatin from Drosophila melanogaster embryos. We show that from the earliest stages of development the genome is divided into distinct topologically associated domains (TADs), that we can map the boundaries between TADs to sub-kilobase resolution, and that these boundaries correspond to 500-2000 bp insulator elements. Comparing this map with a detailed assessment of the banding pattern of a region of a polytene chromosome, we show that these insulator elements correspond to low density polytene interbands that divide compacted bands, which correspond to TADs. It has been previously shown that polytene interbands have low packing ratios allowing the conversion of small genomic distances (in base pairs) into a large physical distances. We therefore suggest a simple mechanism for insulator function whereby insulators increase the physical space between adjacent domains via the unpacking and extension of intervening chromatin. This model provides an intuitive explanation for known features of insulators, including the ability to block enhancer-promoter interactions, limit the spread of heterochromatin, and organize the structural features of interphase chromosomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stadler, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisen, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/129577</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A chromatin extension model for insulator function based on comparison of high-resolution chromatin conformation capture and polytene banding maps]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/129627v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disabling Cas9 by an anti-CRISPR DNA mimic 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/129627v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technology is derived from a microbial adaptive immune system, where bacteriophages are often the intended target. Natural inhibitors of CRISPR-Cas9 enable phages to evade immunity and show promise in controlling Cas9-mediated gene editing in human cells. However, the mechanism of CRISPR-Cas9 inhibition is not known and the potential applications for Cas9 inhibitor proteins in mammalian cells has not fully been established. We show here that the anti-CRISPR protein AcrIIA4 binds only to assembled Cas9-single guide RNA (sgRNA) complexes and not to Cas9 protein alone. A 3.9 [A] resolution cryo-EM structure of the Cas9-sgRNA-AcrIIA4 complex revealed that the surface of AcrIIA4 is highly acidic and binds with 1:1 stoichiometry to a region of Cas9 that normally engages the DNA protospacer adjacent motif (PAM). Consistent with this binding mode, order-of-addition experiments showed that AcrIIA4 interferes with DNA recognition but has no effect on pre-formed Cas9-sgRNA-DNA complexes. Timed delivery of AcrIIA4 into human cells as either protein or expression plasmid allows on-target Cas9-mediated gene editing while reducing off-target edits. These results provide a mechanistic understanding of AcrIIA4 function and demonstrate that inhibitors can modulate the extent and outcomes of Cas9-mediated gene editing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shing, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bray, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rauch, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baik, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogales, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bondy-Denomy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corn, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/129627</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disabling Cas9 by an anti-CRISPR DNA mimic]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/131110v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A lncRNA/Lin28/Let7 Axis Coupled To DNA Methylation Fine Tunes The Dynamics Of A Cell State Transition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/131110v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Execution of pluripotency requires progression from the naive status represented by mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) to a condition poised for lineage specification. This process is controlled at transcriptional, post-transcriptional and epigenetic levels and non-coding RNAs are contributors to this regulation complexity. Here we identify a molecular cascade initiated by a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), Ephemeron (Epn), that modulates the dynamics of exit from naive pluripotency. Epn deletion delays the extinction of ESC identity, an effect mediated by perduring expression of the pivotal transcription factor Nanog. In the absence of Epn, Lin28a expression is reduced, resulting in an elevated level of Mirlet7g that suppresses de novo methyltransferases Dnmt3a/b. Dnmt3a/b deletion also retards exit from the ESC state, and is associated with delayed promoter methylation and slower down-regulation of Nanog. Altogether, our findings reveal a lncRNA/miRNA/DNA methylation axis that facilitates a timely stem cell state transition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amaral, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheung, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergmann, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinoshita, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalkan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ralser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Meyenn, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paramor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichols, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spector, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kouzarides, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/131110</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A lncRNA/Lin28/Let7 Axis Coupled To DNA Methylation Fine Tunes The Dynamics Of A Cell State Transition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/133124v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dense Bicoid Hubs Accentuate Binding along the Morphogen Gradient 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/133124v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Morphogen gradients direct the spatial patterning of developing embryos, however, the mechanisms by which these gradients are interpreted remain elusive. Here we perform in vivo single molecule imaging in early Drosophila melanogaster embryos of the transcription factor Bicoid that forms a gradient and initiates patterning along the anteroposterior axis. We observe that Bicoid binds to DNA with a rapid off-rate, such that its average occupancy at target loci is on-rate dependent, a property required for concentration-sensitive regulation. Surprisingly, we also observe abundant specific DNA binding in posterior nuclei, where Bicoid levels are vanishingly low. Live embryo imaging reveals spatiotemporal "hubs" of local high Bicoid concentration that are dependent on the ubiquitous maternal factor Zelda. We propose that localized modulation of transcription factor on-rates via clustering, provides a general mechanism to facilitate binding to low-affinity targets, and that this may be a prevalent feature directing other developmental transcription networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mir, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reimer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haines, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stadler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisen, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darzacq, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/133124</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dense Bicoid Hubs Accentuate Binding along the Morphogen Gradient]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/133611v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fronto-Parietal Interactions With Task-Evoked Functional Connectivity During Cognitive Control 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/133611v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Flexible interaction between brain regions enables neural systems to transfer and process information adaptively for goal-directed behaviors. In the current study, we investigated neural substrates that interact with task-evoked functional connectivity during cognitive control. We conducted a human fMRI study where participants selectively attended to a category of visual stimuli in the presence of competing distractors from another stimulus category. To study flexible interactions between brain regions, we performed a dynamic functional connectivity analysis to estimate temporal changes in connectivity strength between brain regions under different levels of cognitive control. Consistent with theoretical predictions, we found that cognitive control selectively enhances functional connectivity for prioritizing the processing of task-relevant information. By regressing temporal changes in connectivity strength against activity patterns elsewhere in the brain, we localized frontal and parietal regions that potentially provide top-down biasing signals for influencing, or reading information out from, task-evoked functional connectivity. Our results suggest that in addition to modulating local activity, fronto-parietal regions could also exert top-down biasing signals to influence functional connectivity between distributed brain regions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hwang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shine, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Esposito, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/133611</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fronto-Parietal Interactions With Task-Evoked Functional Connectivity During Cognitive Control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/136028v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas9 Genome Editing In Human Cells Works Via The Fanconi Anemia Pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/136028v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing creates targeted double strand breaks (DSBs) in eukaryotic cells that are processed by cellular DNA repair pathways. Co-administration of single stranded oligonucleotide donor DNA (ssODN) during editing can result in high-efficiency (>20%) incorporation of ssODN sequences into the break site. This process is commonly referred to as homology directed repair (HDR) and here referred to as single stranded template repair (SSTR) to distinguish it from repair using a double stranded DNA donor (dsDonor). The high efficacy of SSTR makes it a promising avenue for the treatment of genetic diseases1,2, but the genetic basis of SSTR editing is still unclear, leaving its use a mostly empiric process. To determine the pathways underlying SSTR in human cells, we developed a coupled knockdown-editing screening system capable of interrogating multiple editing outcomes in the context of thousands of individual gene knockdowns. Unexpectedly, we found that SSTR requires multiple components of the Fanconi Anemia (FA) repair pathway, but does not require Rad51-mediated homologous recombination, distinguishing SSTR from repair using dsDonors. Knockdown of FA genes impacts SSTR without altering break repair by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) in multiple human cell lines and in neonatal dermal fibroblasts. Our results establish an unanticipated and central role for the FA pathway in templated repair from single stranded DNA by human cells. Therapeutic genome editing has been proposed to treat genetic disorders caused by deficiencies in DNA repair, including Fanconi Anemia. Our data imply that patient genotype and/or transcriptome profoundly impact the effectiveness of gene editing treatments and that adjuvant treatments to bias cells towards FA repair pathways could have considerable therapeutic value.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Richardson, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kazane, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bray, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaefer, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Floor, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/136028</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CRISPR-Cas9 Genome Editing In Human Cells Works Via The Fanconi Anemia Pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/137794v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analysis Of Interphase Node Proteins In Fission Yeast By Quantitative And Super Resolution Fluorescence Microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/137794v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We used quantitative confocal microscopy and FPALM super resolution microscopy of live fission yeast to investigate the structures and assembly of two types of interphase nodes, multiprotein complexes associated with the plasma membrane that merge together and mature into the precursors of the cytokinetic contractile ring. During the long G2 phase of the cell cycle seven different interphase node proteins maintain constant concentrations as they accumulate in proportion to cell volume. During mitosis the total numbers of type 1 node proteins (cell cycle kinases Cdr1p, Cdr2p, Wee1p, and anillin Mid1p) are constant even when the nodes disassemble. Quantitative measurements provide strong evidence that both types of nodes have defined sizes and numbers of constituent proteins, as observed for cytokinesis nodes. Type 1 nodes assemble in two phases, a burst at the end of mitosis, followed by steady increase during interphase to double the initial number. Type 2 nodes containing Blt1p, Rho-GEF Gef2p, and kinesin Klp8p remain intact throughout the cell cycle and are constituents of the contractile ring. They are released from the contractile ring as it disassembles and then associate with type 1 nodes around the equator of the cell during interphase.nnHighlight summaryFPALM super resolution microscopy and quantitative confocal microscopy reveal that interphase nodes, the precursors to the fission yeast cytokinetic contractile ring, are discrete unitary structures with defined sizes and ratios of component proteins. Type 1 nodes disassemble during mitosis, but type 2 nodes remain intact throughout the cell cycle.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Akamatsu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bewersdorf, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/137794</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analysis Of Interphase Node Proteins In Fission Yeast By Quantitative And Super Resolution Fluorescence Microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/138396v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Consensus and conflict among ecological forecasts of Zika virus outbreaks in the United States 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/138396v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ecologists are increasingly involved in the pandemic prediction process. In the course of the Zika outbreak in the Americas, several ecological models were developed to forecast the potential global distribution of the disease. Conflicting results produced by alternative methods are unresolved, hindering the development of appropriate public health forecasts. We compare ecological niche models and experimentally-driven mechanistic forecasts for Zika transmission in the continental United States, a region of high model conflict. We use generic and uninformed stochastic county-level simulations to demonstrate the downstream epidemiological consequences of conflict among ecological models, and show how assumptions and parameterization in the ecological and epidemiological models propagate uncertainty and produce downstream model conflict. We conclude by proposing a basic consensus method that could resolve conflicting models of potential outbreak geography and seasonality. Our results illustrate the unacceptable and often undocumented margin of uncertainty that could emerge from using any one of these predictions without reservation or qualification. In the short term, ecologists face the task of developing better post hoc consensus that accurately forecasts spatial patterns of Zika virus outbreaks. Ultimately, methods are needed that bridge the gap between ecological and epidemiological approaches to predicting transmission and realistically capture both outbreak size and geography.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carlson, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dougherty, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boots, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Getz, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/138396</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Consensus and conflict among ecological forecasts of Zika virus outbreaks in the United States]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/138867v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A thermostable Cas9 with increased lifetime in human plasma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/138867v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas9 is a powerful technology that has enabled genome editing in a wide range of species. However, the currently developed Cas9 homologs all originate from mesophilic bacteria, making them susceptible to proteolytic degradation and unsuitable for applications requiring function at elevated temperatures. Here, we show that the Cas9 protein from the thermophilic bacterium Geobacillus stearothermophilus (GeoCas9) catalyzes RNA-guided DNA cleavage over a wide temperature range and has an enhanced protein lifetime in human plasma. GeoCas9 is active at temperatures up to 70{degrees}C, compared to 45{degrees}C for Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 (SpyCas9), which greatly expands the temperature range for CRISPR-Cas9 applications. By comparing features of two closely related Geobacillus homologs, we created a variant of GeoCas9 that doubles the DNA target sequences that can be recognized by this system. We also found that GeoCas9 is an effective tool for editing mammalian genomes when delivered as a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex. Together with an increased lifetime in human plasma, the thermostable GeoCas9 provides the foundation for improved RNP delivery in vivo and expands the temperature range of CRISPR-Cas9.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harrington, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paez-Espino, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staahl, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kyrpides, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/138867</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A thermostable Cas9 with increased lifetime in human plasma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/139022v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Aphrodisiac Produced By Vibrio fischeri Stimulates Mating In The Closest Living Relatives Of Animals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/139022v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We serendipitously discovered that the marine bacterium Vibrio fischeri induces sexual reproduction in one of the closest living relatives of animals, the choanoflagellate Salpingoeca rosetta. Although bacteria influence everything from nutrition and metabolism to cell biology and development in eukaryotes, bacterial regulation of eukaryotic mating was unexpected. Here we show that a single V. fischeri protein, the previously uncharacterized EroS, fully recapitulates the aphrodisiac activity of live V. fischeri. EroS is a chondroitin lyase; although its substrate, chondroitin sulfate, was previously thought to be an animal synapomorphy, we demonstrate that S. rosetta produces chondroitin sulfate and thus extend the ancestry of this important glycosaminoglycan to the premetazoan era. Finally, we show that V. fischeri, purified EroS, and other bacterial chondroitin lyases induce S. rosetta mating at environmentally-relevant concentrations suggesting that bacterially-produced aphrodisiacs likely regulate choanoflagellate mating in nature.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Woznica, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerdt, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hulett, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clardy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/139022</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Aphrodisiac Produced By Vibrio fischeri Stimulates Mating In The Closest Living Relatives Of Animals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/139337v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Cerebellum Does More Than Sensory-Prediction-Error-Based Learning In Sensorimotor Adaptation Tasks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/139337v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Individuals with damage to the cerebellum perform poorly in sensorimotor adaptation paradigms. This deficit has been attributed to impairment in sensory-prediction-error-based updating of an internal forward model, a form of implicit learning. These individuals can, however, successfully counter a perturbation when instructed with an explicit aiming strategy. This successful use of an instructed aiming strategy presents a paradox: In adaptation tasks, why dont individuals with cerebellar damage come up with an aiming solution on their own to compensate for their implicit learning deficit? To explore this question, we employed a variant of a visuomotor rotation task in which, prior to executing a movement on each trial, the participants verbally reported their intended aiming location. Compared to healthy controls, participants with spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) displayed impairments in both implicit learning and aiming. This was observed when the visuomotor rotation was introduced abruptly (Exp. 1) or gradually (Exp. 2). This dual deficit does not appear to be related to the increased movement variance associated with ataxia: Healthy undergraduates showed little change in implicit learning or aiming when their movement feedback was artificially manipulated to produce similar levels of variability (Exp. 3). Taken together the results indicate that a consequence of cerebellar dysfunction is not only impaired sensory-prediction-error-based learning, but also a difficulty in developing and/or maintaining an aiming solution in response to a visuomotor perturbation. We suggest that this dual deficit can be explained by the cerebellum forming part of a network that learns and maintains action-outcome associations across trials.nnNew and noteworthyIndividuals with cerebellar pathology are impaired in sensorimotor adaptation. This deficit has been attributed to an impairment in error-based learning, specifically, from a deficit in using sensory prediction errors to update an internal model. Here, we show that these individuals also have difficulty in discovering an aiming solution to overcome their adaptation deficit, suggesting a new role for the cerebellum in sensorimotor adaptation tasks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Butcher, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rydz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krakauer, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/139337</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Cerebellum Does More Than Sensory-Prediction-Error-Based Learning In Sensorimotor Adaptation Tasks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/139873v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The industrial anaerobe Clostridium acetobutylicum uses polyketides to regulate butanol production and differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/139873v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polyketides are an important class of bioactive small molecules valued not only for their diverse therapeutic applications, but also for their role in controlling interesting biological phenotypes in their producing organisms. While numerous examples of polyketides derived from aerobic organisms exist, only a single family of polyketides has been identified from anaerobic organisms. Here we uncover a novel family of polyketides native to the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium acetobutylicum, an organism well-known for its historical use as an industrial producer of the organic solvents acetone, butanol, and ethanol. Through mutational analysis and chemical complementation assays, we demonstrate that these polyketides influence butanol production and act as chemical triggers of sporulation and granulose accumulation in this strain. This study represents a significant addition to the body of work demonstrating the existence and importance of polyketides in anaerobes, and showcases a novel strategy of manipulating the secondary metabolism of an organism to improve traits significant for industrial applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Herman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koshino, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/139873</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The industrial anaerobe Clostridium acetobutylicum uses polyketides to regulate butanol production and differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/141259v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Thirty-five experimental fisheries reveal the mechanisms of selection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/141259v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fisheries have been described as large-scale evolutionary experiments; yet such "experiments" tend to be poorly replicated and therefore lack the predictive power essential for designing appropriate management strategies to minimize the effects of fisheries-induced selection. Large-scale removal of non-native trout from 35 montane lakes in California provided repeated experimental fisheries that allowed us to explore how environmental parameters affect the three potential contributors to overall selection: the fitness-trait correlation, trait variability, and fitness variability. Our results demonstrate that fishing rapidly altered the size structure of harvested populations, and that the magnitude of change was primarily driven by the fitness-trait correlation (net selectivity). Fishing-induced selection was repeatable overall but was also influenced by environmental (lake size and quality) and demographic (size structure) parameters. Decomposing fishing-induced selection into its key components can improve the management of stocks experiencing fishing-induced selection by identifying the drivers of selection and therefore the appropriate target for management.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nussle, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendry, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knapp, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sturrock, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/141259</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Thirty-five experimental fisheries reveal the mechanisms of selection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/141267v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Association Mapping From Sequencing Reads Using K-mers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/141267v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome wide association studies (GWAS) rely on microarrays, or more recently mapping of whole-genome sequencing reads, to genotype individuals. The reliance on prior sequencing of a reference genome for the organism on which the association study is to be performed limits the scope of association studies, and also precludes the identification of differences between cases and controls outside of the reference. We present an alignment free method for association studies that is based on counting k-mers in sequencing reads, testing for associations directly between k-mers and the trait of interest, and local assembly of the statistically significant k-mers to identify sequence differences. Results with simulated data and an analysis of the 1000 genomes data provide a proof of principle for the approach. In a pairwise comparison of the Toscani in Italia (TSI) and the Yoruba in Ibadan, Nigeria (YRI) populations we find that sequences identified by our method largely agree with results obtained using standard GWAS based on variant calling from mapped reads. However unlike standard GWAS, we find that our method identifies associations with structural variations and sites not present in the reference genome revealing sequences absent from the human reference genome. We also analyze data from the Bengali from Bangladesh (BEB) population to explore possible genetic basis of high rate of mortality due to cardiovascular diseases (CVD) among South Asians and find significant differences in frequencies of a number of non-synonymous variants in genes linked to CVDs between BEB and TSI samples, including the site rs1042034, which has been associated with higher risk of CVDs previously, and the nearby rs676210 in the Apolipoprotein B (ApoB) gene.nnAuthor SummaryWe present a method for associating regions in genomes to traits or diseases. The method is based on finding differences in frequencies of short strings of letters in sequencing reads and do not require reads to be aligned to a reference genome. This makes it applicable to study of organisms with no or incomplete reference genomes. We test our method with simulated data and sequencing data from the 1000 genomes project and find agreement with the conventional approach based on alignment to a reference genome. In addition, our method finds associations with sequences not in reference genomes and reveals sequences missing from the human reference genome. We also explore high rates of mortality due to cardiovascular diseases among South Asians and find prevalence of variations in genes associated with heart diseases in samples from the Bengali from Bangladesh population including one that has been reported to be associated with early onset of cardiovascular diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rahman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallgrimsdottir, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisen, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pachter, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/141267</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Association Mapping From Sequencing Reads Using K-mers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/143503v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Experimenting with reproducibility in bioinformatics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/143503v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reproducibility has been shown to be limited in many scientific fields. This question is a fundamental tenet of the scientific activity, but the related issues of reusability of scientific data are poorly documented. Here, we present a case study of our attempt to reproduce a promising bioinformatics method [1] and illustrate the challenges to use a published method for which code and data were available. First, we tried to re-run the analysis with the code and data provided by the authors. Second, we reimplemented the method in Python to avoid dependency on a MATLAB licence and ease the execution of the code on HPCC (High-Performance Computing Cluster). Third, we assessed reusability of our reimplementation and the quality of our documentation. Then, we experimented with our own software and tested how easy it would be to start from our implementation to reproduce the results, hence attempting to estimate the robustness of the reproducibility. Finally, in a second part, we propose solutions from this case study and other observations to improve reproducibility and research efficiency at the individual and collective level.nnAvailabilitylast version of StratiPy (Python) with two examples of reproducibility are available at GitHub [2].nnContactyang-min.kim@pasteur.fr
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poline, J.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumas, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/143503</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Experimenting with reproducibility in bioinformatics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/144295v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human PRDM9 Can Bind And Activate Promoters, And Other Zinc-Finger Proteins Associate With Reduced Recombination In cis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/144295v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Across mammals, PRDM9 binding localizes almost all meiotic recombination hotspots. However, most PRDM9 motif sequence matches are not bound, and most PRDM9-bound loci do not become hotspots. To explore factors that affect binding and subsequent recombination outcomes, we mapped human and chimp PRDM9 binding sites in a human cell line, and measured PRDM9-induced H3K4me3 and gene expression changes. These data revealed varied DNA-binding modalities of PRDM9, and histone modifications that predict binding. At sites where PRDM9 binds, specific cis sequence motifs associated with TRIM28 recruitment, and histone modifications, predict whether recombination subsequently occurs. These results implicate the large family of KRAB-ZNF genes in consistent, localized meiotic recombination suppression. PRDM9 affects gene expression for a small number of genes including CTCFL and VCX, by binding nearby. Finally, we show that PRDM9s DNA-binding zinc finger domain strongly impacts the formation of multimers, with a pair of highly diverged alleles multimerizing less efficiently.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Altemose, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noor, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bitoun, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tumian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imbeault, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapman, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aricescu, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/144295</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human PRDM9 Can Bind And Activate Promoters, And Other Zinc-Finger Proteins Associate With Reduced Recombination In cis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/145599v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
On The Number Of Siblings And p-th Cousins In A Large Population Sample 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/145599v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1.The number of individuals in a random sample with close relatives in the sample is a quantity of interest when designing Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS) and other cohort based genetic, and non-genetic, studies. In this paper, we develop expressions for the distribution and expectation of the number of p-th cousins in a sample from a population of size N under two diploid Wright-Fisher models. We also develop simple asymptotic expressions for large values of N. For example, the expected proportion of individuals with at least one p-th cousin in a sample of K individuals, for a diploid dioecious Wright-Fisher model, is approximately 1 - e-(22p-1)K/N. Our results show that a substantial fraction of individuals in the sample will have at least a second cousin if the sampling fraction (K/N) is on the order of 10-2. This confirms that, for large cohort samples, relatedness among individuals cannot easily be ignored.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shchur, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/145599</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[On The Number Of Siblings And p-th Cousins In A Large Population Sample]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/147017v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Theoretical quantification of interference in the TASEP: Application to mRNA translation shows near-optimality of termination rates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/147017v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Totally Asymmetric Exclusion Process (TASEP) is a classical stochastic model for describing the transport of interacting particles, such as ribosomes moving along the mRNA during translation. Although this model has been widely studied in the past, the extent of collision between particles and the average distance between a particle to its nearest neighbor have not been quantified explicitly. We provide here a theoretical analysis of such quantities via the distribution of isolated particles. In the classical form of the model in which each particle occupies only a single site, we obtain an exact analytic solution using the Matrix Ansatz. We then employ a refined mean field approach to extend the analysis to a generalized TASEP with particles of an arbitrary size. Our theoretical study has direct applications in mRNA translation and the interpretation of experimental ribosome profiling data. In particular, our analysis of data from S. cerevisiae suggests a potential bias against the detection of nearby ribosomes with gap distance less than ~ 3 codons, which leads to some ambiguity in estimating the initiation rate and protein production flux for a substantial fraction of genes. Despite such ambiguity, however, we demonstrate theoretically that the interference rate associated with collisions can be robustly estimated, and show that approximately 1% of the translating ribosomes get obstructed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dao Duc, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saleem, Z. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/147017</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Theoretical quantification of interference in the TASEP: Application to mRNA translation shows near-optimality of termination rates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/148692v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NuMA Targets Dynein to Microtubule Minus-Ends at Mitosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/148692v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To build the spindle at mitosis, motors exert spatially regulated forces on microtubules. We know that dynein pulls on mammalian spindle microtubule minus-ends, and this localized activity at ends is predicted to allow dynein to cluster microtubules into poles. How dynein becomes enriched at minus-ends is not known. Here, we use quantitative imaging and laser ablation to show that NuMA targets dynactin to minus-ends, localizing dynein activity there. NuMA is recruited to new minus-ends independently of dynein and more quickly than dynactin, and both NuMA and dynactin display specific, steady-state binding at minus-ends. NuMA localization to minus-ends requires a C-terminal region outside NuMAs canonical microtubule binding domain, and it is independent of direct minus-end binders {gamma}-TuRC, CAMSAP1, and KANSL1/3. Both NuMAs minus-end-binding and dynein-dynactin-binding modules are required to rescue focused, bipolar spindle organization. Thus, NuMA may serve as a mitosis-specific minus-end cargo adaptor, targeting dynein activity to minus-ends to cluster spindle microtubules into poles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hueschen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenny, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumont, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/148692</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NuMA Targets Dynein to Microtubule Minus-Ends at Mitosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/149344v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Convergence of topological domain boundaries, insulators, and polytene interbands revealed by high-resolution mapping of chromatin contacts in the early Drosophila melanogaster embryo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/149344v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Evidence has emerged in recent years linking insulators and the proteins that bind them to the higher order structure of animal chromatin, but the precise nature of this relationship and the manner by which insulators influence chromatin structure have remained elusive. Here we present high-resolution genome-wide chromatin conformation capture (Hi-C) data from early Drosophila melanogaster embryos that allow us to map three-dimensional interactions to 500 base pairs. We observe a complex, nested pattern of regions of chromatin self-association, and use a combination of computational and manual annotation to identify boundaries between these topological associated domains (TADs). We demonstrate that, when mapped at high resolution, boundaries resemble classical insulators: short (500 - 1000 bp) genomic regions that are sensitive to DNase digestion and strongly bound by known insulator proteins. Strikingly, we show that for regions where the banding pattern of polytene chromosomes has been mapped to genomic position at comparably high resolution, there is a perfect correspondence between polytene banding and our chromatin conformation maps, with boundary insulators forming the interband regions that separate compacted bands that correspond to TADs. We propose that this precise, high-resolution relationship between insulators and TADs on the one hand and polytene bands and interbands on the other extends across the genome, and suggest a model in which the decompaction of insulator regions drives the organization of interphase chromosomes by creating stable physical separation between adjacent domains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stadler, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haines, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisen, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/149344</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Convergence of topological domain boundaries, insulators, and polytene interbands revealed by high-resolution mapping of chromatin contacts in the early Drosophila melanogaster embryo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/150789v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The SMuSh pathway is essential for survival during growth-induced compressive mechanical stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/150789v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells that proliferate within a confined environment build up mechanical compressive stress. For example, mechanical pressure emerges in the naturally space-limited tumor environment. However, little is known about how cells sense and respond to mechanical compression. We developed microfluidic bioreactors to enable the investigation of the effects of compressive stress on the growth of the genetically tractable model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We used this system to determine that compressive stress is partly partly sensed through a module consisting of the mucin Msb2, and the cell wall protein Sho1, which act together as a sensor module in one of the two major osmosensing pathways in budding yeast. This signal is transmitted via the MAPKKK kinase Ste11. Thus, we term this mechanosensitive pathway the SMuSh pathway, for Ste11 through Mucin / Sho1 pathway. The SMuSh pathway delays cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle and improves cell survival in response to growth-induced pressure. We also found that the Cell Wall Integrity (CWI) pathway contributes to the response to mechanical compressive stress. These latter results are confirmed in complimentary experiments in the accompanying manuscript from Mishra et al. When both the SMuSh and the CWI pathways are deleted, cells fail to adapt to compressive stress and all cells lyse at relatively low pressure when grown in confinement. Thus, we define a network that is essential for cell survival during growth under pressure. We term this new mechanosensory system the SCWISh (Survival through the CWI and SMuSh) network.nnSignificance StatementGrowth in confined environments leads to the build up of compressive mechanical stresses, which are relevant to diverse fields, from cancer to microbiology. In contrast to tensile stress, little is known about the molecular integration of compressive stresses. In this study, we elucidate the SMuSh pathway, which, together with the Cell Wall Integrity pathway, is essential for viability of the budding yeast S. cerevisiae when growing under mechanical pressure. Pressure-sensing requires the transmembrane mucin, Msb2, which is linked to the actin cortex. Our result raises the intriguing question of whether mucins, widely conserved in eukaryotes and frequently misregulated in cancers, might sense compressive stresses in other organisms, including humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Delarue, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poterewicz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoxha, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kayser, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holt, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallatschek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/150789</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The SMuSh pathway is essential for survival during growth-induced compressive mechanical stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/151555v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome Architecture Leads a Bifurcation in Cell Identity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/151555v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome architecture is important in transcriptional regulation and study of its features is a critical part of fully understanding cell identity. Altering cell identity is possible through overexpression of transcription factors (TFs); for example, fibroblasts can be reprogrammed into muscle cells by introducing MYOD1. How TFs dynamically orchestrate genome architecture and transcription as a cell adopts a new identity during reprogramming is not well understood. Here we show that MYOD1-mediated reprogramming of human fibroblasts into the myogenic lineage undergoes a critical transition, which we refer to as a bifurcation point, where cell identity definitively changes. By integrating knowledge of genome-wide dynamical architecture and transcription, we found significant chromatin reorganization prior to transcriptional changes that marked activation of the myogenic program. We also found that the local architectural and transcriptional dynamics of endogenous MYOD1 and MYOG reflected the global genomic bifurcation event. These TFs additionally participate in entrainment of biological rhythms. Understanding the system-level genome dynamics underlying a cell fate decision is a step toward devising more sophisticated reprogramming strategies that could be used in cell therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ronquist, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seaman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ceglia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meixner, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muir, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, P.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higgins, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smale, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hero, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajapakse, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/151555</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome Architecture Leads a Bifurcation in Cell Identity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/154997v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neurodegeneration-associated mutant TREM2 proteins abortively cycle between the ER and ER-Golgi intermediate compartment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/154997v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is a transmembrane protein expressed on microglia within the brain. Several rare mutations in TREM2 cause an early-onset form of neurodegeneration when inherited homozygously. Here we investigate how these mutations affect the intracellular transport of TREM2. We find that most pathogenic TREM2 mutant proteins fail to undergo normal maturation in the Golgi complex and show markedly reduced cell surface expression. Prior research has suggested that two such mutants are retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), but we find, using a cell-free COPII vesicle budding reaction, that mutant TREM2 is exported efficiently from the ER. In addition, mutant TREM2 becomes sensitive to cleavage by endoglycosidase D under conditions that inhibit recycling to the ER, indicating that it normally reaches a post-ER compartment. Maturation-defective TREM2 mutants are also efficiently bound by a lectin that recognizes O-glycans added in the ER-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) and cis Golgi cisterna. Finally, mutant TREM2 accumulates in the ERGIC in cells depleted of COPI. These results indicate that efficient ER export is not sufficient to enable normal cell surface expression of TREM2. Moreover, our findings suggest that the ERGIC may play an underappreciated role as a quality-control center for mutant and/or malformed membrane proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sirkis, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aparicio, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schekman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/154997</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neurodegeneration-associated mutant TREM2 proteins abortively cycle between the ER and ER-Golgi intermediate compartment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/155010v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Resident Macrophages are Locally Programmed for Silent Clearance of Apoptotic Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/155010v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although apoptotic cells (ACs) contain nucleic acids that can be recognized by Toll-like receptors (TLRs), engulfment of ACs does not initiate inflammation in healthy organisms. To better understand this phenomenon, we identified and characterized macrophage populations that continually engulf ACs in several distinct tissues. These macrophages share characteristics compatible with immunologically silent clearance of ACs, including high expression of AC recognition receptors, low expression of TLR9, and reduced TLR responsiveness to nucleic acids. When removed from tissues these macrophages lose many of these characteristics and generate inflammatory responses to AC-derived nucleic acids, suggesting that cues from the tissue microenvironment are required to program macrophages for silent AC clearance. We show that KLF2 and KLF4 control expression of many genes within this AC clearance program. Coordinated expression of AC receptors with genes that limit responses to nucleic acids may represent a central feature of tissue macrophages that ensures maintenance of homeostasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roberts, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deguine, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shlomchik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barton, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/155010</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Resident Macrophages are Locally Programmed for Silent Clearance of Apoptotic Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/155440v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Worldwide genetic variation of the IGHV and TRBV immune receptor gene families in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/155440v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The immunoglobulin heavy variable (IGHV) and T cell beta variable (TRBV) loci are among the most complex and variable regions in the human genome. Generated through a process of gene duplication/deletion and diversification, these loci can vary extensively between individuals in copy number and contain genes that are highly similar, making their analysis technically challenging. Here, we present a comprehensive study of the functional gene segments in the IGHV and TRBV loci, quantifying their copy number and single nucleotide variation in a globally diverse sample of 109 (IGHV) and 286 (TRBV) humans from over a hundred populations. We find that the IGHV and TRBV gene families exhibit starkly different patterns of variation. In particular, with hundreds of copy number haplotypes (instances that have differences in the number of functional gene segments), the IGHV locus has undergone more frequent gene duplication/deletion compared to the TRBV locus, which has only a few copy number haplotypes. In contrast, the TRBV locus has a greater or at least equal propensity to mutate, as evidenced by greater single nucleotide variation, compared to the IGHV locus. Thus, despite common molecular and functional characteristics, the genes that comprise the IGHV and TRBV loci have evolved in strikingly different ways. As well as providing insight into the different evolutionary paths the IGHV and TRBV loci have taken, our results are also important to the adaptive immune repertoire sequencing community, where the lack of frequencies of common alleles and copy number variants is hampering existing analytical pipelines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/155440</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Worldwide genetic variation of the IGHV and TRBV immune receptor gene families in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/156000v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Drosophila Y chromosome affects heterochromatin integrity genome-wide 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/156000v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Drosophila Y-chromosome is gene poor and mainly consists of silenced, repetitive DNA. Nonetheless, the Y influences expression of hundreds of genes genome-wide, possibly by sequestering key components of the heterochromatin machinery away from other positions in the genome. To test the influence of the Y chromosome on the genome-wide chromatin landscape, we assayed the genomic distribution of histone modifications associated with gene activation (H3K4me3), or heterochromatin (H3K9me2 and H3K9me3) in fruit flies with varying sex chromosome complements (X0, XY and XYY males; XX and XXY females). Consistent with the general deficiency of active chromatin modifications on the Y, we find that Y gene dose has little influence on the genomic distribution of H3K4me3. In contrast, both the presence and the number of Y-chromosomes strongly influence genome-wide enrichment patterns of repressive chromatin modifications. Highly repetitive regions such as the pericentromeres, the dot, and the Y chromosome (if present) are enriched for heterochromatic modifications in wildtype males and females, and even more strongly in X0 flies. In contrast, the additional Y chromosome in XYY males and XXY females diminishes the heterochromatic signal in these normally silenced, repeat-rich regions, which is accompanied by an increase in expression of Y-linked repeats. We find hundreds of genes that are expressed differentially between individuals with aberrant sex chromosome karyotypes, many of which also show sex-biased expression in wildtype Drosophila. Thus, Y-chromosomes influence heterochromatin integrity genome-wide, and differences in the chromatin landscape of males and females may also contribute to sex-biased gene expression and sexual dimorphisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brown, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bachtrog, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/156000</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Drosophila Y chromosome affects heterochromatin integrity genome-wide]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/156042v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Y chromosome contributes to sex-specific aging in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/156042v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Heterochromatin suppresses repetitive DNA, and a loss of heterochromatin has been observed in aged cells of several species, including humans and Drosophila. Males often contain substantially more heterochromatic DNA than females, due to the presence of a large, repeat-rich Y chromosome, and male flies generally have shorter average life spans than females. Here we show that repetitive DNA becomes de-repressed more rapidly in old male flies relative to females, and repeats on the Y chromosome are disproportionally mis-expressed during aging. This is associated with a loss of heterochromatin at repetitive elements during aging in male flies, and a general loss of repressive chromatin in aged males away from pericentromeric regions and the Y. By generating flies with different sex chromosome karyotypes (XXY females; X0 and XYY males), we show that repeat de-repression and average lifespan is directly correlated with the number of Y chromosomes. Thus, sex-specific chromatin differences contribute to sex-specific aging in flies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brown, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bachtrog, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/156042</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Y chromosome contributes to sex-specific aging in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/156125v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cpf1 mediates efficient homology-directed repair and temperature-controlled genome editing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/156125v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cpf1 is a novel class of CRISPR-Cas DNA endonucleases, with a wide range of activity across different eukaryotic systems. Yet, the underlying determinants of this variability are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that LbCpf1, but not AsCpf1, ribonucleoprotein complexes allow efficient mutagenesis in zebrafish and Xenopus. We show that temperature modulates Cpf1 activity by controlling its ability to access genomic DNA. This effect is stronger on AsCpf1, explaining its lower efficiency in ectothermic organisms. We capitalize on this property to show that temporal control of the temperature allows post-translational modulation of Cpf1-mediated genome editing. Finally, we determine that LbCpf1 significantly increases homology-directed repair in zebrafish, improving current approaches for targeted DNA integration in the genome. Together, we provide a molecular understanding of Cpf1 activity in vivo and establish Cpf1 as an efficient and inducible genome engineering tool across ectothermic species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moreno-Mateos, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rouet, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lane, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vejnar, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khokha, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giraldez, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/156125</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CRISPR-Cpf1 mediates efficient homology-directed repair and temperature-controlled genome editing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/156190v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Widespread translational remodeling during human neuronal differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/156190v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Faithful cellular differentiation requires precise coordination of changes in gene expression. However, the relative contributions of transcriptional and translational regulation during human cellular differentiation are unclear. Here, we induced forebrain neuronal differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and characterized genomewide RNA and translation levels during neurogenesis. We find that thousands of genes change at the translation level across differentiation without a corresponding change in RNA level. Specifically, we identify mTOR complex 1 signaling as a key driver for elevated translation of translation-related genes in hESCs. In contrast, translational repression in active neurons is mediated by transcript 3' UTRs, through regulatory sequences. Together, our findings identify a functional role for the dramatic 3' UTR extensions that occur during brain development, and provide insights to interpret genetic variants in post-transcriptional control factors that influence neurodevelopmental disorders and diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blair, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hockemeyer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bateup, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Floor, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/156190</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Widespread translational remodeling during human neuronal differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/156240v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Habitat preference of an herbivore shapes the habitat distribution of its host plant 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/156240v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plant distributions can be limited by habitat-biased herbivory, but the proximate causes of such biases are rarely known. Distinguishing plant-centric from herbivore-centric mechanisms driving differential herbivory between habitats is difficult without experimental manipulation of both plants and herbivores. Here we tested alternative hypotheses driving habitat-biased herbivory in bittercress (Cardamine cordifolia), which is more abundant under shade of shrubs and trees (shade) than in nearby meadows (sun) where herbivory is intense from the specialist fly Scaptomyza nigrita. This system has served as a textbook example of habitat-biased herbivory driving a plants distribution across an ecotone, but the proximate mechanisms underlying differential herbivory are still unclear. First, we found that higher S. nigrita herbivory in sun habitats contrasts sharply with their preference to attack plants from shade habitats in laboratory choice experiments. Second, S. nigrita strongly preferred leaves in simulated sun over simulated shade habitats, regardless of plant source habitat. Thus, herbivore preference for brighter, warmer habitats overrides their preference for more palatable shade plants. This promotes the sun-biased herbivore pressure that drives the distribution of bittercress into shade habitats.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alexandre, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humphrery, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frazier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gloss, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Affeldt, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiteman, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/156240</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Habitat preference of an herbivore shapes the habitat distribution of its host plant]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/156844v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamics of the IFT Machinery at the Ciliary Tip 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/156844v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intraflagellar transport (IFT) is essential for the elongation and maintenance of eukaryotic cilia and flagella. Due to the traffic jam of multiple trains at the ciliary tip, how IFT trains are remodeled in these turnaround zones cannot be determined by conventional imaging. Using Photogate, we visualized the full range of movement of single IFT trains and motors in Chlamydomonas flagella. Anterograde trains split apart and IFT complexes mix with each other at the tip to assemble retrograde trains. Dynein-1b is carried to the tip by kinesin-II as inactive cargo on anterograde trains. Unlike dynein-1b, kinesin-II detaches from IFT trains at the tip and diffuses in flagella. As the flagellum grows longer, diffusion delays return of kinesin-II to the basal body, depleting kinesin-II available for anterograde transport. Our results suggest that dissociation of kinesin-II from IFT trains serves as a negative feedback mechanism that facilitates flagellar length control in Chlamydomonas.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chien, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bower, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tritschler, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porter, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yildiz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/156844</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamics of the IFT Machinery at the Ciliary Tip]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/157313v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The role of traction in membrane curvature generation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/157313v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Curvature of biological membranes can be generated by a variety of molecular mechanisms including protein scaffolding, compositional heterogeneity, and cytoskeletal forces. These mechanisms have the net effect of generating tractions (force per unit length) on the bilayer that are translated into distinct shapes of the membrane. Here, we demonstrate how the local shape of the membrane can be used to infer the traction acting locally on the membrane. We show that buds and tubes, two common membrane deformations studied in trafficking processes, have different traction distributions along the membrane and that these tractions are specific to the molecular mechanism used to generate these shapes. Furthermore, we show that the magnitude of an axial force applied to the membrane as well as that of an effective line tension can be calculated from these tractions. Finally, we consider the sensitivity of these quantities with respect to uncertainties in material properties and follow with a discussion on sources of uncertainty in membrane shape.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alimohamadi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassinger, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stachowiak, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangamani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/157313</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The role of traction in membrane curvature generation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/160036v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhanced proofreading governs CRISPR-Cas9 targeting accuracy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/160036v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The RNA-guided CRISPR-Cas9 nuclease from Streptococcus pyogenes (SpCas9) has been widely repurposed for genome editing1-4. High-fidelity (SpCas9-HF1) and enhanced specificity (eSpCas9(1.1)) variants exhibit substantially reduced off-target cleavage in human cells, but the mechanism of target discrimination and the potential to further improve fidelity were unknown5-9. Using single-molecule Forster resonance energy transfer (smFRET) experiments, we show that both SpCas9-HF1 and eSpCas9(1.1) are trapped in an inactive state10 when bound to mismatched targets. We find that a non-catalytic domain within Cas9, REC3, recognizes target mismatches and governs the HNH nuclease to regulate overall catalytic competence. Exploiting this observation, we identified residues within REC3 involved in mismatch sensing and designed a new hyper-accurate Cas9 variant (HypaCas9) that retains robust on-target activity in human cells. These results offer a more comprehensive model to rationalize and modify the balance between target recognition and nuclease activation for precision genome editing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dagdas, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinstiver, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welch, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrington, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sternberg, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joung, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yildiz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/160036</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhanced proofreading governs CRISPR-Cas9 targeting accuracy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/160556v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A broad role for YBX1 in defining the small non-coding RNA composition of exosomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/160556v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA is secreted from cells enclosed within extracellular vesicles (EVs). Defining the RNA composition of EVs is challenging due to their co-isolation with contaminants, a lack of knowledge of the mechanisms of RNA sorting into EVs and limitations of conventional RNA-seq methods. Here we present our observations using thermostable group II intron reverse transcriptase sequencing (TGIRT-seq) to characterize the RNA extracted from HEK293T cell EVs isolated by flotation gradient ultracentrifugation and from exosomes containing the tetraspannin CD63 further purified from the gradient fractions by immunoisolation. We found that EV-associated transcripts are dominated by full-length, mature tRNAs and other small non-coding RNAs encapsulated within vesicles. A substantial proportion of the reads mapping to protein-coding genes, long non-coding, and antisense RNAs were due to DNA contamination on the surface of vesicles. Nevertheless, sequences mapping to spliced mRNAs were identified within HEK293T cell EVs and exosomes, among the most abundant being transcripts containing a 5 terminal oligopyrimidine (5 TOP) motif. Our results indicate that the RNA-binding protein YBX1, which we showed previously is required for the sorting of selected miRNAs into exosomes, plays a role in the sorting of highly abundant small non-coding RNA species, including tRNAs, Y RNAs, and Vault RNAs. Finally, we obtained evidence for an EV-specific tRNA modification, perhaps indicating a role for post-transcriptional modification in the sorting of some RNA species into EVs. The identification of full-length small non-coding RNAs within EVs suggests a role for EVs in the export and possible intercellular functional transfer of abundant cellular transcripts.nnStatement of SignificanceCells release vesicles containing selectively packaged cargo, including RNA, into the extracellular environment. Prior studies have identified RNA inside extracellular vesicles (EVs) but, due to limitations of conventional sequencing methods, highly structured and post-transcriptionally modified RNA species were not effectively captured. Using an alternative sequencing approach (TGIRT-seq), we found that EVs contain abundant small non-coding RNA species, including full-length tRNAs and Y RNAs. Using a knockout cell line, we obtained evidence that the RNA-binding protein YBX1 plays a role in sorting small non-coding RNAs into a subpopulation of extracellular vesicles termed exosomes. These experiments expand our understanding of EV-RNA composition and provide insights into how RNA is sorted into EVs for export from the cell.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shurtleff, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nottingham, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Temoche-Diaz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schekman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lambowitz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/160556</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A broad role for YBX1 in defining the small non-coding RNA composition of exosomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/161695v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The origin of animal multicellularity and cell differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/161695v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How animals evolved from their single-celled ancestors over 600 million years ago is poorly understood. Comparisons of genomes from animals and their closest relatives - choanoflagellates, filastereans and ichthyosporeans - have recently revealed the genomic landscape of animal origins. However, the cell and developmental biology of the first animals have been less well examined. Using principles from evolutionary cell biology, we reason that the last common ancestor of animals and choanoflagellates (the  Urchoanozoan) used a collar complex - a flagellum surrounded by a microvillar collar - to capture bacterial prey. The origin of animal multicellularity likely occurred through the modification of pre-existing mechanisms for extracellular matrix synthesis and regulation of cytokinesis. The progenitors of animals likely developed clonally through serial division of flagellated cells, giving rise to sheets of cells that folded into spheres by a morphogenetic process comparable to that seen in modern choanoflagellate rosettes and calcareous sponge embryos. Finally, we infer that cell differentiation evolved in the animal stem-lineage by a combination of three mechanisms: division of labor from ancient plurifunctional cell types, conversion of temporally segregated phenotypes into spatially segregated cell types, and functional innovation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brunet, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/161695</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The origin of animal multicellularity and cell differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/162255v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synthetically Engineered Medea Gene Drive System in the Worldwide Crop Pest, D. suzukii 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/162255v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synthetic gene drive systems possess enormous potential to replace, alter, or suppress wild populations of significant disease vectors and crop pests; however, their utility in diverse populations remains to be demonstrated. Here, we report the creation of the first-ever synthetic Medea gene drive element in a major worldwide crop pest, D. suzukii. We demonstrate that this drive element, based on an engineered maternal "toxin" coupled with a linked embryonic "antidote," is capable of biasing Mendelian inheritance rates with up to 100% efficiency. However, we find that drive resistance, resulting from naturally occurring genetic variation and associated fitness costs, can hinder the spread of such an element. Despite this, our results suggest that this element could maintain itself at high frequencies in a wild population, and spread to fixation, if either its fitness costs or toxin resistance were reduced, providing a clear path forward for developing future such systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Buchman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostrovski, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akbari, O. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/162255</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synthetically Engineered Medea Gene Drive System in the Worldwide Crop Pest, D. suzukii]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/165548v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spores and soil from six sides: interdisciplinarity and the environmental biology of anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/165548v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Environmentally Transmitted Diseases Are Comparatively Poorly Understood And Managed, And Their Ecology Is Particularly Understudied. Here We Identify Challenges Of Studying Environmental Transmission And Persistence With A Six-Sided Interdisciplinary Review Of The Biology Of Anthrax (Bacillus Anthracis). Anthrax Is A Zoonotic Disease Capable Of Maintaining Infectious Spore Banks In Soil For Decades (Or Even Potentially Centuries), And The Mechanisms Of Its Environmental Persistence Have Been The Topic Of Significant Research And Controversy. Where Anthrax Is Endemic, It Plays An Important Ecological Role, Shaping The Dynamics Of Entire Herbivore Communities. The Complex Eco-Epidemiology Of Anthrax, And The Mysterious Biology Of Bacillus Anthracis During Its Environmental Stage, Have Necessitated An Interdisciplinary Approach To Pathogen Research. Here, We Illustrate Different Disciplinary Perspectives Through Key Advances Made By Researchers Working In Etosha National Park, A Long-Term Ecological Research Site In Namibia That Has Exemplified The Complexities Of AnthraxS Enzootic Process Over Decades Of Surveillance. In Etosha, The Role Of Scavengers And Alternate Routes (Waterborne Transmission And Flies) Has Proved Unimportant, Relative To The Long-Term Persistence Of Anthrax Spores In Soil And Their Infection Of Herbivore Hosts. Carcass Deposition Facilitates Green-Ups Of Vegetation To Attract Herbivores, Potentially Facilitated By Anthrax Spores Role In The Rhizosphere. The Underlying Seasonal Pattern Of Vegetation, And Herbivores Immune And Behavioral Responses To Anthrax Risk, Interact To Produce Regular "Anthrax Seasons" That Appear To Be A Stable Feature Of The Etosha Ecosystem. Through The Lens Of Microbiologists, Geneticists, Immunologists, Ecologists, Epidemiologists, And Clinicians, We Discuss How Anthrax Dynamics Are Shaped At The Smallest Scale By Population Genetics And Interactions Within The Bacterial Communities Up To The Broadest Scales Of Ecosystem Structure. We Illustrate The Benefits And Challenges Of This Interdisciplinary Approach To Disease Ecology, And Suggest Ways Anthrax Might Offer Insights Into The Biology Of Other Important Pathogens. Bacillus Anthracis, And The More Recently Emerged Bacillus Cereus Biovar Anthracis, Share Key Features With Other Environmentally-Transmitted Pathogens, Including Several Zoonoses And Panzootics Of Special Interest For Global Health And Conservation Efforts. Understanding The Dynamics Of Anthrax, And Developing Interdisciplinary Research Programs That Explore Environmental Persistence, Is A Critical Step Forward For Understanding These Emerging Threats.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carlson, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Getz, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kausrud, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cizauskas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackburn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustos Carrillo, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colwell, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Easterday, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganz, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamath, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okstad, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolsto, A.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stenseth, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/165548</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spores and soil from six sides: interdisciplinarity and the environmental biology of anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/166322v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fusion detection and quantification by pseudoalignment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/166322v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA sequencing in cancer cells is a powerful technique to detect chromosomal rearrangements, allowing for de novo discovery of actively expressed fusion genes. Here we focus on the problem of detecting gene fusions from raw sequencing data, assembling the reads to define fusion transcripts and their associated breakpoints, and quantifying their abundances. Building on the pseudoalignment idea that simplifies and accelerates transcript quantification, we introduce a novel approach to fusion detection based on inspecting paired reads that cannot be pseudoaligned due to conflicting matches. The method and software, called pizzly, filters false positives, assembles new transcripts from the fusion reads, and reports candidate fusions. With pizzly, fusion detection from raw RNA-Seq reads can be performed in a matter of minutes, making the program suitable for the analysis of large cancer gene expression databases and for clinical use. pizzly is available at https://github.com/pmelsted/pizzly
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Melsted, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hateley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph, I. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pimentel, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bray, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pachter, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/166322</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fusion detection and quantification by pseudoalignment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/166447v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dramatic expansion of microbial groups that shape the global sulfur cycle 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/166447v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The biogeochemical cycle of sulfur on Earth is driven by microbial sulfate reduction, yet organisms from relatively few lineages have been implicated in this process. Recent studies using functional marker genes have detected abundant, novel dissimilatory sulfite reductases that confer the capacity for microbial sulfate reduction and could do not be affiliated with known organisms. Thus, the identity of a significant fraction of sulfate reducing microbes has remained elusive. Here we report the discovery of the capacity for sulfate reduction in the genomes of organisms from twelve bacterial and archaeal phyla, thereby doubling the number of microbial phyla associated with this process. Eight of the twelve newly identified groups are candidate phyla that lack isolated representatives, a finding only possible given genomes from metagenomes. Two candidate phyla, Candidatus Rokubacteria and Candidatus Hydrothermarchaeota contain the earliest evolved genes. The capacity for sulfate reduction has been laterally transferred in multiple events within some phyla, and a key gene potentially capable of switching sulfur oxidation to sulfate reduction in associated cells has been acquired by putatively symbiotic bacteria. We conclude that functional predictions based on phylogeny will significantly underestimate the extent of sulfate reduction across Earths ecosystems. Understanding the prevalence of this capacity is integral to interpreting the carbon cycle because sulfate reduction is often coupled to turnover of buried organic carbon. Our findings expand the diversity of microbial groups associated with sulfur transformations in the environment and motivate revision of biogeochemical process models based on microbial community composition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anantharaman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jungbluth, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kantor, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rappe, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/166447</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dramatic expansion of microbial groups that shape the global sulfur cycle]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/166678v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Screening and directed evolution of transporters to improve xylodextrin utilization in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/166678v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The economic production of cellulosic biofuel requires efficient and full utilization of all abundant carbohydrates naturally released from plant biomass by enzyme cocktails. Recently, we reconstituted the Neurospora crassa xylodextrin transport and consumption system in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, enabling growth of yeast on xylodextrins aerobically. However, the consumption rate of xylodextrin requires improvement for industrial applications, including consumption in anaerobic conditions. As a first step in this improvement, we report analysis of orthologues of the N. crassa transporters CDT-1 and CDT-2. Transporter ST16 from Trichoderma virens enables faster aerobic growth of S. cerevisiae on xylodextrins compared to CDT-2. ST16 is a xylodextrin-specific transporter, and the xylobiose transport activity of ST16 is not inhibited by cellobiose. Other transporters identified in the screen also enable growth on xylodextrins including xylotriose. Taken together, these results indicate that multiple transporters might prove useful to improve xylodextrin utilization in S. cerevisiae. Efforts to use directed evolution to improve ST16 from a chromosomally-integrated copy were not successful, due to background growth of yeast on other carbon sources present in the selection medium. Future experiments will require increasing the baseline growth rate of the yeast population on xylodextrins, to ensure that the selective pressure exerted on xylodextrin transport can lead to isolation of improved xylodextrin transporters.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acosta-Sampson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, V. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cate, J. H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/166678</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Screening and directed evolution of transporters to improve xylodextrin utilization in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/167031v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effective normalization for copy number variation in Hi-C data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/167031v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Normalization is essential to ensure accurate analysis and proper interpretation of sequencing data. Chromosome conformation data, such as Hi-C, is not different. The most widely used type of normalization of Hi-C data casts estimations of unwanted effects as a matrix balancing problem, relying on the assumption that all genomic regions interact as much as any other. Here, we show that these approaches, while very effective on fully haploid or diploid genome, fail to correct for unwanted effects in the presence of copy number variations. We propose a simple extension to matrix balancing methods that properly models the copy-number variation effects. Our approach can either retain the copy-number variation effects or remove it. We show that this leads to better downstream analysis of the three-dimensional organization of rearranged genome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Servant, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varoqaux, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heard, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vert, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emmanuel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/167031</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effective normalization for copy number variation in Hi-C data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/167254v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parasite mediated competition facilitates invasion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/167254v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parasites play an important role in invasion success with important consequences for biodiversity and community structure. While much research has focused on direct effects of parasites on biological invasions, parasites can also indirectly influence interactions within the invaded community across trophic levels. For instance, parasites can mediate competitive interactions between native and exotic species through trait-mediated indirect effects. We consider the interactions between the parasitoid fly Pseudacteon sp. (Diptera: Phoridae), and its native host ant Linipethema iniquum, and the exotic ant Wasmannia auropunctata in the introduced range of Puerto Rico. We examined the effects of phorid flies on the competitive outcome between the arboreal ants W. auropunctata and native ant L. iniquum. Furthermore, we investigate the searching efficiency of phorid flies in detecting L. iniquum nests. To study the indirect effects on ant competition, we monitored ant recruitment to baits over a 60-min time interval in the presence and absence of phorid fly parasitoids. We then performed field experiments and measured phorid arrival time to arboreal nests of L. iniquum located in both a) W. auropunctata patches and in b) isolated patches dominated by L. iniquum nests. We found that the presence of phorid fly significantly reduced recruitment of L. iniquum workers to baits through induced behavioral changes thereby increasing the ability of W. auropunctata to acquire resources. In addition, we found that phorid arrival time in isolated patches of L. iniquum patches was faster as compared to L. iniquum nests located within W. auropunctata patches. Our results show that phorid fly parasitoids indirectly may influence competitive interactions by attacking the host-ant L. iniquum and consequently providing an advantage to local spread of W. auropuntata populations in Puerto Rico. However, the spatial dynamics of arboreal ants shows that L. iniquum seeks protection from phorid fly parasotoids by moving their nests to W. auropunctata dominated patches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yitbarek, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/167254</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parasite mediated competition facilitates invasion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/169425v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Experience-dependent translational state defined by cell type-specific ribosome profiling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/169425v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Experience-dependent neuronal activity regulates the translation of mRNA, supporting memory formation. We have developed a new method termed translating ribosome affinity purification and ribosome profiling (TRiP) which allows us to determine cell type-specific ribosome occupancy of mRNA with nucleotide resolution. Using TRiP we show that a memory-inducing experience creates a distinct translational state in mouse CA1 pyramidal cells. The experience-dependent translation state is characterized by enhanced translation of protein-coding open reading frames (ORFs) including numerous components of the actin cytoskeleton and calcium/calmodulin binding proteins, and by decreased translation of a defined subset of genes containing upstream ORFs (uORFs). Using animals heterozygous for an unphosphorylatable allele of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (eIF2), we show that dephosphorylation of eIF2 contributes significantly to the experience-dependent translation state. These observations demonstrate that TRiP is a valuable methodology for studying physiologically relevant changes in translational state in genetically defined cell types.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eacker, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brichta, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riessland, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingolia, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greengard, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/169425</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Experience-dependent translational state defined by cell type-specific ribosome profiling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/169474v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Budding yeast Wpl1p regulates cohesin functions in cohesion, condensation and DNA repair by a common mechanism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/169474v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cohesin tethers DNA to mediate sister chromatid cohesion, chromosome condensation, and DNA repair. How the cell regulates cohesin to perform these distinct functions remains to be elucidated. One cohesin regulator, Wpl1p, was characterized in the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, as a promoter of cohesion and as an inhibitor of condensation. Here we provide evidence that Wpl1p has an additional function in promoting the timely repair of DNA damage induced during S-phase. In addition to these biological functions, Wpl1p has been implicated as an inhibitor of cohesins ability to stably bind DNA by modulating the interface between two subunits (Mcd1p and Smc3p) of the core cohesin complex. We show that Wpl1p likely modulates this interface to regulate all cohesins biological functions. Furthermore, we show that Wpl1p regulates cohesion and condensation through the formation of a functional complex with another cohesin-associated factor, Pds5p. In contrast, Wpl1p regulates DNA repair independently of its interaction with Pds5p. Together these results suggest that Wpl1p regulates distinct biological functions of cohesin by Pds5p-dependent and - independent modulation of the Smc3p-Mcd1p interface.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bloom, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guacci, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koshland, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/169474</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Budding yeast Wpl1p regulates cohesin functions in cohesion, condensation and DNA repair by a common mechanism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/170464v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of single pair of interneurons for bitter taste processing in the Drosophila brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/170464v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Drosophila has become an excellent model system for investigating the organization and function of the gustatory system due to the relatively simple neuroanatomical organization of its brain and the availability of powerful genetic and transgenic technology. Thus, at the molecular and cellular level, a great deal of insight into the peripheral detection and coding of gustatory information has already been attained. In contrast, much less is known about the central neural circuits that process this information and induce behaviorally appropriate motor output. Here we combine functional behavioral tests with targeted transgene expression through specific driver lines to identify a single bilaterally homologous pair of bitter sensitive interneurons that are located in the subesophageal zone of the brain. Anatomical and functional data indicate that these interneurons receive specific synaptic input from bitter sensitive gustatory receptor neurons. Targeted transgenic activation and inactivation experiments show that these bitter sensitive interneurons can largely suppress the proboscis extension reflex to appetitive stimuli such as sugar and water. These functional experiments together with calcium-imaging studies indicate that these first order local interneurons play an important role in the inhibition of the proboscis extension reflex that occurs in response to bitter tastants. Taken together, our studies present a cellular identification and functional characterization of a key gustatory interneuron in the bitter sensitive gustatory circuitry of the adult fly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bohra, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kallman, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reichert, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VijayRaghavan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/170464</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of single pair of interneurons for bitter taste processing in the Drosophila brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/171553v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Detection of live mycobacteria with a solvatochromic trehalose probe for point-of-care tuberculosis diagnosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/171553v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractTuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of death from an infectious bacterial disease. Poor diagnostic tools to detect active disease plague TB control programs and affect patient care. Accurate detection of live Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of TB, will improve TB diagnosis and patient treatment. We report that live mycobacteria can be specifically detected with a fluorogenic trehalose analog. We designed a 4-N,N-dimethylamino-1,8- naphthalimide-trehalose (DMN-Tre) conjugate that undergoes >700-fold fluorescence increase when transitioned from aqueous to hydrophobic environments. This enhancement occurs upon metabolic conversion of DMN-Tre to trehalose monomycolate and incorporation into the outer membrane. DMN-Tre labeling enabled the rapid, no-wash visualization of mycobacterial and corynebacterial species without nonspecific labeling of Gram-positive or -negative bacteria. DMN-Tre labeling was selective for live mycobacteria and was reduced by treatment with TB drugs. Lastly, DMN-Tre labeled Mtb in TB-positive sputum samples suggesting this operationally simple method may be deployable for TB diagnosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kamariza, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shieh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Rivera, F. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ealand, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kana, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertozzi, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/171553</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Detection of live mycobacteria with a solvatochromic trehalose probe for point-of-care tuberculosis diagnosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/174292v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A catch-bond drives stator mechanosensitivity in the Bacterial Flagellar Motor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/174292v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The bacterial flagellar motor (BFM) is the rotary motor which powers the swimming and swarming of many motile bacteria. The torque is provided by stator units, ion motive force powered ion channels known to assemble and disassemble dynamically in the BFM. This turnover is mechano-sensitive, with the number of engaged units dependent upon the viscous load experienced by the motor through the flagellum. However, the molecular mechanism driving BFM mechano-sensitivity is unknown. Here we directly measure the kinetics of arrival and departure of the stator units in individual wild-type motors via analysis of high-resolution recordings of motor speed, while dynamically varying the load on the motor via external magnetic torque. Obtaining the real-time stator stoichiometry before and after periods of forced motor stall, we measure both the number of active stator units at steady-state as a function of the load and the kinetic association and dissociation rates, by fitting the data to a reversible random sequential adsorption model. Our measurements indicate that BFM mechano-sensing relies on the dissociation rate of the stator units, which decreases with increasing load, while their association rate remains constant. This implies that the lifetime of an active stator unit assembled within the BFM increases when a higher force is applied to its anchoring point in the cell wall, providing strong evidence that a catch-bond mechanism can explain the mechano-sensitivity of the BFM.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nord, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gachon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez-Carrasco, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nirody, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barducci, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berry, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedaci, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/174292</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A catch-bond drives stator mechanosensitivity in the Bacterial Flagellar Motor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/176222v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A nutrient-dependent division antagonist is regulated post-translationally by the Clp proteases in Bacillus subtilis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/176222v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Changes in nutrient availability have dramatic and well-defined impacts on both transcription and translation in bacterial cells. At the same time, the role of post-translational control in adaptation to nutrient-poor environments is poorly understood. Here we report a role for the bacterial Clp proteases in degradation of the division inhibitor UgtP during growth in nutrient-poor medium. Under nutrient-rich conditions, interactions with its substrate UDP-glucose promote interactions between UgtP and the tubulin-like cell division protein FtsZ in Bacillus subtilis, inhibiting maturation of the cytokinetic ring and increasing cell size. In nutrient-poor medium, reductions in UDP-glucose availability favor UgtP oligomerization, sequestering it from FtsZ and allowing division to occur at a smaller cell mass. Intriguingly, in nutrient-poor conditions UgtP levels are reduced [~] 3-fold independent of UDP-glucose, suggesting an additional layer of regulation. B. subtilis cells cultured under different nutrient conditions indicate that UgtP accumulation is controlled through a nutrient-dependent post-translational mechanism dependent on the Clp proteases. Notably, all three B. subtilis Clp chaperones appeared able to target UgtP for degradation during growth in nutrient-poor conditions. Together these findings highlight conditional proteolysis as a mechanism for bacterial adaptation to a rapidly changing nutritional landscape.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hill, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuke, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buske, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chien, A.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/176222</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A nutrient-dependent division antagonist is regulated post-translationally by the Clp proteases in Bacillus subtilis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/176289v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling the emergence of antibiotic resistance in the environment: an analytical solution for the minimum selection concentration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/176289v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Environmental antibiotic risk management requires an understanding of how subinhibitory antibiotic concentrations contribute to the spread of resistance. We develop a simple model of competition between sensitive and resistant bacterial strains to predict the minimum selection concentration (MSC), the lowest level of antibiotic at which resistant bacteria are selected. We present an analytical solution for the MSC based on the routinely measured minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the selection coefficient (sc) that expresses fitness differences between strains. We calibrated the model by optimizing the shape of the bacterial growth dose-response curve to antibiotic or metal exposure (the Hill coefficient, {kappa}) to fit previously published experimental growth rate difference data. The model fit varied among nine compound-taxa combinations examined, but predicted the experimentally observed MSC/MIC ratio well (R2 [&ge;] 0.95). The shape of the antibiotic response curve varied among compounds (0.7 [&le;] {kappa} [&le;] 10.5), with the steepest curve for the aminoglycosides streptomycin and kanamycin. The model was sensitive to this antibiotic response curve shape and to the sc, indicating the importance of fitness differences between strains for determining the MSC. The MSC can be more than one order of magnitude lower than the MIC, typically by a factor sc{kappa}. This study provides an initial quantitative depiction and a framework for a research agenda to examine the growing evidence of selection for resistant bacteria communities at low environmental antibiotic concentrations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Greenfield, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaked, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marrs, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raxter, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKone, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jolliet, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/176289</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling the emergence of antibiotic resistance in the environment: an analytical solution for the minimum selection concentration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/178269v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhancer connectome in primary human cells reveals target genes of disease-associated DNA elements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/178269v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The challenge of linking intergenic mutations to target genes has limited molecular understanding of diverse human diseases. Here, we show H3K27ac HiChIP generates high-resolution contact maps of active enhancers and target genes in rare primary human T cell subtypes and coronary artery smooth muscle cells. Differentiation of naive T cells to either T helper 17 cells or regulatory T cells create subtype-specific enhancer-promoter interactions, specifically at regions of shared DNA accessibility. These data provide a principled means of assigning molecular functions to autoimmune and cardiovascular disease risk variants, linking hundreds of noncoding variants to putative gene targets. Target genes identified with HiChIP are further supported by CRISPR interference and activation at linked enhancers, by the presence of expression quantitative trait loci, and by allele-specific enhancer loops in patient-derived primary cells. The majority of disease-associated enhancers contact genes beyond the nearest gene in the linear genome, leading to a four-fold increase of potential target genes for autoimmune and cardiovascular diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mumbach, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satpathy, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyle, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gowen, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granja, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kazane, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenside, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corces, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tycko, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simeonov, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suliman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flynn, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kundaje, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khavari, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corn, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quertermous, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenleaf, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/178269</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhancer connectome in primary human cells reveals target genes of disease-associated DNA elements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/178384v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Behavioral and neural indices of affective coloring for neutral social stimuli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/178384v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Emotional processing often continues beyond the presentation of emotionally evocative stimuli, which can result in affective biasing or coloring of subsequently encountered events. Here, we describe neural correlates of affective coloring and examine how individual differences in affective style impact the magnitude of affective coloring. We conducted functional magnetic resonance imaging in 117 adults who passively viewed negative, neutral, and positive pictures presented 2s prior to neutral faces. Brain responses to neutral faces were modulated by the valence of preceding pictures, with greater activation for faces following negative (vs. positive) pictures in the amygdala, dorsomedial and lateral prefrontal cortex, ventral visual cortices, posterior superior temporal sulcus, and angular gyrus. Three days after the MRI scan, participants rated their memory and liking of previously encountered neutral faces. Individuals higher in trait positive affect and emotional reappraisal rated faces as more likable when preceded by emotionally arousing (negative or positive) pictures. Additionally, greater amygdala responses to neutral faces preceded by positively valenced pictures were associated with greater memory for these faces three days later. Collectively, these results reveal individual differences in how emotions spill over onto the processing of unrelated social stimuli, resulting in persistent and affectively biased evaluations of such stimuli.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grupe, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaefer, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lapate, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoen, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gresham, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mumford, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidson, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/178384</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Behavioral and neural indices of affective coloring for neutral social stimuli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/179564v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Role for Ribosome-Associated Complex and Stress-Seventy subfamily B (RAC-Ssb) in integral membrane protein translation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/179564v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Targeting of most integral membrane proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum is controlled by the signal recognition particle (SRP), which recognizes a hydrophobic signal sequence near the protein N-terminus. Proper folding of these proteins is monitored by the unfolded protein response, and involves protein degradation pathways to ensure quality control. Here, we identify a new pathway for quality control of major facilitator superfamily transporters that occurs before the first transmembrane helix-the signal sequence recognized by SRP-is made by the ribosome. Increased rates of translation elongation of the N-terminal sequence of these integral membrane proteins can divert the nascent protein chains to the ribosome-associated complex (RAC) and Stress-Seventy Subfamily B (Ssb) chaperones. We also show that quality control of integral membrane proteins by RAC-Ssb couples translation rate to the unfolded protein response, which has implications for understanding mechanisms underlying human disease and protein production in biotechnology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Acosta-Sampson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Döring, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bukau, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cate, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/179564</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Role for Ribosome-Associated Complex and Stress-Seventy subfamily B (RAC-Ssb) in integral membrane protein translation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/180562v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The BMP2/4 ortholog Dpp functions as an inter-organ signal that regulates developmental timing in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/180562v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For many organisms, developmental transitions are triggered by a neuroendocrine axis and are contingent upon multiple organs achieving sufficient growth and maturation. How the status of peripheral organs is communicated to the neuroendocrine axis is not known. In Drosophila larvae, metamorphosis is triggered by the steroid hormone ecdysone, secreted by the prothoracic gland (PG). Here we show that the BMP2/4 ortholog Dpp, which regulates growth and patterning of larval imaginal discs, also functions as a systemic signal to regulate developmental timing. Dpp from peripheral tissues, mostly imaginal discs, can reach the PG and inhibit ecdysone biosynthesis. As the discs grow, Dpp signaling decreases in the PG, thus alleviating the inhibition of ecdysone biosynthesis, and permitting entry into metamorphosis. We suggest that if a tissue can trap more morphogen locally as it grows and matures, then circulating levels of morphogen can provide a systemic readout of organ size and maturation.nnOne Sentence SummaryDpp functions as a long-range endocrine signal between peripheral tissues and the prothoracic gland to regulate developmental timing in Drosophila.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Setiawan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woods, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hariharan, I. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/180562</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The BMP2/4 ortholog Dpp functions as an inter-organ signal that regulates developmental timing in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/182519v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Selection-like biases emerge in population models with recurrent jackpot events 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/182519v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Evolutionary dynamics driven out of equilibrium by growth, expansion or adaptation often generate a characteristically skewed distribution of descendant numbers: The earliest, the most advanced or the fittest ancestors have exceptionally large number of descendants, which Luria and Delbruck called "jackpot" events. Here, we show that recurrent jackpot events generate a deterministic bias favoring majority alleles, which is equivalent to an effective frequency-dependent selection (proportional to the log ratio of the frequencies of mutant and wild-type alleles). This "fictitious" selection force results from the fact that majority alleles tend to sample deeper into the tail of the descendant distribution. The flipside of this sampling effect is the rare occurrence of large frequency hikes in favor of minority alleles, which ensures that the allele frequency dynamics remains neutral overall unless genuine selection is present. The limiting allele frequency process is dual to the Bolthausen-Sznitman coalescent and has a particularly simple representation in terms of the logarithm of the mutant frequency. The resulting picture of a selection-like bias compensated by rare big jumps allows for an intuitive understanding of allele frequency trajectories and enables the exact calculation of transition densities for a range of important scenarios, including population size changes and different forms of selection. The fixation of unconditionally beneficial mutations is shown to be exponentially suppressed and balancing selection can maintain diversity only if the population size is large enough. We briefly discuss analogous effects in disordered complex systems, where sampling-induced biases can be viewed as ergodicity breaking driving forces.nnOne of the virtues of mathematizing Darwins theory of evolution is that one obtains quantitative predictions about the dynamics of allele frequencies that can be tested with increasing rigor as experimental techniques, sequencing methods and computational power advance. The Wright-Fisher model is arguably the simplest null model of how allele frequencies change across time [17]. Although, for modeling neutral genetic diversity, it is often replaced by equivalent backward-in-time models of the ensuing tree structures [23], forward-in-time approaches are still unrivaled in their ability to include the effects of natural selection. As such, the Wright-Fisher model has been instrumental for shaping the intuition of generations of population genetics about the basic dynamics of neutral and selected variants. But transition densities derived from the Wright-Fisher model also find tangible application in scans for selection in time series data [4, 9, 22].nnThe Wright-Fisher model is remarkably versatile as it can be adjusted to many scenarios by the use of effective model parameters: An effective population size, an effective mutation rate and effective selection coefficients. But, crucially, these re-parameterizations cannot account for extremely skewed family size distributions. While remarkably skewed family distributions occur in some natural populations [15], they routinely arise in microbial populations that combine exponential growth with recurrent mutations. This was first highlighted by Luria and Delbruck [26], who noticed that mutations that occur early in an exponential growth process will produce an exceptionally large number of descendants. The distribution of such mutational "jackpot" events has a particular power law tail in well-mixed population, as is briefly explained in Fig. 1A. Simplest models of continual evolution [28] and related models of traveling waves [36] can be viewed, on a coarse-grained level, as repeatedly sampling from this jackpot distribution. (The number of draws and the characteristic resampling time scale varies with the model.) It is by now well-established that the ensuing genealogies are described by a particular multiple-merger coalescent [7, 8, 13, 29, 33-35] first identified by Bolthausen and Sznitman [5].nnO_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=116 SRC="FIGDIR/small/182519_fig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">nView larger version (16K):norg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@d391e7org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@ff4eaorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@198495aorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@f7b58e_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOFIG. 1:C_FLOATNO A) Illustration of mutational jackpot events, first studied by Luria and Delbriick. Consider the growth of a well-mixed population of microbes starting from a single cell (ignore death). A mutation that occurs in the jth cell division will have a final frequency of about {approx} 1/j (j = 4 in the illustration) and thus a "family size" of u = N/j. Hence, the probability Pr[U > u] to reach an even larger family size U is equal to the probability {approx} j/N = 1/u that the mutation occurs prior to the nth cell division. The probability density to acquire a family size u therefore exhibits a power law tail p(u) {propto} u-2. (Our argument ignores the stochasticity in cell division events, which however does not change the power law exponent.) B) The blue line indicates the probability Pr[U > u] that the family size U of a mutation is larger than u. The largest family size u* in a sample of N jackpot events should typically be of order N because the probability of sampling an even larger event is 1/n (dashed lines). A typical n-sample, therefore, has a mean family size of order log(n), which is obtained upon truncating the family size distribution at u*. It turns out that this effect generates a selection-like bias favoring majority alleles, which is compensated by rare sampling events that favor minority alleles.nnC_FIGnnWhile extensions of the Wright-Fisher diffusion process to capture skewed offspring numbers have been formally constructed [2, 3, 14, 20], also including selection and mutations [1, 10, 11, 16, 18], we still lack explicit finite time predictions for the probability distribution of allele frequency trajectories. Our goal here is to fill this gap for the particular case of the Luria-Delbriick jackpot distribution, by characterizing the allele frequency process in such a way that it can be easily generalized, intuitively understood and integrated in time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hallatschek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/182519</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Selection-like biases emerge in population models with recurrent jackpot events]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/182915v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Water relations of Calycanthus flowers: hydraulic conductance, capacitance, and embolism resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/182915v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Introduction Introduction Materials  Methods Results Discussion Conclusions References Flowers are developmentally and morphologically complex structures whose primary function is to promote sexual reproduction (Specht & Bartlett 2009). Coevolution with animal pollinators has long been considered the primary selective agent responsible for the many, diverse forms apparent among angiosperm flowers (Sprengel 1793, 1996; Fenster et al. 2004). Yet, floral adaptations to pollinators may not be as frequent as commonly considered, and non-pollinator agents of selection, such as the resource costs of building and maintaining flowers, may also influence floral form and function (Herrera 1996; Strauss & Whittall 2006). Fo ...
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roddy, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simonin, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCulloh, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodersen, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/182915</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Water relations of Calycanthus flowers: hydraulic conductance, capacitance, and embolism resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/183806v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neither pulled nor pushed: Genetic drift and front wandering uncover a new class of reaction-diffusion waves 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/183806v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Short AbstractTraveling waves describe diverse natural phenomena from crystal growth in physics to range expansions in biology. Two classes of waves exist with very different properties: pulled and pushed. Pulled waves are driven by high growth rates at the expansion edge, where the number of organisms is small and fluctuations are large. In contrast, fluctuations are suppressed in pushed waves because the region of maximal growth is shifted towards the population bulk. Although it is commonly believed that expansions are either pulled or pushed, we found an intermediate class of waves with bulk-driven growth, but exceedingly large fluctuations. These waves are unusual because their properties are controlled by both the leading edge and the bulk of the front.nnLong AbstractEpidemics, flame propagation, and cardiac rhythms are classic examples of reaction-diffusion waves that describe a switch from one alternative state to another. Only two types of waves are known: pulled, driven by the leading edge, and pushed, driven by the bulk of the wave. Here, we report a distinct class of semi-pushed waves for which both the bulk and the leading edge contribute to the dynamics. These hybrid waves have the kinetics of pushed waves, but exhibit giant fluctuations similar to pulled waves. The transitions between pulled, semi-pushed, and fully-pushed waves occur at universal ratios of the wave velocity to the Fisher velocity. We derive these results in the context of a species invading a new habitat by examining front diffusion, rate of diversity loss, and fluctuation-induced corrections to the expansion velocity. All three quantities decrease as a power law of the population density with the same exponent. We analytically calculate this exponent taking into account the fluctuations in the shape of the wave front. For fully-pushed waves, the exponent is -1 consistent with the central limit theorem. In semi-pushed waves, however, the fluctuations average out much more slowly, and the exponent approaches 0 towards the transition to pulled waves. As a result, a rapid loss of genetic diversity and large fluctuations in the position of the front occur even for populations with cooperative growth and other forms of an Allee effect. The evolutionary outcome of spatial spreading in such populations could therefore be less predictable than previously thought.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Birzu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallatschek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korolev, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/183806</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neither pulled nor pushed: Genetic drift and front wandering uncover a new class of reaction-diffusion waves]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/184812v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Within and across-trial dynamics of human EEG reveal cooperative interplay between reinforcement learning and working memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/184812v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Learning from rewards and punishments is essential to survival, and facilitates flexible human behavior. It is widely appreciated that multiple cognitive and reinforcement learning systems contribute to behavior, but the nature of their interactions is elusive. Here, we leverage novel methods for extracting trial-by-trial indices of reinforcement learning (RL) and working memory (WM) in human electroencephalography to reveal single trial computations beyond that afforded by behavior alone. Within-trial dynamics confirmed that increases in neural expectation were predictive of reduced neural surprise in the following feedback period, supporting central tenets of RL models. Cross-trial dynamics revealed a cooperative interplay between systems for learning, in which WM contributes expectations to guide RL, despite competition between systems during choice. Together, these results provide a deeper understanding of how multiple neural systems interact for learning and decision making, and facilitate analysis of their disruption in clinical populations.nnOne sentence summaryDecoding of dynamical neural signals in humans reveals cooperation between cognitive and habit learning systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Collins, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/184812</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Within and across-trial dynamics of human EEG reveal cooperative interplay between reinforcement learning and working memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/185348v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Machine learning leveraging genomes from metagenomes identifies influential antibiotic resistance genes in the infant gut microbiome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/185348v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibiotic resistance in pathogens is extensively studied, yet little is known about how antibiotic resistance genes of typical gut bacteria influence microbiome dynamics. Here, we leverage genomes from metagenomes to investigate how genes of the premature infant gut resistome correspond to the ability of bacteria to survive under certain environmental and clinical conditions. We find that formula feeding impacts the resistome. Random forest models corroborated by statistical tests revealed that the gut resistome of formula-fed infants is enriched in class D beta-lactamase genes. Interestingly, Clostridium difficile strains harboring this gene are at higher abundance in formula-fed infants compared to C. difficile lacking this gene. Organisms with genes for major facilitator superfamily drug efflux pumps have faster replication rates under all conditions, even in the absence of antibiotic therapy. Using a machine learning approach, we identified genes that are predictive of an organisms direction of change in relative abundance after administration of vancomycin and cephalosporin antibiotics. The most accurate results were obtained by reducing annotated genomic data into five principal components classified by boosted decision trees. Among the genes involved in predicting if an organism increased in relative abundance after treatment are those that encode for subclass B2 beta-lactamases and transcriptional regulators of vancomycin resistance. This demonstrates that machine learning applied to genome-resolved metagenomics data can identify key genes for survival after antibiotics and predict how organisms in the gut microbiome will respond to antibiotic administration.nnImportanceThe process of reconstructing genomes from environmental sequence data (genome-resolved metagenomics) allows for unique insight into microbial systems. We apply this technique to investigate how the antibiotic resistance genes of bacteria affect their ability to flourish in the gut under various conditions. Our analysis reveals that strain-level selection in formula-fed infants drives enrichment of beta-lactamase genes in the gut resistome. Using genomes from metagenomes, we built a machine learning model to predict how organisms in the gut microbial community respond to perturbation by antibiotics. This may eventually have clinical and industrial applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rahman, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olm, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morowitz, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/185348</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Machine learning leveraging genomes from metagenomes identifies influential antibiotic resistance genes in the infant gut microbiome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/187666v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Serial dependence is absent at the time of perception but increases in visual working memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/187666v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent experiments have shown that visual cognition blends current visual input with that from the recent past to guide ongoing decision making. This serial dependence is tuned to the similarity between consecutive stimuli and appears to exploit the temporal autocorrelation normally present in visual scenes to promote perceptual stability. While these benefits have been assumed, evidence that serial dependence directly alters stimulus perception has been limited. In the present study, we parametrically vary the delay between stimulus and response in a spatial delayed response task to explore the trajectory of serial dependence from the moment of perception into post-perceptual visual working memory. We find that behavioral responses made immediately after viewing a stimulus show evidence of adaptation, but not attractive serial dependence. Only as the memory period lengthens is a blending of past and present information apparent in behavior, reaching its maximum with a memory delay of six seconds. These results dovetail with other recent findings to bolster the interpretation that serial dependence is a phenomenon of mnemonic rather than perceptual processes. We also demonstrate that when leading mathematical models of visual working memory are adjusted to account for this trial-history effect, their fit to behavioral data is substantially improved.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bliss, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Esposito, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/187666</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Serial dependence is absent at the time of perception but increases in visual working memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/187674v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The FACT complex is required for DNA demethylation at heterochromatin during reproduction in Arabidopsis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/187674v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The DEMETER (DME) DNA glycosylase catalyzes genome-wide DNA demethylation and is required for endosperm genomic imprinting and embryo viability. Targets of DME-mediated DNA demethylation reside in small, euchromatic, AT-rich transposons and at the boundaries of large transposons, but how DME interacts with these diverse chromatin states is unknown. The STRUCTURE SPECIFIC RECOGNITION PROTEIN 1 (SSRP1), subunit of the chromatin remodeler FAcilitates Chromatin Transactions (FACT), was previously shown to be involved in the DME-dependent regulation of genomic imprinting in Arabidopsis endosperm. Therefore, to investigate the interaction between DME and chromatin, we focused on the activity of the two FACT subunits, SSRP1 and SUPPRESSOR of TY16 (SPT16), during reproduction in Arabidopsis. We find that FACT co-localizes with nuclear DME in vivo, and that DME has two classes of target sites, the first being euchromatic and accessible to DME, but the second, representing over half of DME targets, requiring the action of FACT for DME-mediated DNA demethylation genome-wide. Our results show that the FACT-dependent DME targets are GC-rich heterochromatin domains with high nucleosome occupancy enriched with H3K9me2 and H3K27me1. Further, we demonstrate that heterochromatin-associated linker histone H1 specifically mediates the requirement for FACT at a subset of DME-target loci. Overall, our results demonstrate that FACT is required for DME targeting by facilitating its access to heterochromatin.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Frost, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, G.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, P.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakamura, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ikeda, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinoshita, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zilberman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/187674</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The FACT complex is required for DNA demethylation at heterochromatin during reproduction in Arabidopsis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/188615v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Controller for microfluidic large-scale integration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/188615v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microfluidic devices with integrated valves provide precise, programmable fluid handling platforms for high-throughput biological or chemical assays. However, setting up the infrastructure to control such platforms often requires specific engineering expertise or expensive commercial solutions. To address these obstacles, we present a Kit for Arduino-based Transistor Array Actuation (KATARA), an open-source and low-cost Arduino-based controller that can drive 70 solenoid valves to pneumatically actuate integrated microfluidic valves. We include a python package with a GUI to control the KATARA from a personal computer. No programming experience is required.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>White, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streets, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/188615</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Controller for microfluidic large-scale integration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/189597v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Invariant errors reveal limitations in motor correction rather than constraints on error sensitivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/189597v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Implicit sensorimotor adaptation is traditionally described as a process of error reduction, whereby a fraction of the error is corrected for with each movement. Here, in our study of healthy human participants, we characterize two constraints on this learning process: the size of adaptive corrections is only related to error size when errors are smaller than 6{degrees}, and learning functions converge to a similar level of asymptotic learning over a wide range of error sizes. These findings are problematic for current models of sensorimotor adaptation, and point to a new theoretical perspective in which learning is constrained by the size of the error correction, rather than sensitivity to error.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morehead, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parvin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moazzezi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/189597</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Invariant errors reveal limitations in motor correction rather than constraints on error sensitivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/190546v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional genomics of lipid metabolism in the oleaginous yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/190546v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The basidomycete yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides (a.k.a. Rhodotorula toruloides) accumulates high concentrations of lipids and carotenoids from diverse carbon sources. It has great potential as a model for the cellular biology of lipid droplets and for sustainable chemical production. We developed a method for high-throughput genetics (RB-TDNAseq), using sequence-barcoded Agrobacterium tumefaciens T-DNA insertions into the R. toruloides genome. We identified 1337 putative essential genes with low T-DNA insertion rates. We functionally profiled genes required for fatty acid catabolism and lipid accumulation, validating results with 35 targeted deletion strains. We found that both mitochondrial and peroxisomal enzymes were required for growth on fatty acids, with different peroxisomal enzymes required on different fatty acids. We identified a high-confidence set of 150 genes affecting lipid accumulation, including genes with predicted function in signaling cascades, gene expression, protein modification and vesicular trafficking, autophagy, amino acid synthesis and tRNA modification, as well as genes of unknown function. These results greatly advance our understanding of lipid metabolism in this oleaginous species, identify key biological processes to be further explored and optimized for production of lipid-based bioproducts, and demonstrate a general approach for barcoded mutagenesis that should enable functional genomics in diverse fungi.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Coradetti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geiselman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ito, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mondo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reilly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grigoriev, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gladden, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmons, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brem, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skerker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/190546</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional genomics of lipid metabolism in the oleaginous yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/190603v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA binding and HEPN nuclease activation are decoupled in CRISPR-Cas13a 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/190603v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas13a enzymes are RNA-guided, RNA-activated ribonucleases. Their properties have been exploited as powerful tools for RNA detection, RNA imaging and RNA regulation. However, the relationship between target RNA binding and HEPN (higher-eukaryotes-and-prokaryotes nucleotide-binding)- domain nuclease activation is not well understood. Using sequencing experiments coupled with in vitro biochemistry, we find that Cas13as target RNA binding affinity and HEPN-nuclease activity are differentially affected by the number of and position of mismatches between the guide and target. We identify a central  binding seed where perfect base pairing is absolutely required for target binding, and a separate  nuclease switch where imperfect base-pairing results in tight binding but no HEPN-nuclease activation. These results demonstrate that the binding and cleavage activities of Cas13a are decoupled, highlighting a complex specificity landscape. Our findings underscore a need to consider the range of effects off-target recognition has on Cas13as RNA binding and cleavage behavior for RNA-targeting tool development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tambe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>East-Seletsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knott, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connell, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/190603</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA binding and HEPN nuclease activation are decoupled in CRISPR-Cas13a]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/191726v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spillover effects of a combined water, sanitation, and handwashing intervention in rural Bangladesh: a randomized controlled trial 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/191726v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundWater, sanitation, and handwashing (WSH) interventions may confer indirect benefits ("spillovers") on neighbors of recipients by interrupting pathogen transmission. We measured geographically local spillovers in WASH Benefits, a cluster-randomized trial in rural Bangladesh, by comparing outcomes among neighbors of intervention vs. control participants.nnMethodsWASH Benefits had randomly allocated geographically-defined clusters to a compound-level intervention (chlorinated drinking water, upgraded sanitation, and handwashing promotion) or control and followed children for two years. We enrolled neighboring children age-matched to trial participants that would have been eligible for WASH Benefits had they been conceived slightly earlier or later. After 28 months of intervention, we quantified fecal indicator bacteria in toy rinse and drinking water samples, measured soil-transmitted helminth infections, and recorded caregiver-reported diarrhea and respiratory illness. Neither fieldworkers nor participants were masked. Analysis was intention-to-treat.nnResultsWe enrolled neighbors of WASH Benefits participants in 90 control (N=900) and 90 intervention clusters (N=899). Neighbors characteristics were balanced across arms. The prevalence of any detectable E. coli in tubewell samples was lower for neighbors of intervention vs. control (prevalence ratio=0.83; 0.73, 0.95). There was no difference in E. coli and coliform prevalence between arms for other environmental samples. Disease prevalence was similar in neighbors of intervention vs. control participants: Ascaris (prevalence difference [PD]=0.00; -0.07, 0.08), hookworm (PD=0.01; -0.01, 0.04), Trichuris (PD=0.02; -0.02, 0.05), diarrhea (PD=0.00; -0.02,0.03), respiratory illness (PD=-0.01; -0.04, 0.03).nnConclusionsWe found spillover effects of a compound-level combined WSH intervention for tubewell water contamination but not for child health outcomes.nnKey MessagesO_LIWater, sanitation, and handwashing (WSH) interventions may confer indirect benefits ("spillovers") on neighbors of recipients by interrupting pathogen transmission, reducing environmental contamination, or spurring the adoption of health behaviors.nC_LIO_LIWe conducted a randomized trial in rural Bangladesh to measure whether neighbors of a compound-level WSH intervention improved hygiene behaviors and had lower prevalence environmental contamination, soil-transmitted helminth infection, diarrhea, and respiratory illness among children under 5 years after two years of intervention.nC_LIO_LIWe did not find evidence of intervention adoption or improved hygiene behavior among neighbors of a WSH intervention delivered for 2 years.nC_LIO_LIThe WSH intervention reduced fecal contamination of neighbors tubewell water but did not lead to spillovers for other proximal measures of contamination in the domestic environment or for child health outcomes. For proximal spillover effects to translate to distal spillover effects, improvements in neighbors health behaviors may have been necessary.nC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benjamin-Chung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ercumen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubbard, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unicomb, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luby, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colford, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/191726</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spillover effects of a combined water, sanitation, and handwashing intervention in rural Bangladesh: a randomized controlled trial]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/192245v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The neurobiology of agrammatic sentence comprehension: a lesion study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/192245v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brocas area has long been implicated in sentence comprehension. Damage to this region is thought to be the central source of "agrammatic comprehension" in which performance is substantially worse (and near chance) on sentences with noncanonical word orders compared to canonical word order sentences (in English). This claim is supported by functional neuroimaging studies demonstrating greater activation in Brocas area for noncanonical versus canonical sentences. However, functional neuroimaging studies also have frequently implicated the anterior temporal lobe (ATL) in sentence processing more broadly, and recent lesion-symptom mapping studies have implicated the ATL and mid temporal regions in agrammatic comprehension. The present study investigates these seemingly conflicting findings in 66 left hemisphere patients with chronic focal cerebral damage. Patients completed two sentence comprehension measures, sentence-picture matching and plausibility judgments. Patients with damage including Brocas area (but excluding the temporal lobe; n=11) on average did not exhibit the expected agrammatic comprehension pattern, e.g. their performance was > 80% on noncanonical sentences in the sentence-picture matching task. Patients with ATL damage (n=18) also did not exhibit an agrammatic comprehension pattern. Across our entire patient sample, the lesions of patients with agrammatic comprehension patterns in either task had maximal overlap in posterior superior temporal and inferior parietal regions. Using voxel-based lesion symptom mapping (VLSM), we find that lower performances on canonical and noncanonical sentences in each task are both associated with damage to a large left superior temporal-inferior parietal network including portions of the ATL, but not Brocas area. Notably however, response bias in plausibility judgments was significantly associated with damage to inferior frontal cortex, including gray and white matter in Brocas area, suggesting that the contribution of Brocas area to sentence comprehension may be related to task-related cognitive demands.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rogalsky, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaCroix, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damasio, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Love, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hickok, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/192245</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The neurobiology of agrammatic sentence comprehension: a lesion study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/195073v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatially uniform establishment of chromatin accessibility in the early Drosophila embryo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/195073v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As the Drosophila embryo transitions from the use of maternal RNAs to zygotic transcription, domains of open chromatin, with relatively low nucleosome density and specific histone marks, are established at promoters and enhancers involved in patterned embryonic transcription. However, it remains unclear whether open chromatin is a product of activity - transcription at promoters and patterning transcription factor binding at enhancers - or whether it is established by independent mechanisms. Recent work has implicated the ubiquitously expressed, maternal factor Zelda in this process. To assess the relative contribution of activity in the establishment of chromatin accessibility, we have probed chromatin accessibility across the anterior-posterior axis of early Drosophila melanogaster embryos by applying a transposon based assay for chromatin accessibility (ATAC-seq) to anterior and posterior halves of hand-dissected, cellular blastoderm embryos. We find that genome-wide chromatin accessibility is remarkably similar between the two halves. Promoters and enhancers that are active in exclusively one half of the embryo have open chromatin in the other half, demonstrating that chromatin accessibility is not a direct result of activity. However, there is a small skew at enhancers that drive transcription exclusively in either the anterior or posterior half of the embryo, with greater accessibility in the region of activity. Taken together these data support a model in which regions of chromatin accessibility are defined and established by ubiquitous factors, and fine-tuned subsequently by activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haines, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisen, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/195073</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatially uniform establishment of chromatin accessibility in the early Drosophila embryo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/195420v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Force dependence of filopodia adhesion: involvement of myosin II and formins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/195420v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Filopodia are dynamic membrane protrusions driven by polymerization of an actin filament core, mediated by formin molecules at the filopodia tips. Filopodia can adhere to the extracellular matrix and experience both external and cell generated pulling forces. The role of such forces in filopodia adhesion is however insufficiently understood. Here, we induced sustained growth of filopodia by applying pulling force to their tips via attached fibronectin-coated beads trapped by optical tweezers. Strikingly, pharmacological inhibition or knockdown of myosin IIA, which localized to the base of filopodia, resulted in weakening of filopodia adherence strength. Inhibition of formins, which caused detachment of actin filaments from formin molecules, produced similar effect. Thus, myosin IIA-generated centripetal force transmitted to the filopodia tips through interactions between formins and actin filaments are required for filopodia adhesion. Force-dependent adhesion led to preferential attachment of filopodia to rigid versus fluid substrates, which may underlie cell orientation and polarization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alieva, N. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Efremov, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natarajan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ong, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jegou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romet-Lemonne, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groves, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheetz, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bershadsky, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/195420</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Force dependence of filopodia adhesion: involvement of myosin II and formins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/196436v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brief targeted memory reactivation during the awake state enhances memory stability and benefits the weakest memories 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/196436v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reactivation of representations corresponding to recent experience is thought to be a critical mechanism supporting long-term memory stabilization. Targeted memory reactivation, or the re-exposure of recently learned cues, seeks to induce reactivation and has been shown to benefit later memory when it takes place during sleep. However, despite recent evidence for endogenous reactivation during post-encoding awake periods, less work has addressed whether awake targeted memory reactivation modulates memory. Here, we found that brief (50ms) visual stimulus re-exposure during a repetitive foil task enhanced the stability of cued versus uncued associations in memory. The extent of external or task-oriented attention prior to re-exposure was inversely related to cueing benefits, suggesting that an internally-orientated state may be most permissible to reactivation. Critically, cueing-related memory benefits were greatest in participants without explicit recognition of cued items and remained reliable when only considering associations not recognized as cued, suggesting that explicit cue-triggered retrieval processes did not drive cueing benefits. Cueing benefits were strongest for items and participants with the poorest initial learning. These findings expand our knowledge of the conditions under which targeted memory reactivation can benefit memory, and in doing so, support the notion that reactivation during awake time periods improves memory stabilization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tambini, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berners-Lee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davachi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/196436</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brief targeted memory reactivation during the awake state enhances memory stability and benefits the weakest memories]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/196774v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rice paddy Nitrospirae encode and express genes related to sulfate respiration: proposal of the new genus Candidatus Sulfobium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/196774v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nitrospirae spp. distantly related to thermophilic, sulfate-reducing Thermodesulfovibrio species are regularly observed in environmental surveys of anoxic marine and freshwater habitats. However, little is known about their genetic make-up and physiology. Here, we present the draft genome of Nitrospirae bacterium Nbg-4 as a representative of this clade and analyzed its in situ protein expression under sulfate-enriched and sulfate-depleted conditions in rice paddy soil. The genome of Nbg-4 was assembled from replicated metagenomes of rice paddy soil that was used to grow rice plants in the presence and absence of gypsum (CaSO4x2H2O). Nbg-4 encoded the full pathway of dissimilatory sulfate reduction and showed expression thereof in gypsum-amended anoxic bulk soil as revealed by parallel metaproteomics. In addition, Nbg-4 encoded the full pathway of dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonia, which was expressed in bulk soil without gypsum amendment. The relative abundance of Nbg-4-related metagenome reads was similar under both treatments indicating that it maintained stable populations while shifting its energy metabolism. Further genome reconstruction revealed the potential to utilize butyrate, formate, H2, or acetate as electron donor, with the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway being expressed under both conditions. Comparison to publicly available Nitrospirae genome bins confirmed that the pathway for dissimilatory sulfate reduction is also present in related Nitrospirae recovered from groundwater. Subsequent phylogenomics showed that such microorganisms form a novel genus within the phylum Nitrospirae, with Nbg-4 as a representative species. Based on the widespread occurrence of this novel genus, we propose for Nbg-4 the name Candidatus Sulfobium mesophilum, gen. nov., spec. nov.nnImportanceRice paddies are indispensable for food supply but are a major source of the greenhouse gas methane. If not counterbalanced by cryptic sulfur cycling, methane emission from rice paddy fields would be even higher. However, the microorganisms involved in this sulfur cycling are little understood. By using an environmental systems biology approach of Italian rice paddy soil, we could retrieve the population genome of a novel member of the phylum Nitrospirae. This microorganism encoded the full pathway of dissimilatory sulfate reduction and expressed it in situ under sulfate-enriched and anoxic conditions. Phylogenomics and comparison to environmental surveys showed that such microorganisms are actually widespread in freshwater and marine environments. At the same time, they represent a yet undiscovered genus within the little explored Nitrospirae. Our results will be important to design enrichment strategies and postgenomic studies to fully understand the contribution of these novel Nitrospirae to the global sulfur cycle.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zecchin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seifert, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stingl, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anantharaman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Bergen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavalca, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pester, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/196774</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rice paddy Nitrospirae encode and express genes related to sulfate respiration: proposal of the new genus Candidatus Sulfobium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/199299v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cross-task contributions of fronto-basal ganglia circuitry in response inhibition and conflict-induced slowing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/199299v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Why are we so slow in choosing the lesser of two evils? We considered whether such slowing relates to uncertainty about the value of these options, which arises from the tendency to avoid them during learning, and whether such slowing relates to fronto-subthalamic inhibitory control mechanisms. 49 participants performed a reinforcement-learning task and a stop-signal task while fMRI was recorded. A reinforcement-learning model was used to quantify learning strategies. Individual differences in lose-lose slowing related to information uncertainty due to sampling, and independently, to less efficient response inhibition in the stop-signal task. Neuroimaging analysis revealed an analogous dissociation: subthalamic nucleus (STN) BOLD activity related to variability in stopping latencies, whereas weaker fronto-subthalamic connectivity related to slowing and information sampling. Across tasks, fast inhibitors increased STN activity for successfully cancelled responses in the stop task, but decreased activity for lose-lose choices. These data support the notion that fronto-STN communication implements a rapid but transient brake on response execution, and that slowing due to decision uncertainty could result from an inefficient release of this "hold your horses" mechanism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jahfari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ridderinkhof, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, A. G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knapen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waldorp, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/199299</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cross-task contributions of fronto-basal ganglia circuitry in response inhibition and conflict-induced slowing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/199463v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Electron microscopic evidence that Aip1 disintegrates cofilin-saturated F-actin domains in the presence of coronin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/199463v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cofilin is an essential actin filament severing protein necessary for fast actin turnover dynamics. Segments of actin bound to cofilin adapt an alternative twist. This configuration is stable, but boundaries between cofilin occupied and unoccupied polymer are weak and fragment. Coronin and Aip1 are two factors that promote cofilin mediated actin filament disassembly, but whether they simply accelerate the basic cofilin severing mechanism or alter the mode of filament disassembly is still being investigated. Using electron microscopy and spectroscopy, we show that coronin accelerates phosphate release from F-actin to stimulate highly cooperative cofilin binding on to the polymer creating long stretches with a hypertwisted morphology. We find that Aip1 attacks these hypertwisted regions along their length, not just the boundaries, causing sections to disintegrate into monomers. Therefore, coronin promotes cofilin binding to F-actin to generate longer segments of polymer that are themselves the substrates for Aip1 mediated disintegration, as opposed to simply creating more heterotypic junctions that would sever. The morphological characteristics of the disassembling filaments along with spectroscopic data showing the rapid liberation of actin monomers suggest that the combination of cofilin, coronin, and Aip1 might be triggering a more catastrophic mode of filament disassembly than severing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tang, V. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadkarni, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brieher, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/199463</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Electron microscopic evidence that Aip1 disintegrates cofilin-saturated F-actin domains in the presence of coronin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/200881v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An interventional Soylent diet increases the Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes ratio in human gut microbiome communities: a randomized controlled trial 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/200881v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our knowledge of the relationship between the gut microbiome and health has rapidly expanded in recent years. Diet has been shown to have causative effects on microbiome composition, which can have subsequent implications on health. Soylent 2.0 is a liquid meal replacement drink that satisfies nearly 20% of all recommended daily intakes per serving. This study aims to characterize the changes in gut microbiota composition resulting from a short-term Soylent diet. Fourteen participants were separated into two groups: 5 in the regular diet group and 9 in the Soylent diet group. The regular diet group maintained a diet closely resembling self-reported regular diets. The Soylent diet group underwent three dietary phases: A) a regular diet for 2 days, B) a Soylent-only diet (five servings of Soylent daily and water as needed) for 4 days, and C) a regular diet for 4 days. Daily logs self-reporting diet, Bristol stool ratings, and any abdominal discomfort were electronically submitted. Eight fecal samples per participant were collected using fecal sampling kits, which were subsequently sent to uBiome, Inc. for sample processing and V4 16S rDNA sequencing. Reads were clustered into operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and taxonomically identified against the GreenGenes 16S database. We find that an individuals alpha-diversity is not significantly altered during a Soylent-only diet. In addition, principal coordinate analysis using the unweighted UniFrac distance metric shows samples cluster strongly by individual and not by dietary phase. Among Soylent dieters, we find a significant increase in the ratio of Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes abundance, which is associated with several positive health outcomes, including reduced risks of obesity and intestinal inflammation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hsu, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCormick, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seitz, M. L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lui, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rishi, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/200881</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An interventional Soylent diet increases the Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes ratio in human gut microbiome communities: a randomized controlled trial]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/201350v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification and characterization of Gypsophila paniculata color morphs in Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, MI, USA. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/201350v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundGypsophila paniculata (babys breath) is an invasive species found throughout much of the northwest United States and western Canada. Recently, plants exhibiting a different color morphology were identified within the coastal dunes along eastern Lake Michigan. The common babys breath (G. paniculata) typically produces stems that are purple in color (purple morph), while the atypical morph has stems that are green-yellow (green-yellow morph). The purpose of this study was to characterize these newly identified morphs and determine if they are genetically distinct species from the common babys breath in order to assess whether alternative management strategies should be employed to control these populations.nnMethodsWe sequenced two chloroplast regions, rbcL and matK, and one nuclear region, ITS2, from the purple morphs and green-yellow morphs collected from Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, MI, USA (SBDNL). Sequences were aligned to the reference sequences from other Gypsophila species obtained from the Barcode of Life (BOLD) and GenBank databases. We also collected seeds from wild purple morph and wild green-yellow morph plants in SBDNL. We grew the seeds in a common garden setting and characterized the proportion of green-yellow individuals produced from the two color morphs after five-months of growth.nnResultsPhylogenetic analyses based upon rbcL, matK, and ITS2 regions suggest that the two color morphs are not distinct species and they both belong to G. paniculata. Seeds collected from wild green-yellow morphs produced a significantly higher proportion of green-yellow individuals compared to the number produced by seeds collected from wild purple morphs. However, seeds collected from both color morphs produced more purple morphs than green-yellow morphs.nnDiscussionBased upon these results, we propose that the two color morphs are variants of G. paniculata. Given the significant difference in the number of green-yellow morphs produced from the seeds of each morph type, we also suggest that this color difference has some genetic basis. We propose that current management continue to treat the two color morphs in a similar manner in terms of removal to prevent the further spread of this species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rice, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leimbach-Mas, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Partridge, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/201350</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification and characterization of Gypsophila paniculata color morphs in Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, MI, USA.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/201517v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accurate design of translational output by a neural network model of ribosome distribution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/201517v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synonymous codon choice can have dramatic effects on ribosome speed, RNA stability, and protein expression. Ribosome profiling experiments have underscored that ribosomes do not move uniformly along mRNAs, exposing a need for models of coding sequences that capture the full range of empirically observed variation. We present a method, Ixnos, that models this variation in translation elongation using a feedforward neural network to predict the translation elongation rate at each codon as a function of its sequence neighborhood. Our approach revealed sequence features affecting translation elongation and quantified the impact of large technical biases in ribosome profiling. We applied our model to design synonymous variants of a fluorescent protein spanning the range of possible translation speeds predicted with our model. We found that levels of the fluorescent protein in yeast closely tracked the predicted translation speeds across their full range. We therefore demonstrate that our model captures information determining translation dynamics in vivo, and that control of translation elongation alone is sufficient to produce large, quantitative differences in protein output.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tunney, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGlincy, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naddaf, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pachter, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lareau, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/201517</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accurate design of translational output by a neural network model of ribosome distribution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.12.874677v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Context-specific control of the neural dynamics of temporal attention by the human cerebellum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.12.874677v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Physiological methods have identified a number of signatures of temporal prediction, a core component of attention. While the underlying neural dynamics have been linked to activity within cortico-striatal networks, recent work has shown that the behavioral benefits of temporal prediction causally rely on the cerebellum. Here we examine the involvement of the human cerebellum in the generation and/or temporal adjustment of anticipatory neural dynamics, measuring scalp electroencephalography in individuals with cerebellar degeneration. When the temporal prediction relied on an interval representation, duration-dependent adjustments were impaired in the cerebellar group compared to matched controls. This impairment was evident in ramping activity, beta-band power, and phase locking of delta-band activity. Remarkably, these same neural adjustments were preserved when the prediction relied on a rhythmic stream. Thus, the cerebellum has a context-specific causal role in the adjustment of anticipatory neural dynamics of temporal prediction, providing the requisite modulation to optimize behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Breska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.12.874677</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Context-specific control of the neural dynamics of temporal attention by the human cerebellum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.12.874792v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
STING controls Herpes Simplex Virus in vivo independent of type I interferon induction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.12.874792v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) pathway initiates potent immune responses upon recognition of DNA derived from bacteria, viruses and tumors. To signal, the C-terminal tail (CTT) of STING recruits TBK1, a kinase that phosphorylates serine 365 (S365) in the CTT. Phospho-S365 acts as a docking site for IRF3, a transcription factor that is phosphorylated and activated by TBK1, leading to transcriptional induction of type I interferons (IFNs). IFNs are essential for antiviral immunity and are widely viewed as the primary output of STING signaling in mammals. However, other more evolutionarily ancestral responses, such as induction of NF-{kappa}B or autophagy, also occur downstream of STING. The relative importance of the various outputs of STING signaling during in vivo infections is unclear. Here we report that mice harboring a serine 365-to-alanine (S365A) point mutation in STING exhibit normal susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection but, unexpectedly, are resistant to Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)-1, despite lacking STING-induced type I IFN responses. Likewise, we find Irf3-/- mice exhibit resistance to HSV-1. By contrast, resistance to HSV-1 is abolished in mice lacking the STING CTT or TBK1, suggesting that STING protects against HSV-1 upon TBK1 recruitment by the STING CTT, independent of IRF3 or type I IFNs. Interestingly, we find that STING-induced autophagy is a TBK1-dependent IRF3-independent process that is conserved in the STING S365A mice, and autophagy has previously been shown to be required for resistance to HSV-1. We thus propose that autophagy and perhaps other ancestral interferon-independent functions of STING are required for STING-dependent antiviral responses in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yamashiro, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karalis, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, J.-Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bateup, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szpara, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vance, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.12.874792</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[STING controls Herpes Simplex Virus in vivo independent of type I interferon induction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.13.875203v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Overprecision Increases Subsequent Surprise 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.13.875203v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Overconfident people should be surprised that they are so often wrong. Are they? Three studies examined the relationship between confidence and surprise in order to shed light on the psychology of overprecision in judgment. Participants reported ex-ante confidence in their beliefs, and after receiving accuracy feedback, they then reported ex-post surprise. Results show that more ex-ante confidence produces less ex-post surprise for correct answers; this relationship reverses for incorrect answers. However, this sensible pattern only holds for some measures of confidence; it fails for confidence-interval measures. The results can help explain the robust durability of overprecision in judgment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schatz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.13.875203</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Overprecision Increases Subsequent Surprise]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.15.876987v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Simulation and Analysis of Animal Movement Paths using Numerus Model Builder 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.15.876987v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animal movement paths are represented by point-location time series called relocation data. How well such paths can be simulated, when the rules governing movement depend on the internal state of individuals and environmental factors (both local and, when memory is involved, global) remains an open question. To answer this, we formulate and test models able to capture the essential statistics of multiphase versions of such paths (viz., movement-phase-specific step-length and turning-angle means, variances, auto-correlation, and cross correlation values), as well as broad scale movement patterns. The latter may include patchy coverage of the landscape, as well as the existence of home-range boundaries and gravitational centers-of-movement (e.g., centered around nests). Here we present a Numerus Model Builder implementation of two kinds of models: a high-frequency, multi-mode, biased, correlated random walk designed to simulate real movement data at a scale that permits simulation and identification of path segments that range from minutes to days; and a model that uses statistics extracted from relocation data--either empirical or simulated--to construct movement modes and phases at subhourly to daily scales. We evaluate how well our derived statistical movement model captures patterns produced by our more detailed simulation model as a way to evaluate how well derived statistical movement models may capture patterns occurring in empirical data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Getz, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vissat, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salter, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.15.876987</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Simulation and Analysis of Animal Movement Paths using Numerus Model Builder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.15.877126v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss of Tsc1 from striatal direct pathway neurons impairs endocannabinoid-LTD and enhances motor routine learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.15.877126v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) is a neurodevelopmental disorder in which patients frequently present with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). A core diagnostic criterion for ASD is the presence of restricted, repetitive behaviors, which may result from abnormal activity in striatal circuits that mediate motor learning, action selection and habit formation. Striatal control over motor behavior relies on the coordinated activity of two subtypes of principle neurons, direct pathway and indirect pathway spiny projection neurons (dSPNs or iSPNs, respectively), which provide the main output of the striatum. To test if altered striatal activity is sufficient to cause changes to motor behavior in the context of TSC, we conditionally deleted Tsc1 from dSPNs or iSPNs in mice and determined the consequences on synaptic function and motor learning. We find that mice with loss of Tsc1 from dSPNs, but not iSPNs, have enhanced motor routine learning in the accelerating rotarod task. In addition, dSPN Tsc1 KO mice have impaired endocannabinoid-mediated long-term depression (eCB-LTD) at cortico-dSPN synapses in the dorsal striatum. Consistent with a loss of eCB-LTD, disruption of Tsc1 in dSPNs, but not iSPNs, results in a strong enhancement of corticostriatal synaptic drive. Together these findings demonstrate that within the striatum, dSPNs show selective sensitivity to Tsc1 loss and indicate that enhanced cortical activation of the striatal direct pathway is a potential contributor to altered motor behaviors in TSC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benthall, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cording, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agopyan-Miu, A. H. C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, E. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bateup, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.15.877126</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss of Tsc1 from striatal direct pathway neurons impairs endocannabinoid-LTD and enhances motor routine learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.17.880039v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Association of Sonic Hedgehog with the Extracellular Matrix Requires its Putative Zinc-Peptidase Activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.17.880039v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) has a catalytic cleft characteristic for zinc metallopeptidases and has significant sequence similarities with some bacterial peptidoglycan metallopeptidases defining a subgroup within the M15A family that, besides having the characteristic zinc coordination domain, can bind two calcium ions. Extracellular matrix (ECM) components in animals include heparan-sulfate proteoglycans, which are analogs of bacterial peptidoglycan and thus potentially involved in the extracellular distribution of Shh. We found that the zinc-coordination fold of Shh is required for its association with ECM as well as for non-cell autonomous signaling. Association with the ECM requires the presence of at least 0.1 M zinc and is prevented by mutations affecting critical conserved catalytical residues as well as extracellular calcium. Our results demonstrate that the zinc-coordination fold is required for ECM-association and suggest that the putative intrinsic peptidase activity of Shh is required for non-cell autonomous signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jaegers, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roelink, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.17.880039</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Association of Sonic Hedgehog with the Extracellular Matrix Requires its Putative Zinc-Peptidase Activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.18.881540v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The rise of diversity in metabolic platforms across the Candidate Phyla Radiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.18.881540v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A unifying feature of the bacterial Candidate Phyla Radiation (CPR) is a limited and highly variable repertoire of biosynthetic capabilities. However, the distribution of metabolic traits across the CPR and the evolutionary processes underlying them are incompletely resolved. Here, we selected [~]1,000 genomes of CPR bacteria from diverse environments to construct a robust internal phylogeny that was consistent across two unlinked marker sets. Mapping of glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, and pyruvate metabolism onto the tree showed that some components of these pathways are sparsely distributed and that similarity between metabolic platforms is only partially predicted by phylogenetic relationships. To evaluate the extent to which gene loss and lateral gene transfer have shaped trait distribution, we analyzed the patchiness of gene presence in a phylogenetic context, examined the phylogenetic depth of clades with shared traits, and compared the reference tree topology with those of specific metabolic proteins. While the central glycolytic pathway in CPR is widely conserved and has likely been shaped primarily by vertical transmission, there is evidence for both gene loss and transfer especially in steps that convert glucose into fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and glycerate 3P into pyruvate. Additionally, the distribution of Group 3 and Group 4-related NiFe hydrogenases is patchy and suggests multiple events of ancient gene transfer. Overall, patterns of gene gain and loss, including acquisition of accessory traits in independent transfer events, may have been driven by shifts in host-derived resources and led to sparse but varied genetic inventories.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castelle, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matheus Carnevali, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gribaldo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.18.881540</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The rise of diversity in metabolic platforms across the Candidate Phyla Radiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.18.881573v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Water lily (Nymphaea thermarum) draft genome reveals variable genomic signatures of ancient vascular cambium losses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.18.881573v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For more than 225 million years, all seed plants were woody trees, shrubs, or vines (1-4). Shortly after the origin of angiosperms ~135 million years ago (MYA) (5), the Nymphaeales (water lilies) became one of the first lineages to deviate from their ancestral, woody habit by losing the vascular cambium (6), the meristematic population of cells that produces secondary xylem (wood) and phloem. Many of the genes and gene families that regulate differentiation of secondary tissues also regulate the differentiation of primary xylem and phloem (7-9), which are produced by apical meristems and retained in nearly all seed plants. Here we sequence and assemble a draft genome of the water lily Nymphaea thermarum, an emerging system for the study of early flowering plant evolution, and compare it to genomes from other cambium-bearing and cambium-less lineages (like monocots and Nelumbo). This reveals lineage-specific patterns of gene loss and divergence. Nymphaea is characterized by a significant contraction of the HD-ZIP III transcription factors, specifically loss of REVOLUTA, which influences cambial activity in other angiosperms. We also find the Nymphaea and monocot copies of cambium-associated CLE signaling peptides display unique substitutions at otherwise highly conserved amino acids. Nelumbo displays no obvious divergence in cambium-associated genes. The divergent genomic signatures of convergent vascular cambium loss reveals that even pleiotropic genes can exhibit unique divergence patterns in association with independent trait loss events. Our results shed light on the evolution of herbaceousness - one of the key biological innovations associated with the earliest phases of angiosperm evolution.

Significance StatementFor ~225 million years, all seed plants were woody trees, shrubs, or vines. Shortly after the origin of flowering plants ~135 million years ago, Nymphaeales (water lilies) became one of the first seed plant lineages to become herbaceous through loss of the meristematic cell population known as the vascular cambium. We sequence and assemble the draft genome of the water lily Nymphaea thermarum, and compare it to genomes of other plants that have retained or lost the vascular cambium. By using both genome-wide and candidate-gene analysis, we find lineage-specific patterns of gene loss and divergence associated with cambium loss. Our reveal divergent genomic signatures of convergent trait loss in a system characterized by complex gene-trait relationships.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Povilus, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DaCosta, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grassa, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satyaki, P. R. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moeglein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaenisch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathews, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gehring, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.18.881573</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Water lily (Nymphaea thermarum) draft genome reveals variable genomic signatures of ancient vascular cambium losses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.19.873364v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Visual experience instructs dendrite orientation but is not required for asymmetric wiring of the retinal direction selective circuit. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.19.873364v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Changes in dendritic morphology in response to activity have long been thought to be a critical component of how neural circuits develop to properly encode sensory information. Here we report the impact of dark-rearing on the dendritic morphology and function of a retinal ganglion cell type, a ventral-preferring direction-selective ganglion cell (vDSGC). vDSGCs have asymmetric dendrites oriented along their preferred direction. We found that, at eye opening, vDSGC dendrites are not yet ventrally oriented, and that, surprisingly, dark-rearing prevents ventral orientation of vDSGC dendrites. Despite their dramatic change in dendritic morphology, vDSGCs in dark-reared mice maintain ventral directional preference. Direction selective tuning in dark-reared mice is mediated by asymmetric inhibition, as observed in vDSGCs of normally reared animals. Hence, we postulate that dendritic form follows proper circuit function, where dendritic orientation is refined over the course of development and is dependent on structured visual experience following eye opening.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>El-Quessny, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maanum, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feller, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.19.873364</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Visual experience instructs dendrite orientation but is not required for asymmetric wiring of the retinal direction selective circuit.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.19.883256v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coverage-dependent bias creates the appearance of binary splicing in single cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.19.883256v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single cell RNA sequencing provides powerful insight into the factors that determine each cells unique identity, including variation in transcription and RNA splicing among diverse cell types. Previous studies led to the surprising observation that alternative splicing outcomes among single cells are highly variable and follow a bimodal pattern: a given cell consistently produces either one or the other isoform for a particular splicing choice, with few cells producing both isoforms. Here we show that this pattern arises almost entirely from technical limitations. We analyzed single cell alternative splicing in human and mouse single cell RNA-seq datasets, and modeled them with a probablistic simulator. Our simulations show that low gene expression and low capture efficiency distort the observed distribution of isoforms in single cells. This gives the appearance of a binary isoform distribution, even when the underlying reality is consistent with more than one isoform per cell. We show that accounting for the true amount of information recovered can produce biologically meaningful measurements of splicing in single cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Buen Abad Najar, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lareau, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.19.883256</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coverage-dependent bias creates the appearance of binary splicing in single cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.20.885558v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamics of T cell activation mediated by eIF3 interactions with T cell receptor mRNAs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.20.885558v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Activation of T cells requires a global surge in cellular protein synthesis, accompanied by a large increase in translation initiation1-4. A central component of the translation initiation machinery-the multi-subunit eukaryotic initiation factor 3 (eIF3)-is rapidly turned on when quiescent T cells are stimulated3. However, the precise role eIF3 plays in activated T cells is not known. Using a global transcriptome crosslinking approach, we show human eIF3 interacts with a distinct set of mRNAs in activated Jurkat cells. A subset of these mRNAs, including those encoding the T cell receptor (TCR) subunits TCRA and TCRB, crosslink to eIF3 across the entire length of the mRNA. The TCRA and TCRB mRNAs do not co-localize with translationally repressed environments of P-bodies or stress granules but form distinct granules, potentially acting as translation "hot-spots." T cell activation through CD28 causes a burst of TCR translation controlled by elements in the 3-untranslated regions (3-UTRs) of the TCRA and TCRB mRNAs that directly contact eIF3 and that are required for T cell activity. These results highlight a new role for eIF3 in regulating the translation dynamics of the TCR and provide insights that can guide the engineering of T cells used in cell immunotherapy applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>De Silva, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chin, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apathy, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kudla, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingolia, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cate, J. H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.20.885558</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamics of T cell activation mediated by eIF3 interactions with T cell receptor mRNAs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.21.886093v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Longitudinal linked read sequencing reveals ecological and evolutionary responses of a human gut microbiome during antibiotic treatment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.21.886093v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gut microbial communities can respond to antibiotic perturbations by rapidly altering their taxonomic and functional composition. However, little is known about the strain-level processes that drive this collective response. Here we characterize the gut microbiome of a single individual at high temporal and genetic resolution through a period of health, disease, antibiotic treatment, and recovery. We used deep, linked-read metagenomic sequencing to track the longitudinal trajectories of thousands of single nucleotide variants within 36 species, which allowed us to contrast these genetic dynamics with the ecological fluctuations at the species level. We found that antibiotics can drive rapid shifts in the genetic composition of individual species, often involving incomplete genome-wide sweeps of pre-existing variants. These genetic changes were frequently observed in species without obvious changes in species abundance, emphasizing the importance of monitoring diversity below the species level. We also found that many sweeping variants quickly reverted to their baseline levels once antibiotic treatment had concluded, demonstrating that the ecological resilience of the microbiota can sometimes extend all the way down to the genetic level. Our results provide new insights into the population genetic forces that shape individual microbiomes on therapeutically relevant timescales, with potential implications for personalized health and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roodgar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Good, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garud, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avula, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lancaster, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babveyh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nesamoney, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.21.886093</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Longitudinal linked read sequencing reveals ecological and evolutionary responses of a human gut microbiome during antibiotic treatment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.22.886382v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alteration of the premature tRNA landscape by gammaherpesvirus infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.22.886382v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) are transcribed by RNA polymerase III (RNAPIII) and play a central role in decoding our genome, yet their expression and non-canonical function remain understudied. Many DNA tumor viruses enhance the activity of RNAPIII, yet whether infection alters tRNA expression is largely unknown. Here, we present the first genome-wide analysis of how viral infection alters the tRNAome. Using a tRNA-specific sequencing method (DM-tRNA-seq), we find that the murine gammaherpesvirus MHV68 induces global changes in pre-tRNA expression with 14% of tRNA genes upregulated more than 3-fold, indicating that differential tRNA gene induction is a characteristic of DNA virus infection. Elevated pre-tRNA expression corresponds to increased RNAPIII occupancy for the subset of tRNA genes tested; additionally, post-transcriptional mechanisms contribute to the accumulation of pre-tRNA species. We find increased abundance of tRNA fragments derived from pre-tRNAs upregulated by viral infection, suggesting that non-canonical tRNA cleavage is also affected. Further, pre-tRNA accumulation, but not RNAPIII recruitment, requires gammaherpesvirus-induced degradation of host mRNAs by the virally encoded mRNA endonuclease muSOX. We hypothesize that depletion of pre-tRNA maturation or turnover machinery contributes to robust accumulation of full-length pre-tRNAs in infected cells. Collectively, these findings reveal pervasive changes to tRNA expression during DNA virus infection and highlight the potential of using viruses to explore tRNA biology.

SignificanceViral infection can dramatically change the gene expression landscape of the host cell, yet little is known regarding changes in non-coding gene transcription by RNA polymerase III (RNAPIII). Among these are transfer RNAs (tRNAs), which are fundamental in protein translation, yet whose gene regulatory features remain largely undefined in mammalian cells. Here, we perform the first genome-wide analysis of tRNA expression changes during viral infection. We show that premature tRNAs accumulate during infection with the model gammaherpesvirus MHV68 as a consequence of increased transcription, but that transcripts do not undergo canonical maturation into mature tRNAs. These findings underscore how tRNA expression is a highly-regulated process and that cells have strategies to balance tRNA pools during conditions of elevated RNAPIII activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Glaunsinger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tucker, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaller, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willis, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.22.886382</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alteration of the premature tRNA landscape by gammaherpesvirus infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.27.889774v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Olfactory receptors tuned to volatile mustard oils in drosophilid flies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.27.889774v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The diversity of herbivorous insects is attributed to their propensity to specialize on toxic plants. In an evolutionary twist, toxins betray the identity of their bearers when herbivores co-opt them as cues for host-plant finding, but the mechanisms underlying this process are poorly understood. We focused on Scaptomyza flava, an herbivorous drosophilid specialized on isothiocyanate (ITC)-producing (Brassicaceae) plants, and identified Or67b paralogs that were triplicated as mustard-specific herbivory evolved. Using heterologous systems for the expression of olfactory receptors, we found that S. flava Or67bs, but not homologs from microbe-feeding relatives, responded selectively to ITCs, each paralog detecting different ITC subsets. Consistent with this, S. flava was attracted to ITCs, as was Drosophila melanogaster expressing S. flava Or67b3 in the homologous Or67b olfactory circuit. Thus, our results show that plant toxins were likely co-opted as olfactory attractants through gene duplication and functional specialization (neofunctionalization and subfunctionalization) in drosophilid flies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matsunaga, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reisenman, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman-Huertas, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brand, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miao, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiteman, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.27.889774</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Olfactory receptors tuned to volatile mustard oils in drosophilid flies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.06.895789v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The conserved herpesviral kinase ORF36 activates B2 retrotransposons during murine gammaherpesvirus infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.06.895789v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs) are RNA polymerase III (RNAPIII) transcribed, retrotransposable noncoding RNA (ncRNA) elements ubiquitously spread throughout mammalian genomes. While normally silenced in healthy somatic tissue, SINEs can be induced during infection with DNA viruses, including the model murine gammaherpesvirus MHV68. Here, we explored the mechanisms underlying MHV68 activation of SINE ncRNAs. We demonstrate that lytic MHV68 infection of B cells, macrophages and fibroblasts leads to robust activation of the B2 family of SINEs in a cell autonomous manner. B2 ncRNA induction requires neither host innate immune signaling factors nor involvement of the RNAPIII master regulator Maf1. However, we identify MHV68 ORF36, the conserved herpesviral kinase, as playing a key role in B2 induction during lytic infection. SINE activation is linked to ORF36 kinase activity and can also be induced by HDAC1/2 inhibition, which is one of the known ORF36 functions. Collectively, our data suggest that ORF36-mediated changes in chromatin modification contribute to B2 activation during MHV68 infection, and that this activity is conserved in other herpesviral protein kinase homologs.

AUTHOR SUMMARYViral infection dramatically changes the levels of many types of RNA in a cell. In particular, certain oncogenic viruses activate expression of repetitive genes called retrotransposons, which are normally silenced due to their ability to copy and spread throughout the genome. Here, we established that infection with the gammaherpesvirus MHV68 leads to a dramatic induction of a class of noncoding retrotransposons called B2 SINEs in multiple cell types. We then explored how MHV68 activates B2 SINEs, revealing a role for the conserved herpesviral protein kinase ORF36. Both ORF36 kinase-dependent and kinase-independent functions contribute to B2 induction, perhaps through ORF36 targeting of proteins involved in controlling the accessibility of chromatin surrounding SINE loci. Understanding features underlying induction of these elements following MHV68 infection should provide insight into core elements of SINE regulation, as well as dis-regulation of SINE elements associated with disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schaller, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tucker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willis, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaunsinger, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.06.895789</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The conserved herpesviral kinase ORF36 activates B2 retrotransposons during murine gammaherpesvirus infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.07.897553v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Role of the transcriptional regulator SP140 in resistance to bacterial infections via repression of type I interferons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.07.897553v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Type I interferons (IFNs) are essential for anti-viral immunity, but often impair protective immune responses during bacterial infections. An important question is how type I IFNs are strongly induced during viral infections, and yet are appropriately restrained during bacterial infections. The Super susceptibility to tuberculosis 1 (Sst1) locus in mice confers resistance to diverse bacterial infections. Here we provide evidence that Sp140 is a gene encoded within the Sst1 locus that represses type I IFN transcription during bacterial infections. We generated Sp140-/- mice and find they are susceptible to infection by Legionella pneumophila and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Susceptibility of Sp140-/- mice to bacterial infection was rescued by crosses to mice lacking the type I IFN receptor (Ifnar-/-). Our results implicate Sp140 as an important negative regulator of type I IFNs that is essential for resistance to bacterial infections.

Impact StatementRepression of type I interferons by SP140 is essential for resistance to Legionella pneumophila and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ji, D. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witt, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotov, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margolis, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhaliwal, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zamboni, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramnik, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Portnoy, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darwin, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vance, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.07.897553</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Role of the transcriptional regulator SP140 in resistance to bacterial infections via repression of type I interferons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.10.900621v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The snowmelt niche differentiates three microbial life strategies that influence soil nitrogen availability during and after winter 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.10.900621v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Soil microbial biomass can reach its annual maximum pool size beneath the winter snowpack and is known to decline abruptly following snowmelt in seasonally snow-covered ecosystems. Observed differences in winter versus summer microbial taxonomic composition also suggests that phylogenetically conserved traits may permit winter-versus summer-adapted microorganisms to occupy distinct niches. In this study, we sought to identify archaea, bacteria, and fungi that are associated with the soil microbial bloom overwinter and the subsequent biomass collapse following snowmelt at a high-altitude watershed in central Colorado, USA. Archaea, bacteria, and fungi were categorized into three life strategies (Winter-Adapted, Snowmelt-Specialist, Spring-Adapted) based on changes in abundance during winter, the snowmelt period, and after snowmelt in spring. We calculated indices of phylogenetic relatedness (archaea and bacteria) or assigned functional attributes (fungi) to organisms within life strategies to infer whether phylogenetically conserved traits differentiate Winter-Adapted, Snowmelt-Specialist, and Spring-Adapted groups. We observed that the soil microbial bloom was correlated in time with a pulse of snowmelt infiltration, which commenced 65 days prior to soils becoming snow-free. A pulse of nitrogen (N, as nitrate) occurred after snowmelt, along with a collapse in the microbial biomass pool size, and an increased abundance of nitrifying archaea and bacteria (e.g., Thaumarchaeota, Nitrospirae). Winter- and Spring-Adapted archaea and bacteria were phylogenetically clustered, suggesting that phylogenetically conserved traits allow Winter- and Spring-Adapted archaea and bacteria to occupy distinct niches. In contrast, Snowmelt-Specialist archaea and bacteria were phylogenetically overdispersed, suggesting that the key mechanism(s) of the microbial biomass crash are likely to be density-dependent (e.g., trophic interactions, competitive exclusion) and affect organisms across a broad phylogenetic spectrum. Saprotrophic fungi were the dominant functional group across fungal life strategies, however, ectomycorrhizal fungi experienced a large increase in abundance in spring. If well-coupled plant-mycorrhizal phenology currently buffers ecosystem N losses in spring, then changes in snowmelt timing may alter ecosystem N retention potential. Overall, we observed that the snowmelt separates three distinct soil niches that are occupied by ecologically distinct groups of microorganisms. This ecological differentiation is of biogeochemical importance, particularly with respect to the mobilization of nitrogen during winter, before and after snowmelt.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sorensen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beller, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bill, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouskill, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubbard, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karaoz, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polussa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steltzer, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodie, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.10.900621</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The snowmelt niche differentiates three microbial life strategies that influence soil nitrogen availability during and after winter]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.10.902569v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ferrosomes are iron storage organelles formed by broadly conserved gene clusters in bacteria and archaea 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.10.902569v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular iron homeostasis is vital and maintained through tight regulation of iron import, efflux, storage, and detoxification1-3. The most common modes of iron storage employ proteinaceous compartments that are composed of ferritin or related proteins4,5. While lipid-bounded iron compartments have also been described, the basis for their formation and function remains unknown. Here, we focus on one such compartment, the ferrosome, which had been previously observed in the anaerobic bacterium Desulfovibrio magneticus6. We identify three ferrosome-associated (Fez) proteins, encoded by a putative operon, that are associated with and responsible for forming ferrosomes in D. magneticus. Fez proteins include FezB, a P1B-6-ATPase found in phylogenetically and metabolically diverse species of bacteria and archaea with anaerobic lifestyles. In the majority of these species, two to ten genes define a cluster that encodes FezB. We show that two other species, Rhodopseudomonas palustris and Shewanella putrefaciens, make ferrosomes in anaerobic conditions through the action of their six-gene fez operon. Additionally, we find that the S. putrefaciens fez operon is sufficient for ferrosome formation in Escherichia coli. Using S. putrefaciens as a model, we find that ferrosomes likely play a role in the anaerobic adaptation to iron starvation. Overall, this work establishes ferrosomes as a new class of lipid-bounded iron storage organelles and sets the stage for studying ferrosome formation and structure in diverse microorganisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grant, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Komeili, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.10.902569</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ferrosomes are iron storage organelles formed by broadly conserved gene clusters in bacteria and archaea]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.12.903724v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Canopy parkour: movement ecology of post-hatch dispersal in a gliding nymphal stick insect (Extatosoma tiaratum) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.12.903724v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For flightless arboreal arthropods, moving from the understory into tree canopies is cognitively and energetically challenging because vegetational structures present complex three-dimensional landscapes with substantial gaps. Predation risk and wind-induced perturbations in the canopy may further impede the movement process. In the Australian stick insect Extatosoma tiaratum, first-instar nymphs hatch on the forest floor and disperse toward tree canopies in the daytime. Here, we address such vertical movements and associated sensory cues in E. tiaratum nymphs. Newly hatched nymphs ascend with high endurance, travelling >100 m within 60 minutes. Navigation toward open canopies is underpinned by negative gravitaxis, positive phototaxis, and visual responses to vertically oriented contrast patterns. Nymphal E. tiaratum also use directed jumping to cross air gaps, and respond to tactile stimulation and potential threat with a self-dropping reflex, resulting aerial descent. Post-hatch dispersal in E. tiaratum thus consists of visually mediated displacement both on vegetational structures and in the air; within the latter context, gliding is then an effective mechanism enabling recovery after predator- and perturbation-induced descent. These results further support the importance of a diurnal niche, in addition to the arboreal spatial niche, in the evolution of gliding in wingless arboreal invertebrates.

Summary statementTo effectively disperse into canopies, ground-hatched stick insects use gravity and visual cues to navigate during midday, jump to cross air gaps and respond to threat or perturbation with self-dropping.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zeng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, L. Y.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naing, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.12.903724</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Canopy parkour: movement ecology of post-hatch dispersal in a gliding nymphal stick insect (Extatosoma tiaratum)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.13.905356v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protein Corona Composition and Dynamics on Carbon Nanotubes in Blood Plasma and Cerebrospinal Fluid 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.13.905356v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When a nanoparticle enters a biological environment, the surface is rapidly coated with proteins to form a "protein corona". Presence of the protein corona surrounding the nanoparticle has significant implications for applying nanotechnologies within biological systems, affecting outcomes such as biodistribution and toxicity. Herein, we measure protein corona formation on single-stranded DNA wrapped single-walled carbon nanotubes (ssDNA-SWCNTs), a high-aspect ratio nanoparticle ideal for sensing and delivery applications, and polystyrene nanoparticles, a model nanoparticle system. The protein corona of each nanoparticle is studied in human blood plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. We characterize corona composition by proteomic mass spectrometry to determine abundant and differentially enriched vs. depleted corona proteins. High-binding corona proteins on ssDNA-SWCNTs include proteins involved in lipid binding and transport (clusterin and apolipoprotein A-I), complement activation (complement C3), and blood coagulation (fibrinogen). Of note, albumin is the most common blood protein (55% w/v), yet exhibits low-binding affinity towards ssDNA-SWCNTs, displaying 1300-fold lower bound concentration relative to native plasma. We investigate the role of electrostatic and entropic interactions driving selective protein corona formation, and find that hydrophobic interactions drive inner corona formation, while shielding of electrostatic interactions allows for outer corona formation. Lastly, we study real-time binding of proteins on ssDNA-SWCNTs and find relative agreement between proteins that are enriched and bind strongly, such as fibrinogen, and proteins that are depleted and bind marginally, such as albumin. Interestingly, certain proteins express contrary behavior in single-protein experiments than within the whole biofluid, highlighting the importance of cooperative mechanisms driving selective corona adsorption on the SWCNT surface. Knowledge of the protein corona composition, dynamics, and structure informs translation of engineered nanoparticles from in vitro design to effective in vivo application.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pinals, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaudhary, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crothers, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iavarone, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.13.905356</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protein Corona Composition and Dynamics on Carbon Nanotubes in Blood Plasma and Cerebrospinal Fluid]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.16.907998v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proteome specialization of anaerobic fungi during ruminal degradation of recalcitrant plant fiber 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.16.907998v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The rumen harbors a complex microbial mixture of archaea, bacteria, protozoa and fungi that efficiently breakdown plant biomass and its complex dietary carbohydrates into soluble sugars that can be fermented and subsequently converted into metabolites and nutrients utilized by the host animal. While rumen bacterial populations have been well documented, only a fraction of the rumen eukarya are taxonomically and functionally characterized, despite the recognition that they contribute to the cellulolytic phenotype of the rumen microbiota. To investigate how anaerobic fungi actively engage in digestion of recalcitrant fiber that is resistant to degradation, we resolved genome-centric metaproteome and metatranscriptome datasets generated from switchgrass samples incubated for 48 hours in nylon bags within the rumen of cannulated dairy cows. Across a gene catalogue covering anaerobic rumen bacteria, fungi and viruses, a significant portion of the detected proteins originated from fungal populations. Intriguingly, the carbohydrate-active enzyme (CAZyme) profile suggested a domain-specific functional specialization, with bacterial populations primarily engaged in the degradation of polysaccharides such as hemicellulose, whereas fungi were inferred to target recalcitrant cellulose structures via the detection of a number of endo- and exo-acting enzymes belonging to the glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 5, 6, 8 and 48. Notably, members of the GH48 family were amongst the highest abundant CAZymes and detected representatives from this family also included dockerin domains that are associated with fungal cellulosomes. A eukaryote-selected metatranscriptome further reinforced the contribution of uncultured fungi in the ruminal degradation of recalcitrant fibers. These findings elucidate the intricate networks of in situ recalcitrant fiber deconstruction, and importantly, suggests that the anaerobic rumen fungi contribute a specific set of CAZymes that complement the enzyme repertoire provided by the specialized plant cell wall degrading rumen bacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hagen, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooke, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norbeck, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arntzen, M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brewer, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Copeland, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isern, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shukla, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roux, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lombard, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henrissat, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Malley, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grigoriev, I. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tringe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackie, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasa-Tolic, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pope, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hess, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.16.907998</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proteome specialization of anaerobic fungi during ruminal degradation of recalcitrant plant fiber]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.17.911099v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
T cell responses induced by attenuated flavivirus vaccination are specific and show limited cross-reactivity with other flavivirus species. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.17.911099v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Members of the flavivirus genus share a high level of sequence similarity and often circulate in the same geographical regions. However, whether T cells induced by one viral species cross-react with other related flaviviruses has not been globally addressed. Here, we tested pools of epitopes derived from dengue (DENV), zika (ZIKV), Japanese Encephalitis (JEV), West Nile (WNV), and yellow fever (YFV) viruses by Intracellular Cytokine Staining (ICS) using PBMCs of individuals naturally exposed to DENV or immunized with DENV (TV005) or YF17D vaccines. CD8 T cell responses recognized epitopes from multiple flaviviruses, however, the magnitude of cross-reactive responses was consistently several-fold lower than those to the autologous epitope pools, and associated with lower expression of activation markers such as CD40L, CD69, and CD137. Next, we characterized the antigen sensitivity of short-term T cell lines (TCL) representing twenty-nine different individual epitope/donor combinations. TCL derived from DENV monovalent vaccinees induced CD8 and CD4 T cells that cross-reacted within the DENV serocomplex but were consistently associated with more than 100-fold lower antigen sensitivity for most other flaviviruses, with no cross-recognition of YFV derived peptides. CD8 and CD4 TCL from YF17D vaccinees were associated with very limited cross-reactivity with any other flaviviruses, and in five out of eight cases more than 1000-fold lower antigen sensitivity. Overall, our data suggest limited cross-reactivity for both CD4 and CD8 T cell responses between flaviviruses and has implications for understanding immunity elicited by natural infection, and strategies to develop live attenuated vaccines against flaviviral species.

ImportanceThe envelope (E) protein is the dominant target of neutralizing antibodies for dengue virus (DENV) and yellow fever virus (YFV). Accordingly, several DENV vaccine constructs use the E protein in a live attenuated vaccine format, utilizing a backbone derived from a heterologous flavivirus (such as YF) as a delivery vector. This backbone comprises the non-structural (NS) and capsid (C) antigens which are dominant targets of T cell responses. Here, we demonstrate that cross-reactivity at the level of T cell responses amongst different flaviviruses is very limited, despite high levels of sequence homology. Thus, the use of heterologous flavivirus species as a live attenuated vaccine vector is not likely to generate optimal T cell responses, and might thus impair vaccine performance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grifoni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voic, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhanda, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kidd, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brien, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buus, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stryhn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durbin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitehead, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diehl, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Silva, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balmaseda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiskopf, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sette, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.17.911099</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[T cell responses induced by attenuated flavivirus vaccination are specific and show limited cross-reactivity with other flavivirus species.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.18.911339v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The optoretinogram reveals how human photoreceptors deform in response to light 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.18.911339v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Limited accessibility of retinal neurons to electrophysiology on a cellular scale in-vivo has restricted studies of their signaling to in-vitro preparations and animal models. Physiological changes underlying neural activity are mediated by variations in electrical potential that alter the surface tension of the cell membrane. In addition, physiological processes affect concentration of the cells constituents that results in variation of osmotic pressure. Both these phenomena affect the neurons shape which can be detected using interferometric imaging, thereby enabling non-invasive label-free imaging of physiological activity in-vivo with cellular resolution. Here, we apply high-speed phase-resolved optical coherence tomography in line-field configuration to image the biophysical phenomena associated with phototransduction in human cone photoreceptors in vivo. We demonstrate that individual cones exhibit a biphasic response to light: an early ms-scale fast contraction of the outer segment immediately after the onset of the flash stimulus followed by a gradual (hundreds of ms) expansion. We demonstrate that the contraction can be explained by rapid charge movement accompanying the isomerization of cone opsins, consistent with the early receptor potential observed in the electroretinogram and classical electrophysiology in-vitro. We demonstrate the fidelity of such all-optical recording of light-induced activity in the human retina, namely the optoretinogram, across a range of spatiotemporal scales. This approach incorporates functional evaluation into a routine clinical examination of retinal structure and thus holds enormous potential to serve as a biomarker for early disease diagnosis and monitoring therapeutic efficacy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pandiyan, V. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertelli, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuchenbecker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyle, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ling, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roorda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palanker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabesan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.18.911339</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The optoretinogram reveals how human photoreceptors deform in response to light]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.22.915140v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanical competition triggered by innate immune signaling drives the collective extrusion of bacterially-infected epithelial cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.22.915140v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiple distinct types of intracellular bacterial pathogens have been shown to alter the mechanics of their mammalian host cells to promote cell-to-cell spread. Conversely, host cells may respond by altering their own mechanical behavior to limit infection. We monitored epithelial cell monolayers sparsely infected with the intracellular bacterial pathogens Listeria monocytogenes or Rickettsia parkeri over the course of several days. Under conditions where these pathogens were able to trigger innate immune signaling through the NF-{kappa}B pathway and to use actin-based motility to spread non-lytically from cell to cell, domains of infected cells formed enormous three-dimensional mounds, where uninfected cells surrounding the infected cells became stiffer and actively moved toward the site of infection, collectively squeezing the softer and weaker infected cells up and ejecting them from the epithelial monolayer. Bacteria in mounds were less able to spread laterally in the monolayer, limiting the growth of the focus, while mounded cells eventually underwent cell death. Cells in infected monolayers exhibited behavioral and molecular signatures of the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), such that coordinated forceful action by uninfected bystander cells actively eliminated large domains of infected cells, consistent with the hypothesis that this collective cell response represents an innate immune response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bastounis, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alcade, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radhakrishnan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engstrom, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez Benito, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Aznar, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theriot, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.22.915140</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanical competition triggered by innate immune signaling drives the collective extrusion of bacterially-infected epithelial cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.23.911966v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolic and Epigenomic Regulation of Th17/Treg Balance by the Polyamine Pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.23.911966v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular metabolism can orchestrate immune cell function. We previously demonstrated that lipid biosynthesis represents one such gatekeeper to Th17 cell functional state. Utilizing Compass, a transcriptome-based algorithm for prediction of metabolic flux, we constructed a comprehensive metabolic circuitry for Th17 cell function and identified the polyamine pathway as a candidate metabolic node, the flux of which regulates the inflammatory function of T cells. Testing this prediction, we found that expression and activities of enzymes of the polyamine pathway were enhanced in pathogenic Th17 cells and suppressed in regulatory T cells. Perturbation of the polyamine pathway in Th17 cells suppressed canonical Th17 cell cytokines and promoted the expression of Foxp3, accompanied by dramatic shift in transcriptome and epigenome, transitioning Th17 cells into a Treg-like state. Genetic and chemical perturbation of the polyamine pathway resulted in attenuation of tissue inflammation in an autoimmune disease model of central nervous system, with changes in T cell effector phenotype.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fessler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avila-Pacheco, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karminski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thakore, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaghouani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierce, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bod, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeTomaso, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ron-Harel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haigis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puleston, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearce, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soleimani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clish, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuchroo, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.23.911966</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolic and Epigenomic Regulation of Th17/Treg Balance by the Polyamine Pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.23.912717v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In Silico Modeling of Metabolic State in Single Th17 Cells Reveals Novel Regulators of Inflammation and Autoimmunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.23.912717v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular metabolism, a key regulator of immune responses, is difficult to study with current technologies in individual cells Here, we present Compass, an algorithm to characterize the metabolic state of cells based on single-cell RNA-Seq and flux balance analysis. We applied Compass to associate metabolic states with functional variability (pathogenic potential) amongst Th17 cells and recovered a metabolic switch between glycolysis and fatty acid oxidation, akin to known differences between Th17 and Treg cells, as well as novel targets in amino-acid pathways, which we tested through targeted metabolic assays. Compass further predicted a particular glycolytic reaction (phosphoglycerate mutase -- PGAM) that promotes an anti-inflammatory Th17 phenotype, contrary to the common understanding of glycolysis as pro-inflammatory. We demonstrate that PGAM inhibition leads non-pathogenic Th17 cells to adopt a pro-inflammatory transcriptome and induce autoimmunity in vivo. Compass is broadly applicable for characterizing metabolic states of cells and relating metabolic heterogeneity to other cellular phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wagner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeTomaso, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avila-Pacheco, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaghouani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fessler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akama-Garren, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierce, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ron-Harel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglas, V. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haigis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobel, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clish, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuchroo, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.23.912717</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In Silico Modeling of Metabolic State in Single Th17 Cells Reveals Novel Regulators of Inflammation and Autoimmunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.23.917021v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Natural selection maintains species despite widespread hybridization in the desert shrub Encelia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.23.917021v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Natural selection is an important driver of genetic and phenotypic differentiation between species. A powerful way to test the role of natural selection in the formation and maintenance of species is to study species complexes in which potential gene flow is high but realized gene flow is low. For a recent radiation of New World desert shrubs (Encelia: Asteraceae), we use fine-scale geographic sampling and population genomics to determine patterns of gene flow across two hybrid zones formed between two independent pairs of species with parapatric distributions. After finding evidence for extremely strong selection at both hybrid zones, we use a combination of field experiments, high-resolution imaging, and physiological measurements to determine the ecological basis for selection at one of the hybrid zones. Our results identify multiple ecological mechanisms of selection (drought, salinity, herbivory, and burial) that together are sufficient to maintain species boundaries despite high rates of hybridization. Given that multiple pairs of species hybridize at ecologically divergent parapatric boundaries in the adaptive radiation of Encelia, such mechanisms may maintain species boundaries throughout this group.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTIn Baja California, the deserts meet the coastal dunes in a narrow transition visible even from satellite images. We study two species pairs of desert shrubs (Encelia) that occur across this transition. Although these species can interbreed, they remain distinct. Using a combination of genetics, field experiments, 3D-imaging, and physiological measurements, we show that natural selection counteracts the homogenizing effects of gene exchange. The different habitats of these species create multiple mechanisms of selection - drought, salinity, herbivory, and burial, which together maintain these species in their native habitats and their hybrids in intermediate habitats. This study illustrates how environmental factors influence traits and fitness and how this in turn maintain species, highlighting the importance of natural selection in speciation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DiVittorio, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singhal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roddy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zapata, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ackerly, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldwin, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodersen, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burquez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fine, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padilla Flores, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morales-Villavicencio, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morales-Arce, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kyhos, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.23.917021</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Natural selection maintains species despite widespread hybridization in the desert shrub Encelia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.24.918094v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polyamine Metabolism Regulates the T Cell Epigenome Through Hypusination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.24.918094v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We report here a central role for polyamines in T cell differentiation and function. Deficiency in ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), a critical enzyme for polyamine synthesis, resulted in a profound failure of CD4+ T cells to adopt correct subset specification, underscored by ectopic expression of multiple cytokines and lineage-defining transcription factors across TH1, TH2, TH17, and Treg polarizing conditions, and enhanced colitogenic potential. T cells deficient in deoxyhypusine synthase (DHPS) or deoxyhypusine hydroxylase (DOHH), which sequentially utilize polyamines to generate hypusine, phenocopied Odc-deficient T cells, and mice in which T cells lacked Dhps or Dohh developed colitis. Polyamine-hypusine pathway enzyme deficiency caused widespread chromatin and transcriptional dysregulation accompanied by alterations in histone methylation, histone acetylation, and TCA cycle metabolites. Epigenetic modulation by 2-hydroxyglutarate, or histone acetyltransferase inhibition, restored CD4+ T cell subset specification. Thus, polyamine synthesis via hypusine is critical for maintaining the epigenome to focus TH cell subset fidelity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Puleston, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baixauli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanin, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kabat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaminski, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grzes, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flachsmann, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Field, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanckzak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schimmelpfennig, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassler, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuchroo, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musa, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mittler, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buescher, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balabanov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearce, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearce, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.24.918094</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polyamine Metabolism Regulates the T Cell Epigenome Through Hypusination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.27.921346v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sulcal depth in medial ventral temporal cortex predicts the location of a place-selective region in macaques, children, and adults. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.27.921346v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The evolution and development of anatomical-functional relationships in the cerebral cortex is of major interest in neuroscience. Here, we leveraged the fact that a functional region selective for visual scenes is located within a sulcus in medial ventral temporal cortex (VTC) in both humans and macaques to examine the relationship between sulcal depth and place-selectivity in medial VTC across species and age groups. To do so, we acquired anatomical and functional magnetic resonance imaging scans in 9 macaques, 26 human children, and 28 human adults. Our results revealed a strong structural-functional coupling between sulcal depth and place-selectivity across age groups and species in which selectivity was strongest at the deepest sulcal point (the sulcal pit). Interestingly, this coupling between sulcal depth and place-selectivity strengthens from childhood to adulthood in humans. Morphological analyses suggest that the stabilization of sulcal-functional coupling in adulthood may be due to sulcal deepening and areal expansion with age as well as developmental differences in cortical curvature at the pial, but not the white matter surfaces. Our results implicate sulcal features as functional landmarks in high-level visual cortex and highlight that sulcal-functional relationships in medial VTC are preserved between macaques and humans despite differences in cortical folding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Natu, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arcaro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnett, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Livingstone, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grill-Spector, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.27.921346</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sulcal depth in medial ventral temporal cortex predicts the location of a place-selective region in macaques, children, and adults.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.27.922054v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantitative dissection of transcription in development yields evidence for transcription factor-driven chromatin accessibility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.27.922054v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Thermodynamic models of gene regulation can predict transcriptional regulation in bacteria, but in eukaryotes chromatin accessibility and energy expenditure may call for a different framework. Here we systematically tested the predictive power of models of DNA accessibility based on the Monod-Wyman-Changeux (MWC) model of allostery, which posits that chromatin fluctuates between accessible and inaccessible states. We dissected the regulatory dynamics of hunchback by the activator Bicoid and the pioneer-like transcription factor Zelda in living Drosophila embryos and showed that no thermodynamic or non-equilibrium MWC model can recapitulate hunchback transcription. Therefore, we explored a model where DNA accessibility is not the result of thermal fluctuations but is catalyzed by Bicoid and Zelda, possibly through histone acetylation, and found that this model can predict hunchback dynamics. Thus, our theory-experiment dialogue uncovered potential molecular mechanisms of transcriptional regulatory dynamics, a key step toward reaching a predictive understanding of developmental decision-making.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eck, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kazemzadeh-Atoufi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghoreishi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blythe, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.27.922054</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantitative dissection of transcription in development yields evidence for transcription factor-driven chromatin accessibility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.28.922526v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The γ-herpesviral TATA box binding protein directly interacts with RNA Polymerase II to direct late gene transcription 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.28.922526v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
{beta}- and {gamma}-herpesviruses include the oncogenic human viruses Kaposis sarcoma-associated virus (KSHV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), which is a significant cause of congenital disease. Near the end of their replication cycle, these viruses transcribe their late genes in a manner distinct from host transcription. Late gene transcription requires six virally-encoded proteins, one of which is a functional mimic of host TATA-box-binding protein (TBP) that is also involved in recruitment of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) via unknown mechanisms. Here, we applied biochemical protein interaction studies together with electron microscopy-based imaging of a reconstituted human preinitiation complex to define the mechanism underlying Pol II recruitment. These data revealed that the herpesviral TBP, encoded by ORF24 in KSHV, makes a direct protein-protein contact with the C-terminal domain of host RNA polymerase II (Pol II), which is a unique feature that functionally distinguishes viral from cellular TBP. The interaction is mediated by the N-terminal domain (NTD) of ORF24 through a conserved motif that is shared in its {beta}- and {gamma}-herpesvirus homologs. Thus, these herpesviruses employ an unprecedented strategy in eukaryotic transcription, wherein promoter recognition and polymerase recruitment are facilitated by a single transcriptional activator with functionally distinct domains.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe {beta}- and {gamma}-herpesviruses mediate their late gene transcription through a set of viral transcriptional activators (vTAs). One of these vTAs, ORF24 in Kaposis sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), is a mimic of host TATA-box-binding protein (TBP). We demonstrate that the N-terminal domain of ORF24 and its homologs from other {beta}- and {gamma}-herpesviruses directly bind the unstructured C-terminal domain (CTD) of RNA Pol II. This functionally distinguishes the viral TBP mimic from cellular TBP, which does not bind Pol II. Thus, herpesviruses encode a transcription factor that has the dual ability to directly interact with promoter DNA and the polymerase, a property which is unique in eukaryotic transcription and is conceptually akin to prokaryotic transcription factors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Castaneda, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Didychuk, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louder, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCollum, C. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, Z. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogales, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaunsinger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.28.922526</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The γ-herpesviral TATA box binding protein directly interacts with RNA Polymerase II to direct late gene transcription]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.28.923698v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Connecting actin polymer dynamics across multiple scales 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.28.923698v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Actin is an intracellular protein that constitutes a primary component of the cellular cytoskeleton and is accordingly crucial for various cell functions. Actin assembles into semi-flexible filaments that cross-link to form higher order structures within the cytoskeleton. In turn, the actin cytoskeketon regulates cell shape, and participates in cell migration and division. A variety of theoretical models have been proposed to investigate actin dynamics across distinct scales, from the stochastic nature of protein and molecular motor dynamics to the deterministic macroscopic behavior of the cytoskeleton. Yet, the relationship between molecular-level actin processes and cellular-level actin network behavior remains understudied, where prior models do not holistically bridge the two scales together.

In this work, we focus on the dynamics of the formation of a branched actin structure as observed at the leading edge of motile eukaryotic cells. We construct a minimal agent-based model for the microscale branching actin dynamics, and a deterministic partial differential equation model for the macroscopic network growth and bulk diffusion. The microscale model is stochastic, as its dynamics are based on molecular level effects. The effective diffusion constant and reaction rates of the deterministic model are calculated from averaged simulations of the microscale model, using the mean displacement of the network front and characteristics of the actin network density. With this method, we design concrete metrics that connect phenomenological parameters in the reaction-diffusion system to the biochemical molecular rates typically measured experimentally. A parameter sensitivity analysis in the stochastic agent-based model shows that the effective diffusion and growth constants vary with branching parameters in a complementary way to ensure that the outward speed of the network remains fixed. These results suggest that perturbations to microscale rates can have significant consequences at the macroscopic level, and these should be taken into account when proposing continuum models of actin network dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Copos, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bannish, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gasior, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinals, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rostami, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.28.923698</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Connecting actin polymer dynamics across multiple scales]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.30.927236v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A unified model of species abundance, genetic diversity, and functional diversity revealsthe mechanisms structuring ecological communities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.30.927236v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biodiversity accumulates hierarchically by means of ecological and evolutionary processes and feedbacks. Reconciling the relative importance of these processes is hindered by current theory, which tends to focus on a single spatial, temporal or taxonomic scale. We introduce a mechanistic model of community assembly, rooted in classic island biogeography theory, which makes temporally explicit joint predictions across three biodiversity data axes: i) species richness and abundances; ii) population genetic diversities; and iii) trait variation in a phylogenetic context. We demonstrate that each data axis captures information at different timescales, and that integrating these axes enables discriminating among previously unidentifiable community assembly models. We combine our massive eco-evolutionary synthesis simulations (MESS) with supervised machine learning to fit the parameters of the model to real data and infer processes underlying how biodiversity accumulates, using communities of tropical trees, arthropods, and gastropods as case studies that span a range of spatial scales.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Overcast, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruffley, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosindell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harmon, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borges, P. A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emerson, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Etienne, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillespie, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krehenwinkel, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahler, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Massol, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parent, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patino, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peter, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Week, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hickerson, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rominger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.30.927236</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A unified model of species abundance, genetic diversity, and functional diversity revealsthe mechanisms structuring ecological communities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.30.927376v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeting Reactive Aldehyde Detoxification by Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) as a Treatment Strategy for Endometriosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.30.927376v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Endometriosis affects [~]176 million women worldwide, yet on average, women experience pain [~]10 years from symptom onset before being properly diagnosed. Standard treatments (drugs or surgery) often fail to provide long-term pain relief. Elevated levels of reactive aldehydes such as 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) have been implicated in the peritoneal fluid of women with endometriosis and upon accumulation, reactive aldehydes can form protein-adducts and/or generate pain. A key enzyme in detoxifying reactive aldehydes to less reactive forms, is the mitochondrial enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2). Here, we tested the hypothesis that aberrant reactive aldehyde detoxification by ALDH2, underlies endometriosis and its associated pain. We determined, in the eutopic and ectopic endometrium of women with severe (stage IV) peritoneal endometriosis, that ALDH2 enzyme activity was decreased, which was associated with decreased ALDH2 expression and increased 4-HNE adduct formation compared to the eutopic endometrium of controls in the proliferative phase. Using a rodent model of endometriosis and an ALDH2*2 knock-in mouse with decreased ALDH2 activity, we determined that increasing ALDH2 activity with the enzyme activator Alda-1 could prevent endometriosis lesion development as well as alleviate pain-associated behaviors in proestrus. Overall, our findings suggest that targeting the ALDH2 enzyme in endometriosis may lead to better treatment strategies and in the proliferative phase, that increased 4-HNE adduct formation within the endometrium may serve as a less invasive diagnostic biomarker to reduce years of suffering in women.

One Sentence SummaryALDH2 activity influences endometriosis and its associated pain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McAllister, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinharoy, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.30.927376</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeting Reactive Aldehyde Detoxification by Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) as a Treatment Strategy for Endometriosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.30.927418v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TOR coordinates nucleotide availability with ribosome biogenesis in plants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.30.927418v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN (TOR) is a conserved eukaryotic Ser/Thr protein kinase that coordinates growth and metabolism with nutrient availability. We conducted a medium-throughput functional genetic screen to discover essential genes that promote TOR activity in plants, and identified a critical regulatory enzyme, cytosolic phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP) synthetase (PRS4). PRS4 synthesizes cytosolic PRPP, a key upstream metabolite in nucleotide synthesis and salvage pathways. We found that prs4 knockouts are embryo-lethal in A. thaliana, and that silencing PRS4 expression in N. benthamiana causes pleiotropic developmental phenotypes, including dwarfism, aberrant leaf shape, and delayed flowering. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that ribosome biogenesis is among the most strongly repressed processes in prs4 knockdowns. Building on these results, we discovered that TOR activity is inhibited by chemical or genetic disruption of nucleotide biosynthesis, but that this effect can be reversed by supplying plants with physiological levels of nucleotides. Finally, we show that TOR transcriptionally promotes nucleotide biosynthesis to support the demands of ribosomal RNA synthesis. We propose that TOR coordinates ribosome biogenesis with nucleotide availability in plants to maintain metabolic homeostasis and support growth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brunkard, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Busche, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scarpin, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hnasko, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.30.927418</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TOR coordinates nucleotide availability with ribosome biogenesis in plants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.30.927905v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An iron (II) dependent oxygenase performs the last missing step of plant lysine catabolism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.30.927905v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Due to low abundance in many staple food crops, the essential amino acid lysine must be produced industrially to meet global food supply needs. Despite intensive study, manipulation, and agricultural importance, the steps of plant lysine catabolism beyond the 2-oxoadipate (2OA) intermediate remain undescribed. Recently we described a missing step in the D-lysine catabolic pathway of the bacterium Pseudomonas putida in which 2OA is converted to D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D2HG) via hydroxyglutarate synthase (HglS), an enzyme belonging to the previously uncharacterized DUF1338 protein family. Here we solve the structure of HglS to 1.1[A] resolution in the substrate-free form and in complex with 2OA. Structural similarity to hydroxymandelate synthase suggested a successive decarboxylation and intramolecular hydroxylation mechanism forming 2HG in a Fe(II)- and O2-dependent manner, which is validated experimentally. 2OA specificity was mediated by a single arginine (R74), highly conserved across nearly all DUF1338 family proteins, including in 76% of plant enzymes. In Arabidopsis thaliana, a DUF1338 homolog is coexpressed with known lysine catabolism enzymes, and mutants show significant germination rate defects consistent with disrupted lysine catabolism. Structural and biochemical analysis of the Oryza sativa homolog FLO7 revealed identical activity to HglS despite low sequence identity. Our results suggest that nearly all DUF1338 containing enzymes likely catalyze the same biochemical reaction, exerting the same physiological function across bacteria and eukaryotes.

SignificanceTo meet human demands, millions of tons of lysine are produced by bacterial fermentation annually due to its low abundance in staple crops. Here, we show the last missing step of lysine catabolism in nearly all plant endosperms is likely catalyzed by an iron-dependant DUF1338-containing enzyme homologous to the bacterial hydroxyglutarate synthase. Structural and bioninformatic analyses of DUF1338-containing enzymes showed high conservation of critical catalytic and specificity-conferring residues across multiple domains of life despite low sequence identity. These results suggest that the DUF1338 family evolved a specific physiological function within lysine catabolism across multiple domains of life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thompson, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blake-Hedges, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hangasky, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belcher, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barajas, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruz-Morales, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Washington, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haushalter, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eiben, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skyrud, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benites, V. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnum, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baidoo, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheller, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marletta, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keasling, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.30.927905</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An iron (II) dependent oxygenase performs the last missing step of plant lysine catabolism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.31.927327v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A helical assembly of human ESCRT-I scaffolds reverse-topology membrane scission 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.31.927327v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ESCRT complexes drive membrane scission in HIV-1 release, autophagosome closure, MVB biogenesis, cytokinesis, and other cell processes. ESCRT-I is the most upstream complex and bridges the system to HIV-1 Gag in virus release. The crystal structure of the headpiece of human ESCRT-I comprising TSG101:VPS28:VPS37B:MVB12A was determined, revealing an ESCRT-I helical assembly with a 12 molecule repeat. Electron microscopy confirmed that ESCRT-I subcomplexes form helical filaments in solution. Mutation of VPS28 helical interface residues blocks filament formation in vitro and autophagosome closure and HIV-1 release in human cells. Coarse grained simulations of ESCRT assembly at HIV-1 budding sites suggest that formation of a 12-membered ring of ESCRT-I molecules is a geometry-dependent checkpoint during late stages of Gag assembly and HIV-1 budding, and templates ESCRT-III assembly for membrane scission. These data show that ESCRT-I is not merely a bridging adaptor, but has an essential scaffolding and mechanical role in its own right.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Flower, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takahashi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudait, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjahjono, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yokom, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouamr, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voth, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurley, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.31.927327</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A helical assembly of human ESCRT-I scaffolds reverse-topology membrane scission]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.03.932715v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aridity drives coordinated trait shifts but not decreased trait variance across the geographic range of eight Australian trees 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.03.932715v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ContextLarge intraspecific functional trait variation strongly impacts many aspects of natural communities and ecosystems, yet is inconsistent across traits and species.

ApproachWe measured within-species variation in leaf mass per area (LMA), leaf dry matter content (LDMC), branch wood density (WD), and allocation to stem area vs. leaf area in branches (branch Huber value, HV) across the aridity range of seven Australian eucalypts and an Acacia species to explore how traits and their variances change with aridity.

Results and ConclusionsWithin-species, we found consistent increases in LMA, LDMC and WD, and HV with increasing aridity, resulting in consistent trait coordination across tissues. However, this coordination only emerged across sites with large climate differences. Unlike trait means, patterns of trait variance with aridity were mixed across populations and species and showed limited support for constrained trait variation in dryer populations or more xeric species.

SynthesisOur results highlight that climate can drive consistent within-species trait patterns, but that these patterns might often be obscured by the complex nature of morphological traits and sampling incomplete species ranges or sampling confounded stress gradients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anderegg, L. D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loy, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markham, I. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elmer, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hovenden, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>HilleRisLambers, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayfield, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.03.932715</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aridity drives coordinated trait shifts but not decreased trait variance across the geographic range of eight Australian trees]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.03.933291v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-resolved metagenomics and detailed geochemical speciation analyses yield new insights into microbial mercury cycling in geothermal springs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.03.933291v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Geothermal systems emit substantial amounts of aqueous, gaseous and methylated mercury, but little is known about microbial influences on mercury speciation. Here we report results from genome-resolved metagenomics and mercury speciation analysis of acid warm springs in the Ngawha Geothermal Field (<55 {degrees}C, pH < 4.5), Northland Region, Aotearoa (New Zealand). Our aim was to identify the microorganisms genetically equipped for mercury methylation, demethylation, or Hg(II) reduction to volatile Hg(0) in these springs. Dissolved total and methylated mercury concentrations in two adjacent springs with different mercury speciation ranked among the highest reported from natural sources (250-16000 ng L-1 and 0.5-13.9 ng L-1, respectively). Total solid mercury concentrations in spring sediments ranged from 1273 to 7000 {micro}g g-1. In the context of such ultra-high mercury levels, the geothermal microbiome was unexpectedly diverse, and dominated by acidophilic and mesophilic sulfur- and iron-cycling bacteria, mercury- and arsenic-resistant bacteria, and thermophilic and acidophilic archaea. Integrating microbiome structure and metagenomic potential with geochemical constraints, we constructed a conceptual model for biogeochemical mercury cycling in geothermal springs. The model includes abiotic and biotic controls on mercury speciation, and illustrates how geothermal mercury cycling may couple to microbial community dynamics and sulfur and iron biogeochemistry.

IMPORTANCELittle is currently known about biogeochemical mercury cycling in geothermal systems. This manuscript presents an important new conceptual model, supported by genome-resolved metagenomic analysis and detailed geochemical measurements. This work provides a framework for studying natural geothermal mercury emissions globally. Specifically, our findings have implications for mercury speciation in wastewaters from geothermal power plants and the potential environmental impacts of microbially and abiotically formed mercury species, particularly where mobilized in spring waters that mix with surface- or ground-waters. Furthermore, in the context of thermophilic origins for microbial mercury volatilisation, this report yields new insights into how such processes may have evolved alongside microbial mercury methylation/demethylation, and the environmental constraints imposed by the geochemistry and mineralogy of geothermal systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gionfriddo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stott, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Power, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogorek, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krabbenhoft, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wick, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holt, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreau, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.03.933291</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-resolved metagenomics and detailed geochemical speciation analyses yield new insights into microbial mercury cycling in geothermal springs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.05.935734v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Silicon modulates multi-layered defense against powdery mildew in Arabidopsis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.05.935734v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Silicon (Si) has been widely employed in agriculture to enhance resistance against pathogens in many crop plants. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of Si-mediated resistance remain elusive. In this study, the Arabidopsis-powdery mildew pathosystem was employed to investigate possible defense mechanisms engaged for Si-mediated resistance. Because Arabidopsis lacks efficient Si transporters and thus is a low Si-accumulator, two heterologous Si influx transporters (from barley and muskmelon) were individually expressed in wild-type Arabidopsis Col-0 and a panel of mutants defective in different immune signaling pathways. Results from infection tests showed that while very low leaf Si content slightly induced salicylic acid (SA)-dependent resistance, high Si promoted PAD4-dependent but EDS1- and SA-independent resistance against the adapted powdery mildew isolate Golovinomyces cichoracearum UCSC1. Intriguingly, our results also showed that high Si could largely reboot non-host resistance in an immune-compromised eds1/pad4/sid2 triple mutant background against a non-adapted powdery mildew isolate G. cichoracearum UMSG1. Taken together, our results suggest that assimilated Si modulates distinct, multi-layered defense mechanisms to enhance plant resistance against adapted and no-adapted powdery mildew pathogens, possibly via synergistic interaction with defense-induced callose
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parson, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisenstein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.05.935734</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Silicon modulates multi-layered defense against powdery mildew in Arabidopsis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.09.940718v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Septins coordinate cell wall integrity and lipid metabolism in a sphingolipid-dependent process 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.09.940718v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During normal development and response to environmental stress, fungi must coordinate synthesis of the cell wall and plasma membrane. Septins, small cytoskeletal GTPases, colocalize with membrane sterol-rich regions and facilitate recruitment of cell wall synthases during dynamic wall remodeling. In this study we show that null mutants missing an Aspergillus nidulans core septin present in hexamers and octamers ({Delta}aspAcdc11, {Delta}aspBcdc3, or {Delta}aspCcdc12) are sensitive to multiple cell wall-disturbing agents known to activate the cell wall integrity MAPK pathway and that this sensitivity can be remediated by osmotic support. The null mutant missing the octamer-exclusive core septin ({Delta}aspDcdc10) showed similar osmotic-remedial sensitivity, but only to a single cell wall-disturbing agent and the null mutant missing the noncore septin ({Delta}aspE) showed very mild osmotic-remedial sensitivity to a different single agent. Representative core septin null mutants showed changes in cell wall polysaccharide composition, organization, and chitin synthase localization. Double mutant analysis with{Delta} mpkA suggested core septins interact with the cell wall integrity pathway. Null mutants missing any of the five septins were resistant to ergosterol-disrupting agents. The {Delta}aspAcdc11, {Delta}aspBcdc3, and {Delta}aspCcdc12 mutants showed increased sensitivity to sphingolipid-disrupting agents that was remediated by addition of exogenous phytosphingosine. Representative core septins were mislocalized after treatment with sphingolipid-disrupting agents, but not after treatment with ergosterol-disrupting agents. When challenged with both sphingolipid-disturbing and cell wall-disturbing agents in combination, remediation of the lipid defect restored proper growth to {Delta}aspAcdc11, {Delta}aspBcdc3, and {Delta}aspCcdc12, but remediation of the cell wall defect did not. Our data suggest that the core hexamer and octamer septins are involved in cell wall integrity signaling with the noncore septin playing a minor role; that all five septins are involved in monitoring ergosterol metabolism; that the hexamer septins are required for sphingolipid metabolism; and that septins require sphingolipids to coordinate the cell wall integrity response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mela, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Momany, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.09.940718</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Septins coordinate cell wall integrity and lipid metabolism in a sphingolipid-dependent process]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.09.940833v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SAR1 paralogs differ biochemically in assembly of the COPII coat 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.09.940833v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
COPII-coated vesicles are the primary mediators of vesicular traffic from the ER to the Golgi apparatus. SAR1 is a small GTPase, which, upon GTP binding, recruits the other COPII proteins to the ER membrane. In mammals, there are two SAR1 paralogs which genetic data suggest may have distinct physiological roles, e.g. in lipoprotein secretion for SAR1B. We identified two clusters of amino acids that have conserved, paralog-specific sequences. One cluster is adjacent to the SAR1 GTP-binding pocket and alters the kinetics of GTP exchange. The other cluster is adjacent to the binding site of COPII components SEC31 and SEC23. We found that the latter cluster confers a SEC23A binding preference to SAR1B over SAR1A. In contrast to SAR1B, SAR1A is prone to oligomerize on a membrane surface. Importantly, in relation to its physiological function, SAR1B, but not SAR1A, can compensate for loss of SAR1B in lipoprotein secretion. The SEC31/SEC23-binding site-adjacent divergent cluster is critical for this function. These data identify the novel paralog-specific function for SAR1B, and provide insights into the mechanisms of large cargo secretion and COPII related diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Melville, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Studer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schekman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.09.940833</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SAR1 paralogs differ biochemically in assembly of the COPII coat]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.10.937540v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas12a exploits R-loop asymmetry to form double strand breaks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.10.937540v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most type V CRISPR-Cas interference proteins use a single RuvC active site to make RNA-guided breaks in double-stranded DNA substrates, an activity essential for both bacterial immunity and genome editing applications. The best-studied of these enzymes, Cas12a, initiates DNA cutting by forming a 20-nucleotide R-loop in which the guide RNA displaces one of the DNA strands of a double-helical substrate, positioning the DNase active site for first-strand cleavage. However, crystal structures and biochemical data have not explained how the second strand is cut to complete the double-strand break. Here, we show that Cas12a-mediated R-loop formation destabilizes DNA at the second-strand cleavage site, which is located outside of the R-loop structure and beyond the 3' end of the guide RNA. Chemical and fluorescent DNA probes reveal that this destabilization is an intrinsic feature of DNA flanking the RNA-3' side of R-loops and does not require direct protein interactions. Interestingly, DNA flanking the RNA-5' side of R-loops is not intrinsically unstable. This asymmetry in R-loop structure may explain the uniformity of guide RNA architecture and the single-active-site cleavage mechanism that are fundamental features of all type V CRISPR-Cas systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kuriyan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cofsky, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karandur, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witte, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.10.937540</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CRISPR-Cas12a exploits R-loop asymmetry to form double strand breaks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.13.942896v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large Freshwater Phages with the Potential to Augment Aerobic Methane Oxidation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.13.942896v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is growing evidence that phages with unusually large genomes are common across various natural and human microbiomes, but little is known about their genetic inventories or potential ecosystem impacts. Here, we reconstructed large phage genomes from freshwater lakes known to contain bacteria that oxidize methane. Twenty-two manually curated genomes (18 are complete) ranging from 159 to 527 kbp in length were found to encode the pmoC gene, an enzymatically critical subunit of the particulate methane monooxygenase, the predominant methane oxidation catalyst in nature. The phage-associated PmoC show high similarity (> 90%) and affiliate phylogenetically with those of coexisting bacterial methanotrophs, and their abundance patterns correlate with the abundances of these bacteria, supporting host-phage relationships. We suggest that phage PmoC has similar functions to additional copies of PmoC encoded in bacterial genomes, thus contribute to growth on methane. Transcriptomics data from one system showed that the phage-associated pmoC genes are actively expressed in situ. Augmentation of bacterial methane oxidation by pmoC-phages during infection could modulate the efflux of this powerful greenhouse gas into the environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meheust, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crits-Christoph, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMahon, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colenbrander Nelson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.13.942896</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large Freshwater Phages with the Potential to Augment Aerobic Methane Oxidation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.13.945071v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Machine Boss: Rapid Prototyping of Bioinformatic Automata 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.13.945071v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationMany C++ libraries for using Hidden Markov Models in bioinformatics focus on inference tasks, such as likelihood calculation, parameter-fitting, and alignment. However, construction of the state machines can be a laborious task, automation of which would be time-saving and less error-prone.

ResultsWe present Machine Boss, a software tool implementing not just inference and parameter-fitting algorithms, but also a set of operations for manipulating and combining automata. The aim is to make prototyping of bioinformatics HMMs as quick and easy as the construction of regular expressions, with one-line "recipes" for many common applications. We report data from several illustrative examples involving protein-to-DNA alignment, DNA data storage, and nanopore sequence analysis.

Availability and ImplementationMachine Boss is released under the BSD-3 open source license and is available from http://machineboss.org/.

ContactIan Holmes, ihh@berkeley.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Silvestre-Ryan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dider, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.13.945071</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Machine Boss: Rapid Prototyping of Bioinformatic Automata]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.15.950873v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Bayesian nonparametric approach to super-resolution single-molecule localization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.15.950873v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We consider the problem of single-molecule identification in super-resolution microscopy. Super-resolution microscopy overcomes the diffraction limit by localizing individual fluorescing molecules in a field of view. This is particularly difficult since each individual molecule appears and disappears randomly across time and because the total number of molecules in the field of view is unknown. Additionally, data sets acquired with super-resolution microscopes can contain a large number of spurious fluorescent fluctuations caused by background noise.

To address these problems, we present a Bayesian nonparametric framework capable of identifying individual emitting molecules in super-resolved time series. We tackle the localization problem in the case in which each individual molecule is already localized in space. First, we collapse observations in time and develop a fast algorithm that builds upon the Dirichlet process. Next, we augment the model to account for the temporal aspect of fluorophore photo-physics. Finally, we assess the performance of our methods with ground-truth data sets having known biological structure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gabitto, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marie-Nellie, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pakman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pataki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darzacq, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.15.950873</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Bayesian nonparametric approach to super-resolution single-molecule localization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.16.947804v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The interaction of crossover formation and the dynamic architecture of the synaptonemal complex during meiosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.16.947804v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During meiosis, pairing between homologous chromosomes is stabilized by the assembly of a protein lattice known as the synaptonemal complex (SC). The SC ensures the formation of crossovers between homologous chromosomes and also regulates their distribution. However, how the SC regulates crossover formation remains elusive. We isolated an unusual mutation in C. elegans that disrupts crossover interference but not the assembly of the SC. This mutation alters the unique C-terminal domain of an essential SC protein, SYP-4, a likely ortholog of the vertebrate SC protein SIX6OS1. To characterize the structure of the SC in wild-type and mutant animals, we use three-dimensional STochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy (3D-STORM) to interrogate the molecular architecture of the SC in intact germline tissue from C. elegans. The approach enabled us to define positions of protein epitopes with respect to the 3D architecture of this complex. Using a probabilistic mapping approach to analyze super-resolution image data, we detect a marked structural transition in wild-type animals that coincides with crossover designation. We also found that our syp-4 mutant subtly perturbs SC architecture. Our findings add to growing evidence that the SC is an active material whose molecular organization contributes to chromosome-wide crossover regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Köhler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wojcik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dernburg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.16.947804</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The interaction of crossover formation and the dynamic architecture of the synaptonemal complex during meiosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.18.948406v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome editing enables reverse genetics of multicellular development in the choanoflagellate Salpingoeca rosetta 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.18.948406v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In a previous study, we established a forward genetic screen to identify genes required for multicellular development in the choanoflagellate, Salpingoeca rosetta (Levin et al., 2014). Yet, the paucity of reverse genetic tools for choanoflagellates has hampered direct tests of gene function and impeded the establishment of choanoflagellates as a model for reconstructing the origin of their closest living relatives, the animals. Here we establish CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing in S. rosetta by engineering a selectable marker to enrich for edited cells. We then use genome editing to disrupt the coding sequence of a S. rosetta C-type lectin gene, rosetteless, and thereby demonstrate its necessity for multicellular rosette development. This work advances S. rosetta as a model system in which to investigate how genes identified from genetic screens and genomic surveys function in choanoflagellates and evolved as critical regulators of animal biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Booth, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.18.948406</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome editing enables reverse genetics of multicellular development in the choanoflagellate Salpingoeca rosetta]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.18.953398v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The intriguing dynamics of chromatin folding and assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.18.953398v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We investigate the dynamics of chromatin folding based on the "strings and binders" (SBS) model with molecular dynamics simulation. SBS model is a coarse-grained model considering a self-avoiding chain interacting with diffusive binders. By introducing transition among different categories of beads with specific transition cycles and transition probabilities, our model is capable of introducing different dynamics quantitatively during the folding process, thus capturing variety of phenomena related to chromatin dynamics. Firstly, roles of dynamics in the process of chromatin folding were examined. We discovered that there is a minimum gyration of chromatin under varying characteristic times of transition which indicates neither dramatically dynamic nor static folding process is optimal for chromatin to reach stable states with relatively low free energy. Secondly, it is noticeable that when beads transit from or into others in distinct dynamics, the equilibrium concentrations are distinct as well. As a consequence, the distribution of chromatin loop length is relevant to the dynamics of binders which can be modified by complex such as Wings apart-like protein homolog (Wapl) and SCC2/SCC4 cohesin loader complex (SCC2/SCC4). Finally, our model is able to reproduce contact matrices of both wild type HAP1 cell and {Delta}WAPL HAP1 cell obtained from Hi-C technology with a relatively high accuracy. Our model recapitulate the accumulating contacts at the corners of TADs and vanishing short-range contacts along the diagonal, manifesting the difference of chromatin structures before and after eliminating WAPL.

STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCEOur model includes reciprocal transition among beads in SBS model to introduce different dynamics in chromatin folding process. Our model is able to examine the roles of dynamics in chromatin folding, reveal the loop length variation due to the concentration imbalance caused by distinct dynamics and reproduce contact matrices of both wild type and WAPL-deficient cells. Our research work provides a model to investigate the dynamics of chromatin folding quantitatively and displays its significance of revealing multiple experimental results using computational tools.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mofrad, M. R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.18.953398</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The intriguing dynamics of chromatin folding and assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.18.954974v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
μCB-seq: Microfluidic cell barcoding and sequencing for high-resolution imaging and sequencing of single cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.18.954974v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) enables the investigation of complex biological processes in multicellular organisms with high resolution. However, many phenotypic features that are critical to understanding the functional role of cells in a heterogeneous tissue or organ are not directly encoded in the genome and therefore cannot be profiled with scRNA-seq. Quantitative optical microscopy has long been a powerful approach for characterizing diverse cellular phenotypes including cell morphology, protein localization, and chemical composition. Combining scRNA-seq with optical imaging has the potential to provide comprehensive single-cell analysis, allowing for functional integration of gene expression profiling and cell-state characterization. However, it is difficult to track single cells through both measurements; therefore, coupling current scRNA-seq protocols with optical measurements remains a challenge. Here, we report Microfluidic Cell Barcoding and Sequencing (CB-seq), a microfluidic platform that combines high-resolution imaging and sequencing of single cells. CB-seq is enabled by a novel fabrication method that preloads primers with known barcode sequences inside addressable reaction chambers of a microfluidic device. In addition to enabling multi-modal single-cell analysis, CB-seq improves gene detection sensitivity, providing a scalable and accurate method for information-rich characterization of single cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zalavadia, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streets, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.18.954974</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[μCB-seq: Microfluidic cell barcoding and sequencing for high-resolution imaging and sequencing of single cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.20.958587v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporal and state abstractions for efficient learning, transfer and composition in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.20.958587v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humans use prior knowledge to efficiently solve novel tasks, but how they structure past knowledge to enable such fast generalization is not well understood. We recently proposed that hierarchical state abstraction enabled generalization of simple one-step rules, by inferring context clusters for each rule. However, humans daily tasks are often temporally extended, and necessitate more complex multi-step, hierarchically structured strategies. The options framework in hierarchical reinforcement learning provides a theoretical framework for representing such transferable strategies. Options are abstract multi-step policies, assembled from simpler one-step actions or other options, that can represent meaningful reusable strategies as temporal abstractions. We developed a novel sequential decision making protocol to test if humans learn and transfer multi-step options. In a series of four experiments, we found transfer effects at multiple hierarchical levels of abstraction that could not be explained by flat reinforcement learning models or hierarchical models lacking temporal abstraction. We extended the options framework to develop a quantitative model that blends temporal and state abstractions. Our model captures the transfer effects observed in human participants. Our results provide evidence that humans create and compose hierarchical options, and use them to explore in novel contexts, consequently transferring past knowledge and speeding up learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xia, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, A. G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.20.958587</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporal and state abstractions for efficient learning, transfer and composition in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.21.959791v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biased localization of actin binding proteins by actin filament conformation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.21.959791v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The assembly of actin filaments into distinct cytoskeletal structures plays a critical role in cell physiology, but how proteins localize differentially to these structures within a shared cytoplasm remains unclear. Here, we show that the actin-binding domains of accessory proteins can be sensitive to filament conformational changes. Using a combination of live cell imaging and in vitro single molecule binding measurements, we show that tandem calponin homology domains (CH1-CH2) can be mutated to preferentially bind actin networks at the front or rear of motile cells, and we demonstrate that the affinity of CH1-CH2 domain mutants varies as actin filament conformation is altered by perturbations that include stabilizing drugs, physical constraints, and other binding proteins. These findings suggest that conformational heterogeneity of actin filaments in cells could help to direct accessory binding proteins to different actin cytoskeletal structures through a biophysical feedback loop.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harris, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jreij, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belardi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bausch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fletcher, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.21.959791</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biased localization of actin binding proteins by actin filament conformation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.21.960005v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Divergence, gene flow and the origin of leapfrog geographic distributions: The history of color pattern variation in Phyllobates poison-dart frogs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.21.960005v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The geographic distribution of phenotypic variation among closely related populations is a valuable source of information about the evolutionary processes that generate and maintain biodiversity. Leapfrog distributions, in which phenotypically similar populations are disjunctly distributed and separated by one or more phenotypically distinct populations, represent geographic replicates for the existence of a phenotype, and are therefore especially informative. These geographic patterns have mostly been studied from phylogenetic perspectives to understand how common ancestry and divergent evolution drive their formation. Other processes, such as gene flow between populations, have not received as much attention. Here we investigate the roles of divergence and gene flow between populations in the origin and maintenance of a leapfrog distribution in Phyllobates poison frogs. We found evidence for high levels of gene flow between neighboring populations but not over long distances, indicating that gene flow between populations exhibiting the central phenotype may have a homogenizing effect that maintains their similarity, and that introgression between "leapfroging" taxa has not played a prominent role as a driver of phenotypic diversity in Phyllobates. Although phylogenetic analyses suggest that the leapfrog distribution was formed through independent evolution of the peripheral (i.e. leapfrogging) populations, the elevated levels of gene flow between geographically close populations poise alternative scenarios, such as the history of phenotypic change becoming decoupled from genome-averaged patterns of divergence, which we cannot rule out. These results highlight the importance of incorporating gene flow between populations into the study of geographic variation in phenotypes, both as a driver of phenotypic diversity and as a confounding factor of phylogeographic inferences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marquez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linderoth, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mejía-Vargas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kronforst, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amezquita, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.21.960005</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Divergence, gene flow and the origin of leapfrog geographic distributions: The history of color pattern variation in Phyllobates poison-dart frogs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.21.960377v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome wide association study reveals plant loci controlling heritability of the rhizosphere microbiome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.21.960377v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Host genetics has recently been shown to be a driver of plant microbiome composition. However, identifying the underlying genetic loci controlling microbial selection remains challenging. Genome wide association studies (GWAS) represent a potentially powerful, unbiased method to identify microbes sensitive to host genotype, and to connect them with the genetic loci that influence their colonization. Here, we conducted a population-level microbiome analysis of the rhizospheres of 200 sorghum genotypes. Using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, we identify rhizosphere-associated bacteria exhibiting heritable associations with plant genotype, and identify significant overlap between these lineages and heritable taxa recently identified in maize. Furthermore, we demonstrate that GWAS can identify host loci that correlate with the abundance of specific subsets of the rhizosphere microbiome. Finally, we demonstrate that these results can be used to predict rhizosphere microbiome structure for an independent panel of sorghum genotypes based solely on knowledge of host genotypic information.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caddell, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahlen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Washington, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman-Derr, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.21.960377</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome wide association study reveals plant loci controlling heritability of the rhizosphere microbiome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.22.960872v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A quantitative framework reveals the ecological drivers of grassland soil microbial community assembly in response to warming 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.22.960872v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Unraveling the drivers controlling community assembly is a central issue in ecology. Selection, dispersal, diversification and drift are conceptually accepted as major community assembly processes. Defining their relative importance in governing biodiversity is compellingly needed, but very challenging. Here, we present a novel framework to quantitatively infer community assembly mechanisms by phylogenetic bin-based null model analysis (iCAMP). Our results with simulated microbial communities showed that iCAMP had high accuracy (0.93 - 0.99), precision (0.80 - 0.94), sensitivity (0.82 - 0.94), and specificity (0.95 - 0.98), which were 10-160% higher than those from the entire community-based approach. Applying it to grassland microbial communities in response to experimental warming, our analysis showed that homogeneous selection (38%) and "drift" (59%) played dominant roles in controlling grassland soil microbial community assembly. Interestingly, warming enhanced homogeneous selection, but decreased "drift" over time. Warming-enhanced selection was primarily imposed on Bacillales in Firmicutes, which were strengthened by increased drought and reduced plant productivity. This general framework should also be useful for plant and animal ecology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ning, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firestone, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.22.960872</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A quantitative framework reveals the ecological drivers of grassland soil microbial community assembly in response to warming]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.23.961300v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lower Soil Carbon Loss Due to Persistent Microbial Adaptation to Climate Warming 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.23.961300v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Soil microbial respiration is an important source of uncertainty in projecting future climate and carbon (C) cycle feedbacks. Despite intensive studies for two decades, the magnitude, direction, and duration of such feedbacks are uncertain, and their underlying microbial mechanisms are still poorly understood. Here we examined the responses of soil respiration and microbial community structure to long-term experimental warming in a temperate grassland ecosystem. Our results indicated that the temperature sensitivity of soil microbial respiration (i.e., Q10) persistently decreased by 12.0{+/-}3.7% across 7 years of warming. Integrated metagenomic and functional analyses showed that microbial community adaptation played critical roles in regulating respiratory acclimation. Incorporating microbial functional gene abundance data into a microbially-enabled ecosystem model significantly improved the modeling performance of soil microbial respiration by 5-19%, compared to the traditional non-microbial model. Model parametric uncertainty was also reduced by 55-71% when gene abundances were used. In addition, our modeling analyses suggested that decreased temperature sensitivity could lead to considerably less heterotrophic respiration (11.6{+/-}7.5%), and hence less soil C loss. If such microbially mediated dampening effects occur generally across different spatial and temporal scales, the potential positive feedback of soil microbial respiration in response to climate warming may be less than previously predicted.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hale, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gyo Jung, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escalas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Nostrand, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ning, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuur, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konstantinidis, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penton, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiedje, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.23.961300</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lower Soil Carbon Loss Due to Persistent Microbial Adaptation to Climate Warming]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.25.956771v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pair consensus decoding improves accuracy of neural network basecallers for nanopore sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.25.956771v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nanopore technology allows for direct sequencing of individual DNA duplexes. However, its higher error rate compared to other sequencing methods has limited its application in situations where deep coverage is unavailable, such as detection of rare variants or characterization of highly polymorphic samples. In principle, 2X coverage is available even for single duplexes, using Oxford Nanopore Technologies 1D2 protocol or related methods which sequence both strands of the duplex consecutively. Using both strands should improve accuracy; however, most neural network basecaller architectures are designed to operate on single strands. We have developed a general approach for improving accuracy of 1D2 and related protocols by finding the consensus of two neural network basecallers, by combining a constrained profile-profile alignment with a heuristic variant of beam search. When run on a basecalling neural network we trained, our consensus algorithm improves median basecall accuracy from 86.2% (for single-read decoding) to 92.1% (for pair decoding). Our software can readily be adapted to work with the output of other basecallers, such as the recently released Bonito basecaller. Although Bonito operates only on individual strands and was not designed to leverage the 1D2 protocol, our method lifts its median accuracy from 93.3% to 97.7%, more than halving the median error rate. This surpasses the maximum accuracy achievable with Guppy, an alternate basecaller which was designed to include pair decoding of 1D2 reads. Our software PoreOver, including both our neural network basecaller and our consensus pair decoder (which can be separably applied to improve other basecallers), is implemented in Python 3 and C++11 and is freely available at https://github.com/jordisr/poreover.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Silvestre-Ryan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.25.956771</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pair consensus decoding improves accuracy of neural network basecallers for nanopore sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.25.965764v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Measurement error and resolution in quantitative stable isotope probing: implications for experimental design 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.25.965764v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Quantitative stable isotope probing (qSIP) estimates the degree of incorporation of an isotope tracer into nucleic acids of metabolically active organisms and can be applied to microorganisms growing in complex communities, such as the microbiomes of soil or water. As such, qSIP has the potential to link microbial biodiversity and biogeochemistry. As with any technique involving quantitative estimation, qSIP involves measurement error; a more complete understanding of error, precision and statistical power will aid in the design of qSIP experiments and interpretation of qSIP data. We used several existing qSIP datasets of microbial communities found in soil and water to evaluate how variance in the estimate of isotope incorporation depends on organism abundance and on the resolution of the density fractionation scheme. We also assessed statistical power for replicated qSIP studies, and sensitivity and specificity for unreplicated designs. We found that variance declines as taxon abundance increases. Increasing the number of density fractions reduces variance, although the benefit of added fractions declines as the number of fractions increases. Specifically, nine fractions appear to be a reasonable tradeoff between cost and precision for most qSIP applications. Increasing replication improves power and reduces the minimum detectable threshold for inferring isotope uptake to 5 atom%. Finally, we provide evidence for the importance of internal standards to calibrate the %GC to mean weighted density regression per sample. These results should benefit those designing future SIP experiments, and provide a reference for metagenomic SIP applications where financial and computational limitations constrain experimental scope.

ImportanceOne of the biggest challenges in microbial ecology is correlating the identity of microorganisms with the roles they fulfill in natural environmental systems. Studies of microbes in pure culture reveal much about genomic content and potential functions, but may not reflect an organisms activity within its natural community. Culture-independent studies supply a community-wide view of composition and function in the context of community interactions, but fail to link the two. Quantitative stable isotope probing (qSIP) is a method that can link the identity and function of specific microbes within a naturally occurring community. Here we explore how the resolution of density-gradient fractionation affects the error and precision of qSIP results, how they may be improved via additional replication, and cost-benefit balanced scenarios for SIP experimental design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sieradzki, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koch, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenlon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachdeva, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malmstrom, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mau, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blazewicz, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firestone, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofmockel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hungate, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pett-Ridge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.25.965764</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Measurement error and resolution in quantitative stable isotope probing: implications for experimental design]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.29.970558v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An integrated transcriptomic and epigenomic atlas of mouse primary motor cortex cell types 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.29.970558v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single cell transcriptomics has transformed the characterization of brain cell identity by providing quantitative molecular signatures for large, unbiased samples of brain cell populations. With the proliferation of taxonomies based on individual datasets, a major challenge is to integrate and validate results toward defining biologically meaningful cell types. We used a battery of single-cell transcriptome and epigenome measurements generated by the BRAIN Initiative Cell Census Network (BICCN) to comprehensively assess the molecular signatures of cell types in the mouse primary motor cortex (MOp). We further developed computational and statistical methods to integrate these multimodal data and quantitatively validate the reproducibility of the cell types. The reference atlas, based on more than 600,000 high quality single-cell or -nucleus samples assayed by six molecular modalities, is a comprehensive molecular account of the diverse neuronal and non-neuronal cell types in MOp. Collectively, our study indicates that the mouse primary motor cortex contains over 55 neuronal cell types that are highly replicable across analysis methods, sequencing technologies, and modalities. We find many concordant multimodal markers for each cell type, as well as thousands of genes and gene regulatory elements with discrepant transcriptomic and epigenomic signatures. These data highlight the complex molecular regulation of brain cell types and will directly enable design of reagents to target specific MOp cell types for functional analysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adkins, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldrige, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ament, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartlett, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behrens, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van den Berge, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertagnolli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biancalani, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Booeshaghi, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corrada Bravo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casper, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colantuoni, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crabtree, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creasy, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crichton, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crow, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dee, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dougherty, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doyle, W. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudoit, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Felix, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fong, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giglio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawrylycz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bezieux, H. R. d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herb, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hertzano, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Z. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kancherla, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kroll, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lathia, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucero, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahurkar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMillen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadaf, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ner</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.29.970558</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An integrated transcriptomic and epigenomic atlas of mouse primary motor cortex cell types]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.03.974220v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improving replicability in single-cell RNA-Seq cell type discovery with Dune 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.03.974220v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell transcriptome sequencing (scRNA-Seq) has allowed many new types of investigations at unprecedented and unique levels of resolution. Among the primary goals of scRNA-Seq is the classification of cells into potentially novel cell types. Many approaches build on the existing clustering literature to develop tools specific to single-cell applications. However, almost all of these methods rely on heuristics or user-supplied parameters to control the number of clusters identified. This affects both the resolution of the clusters within the original dataset as well as their replicability across datasets. While many recommendations exist to select these tuning parameters, most of them are quite ad hoc. In general, there is little assurance that any given set of parameters will represent an optimal choice in the ever-present trade-off between cluster resolution and replicability. For instance, it may be the case that another set of parameters will result in more clusters that are also more replicable, or in fewer clusters that are also less replicable.

Here, we propose a new method called Dune for optimizing the trade-off between the resolution of the clusters and their replicability across datasets. Our method takes as input a set of clustering results on a single dataset, derived from any set of clustering algorithms and associated tuning parameters, and iteratively merges clusters within partitions in order to maximize their concordance between partitions. As demonstrated on a variety of scRNA-Seq datasets from different platforms, Dune outperforms existing techniques, that rely on hierarchical merging for reducing the number of clusters, in terms of replicability of the resultant merged clusters. It provides an objective approach for identifying replicable consensus clusters most likely to represent common biological features across multiple datasets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roux de Bezieux, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Street, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van den Berge, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chance, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Risso, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purdom, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudoit, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.03.974220</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improving replicability in single-cell RNA-Seq cell type discovery with Dune]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.04.959429v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential virulence contributions of the efflux transporter MexAB-OprM in Pseudomonas syringae infecting a variety of host plants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.04.959429v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Efflux transporters such as MexAB-OprM contribute to bacterial resistance to diverse antimicrobial compounds. Here, we show that MexB contributes to epiphytic and apoplastic growth of Pseudomonas syringae strain B728a, as well as lesion formation in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). While a mexB deletion mutant formed fewer lesions after topical application to common bean, these lesions contain the same number of cells (105 to 107 cells) as those caused by the wild-type strain. The internalized population size of both the WT and the MexB mutant within small segments of surface-sterilized asymptomatic portions of the leaves varied from undetectably low to as high as 105 cells/cm2. Localized populations of bacteria within the leaf must apparently exceed a threshold size of about 105 cells/cm2 in order for a visible lesion to form. Strain B728a was capable of moderate to extensive apoplastic growth in diverse host plants including lima bean (P. lunatus), fava bean (Vicia faba), pepper (Capsicum annuum), Nicotiana benthamiana, sunflower (Helianthus annuus), and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). MexB was not required for growth in a subset of these plant species, and in which the duration of growth after inoculation was longer, indicating apparent variation in onset time or magnitude of plant chemical defenses among those hosts. The use of a hyper-susceptible efflux pump mutant strain is an informative strategy to explore the diversity of host chemical immune responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Helmann, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindow, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.04.959429</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential virulence contributions of the efflux transporter MexAB-OprM in Pseudomonas syringae infecting a variety of host plants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.04.975888v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic genome-wide querying of coding and non-coding functional elements in E. coli using CRISPRi 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.04.975888v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-wide repression screens using CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) have enabled the high-throughput identification of essential genes in bacteria. However, there is a lack of functional studies leveraging CRISPRi to systematically explore targeting of both the coding and non-coding genome in bacteria. Here we perform CRISPRi screens in Escherichia coli MG1655 K-12 targeting ~13,000 genomic features, including nearly all protein-coding genes, non-coding RNAs, promoters, and transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs) using a ~33,000-member sgRNA library, which represents the most compact and comprehensive genome-wide CRISPRi library in E. coli to date. Our data reveal insights into the conditional essentiality of the genome with key refinements to screen design and profiling. First, we demonstrate that strong fitness defects associated with essential cellular processes can be resolved using inducible time-series measurements. We show that knockdowns of different classes of genes exhibit distinct, transient responses that are correlated to gene function with genes involved in translation exhibiting the strongest responses. We also query feature essentiality across several biochemical conditions and show that several genes, sRNAs, and operons exhibit conditional phenotypes not reported by previous high-throughput efforts. Second, we evaluate systematically targeting non-genic features (promoters and TFBSs) in the E. coli genome. We show that promoter-targeting guides can be used to add phenotypic confidence to promoter annotations and verify computationally predicted promoters. In contrast to prior studies, we find that promoter knockdowns exhibit a strong targeting orientation dependency where targeting the non-template strand of the promoter closest to the target gene is more effective in knocking down gene expression than other promoter targeting orientations. Unlike eukaryotic genomes, we note that interpreting the effects of TFBS targeting is particularly challenging due to the small size of such features and their proximity to and overlap with other genomic features. Together, this work reveals novel conditionally essential gene phenotypes, provides a characterized set of sgRNAs for future E. coli CRISPRi screens, and highlights considerations for CRISPRi library design and screening for microbial genome characterization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rishi, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toro, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.04.975888</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic genome-wide querying of coding and non-coding functional elements in E. coli using CRISPRi]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.08.981811v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polysome fractionation analysis reveals features important for human nonsense-mediated mRNA decay 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.08.981811v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) is a translation-dependent mRNA surveillance pathway that eliminates transcripts with premature termination codons. Several studies have tried defined the features governing which transcripts are targeted to NMD. However, these approaches often rely on inhibiting core NMD factors, which often have roles in non-NMD processes within the cell. Based on reports that NMD-targeted transcripts are often bound by a single ribosome, we analyzed RNA-Seq data from a polysome fractionation experiment (TrlP-Seq) to characterize the features of NMD-targeted transcripts in human cells. This approach alleviates the need to inhibit the NMD pathway. We found that the exon junction complex (EJC) model, wherein an exon-exon junction located [&ge;]50 nucleotides downstream of a stop codon is predicted to elicit NMD, was a powerful predictor of transcripts with high abundance in the monosome fraction (bound by a single ribosome). This was also true for the presence of an upstream open reading frame. In contrast, as 3 UTR lengths increase, the proportion of transcripts that are most abundant in the monosome fraction does not increase. This suggests that either longer 3 UTRs do not consistently act as potent triggers of NMD or that the degradation of these transcripts is mechanistically different to other NMD-targeted transcripts. Of the ribosome-associated transcripts annotated as "non-coding", we find that a majority are bound by a single ribosome. Many of these transcripts increase in response to NMD inhibition, including the oncogenic SHNG15, suggesting many might be NMD targets. Finally, we found that retained intron transcripts without a premature termination codon are over-represented in the monosome fraction, suggesting an alternative mechanism is responsible for the low level of translation of these transcripts. In summary, our analysis finds that the EJC model is a powerful predictor of NMD-targeted transcripts, while the presence of a long 3 UTR is not.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lloyd, J. P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>French, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.08.981811</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polysome fractionation analysis reveals features important for human nonsense-mediated mRNA decay]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.10.986679v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Magnetotactic bacteria accumulate a large pool of iron distinct from their magnetite crystals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.10.986679v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are ubiquitous aquatic microorganisms that form intracellular nanoparticles of magnetite (Fe3O4) or greigite (Fe3S4) in a genetically controlled manner. Magnetite and greigite synthesis requires MTB to transport a large amount of iron from the environment which is subsequently concentrated in organelles called magnetosomes for crystal precipitation and maturation. X-ray absorption analysis of MTB suggests that the intracellular iron is mainly contained within the crystals, thus preventing potential toxic effects of free iron. In contrast, recent mass spectrometry studies suggest that MTB may contain a large amount of iron that is not precipitated in crystals. Here, we attempt to resolve these descrepancies by performing chemical and magnetic assays to quantify the different iron pools in the magnetite-forming strain Magnetospirillum magneticum AMB-1 cultivated at varying iron concentrations. AMB-1 mutants showing defects in crystal precipitation were also characterized following the same approach. All results show that magnetite represents at most 30 % of the total intracellular iron under our experimental conditions. We further examined the iron speciation and subcellular localization in AMB-1 using the fluorescent indicator FIP-1 that is designed for detection of labile Fe(II). Staining with this probe suggests that unmineralized reduced iron is found in the cytoplasm and associated with magnetosomes. Our results demonstrate that, under our experimental conditions, AMB-1 is able to accumulate a large pool of iron distinct from magnetite. Finally, we discuss the biochemical and geochemical implications of these results.

ImportanceMagnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are a group of microorganisms producing iron-based intracellular magnetic crystals. They represent a model system for studying iron homeostasis and biomineralization in bacteria. MTB contain an important mass of iron, about 10 to 100 higher than other bacterial model such as Escherichia coli, suggesting efficient iron uptake and storage systems. Accordingly, MTB have been proposed to significantly impact the iron biogeochemical cycle in sequestering a large amount of soluble iron into crystals. Recently, several studies proposed that MTB could also accumulate iron in a reservoir distinct from their crystals. Here, we present a chemical and magnetic methodology for quantifying the fraction of the total cellular iron contained in the magnetic crystals of the magnetotactic strain Magnetospirillum magneticum AMB-1. Comparison of the mass of iron contained in the different cellular pools showed that most of the bacterial iron is not contained in AMB-1 crystals. We then adapted protocols for the fluorescent detection of Fe(II) in bacteria, and showed that iron could be detected outside of crystals using fluorescence assays. This work suggests a more complex picture for iron homeostasis in MTB than previously thought. Because iron speciation controls its solubility, our results also provide important insights into the geochemical impact of MTB. A large pool of unmineralized iron in MTB could be more easily released in the environment than magnetite, thus limiting iron sequestration into MTB crystals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Amor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ceballos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aron, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hellman, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Komeili, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.10.986679</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Magnetotactic bacteria accumulate a large pool of iron distinct from their magnetite crystals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.11.988105v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A genome-scale CRISPR interference guide library enables comprehensive phenotypic profiling in yeast 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.11.988105v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR/Cas9-mediated transcriptional interference (CRISPRi) enables programmable gene knock-down, yielding interpretable loss-of-function phenotypes for nearly any gene. Effective, inducible CRISPRi has been demonstrated in budding yeast, but no genome-scale guide libraries have been reported. We present a comprehensive yeast CRISPRi library, based on empirical design rules, containing 10 distinct guides for most genes. Competitive growth after pooled transformation revealed strong fitness defects for most essential genes, verifying that the library provides comprehensive genome coverage. We used the relative growth defects caused by different guides targeting essential genes to further refine yeast CRISPRi design rules. In order to obtain more accurate and robust guide abundance measurements in pooled screens, we link guides with random nucleotide barcodes and carry out linear amplification by in vitro transcription. Taken together, we demonstrate a broadly useful platform for comprehensive, high-precision CRISPRi screening in yeast.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McGlincy, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meacham, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swain, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muller, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baum, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingolia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.11.988105</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A genome-scale CRISPR interference guide library enables comprehensive phenotypic profiling in yeast]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.12.988147v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A family of viral satellites manipulates invading virus gene expression and affects cholera toxin mobilization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.12.988147v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many viruses possess temporally unfolding gene expression patterns aimed at subverting host defenses, commandeering host metabolism, and ultimately producing a large number of progeny virions. High throughput -omics tools, such as RNA-seq, have dramatically enhanced resolution of expression patterns during infection. Less studied have been viral satellites, mobile genomes that parasitize viruses and have far reaching effects on host-cell fitness. By performing RNA-seq on infection time courses, we have obtained the first time-resolved transcriptomes for bacteriophage satellites during lytic infection. Specifically, we have acquired transcriptomes for the lytic Vibrio cholerae phage ICP1 and all five known variants of ICP1s parasite, the Phage Inducible Chromosomal Island-Like Elements (PLEs). PLEs rely on ICP1 for both DNA replication and mobilization, and abolish production of ICP1 progeny in infected cells. We investigated PLEs impact on ICP1 gene expression and found that PLEs did not broadly restrict or reduce ICP1 gene expression. A major exception occurred in ICP1s capsid morphogenesis operon, which was downregulated by each of the PLE variants. This transcriptional manipulation, conserved among PLEs, has also evolved independently in at least one other phage satellite, suggesting that viral satellites may be under strong selective pressure to reduce the capsid expression of their larger host viruses. Surprisingly, PLEs were also found to alter the gene expression of CTX{phi}, the integrative phage that encodes cholera toxin and is necessary for virulence of toxigenic V. cholerae. One PLE, PLE1, upregulated CTX{phi} genes involved in replication and integration, and boosted CTX{phi} mobility following induction of the SOS response. Our data show that PLEs exhibit conserved manipulation of their host-phages gene expression, but divergent effects on CTX{phi}, revealing that PLEs can influence both their hosts resistance to phage and the mobility of virulence encoding elements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barth, Z. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Netter, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angermeyer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhardwaj, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seed, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.12.988147</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A family of viral satellites manipulates invading virus gene expression and affects cholera toxin mobilization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.12.988774v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Major stages of vertebrate adaptive radiation are assembled from a disparate spatiotemporal landscape 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.12.988774v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To investigate the origins and stages of vertebrate adaptive radiation, we reconstructed the spatial and temporal histories of genetic variants underlying major phenotypic axes of diversification from the genomes of 202 Caribbean pupfishes. Ancient standing variation from disparate spatial sources was reassembled into new combinations which are under strong selection for adaptation to novel trophic niches on only a single island throughout the Caribbean. This occurred in three stages: first, standing variation associated with feeding behavior swept, then standing variation regulating craniofacial development and pigmentation, and finally de novo variation for craniofacial development. Our results provide clear support for two longstanding hypotheses about adaptive radiation and demonstrate how ancient alleles maintained for millennia in distinct environmental refugia can be assembled into new adaptive combinations.

One Sentence SummaryAncient origins of adaptive radiation
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Richards, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGirr, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>St John, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poelstra, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solano, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connell, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.12.988774</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Major stages of vertebrate adaptive radiation are assembled from a disparate spatiotemporal landscape]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.13.991414v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Efficient Generation of Isogenic Primary Human Myeloid Cells using CRISPR-Cas9 Ribonucleoproteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.13.991414v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome engineering of primary human cells with CRISPR-Cas9 has revolutionized experimental and therapeutic approaches to cell biology, but human myeloid-lineage cells have remained largely genetically intractable. We present a method for delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes by nucleofection directly into CD14+ human monocytes purified from peripheral blood, leading to high rates of precise gene knockout. These cells can be efficiently differentiated into monocyte-derived macrophages or dendritic cells. This process yields genetically-edited cells that retain critical markers of both myeloid differentiation and phagocytic function. Genetic ablation of the restriction factor SAMHD1 increased HIV-1 infection more than fifty-fold, demonstrating the power of this system for genotype-phenotype interrogation. This fast, flexible and scalable platform can be used for genetic studies of human myeloid cells in immune signaling, inflammation, cancer immunology, host-pathogen interactions, and beyond, and could facilitate development of novel myeloid cellular therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hiatt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavero, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGregor, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Budzik, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haas, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rathore, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer-Franke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouzidi, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hultquist, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wojcechowskyj, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontaine, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pillai, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ernst, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krogan, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.13.991414</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Efficient Generation of Isogenic Primary Human Myeloid Cells using CRISPR-Cas9 Ribonucleoproteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.15.992008v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Effect of Visual Uncertainty on Implicit Motor Adaptation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.15.992008v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sensorimotor adaptation is driven by sensory prediction errors, the difference between the predicted and actual feedback. When the position of the feedback is made uncertain, adaptation is attenuated. This effect, in the context of optimal sensory integration models, has been attributed to a weakening of the error signal driving adaptation. Here we consider an alternative hypothesis, namely that uncertainty alters the perceived location of the feedback. We present two visuomotor adaptation experiments to compare these hypotheses, varying the size and uncertainty of a visual error signal. Uncertainty attenuated learning when the error size was small but had no effect when the error size was large. This pattern of results favors the hypothesis that uncertainty does not impact the strength of the error signal, but rather, leads to mis-localization of the error. We formalize these ideas to offer a novel perspective on the effect of visual uncertainty on implicit sensorimotor adaptation.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTCurrent models of sensorimotor adaptation assume that the rate of learning will be related to properties of the error signal (e.g., size, consistency, relevance). Recent evidence has challenged this view, pointing to a rigid, modular system, one that automatically recalibrates the sensorimotor map in response to movement errors, with minimal constraint. In light of these developments, this study revisits the influence of feedback uncertainty on sensorimotor adaptation. Adaptation was attenuated in response to a noisy feedback signal, but the effect was only manifest for small errors and not for large errors. This interaction suggests that uncertainty does not weaken the error signal. Rather, it may influence the perceived location of the feedback and thus the change in the sensorimotor map induced by that error. These ideas are formalized to show how the motor system remains exquisitely calibrated, even if adaptation is largely insensitive to the statistics of error signals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tsay, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avraham, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parvin, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.15.992008</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Effect of Visual Uncertainty on Implicit Motor Adaptation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.16.994145v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial integration during active tactile sensation drives elementary shape perception 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.16.994145v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Active haptic sensation is critical for object identification and manipulation, such as for tool use in humans, or prey capture in rodents. The neural circuit basis for recognizing objects through active touch alone is poorly understood. To address this gap, we combined optogenetics, two photon imaging, and high-speed behavioral tracking in mice solving a novel surface orientation discrimination task with their whiskers. We found that orientation discrimination required animals to summate input from multiple whiskers specifically along the whisker arc. Many animals discriminated the orientation of the stimulus per se, as their performance was invariant to the specific location of the presented stimulus. Two photon imaging showed that populations of neurons in the barrel cortex encoded each of the discriminated orientations, and this coding depended on integration over the whisker array. Finally, acute optogenetic inactivation of the barrel cortex strongly impaired surface orientation discrimination, and even cell-type specific optogenetic suppression of layer 4 excitatory neurons degraded performance, implying a role for superficial layers in this computation. These data suggest a model in which spatial summation over an active haptic array generates representations of an objects surface orientations. These computations may facilitate the encoding of complex three-dimensional objects during active exploration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brown, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oldenburg, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Telian, G. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voges, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adesnik, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.16.994145</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial integration during active tactile sensation drives elementary shape perception]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.20.997551v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Naturally occurring cobalamin (B12) analogs can function as cofactors for human methylmalonyl-CoA mutase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.20.997551v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cobalamin, commonly known as vitamin B12, is an essential micronutrient for humans because of its role as an enzyme cofactor. Cobalamin is one of over a dozen structurally related compounds - cobamides - that are found in food and are produced by microorganisms in the human gut. Very little is known about how different cobamides affect B12-dependent metabolism in human cells. Here, we test in vitro how diverse cobamide cofactors affect the function of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MMUT), one of two cobalamin-dependent enzymes in humans. We find that, although cobalamin is the most effective cofactor for MMUT, multiple cobamides support MMUT function with differences in binding affinity (Kd), binding kinetics (kon), and concentration dependence during catalysis (KM, app). Additionally, we find that six disease-associated MMUT variants that cause cobalamin-responsive impairments in enzymatic activity also respond to other cobamides, with the extent of catalytic rescue dependent on the identity of the cobamide. Our studies challenge the exclusive focus on cobalamin in the context of human physiology, indicate that diverse cobamides can support the function of a human enzyme, and suggest future directions that will improve our understanding of the roles of different cobamides in human biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sokolovskaya, O. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plessl, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackinnon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baumgartner, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yue, W. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Froese, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taga, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.20.997551</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Naturally occurring cobalamin (B12) analogs can function as cofactors for human methylmalonyl-CoA mutase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.23.000851v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Repurposing the yeast peroxisome to compartmentalize a toxic enzyme enables improved (S)-reticuline production 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.23.000851v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eukaryotic cells compartmentalize metabolic pathways in organelles to achieve optimal reaction conditions and avoid crosstalk with other factors in the cytosol. Increasingly, engineers are researching ways in which synthetic compartmentalization could be used to address challenges in metabolic engineering. Here, we identified that norcoclaurine synthase (NCS), the enzyme which catalyzes the first committed reaction in benzylisoquinoline alkaloid (BIA) biosynthesis, is toxic when expressed cytosolically in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and, consequently, restricts (S)-reticuline production. We developed a compartmentalization strategy that alleviates NCS toxicity while promoting increased (S)-reticuline titer, achieved through efficient targeting of toxic NCS to the peroxisome while, crucially, taking advantage of the free flow of metabolite substrates and product across the peroxisome membrane. We identified that peroxisome protein capacity in S. cerevisiae becomes a limiting factor for further improvement of BIA production and demonstrate that expression of engineered transcription factors can mimic the oleate response for larger peroxisomes, further increasing BIA titer without the requirement for peroxisome induction with fatty acids. This work specifically addresses the challenges associated with toxic NCS expression and, more broadly, highlights the potential for engineering organelles with desired characteristics for metabolic engineering.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grewal, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samson, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dueber, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.23.000851</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Repurposing the yeast peroxisome to compartmentalize a toxic enzyme enables improved (S)-reticuline production]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.23.003947v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conspicuous candidate alleles point to cis-regulatory divergence underlying rapidly evolving craniofacial phenotypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.23.003947v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Developing a mechanistic understanding of genetic variation contributing to variation in complex craniofacial traits is a major goal of both basic and translational research. Investigating closely related species that evolved divergent feeding morphology is a powerful approach to identify genetic variation underlying natural and clinical variation in human craniofacial phenotypes. We combined whole-genome resequencing of 258 individuals with 50 transcriptomes to identify candidate cis-acting genetic variation influencing rapidly evolving craniofacial phenotypes within an adaptive radiation of Cyprinodon pupfishes. This radiation consists of a dietary generalist species and two derived trophic niche specialists - a molluscivore and a scale-eating species. Despite extensive morphological divergence, these species only diverged 10 kya and produce fertile hybrids in the laboratory. Out of 9.3 million genome-wide SNPs and 80,012 structural variants, we found very few alleles fixed between species - only 157 SNPs and 87 deletions. Comparing gene expression across 38 purebred F1 offspring sampled at three early developmental stages, we identified 17 fixed variants within 10 kb of 12 genes that were highly differentially expressed between species. By measuring allele-specific expression in F1 hybrids from multiple crosses, we found strong evidence for two cis-regulatory alleles affecting expression divergence of two genes with putative effects on skeletal development (dync2li1 and pycr3). These results suggest that SNPs and structural variants contribute to the evolution of novel traits and highlight the utility of the San Salvador pupfish system as an evolutionary model for craniofacial development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McGirr, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.23.003947</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conspicuous candidate alleles point to cis-regulatory divergence underlying rapidly evolving craniofacial phenotypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.23.004416v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Function of a novel nasal protrusion for oral-shelling within an adaptive radiation of pupfishes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.23.004416v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dietary specialization on hard prey items, such as mollusks and crustaceans, is commonly observed in a diverse array of fish species. Many fish consume these types of prey by crushing the shell to consume the soft tissue within, but a few fishes extricate the soft tissue without breaking the shell using a method known as oral shelling. Oral shelling involves pulling a mollusk from its shell and may be a way to subvert an otherwise insurmountable shell defense. However, the biomechanical requirements and potential adaptations for oral shelling are unknown. Here, we test the hypothesis that a novel nasal protrusion is an adaptation for oral shelling in a durophagous pupfish (Cyprinodon brontotheroides). We first demonstrate oral shelling in this species and then predicted that a larger nasal protrusion would allow pupfish to consume larger snails. Durophagous pupfish are found within an endemic radiation of pupfish on San Salvador Island, Bahamas. We took advantage of closely related sympatric species and outgroups to test: 1) whether durophagous pupfish shell and consume more snails than other species, 2) if F1 and F2 durophagous hybrids consume similar amounts of snails as purebred durophagous pupfish, and 3) to determine if nasal protrusion size in parental and hybrid populations increases the maximum diameter snail consumed. We found that durophagous pupfish and their hybrids consumed the most snails, but did not find a strong association between nasal protrusion size and maximum snail size consumed within the parental or F2 hybrid population, suggesting that the size of their novel nasal protrusion does not provide a major benefit in oral shelling. Instead, we suggest that nasal protrusion may increase feeding efficiency, act as a sensory organ, or is a sexually selected trait, and that a strong feeding preference may be most important for oral shelling.

Significance StatementSpecialization on hard-shell prey items (i.e. durophagy) is a common dietary niche among fishes. Oral shelling is a rare technique used by some durophagous fish to consume prey items like snails; however, adaptations for oral shelling are still unknown. Here, we document the first evidence of oral shelling in a cyprinodontiform fish, the durophagous pupfish (Cyprinodon brontotheroides), and experimentally test whether its novel nasal protrusion is an adaptation for oral shelling using hybrid feeding trials.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>St John, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dixon, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.23.004416</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Function of a novel nasal protrusion for oral-shelling within an adaptive radiation of pupfishes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.24.006577v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A new sulcal landmark identifying anatomical and functional gradients in human lateral prefrontal cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.24.006577v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the relationship between neuroanatomy and function in portions of human cortex that are expanded compared to other mammals such as lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) is of major interest in systems and cognitive neuroscience. When considering neuroanatomical-functional relationships in LPFC, shallow indentations in cortex known as tertiary sulci have been largely ignored. Here, by implementing a multi-modal approach and manually defining 936 neuroanatomical structures in 72 hemispheres (males and females), we show that a subset of these overlooked tertiary sulci serve as a meso-scale link between microstructural (myelin content) and functional (network connectivity) properties of human LPFC in individuals. For example, the posterior middle frontal sulcus (pmfs) is a tertiary sulcus with three components that differ in their myelin content, resting state connectivity profiles, and engagement across meta-analyses of 83 cognitive tasks. Further, generating microstructural profiles of myelin content across cortical depths for each pmfs component and the surrounding middle frontal gyrus (MFG) shows that both gyral and sulcal components of the MFG have greater myelin content in deeper compared to superficial layers and that the myelin content in superficial layers of the gyral components is greater than sulcal components. These findings support a classic, yet largely unconsidered theory that tertiary sulci may serve as landmarks in association cortices, as well as a modern cognitive neuroscience theory proposing a functional hierarchy in LPFC. As there is a growing need for computational tools that automatically define tertiary sulci throughout cortex, we share pmfs probabilistic sulcal maps with the field.

Significance statementLateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) is critical for higher-order cognitive control and goal-directed behavior and is disproportionately expanded in the human brain. However, relationships between fine-scale neuroanatomical structures largely specific to hominoid cortex and functional properties of LPFC remain elusive. Here, we show that these structures, which have been largely neglected throughout history, surprisingly serve as markers for anatomical and functional organization in human LPFC. These findings have theoretical, methodological, developmental, and evolutionary implications for improved understanding of neuroanatomical-functional relationships not only in LPFC, but also in association cortices more broadly. Finally, these findings ignite new questions regarding how morphological features of these neglected neuroanatomical structures contribute to functions of association cortices that are critical for human-specific aspects of cognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miller, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voorhies, W. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lurie, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Esposito, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.24.006577</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A new sulcal landmark identifying anatomical and functional gradients in human lateral prefrontal cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.25.009084v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-neural expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry genes in the olfactory epithelium suggests mechanisms underlying anosmia in COVID-19 patients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.25.009084v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Altered olfactory function is a common symptom of COVID-19, but its etiology is unknown. A key question is whether SARS-CoV-2 (CoV-2) - the causal agent in COVID-19 - affects olfaction directly by infecting olfactory sensory neurons or their targets in the olfactory bulb, or indirectly, through perturbation of supporting cells. Here we identify cell types in the olfactory epithelium and olfactory bulb that express SARS-CoV-2 cell entry molecules. Bulk sequencing revealed that mouse, non-human primate and human olfactory mucosa expresses two key genes involved in CoV-2 entry, ACE2 and TMPRSS2. However, single cell sequencing and immunostaining demonstrated ACE2 expression in support cells, stem cells, and perivascular cells; in contrast, neurons in both the olfactory epithelium and bulb did not express ACE2 message or protein. These findings suggest that CoV-2 infection of non-neuronal cell types leads to anosmia and related disturbances in odor perception in COVID-19 patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brann, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsukahara, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinreb, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logan, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Datta, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.25.009084</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-neural expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry genes in the olfactory epithelium suggests mechanisms underlying anosmia in COVID-19 patients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.27.012633v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SCITO-seq: single-cell combinatorial indexed cytometry sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.27.012633v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The development of DNA-barcoded antibodies to tag cell-surface molecules has enabled the use of droplet-based single cell sequencing (dsc-seq) to profile the surface proteomes of cells. Compared to flow and mass cytometry, the major limitation of current dsc-seq-based workflows is the high cost associated with profiling each cell, thus precluding its use in applications where millions of cells are required. Here, we introduce SCITO-seq, a new workflow that combines combinatorial indexing and commercially available dsc-seq to enable cost-effective cell surface proteomic sequencing of greater than 105 cells per microfluidic reaction. We demonstrate SCITO-seqs feasibility and scalability by profiling mixed species cell lines and mixed human T and B lymphocytes. To further demonstrate its applicability, we show comparable cellular composition estimates in peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained with SCITO-seq and mass cytometry. SCITO-seq can be extended to include simultaneous profiling of additional modalities such as transcripts and accessible chromatin or tracking of experimental perturbations such as genome edits or extracellular stimuli.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hwang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamaki, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogorodnikov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartoularos, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winters, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spitzer, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.27.012633</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SCITO-seq: single-cell combinatorial indexed cytometry sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.29.015057v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CiBER-seq dissects genetic networks by quantitative CRISPRi profiling of expression phenotypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.29.015057v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To realize the promise of CRISPR/Cas9-based genetics, approaches are needed to quantify a specific, molecular phenotype across genome-wide libraries of genetic perturbations. We address this challenge by profiling transcriptional, translational, and post-translational reporters using CRISPR interference with barcoded expression reporter sequencing (CiBER-seq). Our barcoding approach connects an entire library of guides to their individual phenotypic consequences using pooled sequencing. We show that CiBER-seq profiling fully recapitulates the integrated stress response (ISR) pathway in yeast. Genetic perturbations causing uncharged tRNA accumulation activated ISR reporter transcription. Surprisingly, tRNA insufficiency also activated the reporter, independent of the Gcn2 kinase that senses uncharged tRNAs. By uncovering alternate triggers for ISR activation, we illustrate how precise, comprehensive CiBER-seq profiling provides a powerful and broadly applicable tool for dissecting genetic networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Muller, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meacham, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingolia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.29.015057</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CiBER-seq dissects genetic networks by quantitative CRISPRi profiling of expression phenotypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.31.018291v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome and time-of-day transcriptome of Wolffia australiana link morphological extreme minimization with un-gated plant growth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.31.018291v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Wolffia is the fastest growing plant genus on Earth with a recorded doubling time of less than a day. Wolffia has a dramatically reduced body plan, primarily growing through a continuous, budding-type asexual reproduction with no obvious phase transition. Most plants are bound by the 24-hour light-dark cycle with the majority of processes such as gene expression partitioned or phased to a specific time-of-day (TOD). However, the role that TOD information and the circadian clock plays in facilitating the growth of a fast-growing plant is unknown. Here we generated draft reference genomes for Wolffia australiana (Benth.) Hartog & Plas to monitor gene expression over a two-day time course under light-dark cycles. Wolffia australiana has the smallest genome size in the genus at 357 Mb and has a dramatically reduced gene set at 15,312 with a specific loss of root (WOX5), vascular (CASP), circadian (TOC1), and light-signaling (NPH3) genes. Remarkably, it has also lost all but one of the NLR genes that are known to be involved in innate immunity. In addition, only 13% of its genes cycle, which is far less than in other plants, with an overrepresentation of genes associated with carbon processing and chloroplast-related functions. Despite having a focused set of cycling genes, TOD cis-elements are conserved in W. australiana, consistent with the overall conservation of transcriptional networks. In contrast to the model plants Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa, the reduction in cycling genes correlates with fewer pathways under TOD control in Wolffia, which could reflect a release of functional gating. Since TOD networks and the circadian clock work to gate activities to specific times of day, this minimization of regulation may enable Wolffia to grow continuously with optimal economy. Wolffia is an ideal model to study the transcriptional control of growth and the findings presented here could serve as a template for plant improvement.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Michael, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ernst, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartwick, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryant, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortleb, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baggs, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sree, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Appenroth, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuchs, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jupe, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandoval, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krasileva, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borisjuk, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mockler, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ecker, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martienssen, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.31.018291</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome and time-of-day transcriptome of Wolffia australiana link morphological extreme minimization with un-gated plant growth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.02.022541v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Nimbolide-Based Kinase Degrader Preferentially Degrades Oncogenic BCR-ABL 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.02.022541v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Targeted protein degradation (TPD) and proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) have arisen as powerful therapeutic modalities for degrading specific protein targets in a proteasome-dependent manner. However, a major limitation to broader TPD applications is the lack of E3 ligase recruiters. Recently, we discovered the natural product nimbolide as a covalent ligand for the E3 ligase RNF114. When linked to the BET family inhibitor JQ1, the resulting heterobifunctional PROTAC molecule was capable of selectively degrading BRD4 in cancer cells. Here, we show the broader utility of nimbolide as an E3 ligase recruiter for TPD applications. We demonstrate that a PROTAC linking nimbolide to the kinase and BCR-ABL fusion oncogene inhibitor dasatinib, BT1, selectively degrades BCR-ABL over c-ABL in leukemia cancer cells, compared to previously reported cereblon or VHL-recruiting BCR-ABL degraders that show opposite selectivity or in some cases inactivity. Further contrasting from cereblon or VHL-recruiting degradation, we show that BT1 treatment not only leads to BCR-ABL degradation, but also stabilizes the endogenous RNF114 substrate and tumor suppressor substrate p21. This leads to additional anti-proliferative effects in leukemia cancer cells beyond those observed with cereblon or VHL-recruiting BCR-ABL PROTACs. Thus, we further establish nimbolide as an additional general E3 ligase recruiter for PROTACs with unique additional benefits for oncology applications. We also further demonstrate the importance of expanding upon the arsenal of E3 ligase recruiters, as such molecules confer differing and unpredictable selectivity for the degradation of neo-substrate proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tong, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spradlin, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novaes, L. F. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moeller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brittain, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGregor, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKenna, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tallarico, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schirle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maimone, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomura, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.02.022541</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Nimbolide-Based Kinase Degrader Preferentially Degrades Oncogenic BCR-ABL]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.02.022616v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Low-frequency neural tracking of speech envelope reflects evoked responses to acoustic edges 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.02.022616v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The amplitude envelope of speech is crucial for accurate comprehension. Considered a key stage in speech processing, the phase of neural activity in the theta-delta bands (1 - 10 Hz) tracks the phase of the speech amplitude envelope during listening. However, the mechanisms underlying this envelope representation have been heavily debated. A dominant model posits that envelope tracking reflects entrainment of endogenous low-frequency oscillations to the speech envelope. Alternatively, envelope tracking reflects a series of evoked responses to acoustic landmarks within the envelope. It has proven challenging to distinguish these two mechanisms. To address this, we recorded magnetoencephalography while participants listened to natural speech, and compared the neural phase patterns to the predictions of two computational models: An oscillatory entrainment model and a model of evoked responses to peaks in the rate of envelope change. Critically, we also presented speech at slowed rates, where the spectrotemporal predictions of the two models diverge. Our analyses revealed transient theta phase-locking in regular speech, as predicted by both models. However, for slow speech we found transient theta and delta phase-locking, a pattern that was fully compatible with the evoked response model but could not be explained by the oscillatory entrainment model. Furthermore, encoding of acoustic edge magnitudes was invariant to contextual speech rate, demonstrating speech rate normalization of acoustic edge representations. Taken together, our results suggest that neural phase locking to the speech envelope is more likely to reflect discrete representation of transient information rather than oscillatory entrainment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kojima, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oganian, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Findlay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagarajan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.02.022616</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Low-frequency neural tracking of speech envelope reflects evoked responses to acoustic edges]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.04.025726v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oncogene Regulated Release of Extracellular Vesicles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.04.025726v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oncogenes can alter cellular structure, function, development and metabolism including changing the balance between anabolic and catabolic processes. However, how oncogenes regulate tumor cell biomass remains poorly understood. Using isogenic mammary breast epithelial cells transformed with a panel of ten oncogenes found commonly mutated, amplified or overexpressed in multiple cancers, we show that specific oncogenes reduce the biomass of cancer cells by promoting extracellular vesicle release. While MYC and AURKB elicited the highest number of EVs, each oncogene tested selectively altered the protein composition of released EVs. Likewise, miRNAs were differentially sorted into EVs in an oncogene-specific manner. MYC overexpressing cells require ceramide, while AURKB require ESCRT to release high levels of EVs. Finally, lysosome-associated genes are broadly downregulated in the context of MYC and AURKB, suggesting that cellular contents instead of being degraded, were released via EVs. Thus, oncogene mediated biomass regulation via differential EV release is a new metabolic phenotype which may have implications for cellular signaling and homeostasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kilinc, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paisner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camarda, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Momcilovic, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohnz, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>L'Etoile, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perera, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomura, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goga, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.04.025726</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oncogene Regulated Release of Extracellular Vesicles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.05.026559v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adaptive actin organization counteracts elevated membrane tension to ensure robust endocytosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.05.026559v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) robustness under elevated membrane tension is maintained by actin assembly-mediated force generation. However, whether more actin assembles at endocytic sites in response to increased load, as has been observed in lamellipodia, has not previously been investigated. Here actin network ultrastructure at CME sites was examined under low and high membrane tension. Actin and N-WASP spatial organization indicate that actin polymerization initiates at the base of clathrin-coated pits and that the network then grows away from the plasma membrane. Actin network height at individual CME sites was not coupled to coat shape, raising the possibility that local differences in mechanical load feedback on assembly. By manipulating membrane tension and Arp2/3 complex activity we tested the hypothesis that actin assembly at CME sites increases in response to elevated load. Indeed, in response to elevated membrane tension, actin grew higher, resulting in greater coverage of the clathrin coat, and CME slowed. When membrane tension was elevated and the Arp2/3 complex was inhibited, shallow clathrin-coated pits accumulated, indicating that this adaptive mechanism is especially crucial for coat curvature generation. We propose that actin assembly increases in response to increased load to ensure CME robustness over a range of plasma membrane tensions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kaplan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenny, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoeneberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sitarska, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diz-Munoz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drubin, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.05.026559</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adaptive actin organization counteracts elevated membrane tension to ensure robust endocytosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.05.026724v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Natural image statistics at depth edges modulate perceptual stability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.05.026724v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Binocular fusion relies on matching points in the two eyes that correspond to the same physical feature in the world. However, not all world features are binocularly visible. In particular, at depth edges parts of a scene are often visible to only one eye (so-called half occlusions). Accurate detection of these monocularly visible regions is likely to be important for stable visual perception. If monocular regions are not detected as such, the visual system may attempt to binocularly fuse non-corresponding points, which can result in unstable percepts. We investigated the hypothesis that the visual system capitalizes upon statistical regularities associated with depth edges in natural scenes to aid binocular fusion and facilitate perceptual stability. By sampling from a large set of stereoscopic natural image patches, we found evidence that monocularly visible regions near depth edges in natural scenes tend to have features more visually similar to the adjacent binocularly visible background region than to the adjacent binocularly visible foreground. The generality of these results was supported by a parametric study of three-dimensional (3D) viewing geometry in simulated environments. In two perceptual experiments, we examined if this statistical regularity may be leveraged by the visual system. The results show that perception tended to be more stable when the visual properties of the depth edge were statistically more likely. Exploiting regularities in natural environments may allow the visual system to facilitate fusion and perceptual stability of natural scenes when both binocular and monocular regions are visible.

PrecisWe report an analysis of natural scenes and two perceptual studies aimed at understanding how the visual statistics of depth edges impact perceptual stability. Our results suggest that the visual system exploits natural scene regularities to aid binocular fusion and facilitate perceptual stability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Basgoze, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.05.026724</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Natural image statistics at depth edges modulate perceptual stability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.09.034694v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cytoplasmic mRNA decay represses RNA polymerase II transcription during early apoptosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.09.034694v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA abundance is generally sensitive to perturbations in decay and synthesis rates, but crosstalk between RNA polymerase II transcription and cytoplasmic mRNA degradation often leads to compensatory changes in gene expression. Here, we reveal that widespread mRNA decay during early apoptosis represses RNAPII transcription, indicative of positive (rather than compensatory) feedback. This repression requires active cytoplasmic mRNA degradation, which leads to impaired recruitment of components of the transcription preinitiation complex to promoter DNA. Importin /{beta}- mediated nuclear import is critical for this feedback signaling, suggesting that proteins translocating between the cytoplasm and nucleus connect mRNA decay to transcription. We also show that an analogous pathway activated by viral nucleases similarly depends on nuclear protein import. Collectively, these data demonstrate that accelerated mRNA decay leads to the repression of mRNA transcription, thereby amplifying the shutdown of gene expression. This highlights a conserved gene regulatory mechanism by which cells respond to threats.

IMPACT STATEMENTHuman cells respond to cytoplasmic mRNA depletion during early apoptosis by inhibiting RNA polymerase II transcription, thereby magnifying the gene expression shutdown during stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duncan-Lewis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartenian, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaunsinger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.09.034694</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cytoplasmic mRNA decay represses RNA polymerase II transcription during early apoptosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.09.034835v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The impact of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate on sperm fertility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.09.034835v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A growing number of studies point to reduced fertility upon chronic exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) such as phthalates and plasticizers. These toxins are ubiquitous and are often found in food and beverage containers, medical devices, as well as in common household and personal care items. Animal studies with EDCs, such as phthalates and bisphenol A have shown a dose-dependent decrease in fertility and embryo toxicity upon chronic exposure. However, limited research has been conducted on the acute effects of these EDCs on male fertility. Here we used a murine model to test the acute effects of four ubiquitous environmental toxins: bisphenol A (BPA), di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), and dimethyl phthalate (DMP) on sperm fertilizing ability and pre-implantation embryo development. The most potent of these toxins, di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), was further evaluated for its effect on sperm ion channel activity, capacitation status, acrosome reaction and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). DEHP demonstrated a profound hazardous effect on sperm fertility by producing an altered capacitation profile, impairing the acrosome reaction, and, interestingly, also increasing ROS production. These results indicate that in addition to its known chronic impact on reproductive potential, DEHP also imposes acute and profound damage to spermatozoa, and thus, represents a significant risk to male fertility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gabelev Khasin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dell Rosa, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petersen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moeller, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kriegsfeld, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lishko, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.09.034835</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The impact of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate on sperm fertility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.10.036244v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accurate inference in parametric models reshapes neuroscientific interpretation and improves data-driven discovery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.10.036244v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A central goal of systems neuroscience is to understand the relationships amongst constituent units in neural populations and their modulation by external factors using high-dimensional and stochastic neural recordings. Statistical models, particularly parametric models, play an instrumental role in accomplishing this goal, because their fitted parameters can provide insight into the underlying biological processes that generated the data. However, extracting conclusions from a parametric model requires that it is fit using an inference procedure capable of selecting the correct parameters and properly estimating their values. Traditional approaches to parameter inference have been shown to suffer from failures in both selection and estimation. Recent development of algorithms that ameliorate these deficiencies raises the question of whether past work relying on such inference procedures have produced inaccurate systems neuroscience models, thereby impairing their interpretation. Here, we used the Union of Intersections, a statistical inference framework capable of state-of-the-art selection and estimation performance, to fit functional coupling, encoding, and decoding models across a battery of neural datasets. We found that, compared to baseline procedures, UoI inferred models with increased sparsity, improved stability, and qualitatively different parameter distributions, while maintaining predictive performance across recording modality, brain region, and task. Specifically, we obtained highly sparse functional coupling networks with substantially different community structure, more parsimonious encoding models, and decoding models that rely on fewer single-units. Together, these results demonstrate that accurate parameter inference reshapes interpretation in diverse neuroscience contexts. The ubiquity of model-based data-driven discovery in biology suggests that analogous results would be seen in other fields.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sachdeva, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Livezey, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dougherty, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, B.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berke, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouchard, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.10.036244</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accurate inference in parametric models reshapes neuroscientific interpretation and improves data-driven discovery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.10.036442v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-molecule diffusometry reveals no catalysis-induced diffusion enhancement of alkaline phosphatase as proposed by FCS experiments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.10.036442v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Theoretical and experimental observations that catalysis enhances the diffusion of enzymes have generated exciting implications about nanoscale energy flow, molecular chemotaxis and self-powered nanomachines. However, contradictory claims on the origin, magnitude, and consequence of this phenomenon continue to arise. Experimental observations of catalysis-enhanced enzyme diffusion, to date, have relied almost exclusively on fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS), a technique that provides only indirect, ensemble-averaged measurements of diffusion behavior. Here, using an Anti-Brownian ELectrokinetic (ABEL) trap and in-solution spectroscopy (FCS), a technique that provides only indirect, ensemble-averaged measurements of diffusion behavior. Here, using an Anti-Brownian ELectrokinetic (ABEL) trap and in-solution single-particle tracking (SPT), we show that catalysis does not increase the diffusion of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) at the single-molecule level, in sharp contrast to the ~20% enhancement seen in parallel FCS experiments using p-nitrophenyl phosphate (pNPP) as substrate. Combining comprehensive FCS controls, ABEL trap, surface-based single-molecule fluorescence, and Monte-Carlo simulations, we establish that pNPP-induced dye blinking at the ~10 ms timescale is responsible for the apparent diffusion enhancement seen in FCS. Our observations urge a crucial revisit of various experimental findings and theoretical models--including those of our own--in the field, and indicate that in-solution SPT and ABEL trap are more reliable means to investigate diffusion phenomena at the nanoscale.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTRecent experiments have suggested that the energy released by a chemical reaction can propel its enzyme catalyst (for example, alkaline phosphatase, ALP). However, this topic remains controversial, partially due to the indirect and ensemble nature of existing measurements. Here, we used recently developed single-molecule approaches to monitor directly the motions of individual proteins in aqueous solution and find that single ALP enzymes do not diffuse faster under catalysis. Instead, we demonstrate that interactions between the fluorescent dye and the enzymes substrate can produce the signature of apparent diffusion enhancement in fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS), the standard ensemble assay currently used to study enzyme diffusion and indicate that single-molecule approaches provide a more robust means to investigate diffusion at the nanoscale.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woringer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darzacq, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marqusee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustamante, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.10.036442</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-molecule diffusometry reveals no catalysis-induced diffusion enhancement of alkaline phosphatase as proposed by FCS experiments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.10.996116v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Head-mounted microendoscopic calcium imaging in dorsal premotor cortex of behaving rhesus macaque 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.10.996116v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A major effort is now underway across the brain sciences to identify, characterize and manipulate mesoscale neural circuits in order to elucidate the mechanisms underlying sensory perception, cognition and behavior. Optical imaging technologies, in conjunction with genetically encoded sensors and actuators, serve as important tools toward these goals, allowing access to large-scale genetically defined neuronal populations. In particular, one-photon miniature microscopes, coupled with genetically encoded calcium indicators and microendoscopic gradient-refractive index (GRIN) lenses, enable unprecedented readout of neural circuit dynamics in cortical and deep subcortical brain regions during active behavior in rodents. This has already led to breakthrough discoveries across a wide array of rodent brain regions and behaviors. However, in order to study the neural circuit mechanisms underlying more complex and clinically relevant human behaviors and cognitive functions, it is crucial to translate this technology to non-human primates. Here, we describe the first successful application of this technology in the rhesus macaque. We identified a viral strategy for robust expression of GCaMP, optimized a surgical protocol for microendoscope GRIN lens insertion, and created a chronic cranial chamber and lens mounting system for imaging in gyral cortex. Using these methods, we demonstrate the ability to perform plug-and-play, head-mounted recordings of cellular-resolution calcium dynamics from over 100 genetically-targeted neurons simultaneously in dorsal premotor cortex while the macaque performs a naturalistic motor reach task with the head unrestrained and freely moving. The recorded population of neurons exhibited calcium dynamics selective to the direction of reach, which we show can be used to decode the animals trial-by-trial motor behavior. Recordings were stable over several months, allowing us to longitudinally track large populations of individual neurons and monitor their relationship to motor behavior over time. Finally, we demonstrate the ability to conduct simultaneous, multi-site imaging in bilateral dorsal premotor cortices, offering an opportunity to study distributed networks underlying complex behavior and cognition. Together, this work establishes head-mounted microendoscopic calcium imaging in macaque as a powerful new approach for studying the neural circuit mechanisms underlying complex and clinically relevant behaviors, and promises to greatly advance our understanding of human brain function, as well as its dysfunction in neurological disease.

HighlightsFirst demonstration of head-mounted microendoscopic calcium imaging in behaving macaque.

Surgical protocols developed for preparing the animal for calcium imaging, including virus injections to express GCaMP and chronic implantation of a GRIN lens to enable optical access to gyral cortex.

Proof of concept plug-and-play calcium imaging in behaving macaques with months long stable recording capability allowing populations of individual neurons to be tracked longitudinally.

Bilateral calcium imaging from dorsal premotor cortex exhibited dynamics selective to the animals direction of reach and allowed decoding of the animals motor behavior
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bollimunta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santacruz, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eaton, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moxon, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmena, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nassi, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.10.996116</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Head-mounted microendoscopic calcium imaging in dorsal premotor cortex of behaving rhesus macaque]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.14.036384v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Connexin-46/50 in a dynamic lipid environment resolved by CryoEM at 1.9 A 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.14.036384v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gap junctions establish direct pathways for connected cells and tissues to transfer metabolic and electrical messages1. The local lipid environment is known to affect the structure, stability and intercellular channel activity of gap junctions2-5; however, the molecular basis for these effects remains unknown. To gain insight toward how gap junctions interact with their local membrane environment, we used lipid nanodisc technology to incorporate native connexin-46/50 (Cx46/50) intercellular channels into a dual lipid membrane system, closely mimicking a native cell-to-cell junction. Structural characterization of Cx46/50 lipid-embedded channels by single particle CryoEM revealed a lipid-induced stabilization to the channel, resulting in a 3D reconstruction at 1.9 [A] resolution. Together with all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and 3D heterogeneity analysis of the ensemble CryoEM data, it is shown that Cx46/50 in turn imparts long-range stabilization to the dynamic local lipid environment that is specific to the extracellular lipid leaflet of the two opposed membranes. In addition, nearly 400 water molecules are resolved in the CryoEM map, localized throughout the intercellular permeation pathway and contributing to the channel architecture. These results illustrate how the aqueous-lipid environment is integrated with the architectural stability, structure and function of gap junction communication channels, and demonstrates the ability of CryoEM to effectively characterize dynamical protein-lipid interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Flores, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haddad, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolan, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshioka, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Copperman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuckerman, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reichow, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.14.036384</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Connexin-46/50 in a dynamic lipid environment resolved by CryoEM at 1.9 A]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.14.041525v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oleic acid Induces Tissue Resident FoxP3 Regulatory T cell Lineage Stability and Suppressive Functions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.14.041525v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
FoxP3 positive regulatory T cells (Tregs) rely on fatty acid {beta}-oxidation (FAO)-driven OXPHOS for differentiation and function. Recent data have demonstrated a role for Tregs in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis with tissue-resident Tregs possessing tissue-specific transcriptomes. However, specific signals that establish these tissue-resident Tregs programs are largely unknown. As Tregs metabolically rely on FAO, and considering the lipid-rich environments of tissues, we hypothesized that environmental lipids drive Treg homeostasis. Using human adipose tissue as a model for tissue residency, we identify oleic acid as the most prevalent free fatty acid in human adipose tissue. Mechanistically, oleic acid amplifies Treg FAO-driven OXPHOS metabolism, creating a positive feedback mechanism that induces the expression of Foxp3 and enhances phosphorylation of STAT5, which acts to stabilize the Treg lineage and increase suppressive function. Comparing the transcriptomic program induced by oleic acid to that of the pro-inflammatory arachidonic acid, we find that Tregs sorted from peripheral blood and adipose of healthy donors transcriptomically resemble the oleic acid in vitro treated Tregs, whereas Tregs obtained from the adipose tissue of relapsing-remitting MS patients more closely resemble an arachidonic acid profile. Finally, we find that oleic acid concentrations are reduced in the fat tissue of MS patients, and exposure of dysfunctional MS Tregs to oleic acid restores defects in their suppressive function. These data demonstrate the importance of fatty acids in regulating tissue inflammatory signals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pompura, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaPerche, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominguez-Villar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hafler, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.14.041525</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oleic acid Induces Tissue Resident FoxP3 Regulatory T cell Lineage Stability and Suppressive Functions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.15.042515v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure of the lysosomal SCARF (L-SCARF) complex, an Arf GAP haploinsufficient in ALS and FTD 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.15.042515v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutation of C9ORF72 is the most prevalent defect in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontal temporal degeneration (FTD). Together with hexanucleotide repeat expansion, haploinsufficiency of C9ORF72 contributes to neuronal dysfunction. We determined the structure of the SMCR8-C9orf72-WDR41 complex by cryo-EM. C9orf72 and SMCR8 are both longin-DENN domain proteins, while WDR41 is a beta-propeller protein that binds to SMCR8 such that the whole structure resembles an eye slip hook. Contacts between WDR41 and SMCR8DENN drive lysosomal localization in amino acid starvation. The structure suggested that SMCR8-C9orf72 was a small GTPase activating protein (GAP). We found that SMCR8-C9orf72-WDR41 is a GAP for Arf family small GTPases, and refer to it as the Lysosomal SMCR8-C9orf72 Arf GAP ("L-SCARF") complex. These data rationalize the function of C9orf72 both in normal physiology and in ALS/FTD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Su, M.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zoncu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurley, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.15.042515</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure of the lysosomal SCARF (L-SCARF) complex, an Arf GAP haploinsufficient in ALS and FTD]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.15.043067v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Breakage of the Oligomeric CaMKII Hub by the Regulatory Segment of the Kinase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.15.043067v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ca2+/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is a dodecameric or tetradecameric enzyme with crucial roles in neuronal signaling and cardiac function. Activation of CaMKII is reported to trigger the exchange of subunits between holoenzymes, which can increase spread of the active state. Using mass spectrometry, we now show that peptides derived from the sequence of the CaMKII- regulatory segment can bind to the CaMKII- hub assembly and break it into smaller oligomers. Molecular dynamics simulations show that the regulatory segments can dock spontaneously at the interface between hub subunits, trapping large fluctuations in hub structure. Single-molecule fluorescence intensity analysis of human CaMKII- isolated from mammalian cells shows that activation of CaMKII- results in the destabilization of the holoenzyme. Our results show how the release of the regulatory segment by activation and phosphorylation could allow it to destabilize the hub, producing smaller CaMKII assemblies that can reassemble to form new holoenzymes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karandur, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharyya, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muratcioglu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McAffee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McSpadden, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groves, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuriyan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.15.043067</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Breakage of the Oligomeric CaMKII Hub by the Regulatory Segment of the Kinase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.16.044867v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The folding and unfolding behavior of ribonuclease H on the ribosome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.16.044867v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The health of a cell depends on accurate translation and proper protein folding; misfolding can lead to aggregation and disease. The first opportunity for a protein to fold occurs during translation, when the ribosome and surrounding environment can affect the energy landscape of the nascent chain. However, quantifying these environmental effects is challenging due to the ribosomal proteins and rRNA, which preclude most spectroscopic measurements of protein energetics. We have applied two gel-based approaches, pulse proteolysis and force-peptide arrest assays, to probe the folding and unfolding pathways of RNase H ribosome-stalled nascent chains. We find that ribosome-stalled RNase H has an increased unfolding rate compared to free RNase H, which completely accounts for observed changes in protein stability and indicates that the folding rate is unchanged. Using arrest peptide-based force-profile analysis, we assayed the force generated during the folding of RNase H on the ribosome. Surprisingly, we find that population of the RNase H folding intermediate is required to generate sufficient force to release the SecM stall and that readthrough of the stall sequence directly correlates with the stability of the folding intermediate. Together, these data imply that the folding pathway of RNase H is unchanged on the ribosome. Furthermore, our data indicate that the ribosome promotes unfolding while the nascent chain is proximal to the ribosome, which may limit the deleterious effects of misfolding and assist in folding fidelity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jensen, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samelson, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steward, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marqusee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.16.044867</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The folding and unfolding behavior of ribonuclease H on the ribosome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.18.048462v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis for autophagy inhibition by the human Rubicon-Rab7 complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.18.048462v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rubicon is a potent negative regulator of autophagy and a potential target for autophagy-inducing therapeutics. Rubicon-mediated inhibition of autophagy requires the interaction of the C-terminal Rubicon homology (RH) domain of Rubicon with Rab7-GTP. Here we report the 2.8 [A] crystal structure of the Rubicon RH domain in complex with Rab7-GTP. Our structure reveals a novel fold for the RH domain built around four zinc clusters. The switch regions of Rab7 insert into pockets on the surface of the RH domain in a mode that is distinct from those of other Rab-effector complexes. Rubicon residues at the dimer interface are required for Rubicon and Rab7 to colocalize in living cells. Mutation of Rubicon RH residues in the Rab7 binding site restore efficient autophagic flux in the presence of overexpressed Rubicon, validating the Rubicon RH domain as a promising therapeutic target.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bhargava, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabata, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byck, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamasaki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrell, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anishchenko, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiMaio, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Im, Y.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshimori, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurley, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.18.048462</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis for autophagy inhibition by the human Rubicon-Rab7 complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.20.049213v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
JARID2 and AEBP2 regulate PRC2 activity in the presence of H2A ubiquitination or other histone modifications 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.20.049213v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Polycomb repressive complexes PRC1 and PRC2 functionally interact to coordinate cell type identity by the epigenetic regulation of gene expression. It has been proposed that PRC2 is recruited to genomic loci via the recognition of PRC1-mediated mono-ubiquitination of histone H2A at lysine 119 (H2AK119ub1), but the mechanism of this process remains poorly understood. Here, we report the cryo-EM structure of human PRC2 with cofactors JARID2 and AEBP2 bound to a nucleosome substrate containing H2AK119ub1. We find that JARID2 and AEBP2 each interact with one of the two ubiquitin molecules in the nucleosome. A ubiquitin-interaction motif (UIM) in JARID2 is sandwiched between ubiquitin and the histone H2A-H2B acidic patch. Simultaneously, the tandem zinc-fingers of AEBP2 interact with the second ubiquitin and the histone H2A-H2B surface on the opposite side of the nucleosome. JARID2 plays a dual role in the H2AK119ub1 dependent stimulation of PRC2 through interactions with both EED via its K116 trimethylation and with the H2AK119-ubiquitin. AEBP2, on the other hand, appears to primarily serve as a scaffold contributing to the interaction between PRC2 and the H2AK119ub1 nucleosome. Our structure also provides a detailed visualization of the EZH2-nucleosome interface, revealing a segment of EZH2 (named "bridge helix") that is stabilized as it bridges the EZH2(SET) domain, the H3 tail and the nucleosomal DNA. In addition to the role played by AEBP2 and JARID2 in PRC2 regulation by H2AK119ub1 recognition, we also observe that the presence of these cofactors partially overcomes the inhibitory effect that H3K4- and H3K36-trimethylation have on core PRC2. Together, our results reveal the central role played by cofactors JARID2 and AEBP2 in orchestrating the crosstalk between histone post-translational modifications and PRC2 methyltransferase activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kasinath, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beck, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauer, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poepsel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosmatka, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toso, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aebersold, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogales, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.20.049213</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[JARID2 and AEBP2 regulate PRC2 activity in the presence of H2A ubiquitination or other histone modifications]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.20.052019v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synonymous mutations and the molecular evolution of SARS-Cov-2 origins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.20.052019v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is most closely related, by average genetic distance, to two coronaviruses isolated from bats, RaTG13 and RmYN02. However, there is a segment of high amino acid similarity between human SARS-CoV-2 and a pangolin isolated strain, GD410721, in the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein, a pattern that can be caused by either recombination or by convergent amino acid evolution driven by natural selection. We perform a detailed analysis of the synonymous divergence, which is less likely to be affected by selection than amino acid divergence, between human SARS-CoV-2 and related strains. We show that the synonymous divergence between the bat derived viruses and SARS-CoV-2 is larger than between GD410721 and SARS-CoV-2 in the RBD, providing strong additional support for the recombination hypothesis. However, the synonymous divergence between pangolin strain and SARS-CoV-2 is also relatively high, which is not consistent with a recent recombination between them, instead it suggests a recombination into RaTG13. We also find a 14-fold increase in the dN/dS ratio from the lineage leading to SARS-CoV-2 to the strains of the current pandemic, suggesting that the vast majority of non-synonymous mutations currently segregating within the human strains have a negative impact on viral fitness. Finally, we estimate that the time to the most recent common ancestor of SARS-CoV-2 and RaTG13 or RmYN02 based on synonymous divergence, is 51.71 years (95% C.I., 28.11-75.31) and 37.02 years (95% C.I., 18.19-55.85), respectively.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pipes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.20.052019</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synonymous mutations and the molecular evolution of SARS-Cov-2 origins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.20.052118v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adherens junction serves to generate cryptic lamellipodia required for collective migration of epithelial cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.20.052118v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Collective migration of epithelial cells plays crucial roles in various biological processes such as cancer invasion. In migrating epithelial sheets, leader cells form lamellipodia to advance, and follower cells also form similar motile apparatus at cell-cell boundaries, which are called cryptic lamellipodia (c-lamellipodia). Using adenocarcinoma-derived epithelial cells, we investigated how c-lamellipodia are generated, and found that they sporadically grew from Ecadherin-based adherens junctions (AJs). WAVE and Arp2/3 complexes were localized along the AJs, and silencing them not only interfered with c-lamellipodia formation but also prevented follower cells from trailing the leaders. Disruption of AJs by removing E-catenin resulted in uncontrolled c-lamellipodia growth, and this was brought about by myosin II activation and the resultant contraction of AJ-associated actomyosin cables. Additional observations indicated that c-lamellipodia tended to grow at mechanically weak sites of the junction. We conclude that AJs not only tie cells together but also generate c-lamellipodia by recruiting actin regulators, enabling epithelial cells to undergo ordered collective migration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ozawa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiver, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamamoto, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shibata, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upadhyayula, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mimori-Kiyosue, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takeichi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.20.052118</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adherens junction serves to generate cryptic lamellipodia required for collective migration of epithelial cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.23.057208v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolic precision labeling enables selective probing of O-linked N-acetylgalactosamine glycosylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.23.057208v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein glycosylation events that happen early in the secretory pathway are often dysregulated during tumorigenesis. These events can be probed, in principle, by monosaccharides with bioorthogonal tags that would ideally be specific for distinct glycan subtypes. However, metabolic interconversion into other monosaccharides drastically reduces such specificity in the living cell. Here, we use a structure-based design process to develop the monosaccharide probe GalNAzMe that is specific for cancer-relevant Ser/Thr-N-acetylgalactosamine (O-GalNAc) glycosylation. By virtue of a branched N-acylamide side chain, GalNAzMe is not interconverted by epimerization to the corresponding N-acetylglucosamine analog like conventional GalNAc-based probes. GalNAzMe enters O-GalNAc glycosylation but does not enter other major cell surface glycan types including Asn (N)-linked glycans. We equip cells with the capacity to biosynthesize the nucleotide-sugar donor UDP-GalNAzMe from a caged precursor. Tagged with a bioorthogonal azide group, GalNAzMe serves as an O-glycan specific reporter in superresolution microscopy, chemical glycoproteomics, a genome-wide CRISPR knock-out (KO) screen, and imaging of intestinal organoids. GalNAzMe is a precision tool that allows a detailed view into the biology of a major type of cancer-relevant protein glycosylation.

Significance statementA large portion of all secreted and cell surface proteins in humans are modified by Ser/Thr(O)-linked glycosylation with N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc). While of fundamental importance in health and disease, O-GalNAc glycosylation is technically challenging to study because of a lack of specific tools to be used in biological assays. Here, we design an O-GalNAc specific reporter molecule termed GalNAzMe to selectively label O-GalNAc glycoproteins in living human cells. GalNAzMe is compatible with a range of experiments in quantitative biology to broaden our understanding of glycosylation. We further demonstrate that labeling is genetically programmable by expression of a mutant glycosyltransferase, allowing application even to experiments with low inherent sensitivity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Debets, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tastan, O. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wisnovsky, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malaker, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angelis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moeckl, L. K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flynn, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, L. J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bineva-Todd, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antononopoulos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cioce, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Browne, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briggs, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglas, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hess, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agbay, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roustan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kjaer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haslam, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snijders, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassik, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moerner, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, V. S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertozzi, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schumann, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.23.057208</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolic precision labeling enables selective probing of O-linked N-acetylgalactosamine glycosylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.24.057430v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ecological processes underlying the emergence of novel enzootic cycles--arboviruses in the neotropics as a case study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.24.057430v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pathogens originating from wildlife (zoonoses) pose a significant public health burden, comprising the majority of emerging infectious diseases. Efforts to control and prevent zoonotic disease have traditionally focused on animal-to-human transmission, or "spillover". However, in the modern era, increasing international mobility and commerce facilitate the spread of infected humans, non-human animals (hereafter animals), and their products worldwide, thereby increasing the risk that zoonoses will be introduced to new geographic areas. Imported zoonoses can potentially  spill back to infect local wildlife--a danger magnified by urbanization and other anthropogenic pressures that increase contacts between human and wildlife populations. In this way, humans can function as vectors, dispersing zoonoses from their ancestral enzootic systems to establish reservoirs elsewhere in novel animal host populations. Once established, these enzootic cycles are largely unassailable by standard control measures and have the potential to feed human epidemics. Understanding when and why translocated zoonoses establish novel enzootic cycles requires disentangling ecologically complex and stochastic interactions between the zoonosis, the human population, and the natural ecosystem. We address this challenge by delineating potential ecological mechanisms affecting each stage of enzootic establishment--wildlife exposure, enzootic infection, and persistence--applying existing ecological concepts from epidemiology, invasion biology, and population ecology. We ground our study in the neotropics, where four arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) of zoonotic origin--yellow fever, dengue, chikungunya, and Zika viruses--have separately been introduced into the human population. This paper is a step towards developing a framework for predicting and preventing novel enzootic cycles in the face of zoonotic translocations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guth, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanley, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Althouse, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boots, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.24.057430</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ecological processes underlying the emergence of novel enzootic cycles--arboviruses in the neotropics as a case study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.25.052050v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Embedded Enzyme Nanoclusters Depolymerize Polyesters via Chain-End Mediated Processive Degradation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.25.052050v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many bioactive elements, long perceived as non-viable for material development, are now emerging as viable building blocks to encode material lifecycle and to ensure our harmonious existence with nature. Yet, there is a significant knowledge gap on how bio-elements interface with synthetic counterparts and function outside of their native environments. Here, we show that when enzymes are dispersed as nanoclusters confined within macromolecular matrices, their reaction kinetics, pathway, and substrate selectivity can be modulated to achieve programmable polymer degradation down to repolymerizable small molecules. Specifically, when enzyme nanoclusters are dispersed in trace amount (~0.02 wt%) in polyesters, i.e. poly(caprolactone) (PCL) and poly(lactic acid) (PLA), chain-end mediated processive depolymerization can be realized, leading to scalable bioactive plastics for efficient sorting, such as recovery of precious metal filler from flexible electronics. Present studies demonstrate that when the enzyme is confined at dimensions similar to that of polymer chains, their behaviors are governed by the polymer conformation, segmental dynamic and thermal history, highlighting the importance to consider bioactive plastics differently from solution enzymology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DelRe, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zolkin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ritchie, R. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.25.052050</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Embedded Enzyme Nanoclusters Depolymerize Polyesters via Chain-End Mediated Processive Degradation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.25.061606v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cancer-specific loss of TERT activation sensitizes glioblastoma to DNA damage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.25.061606v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most glioblastomas (GBMs) achieve cellular immortality by acquiring a mutation in the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) promoter. TERT promoter mutations create a binding site for a GA binding protein (GABP) transcription factor complex, whose assembly at the promoter is associated with TERT reactivation and telomere maintenance. Here, we demonstrate increased binding of a specific GABPB1L isoform-containing complex to the mutant TERT promoter. Furthermore, we find that TERT promoter mutant GBM cells, unlike wild-type cells, exhibit a critical near-term dependence on GABPB1L for proliferation, both in cell culture and post-tumor establishment in vivo. Upregulation of the protein paralogue GABPB2, which is normally expressed at very low levels, can rescue this dependence. More importantly, when combined with frontline temozolomide (TMZ) chemotherapy, inducible GABPB1L knockdown and the associated TERT reduction led to an impaired DNA damage response that resulted in profoundly reduced growth of intracranial GBM tumors. Together, these findings provide new insights into the mechanism of cancer-specific TERT regulation, uncover rapid effects of GABPB1L-mediated TERT suppression in GBM maintenance, and establish GABPB1L inhibition in combination with chemotherapy as a novel therapeutic strategy for TERT promoter mutant GBM.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Amen, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fellmann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soczek, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lew, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knott, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKinney, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mancini, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costello, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.25.061606</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cancer-specific loss of TERT activation sensitizes glioblastoma to DNA damage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.26.062927v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coevolution of song and egg coloration: multimodal mating signals? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.26.062927v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The divergence of reproductive traits frequently underpins the evolution of reproductive isolation. One of the most enduring puzzles on this subject concerns the variability in egg coloration among species of tinamou (Tinamidae), endemic to neotropics. Here we investigated the hypothesis that tinamou egg coloration is a mating signal and its diversification was driven by reinforcement. For most tinamou species, the male guards the nest that is sequentially visited and laid eggs in by multiple females. The colorations of the existing eggs in the nest could signal mate quality and species identities to the upcoming females, preventing costly hybridization, thus were selected to diverge among species (Mating Signal Character Displacement Hypothesis). If so, two predictions should follow: (1) egg colors should coevolve with known mating signals as the tinamou lineages diverged; (2) species that partition similar ecoregions should display different egg colors. The tinamou songs are important mating signals and are highly divergent among species. We found that the egg luminance was significantly associated with the first principal component of the song variables, which supports prediction (1). In addition, we found support for (2): tinamou species that co-partition ecoregions tend to display different egg colors, controlling for song variation. Egg color and songs could be multimodal mating signals that are divergently selected as different tinamou species diverged. Mating signal evolution could be opportunistic and even exploit post-mating trait as premating signals that undergo character displacement at sympatry.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.26.062927</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coevolution of song and egg coloration: multimodal mating signals?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.27.058388v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic Discovery of Salmonella Phage-Host Interactions via High-Throughput Genome-Wide Screens 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.27.058388v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Though bacteriophages (phages) are known to play a crucial role in bacterial fitness and virulence, our knowledge about the genetic basis of their interaction, cross-resistance and host-range is sparse. Here, we employed genome-wide screens in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium to discover host determinants involved in resistance to eleven diverse lytic phages including 4 new phages isolated from a therapeutic phage cocktail. We uncovered 301 diverse host factors essential in phage infection, many of which are shared between multiple phages demonstrating potential cross-resistance mechanisms. We validate many of these novel findings and uncover the intricate interplay between RpoS, the virulence-associated general stress response sigma factor and RpoN, the nitrogen starvation sigma factor in phage cross-resistance. Finally, the infectivity pattern of eleven phages across a panel of 23 genome sequenced Salmonella strains indicates that additional constraints and interactions beyond the host factors uncovered here define the phage host range.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adler, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kutter, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutschbauer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mutalik, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.27.058388</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic Discovery of Salmonella Phage-Host Interactions via High-Throughput Genome-Wide Screens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.29.069278v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional and genetic markers of niche partitioning among enigmatic members of the human oral microbiome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.29.069278v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial residents of the human oral cavity have long been a major focus of microbiology due to their influence on host health and their intriguing patterns of site specificity amidst the lack of dispersal limitation. Yet, the determinants of niche partitioning in this habitat are yet to be fully understood, especially among the taxa that belong to recently discovered branches of microbial life. Here we assembled metagenomes from daily tongue and dental plaque samples from multiple individuals and reconstructed 790 non-redundant genomes, 43 of which resolved to TM7 that formed six monophyletic clades distinctly associated either with plaque or with tongue. Both pangenomic and phylogenomic analyses grouped tongue-specific TM7 clades with other host-associated TM7 genomes. In contrast, plaque-specific TM7 grouped together with environmental TM7 genomes. Besides offering deeper insights into the ecology, evolution, and the mobilome of the cryptic members of the oral microbiome, our study reveals an intriguing resemblance between dental plaque and non-host environments indicated by the TM7 evolution, suggesting that plaque may have served as a stepping stone for environmental microbes to adapt to host environments for some clades of human associated microbes. Additionally, we report that prophages are widespread amongst oral-associated TM7, while absent from environmental TM7, suggesting that prophages may have played a role in adaptation of TM7 to the host environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shaiber, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willis, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delmont, T. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roux, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmid, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yousef, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lolans, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esen, O. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Downey, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dewhirst, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mark Welch, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eren, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.29.069278</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional and genetic markers of niche partitioning among enigmatic members of the human oral microbiome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.30.071084v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conservative and liberal attitudes drive polarized neural responses to political content 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.30.071084v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
People tend to interpret political information in a manner that confirms their prior beliefs, a cognitive bias that contributes to rising political polarization. In this study, we combined functional magnetic resonance imaging with semantic content analyses to investigate the neural mechanisms that underlie the biased processing of real-world political content. We scanned American participants with conservative-leaning or liberal-leaning immigration attitudes while they watched news clips, campaign ads, and public speeches related to immigration policy. We searched for evidence of "neural polarization": activity in the brain that diverges between people who hold liberal versus conservative political attitudes. Neural polarization was observed in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC), a brain region associated with the interpretation of narrative content. Neural polarization in the DMPFC intensified during moments in the videos that included risk-related and moral-emotional language, highlighting content features most likely to drive divergent interpretations between conservatives and liberals. Finally, participants whose DMPFC activity closely matched that of the average conservative or the average liberal participant were more likely to change their attitudes in the direction of that groups position. Our work introduces a novel multi-method approach to study the neural basis of political cognition in naturalistic settings. Using this approach, we characterize how political attitudes biased information processing in the brain, the language most likely to drive polarized neural responses, and the consequences of biased processing for attitude change. Together, these results shed light on the psychological and neural underpinnings of how identical information is interpreted differently by conservatives and liberals.

Significance StatementPartisan biases in processing political information contribute to rising divisions in society. How do such biases arise in the brain? We measured the neural activity of participants watching videos related to immigration policy. Despite watching the same videos, conservative and liberal participants exhibited divergent neural responses. This "neural polarization" between groups occurred in a brain area associated with the interpretation of narrative content, and intensified in response to language associated with risk, emotion, and morality. Furthermore, polarized neural responses predicted attitude change in response to the videos. These findings suggest that biased processing in the brain drives divergent interpretations of political information and subsequent attitude polarization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leong, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaki, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.30.071084</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conservative and liberal attitudes drive polarized neural responses to political content]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.02.070680v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The mitotic protein NuMA plays a spindle-independent role in nuclear formation and mechanics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.02.070680v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eukaryotic cells typically form a single, round nucleus after mitosis, and failures to do so can compromise genomic integrity. How mammalian cells form such a nucleus remains incompletely understood. NuMA is a spindle protein whose disruption results in nuclear fragmentation. What role NuMA plays in nuclear integrity, or whether its perceived role stems from its spindle function, is unclear. Here, we use live imaging to demonstrate that NuMA plays a spindle-independent role in forming a single, round nucleus. NuMA keeps the decondensing chromosome mass compact at mitotic exit, and promotes a mechanically robust nucleus. NuMAs C-terminus binds DNA in vitro and chromosomes in interphase, while its coiled-coil acts as a regulatory and structural hub: it prevents NuMA from binding chromosomes at mitosis, regulates its nuclear mobility and is essential for nuclear formation. Thus, NuMA plays a long-range structural role in building and maintaining an intact nucleus, as it does for the spindle, playing a protective role over the cell cycle.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Serra-Marques, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houtekamer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hintzen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canty, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yildiz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumont, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.02.070680</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The mitotic protein NuMA plays a spindle-independent role in nuclear formation and mechanics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.04.072892v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Design of 18 nm Doxorubicin-loaded 3-helix Micelles: Cellular Uptake and Cytotoxicity in Patient-derived GBM6 Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.04.072892v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The fate of nanocarrier materials at the cellular level constitutes a critical checkpoint in the development of effective nanomedicines, determining whether tissue level accumulation results in therapeutic benefit. The cytotoxicity and cell internalization of ~18 nm 3-helix micelle (3HM) loaded with doxorubicin (DOX) was analyzed in patient-derived glioblastoma (GBM) cells in vitro. The inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 3HM-DOX increased to 6.2 {micro}g/mL from < 0.5 {micro}g/mL for free DOX in patient derived GBM6 cells, 15.0 {micro}g/mL from 6.5 {micro}g/mL in U87MG cells, and 21.5 {micro}g/mL from ~0.5 {micro}g/mL in LN229 cells. Modeling analysis of previous 3HM biodistribution results predict these cytotoxic concentrations are achievable with intravenous injection in rodent GBM models. 3HM-DOX formulations were internalized intact and underwent intracellular trafficking distinct from free DOX. 3HM was quantified to have an internalization half-life of 12.6 h in GBM6 cells, significantly longer than comparable reported liposome and polymer systems. 3HM was found to traffic through active endocytic processes, with clathrin-mediated endocytosis being the most involved of the pathways studied. Inhibition studies suggest substantial involvement of low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) in initiating 3HM uptake. Since 3HM surface is polyethylene glycol (PEG)-ylated with no targeting functionalities, protein corona involvement in 3HM recognition is expected. The present work develops insights of the cytotoxicity, pharmacodynamics and cellular interactions of 3HM and 3HM-DOX relevant for ongoing pre-clinical studies. This work also contributes to efforts to develop predictive mathematical models tracking accumulation and biodistribution kinetics at a systemic level.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=81 SRC="FIGDIR/small/072892v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (28K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@99c9a4org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@8540c1org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@5e7690org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1b9f88a_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jung, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozawa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.04.072892</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Design of 18 nm Doxorubicin-loaded 3-helix Micelles: Cellular Uptake and Cytotoxicity in Patient-derived GBM6 Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.05.079749v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spontaneous activity changes in large-scale cortical networks in older adults couple to distinct hemodynamic morphology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.05.079749v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurovascular coupling is a dynamic core mechanism supporting brain energy demand. Therefore, even spontaneous changes in neural activity are expected to evoke a vascular hemodynamic response (HDR). Here, we developed a novel procedure for estimating transient states in intrinsic activity of neural networks based on source-localized electroencephalogram in combination with HDR estimation based on simultaneous rapid-acquisition functional magnetic resonance imaging. We demonstrate a readily apparent spatiotemporal correspondence between electrophysiological and HDR signals, describing for the first time how features of neurovascular coupling may differ among large-scale brain networks. In the default mode network, the HDR pattern in our older adult participants was associated with a surrogate marker of cerebrovascular deterioration and predicted alterations in temporal structure of fast intrinsic electrophysiological activity linked to memory decline. These results show the potential of our technique for making inferences about neural and vascular processes in higher-level cognitive networks in healthy and at-risk populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sitnikova, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woolrich, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salat, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.05.079749</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spontaneous activity changes in large-scale cortical networks in older adults couple to distinct hemodynamic morphology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.06.081562v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Breakage of Hydrophobic Contacts Limits the Rate of Passive Lipid Exchange Between Membranes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.06.081562v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The maintenance of heterogeneous lipid compositions among cellular membranes is key to biological function. Yet, even the simplest process that could be responsible for maintaining proper lipid distributions, passive lipid exchange of individual molecules between membranes, has eluded a detailed understanding, due in part to inconsistencies between experimental findings and molecular simulations. We resolve these discrepancies by discovering the reaction coordinate for passive lipid exchange, which enables a complete biophysical characterization of the rate limiting step for lipid exchange. Our approach to identify the reaction coordinate capitalizes on our ability to harvest over 1,000 unbiased trajectories of lipid insertion, an elementary step of passive lipid transport, using all-atom and coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations. We find that the reaction coordinate measures the formation and breakage of hydrophobic contacts between the membrane and exchanging lipid. Consistent with experiments, free energy profiles as a function of our reaction coordinate exhibit a substantial barrier for insertion. In contrast, lipid insertion was predicted to be a barrier-less process by previous computational studies, which incorrectly presumed the reaction coordinate to be the displacement of the exchanging lipid from the membrane. Utilizing our newfound knowledge of the reaction coordinate, we formulate an expression for the lipid exchange rate to enable a quantitative comparison with experiments. Overall, our results indicate that the breakage of hydrophobic contacts is rate limiting for passive lipid exchange and provide a foundation to understand the catalytic function of lipid transfer proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rogers, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geissler, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.06.081562</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Breakage of Hydrophobic Contacts Limits the Rate of Passive Lipid Exchange Between Membranes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.07.081182v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Efficient Estimation of Large-Scale Spatial Capture-Recapture Models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.07.081182v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Capture-recapture methods are a common tool in ecological statistics, which have been extended to spatial capture-recapture models for data accompanied by location information. However, standard formulations of these models can be unwieldy and computationally intractable for large spatial scales, many individuals, and/or activity center movement. We provide a cumulative series of methods that yield dramatic improvements in Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) estimation for two examples. These include removing unnecessary computations, integrating out latent states, vectorizing declarations, and restricting calculations to the locality of individuals. Our approaches leverage the flexibility provided by the nimble R package. In our first example, we demonstrate an improvement in MCMC efficiency (the rate of generating effectively independent posterior samples) by a factor of 100. In our second example, we reduce the computing time required to generate 10,000 posterior samples from 4.5 hours down to five minutes, and realize an increase in MCMC efficiency by a factor of 25. We also explain how these approaches can be applied generally to other spatially-indexed hierarchical models. R code is provided for all examples, as well as an executable web-appendix.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Turek, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milleret, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ergon, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broseth, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Valpine, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.07.081182</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Efficient Estimation of Large-Scale Spatial Capture-Recapture Models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.07.083253v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution and genetic basis of the plant-penetrating ovipositor, a key adaptation in the transition to herbivory within the Drosophilidae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.07.083253v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Herbivorous insects are extraordinarily diverse, yet are found in only one-third of insect orders. This skew may result from barriers to plant colonization, coupled with phylogenetic constraint on plant-colonizing adaptations. Physical barriers have been surmounted through the evolution of key morphological innovations, such as the plant-penetrating ovipositor. Despite their significance, the evolution and genetic basis of such innovations have not been well studied. Ovipositors densely lined with hard bristles have evolved repeatedly in herbivorous lineages within the Drosophilidae. Here, we focus on the evolution of this trait in Scaptomyza, an herbivorous radiation nested in a microbe-feeding clade, sister to Hawaiian Drosophila. Our phylogenetic approach revealed that ovipositor bristle number increased as herbivory evolved. We then dissected the genomic architecture of variation in ovipositor bristle number within S. flava through a genome wide association study. Top associated variants were enriched for transcriptional repressors, and the strongest associations included genes contributing to peripheral nervous system development. Genotyping individual flies replicated the association at a variant upstream of Gi, a neural development gene, contributing to a gain of 0.58 bristles/major allele. These results suggest that regulatory variation involving conserved developmental genes contributes to a key morphological adaptation required for plant colonization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pelaez, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gloss, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiteman, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.07.083253</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution and genetic basis of the plant-penetrating ovipositor, a key adaptation in the transition to herbivory within the Drosophilidae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.07.083402v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disentangling selection on genetically correlated polygenic traits using whole-genome genealogies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.07.083402v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present a full-likelihood method to estimate and quantify polygenic adaptation from contemporary DNA sequence data. The method combines population genetic DNA sequence data and GWAS summary statistics from up to thousands of nucleotide sites in a joint likelihood function to estimate the strength of transient directional selection acting on a polygenic trait. Through population genetic simulations of polygenic trait architectures and GWAS, we show that the method substantially improves power over current methods. We examine the robustness of the method under uncorrected GWAS stratification, uncertainty and ascertainment bias in the GWAS estimates of SNP effects, uncertainty in the identification of causal SNPs, allelic heterogeneity, negative selection, and low GWAS sample size. The method can quantify selection acting on correlated traits, fully controlling for pleiotropy even among traits with strong genetic correlation (|rg| = 80%; c.f. schizophrenia and bipolar disorder) while retaining high power to attribute selection to the causal trait. We apply the method to study 56 human polygenic traits for signs of recent adaptation. We find signals of directional selection on pigmentation (tanning, sunburn, hair, P=5.5e-15, 1.1e-11, 2.2e-6, respectively), life history traits (age at first birth, EduYears, P=2.5e-4, 2.6e-4, respectively), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c, P=1.2e-3), bone mineral density (P=1.1e-3), and neuroticism (P=5.5e-3). We also conduct joint testing of 137 pairs of genetically correlated traits. We find evidence of widespread correlated response acting on these traits (2.6-fold enrichment over the null expectation, P=1.5e-7). We find that for several traits previously reported as adaptive, such as educational attainment and hair color, a significant proportion of the signal of selection on these traits can be attributed to correlated response, vs direct selection (P=2.9e-6, 1.7e-4, respectively). Lastly, our joint test uncovers antagonistic selection that has acted to increase type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk and decrease HbA1c (P=1.5e-5).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stern, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Speidel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaitlen, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.07.083402</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disentangling selection on genetically correlated polygenic traits using whole-genome genealogies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.08.083337v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Joint probabilistic modeling of paired transcriptome and proteome measurements in single cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.08.083337v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWThe paired measurement of RNA and surface protein abundance in single cells with CITE-seq is a promising approach to connect transcriptional variation with cell phenotypes and functions. However, each data modality exhibits unique technical biases, making it challenging to conduct a joint analysis and combine these two views into a unified representation of cell state. Here we present Total Variational Inference (totalVI), a framework for the joint probabilistic analysis of paired RNA and protein data from single cells. totalVI probabilistically represents the data as a composite of biological and technical factors such as limited sensitivity of the RNA data, background in the protein data, and batch effects. To evaluate totalVI, we performed CITE-seq on immune cells from murine spleen and lymph nodes with biological replicates and with different antibody panels measuring over 100 surface proteins. With this dataset, we demonstrate that totalVI provides a cohesive solution for common analysis tasks like the integration of datasets with matched or unmatched protein panels, dimensionality reduction, clustering, evaluation of correlations between molecules, and differential expression testing. totalVI enables scalable, end-to-end analysis of paired RNA and protein data from single cells and is available as open-source software.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gayoso, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steier, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nazor, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streets, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.08.083337</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Joint probabilistic modeling of paired transcriptome and proteome measurements in single cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.08.083683v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Photorespiration pathways in a chemolithoautotroph 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.08.083683v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Carbon fixation via the Calvin cycle is constrained by the side activity of Rubisco with dioxygen, generating 2-phosphoglycolate. The metabolic recycling of 2-phosphoglycolate, an essential process termed photorespiration, was extensively studied in photoautotrophic organisms, including plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, but remains uncharacterized in chemolithoautotrophic bacteria. Here, we study photorespiration in the model chemolithoautotroph Cupriavidus necator (Ralstonia eutropha) by characterizing the proxy-process of glycolate metabolism, performing comparative transcriptomics of autotrophic growth under low and high CO2 concentrations, and testing autotrophic growth phenotypes of gene deletion strains at ambient CO2. We find that the canonical plant-like C2 cycle does not operate in this bacterium and instead the bacterial-like glycerate pathway is the main photorespiratory pathway. Upon disruption of the glycerate pathway, we find that an oxidative pathway, which we term the malate cycle, supports photorespiration. In this cycle, glyoxylate is condensed with acetyl-CoA to give malate, which undergoes two oxidative decarboxylation steps to regenerate acetyl-CoA. When both pathways are disrupted, autotrophic growth is abolished at ambient CO2. We present bioinformatic data suggesting that the malate cycle may support photorespiration in diverse chemolithoautotrophic bacteria. This study thus demonstrates a so-far unknown photorespiration pathway, highlighting important diversity in microbial carbon fixation metabolism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Claassens, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scarinci, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flamholz, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newell, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frielingsdorf, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lenz, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Even, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.08.083683</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Photorespiration pathways in a chemolithoautotroph]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.11.088237v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TripletProt: Deep Representation Learning of Proteins based on Siamese Networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.11.088237v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We introduce TripletProt, a new approach for protein representation learning based on the Siamese neural networks. We evaluate TripletProt comprehensively in protein functional annotation tasks including sub-cellular localization (14 categories) and gene ontology prediction (more than 2000 classes), which are both challenging multi-class multi-label classification machine learning problems. We compare the performance of TripletProt with the state-of-the-art approaches including recurrent language model-based approach (i.e., UniRep), as well as protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and sequence-based method (i.e., DeepGO). Our TripletProt showed an overall improvement of F1 score in the above mentioned comprehensive functional annotation tasks, solely relying on the PPI network. TripletProt and in general Siamese Network offer great potentials for the protein informatics tasks and can be widely applied to similar tasks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nourani, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asgari, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McHardy, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mofrad, M. R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.11.088237</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TripletProt: Deep Representation Learning of Proteins based on Siamese Networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.13.070375v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interactions of Upstream and Downstream Promoter Regions with RNA Polymerase are Energetically Coupled and a Target of Regulation in Transcription Initiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.13.070375v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During transcription initiation, the RNA polymerase holoenzyme (RNAP) and the promoter form an open complex. For many promoters, this interaction involves upstream DNA wrapping, downstream promoter bending, and associated large-scale protein rearrangements. Although these processes have been reported across the life kingdom, their structure, energetics, and role in transcription remain an area of active research. Using optical tweezers, we find that these processes become energetically and reversibly coupled after the formation of the open promoter complex, providing the main contribution to their stability. Using electron microscopy and single particle analysis, we find that the interaction encompasses from positions -76 to +18 along the template, that it involves an overall DNA bent angle of ~245{degrees}, and that the upstream wrapping is enabled by interactions between the C-terminal domains of RNAPs alpha subunits and proximal and middle upstream promoter regions. The energy associated with upstream wrapping, downstream bending and its coupling to downstream rearrangements does not require specific upstream promoter sequence, and correlate positively with the rate of transcription DNA bubble formation as reported by a real-time fluorescence assay. Our results suggest that the coupling between upstream and downstream events are part of a cis-regulatory network established after the opening of the DNA bubble, that could furnish a control mechanism of gene expression by protein factors and regulatory metabolites.

SummaryThe first step of gene expression involves transcription of DNA into RNA by RNA polymerase (RNAP). RNAP recognizes a promoter sequence forming the transcriptionally active open complex. For several promoters, DNA wraps around the RNAP. We find that upstream wrapping contacts are energetically coupled and occur cooperatively with downstream rearrangements in the open complexes, providing the largest contribution to their stability. We also determined that upstream wrapping is enabled by interactions between non-specific upstream promoter regions and RNAP  subunit C-terminal domains. Significantly, the strength of these contacts correlates with the rate of DNA bubble opening, and is regulated by factors such as the transcriptional regulator ppGpp. We suggest that any modulator altering upstream wrapping and downstream rearrangements could finely tune gene expression in response to the needs of the cell
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sosa, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Florez-Ariza, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz Celis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Onoa, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cassago, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Oliveira, P. S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Portugal, R. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerra, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustamante, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.13.070375</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interactions of Upstream and Downstream Promoter Regions with RNA Polymerase are Energetically Coupled and a Target of Regulation in Transcription Initiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.13.094508v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parallel global profiling of plant TOR dynamics reveals a conserved role for LARP1 in protein translation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.13.094508v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN (TOR) is a deeply conserved protein kinase that coordinates eukaryotic metabolism with nutrient availability. In mammals, TOR specifically promotes translation of ribosomal protein mRNAs when amino acids are available to support protein synthesis. The mechanisms controlling translation downstream from TOR remain contested, however, and are largely unexplored in plants. Here, we took parallel global profiling approaches to define the in planta TOR-regulated transcriptome, translatome, proteome, and phosphoproteome. We found that TOR regulates ribosome biogenesis in plants at multiple levels, but through mechanisms that do not directly depend on the canonical 5' oligopyrimidine tract motif (5'TOP) found in mammalian ribosomal protein mRNAs. To investigate this further, we focused on a putative TOR substrate identified in our phosphoproteome: LARP1, a eukaryotic RNA-binding protein that is proposed to mediate TOR translational control of 5'TOP mRNAs in humans and that has gained increased interest because it associates with SARS-CoV-2. By conducting parallel global profiling experiments with larp1 mutants, we discovered that the TOR-LARP1 signaling axis controls 5'TOP mRNA translation in plants and defined a set of conserved eukaryotic 5'TOP mRNAs that encode cyclins, importins/karyopherins, translation elongation factors, and TCTP1, among others. We then identified novel, plant-specific 5'TOP mRNAs involved in critical biological processes, including ribosome biogenesis, chromatin remodeling, and auxin signaling. Our study illuminates the ancestral roles of the TOR-LARP1-5'TOP metabolic regulatory network and provides evolutionary context for ongoing debates about the molecular function of LARP1 in eukaryotic cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Scarpin, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leiboff, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunkard, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.13.094508</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parallel global profiling of plant TOR dynamics reveals a conserved role for LARP1 in protein translation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.13.094755v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The cryo-electron microscopy structure of the human CDK-activating kinase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.13.094755v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human CDK-activating kinase (CAK), a complex composed of cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) 7, cyclin H, and MAT1, is a critical regulator of transcription initiation and the cell cycle. It acts by phosphorylating the C-terminal heptapeptide repeat domain of the RNA polymerase II subunit Rpb1, which is an important regulatory event in transcription initiation by Pol II, and it phosphorylates the regulatory T-loop of CDKs that control cell-cycle progression. Here, we have determined the three-dimensional structure of the catalytic module of human CAK, revealing the structural basis of its assembly and providing insight into CDK7 activation in this context. The unique third component of the complex, MAT1, substantially extends the interaction interface between CDK7 and cyclin H, explaining its role as a CAK assembly factor, and it forms interactions with the CDK7 T-loop, which may contribute to enhancing CAK activity. We have also determined the structure of the CAK in complex with the covalently bound inhibitor THZ1 in order to provide insight into the binding of inhibitors at the CDK7 active site and aid in the rational design of therapeutic compounds.

SignificanceControl of gene expression and the cell cycle is critical for appropriate cell growth and timely cell division. Failure of the mechanisms regulating these processes can result in proliferative diseases. A molecular complex termed the CDK activating kinase (CAK) impinges on both of these regulatory networks in human cells and is thus a possible drug target for treatment of cancer. Here, we use cryo-electron microscopy to describe the detailed molecular structure of the human CAK, revealing its architecture and the interactions between its regulatory elements. Additionally, we have obtained the structure of the CAK in complex with a small-molecule inhibitor.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Greber, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez-Bertoldi, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iavarone, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toso, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogales, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.13.094755</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The cryo-electron microscopy structure of the human CDK-activating kinase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.13.094888v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
S-phase independent silencing establishment in Saccharomyces cerevisiae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.13.094888v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The establishment of silent chromatin, a heterochromatin-like structure at HML and HMR in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, depends on progression through S phase of the cell cycle, but the molecular nature of this requirement has remained elusive despite intensive study. Using high-resolution chromatin immunoprecipitation and single-molecule RNA analysis, we found that silencing establishment proceeded via gradual repression of transcription in individual cells over several cell cycles, and that the cell-cycle-regulated step was downstream of Sir protein recruitment. In contrast to prior results, HML and HMR had identical cell-cycle requirements for silencing establishment, with no apparent contribution from a tRNA gene adjacent to HMR. We identified the cause of the S-phase requirement for silencing establishment: removal of transcription-favoring histone modifications deposited by Dot1, Sas2, and Rtt109. These results revealed that silencing establishment was absolutely dependent on the cell-cycle-regulated interplay between euchromatic and heterochromatic histone modifications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goodnight, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rine, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.13.094888</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[S-phase independent silencing establishment in Saccharomyces cerevisiae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.14.086363v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Meanders as a scaling motif for understanding of floodplain soil microbiome and biogeochemical potential at the watershed scale 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.14.086363v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biogeochemical exports of C, N, S and H2 from watersheds are modulated by the activity of microorganisms that function over micron scales. This disparity of scales presents a substantial challenge for development of predictive models describing watershed function. Here, we tested the hypothesis that meander-bound regions exhibit patterns of microbial metabolic potential that are broadly predictive of biogeochemical processes in floodplain soils along a river corridor. We intensively sampled floodplain soils located in the upper, middle, and lower reaches of the East River in Colorado and reconstructed 248 draft quality genomes representative at a sub-species level. Approximately one third of the representative genomes were detected across all three locations with similar levels of abundance, and despite the very high microbial diversity and complexity of the soils, ~15% of species were detected in two consecutive years. A core floodplain microbiome was enriched in bacterial capacities for aerobic respiration, aerobic CO oxidation, and thiosulfate oxidation with the formation of elemental sulfur. We did not detect systematic patterns of gene abundance based on sampling position relative to the river. However, at the watershed scale meander-bound floodplains appear to serve as scaling motifs that predict aggregate capacities for biogeochemical transformations in floodplain soils. Given this, we conducted a transcriptomic analysis of the middle site. Overall, the most highly transcribed genes were amoCAB and nxrAB (for nitrification) followed by genes involved in methanol and formate oxidation, and nitrogen and CO2 fixation. Low soil organic carbon correlated with high activity of genes involved in methanol, formate, sulfide, hydrogen, and ammonia oxidation, nitrite oxidoreduction, and nitrate and nitrite reduction. Thus, widely represented genetic capacities did not predict in situ activity at one time point, but rather they define a reservoir of biogeochemical potential available as conditions change.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matheus Carnevali, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crits-Christoph, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diamond, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meeheust, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olm, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharrar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lei, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falco, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouskill, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newcomer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nico, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wainwright, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dwivedi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubbard, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.14.086363</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Meanders as a scaling motif for understanding of floodplain soil microbiome and biogeochemical potential at the watershed scale]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.14.094862v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Huge and variable diversity of episymbiotic CPR bacteria and DPANN archaea in groundwater ecosystems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.14.094862v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Candidate Phyla Radiation (CPR) bacteria and DPANN archaea are uncultivated, small-celled symbionts often detected in groundwater. However, variations in CPR/DPANN organism abundance, distribution, taxonomic diversity, and degree/nature of host association with groundwater chemistry remain understudied. Here, we performed genome-resolved metagenomic characterization of one agriculturally-impacted and seven pristine groundwater microbial communities in California, recovering 746 dereplicated CPR and DPANN genomes. Our finding of up to 31% CPR bacteria and 4% DPANN archaea in the pristine sites, which serve as local sources of drinking water, may hold health relevance, given growing awareness of the presence of CPR/DPANN organisms in human microbiomes and their association with disease. There is little species-level genome overlap across groundwater sites, indicating that CPR and DPANN communities are highly differentiated according to host populations and physicochemical conditions. Cryo-TEM imaging and genomic analyses indicate that CPR growth may be stimulated by attachment to the surface of host cells, and identified CPR and DPANN lineages with particularly prevalent and/or resilient host cell attachment. These results establish the huge but site-specific diversity of CPR bacteria and DPANN archaea coexisting with diverse hosts in groundwater aquifers, and raise important questions about potential impacts on human health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keren, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whittaker, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farag, I. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cate, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.14.094862</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Huge and variable diversity of episymbiotic CPR bacteria and DPANN archaea in groundwater ecosystems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.15.097048v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
StrVCTVRE: A supervised learning method to predict the pathogenicity of human structural variants. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.15.097048v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundWhole genome sequencing resolves many clinical cases where standard diagnostic methods have failed. However, at least half of these cases remain unresolved after whole genome sequencing. Structural variants (SVs; genomic variants larger than 50 base pairs) of uncertain significance are the genetic cause of a portion of these unresolved cases. As sequencing methods using long or linked reads become more accessible and structural variant detection algorithms improve, clinicians and researchers are gaining access to thousands of reliable SVs of unknown disease relevance. Methods to predict the pathogenicity of these SVs are required to realize the full diagnostic potential of long-read sequencing.

ResultsTo address this emerging need, we developed StrVCTVRE to distinguish pathogenic SVs from benign SVs that overlap exons. In a random forest classifier, we integrated features that capture gene importance, coding region, conservation, expression, and exon structure. We found that features such as expression and conservation are important but are absent from SV classification guidelines. We leveraged multiple resources to construct a size-matched training set of rare, putatively benign and pathogenic SVs. StrVCTVRE performs accurately across a wide SV size range on independent test sets, which will allow clinicians and researchers to eliminate about half of SVs from consideration while retaining a 90% sensitivity.

ConclusionsWe anticipate clinicians and researchers will use StrVCTVRE to prioritize SVs in patients where no SV is immediately compelling, empowering deeper investigation into novel SVs to resolve cases and understand new mechanisms of disease. StrVCTVRE runs rapidly and is available at https://compbio.berkeley.edu/proj/strvctvre/.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sharo, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.15.097048</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[StrVCTVRE: A supervised learning method to predict the pathogenicity of human structural variants.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.16.099002v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Label-free optical detection of bioelectric potentials using electrochromic thin films 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.16.099002v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding how a network of interconnected neurons receives, stores, and processes information in the human brain is one of the outstanding scientific challenges of our time. The ability to reliably detect neuroelectric activities is essential to addressing this challenge. Optical recording using voltage-sensitive fluorescent probes has provided unprecedented flexibility for choosing regions of interest in recording neuronal activities. However, when recording at a high frame rate such as 500-1000 Hz, fluorescence-based voltage sensors often suffer from photobleaching and phototoxicity, which limit the recording duration. Here, we report a new approach, Electro-Chromic Optical REcording (ECORE), that achieves label-free optical recording of spontaneous neuroelectrical activities. ECORE utilizes the electrochromism of PEDOT:PSS thin films, whose optical absorption can be modulated by an applied voltage. Being based on optical reflection instead of fluorescence, ECORE offers the flexibility of an optical probe without suffering from photobleaching or phototoxicity. Using ECORE, we optically recorded spontaneous action potentials in cardiomyocytes, cultured hippocampal and dorsal root ganglion neurons, and brain slices. With minimal perturbation to cells, ECORE allows long-term optical recording over multiple days.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alfonso, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGuire, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kantarci, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Copenhaver, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuchero, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muller, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.16.099002</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Label-free optical detection of bioelectric potentials using electrochromic thin films]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.16.099929v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NAIP-NLRC4-deficient mice are susceptible to shigellosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.16.099929v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria of the genus Shigella cause shigellosis, a severe gastrointestinal disease that is a major cause of diarrhea-associated mortality in humans. Shigellosis develops upon oral ingestion of as few as 100 bacteria, but million-fold higher doses fail to cause disease in mice. The lack of a physiologically relevant mouse model of shigellosis has impeded our understanding of this important human disease, but why mice are resistant is unknown. Here we show that in human cells, but not in mice, Shigella evades detection by the NAIP-NLRC4 inflammasome, an immune sensor present in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). We find that NAIP-NLRC4-deficient mice are highly susceptible to oral Shigella infection and recapitulate the clinical features of human shigellosis, including bacterial replication in IECs and neutrophilic inflammation of the colon. Confirming a role for bacterial replication in IECs in our new model, a Shigella mutant lacking IcsA, a factor required for cell-to-cell spread among IECs, is attenuated in otherwise susceptible NAIP-NLRC4-deficient mice. Although inflammasome-mediated cell death is widely held to promote Shigella infection and pathogenesis, we instead demonstrate that IEC-specific NAIP-NLRC4-induced cell death is sufficient to protect the host from shigellosis. Thus, NAIP-NLRC4-deficient mice are a physiologically relevant and experimentally tractable model for shigellosis. More broadly, our results suggest that the lack of an inflammasome response in IECs may help explain the extreme susceptibility of humans to shigellosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roncaioli, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turcotte, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goers, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavez, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lesser, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rauch, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vance, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.16.099929</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NAIP-NLRC4-deficient mice are susceptible to shigellosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.17.100982v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rod signals are routed through specific Off cone bipolar cells in primate retina 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.17.100982v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adapting between scotopic and photopic illumination involves switching the routing of retinal signals between rod and cone-dominated circuits. In the daytime, cone signals pass through parallel On and Off cone bipolar cells, that are sensitive to increments and decrements in luminance, respectively. At night, rod signals are routed into these cone-pathways via a key glycinergic interneuron, the AII amacrine cell (AII-AC). In primates, it is not known whether AII-ACs contact all Off-bipolar cell types indiscriminately, or whether their outputs are biased towards specific Off-bipolar cell types. Here, we show that the rod-driven glycinergic output of AII-ACs is strongly biased towards a subset of macaque Off-cone bipolar cells. The Off-bipolar types that receive this glycinergic input have sustained physiological properties and include the Off-midget bipolar cells, which provide excitatory input to the Off-midget ganglion cells (parvocellular pathway). The kinetics of the glycinergic events are consistent with the involvement of the 1 glycine receptor subunit. Taken together with results in mouse retina, our findings point towards a conserved motif whereby rod signals are preferentially routed into sustained Off signaling pathways.

Significance StatementVisual signals pass through different retinal neurons depending on the prevailing level of illumination. Under night-time light levels, signals from rods pass through the AII amacrine cell, an inhibitory interneuron that routes rod signals into On and Off bipolar cells to detect increments and decrements in light intensity, respectively. Here, we show in primate retina that the output of AII amacrine cells is strongly biased towards specific Off bipolar cell types, which suggests that rod signals reach the brain via specific neural channels. Our results further our understanding of how visual signals are routed through visual circuits during night-time vision.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McLaughlin, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Percival, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gayet-Primo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puthussery, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.17.100982</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rod signals are routed through specific Off cone bipolar cells in primate retina]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.18.102400v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Skeletal muscle DNMT3A plays a necessary role in endurance exercise by regulating oxidative capacity of red muscles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.18.102400v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Exercise interventions alter the DNA methylation profile in skeletal muscle, yet little is known about the role of the DNA methylation machinery in exercise capacity. In this study, we found that in oxidative red muscle, DNMT3A expression increases greatly following a bout of endurance exercise. Mice lacking Dnmt3a in skeletal muscle fibers had reduced tolerance to endurance exercise, accompanied by reduced oxidative capacity and reduced mitochondrial counts. Moreover, during exercise, the knockout muscles overproduced reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are major contributors to muscle dysfunction. In mechanistic terms, we demonstrated that Aldh1l1 is a key target of repression by DNMT3A in red muscles. DNMT3A directly regulated the Aldh1l1 transcription by binding to the Aldh1l1 promoter region and altering DNA methylation and histone modification. Enforcing ALDH1L1 expression, leading to elevated NADPH, led to overproduction of ROS by the NADPH oxidase complex (NOX) in myotubes, ultimately resulting in mitochondrial defects. Moreover, both genetic inhibition of ALDH1L1 and pharmacological inhibition of NOX rescued oxidative stress and mitochondrial decline in Dnmt3a-deficient myotubes, confirming the essential role of ALDH1L1-dependent ROS generation as a downstream effector of DNMT3A loss of function. Together, our results reveal that DNMT3A in skeletal muscle plays a pivotal role in endurance exercise by controlling intracellular oxidative stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villivalam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>You, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebert, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palacios, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.18.102400</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Skeletal muscle DNMT3A plays a necessary role in endurance exercise by regulating oxidative capacity of red muscles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.18.102855v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The transcription factor Pou3f1 provides a new map to the glutamatergic neurons of the cerebellar nuclei 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.18.102855v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pou3f1 is a transcription factor involved in early neural differentiation. Cap Analysis Gene Expression (5-CAGE) analysis reveals that Pou3f1 transcript is highly enriched in the developing cerebellum. Between embryonic (E) days E10.5 and E12.5, Pou3f1 expression is present prominently along the subpial stream (SS), suggesting that Pou3f1+ cells are glutamatergic cerebellar nuclear (CN) neurons. This finding was confirmed by immunofluorescent (IF) co-labeling of Pou3f1 and Atoh1, the master regulator of cells from the rhombic lip (RL) that are destined for neurons of the glutamatergic lineage, as well as in Atoh1-null tissues, in which Pou3f1 expression is absent. Interestingly, the expression of Pax6, another key molecule for CN neuron survival, does not co-localize with that of Pou3f1. In the Pax6-null Small Eye (Sey) mutant, which is characterized by a loss of many glutamatergic CN neurons, Pou3f1+ CN neurons are still present. Furthermore, Pou3f1-labeled cells do not co-express Tbr1, a well-established marker of glutamatergic CN neurons. These results highlight that Pou3f1+ cells are a distinct and previously unrecognized subtype of glutamatergic CN neurons that do not have the "canonical" sequence of Atoh1[-&gt;]Pax6[-&gt;]Tbr1 expressions. Instead, they express Atoh1, Pou3f1, and other markers of CN neurons, Brn2 and Irx3. These findings illustrate that glutamatergic CN neurons that arise from the RL are composed of molecularly heterogeneous subpopulations that are determined by at least two distinct transcriptional programs.

Significance StatementThe present work has identified Pou3f1 as a marker for a previously unidentified subtype of glutamatergic cerebellar nuclear neurons, the principal output neurons of the cerebellum. The classical model of glutamatergic CN neurons development follows the sequential expression of transcription factors Atoh1[-&gt;]Pax6[-&gt;]Tbr1. However, we found that the development of Pou3f1+ neurons requires Atoh1 but not Pax6. Moreover, Pou3f1+ neurons do not express Tbr1, but instead express two other transcription factors, Brn2 and Irx3. Anatomically, Pou3f1+ CN neurons populate the interposed and dentate nuclei, while the Tbr1+ CN neurons populate the fastigial nucleus. These findings reveal the heterogeneity of CN neuron populations and the diversity of molecular programming that lead to different CN neuron subtypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, J. P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zoghbi, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldowitz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.18.102855</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The transcription factor Pou3f1 provides a new map to the glutamatergic neurons of the cerebellar nuclei]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.18.103093v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lipid Droplet Is an Ancient and Inheritable Organelle in Bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.18.103093v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lipid droplet (LD) is a monolayer phospholipid membrane-bound organelle found in all eukaryotes and several prokaryotes which plays key roles in cellular lipid homeostasis and human health. The origin and evolution of the organelle remains unknown. Here, we report that through screening over 660 bacteria using biophysical and biochemical methods, plus LD isolation and proteomic tool, LDs were identified in most of these microbes, affiliated with five main bacterial phyla. Moreover, LDs were also identified in E. coli overexpressing lipid synthesis enzymes, indicating that bacteria without detectable LDs possessed the ability of LD biogenesis. The similarity of isolated LDs from representative strains and evolutionary analysis of LD major protein PspA demonstrate that LDs were conserved in bacteria. Furthermore, time-lapse imaging revealed that LDs were inheritable accompanying with bacterial growth and division. Finally, a common ancestor of LD-containing bacteria was predicted to originate 3.19 billion years ago by a phylogenetic analysis. Our findings suggest that LD is a widespread and inheritable organelle from an ancient common ancestor.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chi, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogunsade, O. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammad, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.18.103093</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lipid Droplet Is an Ancient and Inheritable Organelle in Bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.19.104315v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The autophagy adaptor NDP52 and the FIP200 coiled-coil allosterically activate ULK1 complex membrane recruitment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.19.104315v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The selective autophagy pathways of xenophagy and mitophagy are initiated when the adaptor NDP52 recruits the ULK1 complex to autophagic cargo. Hydrogen-deuterium exchange coupled to mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) was used to map the membrane and NDP52 binding sites of the ULK1 complex to unique regions of the coiled coil of the FIP200 subunit. Electron microscopy of the full-length ULK1 complex shows that the FIP200 coiled coil projects away from the crescent-shaped FIP200 N-terminal domain dimer. NDP52 allosterically stimulates membrane-binding by FIP200 and the ULK1 complex by promoting a more dynamic conformation of the membrane-binding portion of the FIP200 coiled coil. Giant unilamellar vesicle (GUV) reconstitution confirmed that membrane recruitment by the ULK1 complex is triggered by NDP52 engagement. These data reveal how the allosteric linkage between NDP52 and the ULK1 complex could drive the first membrane recruitment event of phagophore biogenesis in xenophagy and mitophagy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yokom, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurley, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.19.104315</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The autophagy adaptor NDP52 and the FIP200 coiled-coil allosterically activate ULK1 complex membrane recruitment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.19.105304v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA from dried blood spots yields high quality sequences for exome analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.19.105304v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundDNA sequencing of archived dried blood spots (DBS) collected by newborn screening programs constitutes a potential health resource to study newborn disorders and understand genotype-phenotype relationships. However, its essential to verify that sequencing reads from DBS derived DNA are suitable for variant discovery.

ResultsWe explored 16 metrics to comprehensively assess the quality of sequencing reads from 180 DBS and 35 whole blood (WB) samples. These metrics were used to assess a) mapping of reads to the reference genome, b) degree of DNA damage, and c) variant calling. Reads from both sets mapped with similar efficiencies, had similar overall DNA damage rates, measured by the mismatch rate with the reference genome, and produced variant calls sets with similar Transition-Transversion ratios. While evaluating single nucleotide changes that may have arisen from DNA damage, we observed that the A>T and T>A changes were more frequent in DNA from DBS than from WB. However, this did not affect the accuracy of variant calling, with DBS samples yielding a comparable count of high quality SNVs and indels in samples with at least 50x coverage.

ConclusionsOverall, DBS DNA provided exome sequencing data of sufficient quality for clinical interpretation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sunderam, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adhikari, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kundu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puck, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Currier, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwok, P.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinivasan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.19.105304</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA from dried blood spots yields high quality sequences for exome analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.20.107375v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Networks of Splice Factor Regulation by Unproductive Splicing Coupled With Nonsense Mediated mRNA Decay 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.20.107375v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundNonsense mediated mRNA decay (NMD) is an RNA surveillance pathway that degrades aberrant transcripts harboring premature termination codons. This pathway, in conjunction with alternative splicing, regulates gene expression post-transcriptionally. Nearly all serine and arginine-rich (SR) proteins and many heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) produce isoforms that can be degraded by the NMD pathway. Many splicing factors have been reported to be regulated via alternative splicing coupled to NMD. However, it is still uncharacterized that to what extent NMD contributes to the regulation of splicing factors.

ResultsHere, we characterized a regulatory network of splicing factors through alternative splicing coupled to NMD. Based upon an extensive literature search, we first assembled a network that encompasses the current knowledge of splice factors repressing or activating the expression of other splicing factors through alternative splicing coupled to NMD. This regulatory network is limited, including just a handful of well-studied splicing factors. To gain a more global and less biased overview, we examined the splicing factor-mRNA interactions from public crosslinking-immunoprecipitation (CLIP)-seq data, which provides information about protein-RNA interactions. A network view of these interactions reveals extensive binding among splicing regulators. We also found that splicing factors bind more frequently to transcripts of other splicing factors than to other genes. In addition, many splicing factors are targets of NMD, and might be regulated via alternative splicing coupled to NMD, which is demonstrated by the significant overlap between the experimental network and eCLIP-network. We found that hierarchy of the splicing-factor interaction network differs from the hierarchy observed for transcription factors.

ConclusionThe extensive interaction between splicing factors and transcripts of other splicing factors suggests that the potential regulation via alternative splicing coupled with NMD is widespread. The splicing factor regulation is fundamentally different from that of transcription factors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Desai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>French, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lloyd, J. P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.20.107375</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Networks of Splice Factor Regulation by Unproductive Splicing Coupled With Nonsense Mediated mRNA Decay]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.21.109280v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A previously uncharacterized gene in SARS-CoV-2 illuminates the functional dynamics and evolutionary origins of the COVID-19 pandemic 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.21.109280v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the emergence of novel viruses requires an accurate and comprehensive annotation of their genomes. Overlapping genes (OLGs) are common in viruses and have been associated with pandemics, but are still widely overlooked. We identify and characterize ORF3d, a novel OLG in SARS-CoV-2 that is also present in Guangxi pangolin-CoVs but not other closely related pangolin-CoVs or bat-CoVs. We then document evidence of ORF3d translation, characterize its protein sequence, and conduct an evolutionary analysis at three levels: between taxa (21 members of Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus), between human hosts (3978 SARS-CoV-2 consensus sequences), and within human hosts (401 deeply sequenced SARS-CoV-2 samples). ORF3d has been independently identified and shown to elicit a strong antibody response in COVID-19 patients. However, it has been misclassified as the unrelated gene ORF3b, leading to confusion. Our results liken ORF3d to other accessory genes in emerging viruses and highlight the importance of OLGs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nelson, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ardern, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldberg, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ludwig, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolokotronis, S.-O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.21.109280</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A previously uncharacterized gene in SARS-CoV-2 illuminates the functional dynamics and evolutionary origins of the COVID-19 pandemic]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.21.109439v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Application of Generalized Concentration Addition to Predict Mixture Effects of Glucocorticoid Receptor Ligands 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.21.109439v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Environmental exposures often occur in complex mixtures and at low concentrations. Generalized concentration addition (GCA) is a method used to estimate the joint effect of receptor ligands that vary in efficacy. GCA models have been successfully applied to mixtures of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) ligands, each of which can be modeled as a receptor with a single binding site. Here, we evaluated whether GCA could be applied to homodimer nuclear receptors, which have two binding sites, to predict the combined effect of full glucocorticoid receptor (GR) agonists with partial agonists. We measured transcriptional activation of GR using a cell-based bioassay. Individual dose response curves for dexamethasone (full agonist), prednisolone (full agonist), and medroxyprogesterone 17-acetate (partial agonist) were generated and applied in three additivity models, GCA, effect summation (ES), and relative potency factor (RPF), to generate response surfaces. GCA and RPF yielded adequate predictions of the experimental data for two full agonists. However, GCA fit experimental data significantly better than ES and RPF for all other binary mixtures. This work extends the application of GCA to homodimer nuclear receptors and improves prediction accuracy of mixture effects of GR agonists.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>de la Rosa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlezinger, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webster, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.21.109439</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Application of Generalized Concentration Addition to Predict Mixture Effects of Glucocorticoid Receptor Ligands]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.21.109678v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extracting the Dynamics of Behavior in Decision-Making Experiments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.21.109678v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding how animals update their decision-making behavior over time is an important problem in neuroscience. Decision-making strategies evolve over the course of learning, and continue to vary even in well-trained animals. However, the standard suite of behavioral analysis tools is ill-equipped to capture the dynamics of these strategies. Here, we present a flexible method for characterizing time-varying behavior during decision-making experiments. We show that it successfully captures trial-to-trial changes in an animals sensitivity to not only task-relevant stimuli, but also task-irrelevant covariates such as choice, reward, and stimulus history. We use this method to derive insights from training data collected in mice, rats, and human subjects performing auditory discrimination and visual detection tasks. With this approach, we uncover the detailed evolution of an animals strategy during learning, including adaptation to time-varying task statistics, suppression of sub-optimal strategies, and shared behavioral dynamics between subjects within an experimental population.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roy, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bak, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The International Brain Lab,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akrami, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brody, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pillow, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.21.109678</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extracting the Dynamics of Behavior in Decision-Making Experiments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.22.101154v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A DNA translocase operates by cycling between planarand lock-washer structures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.22.101154v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ring ATPases that translocate disordered polymers possess lock-washer architectures that they impose on their substrates during transport via a hand-over-hand mechanism. Here, we investigate the operation of ring motors that transport substrates possessing a preexisting helical structure, such as the bacteriophage {phi}29 dsDNA packaging motor. During each cycle, this pentameric motor tracks one helix strand (the  tracking strand), and alternates between two segregated phases: a dwell in which it exchanges ADP for ATP and a burst in which it packages a full turn of DNA in four steps. We challenge this motor with DNA-RNA hybrids and dsRNA substrates and find that it adapts the size of its burst to the corresponding shorter helical pitches by keeping three of its power strokes invariant while shortening the fourth. Intermittently, the motor loses grip when the tracking strand is RNA, indicating that it makes load-bearing contacts with the substrate that are optimal with dsDNA. The motor possesses weaker grip when ADP-bound at the end of the burst. To rationalize all these observations, we propose a helical inchworm translocation mechanism in which the motor increasingly adopts a lock-washer structure during the ATP loading dwell and successively regains its planar form with each power stroke during the burst.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Castillo, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tafoya, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jardine, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustamante, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.22.101154</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A DNA translocase operates by cycling between planarand lock-washer structures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.22.111344v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting wildlife hosts of betacoronaviruses for SARS-CoV-2 sampling prioritization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.22.111344v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite global investment in One Health disease surveillance, it remains difficult--and often very costly--to identify and monitor the wildlife reservoirs of novel zoonotic viruses. Statistical models can be used to guide sampling prioritization, but predictions from any given model may be highly uncertain; moreover, systematic model validation is rare, and the drivers of model performance are consequently under-documented. Here, we use bat hosts of betacoronaviruses as a case study for the data-driven process of comparing and validating predictive models of likely reservoir hosts. In the first quarter of 2020, we generated an ensemble of eight statistical models that predict host-virus associations and developed priority sampling recommendations for potential bat reservoirs and potential bridge hosts for SARS-CoV-2. Over more than a year, we tracked the discovery of 40 new bat hosts of betacoronaviruses, validated initial predictions, and dynamically updated our analytic pipeline. We find that ecological trait-based models perform extremely well at predicting these novel hosts, whereas network methods consistently perform roughly as well or worse than expected at random. These findings illustrate the importance of ensembling as a buffer against variation in model quality and highlight the value of including host ecology in predictive models. Our revised models show improved performance and predict over 400 bat species globally that could be undetected hosts of betacoronaviruses. Although 20 species of horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus spp.) are known to be the primary reservoir of SARS-like viruses, we find at least three-fourths of plausible betacoronavirus reservoirs in this bat genus might still be undetected. Our study is the first to demonstrate through systematic validation that machine learning models can help optimize wildlife sampling for undiscovered viruses and illustrates how such approaches are best implemented through a dynamic process of prediction, data collection, validation, and updating.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Becker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albery, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sjodin, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poisot, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dallas, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eskew, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrell, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guth, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmons, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.22.111344</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting wildlife hosts of betacoronaviruses for SARS-CoV-2 sampling prioritization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.23.112284v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SciSight: Combining faceted navigation and research group detection for COVID-19 exploratory scientific search 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.23.112284v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The COVID-19 pandemic has sparked unprecedented mobilization of scientists, generating a deluge of papers that makes it hard for researchers to keep track and explore new directions. Search engines are designed for targeted queries, not for discovery of connections across a corpus. In this paper, we present SciSight, a system for exploratory search of COVID-19 research integrating two key capabilities: first, exploring associations between biomedical facets automatically extracted from papers (e.g., genes, drugs, diseases, patient outcomes); second, combining textual and network information to search and visualize groups of researchers and their ties. SciSight1 has so far served over 15K users with over 42K page views and 13% returns.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hope, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Portenoy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borchardt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horvitz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weld, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hearst, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.23.112284</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SciSight: Combining faceted navigation and research group detection for COVID-19 exploratory scientific search]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.24.112771v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrated hiPSC-based liver and heart microphysiological systems predict unsafe drug-drug interaction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.24.112771v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microphysiological systems (MPSs) mimicking human organ function in vitro are an emerging alternative to conventional cell culture and animal models for drug development. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have the potential to capture the diversity of human genetics and provide an unlimited supply of cells. Combining hiPSCs with microfluidics technology in MPSs offers new perspectives for drug development. Here, the integration of a newly developed liver MPS with a cardiac MPS--both built with the same hiPSC line--to study drug-drug interaction (DDI) is reported. As a prominent example of clinically relevant DDI, the interaction of the arrhythmogenic gastroprokinetic cisapride with the fungicide ketoconazole was investigated. As seen in patients, metabolic conversion of cisapride to non-arrhythmogenic norcisapride in the liver MPS by the cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP3A4 was inhibited by ketoconazole, leading to arrhythmia in the cardiac MPS. These results establish functional integration of isogenic hiPSC-based liver and cardiac MPSs, which allows screening for DDI, and thus drug efficacy and toxicity, in the same genetic background.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee-Montiel, F. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laemmle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumont, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huebsch, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charwat, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okochi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hancock, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siemons, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogess, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goswami, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willenbring, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Healy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.24.112771</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrated hiPSC-based liver and heart microphysiological systems predict unsafe drug-drug interaction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.24.113720v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovery and characterization of a novel family of prokaryotic nanocompartments involved in sulfur metabolism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.24.113720v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prokaryotic nanocompartments, also known as encapsulins, are a recently discovered proteinaceous organelle in prokaryotes that compartmentalize cargo enzymes. While initial studies have begun to elucidate the structure and physiological roles of encapsulins, bioinformatic evidence suggests that a great diversity of encapsulin nanocompartments remains unexplored. Here, we describe a novel encapsulin in the freshwater cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942. This nanocompartment is upregulated upon sulfate starvation and encapsulates a cysteine desulfurase enzyme via an N-terminal targeting sequence. Using cryoelectron microscopy, we have determined the structure of the nanocompartment complex to 2.2 [A] resolution. Lastly, biochemical characterization of the complex demonstrated that the activity of the cysteine desulfurase is enhanced upon encapsulation. Taken together, our discovery, structural analysis, and enzymatic characterization of this prokaryotic nanocompartment provide a foundation for future studies seeking to understand the physiological role of this encapsulin in various bacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nichols, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaFrance, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oltrogge, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valentin-Alvarado, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bischoff, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogales, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.24.113720</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovery and characterization of a novel family of prokaryotic nanocompartments involved in sulfur metabolism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.27.113977v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic Discovery of Pseudomonad Genetic Factors Involved in Sensitivity to Tailocins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.27.113977v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tailocins are bactericidal protein complexes produced by a wide variety of bacteria to compete against closely related strains. Like tailed bacteriophages, with whom they share an evolutionary and morphological relationship, tailocins bind and kill a narrow spectrum of target cells. Thanks to their high specificity, tailocins have garnered recent attention for their potential as precision antibacterial agents. Nevertheless, the field currently lacks a systematic investigation of genetic determinants of tailocin sensitivity. Here, we employed barcoded transposon-insertion mutant libraries and comparative genomics to assess genetic contributions to tailocin sensitivity in pseudomonads. Our mutant screens identified O-specific antigen (OSA) composition and display as most important in defining sensitivity to our tailocins. Additionally, the screens suggest lipopolysaccharide (LPS) thinning as a mechanism by which resistant strains can become more sensitive to tailocins. Our comparative genomics analyses show a loose relationship between OSA biosynthetic genes and tailocin sensitivity, as well as sensitivity nuances that require further investigation. Overall, our data reinforces the model that LPS molecules can act as either a receptor for, or shield against, tailocin binding and killing. This work offers insight into the specificity of tailocins and tailocin-mediated competition, informing the potential use of tailocins in microbiome manipulation and antibacterial therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azadeh, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kazakov, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walian, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutschbauer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mutalik, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.27.113977</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic Discovery of Pseudomonad Genetic Factors Involved in Sensitivity to Tailocins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.27.119784v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional reconstitution of a bacterial CO2 concentrating mechanism in E. coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.27.119784v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many photosynthetic organisms employ a CO2 concentrating mechanism (CCM) to increase the rate of CO2 fixation via the Calvin cycle. CCMs catalyze ≈50% of global photosynthesis, yet it remains unclear which genes and proteins are required to produce this complex adaptation. We describe the construction of a functional CCM in a non-native host, achieved by expressing genes from an autotrophic bacterium in an engineered E. coli strain. Expression of 20 CCM genes enabled E. coli to grow by fixing CO2 from ambient air into biomass, with growth depending on CCM components. Bacterial CCMs are therefore genetically compact and readily transplanted, rationalizing their presence in diverse bacteria. Reconstitution enabled genetic experiments refining our understanding of the CCM, thereby laying the groundwork for deeper study and engineering of the cell biology supporting CO2 assimilation in diverse organisms.One Sentence Summary A bacterial CO2 concentrating mechanism enables E. coli to fix CO2 from ambient air.Competing Interest StatementD.F.S. is a co-founder of Scribe Therapeutics and a scientific advisory board member of Scribe Therapeutics and Mammoth Biosciences. A.B.-E. is co-founder of b.fab. These companies were not involved in this research in any way. All other authors declare no competing interests.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Flamholz, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dugan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blikstad, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gleizer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Nissan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amram, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonovsky, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravishankar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noor, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Even, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.27.119784</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional reconstitution of a bacterial CO2 concentrating mechanism in E. coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.28.121541v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alterations of multiple alveolar macrophage states in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.28.121541v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite the epidemics of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the cellular and molecular mechanisms of this disease are far from being understood. Here, we characterize and classify the cellular composition within the alveolar space and peripheral blood of COPD patients and control donors using a clinically applicable single-cell RNA-seq technology corroborated by advanced computational approaches for: machine learning-based cell-type classification, identification of differentially expressed genes, prediction of metabolic changes, and modeling of cellular trajectories within a patient cohort. These high-resolution approaches revealed: massive transcriptional plasticity of macrophages in the alveolar space with increased levels of invading and proliferating cells, loss of MHC expression, reduced cellular motility, altered lipid metabolism, and a metabolic shift reminiscent of mitochondrial dysfunction in COPD patients. Collectively, single-cell omics of multi-tissue samples was used to build the first cellular and molecular framework for COPD pathophysiology as a prerequisite to develop molecular biomarkers and causal therapies against this deadly disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bassler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fujii, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapellos, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horne, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudkin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luecken, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reusch, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osei-Sarpong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warnat-Herresthal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonaguro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guenther, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pizarro, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreiber, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haendler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wohnhaas, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baumgartner, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koehler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theis, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraut, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wadsworth, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferreira, H. J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulte-Schrepping, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinkley, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaltheuner, I. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geyer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiele, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shalek, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feisst, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickten, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beyer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baum, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aschenbrenner, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulas, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasenauer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theis, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skowasch, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schult</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.28.121541</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alterations of multiple alveolar macrophage states in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.29.080473v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An image resource of subdivided Drosophila GAL4-driver expression patterns for neuron-level searches 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.29.080473v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Precise, repeatable genetic access to specific neurons via GAL4/UAS and related methods is a key advantage of Drosophila neuroscience. Neuronal targeting is typically documented using light microscopy of full GAL4 expression patterns, which generally lack the single-cell resolution required for reliable cell type identification. Here we use stochastic GAL4 labeling with the MultiColor FlpOut approach to generate cellular resolution confocal images at large scale. We are releasing aligned images of 74,000 such adult central nervous systems. An anticipated use of this resource is to bridge the gap between neurons identified by electron or light microscopy. Identifying individual neurons that make up each GAL4 expression pattern improves the prediction of split-GAL4 combinations targeting particular neurons. To this end we have made the images searchable on the NeuronBridge website. We demonstrate the potential of NeuronBridge to rapidly and effectively identify neuron matches based on morphology across imaging modalities and datasets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meissner, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorman, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nern, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forster, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibney, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melton, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yarbrough, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clements, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goina, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otsuna, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokicki, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svirskas, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aso, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Card, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickson, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehrhardt, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldammer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ito, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korff, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minegishi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Namiki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sterne, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolff, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malkesman, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>FlyLight Project Team,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.29.080473</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An image resource of subdivided Drosophila GAL4-driver expression patterns for neuron-level searches]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.29.122747v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifying drug response by combining measurements of the membrane potential, the cytosolic calcium concentration, and the extracellular potential in microphysiological systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.29.122747v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cardiomyocytes derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC-CMs) offer a new means to study and understand the human cardiac action potential, and can give key insight into how compounds may interact with important molecular pathways to destabilize the electrical function of the heart. Important features of the action potential can be readily measured using standard experimental techniques, such as the use of voltage sensitive dyes and fluorescent genetic reporters to estimate transmembrane potentials and cytosolic calcium concentrations. Using previously introduced computational procedures, such measurements can be used to estimate the current density of major ion channels present in hiPSC-CMs, and how compounds may alter their behavior. However, due to the limitations of optical recordings, resolving the sodium current remains difficult from these data. Here we show that if these optical measurements are complemented with observations of the extracellular potential using multi electrode arrays (MEAs), we can accurately estimate the current density of the sodium channels. This inversion of the sodium current relies on observation of the conduction velocity which turns out to be straightforwardly computed using measurements of extracellular waves across the electrodes. The combined data including the membrane potential, the cytosolic calcium concentration and the extracellular potential further opens up for the possibility of accurately estimating the effect of novel drugs applied to hiPSC-CMs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jaeger, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wall, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charwat, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Healy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tveito, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.29.122747</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifying drug response by combining measurements of the membrane potential, the cytosolic calcium concentration, and the extracellular potential in microphysiological systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.29.124008v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Towards Mycobacterium tuberculosis detection at the point-of-care: a brighter solvatochromic probe permits the detection of mycobacteria within minutes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.29.124008v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is an urgent need for point-of-care tuberculosis (TB) diagnostic methods that are fast, inexpensive, and operationally simple. Here, we report on a bright solvatochromic dye trehalose conjugate that specifically detects Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) in minutes. 3-hydroxychromone (3HC) dyes, known to yield high fluorescence quantum yields, exhibit shifts in fluorescence intensity in response to changes in environmental polarity. We synthesized two analogs of 3HC-trehalose conjugates (3HC-2-Tre and 3HC-3-Tre) and determined that 3HC-3-Tre has exceptionally favorable properties for Mtb detection. 3HC-3-Tre-labeled mycobacterial cells displayed a 10-fold increase in fluorescence intensity compared to our previously reports on the dye 4,4-N,N-dimethylaminonapthalimide (DMN-Tre). Excitingly, we detected fluorescent Mtb cells within 10 minutes of probe treatment. Thus, 3HC-3-Tre permits rapid visualization of mycobacteria that ultimately could empower improved Mtb detection at the point-of-care in low-resource settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kamariza, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keyser, S. G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Utz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knapp, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahn, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cambier, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertozzi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.29.124008</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Towards Mycobacterium tuberculosis detection at the point-of-care: a brighter solvatochromic probe permits the detection of mycobacteria within minutes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.29.124115v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pupil-linked arousal biases evidence accumulation towards desirable percepts during perceptual decision-making 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.29.124115v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
People are biased towards seeing outcomes they are motivated to see. The arousal system coordinates the bodys response to motivationally significant events, and is well positioned to regulate motivational effects on sensory perception. However, it remains unclear whether arousal would enhance or reduce motivational biases. Here we measured pupil dilation as a measure of arousal while participants performed a visual categorization task. We used monetary bonuses to motivate participants to see one category over another. Even though the reward-maximizing strategy was to perform the task accurately, participants were more likely to report seeing the motivationally desirable category. Furthermore, higher arousal levels were associated with making motivationally biased responses. Analyses using computational models suggest that arousal enhanced motivational effects by biasing evidence accumulation in favor of motivationally desirable percepts. These results suggest heightened arousal biases people towards what they want to see and away from an objective representation of the environment.

Statement of RelevanceWhen confronted with an event of motivational significance (e.g., an opportunity to earn a huge reward), people often experience a strong arousal response that includes increased sweating, faster heart-rate and larger pupils. Does this arousal response help individuals make more accurate decisions, or does it instead bias and impair decision-making? This work examines the effects of arousal on how people decide what they see when they are motivated to see a particular outcome. We found that heightened arousal, as measured by larger pupils, was associated with a bias in how participants accumulated sensory evidence to make their decisions. As a result, participants became more likely to report seeing an ambiguous visual image as the interpretation they were motivated to see. Our results suggest that arousal biases perceptual judgments towards desirable percepts, and that modulating arousal levels could be a promising approach in reducing motivational biases in decision-making.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leong, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dziembaj, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Esposito, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.29.124115</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pupil-linked arousal biases evidence accumulation towards desirable percepts during perceptual decision-making]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.29.124297v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
What is an adaptive pattern of brain activity for a child? It depends on their environment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.29.124297v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prior research indicates that lower resting-state functional coupling between two brain networks, lateral frontoparietal network (LFPN) and default mode network (DMN), relates to better cognitive test performance. However, most study samples skew towards wealthier individuals--and what is adaptive for one population may not be for another. In a pre-registered study, we analyzed resting-state fMRI from 6839 children ages 9-10 years. For children above poverty, we replicated the prior finding: better cognitive performance correlated with weaker LFPN-DMN coupling. For children in poverty, the slope of the relation was instead positive. This significant interaction related to several features of a childs environment. Future research should investigate the possibility that leveraging internally guided cognition is a mechanism of resilience for children in poverty. In sum, "optimal" brain function depends in part on the external pressures children face, highlighting the need for more diverse samples in research on the human brain and behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ellwood-Lowe, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitfield-Gabrieli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bunge, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.29.124297</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[What is an adaptive pattern of brain activity for a child? It depends on their environment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.30.125864v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A hydraulic instability drives the cell death decision in the nematode germline 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.30.125864v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oocytes are large and resourceful. During oogenesis some germ cells grow, typically at the expense of others that undergo apoptosis. How germ cells are selected to live or die out of a homogeneous population remains unclear. Here we show that this cell fate decision in C. elegans is mechanical and related to tissue hydraulics. Germ cells become inflated when the pressure inside them is lower than in the common cytoplasmic pool. This condition triggers a hydraulic instability which amplifies volume differences and causes some germ cells to grow and others to shrink. Shrinking germ cells are extruded and die, as we demonstrate by reducing germ cell volumes via thermoviscous pumping. Together, this reveals a robust mechanism of mechanochemical cell fate decision making in the germline.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chartier, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfanzelter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Früthauer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larson, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fritsch, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreysing, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Julicher, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grill, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.30.125864</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A hydraulic instability drives the cell death decision in the nematode germline]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.02.128892v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Membrane potential regulates Hedgehog signaling and compartment boundary maintenance in the Drosophila wing disc 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.02.128892v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Drosophila wing imaginal disc is composed of two lineage-restricted populations of cells separated by a smooth boundary. Hedgehog (Hh) from posterior cells activates a signaling pathway in anterior cells near the boundary which is necessary for boundary maintenance. Here, we show that membrane potential is patterned in the wing disc. Anterior cells near the boundary, where Hh signaling is most active, are more depolarized than posterior cells across the boundary. Elevated expression of the ENaC channel Ripped Pocket (Rpk), observed in these anterior cells, requires Hh. Antagonizing Rpk reduces depolarization and disrupts the compartment boundary. Using genetic and optogenetic manipulations, we show that membrane depolarization promotes membrane localization of Smoothened and augments Hh signaling. Thus, membrane depolarization and Hh-dependent signaling mutually reinforce each other in this region. Finally, clones of depolarized cells survive preferentially in the anterior compartment and clones of hyperpolarized cells survive preferentially in the posterior compartment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Emmons-Bell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yasutomi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hariharan, I. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.02.128892</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Membrane potential regulates Hedgehog signaling and compartment boundary maintenance in the Drosophila wing disc]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.02.129825v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Hourglass Circuit Motif Transforms a Motor Program via Subcellularly Localized Calcium Signaling in Muscle 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.02.129825v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural control of muscle function is fundamental to animal behavior. Many muscles can generate multiple distinct behaviors. Nonetheless, individual muscle cells are generally regarded as the smallest units of motor control. We report that muscle cells can alter behavior by contracting subcellularly. We previously discovered that noxious tastes reverse the net flow of particles through the C. elegans pharynx, a neuromuscular pump, resulting in spitting. We now show that spitting results from the subcellular contraction of the anterior region of the pm3 muscle cell. Subcellularly localized calcium increases accompany this contraction. Spitting is controlled by an "hourglass" circuit motif: parallel neural pathways converge onto a single motor neuron that differentially controls multiple muscles and the critical subcellular muscle compartment. We conclude that subcellular muscle units enable modulatory motor control and propose that subcellular muscle contraction is a fundamental mechanism by which neurons can reshape behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sando, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatla, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, E. L. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horvitz, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.02.129825</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Hourglass Circuit Motif Transforms a Motor Program via Subcellularly Localized Calcium Signaling in Muscle]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.03.130740v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionarily related small viral fusogens hijack distinct but modular actin nucleation pathways to drive cell-cell fusion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.03.130740v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fusion-associated small transmembrane (FAST) proteins are a diverse family of non-structural viral proteins that, once expressed on the plasma membrane of infected cells, drive fusion with neighboring cells, increasing viral spread and pathogenicity. Unlike viral fusogens with tall ectodomains that pull two membranes together through conformational changes, FAST proteins have short fusogenic ectodomains that cannot bridge the inter-membrane gap between neighboring cells. One orthoreovirus FAST protein, p14, has been shown to hijack the actin cytoskeleton to drive cell-cell fusion, but the actin adaptor-binding motif identified in p14 is not found in any other FAST protein. Here, we report that an evolutionarily divergent FAST protein, p22 from aquareovirus, also hijacks the actin cytoskeleton but does so through different adaptor proteins, Intersectin-1 and Cdc42, that trigger N-WASP-mediated branched actin assembly. We show that despite using different pathways, the cytoplasmic tails of p22 and p14 can be exchanging to create a potent chimeric fusogen, suggesting they are modular and play similar functional roles. When we replace p22s branched actin nucleator, N-WASP, with the parallel filament nucleator, formin, its ability to drive fusion is maintained, indicating that localized mechanical pressure on the plasma membrane coupled to a membrane-disruptive ectodomain is sufficient to drive cell-cell fusion. This work points to a common biophysical strategy used by FAST proteins to push rather than pull membranes together to drive fusion, one that may be harnessed by other short fusogens responsible for physiological cell-cell fusion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chan, K. M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arthur, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morstein, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlesinger, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Son, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drubin, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fletcher, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.03.130740</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionarily related small viral fusogens hijack distinct but modular actin nucleation pathways to drive cell-cell fusion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.05.132704v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Iron Supplementation Eliminates Antagonistic Interactions Between Root Associated Bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.05.132704v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The rhizosphere microbiome (rhizobiome) plays a critical role in plant health and development. However the processes by which the constituent microbes interact to form and maintain a community are not well understood. To investigate these molecular processes, we examined pairwise interactions between 11 different microbial isolates under selected nutrient-rich and nutrient-limited conditions. We observed that when grown with media supplemented with 56 mM glucose, 2 microbial isolates were able to inhibit the growth of 6 out of 11 other microbes tested. The interaction between microbes persisted even after the antagonistic microbe was removed, upon exposure to spent media. To probe the genetic basis for these antagonistic interactions, we used a barcoded transposon library in a proxy bacterium, Pseudomonas putida, to identify genes which showed enhanced sensitivity to the antagonistic factor(s) secreted by Acinetobacter sp. 02. Iron metabolism-related gene clusters in P. putida were implicated by this systems-level analysis. The supplementation of iron prevented the antagonistic interaction in the original microbial pair supporting the hypothesis that iron limitation drives antagonistic microbial interactions between rhizobionts. We conclude that rhizobiome community composition is influenced by competition for limiting nutrients with implications for growth and development of the plant.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eng, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herbert, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutschbauer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bissell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mortimer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukhopadhyay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.05.132704</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Iron Supplementation Eliminates Antagonistic Interactions Between Root Associated Bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.08.121624v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Topography of speech-related acoustic and phonological feature encoding throughout the human core and parabelt auditory cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.08.121624v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Speech perception involves the extraction of acoustic and phonological features from the speech signal. How those features map out across the human auditory cortex is unknown. Complementary to noninvasive imaging, the high spatial and temporal resolution of intracranial recordings has greatly contributed to recent advances in our understanding. However, these approaches are typically limited by piecemeal sampling of the expansive human temporal lobe auditory cortex. Here, we present a functional characterization of local cortical encoding throughout all major regions of the primary and non-primary human auditory cortex. We overcame previous limitations by using rare direct recordings from the surface of the temporal plane after surgical microdissection of the deep Sylvian fissure between the frontal and temporal lobes. We recorded neural responses using simultaneous high-density direct recordings over the left temporal plane and the lateral superior temporal gyrus, while participants listened to natural speech sentences and pure tone stimuli. We found an anatomical separation of simple spectral feature tuning, including tuning for pure tones and absolute pitch, on the superior surface of the temporal plane, and complex tuning for phonological features, relative pitch and speech amplitude modulations on lateral STG. Broadband onset responses are unique to posterior STG and not found elsewhere in auditory cortices. This onset region is functionally distinct from the rest of STG, with latencies similar to primary auditory areas. These findings reveal a new, detailed functional organization of response selectivity to acoustic and phonological features in speech throughout the human auditory cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hamilton, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oganian, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.08.121624</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Topography of speech-related acoustic and phonological feature encoding throughout the human core and parabelt auditory cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.09.143081v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Idiosyncratic Perception: A Link Between Acuity, Perceived Position, and Apparent Size 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.09.143081v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Perceiving the positions of objects is a prerequisite for most other visual and visuomotor functions, but human perception of object position varies from one individual to the next. The source of these individual differences in perceived position and their perceptual consequences are unknown. Here, we tested whether idiosyncratic biases in the underlying representation of visual space propagate across different levels of visual processing. In Experiment 1, using a position matching task, we found stable, observer-specific compressions and expansions within local regions throughout the visual field. We then measured Vernier acuity (Experiment 2) and perceived size of objects (Experiment 3) across the visual field and found that individualized spatial distortions were closely associated with variations in both visual acuity and apparent object size. Our results reveal idiosyncratic biases in perceived position and size, originating from a heterogeneous spatial resolution that carries across the visual hierarchy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitney, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.09.143081</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Idiosyncratic Perception: A Link Between Acuity, Perceived Position, and Apparent Size]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.10.141671v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High resilience of the mycorrhizal community to prescribed seasonal burnings in a Mediterranean woodland 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.10.141671v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fire effects on ecosystems range from destruction of aboveground vegetation to direct and indirect effects on belowground microorganisms. Although variation in such effects is expected to be related to fire severity, another potentially important and poorly understood factor is the effects of fire seasonality on soil microorganisms. We carried out a large-scale field experiment examining the effects of spring versus autumn burns on the community composition of soil fungi in a typical Mediterranean woodland. Although the intensity and severity of our prescribed burns were largely consistent between the two burning seasons, we detected differential fire season effects on the composition of the soil fungal community, driven by changes in the saprotrophic fungal guild. The community composition of ectomycorrhizal fungi, assayed both in pine seedling bioassays and from soil sequencing, appeared to be resilient to the variation inflicted by seasonal fires. Since changes in the soil saprotrophic fungal community can directly influence carbon emission and decomposition rates, we suggest that regardless of their intensity and severity, seasonal fires may cause changes in ecosystem functioning.

DeclarationsO_ST_ABSFundingC_ST_ABSThis research was co-supported by the United States-Israel Binational Science Foundation (BSF Grant 2012081) and Tel-Hai College.

Conflicts of interest/Competing interestsWe declare no conflicts of interest and that this material has not been submitted for publication elsewhere.

Ethics approvalNot applicable

Consent to participateNot applicable

Consent for publicationNot applicable

Availability of data and materialSequences were submitted to the National Center for Biotechnology Information Sequence Read Archive under accession numbers SRRXXX{square}SRRXXX.

Code availabilityNot applicable

Authors contributionsOO HS TB YO YC conceived and designed the experiment. SSL YA HM AT performed the experiment. SIG provided the pipeline scripts, and guidance in bioinformatics work and analyses. SLL OO HS wrote the paper and analyzed the data, and all authors contributed substantially to revisions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Livne- Luzon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shemesh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osem, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmel, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Migael, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avidan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsafrir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glassman, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruns, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ovadia, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.10.141671</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High resilience of the mycorrhizal community to prescribed seasonal burnings in a Mediterranean woodland]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.11.146902v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cohesin residency determines chromatin loop patterns 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.11.146902v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The organization of chromatin into higher-order structures is essential for chromosome segregation, the repair of DNA-damage, and the regulation of gene expression. Using Micro-C XL to detect chromosomal interactions, we observed the pervasive presence of cohesin-dependent loops with defined positions throughout the genome of budding yeast, as seen in mammalian cells. In early S phase, cohesin stably binds to cohesin associated regions (CARs) genome-wide. Subsequently, positioned loops accumulate with CARs at the bases of the loops. Cohesin regulators Wpl1 and Pds5 alter the levels and distribution of cohesin at CARs, changing the pattern of positioned loops. From these observations, we propose that cohesin with loop extrusion activity is stopped by preexisting CAR-bound cohesins, generating positioned loops. The patterns of loops observed in a population of wild-type and mutant cells can be explained by this mechanism, coupled with a heterogeneous residency of cohesin at CARs in individual cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>costantino, l.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, T.-H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamothe, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darzacq, X. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koshland, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.11.146902</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cohesin residency determines chromatin loop patterns]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.11.147488v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computational Investigation Of Blood Flow And Flow-mediated Transport In Arterial Thrombus Neighborhood 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.11.147488v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A pathologically formed blood clot or thrombus is central to major cardiovascular diseases like heart attack and stroke. Detailed quantitative evaluation of flow and flow-mediated transport processes in the thrombus neighborhood within large artery hemodynamics is crucial for understanding disease progression and assessing treatment efficacy. This, however, remains a challenging task owing to the complexity of pulsatile viscous flow interactions with arbitrary shape and heterogeneous microstructure of realistic thrombi. Here, we address this challenge by conducting a systematic parametric simulation based study on characterizing unsteady hemodynamics and flow-mediated transport in the neighborhood of an arterial thrombus. We use a hybrid particle-continuum based finite element approach to handle arbitrary thrombus shape and microstructural variations. Results from a cohort of 50 different unsteady flow scenarios are presented, including unsteady vortical structures, pressure-gradient across the thrombus boundary, finite time Lyapunov exponents, and dynamic coherent structures that organize advective transport. We clearly illustrate the combined influence of three key parameters - thrombus shape, microstructure, and extent of wall disease - in terms of: (a) determining hemodynamic features in the thrombus neighborhood; and (b) governing the balance between advection, permeation, and diffusion to regulate transport processes in the thrombus neighborhood.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Teeraratkul, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irwin, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadden, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.11.147488</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computational Investigation Of Blood Flow And Flow-mediated Transport In Arterial Thrombus Neighborhood]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.12.051482v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Electromechanics of lipid-modulated gating of Kv channels 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.12.051482v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Experimental studies reveal that anionic lipid POPA and non-phospholipid cholesterol inhibit the gating of voltage-sensitive potassium (Kv) channels at 5-10% molar concentrations. Intriguingly, other anionic lipids similar to POPA, like POPG, have minimal impact on the gating of the same channels for reasons that remain obscure. Our long-timescale atomistic simulations show that POPA preferentially solvates the voltage sensor domains of Kv channels by direct electrostatic interactions between the positively charged arginine and negatively charged phosphate groups. Cholesterol solvates the voltage sensor domains through CH-{pi} interactions between the cholesterol rings and the aromatic side chains of phenylalanine and tyrosine residues. A continuum electromechanical model predicts that POPA lipids may restrict the vertical motion of voltage-sensor domain through direct electrostatic interactions, while cholesterol may oppose the radial motion of the pore domain of the channel by increasing the mechanical rigidity of the membrane. The electromechanical model predictions are consistent with measurements of the activation curves of Kv channels for various lipids. The atomistic simulations also suggest that the solvation due to POPG is much weaker likely due to its bigger head-group size. Thus the channel activity appears to be tied to the local lipid environment, allowing lipids to regulate channel gating in low concentrations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thomas, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandadapu, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agrawal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.12.051482</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Electromechanics of lipid-modulated gating of Kv channels]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.15.152272v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Competitive hierarchies, antibiosis, and the distribution of bacterial life history traits in a microbiome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.15.152272v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbiome manipulation requires an understanding of how species interact within communities. Can outcomes of ecological interactions be predicted from microbial life history traits, the identity of the species, or both? We addressed these questions by studying the competitive interaction network in a community of 40 endophytic Pseudomonas spp. bacterial isolates from a native plant. Pairwise competition experiments revealed competitive dominance of P. fluorescens over P. syringae strains within this microbiome-derived community. P. syringae strains with higher growth rates won more contests, while P. fluorescens strains with shorter lag times and lower growth rates won more contests. Adding to their competitive dominance, P. fluorescens strains often produced antibiotics to which few P. syringae strains were resistant. Many competitive outcomes among P. syringae strains were predicted to be reversed by P. fluorescens inhibitors because indirect benefits accrued to less competitive strains. P. fluorescens strains frequently changed competitive outcomes, suggesting a critical role of strains within this bacterial clade in structuring plant microbiome communities. Microbial traits also may provide a handle for directing the outcome of colonization processes within microbiomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Humphrey, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satterlee, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiteman, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.15.152272</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Competitive hierarchies, antibiosis, and the distribution of bacterial life history traits in a microbiome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.16.155887v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA by multiplex RT-qPCR 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.16.155887v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The current RT-qPCR assay recommended for SARS-CoV-2 testing in the United States requires analysis of three genomic targets per sample: two viral and one host. To simplify testing and reduce the volume of required reagents, we developed a multiplex RT-qPCR assay to detect SARS-CoV-2 in a single reaction. We used existing N1, N2, and RP primer and probe sets by the CDC, but substituted fluorophores to allow multiplexing of the assay. The cycle threshold (Ct) values of our multiplex RT-qPCR were comparable to those obtained by the singleplex assay adapted for research purposes. Low copies (>500 copies / reaction) of SARS-CoV-2 RNA were consistently detected by the multiplex RT-qPCR. Our novel multiplex RT-qPCR improves upon current singleplex diagnostics by saving reagents, costs, time and labor.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kudo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Israelow, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogels, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyllie, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tokuyama, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkataraman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brackney, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ott, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrone, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Earnest, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lapidus, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muenker, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casanovas-Massana, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yale IMPACT Research Team,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dela Cruz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farhadian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grubaugh, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwasaki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.16.155887</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA by multiplex RT-qPCR]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.17.157941v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Life under quartz: Hypolithic mosses in the Mojave Desert 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.17.157941v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Several species of dryland cyanobacteria are known to occur as hypoliths under semi-translucent rocks. In the Mojave Desert, these organisms find refuge from intense solar radiation under milky quartz where moisture persists for a longer period of time than in adjacent soil surface habitat. Desert mosses, which are extremely desiccation-tolerant, can also occur in these hypolithic spaces, though little is known about this unique moss microhabitat and how species composition compares to that of adjacent soil surface communities. To address this question, we deployed microclimate dataloggers and collected moss samples from under and adjacent to 18 milky quartz rocks (quartz mean center thickness 26 {+/-} 15 mm) in a western high elevation Mojave Desert site. Light transmission through Mojave quartz rocks may be as low as 1.2%, and data from microclimate loggers deployed for five months support the hypothesis that quartz provides thermal buffering and higher relative humidity compared to the soil surface. Of the 53 samples collected from hypolith and surface microhabitats, 68% were Syntrichia caninervis, the dominant bryophyte of the Mojave Desert biological soil crust. Tortula inermis accounted for 28% of the samples and 4% were Bryum argenteum. In a comparison of moss community composition, we found that S. caninervis was more likely to be on the soil surface, though it was abundant in both microhabitats, while T. inermis was more restricted to hypoliths, perhaps due to protection from temperature extremes. In our study site, the differences between hypolithic and surface microhabitats enable niche partitioning between T. inermis and S. caninervis, enhancing alpha diversity. This work points to the need to thoroughly consider microhabitats when assessing bryophyte species diversity and modelling species distributions. This focus is particularly important in extreme environments, where mosses may find refuge from the prevailing macroclimatic conditions in microhabitats such as hypoliths.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ekwealor, J. T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.17.157941</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Life under quartz: Hypolithic mosses in the Mojave Desert]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.18.160101v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Measuring the accuracy of gridded human population density surfaces: a case study in Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.18.160101v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Geospatial datasets of population are becoming more common in models used for health policy. Publicly-available maps of human population in sub-Saharan Africa make a consistent picture from inconsistent census data, and the techniques they use to impute data makes each population map unique. Each mapping model explains its methods, but it can be difficult to know which map is appropriate for which policy work. Gold-standard census datasets, where available, are a unique opportunity to characterize maps by comparing them with truth. We use census data from Bioko Island, in Equatorial Guinea, to evaluate LandScan (LS), WorldPop (WP), and the High-Resolution Settlement Layer (HRSL). Each layer is compared to the gold-standard using statistical measures to evaluate distribution, error, and bias. We investigated how map choice affects burden estimates from a malaria prevalence model. Specific population layers were able to match the gold-standard distribution at different population densities. LandScan was able to most accurately capture highly urban distribution, HRSL matched best at all other lower population densities and WorldPop performed poorly everywhere. Correctly capturing empty pixels is key, and smaller pixel sizes (100 m vs 1 km) improve this. Normalizing areas based on known district populations increased performance. The use of differing population layers in a malaria model showed a disparity in results around transition points between endemicity levels. The metrics in this paper, some of them novel in this context, characterize how these population maps differ from the gold standard census and from each other. We show that the metrics help understand the performance of a population map within a malaria model. The closest match to the census data would combine LandScan within urban areas and the HRSL for rural areas. Researchers should prefer particular maps if health calculations have a strong dependency on knowing where people are not, or if it is important to categorize variation in density within a city.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fries, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolgert, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerra, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hay, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oyono, J. N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donfack, O. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nfumu, J. O. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.18.160101</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Measuring the accuracy of gridded human population density surfaces: a case study in Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.19.160630v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Assessing uncertainty in the rooting of the SARS-CoV-2 phylogeny 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.19.160630v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The rooting of the SARS-CoV-2 phylogeny is important for understanding the origin and early spread of the virus. Previously published phylogenies have used different rootings that do not always provide consistent results. We investigate several different strategies for rooting the SARS-CoV-2 tree and provide measures of statistical uncertainty for all methods. We show that methods based on the molecular clock tend to place the root in the B clade, while methods based on outgroup rooting tend to place the root in the A clade. The results from the two approaches are statistically incompatible, possibly as a consequence of deviations from a molecular clock or excess back-mutations. We also show that none of the methods provide strong statistical support for the placement of the root in any particular edge of the tree. Our results suggest that inferences on the origin and early spread of SARS-CoV-2 based on rooted trees should be interpreted with caution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pipes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huelsenbeck, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.19.160630</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Assessing uncertainty in the rooting of the SARS-CoV-2 phylogeny]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.22.154963v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dot1L interacts with Zc3h10 to activate UCP1 transcription and promote thermogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.22.154963v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brown adipose tissue is a metabolically beneficial organ capable of dissipating chemical energy into heat, thereby increasing energy expenditure. Here, we identify Dot1L, the only known H3K79 methyltransferase, as an interacting partner of Zc3h10 that transcriptionally activates the UCP1 promoter and other BAT genes. Through a direct interaction, Dot1L is recruited by Zc3h10 to the promoter regions of thermogenic genes to function as a coactivator by methylating H3K79. We also show that Dot1L is induced during brown fat cell differentiation and by cold exposure and that Dot1L and its H3K79 methyltransferase activity is required for thermogenic gene program. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Dot1L ablation in mice using UCP1-Cre prevents activation of UCP1 and other target genes to reduce thermogenic capacity and energy expenditure, promoting adiposity. Hence, Dot1L plays a critical role in the thermogenic program and may present as a future target for obesity therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viscarra, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dempersmier, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sul, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.22.154963</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dot1L interacts with Zc3h10 to activate UCP1 transcription and promote thermogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.23.168070v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineering a virus-like particle to display peptide insertions using an apparent fitness landscape 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.23.168070v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Peptide insertions in the primary sequence of proteins expand functionality by introducing new binding sequences, chemical handles, or membrane disrupting motifs. With these properties, proteins can be engineered as scaffolds for vaccines or targeted drug delivery vehicles. Virus-like particles (VLPs) are promising platforms for these applications since they are genetically simple, mimic viral structure for cell uptake, and can deliver multiple copies of a therapeutic agent to a given cell. Peptide insertions in the coat protein of VLPs can increase VLP uptake in cells by increasing cell binding, but it is difficult to predict how an insertion affects monomer folding and higher order assembly. To this end, we have engineered the MS2 VLP using a high-throughput technique, called Systematic Mutagenesis and Assembled Particle Selection (SyMAPS). In this work, we applied SyMAPS to investigate a highly mutable loop in the MS2 coat protein to display 9,261 non-native tripeptide insertions. This library generates a discrete map of three amino acid insertions permitted at this location, validates the FG loop as a valuable position for peptide insertion, and illuminates how properties such as charge, flexibility, and hydrogen bonding can interact to preserve or disrupt capsid assembly. Taken together, the results highlight the potential to engineer VLPs in systematic manner, paving the way to exploring the applications of peptide insertions in biomedically relevant settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tullman-Ercek, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartman, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ikwuagwu, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francis, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.23.168070</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineering a virus-like particle to display peptide insertions using an apparent fitness landscape]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.24.167908v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generation of a DAT-Flp mouse line for intersectional genetic targeting of dopamine neuron subpopulations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.24.167908v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dopamine neurons project to diverse regions throughout the brain to modulate various brain processes and behaviors. It is increasingly appreciated that dopamine neurons are heterogeneous in their gene expression, circuitry, physiology, and function. Current approaches to target dopamine neurons are largely based on single gene drivers, which either label all dopamine neurons, or mark a sub-set but concurrently label non-dopaminergic neurons. Here we establish a novel mouse line in which Flp recombinase is knocked-in to the endogenous Slc6a3 (dopamine active transporter, DAT) locus. DAT-Flp mice can be used with various Cre-expressing mouse lines to efficiently and selectively label dopaminergic subpopulations using Cre/Flp-dependent intersectional strategies. We demonstrate the utility of this approach by crossing DAT-Flp mice with NEX-Cre mice, to specifically label Neurod6-expressing dopamine neurons that project to the nucleus accumbens medial shell. DAT-Flp mice represent a novel tool, which will help parse the diverse functions mediated by dopaminergic circuits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kramer, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosillo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedmann, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stafford, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A. Y.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hockemeyer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bateup, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.24.167908</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generation of a DAT-Flp mouse line for intersectional genetic targeting of dopamine neuron subpopulations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.24.169359v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synthesis of higher order feature codes through stimulus-specific supra-linear summation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.24.169359v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How cortical circuits build representations of complex objects is poorly understood. The massive dimensional expansion from the thalamus to the primary sensory cortex may enable sparse, comprehensive representations of higher order features to facilitate object identification. To generate such a code, cortical neurons must integrate broadly over space, yet simultaneously obtain sharp tuning to specific stimulus features. The logic of cortical integration that may synthesize such a sparse, high dimensional code for complex features is not known. To address this question, we probed the integration and population coding of higher order stimuli in the somatosensory and visual cortices of awake mice using two-photon calcium imaging across cortical layers. We found that somatosensory and visual cortical neurons sum highly specific combinations of sensory inputs supra-linearly, but integrate other inputs sub-linearly, leading to selective responses to higher order features. This integrative process generates a sparse, but comprehensive code for complex stimuli from the earliest stages of cortical processing. These results from multiple sensory modalities imply that input-specific supra-linear summation may represent a widespread cortical mechanism for the synthesis of higher order feature codes. This new mechanism may explain how the brain exploits the thalamocortical expansion of dimensionality to encode arbitrary complex features of sensory stimuli.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lyall, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mossing, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pluta, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adesnik, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.24.169359</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synthesis of higher order feature codes through stimulus-specific supra-linear summation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.24.170084v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transporter genes in biosynthetic gene clusters predict metabolite characteristics and siderophore activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.24.170084v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) are operonic sets of microbial genes that synthesize specialized metabolites with diverse functions, including siderophores and antibiotics, which often require export to the extracellular environment. For this reason, genes for transport across cellular membranes are essential for the production of specialized metabolites, and are often genomically co-localized with BGCs. Here we conducted a comprehensive computational analysis of transporters associated with characterized BGCs. In addition to known exporters, in BGCs we found many importer-specific transmembrane domains that co-occur with substrate binding proteins possibly for uptake of siderophores or metabolic precursors. Machine learning models using transporter gene frequencies were predictive of known siderophore activity, molecular weights, and a measure of lipophilicity (log P) for corresponding BGC-synthesized metabolites. Transporter genes associated with BGCs were often equally or more predictive of metabolite features than biosynthetic genes. Given the importance of siderophores as pathogenicity factors, we used transporters specific for siderophore BGCs to identify both known and uncharacterized siderophore-like BGCs in genomes from metagenomes from the infant and adult gut microbiome. We find that 23% of microbial genomes from the infant gut have siderophore-like BGCs, but only 3% of those assembled from adult gut microbiomes do. While siderophore-like BGCs from the infant gut are predominantly associated with Enterobactericaee and Staphylococcus, siderophore-like BGCs can be identified from taxa in the adult gut microbiome that have rarely been recognized for siderophore production. Taken together, these results show that consideration of BGC-associated transporter genes can inform predictions of specialized metabolite structure and function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Crits-Christoph, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olm, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.24.170084</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transporter genes in biosynthetic gene clusters predict metabolite characteristics and siderophore activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.25.170886v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Subsurface carbon monoxide oxidation capacity revealed through genome-resolved metagenomics of a carboxydotroph 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.25.170886v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial communities play important roles in the biogeochemical cycling of carbon in the Earths deep subsurface. Previously, we demonstrated changes to the microbial community structure of a deep aquifer (1.4 km) receiving 150 tons of injected supercritical CO2 (scCO2) in a geosequestration experiment. The observed changes support a key role in the aquifer microbiome for the thermophilic CO-utilising anaerobe Carboxydocella, which decreased in relative abundance post-scCO2 injection. Here, we present results from more detailed metagenomic profiling of this experiment, with genome resolution of the native carboxydotrophic Carboxydocella. We demonstrate a switch in CO-oxidation potential by Carboxydocella through analysis of its carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (CODH) gene before and after the geosequestration experiment. We discuss the potential impacts of scCO2 on subsurface flow of carbon and electrons from oxidation of the metabolic intermediate carbon monoxide (CO).

Originality-Significance StatementThe research conducted in this study is associated with one of the worlds largest demonstrations of carbon geosequestration - The Cooperative Research Centre for Greenhouse Gas Technologies Otway Project (Victoria, Australia). Our results expand the ecology of CO-utilising microbes to include the terrestrial deep subsurface through genome-resolved metagenomics of an aquifer-native carboxydotroph.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreau, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.25.170886</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Subsurface carbon monoxide oxidation capacity revealed through genome-resolved metagenomics of a carboxydotroph]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.26.174144v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ceramic Packaging in Neural Implants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.26.174144v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The lifetime of neural implants is strongly dependent on packaging due to the aqueous and biochemically aggressive nature of the body. Over the last decade, there has been a drive towards neuromodulatory implants which are wireless and approaching millimeter-scales with increasing electrode count. A so-far unrealized goal for these new types of devices is an in-vivo lifetime comparable to a sizable fraction of a healthy patient’s lifetime (&gt;10-20 years). Existing, approved medical implants commonly encapsulate components in metal enclosures (e.g. titanium) with brazed ceramic inserts for electrode feedthrough. It is unclear how amenable the traditional approach is to the simultaneous goals of miniaturization, increased channel count, and wireless communication. Ceramic materials have also played a significant role in traditional medical implants due to their dielectric properties, corrosion resistance, biocompatibility, and high strength, but are not as commonly used for housing materials due to their brittleness and the difficulty they present in creating complex housing geometries. However, thin film technology has opened new opportunities for ceramics processing. Thin films derived largely from the semiconductor industry can be deposited and patterned in new ways, have conductivities which can be altered during manufacturing to provide conductors as well as insulators, and can be used to fabricate flexible substrates. In this review, we give an overview of packaging for neural implants, with an emphasis on how ceramic materials have been utilized in medical device packaging, as well as how ceramic thin film micromachining and processing may be further developed to create truly reliable, miniaturized, neural implantsCompeting Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maharbiz, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.26.174144</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ceramic Packaging in Neural Implants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.26.174334v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure of the Bacterial Ribosome at 2 A Resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.26.174334v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Continuing advances in cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) demonstrate the promise it holds for revealing biological structures at chemical resolution, in which noncovalent interactions, RNA and protein modifications, and solvation can be modeled accurately. At present, the best cryo-EM-derived models of the bacterial ribosome are of the large (50S) ribosomal subunit with effective global resolutions of 2.4-2.5 [A], based on map-to-model Fourier shell correlation (FSC). Here we present a model of the E. coli 70S ribosome with an effective global resolution of 2.0 [A], based on maps showcasing unambiguous positioning of residues, their detailed chemical interactions, and chemical modifications. These modifications include the first examples of isopeptide and thioamide backbone substitutions in ribosomal proteins, the former of which is likely conserved in all domains of life. The model also defines extensive solvation of the small (30S) ribosomal subunit for the first time, as well as interactions with A-site and P-site tRNAs, mRNA, and the antibiotic paromomycin. The high quality of the maps now allows a deeper phylogenetic analysis of ribosomal components, and identification of structural conservation to the level of solvation. The maps and models of the bacterial ribosome presented here should enable future structural analysis of the chemical basis for translation, and the development of robust tools for cryo-EM structure modeling and refinement.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Watson, Z. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meheust, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ad, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schepartz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cate, J. H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.26.174334</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure of the Bacterial Ribosome at 2 A Resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.27.175679v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide CRISPRi/a screens in human neurons link lysosomal failure to ferroptosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.27.175679v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell transcriptomics provide a systematic map of gene expression in different human cell types. The next challenge is to systematically understand cell-type specific gene function. The integration of CRISPR-based functional genomics and stem cell technology enables the scalable interrogation of gene function in differentiated human cells. Here, we present the first genomewide CRISPR interference and CRISPR activation screens in human neurons.

We uncover pathways controlling neuronal response to chronic oxidative stress, which is implicated in neurodegenerative diseases. Unexpectedly, knockdown of the lysosomal protein prosaposin strongly sensitizes neurons, but not other cell types, to oxidative stress by triggering the formation of lipofuscin, a hallmark of aging, which traps iron, generating reactive oxygen species and triggering ferroptosis. We also determine transcriptomic changes in neurons following perturbation of genes linked to neurodegenerative diseases. To enable the systematic comparison of gene function across different human cell types, we establish a data commons named CRISPRbrain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abarientos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hashemi, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nalls, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singleton, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faghri, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kampmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.27.175679</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide CRISPRi/a screens in human neurons link lysosomal failure to ferroptosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.29.173815v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Perturbation robustness analyses reveal important parameters in variant interpretation pipelines 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.29.173815v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationGenome sequencing is being used routinely in clinical and research applications, but subsequent variant interpretation pipelines can vary widely. A systematic approach for exploring parameter choices and selection plays an important role in designing robust pipelines for specific clinical applications.

ResultsWe present a framework to be applied in scenarios with limited data whereby expert knowledge informs pipeline refinement. Starting from initial reference variant interpretation pipelines with commonly used parameters, we derived pipelines by perturbing the parameters one by one to determine which parameters can yield meaningful changes in a pipelines performance. We updated the reference pipeline by fixing the value of parameters which have small impact on the pipelines performance. Then we conducted new rounds of perturbation as the process converged, yielding a stable pipeline which is robust. We applied the framework for genetic disease prediction in de-identified exomes from a cohort of 138 individuals with rare Mendelian inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs) and systematically explored how perturbing different parameters affected the pipelines sensitivity and specificity. For this application, we perturbed commonly used parameters in variant interpretation pipelines, including choices of genes, variant callers, transcript models, databases of allele frequencies, databases of curated disease variants, and tools for variant impact prediction. Our analyses showed that choice of variant callers, variant impact prediction tools, MAF threshold, and MAF databases can meaningfully alter results from a pipeline. This work informs the development of exome analysis pipelines designed for newborn metabolic disorder screening and suggests the general application of perturbation analysis in genome interpretation pipeline design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adhikari, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sunderam, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kvale, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Currier, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallagher, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwok, P.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puck, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinivasan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.29.173815</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Perturbation robustness analyses reveal important parameters in variant interpretation pipelines]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.01.182980v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The UPRmt Preserves Mitochondrial Import to Extend Lifespan 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.01.182980v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryThe mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) is dedicated to promote mitochondrial proteostasis and is linked to extreme longevity in worms, flies, and mice. The key regulator of this process is the transcription factor, ATFS-1. In the absence of mitochondrial stress, ATFS-1 is transported to the mitochondria and degraded. During conditions of mitochondrial stress, ATFS-1 is excluded from the mitochondria and enters the nucleus to regulate the expression of UPRmt genes. However, there exists a dichotomy in regards to induction of the UPRmt and mitochondrial import. The repair proteins synthesized as a direct result of UPRmt activation must be transported into damaged mitochondria that had previously excluded ATFS-1 due to reduced import efficiency. To address this conundrum, we analyzed the role of the import machinery under conditions where the UPRmt was induced. Using in vitro biochemical assays of mitochondrial import and in vivo analysis of mitochondrial proteins, we surprisingly find that the efficiency of mitochondrial import increases when the UPRmt is activated in an ATFS-1 dependent manner, even though membrane potential is reduced. The import machinery is upregulated at the transcription and translation level, and intact import machinery is essential for UPRmt-mediated increase and lifespan extension. With age, import capacity decreases, and activation of the UPRmt delays this decline and increases longevity. Finally, we find that ATFS-1 has a significantly weaker mitochondrial targeting sequence (MTS), allowing for dynamic subcellular localization during the initial stages of UPRmt activation.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durieux, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolff, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dillin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.01.182980</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The UPRmt Preserves Mitochondrial Import to Extend Lifespan]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.01.183327v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptome analysis of alternative splicing-coupled nonsense-mediated mRNA decay in human cells reveals broad regulatory potential 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.01.183327v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To explore the regulatory potential of nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) coupled with alternative splicing, we globally surveyed the transcripts targeted by this pathway via RNA-Seq analysis of HeLa cells in which NMD had been inhibited. We identified putative NMD-targeted transcripts as those with a termination codon more than 50 nucleotides upstream of an exon-exon junction (premature termination as defined by the ‘50nt rule’) and that significantly increased in abundance upon NMD inhibition. We additionally controlled for potential transcriptional up-regulation by requiring the putative NMD targets to increase in abundance substantially more than the isoforms from the same gene that do not contain a premature termination codon. This resulted in a conservative set of 2,793 transcripts derived from 2,116 genes as physiological NMD targets (9.2% of expressed transcripts and &gt;20% of alternatively spliced genes). Our analysis identified previously inferred unproductive isoforms and numerous heretofore-uncharacterized ones. NMD-targeted transcripts were derived from genes involved in many functional categories, and are particularly enriched for RNA splicing genes as well as for those harboring ultraconserved elements. By investigating the features of all transcripts impacted by NMD, we find that the 50nt rule is a strong predictor of NMD degradation while 3’ UTR length on its own generally has only a small effect in this human cell line. Additionally, thousands more transcripts without a premature termination codon in the main coding sequence contain a uORF and display significantly increased abundance upon NMD inhibition indicating potentially widespread regulation through decay coupled with uORF translation. Our results support that alternative splicing coupled with NMD is a prevalent post-transcriptional mechanism in human cells with broad potential for biological regulation.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>French, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lloyd, J. P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.01.183327</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptome analysis of alternative splicing-coupled nonsense-mediated mRNA decay in human cells reveals broad regulatory potential]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.04.187971v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Understanding the Unique Advantage of Adolescents in Stochastic, Volatile Environments: Combining Reinforcement Learning and Bayesian Inference 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.04.187971v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During adolescence, youth venture out, explore the wider world, and are challenged to learn how to navigate novel and uncertain environments. We investigated whether adolescents are uniquely adapted to this transition, compared to younger children and adults. In a stochastic, volatile reversal-learning task with a sample of 291 participants aged 8-30, we found that adolescents outperformed both younger and older participants. We developed two independent cognitive models, based on Reinforcement learning (RL) and Bayesian inference (BI). The RL parameter for learning from negative outcomes and the BI parameters specifying participants mental models peaked closest to optimal in adolescents, suggesting a central role in adolescent cognitive processing. By contrast, persistence and noise parameters improved monotonously with age. We distilled the insights of RL and BI using principal component analysis and found that three shared components interacted to form the adolescent performance peak: adult-like behavioral quality, child-like time scales, and developmentally-unique processing of positive feedback. This research highlights adolescence as a neurodevelopmental window that may be specifically adapted for volatile and uncertain environments. It also shows how detailed insights can be gleaned by using cognitive models in new ways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eckstein, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Master, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahl, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilbrecht, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, A. G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.04.187971</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Understanding the Unique Advantage of Adolescents in Stochastic, Volatile Environments: Combining Reinforcement Learning and Bayesian Inference]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.04.188060v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional analysis of the fatty acid and alcohol metabolism of Pseudomonas putida using RB-TnSeq 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.04.188060v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ABSTRACTWith its ability to catabolize a wide variety of carbon sources and a growing engineering toolkit, Pseudomonas putida KT2440 is emerging as an important chassis organism for metabolic engineering. Despite advances in our understanding of this organism, many gaps remain in our knowledge of the genetic basis of its metabolic capabilities. These gaps are particularly noticeable in our understanding of both fatty acid and alcohol catabolism, where many paralogs putatively coding for similar enzymes co-exist making biochemical assignment via sequence homology difficult. To rapidly assign function to the enzymes responsible for these metabolisms, we leveraged Random Barcode Transposon Sequencing (RB-TnSeq). Global fitness analyses of transposon libraries grown on 13 fatty acids and 10 alcohols produced strong phenotypes for hundreds of genes. Fitness data from mutant pools grown on varying chain length fatty acids indicated specific enzyme substrate preferences, and enabled us to hypothesize that DUF1302/DUF1329 family proteins potentially function as esterases. From the data we also postulate catabolic routes for the two biogasoline molecules isoprenol and isopentanol, which are catabolized via leucine metabolism after initial oxidation and activation with CoA. Because fatty acids and alcohols may serve as both feedstocks or final products of metabolic engineering efforts, the fitness data presented here will help guide future genomic modifications towards higher titers, rates, and yields.IMPORTANCE To engineer novel metabolic pathways into P. putida, a comprehensive understanding of the genetic basis of its versatile metabolism is essential. Here we provide functional evidence for the putative roles of hundreds of genes involved in the fatty acid and alcohol metabolism of this bacterium. These data provide a framework facilitating precise genetic changes to prevent product degradation and channel the flux of specific pathway intermediates as desired.Competing Interest StatementJ.D.K. has financial interests in Amyris, Lygos, Demetrix, Napigen, Maple Bio, and Apertor Labs. C.B.E has a financial interest in Perlumi Chemicals.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thompson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Incha, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharpless, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eiben, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruz-Morales, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blake-Hedges, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haushalter, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishna, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lichtner, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blank, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukhopadhyay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutschbauer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keasling, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.04.188060</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional analysis of the fatty acid and alcohol metabolism of Pseudomonas putida using RB-TnSeq]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.04.188128v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Co-expressed subunits of dual genetic origin define a conserved supercomplex mediating essential protein import into chloroplasts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.04.188128v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In photosynthetic eukaryotes, thousands of proteins are translated in the cytosol and imported into the chloroplast through the concerted action of two translocons — termed TOC and TIC — located in the outer and inner membranes of the chloroplast envelope, respectively. The degree to which the molecular composition of the TOC and TIC complexes is conserved over phylogenetic distances has remained controversial. Here, we combine transcriptomic, biochemical, and genetic tools in the green alga Chlamydomonas (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii) to demonstrate that, despite a lack of evident sequence conservation for some of its components, the algal TIC complex mirrors the molecular composition of a TIC complex from Arabidopsis thaliana. The Chlamydomonas TIC complex contains three nuclear-encoded subunits, Tic20, Tic56 and Tic100, and one chloroplast-encoded subunit, Tic214, and interacts with the TOC complex, as well as with several uncharacterized proteins to form a stable supercomplex (TicToc), indicating that protein import across both envelope membranes is mechanistically coupled. Expression of the nuclear and chloroplast genes encoding both known and the here newly identified TicToc components is highly coordinated, suggesting that a mechanism for regulating its biogenesis across compartmental boundaries must exist. Conditional repression of Tic214, the only chloroplast-encoded subunit in the TicToc complex, impairs the import of chloroplast proteins with essential roles in chloroplast ribosome biogenesis and protein folding and induces a pleiotropic stress response, including several proteins involved in the chloroplast unfolded protein response. These findings underscore the functional importance of the TicToc supercomplex in maintaining chloroplast proteostasis.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ramundo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asakura, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salomé, P. A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strenkert, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boone, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackinder, L. C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takafuji, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinc, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahire, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crèvecoeur, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magneschi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaad, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hippler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonikas, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merchant, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rochaix, J.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walter, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.04.188128</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Co-expressed subunits of dual genetic origin define a conserved supercomplex mediating essential protein import into chloroplasts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.08.194019v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unlocking the Predictive Power of Heterogeneous Data to Build an Operational Dengue Forecasting System 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.08.194019v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Predicting an infectious disease can help reduce its impact by advising public health interventions and personal preventive measures. While availability of heterogeneous data streams and sensors such as satellite imagery and the Internet have increased the opportunity to indirectly measure, understand, and predict global dynamics, the data may be prohibitively large and/or require intensive data management while also requiring subject matter experts to properly exploit the data sources (e.g., deriving features from fundamentally different data sets). Few efforts have quantitatively assessed the predictive benefit of novel data streams in comparison to more traditional data sources, especially at fine spatio-temporal resolutions. We have combined multiple traditional and non-traditional data streams (satellite imagery, Internet, weather, census, and clinical surveillance data) and assessed their combined ability to predict dengue in Brazils 27 states on a weekly and yearly basis over seven years. For each state, we nowcast dengue based on several time series models, which vary in complexity and inclusion of exogenous data. We also predict yearly cumulative risk by municipality and state. The top-performing model and utility of predictive data varies by state, implying that forecasting and nowcasting efforts in the future may be made more robust by and benefit from the use of multiple data streams and models. One size does not fit all, particularly when considering state-level predictions as opposed to the whole country. Our first-of-its-kind high resolution flexible system for predicting dengue incidence with heterogeneous (and still sometimes sparse) data can be extended to multiple applications and regions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carrie  A Manore</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geoffrey Fairchild</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amanda Ziemann</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nidhi Parikh</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katherine Kempfert</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaitlyn Martinez</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauren Castro</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David Osthus</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amir Siraj</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jessica Conrad</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>E Nicholas Generous</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sara Del Valle</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.08.194019</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unlocking the Predictive Power of Heterogeneous Data to Build an Operational Dengue Forecasting System]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.10.190785v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intraspecies diversity reveals a subset of highly variable plant immune receptors and predicts their binding sites 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.10.190785v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Evolution of recognition specificities by the immune system depends on the generation of receptor diversity, and connecting binding of new antigens with initiation of downstream signalling. In plant immunity, these functions are enabled by the family of innate Nucleotide-Binding Leucine Rich Repeat (NLR) receptors. In this paper we surveyed the NLR complements of 62 ecotypes of Arabidopsis thaliana and 54 lines of Brachypodium distachyon and identified a limited number of NLR subfamilies responsible for generation of new receptor specificities. We show that the predicted specificity-determining residues cluster on the surfaces of Leucine Rich Repeat domains, but the location of the clusters varies between NLR subfamilies. By comparing NLR phylogeny, allelic diversity, and known functions of the Arabidopsis NLRs, we formulate a hypothesis for emergence of direct and indirect pathogen sensing receptors, and of the autoimmune NLRs. These findings reveal the recurring patterns of evolution of innate immunity and inform NLR engineering efforts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Daniil M Prigozhin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ksenia V Krasileva</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.10.190785</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intraspecies diversity reveals a subset of highly variable plant immune receptors and predicts their binding sites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.11.198689v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole-Proteome Tree of Arthropods: An "alignment-free" phylogeny of proteome "books" 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.11.198689v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An "organism tree" of insects, the largest and most species-diverse group of all living animals, can be considered as a conceptual tree to capture a simplified narrative of the complex evolutionary courses of the extant insects. Currently, the most common approach has been to construct a "protein tree", as a surrogate for the organism tree, by Multiple Sequence Alignment (MSA) of highly homologous regions of a set of select proteins to represent each organism. However, such selected regions account for a very small fraction of the whole-proteome of each organism.

Information Theory provides a method of comparing two sets of all proteins, two whole-proteomes, without MSA: By treating each whole-proteome sequence as a "book" of amino acid alphabets, the information contents of two whole-proteomes can be quantitatively compared using the text comparison method of the theory, without sequence alignment, providing an opportunity to construct a "whole-proteome tree" of insects as a surrogate for an organism tree of insects.

A whole-proteome tree of the insects in this study shows that: (a) all the founders of the major groups of the insects have emerged in an explosive "burst" near the root of the tree, (b) the most basal group of all the insects is a subgroup of Hemiptera consisting of aphids and psyllids, and (c) there are other notable differences in the phylogeny of the groups compared to those of the recent protein trees of insects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>JaeJin Choi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byung-Ju Kim</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sung-Hou Kim</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.11.198689</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole-Proteome Tree of Arthropods: An "alignment-free" phylogeny of proteome "books"]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.11.198721v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impact of genetic susceptibility to multiple sclerosis on the T cell epigenome: proximal and distal effects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.11.198721v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We establish a genome-wide map of DNA methylation quantitative trait locus (mQTL) effects in CD4+ T cells isolated from multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Utilizing this map in a colocalization analysis, we identify 19 loci where the same haplotype drives both MS susceptibility and local (cis-) DNA methylation. We also identify two distant (trans-) mQTL effects of MS susceptibility loci: (1) a chromosome 16 MS locus affects PRDM8 methylation (a chromosome 4 region not previously associated with MS susceptibility), and (2) the aggregate effect of MS variants in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC, chromosome 6) influences DNA methylation near PRKCA on chromosome 17. Both effects are replicated in independent samples. Overall, we present a new methylome-wide mQTL resource for a key cell type in inflammatory disease research, uncover functional consequences of MS susceptibility variants, including the convergence of MHC risk alleles onto a new gene target involved in predisposition to MS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tina Roostaei</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hans-Ulrich Klein</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel Felsky</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pia Kivisakk</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarah M. Connor</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandra Kroshilina</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christina Yung</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yiyi Ma</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belinda J. Kaskow</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiaorong Shao</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooke Rhead</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia Liu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikolaos Patsopoulos</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lisa F. Barcellos</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard L. Weiner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philip L. De Jager</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.11.198721</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impact of genetic susceptibility to multiple sclerosis on the T cell epigenome: proximal and distal effects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.12.198150v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chemoproteomics-Enabled Ligand Screening Yields Covalent RNF114-Based Degraders that Mimic Natural Product Function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.12.198150v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The translation of natural product function to fully synthetic small molecules has remained an important process in medicinal chemistry for decades resulting in numerous FDA-approved medicines. We recently discovered that the terpene natural product nimbolide can be utilized as a covalent recruiter of the E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF114 for use in targeted protein degradation (TPD) - a powerful therapeutic modality within modern day drug discovery. Using activity-based protein profiling-enabled covalent ligand screening approaches, we herein report the discovery of fully synthetic RNF114-based recruiter molecules that can also be exploited for PROTAC applications, and demonstrate their utility in degrading therapeutically relevant targets such as BRD4 and BCR-ABL in cells. The identification of simple and easily manipulated drug-like scaffolds that can mimic the function of a complex natural product is beneficial in further expanding the toolbox of E3 ligase recruiters, an area of great importance in drug discovery and chemical biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mai Luo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jessica N Spradlin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott M Brittain</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffery M McKenna</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John A Tallarico</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markus Schirle</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas J Maimone</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel K Nomura</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.12.198150</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chemoproteomics-Enabled Ligand Screening Yields Covalent RNF114-Based Degraders that Mimic Natural Product Function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.13.194282v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unexpected diversity of CPR bacteria and nanoarchaea in the rare biosphere of rhizosphere-associated grassland soil 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.13.194282v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Candidate Phyla Radiation (CPR) bacteria and nanoarchaea populate most ecosystems, but are rarely detected in soil. We concentrated particles less than 0.2 m from grassland soil, enabling targeted metagenomic analysis of these organisms, which are almost totally unexplored in soil. We recovered a diversity of CPR bacteria and some nanoarchaea sequences, but no sequences from other cellular organisms. The sampled sequences include Doudnabacteria (SM2F11) and Pacearchaeota, organisms not previously reported in soil, as well as Saccharibacteria, Parcubacteria and Microgenomates. CPR and DPANN (an acronym of the names of the first included archaea phyla) enrichments of 100-1000-fold were achieved compared to bulk soil, in which we estimate these organisms comprise about 1 to 100 cells per gram of soil. Like most CPR and DPANN sequenced to date, we predict these microorganisms live symbiotic, anaerobic lifestyles. However, Saccharibacteria, Parcubacteria, and Doudnabacteria genomes sampled here also encode ubiquinol oxidase operons that may have been acquired from other bacteria, likely during adaptation to aerobic soil environments. We posit that although present at low abundance, CPR bacteria and DPANN archaea could impact overall soil microbial community function by modulating host organism abundances and activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nicolas, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuccio, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taga, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firestone, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.13.194282</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unexpected diversity of CPR bacteria and nanoarchaea in the rare biosphere of rhizosphere-associated grassland soil]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.14.194407v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-additive polygenic models improve predictions of fitness traits in three eukaryote model species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.14.194407v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To describe a living organism it is often said that "the whole is greater than the sum of its parts". In genetics, we may also think that the effect of multiple mutations on an organism is greater than their additive individual effect, a phenomenon called epistasis or multiplicity. Despite the last decades discovery that many disease- and fitness-related traits are polygenic, or controlled by many genetic variants, it is still debated whether the effects of individual genes combine additively or not. Here we develop a flexible likelihood framework for genome-wide associations to fit complex traits such as fitness under both additive and non-additive polygenic architectures. Analyses of simulated datasets under different true additive, multiplicative, or other epistatic models, confirm that our method can identify global non-additive selection. Applying the model to experimental datasets of wild type lines of Arabidopsis thaliana, Drosophila melanogaster, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we find that fitness is often best explained with non-additive polygenic models. Instead, a multiplicative polygenic model appears to better explain fitness in some experimental environments. The statistical models presented here have the potential to improve prediction of phenotypes, such as disease susceptibility, over the standard methods for calculating polygenic scores which assume additivity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Exposito-Alonso, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilton, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.14.194407</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-additive polygenic models improve predictions of fitness traits in three eukaryote model species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.14.203257v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Grand Budapest Hotel: an fMRI dataset in response to a socially-rich, naturalistic movie 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.14.203257v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Naturalistic stimuli evoke strong, consistent, and information-rich patterns of brain activity, and engage large extents of the human brain. They allow researchers to compare highly similar brain responses across subjects, and to study how complex representations are encoded in brain activity. Here, we describe and share a dataset where 25 subjects watched part of the feature film "The Grand Budapest Hotel" by Wes Anderson. The movie has a large cast with many famous actors. Throughout the story, the camera shots highlight faces and expressions, which are fundamental to understand the complex narrative of the movie. This movie was chosen to sample brain activity specifically related to social interactions and face processing. This dataset provides researchers with fMRI data that can be used to explore social cognitive processes and face processing, adding to the existing neuroimaging datasets that sample brain activity with naturalistic movies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Visconti di Oleggio Castello, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chauhan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiahui, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gobbini, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.14.203257</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Grand Budapest Hotel: an fMRI dataset in response to a socially-rich, naturalistic movie]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.15.205070v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Raf promotes dimerization of the Ras G-domain with increased allosteric connections 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.15.205070v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ras dimerization is critical for Raf activation, yet Ras alone does not dimerize. Here we show that the Ras binding domain of Raf (Raf-RBD) induces robust Ras dimerization at low surface densities on supported lipid bilayers and, to a lesser extent, in solution as observed by size exclusion chromatography and confirmed by SAXS. Community network analysis based on molecular dynamics (MD) simulations show robust allosteric connections linking the two Raf-RBD D113 residues, located in the Galectin scaffold protein binding site of each Raf-RBD molecule and 85 [A] apart on opposite ends of the dimer complex. Our results suggest that Raf-RBD binding and Ras dimerization are concerted events that lead to a high-affinity signaling complex at the membrane that we propose is an essential unit in the macromolecular assembly of higher order Ras/Raf/Galectin complexes important for signaling through the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Packer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cookis, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guterres, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hossain, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donnelly, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agar, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makowski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buck, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groves, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattos, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.15.205070</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Raf promotes dimerization of the Ras G-domain with increased allosteric connections]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.15.205450v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ultradian Rhythms in Heart Rate Variability and Distal Body TemperatureAnticipate the Luteinizing Hormone Surge Onset 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.15.205450v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human menstrual cycle is characterized by predictable patterns of physiological change across timescales, yet non-invasive anticipation of key events is not yet possible at individual resolution. Although patterns of reproductive hormones across the menstrual cycle have been well characterized, monitoring these measures repeatedly to anticipate the preovulatory luteinizing hormone (LH) surge is not practical for fertility awareness. In the present study, we explored whether non-invasive and high frequency measures of distal body temperature (DBT), sleeping heart rate (HR), sleeping heart rate variability (HRV), and sleep timing could be used to anticipate the preovulatory LH surge in women. To test this possibility, we used signal processing to examine these measures across the menstrual cycle. Cycles were examined from both pre- (n=45 cycles) and perimenopausal (n=10 cycles) women using days of supra-surge threshold LH and dates of menstruation for all cycles. For a subset of cycles, urinary estradiol and progesterone metabolites were measured daily around the time of the LH surge. Wavelet analysis revealed a consistent inflection point of ultradian rhythm (2-5 h) power of DBT and HRV that enabled anticipation of the LH surge at least 2 days prior to its onset in 100% of individuals. In contrast, the power of ultradian rhythms in heart rate, circadian rhythms in body temperature, and metrics of sleep duration and sleep timing were not predictive of the LH surge. Together, the present findings reveal fluctuations in distal body temperature and heart rate variability that consistently anticipate the LH surge and may aid in fertility awareness.

Key PointsO_LIUltradian (2-5 h) rhythm power of distal body temperature and heart rate variability (RMSSD) exhibits a stereotyped inflection point and peak in the days leading up to the LH surge in premenopausal women.
C_LIO_LICircadian rhythms of distal body temperature and single time-point/day metrics do not permit anticipation of the LH surge.
C_LIO_LIMeasurement of continuous metabolic and autonomic outputs, enabling assessment of ultradian rhythms, may be of value to the fertility awareness method.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grant, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kriegsfeld, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.15.205450</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ultradian Rhythms in Heart Rate Variability and Distal Body TemperatureAnticipate the Luteinizing Hormone Surge Onset]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.16.205609v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Re-exposure to a sensorimotor perturbation produces opposite effects on explicit and implicit learning processes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.16.205609v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The motor system demonstrates an exquisite ability to adapt to changes in the environment, and to quickly reset when these changes prove transient. If similar environmental changes are encountered in the future, learning may be faster, a phenomenon known as savings. In studies of sensorimotor learning, a central component of savings is attributed to the explicit recall of the task structure and appropriate compensatory strategies. Whether implicit adaptation also contributes to savings remains subject to debate (Leow et al., 2020; Yin and Wei, 2020). We tackled this question by measuring, in parallel, explicit and implicit adaptive responses in a visuomotor rotation task, employing a protocol that typically elicits savings. While the initial rate of learning was faster in the second exposure to the perturbation, an analysis decomposing the two processes showed the benefit to be solely associated with explicit re-aiming. Surprisingly, we found a significant decrease after relearning in aftereffect magnitudes during no-feedback trials, a direct measure of implicit adaptation. In a second experiment, we isolated implicit adaptation using clamped visual feedback, a method known to eliminate the contribution of explicit learning processes. Consistent with the results of the first experiment, participants exhibited a marked reduction in the adaptation function, as well as an attenuated aftereffect when re-learning from the clamped feedback. Motivated by these results, we re-analyzed data from prior studies and observed a consistent, yet unappreciated pattern of attenuation of implicit adaptation during relearning. These results indicate that explicit and implicit sensorimotor processes exhibit opposite effects upon relearning: Explicit learning shows savings, while implicit adaptation becomes attenuated.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Avraham, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morehead, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.16.205609</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Re-exposure to a sensorimotor perturbation produces opposite effects on explicit and implicit learning processes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.16.206474v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The risk of Xylella fastidiosa outbreaks will decrease in the Mediterranean olive-producing regions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.16.206474v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The bacterium Xylella fastidiosa (Xf) is a worldwide distributed invasive insect-borne plant pathogen, which causes lethal diseases to many economically-important crops including olives, citrus, almonds and grapes as well as numerous forest, ornamental, and uncultivated plants. The Mediterranean basin is the top supplier of olive oil with 93% of the world production and is consequently highly concerned about the recent invasion of Xf in Europe. Recently, bioeconomic models estimated putative losses induced by the spread of Xf across the European olive-producing area ranging from 1.9 to 5.2 billion euros over 50 years; however, such models did not take into account the insect vectors, which constitute a key driver of Xf spread. In the present study, we used bioclimatic species distribution models to predict the current and future climate suitability of the Mediterranean area for the main efficient or putative transmitters of Xf to olive (i.e. Philaenus spumarius, Neophilaenus campestris and Aphrophora alni). An important part of the total extent of the Mediterranean olive-producing area, mainly situated in southern Spain, Turkey and Greece, is predicted as currently poorly suitable for these vector species. Moreover, models forecast that nearly the totality of the Mediterranean olive-producing regions will likely become climatically little suitable for these vectors by 2050 due to climate change. In Europe, Xf outbreaks have occurred so far only in localities predicted as climatically suitable for these main vector species (e.g. the Apulia region of Italy) while the areas predicted as poorly suitable are still apparently Xf-free, which suggests that climate tolerances of vectors might play a main role in shaping Xf outbreaks patterns. This pattern highlights the crucial necessity of accounting for vectors when assessing risk of Xf outbreaks, and when considering vector-borne diseases in general. The risk maps presented here will have important practical application for the optimization of current and future strategies to control Xf in the Mediterranean region.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Godefroid, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morente, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schartel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornara, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purcell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallego, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>moreno lozano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fereres, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.16.206474</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The risk of Xylella fastidiosa outbreaks will decrease in the Mediterranean olive-producing regions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.16.206755v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A pentameric protein ring with novel architecture is required for herpesviral packaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.16.206755v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome packaging in large double-stranded DNA viruses requires a powerful molecular motor to force the viral genome into nascent capsids. This process appears mechanistically similar in two evolutionarily distant viruses, the herpesviruses and the tailed bacteriophages, which infect different kingdoms of life. While the motor and mechanism as a whole are thought to be conserved, accessory factors that influence packaging are divergent and poorly understood, despite their essential roles. An accessory factor required for herpesviral packaging is encoded by ORF68 in the oncogenic virus Kaposis sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), whose homolog in Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) is BFLF1. Here, we present structures of both KSHV ORF68 and EBV BFLF1, revealing that these proteins form a highly similar homopentameric ring. The central channel of this ring is positively charged, and we demonstrate that this region of KSHV ORF68 binds double-stranded DNA. Mutation of individual positively charged residues within but not outside the channel ablates DNA binding, and in the context of KSHV infection these mutants fail to package the viral genome or produce progeny virions. Thus, we propose a model in which ORF68 facilitates the transfer of newly replicated viral genomes to the packaging motor.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Didychuk, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gates, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardner, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strong, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaunsinger, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.16.206755</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A pentameric protein ring with novel architecture is required for herpesviral packaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.16.207365v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early acquisition of conserved, lineage-specific proteins currently lacking functional predictions were central to the rise and diversification of archaea 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.16.207365v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent genomic analyses of Archaea have profoundly reshaped our understanding of their distribution, functionalities and roles in eukaryotic evolution. Within the domain, major supergroups are Euryarchaeota, which includes many methanogens, the TACK, which includes Thaumarchaeaota that impact ammonia oxidation in soils and the ocean, the Asgard, which includes lineages inferred to be ancestral to eukaryotes, and the DPANN, a group of mostly symbiotic small-celled archaea. Here, we investigated the extent to which clustering based on protein family content recapitulates archaeal phylogeny and identified the proteins that distinguish the major subdivisions. We also defined 10,866 archaeal protein families that will serve as a community resource. Clustering based on these families broadly recovers the archaeal phylogenetic tree. Interestingly, all major groups are distinguished primarily by the presence of families of conserved hypothetical proteins that are either novel or so highly diverged that their functions are obscured. Given that these hypothetical proteins are near ubiquitous within phyla, we conclude that they were important in the origin of most of the major archaeal lineages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meheust, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castelle, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.16.207365</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early acquisition of conserved, lineage-specific proteins currently lacking functional predictions were central to the rise and diversification of archaea]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.17.209189v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeted Genome Editing of Bacteria Within Microbial Communities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.17.209189v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Knowledge of microbial gene functions comes from manipulating the DNA of individual species in isolation from their natural communities. While this approach to microbial genetics has been foundational, its requirement for culturable microorganisms has left the majority of microbes and their interactions genetically unexplored. Here we describe a generalizable methodology for editing the genomes of specific organisms within a complex microbial community. First, we identified genetically tractable bacteria within a community using a new approach, Environmental Transformation Sequencing (ET-Seq), in which non-targeted transposon integrations were mapped and quantified following community delivery. ET-Seq was repeated with multiple delivery strategies for both a nine-member synthetic bacterial community and a ~200-member microbial bioremediation community. We achieved insertions in 10 species not previously isolated and identified natural competence for foreign DNA integration that depends on the presence of the community. Second, we developed and used DNA-editing All-in-one RNA-guided CRISPR-Cas Transposase (DART) systems for targeted DNA insertion into organisms identified as tractable by ET-Seq, enabling organism- and locus-specific genetic manipulation within the community context. These results demonstrate a strategy for targeted genome editing of specific organisms within microbial communities, establishing a new paradigm for microbial manipulation relevant to research and applications in human, environmental, and industrial microbiomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rubin, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diamond, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cress, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crits-Christoph, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smock, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owens, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnappa, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachdeva, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutschbauer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.17.209189</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeted Genome Editing of Bacteria Within Microbial Communities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.19.210948v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenetic conflict on a degenerating Y chromosome increases mutational burden in Drosophila males 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.19.210948v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large portions of eukaryotic genomes consist of transposable elements (TEs), and the establishment of transcription-repressing heterochromatin during early development safeguards genome integrity in Drosophila. Repeat-rich Y chromosomes can act as reservoirs for TEs ( toxic Y effect), and incomplete epigenomic defenses during early development can lead to deleterious TE mobilization. Here, we contrast the dynamics of early TE activation in two Drosophila species with vastly different Y chromosomes of different age. Zygotic TE expression is elevated in male embryos relative to females in both species, mostly due to expression of Y-linked TEs. Interestingly, male-biased TE misexpression diminishes across development in D. pseudoobscura, but remains elevated in D. miranda, the species with the younger and larger Y chromosome. The repeat-rich Y of D. miranda still contains many actively transcribed genes, which compromise the formation of silencing heterochromatin. Elevated TE expression results in more de novo insertions of repeats in males compared to females. This lends support to the idea that the  toxic Y chromosome can create a mutational burden in males when genome-wide defense mechanisms are compromised, and suggests a previously unappreciated epigenetic conflict on evolving Y chromosomes between transcription of essential genes and silencing of selfish DNA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wei, K. H.- C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibilisco, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bachtrog, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.19.210948</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenetic conflict on a degenerating Y chromosome increases mutational burden in Drosophila males]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.21.214528v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Toxic Y chromosome: increased repeat expression and age-associated heterochromatin loss in male Drosophila with a young Y chromosome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.21.214528v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sex-specific differences in lifespan are prevalent across the tree of life and influenced by heteromorphic sex chromosomes. In species with XY sex chromosomes, females often outlive males. Males and females can differ in their overall repeat content due to the repetitive Y chromosome, and repeats on the Y might lower survival of the heterogametic sex (toxic Y effect). Here, we take advantage of the well-assembled young Y chromosome of Drosophila miranda to study the sex-specific dynamics of chromatin structure and repeat expression during aging in male and female flies. Male D. miranda have about twice as much repetitive DNA compared to females, and live shorter than females. Heterochromatin is crucial for silencing of repetitive elements, yet old D. miranda flies lose H3K9me3 modifications in their pericentromere, with heterochromatin loss being more severe during aging in males than females. Satellite DNA becomes de-repressed more rapidly in old vs. young male flies relative to females. In contrast to what is observed in D. melanogaster, we find that transposable elements (TEs) are expressed at higher levels in male D. miranda throughout their life. We show that epigenetic silencing via heterochromatin formation is ineffective on the large TE- rich neo-Y chromosome, resulting in up-regulation of Y-linked TEs already in young males. This is consistent with an interaction between the age of the Y chromosome and the genomic effects of aging. Our data support growing evidence that "toxic Y chromosomes" can diminish male fitness and a reduction in heterochromatin can contribute to sex-specific aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bachtrog, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.21.214528</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Toxic Y chromosome: increased repeat expression and age-associated heterochromatin loss in male Drosophila with a young Y chromosome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.21.214783v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial patterns in phage-Rhizobium coevolutionary interactions across regions of common bean domestication 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.21.214783v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteriophages play significant roles in the composition, diversity, and evolution of bacterial communities. Despite their importance, it remains unclear how phage diversity and phage-host interactions are spatially structured. Local adaptation may play a key role. Nitrogen-fixing symbiotic bacteria, known as rhizobia, have been shown to locally adapt to domesticated common bean at its Mesoamerican and Andean sites of origin. This may affect phage-rhizobium interactions. However, knowledge about the diversity and coevolution of phages with their respective Rhizobium populations is lacking. Here, through the study of four phage-Rhizobium communities in Mexico and Argentina, we show that both phage and host diversity is spatially structured. Cross-infection experiments demonstrated that phage infection rates were higher overall in sympatric rhizobia than in allopatric rhizobia except for one Argentinean community, indicating phage local adaptation and host maladaptation. Phage-host interactions were shaped by the genetic identity and geographic origin of both the phage and the host. The phages ranged from specialists to generalists, revealing a nested network of interactions. Our results suggest a key role of local adaptation to resident host bacterial communities in shaping the phage genetic and phenotypic composition, following a similar spatial pattern of diversity and coevolution to that in the host.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Van Cawenberghe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santamaria, R. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustos, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juarez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ducci, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleming, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Etcheverry, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.21.214783</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial patterns in phage-Rhizobium coevolutionary interactions across regions of common bean domestication]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.22.215970v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coupling between lipid miscibility and phosphotyrosine driven protein condensation at the membrane 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.22.215970v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lipid miscibility phase separation has long been considered to be a central element of cell membrane organization. More recently, protein condensation phase transitions, into three-dimensional droplets or in two-dimensional lattices on membrane surfaces, have emerged as another important organizational principle within cells. Here, we reconstitute the LAT:Grb2:SOS protein condensation on the surface of giant unilamellar vesicles capable of undergoing lipid phase separations. Our results indicate that assembly of the protein condensate on the membrane surface can drive lipid phase separation. This phase transition occurs isothermally and is governed by tyrosine phosphorylation on LAT. Furthermore, we observe that the induced lipid phase separation drives localization of the SOS substrate, K-Ras, into the LAT:Grb2:SOS protein condensate.

Statement of SignificanceProtein condensation phase transitions are emerging as an important organizing principles in cells. One such condensate plays a key role in T cell receptor signaling. Immediately after receptor activation, multivalent phosphorylation of the adaptor protein LAT at the plasma membrane leads to networked assembly of a number of signaling proteins into a two-dimensional condensate on the membrane surface. In this study, we demonstrate that LAT condensates in reconstituted vesicles are sufficient to drive lipid phase separation. This lipid reorganization drives another key downstream signaling molecule, Ras, into the LAT condensates. These results show that the LAT condensation phase transition, which is actively controlled by phosphorylation reactions, extends its influence to control lipid phase separation in the underlying membrane.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chung, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, W. Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carbone, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nocka, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parikh, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vale, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groves, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.22.215970</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coupling between lipid miscibility and phosphotyrosine driven protein condensation at the membrane]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.27.222976v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell transcriptomics of the Drosophila wing disc reveals instructive epithelium-to-myoblast interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.27.222976v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In both vertebrates and invertebrates, generating a functional appendage requires interactions between ectoderm-derived epithelia and mesoderm-derived cells. To investigate such interactions, we used single-cell transcriptomics to generate a cell atlas of the Drosophila wing disc at two time points during development. Using these data, we investigate gene expression using a multi-layered model of the wing disc and catalogued ligand-receptor pairs that could mediate signaling between epithelial cells and adult muscle precursors (AMPs). We found that localized expression of the FGF ligands, Thisbe and Pyramus, in the disc epithelium regulates the number and location of the AMPs. In addition, Hedgehog ligand from the epithelium activates a specific transcriptional program within adjacent AMP cells, which is critical for proper formation of a subset of the direct flight muscles. More generally, our annotated atlas provides a global view of potential cell-cell interactions between subpopulations of epithelial and myogenic cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Everetts, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worley, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yasutomi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hariharan, I. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.27.222976</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell transcriptomics of the Drosophila wing disc reveals instructive epithelium-to-myoblast interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.27.223917v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CelLEVITAS: Label-free, rapid sorting and enrichment of live cells via magnetic levitation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.27.223917v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sorting methods that remove non-viable cells and debris, while retaining a high yield of viable cells, are crucial for many applications in biotechnology, genomics, tissue engineering and medicine. However, a significant challenge is gentle sorting of these different cell states based on very minute differences in density and magnetic signatures, without relying on any labels, tags or markers. Here, a new magnetic levitation-based technology, CelLEVITAS, is developed for the label-free sorting and enrichment of live cells. This work reports the first use of magnetic levitation for sorting of viable and non-viable cells within a microfluidic device and demonstrates extremely effective removal of dead cells and debris from heterogeneous samples. First, the levitation conditions for separating viable and non-viable cells under a magnetic field were fine-tuned. Levitation trajectories of live and dead cell states were then monitored in real-time, as cells magnetically focused to their corresponding levitation bands. CelLEVITAS successfully sorted and enriched live cells from a variety of input cell concentrations (100-200,000 cells/mL) and a variety of input purities (10-50%) into consistently high output purities (>80%). This method is sensitive, does not impair cell viability during sorting, and significantly increases the input sample viability up to 7-fold. Overall, this new magnetic levitation-based sorting strategy drastically reduces the processing time to a single-step, 30-minute sorting protocol and eliminates the manual pre-processing and labeling steps that are required for traditional flow cytometry techniques.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chin, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogut, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durmus, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.27.223917</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CelLEVITAS: Label-free, rapid sorting and enrichment of live cells via magnetic levitation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.27.224246v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Low Dose Lead Exposure Induces Alterations on Heterochromatin Hallmarks Persisting Through SH-SY5Y Cell Differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.27.224246v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lead (Pb) is a commonly found heavy metal due to its historical applications. Recent studies have associated the early-life Pb exposure with the onset of various neurodegenerative disease. The molecular mechanisms of Pb conferring long-term neurotoxicity, however, is yet to be elucidated. In this study, we explored the persistency of alteration in epigenetic marks that arise from exposure to low dose of Pb using a combination of image-based and gene expression analysis. Using SH-SY5Y as a model cell line, we observed significant alterations in global 5-methycytosine (5mC) and histone 3 lysine 27 tri-methylation (H3K27me3) and histone 3 lysine 9 tri-methylation (H3K9me3) levels in a dose-dependent manner immediately after Pb exposure. The changes are partially associated with alterations in epigenetic enzyme expression levels. Long term culturing (14 days) after cease of exposure revealed persistent changes in 5mC, partial recovery in H3K9me3 and overcompensation in H3K27me3 levels. The observed alterations in H3K9me3 and H3K27me3 are reversed after neuronal differentiation, while reduction in 5mC levels are amplified with significant changes in patterns as identified via texture clustering analysis. Moreover, correlation analysis demonstrates a strong positive correlation between trends of 5mC alteration after differentiation and neuronal morphology. Collectively, our results suggest that exposure to low dose of Pb prior to differentiation can result in persistent epigenome alterations that can potentially be responsible for observed phenotypic changes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freeman, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.27.224246</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Low Dose Lead Exposure Induces Alterations on Heterochromatin Hallmarks Persisting Through SH-SY5Y Cell Differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.28.216440v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinctiveness of genes contributing to growth of Pseudomonas syringae in diverse host plant species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.28.216440v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A variety of traits are necessary for bacterial colonization of the interior of plant hosts, including well-studied virulence effectors as well as other phenotypes contributing to bacterial growth and survival within the apoplast. High-throughput methods such as transposon sequencing (TnSeq) are powerful tools to identify such genes in bacterial pathogens. However, there is little information as to the distinctiveness of traits required for bacterial colonization of different hosts. Here, we utilize randomly barcoded TnSeq (RB-TnSeq) to identify the genes that contribute to the ability of Pseudomonas syringae strain B728a to grow within common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus), and pepper (Capsicum annuum); species representing two different plant families. The magnitude of contribution of most genes to apoplastic fitness in each of the plant hosts was similar. However, 50 genes significantly differed in their fitness contributions to growth within these species. These genes encoded proteins in various functional categories including polysaccharide synthesis and transport, amino acid metabolism and transport, cofactor metabolism, and phytotoxin synthesis and transport. Six genes that encoded unannotated, hypothetical proteins also contributed differentially to growth in these hosts. The genetic repertoire of a relatively promiscuous pathogen such as P. syringae may thus be shaped, at least in part, by the conditional contribution of some fitness determinants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Helmann, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutschbauer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindow, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.28.216440</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinctiveness of genes contributing to growth of Pseudomonas syringae in diverse host plant species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.29.226050v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular classification of zebrafish retinal ganglion cells links genes to cell types to behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.29.226050v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) form an array of feature detectors, which convey visual information to central brain regions. Characterizing RGC diversity is required to understand the logic of the underlying functional segregation. Using single-cell transcriptomics, we systematically classified RGCs in adult and larval zebrafish, thereby identifying marker genes for at least 33 stable and transient cell types. We used this dataset to engineer transgenic driver lines, enabling experimental access to specific RGC types. Strikingly, expression of one or few transcription factors often predicts dendrite morphologies and axonal projections to specific tectal layers and extratectal targets. In vivo calcium imaging revealed that molecularly defined RGCs exhibit highly specific functional tuning. Finally, chemogenetic ablation of eomesa+ RGCs, which comprise melanopsin-expressing types with projections to a small subset of central targets, selectively impaired phototaxis. Together, our study establishes a framework for systematically studying the functional architecture of the visual system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kölsch, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hahn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sappington, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stemmer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandes, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helmbrecht, T. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lele, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butrus, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurell, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold-Ammer, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shekhar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baier, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.29.226050</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular classification of zebrafish retinal ganglion cells links genes to cell types to behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.31.229583v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel therapeutic targets to mitigate early neuronal dysfunction and cognitive deficits in tauopathy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.31.229583v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tauopathies are a group of more than twenty known disorders that involve progressive neurodegeneration, cognitive decline, and pathological tau accumulation. Current therapeutic strategies provide only limited, late-stage symptomatic treatment. This is partly due to lack of understanding of the molecular mechanisms linking tau and cellular dysfunction, especially during the early stages of disease progression. In this study, we treated early stage tau transgenic mice with a multi-target kinase inhibitor to identify novel substrates that contribute to cognitive impairment and exhibit therapeutic potential. Drug treatment significantly ameliorated brain atrophy and cognitive function as determined by behavioral testing and a sensitive imaging technique called manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MEMRI) with quantitative R1 mapping. Surprisingly, these benefits occurred despite unchanged hyperphosphorylated tau levels. To elucidate the mechanism behind these improved cognitive outcomes, we performed quantitative proteomics to determine the altered protein network during this early stage in tauopathy and compare this model with the human AD proteome. We identified a cluster of preserved pathways shared with human tauopathy with striking potential for broad multi-target kinase intervention. We further report high confidence candidate proteins as novel therapeutically relevant targets for the treatment of tauopathy.

One Sentence SummaryMulti-target kinase inhibition rescues cognitive function in early stage tauopathy mice and reverses proteomic shifts common to Alzheimers disease in humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koren, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamm, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cloyd, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontaine, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chishti, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanzillotta, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Domenico, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seyfried, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duong, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandsburger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartz, A. M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koren, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Axten, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laping, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abisambra, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.31.229583</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel therapeutic targets to mitigate early neuronal dysfunction and cognitive deficits in tauopathy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.31.229682v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cohesin in space and time: architecture and oligomerization in vivo. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.31.229682v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cohesin helps mediate sister chromatid cohesion, chromosome condensation, DNA repair and transcription regulation. Cohesin can tether two regions of DNA and can also extrude DNA loops. We interrogated cohesin architecture, oligomerization state and function of cohesin oligomers in vivo through proximity-dependent labeling of cohesin domains. Our results suggest that the hinge and head domains of cohesin both bind DNA, and that cohesin coiled coils bend, bringing the head and hinge together to form a butterfly conformation. Our data also suggest that cohesin efficiently oligomerizes on and off DNA. The levels of oligomers and their distribution on chromosomes are cell cycle regulated. Cohesin oligomerization is blocked by mutations in distinct domains of Smc3p and Mcd1p, or depletion of Pds5p. This unusual subset of mutations specifically blocks the maintenance of cohesion and condensation, suggesting that cohesin oligomerization plays a critical role in these biological functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xiang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koshland, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.31.229682</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cohesin in space and time: architecture and oligomerization in vivo.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.02.232934v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inferring Adaptive Introgression Using Hidden Markov Models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.02.232934v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adaptive introgression - the flow of adaptive genetic variation between species or populations - has attracted significant interest in recent years and it has been implicated in a number of cases of adaptation, from pesticide resistance and immunity, to local adaptation. Despite this, methods for identification of adaptive introgression from population genomic data are lacking. Here, we present Ancestry_HMM-S, a Hidden Markov Model based method for identifying genes undergoing adaptive introgression and quantifying the strength of selection acting on them. Through extensive validation, we show that this method performs well on moderately sized datasets for realistic population and selection parameters. We apply Ancestry_HMM-S to a dataset of an admixed Drosophila melanogaster population from South Africa and we identify 17 loci which show signatures of adaptive introgression, four of which have previously been shown to confer resistance to insecticides. Ancestry_HMM-S provides a powerful method for inferring adaptive introgression in datasets that are typically collected when studying admixed populations. This method will enable powerful insights into the genetic consequences of admixture across diverse populations. Ancestry_HMM-S can be downloaded from https://github.com/jesvedberg/Ancestry_HMM-S/.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Svedberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shchur, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbett-Detig, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.02.232934</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inferring Adaptive Introgression Using Hidden Markov Models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.02.233056v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Efficient population modification gene-drive rescue system in the malaria mosquito Anopheles stephensi 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.02.233056v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The development of Cas9/gRNA-mediated gene-drive systems has bolstered the advancement of genetic technologies for controlling vector-borne pathogen transmission. These include population suppression approaches, genetic analogs of insecticidal techniques that reduce the number of vector insects, and population modification (replacement/alteration) approaches, which interfere with competence to transmit pathogens. We developed a recoded gene-drive rescue system for population modification in the malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi, that relieves the load in females caused by integration of the drive into the kynurenine hydroxylase gene by rescuing its function. Non-functional resistant alleles are eliminated via a dominantly-acting maternal effect combined with slower-acting standard negative selection, and a functional resistant allele does not prevent drive invasion. Small cage trials show that single releases of gene-drive males robustly result in efficient population modification with [&ge;]95% of mosquitoes carrying the drive within 5-11 generations over a range of initial release ratios.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adolfi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gantz, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jasinskiene, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bulger, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramaiah, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terradas, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emerson, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bier, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.02.233056</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Efficient population modification gene-drive rescue system in the malaria mosquito Anopheles stephensi]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.04.236703v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Controlling the false discovery rate in GWAS with population structure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.04.236703v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present a comprehensive statistical framework to analyze data from genome-wide association studies of polygenic traits, producing distinct and interpretable discoveries while controlling the false discovery rate. This approach leverages sophisticated multivariate models, correcting for linkage disequilibrium, and accounts for population structure and relatedness, adapting to the characteristics of the samples at hand. A key element is the recognition that the observed genotypes can be considered as a random sample from an appropriate model, encapsulating our knowledge of genetic inheritance and human populations. This allows us to generate imperfect copies (knockoffs) of these variables which serve as ideal negative controls; knockoffs are indistinguishable from the original genotypes in distribution, and independent from the phenotype. In sharp contrast with state-of-the-art methods, the validity of our inference in no way depends on assumptions about the unknown relation between genotypes and phenotype. We develop and leverage a model for the genotypes that accounts for arbitrary and unknown population structure, which may be due to diverse ancestries or familial relatedness. We build a pipeline that is robust to the most prominent possible confounders, facilitating the discovery of causal variants. Validity and effectiveness are demonstrated by extensive simulations with real data, as well as by the analysis of several phenotypes in the UK Biobank. Finally, fast software is made available for researchers to apply the proposed methodology to Biobank-scale data sets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sesia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bates, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Candes, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchini, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabatti, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.04.236703</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Controlling the false discovery rate in GWAS with population structure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.07.242214v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fast and Flexible Estimation of Effective Migration Surfaces 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.07.242214v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An important feature in spatial population genetic data is often "isolation-by-distance," where genetic differentiation tends to increase as individuals become more geographically distant. Recently, Petkova et al. (2016) developed a statistical method called Estimating Effective Migration Surfaces (EEMS) for visualizing spatially heterogeneous isolation-by-distance on a geographic map. While EEMS is a powerful tool for depicting spatial population structure, it can suffer from slow runtimes. Here we develop a related method called Fast Estimation of Effective Migration Surfaces (FEEMS). FEEMS uses a Gaussian Markov Random Field in a penalized likelihood framework that allows for efficient optimization and output of effective migration surfaces. Further, the efficient optimization facilitates the inference of migration parameters per edge in the graph, rather than per node (as in EEMS). When tested with coalescent simulations, FEEMS accurately recovers effective migration surfaces with complex gene-flow histories, including those with anisotropy. Applications of FEEMS to population genetic data from North American gray wolves shows it to perform comparably to EEMS, but with solutions obtained orders of magnitude faster. Overall, FEEMS expands the ability of users to quickly visualize and interpret spatial structure in their data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marcus, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barber, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novembre, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.07.242214</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fast and Flexible Estimation of Effective Migration Surfaces]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.10.245258v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Contributions of the Allopolyploid Parents of the Mesopolyploid Brassiceae are Evolutionarily Distinct but Functionally Compatible 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.10.245258v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The members of the tribe Brassiceae share a whole genome triplication (WGT), and one proposed model for its formation is a "two-step" pair of hybridizations producing hexaploid descendants. However, evidence for this model is incomplete, and the evolutionary and functional constraints that drove evolution after the hexaploidy are even less understood. Here we report a new genome sequence of Crambe hispanica, a species sister to most sequenced Brassiceae. Using this new genome and three others that share the hexaploidy, we traced the history of gene loss after the WGT using POInT (the Polyploidy Orthology Inference Tool). We confirm the two-step formation model and infer that there was a significant temporal gap between those two allopolyploidizations, with about a third of the gene losses from the first two subgenomes occurring prior to the arrival of the third. We also, for the 90,000 individual genes in our study, make parental "subgenome" assignments, inferring, with measured uncertainty, which of the progenitor genomes of the allohexaploidy each gene derives from. We further show that each subgenome has a statistically distinguishable rate of homoeolog losses. There is little indication of functional distinction between the three subgenomes: the individual subgenomes show no patterns of functional enrichment, no excess of shared protein-protein or metabolic interactions between their members, and no biases in their likelihood of having experienced a recent selective sweep. We propose a "mix and match" model of allopolyploidy, where subgenome origin drives homoeolog loss propensities but where genes from different subgenomes function together without difficulty.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mabry, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edger, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freeling, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VanBuren, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abrahams, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barry, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daum, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmutz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sankoff, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barker, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyons, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pires, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conant, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.10.245258</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Contributions of the Allopolyploid Parents of the Mesopolyploid Brassiceae are Evolutionarily Distinct but Functionally Compatible]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.10.245514v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovery and biosynthesis of clostyrylpyrones from the obligate an-aerobe Clostridium roseum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.10.245514v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anaerobic bacteria are a promising new source for natural product discovery. Examination of extracts from the obligate anaerobe Clostridium roseum led to discovery of a new family of natural products, the clostyrylpyrones. The polyketide synthase-based biosynthetic mechanism of clostyrylpyrones is further proposed based on bioinformatic, gene knockout, biochemical analysis and heterologous expression studies.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=109 SRC="FIGDIR/small/245514v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (43K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1f24265org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1e51bd7org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@86c761org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@8bd052_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.10.245514</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovery and biosynthesis of clostyrylpyrones from the obligate an-aerobe Clostridium roseum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.12.248955v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Novel Machine Learning Strategy for Prediction of Antihypertensive Peptides Derived from Food with High Efficiency 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.12.248955v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Strategies to screen antihypertensive peptides with high throughput and rapid speed will be doubtlessly contributed to the treatment of hypertension. The food-derived antihypertensive peptides can reduce blood pressure without side effects. In present study, a novel model based on Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) algorithm was developed using the primary structural features of the food-derived peptides, and its performance in the prediction of antihypertensive peptides was compared with the dominating machine learning models. To further reflect the reliability of the method in real situation, the optimized XGBoost model was utilized to predict the antihypertensive degree of k-mer peptides cutting from 6 key proteins in bovine milk and the peptide-protein docking technology was introduced to verify the findings. The results showed that the XGBoost model achieved outstanding performance with the accuracy of 0.9841 and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.9428, which were better than the other models. Using the XGBoost model, the prediction of antihypertensive peptides derived from milk protein was consistent with the peptide-protein docking results, and was more efficient. Our results indicate that using XGBoost algorithm as a novel auxiliary tool is feasible for screening antihypertensive peptide derived from food with high throughput and high efficiency.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.12.248955</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Novel Machine Learning Strategy for Prediction of Antihypertensive Peptides Derived from Food with High Efficiency]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.13.246413v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure of the activated Roq1 resistosome directly recognizing the pathogen effector XopQ 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.13.246413v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plants and animals detect pathogen infection via intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) that directly or indirectly recognize pathogen effectors and activate an immune response. How effector sensing triggers NLR activation remains poorly understood. Here we describe the 3.8 [A] resolution cryo-electron microscopy structure of the activated Roq1, an NLR native to Nicotiana benthamiana with a Toll-like interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain, bound to the Xanthomonas effector XopQ. Roq1 directly binds to both the predicted active site and surface residues of XopQ while forming a tetrameric resistosome that brings together the TIR domains for downstream immune signaling. Our results suggest a mechanism for the direct recognition of effectors by NLRs leading to the oligomerization-dependent activation of a plant resistosome and signaling by the TIR domain.

One Sentence SummaryVisualization of an activated plant immune receptor that triggers the immune response upon pathogen recognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toth, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogales, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staskawicz, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.13.246413</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure of the activated Roq1 resistosome directly recognizing the pathogen effector XopQ]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.14.232587v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Probing nanoscale diffusional heterogeneities in cellular membranes through multidimensional single-molecule and super-resolution microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.14.232587v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diffusion properties notably determine the behavior of biomembranes. Here we report the concurrent nanoscale fine-mapping of membrane topography, diffusivity, and packing order in live mammalian cells through a synergy of single-molecule and super-resolution methods. By identifying a bright, lipophilic fluorescence turn-on probe that enables sustained single-molecule imaging of cellular membranes under stroboscopic excitation, we accumulate the positions and transient displacements of >106 probe molecules to achieve super-resolution topography and diffusivity mapping. We thus determine a trend that the membrane diffusivity drops with increased lipid packing order when comparing the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, plasma membrane, and nanodomains induced by cholera toxin B. Utilizing our nanoscale mapping capability, we further unveil reduced diffusivity in the ER membrane at ER-plasma membrane contact sites. By next integrating spectrally resolved single-molecule imaging, we show this localized diffusion slowdown is not due to altered lipid packing order, but may instead be attributed to local protein crowding. Our integrated multidimensional single-molecule approach thus unveils and differentiates between nanoscale diffusional heterogeneities of different origins in live-cell membranes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.14.232587</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Probing nanoscale diffusional heterogeneities in cellular membranes through multidimensional single-molecule and super-resolution microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.14.245340v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Designing Sub-20 nm Nanocarriers for Small Molecule Delivery: Interplay among Structural Geometry, Assembly Energetics, and Cargo Release Kinetics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.14.245340v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biological constraints in diseased tissues have motivated the need for small nanocarriers (10-30 nm) to achieve sufficient vascular extravasation and pervasive tumor penetration. This particle size limit is only an order of magnitude larger than small molecules, such that cargo loading is better described by co-assembly processes rather than simple encapsulation. Understanding the structural, kinetic, and energetic contributions of carrier-cargo co-assembly is thus critical to achieve molecular-level control and predictable in vivo behavior. These interconnected set of properties were systematically examined using sub-20 nm self-assembled nanocarriers known as three-helix micelles (3HM). Both hydrophobicity and the "geometric packing parameter" dictate small molecule compatibility with 3HMs alkyl tail core. Planar obelisk-like apomorphine and doxorubicin (DOX) molecules intercalated well within the 3HM core and near the core-shell interface, forming an integral component to the co-assembly, as corroborated by small angle X-ray and neutron-scattering structural studies. DOX promoted crystalline alkyl tail ordering, which significantly increased (+63%) the activation energy of 3HM subunit exchange. Subsequently, 3HM-DOX displayed slow-release kinetics (t1/2=40 h) at physiological temperatures, with ~50x greater cargo preference for the micelle core as described by two drug partitioning coefficients (micellar core/shell Kp1 ~24, and shell/bulk solvent Kp2 ~2). The geometric and energetic insights between nanocarrier and their small molecule cargos developed here will aid in broader efforts to deconvolute the interconnected properties of carrier-drug co-assemblies, and to understand nanomedicine behavior throughout all the physical and in vivo processes they are intended to encounter.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jung, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dube, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.14.245340</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Designing Sub-20 nm Nanocarriers for Small Molecule Delivery: Interplay among Structural Geometry, Assembly Energetics, and Cargo Release Kinetics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.14.251314v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Learned adaptive multiphoton illumination microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.14.251314v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiphoton microscopy is a powerful technique for deep in vivo imaging in scattering samples. However, it requires precise, sample-dependent increases in excitation power with depth in order to maintain signal while minimizing photodamage. We show that cells with identical fluorescent labels imaged in situ can be used to train a physics-based machine learning model that solves this problem. After this training has been performed, the correct illumination power can be predicted and adaptively adjusted at each point in a 3D volume on subsequent samples as a function of the samples shape, without the need for specialized fluorescent labelling. We use this technique for in vivo imaging of immune responses in mouse lymph nodes following vaccination, with imaging volumes 2-3 orders of magnitude larger than previously reported. We achieve visualization of physiologically realistic numbers of antigen-specific T cells for the first time, and demonstrate changes in the global organization and motility of dendritic cell networks during the early stages of the immune response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pinkard, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baghdassarian, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mujal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malenica, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shagam, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fries, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krummel, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waller, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.14.251314</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Learned adaptive multiphoton illumination microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.15.252601v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting future regional tau accumulation in asymptomatic and early Alzheimer's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.15.252601v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The earliest stages of Alzheimers disease (AD) involve interactions between multiple pathophysiological processes. Although these processes are well studied, we still lack robust tools to predict individualised trajectories of disease progression. Here, we employ a robust and interpretable machine learning approach to combine multimodal biological data and predict future tau accumulation, translating predictive information from deep phenotyping cohorts at early stages of AD to cognitively normal individuals. In particular, we use machine learning to quantify interactions between key pathological markers ({beta}-amyloid, medial temporal atrophy, tau and APOE 4) at early and asymptomatic stages of AD. We next derive a predictive index that stratifies individuals based on future pathological tau accumulation, highlighting two critical features for optimal clinical trial design. First, future tau accumulation provides a better outcome measure compared to changes in cognition. Second, stratification based on multimodal data compared to {beta}-amyloid alone reduces the sample size required to detect a clinically meaningful change in tau accumulation. Further, we extend our machine learning approach to derive individualised trajectories of future pathological tau accumulation in early AD patients and accurately predict regional future rate of tau accumulation in an independent sample of cognitively unimpaired individuals. Our results propose a robust approach for fine scale stratification and prognostication with translation impact for clinical trial design at asymptomatic and early stages of AD.

One Sentence SummaryOur machine learning approach combines baseline multimodal data to make individualised predictions of future pathological tau accumulation at prodromal and asymptomatic stages of Alzheimers disease with high accuracy and regional specificity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Giorgio, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jagust, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landau, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tino, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kourtzi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ADNI,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.15.252601</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting future regional tau accumulation in asymptomatic and early Alzheimer's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.17.254235v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-Strand DNA Breaks Cause Replisome Disassembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.17.254235v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA damage impedes replication fork progression and threatens genome stability. Upon encounter with most DNA adducts, the replicative CMG helicase (CDC45-MCM2-7-GINS) stalls or uncouples from the point of synthesis, yet CMG eventually resumes replication. However, little is known about the effect on replication of single-strand breaks or "nicks", which are abundant in mammalian cells. Using Xenopus egg extracts, we reveal that CMG collision with a nick in the leading strand template generates a blunt-ended double-strand break (DSB). Moreover, CMG, which encircles the leading strand template, "runs off" the end of the DSB. In contrast, CMG collision with a lagging strand nick generates a broken end with a single-stranded overhang. In this setting, CMG translocates beyond the nick on double-stranded DNA and is then actively removed from chromatin by the p97 ATPase. Our results show that nicks are uniquely dangerous DNA lesions that invariably cause replisome disassembly, and they argue that CMG cannot be deposited on dsDNA while cells resolve replication stress.

HighlightsO_LIThe structures of leading and lagging strand collapsed forks are different
C_LIO_LICMG passively "runs off" the broken DNA end during leading strand fork collapse
C_LIO_LICMG is unloaded from duplex DNA after lag collapse in a p97-dependent manner
C_LIO_LINicks are uniquely toxic lesions that cause fork collapse and replisome disassembly
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vrtis, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dewar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chistol, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.17.254235</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-Strand DNA Breaks Cause Replisome Disassembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.17.254631v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptional Profiling of Identified Neurons in Leech 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.17.254631v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While leeches in the genus Hirudo have long been models for neurobiology, the molecular underpinnings of nervous system structure and function in this group remain largely unknown. To begin to bridge this gap, we performed RNASeq on pools of identified neurons of the central nervous system (CNS): sensory T (touch), P (pressure) and N (nociception) neurons; neurosecretory Retzius cells; and ganglia from which these four cell types had been removed. Bioinformatic analyses identified 2,812 putative genes whose expression differed significantly among the samples. These genes clustered into 7 groups which could be associated with one or more of the identified cell types. We verified predicted expression patterns through in situ hybridization on whole CNS ganglia, and found that orthologous genes were for the most part similarly expressed in a divergent leech genus, suggesting evolutionarily conserved roles for these genes. Transcriptional profiling allowed us to identify candidate phenotype-defining genes from expanded gene families. Thus, we identified one of eight hyperpolarization-activated cyclic-nucleotide gated (HCN) channels as a candidate for mediating the prominent sag current in P neurons, and found that one of five inositol triphosphate receptors (IP3Rs), representing a sub-family of IP3Rs absent from vertebrate genomes, is expressed with high specificity in T cells. We also identified one of two piezo genes, two of ~65 deg/enac genes, and one of at least 16 transient receptor potential (trp) genes as prime candidates for involvement in sensory transduction in the three distinct classes of leech mechanosensory neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Heath-Heckman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winchell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pellegrino, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angstadt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lammardo, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bautista, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Miguel, F. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weisblat, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.17.254631</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptional Profiling of Identified Neurons in Leech]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.17.254771v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A High-Performance Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Biosensor for Imaging Physiological Peroxynitrite 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.17.254771v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Peroxynitrite is a highly reactive nitrogen species (RNS) that plays critical roles in signal transduction, stress response, and numerous human diseases. Advanced molecular tools that permit the selective, sensitive, and non-invasive detection of peroxynitrite is essential for understanding its pathophysiological functions. Here, we present pnGFP-Ultra, a high performance, reaction-based, genetically encodable biosensor for imaging peroxynitrite in live cells. pnGFP-Ultra features a p-boronophenylalanine-modified chromophore as the sensing moiety and exhibits a remarkable 123-fold fluorescence turn-on response towards peroxynitrite while displaying virtually no cross-reaction with other reactive oxygen/nitrogen species, including hydrogen peroxide. To facilitate the expression of pnGFP-Ultra in mammalian cells, we engineered a highly efficient noncanonical amino acid (ncAA) expression system that is broadly applicable to the mammalian expression of proteins containing various ncAAs. pnGFP-Ultra robustly detected peroxynitrite production during interferon {gamma} and lipopolysaccharide-induced immune responses in macrophages, and in amyloid {beta}-activated primary glial cells. Thus, pnGFP-Ultra fills an important technical gap and represents an important new addition to the molecular toolbox in probing RNS biology.

In BriefChen et al. report pnGFP-Ultra, a high-performance fluorescent biosensor for minimally invasive and selective imaging of peroxynitrite production in live cells.

HighlightsO_LIpnGFP-Ultra is a genetically encoded peroxynitrite biosensor with a 123-fold fluorescence turn-on response
C_LIO_LIpnGFP-Ultra exhibits high selectivity toward peroxynitrite, with virtually no crossreaction with hydrogen peroxide
C_LIO_LIAn optimized plasmid-based system increases noncanonical amino acid incorporation in mammalian cells by >10 fold
C_LIO_LIpnGFP-Ultra robustly detects peroxynitrite production in macrophages and primary glial cells
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ai, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.17.254771</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A High-Performance Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Biosensor for Imaging Physiological Peroxynitrite]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.20.256487v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
4 β-hydroxycholesterol is a pro-lipogenic factor that promotes SREBP1c expression and activity through Liver X-receptor. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.20.256487v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oxysterols are oxidized derivatives of cholesterol that play signaling roles in lipid biosynthesis and homeostasis. Here we show that 4{beta}-hydroxycholesterol (4{beta}-HC), a liver and serum abundant oxysterol of poorly defined function, is a potent and selective inducer of the master lipogenic transcription factor, Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 1c (SREBP1c), but not the related steroidogenic transcription factor SREBP2. Mechanistically, 4{beta}-HC acts as a putative agonist for Liver X receptor (LXR), a sterol sensor and transcriptional regulator previously linked to SREBP1c activation. Unique among the oxysterol agonists of LXR, 4{beta}-HC induced expression of the lipogenic program downstream of SREBP1c, and triggered de novo lipogenesis both in primary hepatocytes and in mouse liver. 4{beta}-HC-acted in parallel to insulin-PI3K-dependent signaling to stimulate triglyceride synthesis and lipid droplet accumulation. Thus, 4{beta}-HC is an endogenous regulator of de novo lipogenesis through the LXR-SREBP1c axis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moldavski, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zushin, P.-J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berdan, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Eijkeren, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ory, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Covey, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomura, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stahl, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zoncu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.20.256487</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[4 β-hydroxycholesterol is a pro-lipogenic factor that promotes SREBP1c expression and activity through Liver X-receptor.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.21.262063v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stable isotope informed genome-resolved metagenomics uncovers potential trophic interactions in rhizosphere soil 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.21.262063v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The functioning, health, and productivity of soil is intimately tied to a complex network of interactions, particularly in plant root-associated rhizosphere soil. We conducted a stable isotope-informed, genome-resolved metagenomic study to trace carbon from Avena fatua grown in a 13CO2 atmosphere into soil. We collected paired rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil at six and nine weeks of plant growth and extracted DNA that was then separated by density using gradient centrifugation. Thirty-two fractions from each sample were grouped by density, sequenced, assembled, and binned to generate 55 unique microbial genomes that were >70% complete. The complete 18S rRNA sequences of several micro-eukaryotic bacterivores and fungi were enriched in 13C. We generated several circularized bacteriophage (phage) genomes, some of which were the most labelled entities in the rhizosphere. CRISPR locus targeting connected one of these phage to a Burkholderiales host predicted to be a plant pathogen. Another highly labeled phage is predicted to replicate in a Catenulispora sp., a possible plant growth-promoting bacterium. We searched the genomes for traits known to be used in interactions involving bacteria, micro-eukaryotes and plant roots and found that heavily isotopically-labeled bacteria have the ability to modulate plant signaling hormones, possess numerous plant pathogenicity factors, and produce toxins targeting micro-eukaryotes. Overall, 13C stable isotope-informed genome-resolved metagenomics revealed that very active bacteria often have the potential for strong interactions with plants and directly established that phage can be important agents of turnover of plant-derived carbon in soil.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Starr, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blazewicz, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koch, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Probst, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hungate, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pett-Ridge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firestone, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.21.262063</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stable isotope informed genome-resolved metagenomics uncovers potential trophic interactions in rhizosphere soil]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.21.262246v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential effects of redox conditions on the decomposition of litter and soil organic matter 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.21.262246v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Soil redox conditions exert substantial influence on biogeochemical processes in terrestrial ecosystems. Humid tropical forest soils are often characterized by fluctuating redox dynamics, yet how these dynamics affect patterns in soil versus litter decomposition and associated CO2 fluxes is not well understood. We used a 13C-labeled litter addition to explicitly follow the decomposition of litter-derived vs. native soil-derived organic matter in response to four different soil redox regimes--static oxic or anoxic, and two oscillating treatments--in soil from the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico. We coupled this incubation experiment with high-resolution mass spectrometry to characterize the preferential decomposition of specific classes of organic molecules. CO2 production from litter and soil organic matter (SOM) showed distinctly different responses to redox manipulation. The cumulative production of SOM-derived CO2 was positively correlated with the length of soil exposure to an oxic headspace (r = 0.89, n = 20), whereas cumulative 13C-litter-derived CO2 production was not linked to oxygen availability. The CO2 production rate from litter was highest under static anoxic conditions in the first half of the incubation period, and later dropped to the lowest among all redox treatments. In the consistently anoxic soils, we observed the depletion of more oxidized water-extractable organic matter (especially amino sugars, carbohydrates, and proteins) over time, suggesting that under anaerobic conditions, microbes preferentially used more oxidized litter-derived compounds during the early stages of decomposition. Results from kinetic modeling showed that more frequent anoxic exposure limited the decomposition of a slow-cycling C pool, but not a fast-cycling pool. Overall, our results demonstrate that substrate source--freshly added litter vs. native organic matter--plays an important role in the redox sensitivity of organic matter decomposition. In soil environments that regularly experience redox fluctuations, anaerobic heterotrophs can be surprisingly effective in degrading fresh plant litter.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharyya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Didonato, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tfaily, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nico, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silver, W. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pett-Ridge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.21.262246</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential effects of redox conditions on the decomposition of litter and soil organic matter]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.22.262196v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mutanofactin promotes bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation of cariogenic Streptococcus mutans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.22.262196v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cariogenic Streptococcus mutans is known as a predominant etiological agent of dental caries due to its exceptional capacity in forming biofilms. From strains of S. mutans isolated from dental plaque, we here discover a polyketide/non-ribosomal peptide biosynthetic gene cluster, muf, which directly correlates with a strong biofilm-forming capability. We then identify the muf-associated bioactive product, mutanofactin-697 that contains a novel molecular scaffold, along with its biosynthetic logic. Further mode-of-action studies reveal mutanofactin-697 binds to S. mutans cells nonspecifically, increases bacterial hydrophobicity, and promotes bacterial adhesion and subsequent biofilm formation. Our findings provide the first example of a microbial secondary metabolite promoting biofilm formation via a physicochemical approach, highlighting the significance of secondary metabolism in mediating critical processes related to the development of dental caries.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maboudian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burne, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, P.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.22.262196</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mutanofactin promotes bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation of cariogenic Streptococcus mutans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.27.270637v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure of SARS-CoV-2 ORF8, a rapidly evolving coronavirus protein implicated in immune evasion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.27.270637v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The molecular basis for the severity and rapid spread of the COVID-19 disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 is largely unknown. ORF8 is a rapidly evolving accessory protein that has been proposed to interfere with immune responses. The crystal structure of SARS-CoV-2 ORF8 was determined at 2.04 [A] resolution by x-ray crystallography. The structure reveals a ~60 residue core similar to SARS-CoV ORF7a with the addition of two dimerization interfaces unique to SARS-CoV-2 ORF8. A covalent disulfide-linked dimer is formed through an N-terminal sequence specific to SARS-CoV-2, while a separate non-covalent interface is formed by another SARS-CoV-2-specific sequence, 73YIDI76. Together the presence of these interfaces shows how SARS-CoV-2 ORF8 can form unique large-scale assemblies not possible for SARS-CoV, potentially mediating unique immune suppression and evasion activities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Flower, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buffalo, C. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hooy, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allaire, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurley, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.27.270637</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure of SARS-CoV-2 ORF8, a rapidly evolving coronavirus protein implicated in immune evasion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.29.273474v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantitative characterization of the eukaryotic transcription cycle using live imaging and statistical inference 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.29.273474v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The eukaryotic transcription cycle consists of three main steps: initiation, elongation, and cleavage of the nascent RNA transcript. Although each of these steps can be regulated as well as coupled with each other, their in vivo dissection has remained challenging because available experimental readouts lack sufficient spatiotemporal resolution to separate the contributions from each of these steps. Here, we describe a novel application of Bayesian inference techniques to simultaneously infer the effective parameters of the transcription cycle in real time and at the single-cell level using a two-color MS2/PP7 reporter gene and the developing fruit fly embryo as a case study. Our method enables detailed investigations into cell-to-cell variability in transcription-cycle parameters as well as single-cell correlations between these parameters. These measurements, combined with theoretical modeling, suggest a substantial variability in the elongation rate of individual RNA polymerase molecules. We further illustrate the power of this technique by uncovering a novel mechanistic connection between RNA polymerase density and nascent RNA cleavage efficiency. Thus, our approach makes it possible to shed light on the regulatory mechanisms in play during each step of the transcription cycle in individual, living cells at high spatiotemporal resolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eck, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alamos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.29.273474</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantitative characterization of the eukaryotic transcription cycle using live imaging and statistical inference]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.30.274340v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exploring the evolutionary history of kinetic stability in the alpha-lytic protease family 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.30.274340v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In addition to encoding the final tertiary fold and stability, the primary sequence of a protein encodes the folding trajectory and kinetic barriers that determines the speed of folding. How these kinetic barriers are encoded by the sequence is not well understood. Here, we use evolutionary sequence variation in the alpha-lytic protease (LP) protein family to probe the relationship between sequence and energy landscape. LP has an unusual energy landscape: the native state of LP is not the most thermodynamically favored conformation and, instead, it remains folded due to a large kinetic barrier preventing unfolding. In order to fold, LP utilizes an N-terminal pro region of similar size to the protease itself that functions as a folding catalyst. Once folded, the pro region is removed, and the native state does not unfold on a biologically relevant timescale. Without the pro region, LP folds on the order of millennia. A phylogenetic search uncovers LP homologs with a wide range of pro-region sizes, including some with no pro region at all. In the resulting phylogenetic tree, these homologs cluster by pro-region size. Homologs naturally lacking pro regions are thermodynamically stable, fold much faster than LP, yet retain the same fold as LP. Key amino acids thought to contribute to LPs extreme kinetic stability are lost in these homologs, further supporting their role in kinetic stability. This study highlights how the entire energy landscape plays an important role in determining the evolutionary pressures on and changes to the protein sequence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nixon, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sailer, Z. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheludev, I. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gee, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelch, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harms, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marqusee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.30.274340</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exploring the evolutionary history of kinetic stability in the alpha-lytic protease family]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.31.275537v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bioelectrochemical engineering analysis of formate-mediated microbial electrosynthesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.31.275537v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mediated microbial electrosynthesis (MES) represents a promising strategy for the capture and conversion of CO2 into carbon-based products. We describe the development and application of a comprehensive multiphysics model to analyze a formate-mediated MES reactor. The model shows that this system can achieve a biomass productivity of [~]1.7 g L-1 hr-1 but is limited by a competitive trade-off between O2 gas/liquid mass transfer and CO2 transport to the cathode. Synthetic metabolic strategies are evaluated for formatotrophic growth, which can enable an energy efficiency of [~]21%, a 30% improvement over the Calvin cycle. However, carbon utilization efficiency is only [~]10% in the best cases due to a futile CO2 cycle, so gas recycle will be necessary for greater efficiency. Finally, separating electrochemical and microbial processes into separate reactors enables a higher biomass productivity of [~]2.4 g L-1 hr-1. The mediated MES model and analysis presented here can guide process design for conversion of CO2 into renewable chemical feedstocks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abel, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.31.275537</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bioelectrochemical engineering analysis of formate-mediated microbial electrosynthesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.31.276006v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A genetic screen identifies processes that couple oocyte maturation to proteostasis in the immortal C. elegans germ lineage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.31.276006v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Somatic cells age and die, but the germ-cell lineage is immortal. In C. elegans, germline immortality involves proteostasis renewal at the beginning of each new generation, when oocyte-maturation signals from sperm trigger the clearance of carbonylated proteins and protein aggregates. Here, we explore the cell biology of this proteostasis renewal in the context of a whole-genome RNAi screen. Oocyte maturation signals are known to trigger protein-aggregate removal via lysosome acidification. Our findings suggest that lysosomes are acidified as a consequence of changes in ER activity that permit assembly of the lysosomal V-ATPase, which in turn allows lysosomes to clear the aggregates via microautophagy. We define two functions for mitochondria, both of which appear to be independent of ATP generation. Many genes from the screen also regulate lysosome acidification and age-dependent protein aggregation in the soma, suggesting a fundamental mechanistic link between proteostasis renewal in the germline and somatic longevity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Samaddar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goudeau, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohnert, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingaramo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenyon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.31.276006</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A genetic screen identifies processes that couple oocyte maturation to proteostasis in the immortal C. elegans germ lineage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.31.276014v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A nanocompartment containing the peroxidase DypB contributes to defense against oxidative stress in M. tuberculosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.31.276014v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Encapsulin nanocompartments are an emerging class of prokaryotic protein-based organelles consisting of an encapsulin protein shell that encloses a protein cargo1. Genes encoding nanocompartments are widespread in bacteria and archaea, and recent works have characterized the biochemical function of several cargo enzymes2. However, the importance of these organelles to host physiology is poorly understood. Here, we report that the human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) produces a nanocompartment that contains the dye-decolorizing peroxidase DypB. We show that this nanocompartment is important for the ability of Mtb to resist oxidative stress in low pH environments, including during infection of host cells and upon treatment with a clinically relevant antibiotic. Our findings are the first to implicate a nanocompartment in bacterial pathogenesis and reveal a new mechanism that Mtb uses to combat oxidative stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lien, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichols, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cassidy-Amstutz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinshaw, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eltis, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.31.276014</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A nanocompartment containing the peroxidase DypB contributes to defense against oxidative stress in M. tuberculosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.01.278176v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Efficient isolation of protoplasts from rice calli with pause points and its application in transient gene expression and genome editing assays 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.01.278176v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An efficient in vivo transient transfection system using protoplasts is an important tool to study gene expression, metabolic pathways, and multiple mutagenesis parameters in plants. Although rice protoplasts can be isolated from germinated seedlings or cell suspension culture, preparation of those donor tissues can be inefficient, time consuming, and laborious. Additionally, the lengthy process of protoplast isolation and transfection needs to be completed in a single day. Here we report a protocol for isolation of protoplasts directly from rice calli, without using seedlings or suspension culture. The method is developed to employ discretionary pause points during protoplast isolation and prior to transfection. Protoplasts maintained within a sucrose cushion partway through isolation, for completion on a subsequent day, per the first pause point, are referred to as S protoplasts. Fully isolated protoplasts maintained in MMG solution for transfection on a subsequent day, per the second pause point, are referred to as M protoplasts. Both S and M protoplasts, 1 day after initiation of protoplast isolation, had minimal loss of viability and transfection efficiency compared to protoplasts 0 days after isolation. S protoplast viability decreases at a lower rate over time than that of M protoplasts and can be used with added flexibility for transient transfection assays and time-course experiments. The protoplasts produced by this method are competent for transfection of both plasmids and ribonucleoproteins (RNPs). Cas9 RNPs were used to demonstrate the utility of these protoplasts to assay genome editing in vivo. The current study describes a highly effective and accessible method to isolate protoplasts from callus tissue induced from rice seeds. This method utilizes donor materials that are resource-efficient and easy to propagate, permits convenience via pause points, and allows for flexible transfection days after protoplast isolation. It provides an advantageous and useful platform for a variety of in vivo transient transfection studies in rice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Poddar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cate, J. H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staskawicz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, M.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.01.278176</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Efficient isolation of protoplasts from rice calli with pause points and its application in transient gene expression and genome editing assays]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.02.273649v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dysregulation of hippocampal adult-born immature neurons disrupts a brain-wide network for spatial memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.02.273649v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mounting evidence suggests that cognitive deficits associated with various neurological disorders may arise in part from a small population of dysregulated adult-born neurons in the dentate gyrus (DG). How these dysregulated adult-born neurons contribute to brain-wide network maladaptation and subsequent cognitive deficits remains unknown. Using an established mouse model with a small number of time-stamped dysregulated adult-born immature neurons and spatial memory deficits, we performed resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging and found that approximately 500 deficient immature neurons (<0.1% of total DG granule neurons) are sufficient to induce a significant decrease in the functional connectivity between DG and insular cortex (IC), two brain regions without direct anatomical connections. Furthermore, using a combination of rabies-based retrograde tracing and in vivo fiber photometry recording, we demonstrated that dysregulated adult-born neurons induce aberrant activity and synchrony in local hippocampal CA3 and CA1 regions, as well as distal medial-dorsal thalamus and IC regions during a spatial memory process. These results suggest that a few hundred dysregulated adult-born immature neurons can impact brain-wide network dynamics across several anatomically discrete regions and collectively contribute to impaired cognitive functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.-h.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolagani, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chao, T.-H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, Y.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ban, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamero-Alameda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lybrand, Z. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wickersham, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, Y.-Y. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.02.273649</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dysregulation of hippocampal adult-born immature neurons disrupts a brain-wide network for spatial memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.02.280537v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of a novel cobamide remodeling enzyme in the beneficial human gut bacterium Akkermansia muciniphila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.02.280537v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The beneficial human gut bacterium Akkermansia muciniphila provides metabolites to other members of the gut microbiota by breaking down host mucin, but most of its other metabolic functions have not been investigated. A. muciniphila is known to use cobamides, the vitamin B12 family of cofactors with structural diversity in the lower ligand, though the specific cobamides it can use have not been examined. We found that growth of A. muciniphila strain MucT was nearly identical with each of seven cobamides tested, in contrast to nearly all bacteria that have been studied. Unexpectedly, this promiscuity is due to cobamide remodeling - the removal and replacement of the lower ligand - despite the absence of the canonical remodeling enzyme CbiZ in A. muciniphila. We identified a novel enzyme, CbiR, that is capable of initiating the remodeling process by hydrolyzing the phosphoribosyl bond in the nucleotide loop of cobamides. CbiR does not share homology with other cobamide remodeling enzymes or B12-binding domains, and instead is a member of the AP endonuclease 2 enzyme superfamily. We speculate that CbiR enables bacteria to repurpose cobamides they otherwise cannot use in order to grow under a cobamide-requiring condition; this function was confirmed by heterologous expression of cbiR in E. coli. Homologs of CbiR are found in over 200 microbial taxa across 22 phyla, suggesting that many bacteria may use CbiR to gain access to the diverse cobamides present in their environment.

ImportanceCobamides, the vitamin B12 family of cobalt-containing cofactors, are required for metabolism in all domains of life, including most bacteria. Cobamides have structural variability in the lower ligand, and selectivity for particular cobamides has been observed in most organisms studied to date. Here, we discover that the beneficial human gut bacterium Akkermansia muciniphila can use a diverse range of cobamides due to its ability to change the cobamide structure via "cobamide remodeling". We identify and characterize the novel enzyme CbiR that is necessary for initiating the cobamide remodeling process. The discovery of this enzyme has implications not only for understanding the ecological role of A. muciniphila in the gut, but for other bacteria that carry this enzyme as well.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mok, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sokolovskaya, O. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicolas, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallberg, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutschbauer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taga, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.02.280537</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of a novel cobamide remodeling enzyme in the beneficial human gut bacterium Akkermansia muciniphila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.07.286450v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reconstructing the history of founder events using genome-wide patterns of allele sharing across individuals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.07.286450v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Founder events play a critical role in shaping genetic diversity, impacting the fitness of a species and disease risk in humans. Yet our understanding of the prevalence and distribution of founder events in humans and other species remains incomplete, as most existing methods for characterizing founder events require large sample sizes or phased genomes. To learn about the frequency and evolutionary history of founder events, we introduce ASCEND (Allele Sharing Correlation for the Estimation of Non-equilibrium Demography), a flexible two-locus method to infer the age and strength of founder events. This method uses the correlation in allele sharing across the genome between pairs of individuals to recover signatures of past bottlenecks. By performing coalescent simulations, we show that ASCEND can reliably estimate the parameters of founder events under a range of demographic scenarios, with genotype or sequence data. We apply ASCEND to ~5,000 worldwide human samples (~3,500 present-day and ~1,500 ancient individuals), and ~1,000 domesticated dog samples. In both species, we find pervasive evidence of founder events in the recent past. In humans, over half of the populations surveyed in our study had evidence for a founder events in the past 10,000 years, associated with geographic isolation, modes of sustenance, and historical invasions and epidemics. We document that island populations have historically maintained lower population sizes than continental groups, ancient hunter-gatherers had stronger founder events than Neolithic Farmers or Steppe Pastoralists, and periods of epidemics such as smallpox were accompanied by major population crashes. Many present-day groups--including Central & South Americans, Oceanians and South Asians--have experienced founder events stronger than estimated in Ashkenazi Jews who have high rates of recessive diseases due to their history of founder events. In dogs, we uncovered extreme founder events in most groups, more than ten times stronger than the median strength of founder events in humans. These founder events occurred during the last 25 generations and are likely related to the establishment of dog breeds during Victorian times. Our results highlight a widespread history of founder events in humans and dogs, and provide insights about the demographic and cultural processes underlying these events.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tournebize, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moorjani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.07.286450</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reconstructing the history of founder events using genome-wide patterns of allele sharing across individuals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.07.286716v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacteriophage uptake by Eukaryotic cell layers represents a major sink for phages during therapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.07.286716v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For over 100 years, bacteriophages have been known as viruses that infect bacteria. Yet it is becoming increasingly apparent that bacteriophages, or phages for short, have tropisms outside their bacterial hosts. During phage therapy, high doses of phages are directly administered and disseminated throughout the body, facilitating broad interactions with eukaryotic cells. Using live cell imaging across a range of cell lines we demonstrate that cell type plays a major role in phage internalisation and that smaller phages (< 100 nm) are internalised at higher rates. Uptake rates were validated under physiological shear stress conditions using a microfluidic device that mimics the shear stress to which endothelial cells are exposed to in the human body. Phages were found to rapidly adhere to eukaryotic cell layers, with adherent phages being subsequently internalised by macropinocytosis and functional phages accumulating and stably persisting intracellularly. Finally, we incorporate these results into an established pharmacokinetic model demonstrating the potential impact of phage accumulation by these cell layers, which represents a major sink for circulating phages in the body. Understanding these interactions will have important implications on innate immune responses, phage pharmacokinetics, and the efficacy of phage therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bichet, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chin, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richards, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avellaneda-Franco, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oddo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chernyavskiy, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilsenstein, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neild, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voelcker, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patwa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.07.286716</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacteriophage uptake by Eukaryotic cell layers represents a major sink for phages during therapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.10.291906v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pervasive duplication of tumor suppressors in Afrotherians during the evolution of large bodies and reduced cancer risk 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.10.291906v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The risk of developing cancer is correlated with body size and lifespan within species. Between species, however, there is no correlation between cancer and either body size or lifespan, indicating that large, long-lived species have evolved enhanced cancer protection mechanisms. Elephants and their relatives (Proboscideans) are a particularly interesting lineage for the exploration of mechanisms underlying the evolution of augmented cancer resistance because they evolved large bodies recently within a clade of smaller bodied species (Afrotherians). Here, we explore the contribution of gene duplication to body size and cancer risk in Afrotherians. Unexpectedly, we found that tumor suppresxssor duplication was pervasive in Afrotherian genomes, rather than restricted to Proboscideans. Proboscideans, however, have duplicates in unique pathways that may underlie some aspects of their remarkable anti-cancer cell biology. These data suggest that duplication of tumor suppressor genes facilitated the evolution of increased body size by compensating for decreasing intrinsic cancer risk.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vazquez, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynch, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.10.291906</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pervasive duplication of tumor suppressors in Afrotherians during the evolution of large bodies and reduced cancer risk]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.11.294124v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Convergent evolution of increased urine concentrating ability in desert mammals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.11.294124v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One of the most celebrated textbook examples of physiological adaptations to desert environments is the unique ability that desert mammals have to produce hyperosmotic urine. Commonly perceived as an adaptation mainly observed in small rodents, the extent to which urine concentrating ability has independently evolved in distinct lineages, including medium-sized and large desert mammals, has not previously been assessed using modern phylogenetic approaches. Here, we explicitly test the general hypothesis that desert-dwelling mammals have evolved increased ability to concentrate urine compared to non-desert species, controlling for body mass and other covariates. Phylogenetic generalized least-squares models show that the mean aridity index of a species distribution range largely predicts its urine concentrating ability, even when accounting for body mass differences and phylogenetic correlations. In contrast, we find much weaker correlations between mass-adjusted basal metabolic rate and environmental variables.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>L. Rocha, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brito, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godinho, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.11.294124</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Convergent evolution of increased urine concentrating ability in desert mammals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.12.294801v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantifying cytoskeletal heterogeneity via single-cell protein-complex fractionation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.12.294801v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multimeric cytoskeletal protein complexes orchestrate normal cellular function. However, protein-complex distributions in stressed, heterogeneous cell populations remain unknown. Cell staining and proximity-based methods have limited selectivity and/or sensitivity for endogenous multimeric protein-complex quantification from single cells. We introduce micro-arrayed, differential detergent fractionation to simultaneously detect protein complexes in 100s of individual cells. Fractionation occurs by 60 s size-exclusion electrophoresis with protein complex-stabilizing buffer that minimizes depolymerization. Co-detection of cytoskeletal protein complexes in U2OS cells treated with filamentous actin (F-actin) destabilizing LatA detects a subpopulation (~11%) exhibiting downregulated F-actin, but upregulated microtubule and intermediate filament protein complexes. Thus, some cells upregulate other cytoskeletal complexes to counteract the stress of LatA treatment. We also sought to understand the effect of non-chemical stress on cellular heterogeneity of F-actin. We find heat shock dysregulates F- and G-actin correlation. The assay overcomes selectivity limitations to biochemically quantify single-cell protein complexes perturbed with diverse stimuli.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vlassakis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higuchi-Sanabria, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsui, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dillin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herr, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.12.294801</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantifying cytoskeletal heterogeneity via single-cell protein-complex fractionation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.14.295824v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SARS CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein forms condensates with viral genomic RNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.14.295824v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection causes COVID-19, a pandemic that seriously threatens global health. SARS-CoV-2 propagates by packaging its RNA genome into membrane enclosures in host cells. The packaging of the viral genome into the nascent virion is mediated by the nucleocapsid (N) protein, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, we show that the N protein forms biomolecular condensates with viral genomic RNA both in vitro and in mammalian cells. Phase separation is driven, in part, by hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions. While the N protein forms spherical assemblies with unstructured RNA, it forms asymmetric condensates with viral RNA strands that contain secondary structure elements. Cross-linking mass spectrometry identified a region that forms interactions between N proteins in condensates, and truncation of this region disrupts phase separation. We also identified small molecules that alter the formation of N protein condensates. These results suggest that the N protein may utilize biomolecular condensation to package the SARS-CoV-2 RNA genome into a viral particle.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jack, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferro, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trnka, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wehri, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadgir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaletzky, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yildiz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.14.295824</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SARS CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein forms condensates with viral genomic RNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.14.297143v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An associative learning account of sensorimotor adaptation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.14.297143v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Traditional associative learning tasks focus on the formation of associations between salient events and arbitrary stimuli that predict those events. This is exemplified in cerebellar-dependent delay eyeblink conditioning, where arbitrary cues such as a light or tone act as conditioning stimuli that predict aversive sensations at the cornea. Here we ask if a similar framework could be applied to another type of cerebellar-dependent sensorimotor learning - sensorimotor adaptation. Models of sensorimotor adaptation posit that the introduction of an environmental perturbation results in an error signal that is used to update an internal model of a sensorimotor map for motor planning. Here we take a step towards an integrative account of these two forms of cerebellar-dependent learning, examining the relevance of core concepts from associative learning for sensorimotor adaptation. Using a visuomotor adaptation reaching task, we paired movement-related feedback with neutral auditory or visual contextual cues that served as conditioning stimuli (CSs). Trial-by trial changes in feedforward movement kinematics exhibited three key signatures of associative learning: Differential conditioning, sensitivity to the CS-US interval, and compound conditioning. Moreover, after compound conditioning, a robust negative correlation was observed between responses to the two elemental CSs of the compound (i.e., overshadowing), consistent with the additivity principle posited by theories of associative learning. The existence of associative learning effects in sensorimotor adaptation provides a proof-of-concept for linking cerebellar- dependent learning paradigms within a common theoretical framework.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Avraham, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDougle, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.14.297143</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An associative learning account of sensorimotor adaptation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.18.302398v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovery of SARS-CoV-2 antiviral synergy between remdesivir and approved drugs in human lung cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.18.302398v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused an ongoing global pandemic with currently 29 million confirmed cases and close to a million deaths. At this time, there are no FDA-approved vaccines or therapeutics for COVID-19, but Emergency Use Authorization has been granted for remdesivir, a broad-spectrum antiviral nucleoside analog. However, remdesivir is only moderately efficacious against SARS-CoV-2 in the clinic, and improved treatment strategies are urgently needed. To accomplish this goal, we devised a strategy to identify compounds that act synergistically with remdesivir in preventing SARS-CoV-2 replication. We conducted combinatorial high-throughput screening in the presence of submaximal remdesivir concentrations, using a human lung epithelial cell line infected with a clinical isolate of SARS-CoV-2. We identified 20 approved drugs that act synergistically with remdesivir, many with favorable pharmacokinetic and safety profiles. Strongest effects were observed with established antivirals, Hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5 A (HCV NS5A) inhibitors velpatasvir and elbasvir. Combination with their partner drugs sofosbuvir and grazoprevir further increased efficacy, increasing remdesivirs apparent potency 25-fold. We therefore suggest that the FDA-approved Hepatitis C therapeutics Epclusa (velpatasvir/sofosbuvir) and Zepatier (elbasvir/grazoprevir) should be fast-tracked for clinical evaluation in combination with remdesivir to improve treatment of acute SARS-CoV-2 infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nguyenla, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wehri, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Dis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biering, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamashiro, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stroumza, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dugast-Darzacq, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaletzky, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.18.302398</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovery of SARS-CoV-2 antiviral synergy between remdesivir and approved drugs in human lung cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.21.305409v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Routes to Roots: Direct Evidence of Water Transport by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi to Host Plants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.21.305409v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) form symbiotic associations with 80% of surveyed land plant species and are well-recognized for accessing and transferring nutrients to plants1. Yet AMF also perform other essential functions, notably improving plant-water relations2. Some research attributes the role of AMF in plant-water relations solely to enhancing plant nutrition and osmoregulation for plants partnered with AMF3,4,5, while indirect evidence suggests AMF may transport water to plants1,6,7. Here, we used isotopically-labeled water and a fluorescent dye to directly track and quantify water transport by AMF to plants in a greenhouse experiment. We specifically assessed whether AMF can access water in soil unavailable to plants and transport it across an air gap to host plants. Plants grown with AMF that had access to a physically separated 18O-labeled water source transpired twice as much, and this transpired water contained three times as much label compared to plants with AMF with no access to the separated labeled water source. We estimated that water transported by AMF could explain 46.2% of the water transpired. In addition, a fluorescent dye indicated that water was transported via an extracytoplasmic hyphal pathway.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kakouridis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagen, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kan, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mambelli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldman, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herman, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pett-Ridge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firestone, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.21.305409</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Routes to Roots: Direct Evidence of Water Transport by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi to Host Plants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.21.305466v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct tooth regeneration systems deploy a conserved battery of genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.21.305466v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundVertebrate teeth exhibit a wide range of regenerative systems. Many species, including most mammals, reptiles, and amphibians, form replacement teeth at a histologically distinct location called the successional dental lamina, while other species do not employ such a system. Notably, a  lamina-less tooth replacement condition is found in a paraphyletic array of ray-finned fishes, such as stickleback, trout, cod, medaka, and bichir. Furthermore, the position, renewal potential, and latency times appear to vary drastically across different vertebrate tooth regeneration systems. The progenitor cells underlying tooth regeneration thus present highly divergent arrangements and potentials. Given the spectrum of regeneration systems present in vertebrates, it is unclear if morphologically divergent tooth regeneration systems deploy an overlapping battery of genes in their naive dental tissues.

ResultsIn the present work, we aimed to determine whether or not tooth progenitor epithelia could be composed of a conserved cell type between vertebrate dentitions with divergent regeneration systems. To address this question, we compared the tooth regeneration processes in two ray-finned fishes: zebrafish (Danio rerio) and threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). These two teleost species diverged approximately 250 million years ago, and demonstrate some stark differences in dental morphology and regeneration. Here we find that the successional dental lamina in zebrafish sharply upregulates Wnt signaling and Lef1 expression during early morphogenesis stages of tooth development. Additionally, the naive zebrafish successional dental lamina expresses a battery of nine genes (Bmpr1a, Bmp6, CD34, Gli1, Igfbp5a, Lgr4, Lgr6, Nfatc1, and Pitx2). We also find that, despite the absence of a histologically distinct successional dental lamina in stickleback tooth fields, new tooth germs also sharply upregulate Wnt signaling and Lef1 expression, and additionally express the same battery of nine genes in the basalmost endodermal cell layer from which replacement tooth epithelia arise. Thus, two fish systems that either have an organized successional dental lamina (zebrafish) or lack a morphologically distinct successional dental lamina (sticklebacks) deploy similar genetic programs during tooth regeneration.

ConclusionsWe propose that the expression domains described here delineate a highly conserved "successional dental epithelium" (SDE). Furthermore, a set of orthologous genes is known to mark hair follicle epithelial stem cells in mice, suggesting that regenerative systems in other epithelial appendages may utilize a related epithelial progenitor cell type, despite the highly derived nature of the resulting functional organs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Square, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundaram, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackey, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.21.305466</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct tooth regeneration systems deploy a conserved battery of genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.23.310409v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rickettsia parkeri Sca2 promotes dissemination in an intradermal infection mouse model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.23.310409v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rickettsia are arthropod-borne pathogens that cause severe human disease worldwide. The spotted fever group (SFG) pathogen Rickettsia parkeri elicits skin lesion (eschar) formation in humans after tick bite. However, intradermal inoculation of inbred mice with millions of bacteria fails to elicit eschar formation or disseminated disease, hindering investigations into understanding eschar-associated rickettsiosis. Here, we report that intradermal infection of mice deficient for both interferon receptors (Ifnar-/-Ifngr-/-) with R. parkeri causes eschar formation, recapitulating the hallmark clinical feature of human disease. Intradermal infection with doses that recapitulate tick infestation caused eschar formation and lethality, including with as few as 10 bacteria. Using this model, we found that the actin-based motility protein Sca2 is required for R. parkeri dissemination from the skin to internal organs and for causing lethal disease, and that the abundant R. parkeri outer membrane protein OmpB contributes to eschar formation. We also found that immunizing mice with sca2 and ompB mutant R. parkeri protects against subsequent rechallenge with wild-type bacteria, revealing live-attenuated vaccine candidates. Thus, interferon receptor-deficient mice are a tractable model to investigate rickettsiosis, bacterial virulence factors, and immunity. Our results suggest that differences in interferon signaling in the skin between mice and humans may explain the discrepancy in susceptibility to SFG Rickettsia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Burke, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engstrom, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glasner, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espinosa, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welch, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.23.310409</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rickettsia parkeri Sca2 promotes dissemination in an intradermal infection mouse model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.23.310664v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hybrid local and distributed coding in PMd/M1 provides separation and interaction of bilateral arm signals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.23.310664v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pronounced activity is observed in both hemispheres of the motor cortex during preparation and execution of unimanual movements. The organizational principles of bi-hemispheric signals and the functions they serve throughout motor planning remain unclear. Using an instructed-delay reaching task in monkeys, we identified two components in population responses spanning PMd and M1. A "dedicated" component, which segregated activity at the level of individual units, emerged in PMd during preparation. It was most prominent following movement when M1 became strongly engaged, and principally involved the contralateral hemisphere. In contrast to recent reports, these dedicated signals solely accounted for divergence of arm-specific neural subspaces. The other "distributed" component mixed signals for each arm within units, and the subspace containing it did not discriminate between arms at any stage. The statistics of the population response suggest two functional layers of the cortical network: one that spans both hemispheres for supporting preparatory and ongoing processes, and another that is predominantly housed in the contralateral hemisphere and specifies unilateral output.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dixon, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merrick, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallis, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmena, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.23.310664</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hybrid local and distributed coding in PMd/M1 provides separation and interaction of bilateral arm signals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.24.311365v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ribosomal protein S7 ubiquitination during ER stress in yeast is associated with selective mRNA translation and stress outcome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.24.311365v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
eIF2 phosphorylation-mediated translational regulation is crucial for global translation repression by various stresses, including the unfolded protein response (UPR). However, translational control during UPR has not been demonstrated in yeast. This study investigated ribosome ubiquitination-mediated translational controls during UPR. Tunicamycin-induced ER stress enhanced the levels of ubiquitination of the ribosomal proteins uS10, uS3 and eS7. Not4-mediated monoubiquitination of eS7A was required for resistance to tunicamycin, whereas E3 ligase Hel2-mediated ubiquitination of uS10 was not. Ribosome profiling showed that the monoubiquitination of eS7A was crucial for translational regulation, including the upregulation of the spliced form of HAC1 (HAC1i) mRNA and the downregulation of Histidine triad NucleoTide-binding 1 (HNT1) mRNA. Downregulation of the deubiquitinating enzyme complex Upb3-Bre5 increased the levels of ubiquitinated eS7A during UPR in an Ire1-independent manner. These findings suggest that the monoubiquitination of ribosomal protein eS7A plays a crucial role in translational controls during the ER stress response in yeast.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matsuki, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsuo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakano, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwasaki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoko, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Udagawa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saeki, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshihisa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingolia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inada, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.24.311365</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ribosomal protein S7 ubiquitination during ER stress in yeast is associated with selective mRNA translation and stress outcome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.25.313643v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inferring the Total-Evidence Timescale of Marattialean Fern Evolution in the Face of Model Sensitivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.25.313643v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phylogenetic divergence-time estimation has been revolutionized by two recent developments: 1) total-evidence dating (or "tip-dating") approaches that allow for the incorporation of fossils as tips in the analysis, with their phylogenetic and temporal relationships to the extant taxa inferred from the data, and 2) the fossilized birth-death (FBD) class of tree models that capture the processes that produce the tree (speciation, extinction, and fossilization), and thus provide a coherent and biologically interpretable tree prior. To explore the behaviour of these methods, we apply them to marattialean ferns, a group that was dominant in Carboniferous landscapes prior to declining to its modest extant diversity of slightly over 100 species. We show that tree models have a dramatic influence on estimates of both divergence times and topological relationships. This influence is driven by the strong, counter-intuitive informativeness of the uniform tree prior and the inherent nonidentifiability of divergence-time models. In contrast to the strong influence of the tree models, we find minor effects of differing the morphological transition model or the morphological clock model. We compare the performance of a large pool of candidate models using a combination of posterior-predictive simulation and Bayes factors. Notably, an FBD model with epoch-specific speciation and extinction rates was strongly favored by Bayes factors. Our best-fitting model infers stem and crown divergences for the Marattiales in the mid-Devonian and Late Cretaceous, respectively, with elevated speciation rates in the Mississippian and elevated extinction rates in the Cisuralian leading to a peak diversity of [~]2800 species at the end of the Carboniferous, representing the heyday of the Psaroniaceae. This peak is followed by the rapid decline and ultimate extinction of the Psaroniaceae, with their descendants, the Marattiaceae, persisting at approximately stable levels of diversity until the present. This general diversification pattern appears to be insensitive to potential biases in the fossil record; despite the preponderance of available fossils being from Pennsylvanian coal balls, incorporating fossilization-rate variation does not improve model fit. In addition, by incorporating temporal data directly within the model and allowing for the inference of the phylogenetic position of the fossils, our study makes the surprising inference that the clade of extant Marattiales is relatively young, younger than any of the fossils historically thought to be congeneric with extant species. This result is a dramatic demonstration of the dangers of node-based approaches to divergence-time estimation, where the assignment of fossils to particular clades are made a priori (earlier node-based studies that constrained the minimum ages of extant genera based on these fossils resulted in much older age estimates than in our study) and of the utility of explicit models of morphological evolution and lineage diversification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>May, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Contreras, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundue, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagalingum, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Looy, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothfels, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.25.313643</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inferring the Total-Evidence Timescale of Marattialean Fern Evolution in the Face of Model Sensitivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.29.317909v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural insights on the substrate-binding proteins of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis mammalian-cell-entry (Mce) 1 and 4 complexes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.29.317909v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tuberculosis (Tb), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is responsible for more than a million deaths annually. In the latent phase of infection, Mtb uses lipids as the source of carbon and energy for its survival. The lipid molecules are transported across the cell wall via multiple transport systems. One such set of widely present and less-studied transporters is the Mammalian-cell-entry (Mce) complexes. Here, we report the properties of the substrate-binding proteins (SBPs; MceA-F) of the Mce1 and Mce4 complexes from Mtb which are responsible for the import of mycolic acid/fatty acids, and cholesterol respectively. MceA-F are composed of four domains namely, transmembrane, MCE, helical and tail domains. Our studies show that MceA-F are predominantly monomeric when purified individually and do not form homohexamers unlike the reported homologs (MlaD, PqiB and LetB) from other prokaryotes. The crystal structure of MCE domain of Mtb Mce4A (MtMce4A39-140) determined at 2.9 [A] shows the formation of an unexpected domain-swapped dimer in the crystals. Further, the purification and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) analysis on MtMce1A, MtMce4A and their domains suggest that the helical domain requires hydrophobic interactions with the detergent molecules for its stability. Combining all the experimental data, we propose a heterohexameric arrangement of MtMceA-F SBPs, where the soluble MCE domain of the SBPs would remain in the periplasm with the helical domain extending to the lipid layer forming a hollow channel for the transport of lipids across the membranes. The tail domain would reach the cell surface assisting in lipid recognition and binding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Asthana, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedersen, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hynönen, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sulu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murthy, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laitaoja, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jänis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>W. Riley, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkatesan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.29.317909</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural insights on the substrate-binding proteins of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis mammalian-cell-entry (Mce) 1 and 4 complexes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.30.321588v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionarily Driven Domain Swap Alters Sigma Factor Dependence in Bacterial Signaling System 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.30.321588v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This report presents multi-genomes and experimental evidence that REC protein family expansion occurs when the emergence of new pathways give rise to functional discordance. Specificity between REC-domain containing response regulators with paired histidine kinases are under negative purifying selection, constrained by the presence of other bacterial two-component systems signaling cascades that share sequence and structural identity. Presuming that the two-component systems can evolve by neutral drift when these constraints are relaxed, how might the REC protein family expand when constraints remain intact? Using an unsupervised machine learning approach to observe the sequence landscape of REC domains across long phylogenetic distances, we find that within-gene-recombination, a subcategory of gene conversion, switched the effector domain, and consequently the regulatory context of a duplicated response regulator from transcriptional regulation by {sigma}54 to {sigma}70. We determined that the recombined response regulator diverged from its parent by positive episodic diversifying selection, giving rise to two new residues. Functional experiments of the parent of recombined response regulators in our model system, Pseudomonas putida KT2440, revealed that the parent and recombined response regulators sense and respond to carboxylic acids and that the two new residues in the recombined regulator form a new interaction interface and prevent crosstalk. Overall, our study finds genetic perturbations can create conditions of functional discordance, whereby the REC protein family can evolve by positive diversifying selection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garber, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kazakov, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajeev, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukhopadhyay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.30.321588</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionarily Driven Domain Swap Alters Sigma Factor Dependence in Bacterial Signaling System]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.01.322867v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA-Sieve: A likelihood-based deconvolution of bulk gene expression data using single-cell references 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.01.322867v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Direct comparison of bulk gene expression profiles is complicated by distinct cell type mixtures in each sample which obscure whether observed differences are actually due to changes in expression levels themselves or simply due to differing cell type compositions. Single-cell technology has made it possible to measure gene expression in individual cells, achieving higher resolution at the expense of increased noise. If carefully incorporated, such single-cell data can be used to deconvolve bulk samples to yield accurate estimates of the true cell type proportions, thus enabling one to disentangle the effects of differential expression and cell type mixtures. Here, we propose a generative model and a likelihood-based inference method that uses asymptotic statistical theory and a novel optimization procedure to perform deconvolution of bulk RNA-seq data to produce accurate cell type proportion estimates. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our method, called RNA-Sieve, across a diverse array of scenarios involving real data and discuss extensions made uniquely possible by our probabilistic framework, including a demonstration of well-calibrated confidence intervals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Erdmann-Pham, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.01.322867</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA-Sieve: A likelihood-based deconvolution of bulk gene expression data using single-cell references]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.01.323113v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The history and evolution of the Denisovan-EPAS1 haplotype in Tibetans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.01.323113v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent studies suggest that admixture with archaic hominins played an important role in facilitating biological adaptations to new environments. For example, interbreeding with Denisovans facilitated the adaptation to high altitude environments on the Tibetan Plateau. Specifically, the EPAS1 gene, a transcription factor that regulates the response to hypoxia, exhibits strong signatures of both positive selection and introgression from Denisovans in Tibetan individuals. Interestingly, despite being geographically closer to the Denisova cave, East Asian populations do not harbor as much Denisovan ancestry as populations from Melanesia. Recently, two studies have suggested two independent waves of Denisovan admixture into East Asians, one of which is shared with South Asians and Oceanians. Here we leverage data from EPAS1 in 78 Tibetan individuals to interrogate which of these two introgression events introduced the EPAS1 beneficial sequence into the ancestral population of Tibetans, and we use the distribution of introgressed segment lengths at this locus to infer the timing of the introgression and selection event. We find that the introgression event unique to East Asians most likely introduced the beneficial haplotype into the ancestral population of Tibetans around 43,000 (15,700-60,000) years ago, and selection started 12,000 (1,925-50,000) years ago. Our estimates suggest that one of the most convincing examples of adaptive introgression is in fact selection acting on standing archaic variation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witt, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huerta-Sanchez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.01.323113</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The history and evolution of the Denisovan-EPAS1 haplotype in Tibetans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.06.327700v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The price of a bit: energetic costs and the evolution of cellular signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.06.327700v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent experiments have uncovered a fundamental information scale for cellular signaling networks: the correlation between input and output concentrations of molecules in a signaling pathway corresponds to at most 1-3 bits of mutual information. Our understanding of the physical constraints and evolutionary pressures that determine this scale remains incomplete. By focusing on a basic element of signaling pathways, the kinase-phosphatase enzymatic push-pull loop, we highlight the pivotal role played by energy resources available for signaling and their expenditure: the chemical potential energy of ATP hydrolysis, and the rate of ATP consumption. Scanning a broad range of reaction parameters based on enzymatic databases, we find that ATP chemical potentials in modern organisms are just above the threshold necessary to achieve empirical mutual information values. We also derive an analytical relation for the minimum ATP consumption required to maintain a certain signal fidelity across a range of input frequencies, where we quantify fidelity either through instantaneous or time-delayed mutual information. Attempting to increase signal fidelity beyond a few bits lowers the bandwidth, the maximum characteristic signal frequency that the network can handle at a given energy cost. The observed information scale thus represents a balancing act between fidelity and the ability to process fast-changing environmental signals. Our analytical relation defines a performance limit for kinase-phosphatase networks, and we find evidence that a component of the yeast osmotic shock pathway may be close to the optimality line. By quantifying the evolutionary pressures that operate on these networks, we argue that this is not a coincidence: natural selection on energy expenditures is capable of pushing signaling systems toward optimality, particularly in unicellular organisms. Our theoretical framework is directly verifiable using existing experimental techniques, and predicts that more examples of such optimality should exist in nature.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuznets-Speck, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broderick, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinczewski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.06.327700</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The price of a bit: energetic costs and the evolution of cellular signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.06.328633v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A dense linkage map for a large repetitive genome: discovery of the sex-determining region in hybridising fire-bellied toads (Bombina bombina and B. variegata) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.06.328633v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hybrid zones that result from secondary contact between diverged populations offer unparalleled insight into the genetic architecture of emerging reproductive barriers and so shed light on the process of speciation. Natural selection and recombination jointly determine their dynamics, leading to a range of outcomes from finely fragmented mixtures of the parental genomes that facilitate introgression to a situation where strong selection against recombinants retains large unrecombined genomic blocks that act as strong barriers to gene flow. In the hybrid zone between the fire-bellied toads Bombina bombina and B. variegata (Anura: Bombinatoridae), two anciently diverged and ecologically distinct taxa meet and produce abundant, fertile hybrids. The dense linkage map presented here enables genomic analysis of the selection-recombination balance that keeps the two gene pools from merging into one. We mapped 4,775 newly developed marker loci from bait-enriched genomic libraries in F2 crosses. The enrichment targets were selected from a draft assembly of the B. variegata genome, after filtering highly repetitive sequences. We developed a novel approach to infer the most likely diplotype per sample and locus from the raw read mapping data, which is robust to over-merging and obviates arbitrary filtering thresholds. Large-scale synteny between Bombina and Xenopus tropicalis supports the resulting linkage map. By assessing the sex of late-stage F2 tadpoles from histological sections, we also identified the sex-determining region in the Bombina genome to 7 cM on LG5, which is homologous to X. tropicalis chromosome 5, and inferred male heterogamety, suggestive of an XY sex determination mechanism. Interestingly, chromosome 5 has been repeatedly recruited as a sex chromosome in anurans with XY sex determination.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nürnberger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baird, S. J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cizkova, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryjova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mudd, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blaxter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szymura, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.06.328633</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A dense linkage map for a large repetitive genome: discovery of the sex-determining region in hybridising fire-bellied toads (Bombina bombina and B. variegata)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.06.328773v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
State space discovery in spatial representation circuits with persistent cohomology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.06.328773v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Persistent cohomology is a powerful technique for discovering topological structure in data. Strategies for its use in neuroscience are still undergoing development. We comprehensively and rigorously assess its performance in simulated neural recordings of the brains spatial representation system. Grid, head direction, and conjunctive cell populations each span low-dimensional topological structures embedded in high-dimensional neural activity space. We evaluate the ability for persistent cohomology to discover these structures for different dataset dimensions, variations in spatial tuning, and forms of noise. We quantify its ability to decode simulated animal trajectories contained within these topological structures. We also identify regimes under which mixtures of populations form product topologies that can be detected. Our results reveal how dataset parameters affect the success of topological discovery and suggest principles for applying persistent cohomology, as well as persistent homology, to experimental neural recordings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morozov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.06.328773</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[State space discovery in spatial representation circuits with persistent cohomology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.07.330803v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Stimulates Inflammation and Enhances KSHV-Induced Cell Proliferation and Cellular Transformation through Both LPS and Flagellin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.07.330803v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inflammation triggered by innate immunity promotes carcinogenesis in cancer. Kaposis sarcoma (KS), a hyperproliferative and inflammatory tumor caused by Kaposis sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) infection, is the most common cancer in AIDS patients. KSHV infection sensitizes cells to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). We examined the role of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA), an opportunistic bacterium that can affect AIDS patients, in inflammation and cell proliferation of KSHV-transformed cells. PA stimulation increased cell proliferation and efficiency of colony formation in softagar of KSHV-transformed rat primary mesenchymal precursor (KMM) cells but had no significant effect on the untransformed (MM) cells. PA stimulation also increased cell proliferation of KSHV-infected human B-cells, Bjab, but not the uninfected cells. Mechanistically, PA stimulation resulted in increased inflammatory cytokines and activation of p38, ERK1/2, and JNK mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in KMM cells while having no obvious effect on MM cells. PA induction of inflammation and MAPKs were observed with and without inhibition of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) pathway while a flagellin-deleted mutant of PA required a functional TLR4 pathway to induce inflammation and MAPKs. Furthermore, treatment with both LPS or flagellin alone was sufficient to induce inflammatory cytokines, activate MAPKs, and increase cell proliferation and efficiency of colony formation in softagar of KMM cells. These results demonstrate that both LPS and flagellin are PAMPs that contribute to PA induction of inflammation in KSHV-transformed cells. Because AIDS-KS patients are susceptible to PA infection, our work highlights the preventive and therapeutic potential of targeting PA infection in these patients.

ImportanceKaposis sarcoma (KS), caused by infection of Kaposis sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), is one of the most common cancers in AIDS patients. KS is a highly inflammatory tumor but how KSHV infection induces inflammation remains unclear. We have previously shown that KSHV infection upregulates Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), sensitizing cells to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and Escherichia coli. In the current study, we examined the role of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA), an opportunistic bacterium that can affect AIDS patients, in inflammation and cell proliferation of KSHV-transformed cells. PA stimulation increased cell proliferation, inflammatory cytokines, and activation of growth and survival pathways in KSHV-transformed cells through two pathogen-associated molecular patterns LPS and flagellin. Because AIDS-KS patients are susceptible to PA infection, our work highlights the preventive and therapeutic potential of targeting PA infection in these patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Markazi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bracci, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGrath, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, S.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.07.330803</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pseudomonas aeruginosa Stimulates Inflammation and Enhances KSHV-Induced Cell Proliferation and Cellular Transformation through Both LPS and Flagellin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.09.333815v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fetal innate immunity contributes to the induction of atypical behaviors in a mouse model of maternal immune activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.09.333815v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Maternal immune activation (MIA) increases likelihood of altered neurodevelopmental outcomes. Maternal cytokines are proposed to affect fetal brain development in mice; however, the contribution of fetal immunity to neurodevelopmental disorders is largely unexplored. Here, we show that MIA mediated by Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), but not other TLRs, induces a specific set of behavioral phenotypes including decreased sociability and increased restricted repetitive behavior in offspring. Accordingly, these behavioral phenotypes were absent when offspring were deficient for Trif, the downstream adapter molecule of TLR3. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we identified clusters of border-associated macrophages that were significantly enriched in the fetal brain following TLR3-MIA, and these clusters were diminished in Trif-/- fetal brains.Moreover, we found that triggering TLR3-TRIF in offspring can occur through transplacental viral infection, resulting in altered behavioral phenotypes. Collectively, our data indicate that fetal innate immunity contributes to MIA-induced atypical behaviors in mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nichols, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chuang, H.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geiger, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misra, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coscoy, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saijo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.09.333815</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fetal innate immunity contributes to the induction of atypical behaviors in a mouse model of maternal immune activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.14.338715v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA-binding protein Elavl1/HuR is required for maintenance of cranial neural crest specification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.14.338715v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While neural crest development is known to be transcriptionally controlled via sequential activation of gene regulatory networks (GRNs), recent evidence increasingly implicates a role for post-transcriptional regulation in modulating the output of these regulatory circuits. Using available single cell RNA-sequencing datasets from avian embryos to identify potential post-transcriptional regulators, we found that Elavl1, which encodes for an RNA-binding protein with roles in transcript stability, was enriched in the premigratory cranial neural crest. Perturbation of Elavl1 resulted in premature neural crest delamination from the neural tube as well as significant reduction in transcripts associated with the neural crest specification GRN, phenotypes that are also observed with downregulation of the canonical Wnt inhibitor Draxin. That Draxin is the primary target for stabilization by Elavl1 during cranial neural crest specification was shown by RNA-sequencing, RNA-immunoprecipitation, RNA decay measurement and proximity ligation assays, further supporting the idea that the downregulation of neural crest specifier expression upon Elavl1 knockdown was largely due to loss of Draxin. Importantly, exogenous Draxin rescued cranial neural crest specification defects observed with Elavl1 knockdown. Thus, Elavl1 plays a critical a role in the maintenance of cranial neural crest specification via Draxin mRNA stabilization. Together, these data highlight an important intersection of post-transcriptional regulation with modulation of the neural crest specification GRN.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hutchins, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chacon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bronner, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.14.338715</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA-binding protein Elavl1/HuR is required for maintenance of cranial neural crest specification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.14.340075v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alzheimer's pathology is associated with dedifferentiation of functional memory networks in aging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.14.340075v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In presymptomatic Alzheimers disease (AD), beta-amyloid plaques (A{beta}) and tau tangles accumulate in distinct spatiotemporal patterns within the brain, tracking closely with episodic memory decline. Here, we tested whether age-related changes in the segregation of the brains functional episodic memory networks - anterior-temporal (AT) and posterior-medial (PM) networks - are associated with the accumulation of A{beta}, tau and memory decline using fMRI and PET. We found that AT and PM networks were less segregated in older than younger adults and this reduced specialization was associated with more tau and A{beta} in the same regions. The effect of network dedifferentiation on memory depended on the amount of A{beta} and tau, with low segregation and pathology associated with better performance at baseline and low segregation and high pathology related to worse performance over time. This pattern suggests a compensation phase followed by a degenerative phase in the early, preclinical phase of AD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cassady, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maass, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landau, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jagust, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.14.340075</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alzheimer's pathology is associated with dedifferentiation of functional memory networks in aging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.16.343376v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MGDrivE 2: A simulation framework for gene drive systems incorporating seasonality and epidemiological dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.16.343376v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIInterest in gene drive technology has continued to grow as promising new drive systems have been developed in the lab and discussions are moving towards implementing field trials. The prospect of field trials requires models that incorporate a significant degree of ecological detail, including parameters that change over time in response to environmental data such as temperature and rainfall, leading to seasonal patterns in mosquito population density. Epidemiological outcomes are also of growing importance, as: i) the suitability of a gene drive construct for release will depend on its expected impact on disease transmission, and ii) initial field trials are expected to have a measured entomological outcome and a modeled epidemiological outcome.
C_LIO_LIWe present MGDrivE 2 (Mosquito Gene Drive Explorer 2): an extension of and development from the MGDrivE 1 simulation framework that investigates the population dynamics of a variety of gene drive architectures and their spread through spatially-explicit mosquito populations. Key strengths and improvements of the MGDrivE 2 framework are: i) the ability of parameters to vary with time and induce seasonal population dynamics, ii) an epidemiological module accommodating reciprocal pathogen transmission between humans and mosquitoes, and iii) an implementation framework based on stochastic Petri nets that enables efficient model formulation and flexible implementation.
C_LIO_LIExample MGDrivE 2 simulations are presented to demonstrate the application of the framework to a CRISPR-based homing gene drive system intended to drive a disease-refractory gene into a population, incorporating time-varying temperature and rainfall data, and predict impact on human disease incidence and prevalence. Further documentation and use examples are provided in vignettes at the projects CRAN repository.
C_LIO_LIMGDrivE 2 is an open-source R package freely available on CRAN. We intend the package to provide a flexible tool capable of modeling gene drive constructs as they move closer to field application and to infer their expected impact on disease transmission.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez C., H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolgert, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leon, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.16.343376</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MGDrivE 2: A simulation framework for gene drive systems incorporating seasonality and epidemiological dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.16.343426v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diverse viral proteases activate the NLRP1 inflammasome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.16.343426v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The NLRP1 inflammasome is a multiprotein complex that is a potent activator of inflammation. Mouse NLRP1B can be activated through proteolytic cleavage by the bacterial Lethal Toxin (LeTx) protease, resulting in degradation of the N-terminal domains of NLRP1B and liberation of the bioactive C-terminal domain, which includes the caspase activation and recruitment domain (CARD). However, a natural pathogen-derived effector that can activate human NLRP1 remains unknown. Here, we use an evolutionary model to identify several proteases from diverse picornaviruses that cleave human NLRP1 within a rapidly evolving region of the protein, leading to host-specific and virus-specific activation of the NLRP1 inflammasome. Our work demonstrates that NLRP1 acts as a "tripwire" to recognize the enzymatic function of a wide range of viral proteases, and suggests that host mimicry of viral polyprotein cleavage sites can be an evolutionary strategy to activate a robust inflammatory immune response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tsu, B. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beierschmitt, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agarwal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daugherty, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.16.343426</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diverse viral proteases activate the NLRP1 inflammasome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.18.344382v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fundamental limits on the rate of bacterial growth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.18.344382v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent years have seen an experimental deluge interrogating the relationship between bacterial growth rate, cell size, and protein content, quantifying the abundance of proteins across growth conditions with unprecedented resolution. However, we still lack a rigorous understanding of what sets the scale of these quantities and when protein abundances should (or should not) depend on growth rate. Here, we seek to quantitatively understand this relationship across a collection of Escherichia coli proteomic data covering {approx} 4000 proteins and 36 growth rates. We estimate the basic requirements for steady-state growth by considering key processes in nutrient transport, cell envelope biogenesis, energy generation, and the central dogma. From these estimates, ribosome biogenesis emerges as a primary determinant of growth rate. We expand on this assessment by exploring a model of proteomic regulation as a function of the nutrient supply, revealing a mechanism that ties cell size and growth rate to ribosomal content.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Belliveau, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chure, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hueschen, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kondev, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theriot, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.18.344382</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fundamental limits on the rate of bacterial growth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.19.343129v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A multimodal cell census and atlas of the mammalian primary motor cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.19.343129v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We report the generation of a multimodal cell census and atlas of the mammalian primary motor cortex (MOp or M1) as the initial product of the BRAIN Initiative Cell Census Network (BICCN). This was achieved by coordinated large-scale analyses of single-cell transcriptomes, chromatin accessibility, DNA methylomes, spatially resolved single-cell transcriptomes, morphological and electrophysiological properties, and cellular resolution input-output mapping, integrated through cross-modal computational analysis. Together, our results advance the collective knowledge and understanding of brain cell type organization: First, our study reveals a unified molecular genetic landscape of cortical cell types that congruently integrates their transcriptome, open chromatin and DNA methylation maps. Second, cross-species analysis achieves a unified taxonomy of transcriptomic types and their hierarchical organization that are conserved from mouse to marmoset and human. Third, cross-modal analysis provides compelling evidence for the epigenomic, transcriptomic, and gene regulatory basis of neuronal phenotypes such as their physiological and anatomical properties, demonstrating the biological validity and genomic underpinning of neuron types and subtypes. Fourth, in situ single-cell transcriptomics provides a spatially-resolved cell type atlas of the motor cortex. Fifth, integrated transcriptomic, epigenomic and anatomical analyses reveal the correspondence between neural circuits and transcriptomic cell types. We further present an extensive genetic toolset for targeting and fate mapping glutamatergic projection neuron types toward linking their developmental trajectory to their circuit function. Together, our results establish a unified and mechanistic framework of neuronal cell type organization that integrates multi-layered molecular genetic and spatial information with multi-faceted phenotypic properties.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>BRAIN Initiative Cell Census Network (BICCN),</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adkins, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldridge, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ament, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armand, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ascoli, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakken, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandrowski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barkas, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartlett, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bateup, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behrens, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berens, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernabucci, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernaerts, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertagnolli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biancalani, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boggeman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Booeshaghi, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bravo, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cadwell, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callaway, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casper, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castanon, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chance, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chun, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colantuoni, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crabtree, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creasy, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cric</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.19.343129</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A multimodal cell census and atlas of the mammalian primary motor cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.19.345207v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Persistence of the ground beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) microbiome to diet manipulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.19.345207v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Host-associated microbiomes can play important roles in the ecology and evolution of their insect hosts, but bacterial diversity in many insect groups remains poorly understood. Here we examine the relationship between host environment, host traits, and microbial diversity in three species in the ground beetle family (Coleoptera: Carabidae), a group of roughly 40,000 species that synthesize a wide diversity of defensive compounds. This study found that the ground beetle microbiome is consistent across different host food sources. We used 16S amplicon sequencing to profile three species that are phylogenetically distantly related, trophically distinct, and whose defensive chemical secretions differ: Anisodactylus similis LeConte, 1851, Pterostichus serripes (LeConte, 1875), and Brachinus elongatulus Chaudoir, 1876. Wild-caught beetles were compared to individuals maintained in the lab for two weeks on carnivorous, herbivorous, or starvation diets. Soil environment but not diet had a significant effect on bacterial diversity and composition. The three carabid species have patterns of microbial diversity similar to those previously found in other insect hosts. Metagenomic samples from two highly active tissue types -- guts, and pygidial gland secretory cells (which produce defensive compounds) -- were processed and sequenced separately from those of the remaining body. The observed similarity of the pygidial gland secretory cell microbiome across hosts suggests the possibility that it may be a conserved community, possibly due to functional interactions related to defensive chemistry. These results provide a baseline for future studies of the role of microbes in the diversification of defensive chemical biosynthesis in carabids.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Silver, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Will, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gill, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.19.345207</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Persistence of the ground beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) microbiome to diet manipulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.20.346411v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ceragenins and antimicrobial peptides kill bacteria through distinct mechanisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.20.346411v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ceragenins are a family of synthetic amphipathic molecules designed to mimic the properties of naturally-occurring cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs). Although ceragenins have potent antimicrobial activity, whether their mode of action is similar to that of CAMPs has remained elusive. Here we report the results of a comparative study of the bacterial responses to two well-studied CAMPs, LL37 and colistin, and two ceragenins with related structures, CSA13 and CSA131. Using transcriptomic and proteomic analyses, we found that Escherichia coli responds similarly to both CAMPs and ceragenins by inducing a Cpx envelope stress response. However, whereas E. coli exposed to CAMPs increased expression of genes involved in colanic acid biosynthesis, bacteria exposed to ceragenins specifically modulated functions related to phosphate transport, indicating distinct mechanisms of action between these two classes of molecules. Although traditional genetic approaches failed to identify genes that confer high-level resistance to ceragenins, using a Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats interference (CRISPRi) approach we identified E. coli essential genes that when knocked down modify sensitivity to these molecules. Comparison of the essential gene-antibiotic interactions for each of the CAMPs and ceragenins identified both overlapping and distinct dependencies for their antimicrobial activities. Overall, this study indicates that while some bacterial responses to ceragenins overlap with those induced by naturally-occurring CAMPs, these synthetic molecules target the bacterial envelope using a distinctive mode of action.

IMPORTANCEThe development of novel antibiotics is essential since the current arsenal of antimicrobials will soon be ineffective due to the widespread occurrence of antibiotic resistance. Development of naturally-occurring cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs) for therapeutics to combat antibiotic resistance has been hampered by high production costs and protease sensitivity, among other factors. The ceragenins are a family of synthetic CAMP mimics that kill a broad spectrum of bacterial species but are less expensive to produce, resistant to proteolytic degradation and have been associated with low levels of resistance. Determining how ceragenins function may identify new essential biological pathways of bacteria that are less prone to development of resistance and will further our understanding of the design principles for maximizing the effects of synthetic CAMPs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silvis, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talkington, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Budzik, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dodd, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paluba, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oki, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trotta, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Licht, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez-Morales, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marletta, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.20.346411</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ceragenins and antimicrobial peptides kill bacteria through distinct mechanisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.20.347443v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitohormesis reprograms macrophage metabolism to enforce tolerance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.20.347443v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Macrophages generate mitochondrial reactive oxygen and electrophilic species (mtROS, mtRES) as antimicrobials during Toll-like receptor (TLR)-dependent inflammatory responses. Whether mitochondrial stress caused by these molecules impacts macrophage function is unknown. Here we demonstrate that both pharmacologically- and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-driven mitochondrial stress in macrophages triggers a stress response called mitohormesis. LPS-driven mitohormetic stress adaptations occur as macrophages transition from an LPS-responsive to LPS-tolerant state where stimulus-induced proinflammatory gene transcription is impaired, suggesting tolerance is a product of mitohormesis. Indeed, like LPS, pharmacologically-triggered mitohormesis suppresses mitochondrial oxidative metabolism and acetyl-CoA production needed for histone acetylation and proinflammatory gene transcription, and is sufficient to enforce an LPS-tolerant state. Thus, mtROS and mtRES are TLR-dependent signaling molecules that trigger mitohormesis as a negative feedback mechanism to restrain inflammation via tolerance. Moreover, bypassing TLR signaling and pharmacologically triggering mitohormesis represents a novel anti-inflammatory strategy that co-opts this stress response to impair epigenetic support of proinflammatory gene transcription by mitochondria.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=141 SRC="FIGDIR/small/347443v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (49K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@c5c03org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@16cd130org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@119b461org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@914ee4_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Timblin, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tharp, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ford, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winchester, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, R. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louie, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iavarone, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ten Hoeve, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomura, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stahl, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saijo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.20.347443</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitohormesis reprograms macrophage metabolism to enforce tolerance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.20.347740v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiple sequential prediction errors during reward processing in the human brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.20.347740v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent developments in reinforcement learning, cognitive control, and systems neuroscience highlight the complimentary roles in learning of valenced reward prediction errors (RPEs) and non-valenced salience prediction errors (PEs) driven by the magnitude of surprise. A core debate in reward learning focuses on whether valenced and non-valenced PEs can be isolated in the human electroencephalogram (EEG). Here, we combine behavioral modeling and single-trial EEG regression revealing a sequence of valenced and non-valenced PEs in an interval timing task dissociating outcome valence, magnitude, and probability. Multiple regression across temporal, spatial, and frequency dimensions revealed a spatio-tempo-spectral cascade from valenced RPE value represented by the feedback related negativity event-related potential (ERP) followed by non-valenced RPE magnitude and outcome probability effects indexed by subsequent P300 and late frontal positivity ERPs. The results show that learning is supported by a sequence of multiple PEs evident in the human EEG.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hoy, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steiner, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.20.347740</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiple sequential prediction errors during reward processing in the human brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.20.348128v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Higher Variability in Fungi Compared to Bacteria in the Foraging Honey Bee 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.20.348128v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial communities in the honey bee gut have emerged as a model system to understand the effects of host-associated microbes on animals and plants. The specific distribution patterns of bacterial associates among honey bee gut regions remains a key finding within the field. The mid- and hindgut of foraging bees house a deterministic set of core species that affect host health. In contrast, the crop, or honey stomach, contains a more diverse set of bacteria that is highly variable in composition among individual bees. Whether this contrast between the two gut regions also applies to fungi, another major group of gut-associated microbes, remains unclear despite their potential influence on host health. In honey bees caught foraging at four sites across the San Francisco Peninsula, we found that fungi were much less distinct in species composition between the crop and the mid- and hindgut than bacteria. Unlike bacteria, fungi were highly variable in composition throughout the gut, and much of this variation was attributable to bee collection site. These patterns suggest that the fungi may be passengers rather than functionally significant gut symbionts. However, many of the fungi we found in the bees have been recognized as plant pathogens. Assuming that some fungi remain viable after passage through the gut, the distribution patterns we report here point to the potential importance of honey bees as vectors of fungal pathogens and suggest a more prominent role of honey bees in plant pathogen transmission than generally thought.

Importance (Nontechnical explanation of why the work was undertaken)Along with bacteria, fungi make up a significant portion of animal- and plant-associated microbial communities. However, we have only begun to describe these fungi, much less examine their effects on most animals and plants. The honey bee, Apis mellifera, has emerged as a model system for studying host-associated microbes. Honey bees contain well-characterized bacteria specialized to inhabit different regions of the gut. Fungi also exist in the honey bee gut, but their composition and function remain largely undescribed. Here we show that, unlike bacteria, fungi vary substantially in species composition throughout the honey bee gut, contingent on where the bees are sampled. This observation suggests that fungi may be transient passengers and therefore unimportant as gut symbionts. However, our findings also indicate that honey bees could be major vectors of infectious plant diseases as many of the fungi we found in the honey bee gut are recognized as plant pathogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Decker, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>San Juan, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duckworth, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fukami, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.20.348128</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Higher Variability in Fungi Compared to Bacteria in the Foraging Honey Bee]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.21.348938v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Executive modulation of brain reward systems endows goals with value 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.21.348938v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
People often learn from the outcomes of their actions, even when these outcomes do not involve material rewards or punishments. How does our brain provide this flexibility? We combined behavior, computational modeling, and functional neuroimaging to probe whether learning from transient goals harnesses the same circuitry that supports learning from secondary reinforcers. Behavior and neuroimaging revealed that "one-shot" transient goals (abstract fractal images seen once) can act as a substitute for rewards during instrumental learning, and produce reliable reward-like signals in dopaminergic reward circuits. Moreover, we found evidence that prefrontal correlates of executive control may play a role in shaping these responses in reward circuits. These results suggest that learning from abstract goal outcomes is supported by an interplay between high-level representations in prefrontal cortex and low-level responses in subcortical reward circuits. This interaction may allow humans to perform reinforcement learning over flexible, arbitrarily abstract reward functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McDougle, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballard, I. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baribault, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishop, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, A. G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.21.348938</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Executive modulation of brain reward systems endows goals with value]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.22.351346v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The mechanism of motor inhibition by microtubule-associated proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.22.351346v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microtubule (MT)-associated proteins (MAPs) regulate intracellular transport by selectively recruiting or excluding kinesin and dynein motors from MTs. We used single-molecule and cryo-electron imaging to determine the mechanism of MAP-motor interactions in vitro. Unexpectedly, we found that the regulatory role of a MAP cannot be predicted based on whether it overlaps with the motor binding site or forms liquid condensates on the MT. Although the MT binding domain (MTBD) of MAP7 overlaps with the kinesin-1 binding site, tethering of kinesin-1 by the MAP7 projection domain supersedes this inhibition and results in biphasic regulation of kinesin-1 motility. Conversely, the MTBD of tau inhibits dynein motility without overlapping with the dynein binding site or by forming tau islands on the MT. Our results indicate that MAPs sort intracellular cargos moving in both directions, as neither dynein nor kinesin can walk on a MAP-coated MT without favorably interacting with that MAP.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LIMAP7 binds to a novel site and can coexist with tau on the MT.
C_LIO_LIKinesin-1 motility is biphasically regulated by MAP7 accumulation on the microtubule.
C_LIO_LIMT decoration of MAPs inhibits motors even when they do not block the motor binding site.
C_LIO_LIMotors need to interact with a MAP to walk on MAP-decorated MTs
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ferro, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eshun-Wilson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golcuk, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huijben, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerber, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jack, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gur, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogales, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yildiz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.22.351346</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The mechanism of motor inhibition by microtubule-associated proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.22.351486v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
homologizer: Phylogenetic phasing of gene copies into polyploid subgenomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.22.351486v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryO_LIOrganisms such as allopolyploids and F1 hybrids contain multiple distinct subgenomes, each potentially with its own evolutionary history. These organisms present a challenge for multilocus phylogenetic inference and other analyses since it is not apparent which gene copies from different loci are from the same subgenome and thus share an evolutionary history.
C_LIO_LIHere we introduce homologizer, a flexible Bayesian approach that uses a phylogenetic framework to infer the phasing of gene copies across loci into their respective subgenomes.
C_LIO_LIThrough the use of simulation tests we demonstrate that homologizer is robust to a wide range of factors, such as incomplete lineage sorting and the phylogenetic informativeness of loci. Furthermore, we establish the utility of homologizer on real data, by analyzing a multilocus dataset consisting of nine diploids and 19 tetraploids from the fern family Cystopteridaceae.
C_LIO_LIFinally, we describe how homologizer may potentially be used beyond its core phasing functionality to identify non-homologous sequences, such as hidden paralogs or contaminants.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Freyman, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothfels, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.22.351486</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[homologizer: Phylogenetic phasing of gene copies into polyploid subgenomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.24.349738v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ultrasound activates mechanosensitive TRAAK K+ channels directly through the lipid membrane 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.24.349738v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ultrasound modulates the electrical activity of excitable cells and offers advantages over other neuromodulatory techniques; for example, it can be non-invasively transmitted through skull and focused to deep brain regions. However, the fundamental cellular, molecular, and mechanistic bases of ultrasonic neuromodulation are largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate ultrasound activation of the mechanosensitive K+ channel TRAAK with sub-millisecond kinetics to an extent comparable to canonical mechanical activation. Single channel recordings reveal a common basis for ultrasonic and mechanical activation with stimulus-graded destabilization of long-duration closures and promotion of full conductance openings. Ultrasonic energy is transduced to TRAAK directly through the membrane in the absence of other cellular components, likely increasing membrane tension to promote channel opening. We further demonstrate ultrasonic modulation of neuronally expressed TRAAK. These results suggest mechanosensitive channels underlie physiological responses to ultrasound and provides a framework for developing channel-based sonogentic actuators for acoustic neuromodulation of genetically targeted cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sorum, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rietmeijer, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gopakumar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adesnik, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brohawn, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.24.349738</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ultrasound activates mechanosensitive TRAAK K+ channels directly through the lipid membrane]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.28.359885v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
crispr2vec: Machine Learning Model Predicts Off-Target Cuts of CRISPR systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.28.359885v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-Cas systems have revolutionized gene editing, with applications in therapeutics, diagnostics, agriculture, and developing disease models. However, CRISPR-Cas suffers from off-target effects -- unintended genetic modifications in the genome that arise from its use. In this work, we present crispr2vec: a deep metric learning approach for embedding CRISPR single guide RNA (sgRNA) sequences and predicting off-target cuts. Given a fixed target sequence, we show that our learned embedding yields a faithful representation of potential off-targets. We present a new triplet sampling strategy specifically for CRISPR sequences that improves the quality of our embedding. We show the resulting embedding generalizes across different off-target cut detection assays. Finally, we demonstrate the superiority of our deep metric learning method in its ability to predict off-target cuts compared to previous literature in cross fold validation across different datasets for both seen and unseen sgRNAs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tara Basu Trivedi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boger, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Govinda Kamath, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evangelopoulos, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cate, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hidary, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.28.359885</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[crispr2vec: Machine Learning Model Predicts Off-Target Cuts of CRISPR systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.29.360073v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolic flux signatures of the ER unfolded protein response in vivo reveal decreased hepatic de novo lipogenesis and mobilization of lipids from adipose tissue to liver 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.29.360073v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The unfolded protein response in the endoplasmic reticulum (UPRER) is involved in a number of metabolic diseases, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Here, we characterize the UPRER induced metabolic changes in mouse liver through in vivo metabolic labeling and mass spectrometric analysis of proteome and lipid fluxes. We induced ER stress in vivo via tunicamycin treatment and measured rates of proteome-wide protein synthesis, de novo lipogenesis and cholesterol synthesis serially over a three-day period, thereby generating a metabolic "signature" of the UPRER over time. Synthesis of most proteins was suppressed under ER stress conditions, including proteins involved in lipogenesis, consistent with reduced de novo lipogenesis at 48 and 72 hours. Electron microscopy revealed striking morphological changes to ER and H&E staining showed lipid droplet enriched livers under ER stress. Pre-labeling of adipose tissue prior to ER stress induction revealed mobilization of lipids from adipose to the liver. Interestingly, the source of these lipids was uptake of free fatty acids, not whole triglycerides or phospholipids from lipoproteins, as demonstrated by replacement of the triglyceride-glycerol moiety in liver concurrently with increased incorporation of labeled palmitate from adipose. We also induced ER stress by a high-fat diet and observed similar metabolic flux signatures, suggesting that this mechanism may play a role in the progression of fatty liver disease. This flux-based approach provides a powerful tool to identify novel regulators of ER stress and potential targets for pharmacological intervention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schneider, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karapetyan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nyangau, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohammed, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palacios, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziari, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joe, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frakes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dillin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hellerstein, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.29.360073</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolic flux signatures of the ER unfolded protein response in vivo reveal decreased hepatic de novo lipogenesis and mobilization of lipids from adipose tissue to liver]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.03.365502v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Baculovirus actin-rearrangement-inducing factor ARIF-1 induces the formation of dynamic clusters of invadosome-like structures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.03.365502v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The baculovirus Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV), a pathogen of lepidopteran insects, has a striking dependence on the host cell actin cytoskeleton. During the delayed-early stage of infection, AcMNPV was shown to induce the accumulation of actin at the cortex of infected cells. However, the dynamics and molecular mechanism of cortical actin assembly remained unknown. Here, we show that AcMNPV induces dynamic cortical clusters of dot-like actin structures that resemble clusters of invadosomes in mammalian cells. Furthermore, we find that the AcMNPV protein actin-rearrangement-inducing factor-1 (ARIF-1), which was previously shown to be necessary and sufficient for cortical actin assembly and efficient viral infection in insect hosts, is both necessary and sufficient for invadosome-like structure formation. We mapped the sequences within the C-terminal cytoplasmic region of ARIF-1 that are required for invadosome-like structure formation and identified individual tyrosine and proline residues that are required for organizing these structures. Additionally, we found that ARIF-1 and the invadosome-associated proteins cortactin and the Arp2/3 complex localize to invadosome-like structures, and Arp2/3 complex is required for their formation. These ARIF-1-induced invadosome-like structures may be important for the function of ARIF-1 in systemic virus spread.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lauko, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohkawa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mares, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welch, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.03.365502</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Baculovirus actin-rearrangement-inducing factor ARIF-1 induces the formation of dynamic clusters of invadosome-like structures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.07.372805v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cognitive insights from evolutionarily new brain structures in prefrontal cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.07.372805v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While the disproportionate expansion of lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) in humans compared to non-human primates is accepted, the relationship between evolutionarily new LPFC brain structures and uniquely human cognitive skills is largely unknown. Here, we tested the relationship between variability in evolutionarily new LPFC tertiary sulci and reasoning skills in a pediatric cohort. A novel data-driven approach in independent discovery and replication samples revealed that the depth of specific LPFC tertiary sulci predicts individual differences in reasoning skills beyond age. These findings support a classic, yet untested, theory linking the protracted development of tertiary sulci to late-developing cognitive processes. We suggest that deeper LPFC tertiary sulci reflect reduced short-range connections in white matter, which in turn, improve the efficiency of local neural signals underlying cognitive skills such as reasoning that are central to human cognitive development. To expedite discoveries in future neuroanatomical-behavioural studies, we share sulcal definitions with the field.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Voorhies, W. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bunge, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.07.372805</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cognitive insights from evolutionarily new brain structures in prefrontal cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.11.378729v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure and variability of optogenetic responses identify the operating regime of cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.11.378729v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The visual cortex receives non-sensory inputs containing behavioral and brain state information. Here we propose a parallel between optogenetic and behavioral modulations of activity and characterize their impact on cell-type-specific V1 processing under a common theoretical framework. We infer cell-type-specific circuitry from large-scale V1 recordings and demonstrate that, given strong recurrent excitation, the cell-type-specific responses imply key aspects of the known connectivity. In the inferred models, parvalbumin-expressing (PV), but not other, interneurons have responses to perturbations that we show theoretically imply that their activity stabilizes the circuit. We infer inputs that explain locomotion-induced changes in firing rates and find that, contrary to hypotheses of simple disinhibition, locomotory drive to VIP cells and to SOM cells largely cancel, with enhancement of excitatory-cell visual responses likely due to direct locomotory drive to them. We show that this SOM/VIP cancellation is a property emerging from V1 connectivity structure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Palmigiano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fumarola, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mossing, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraynyukova, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adesnik, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.11.378729</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure and variability of optogenetic responses identify the operating regime of cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.13.382424v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting future from past: The genomic basis of recurrent and rapid stickleback evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.13.382424v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Similar forms often evolve repeatedly in nature, raising longstanding questions about the underlying mechanisms. Here we use repeated evolution in sticklebacks to identify a large set of genomic loci that change recurrently during colonization of new freshwater habitats by marine fish. The same loci used repeatedly in extant populations also show rapid allele frequency changes when new freshwater populations are experimentally established from marine ancestors. Dramatic genotypic and phenotypic changes arise within 5-7 years, facilitated by standing genetic variation and linkage between adaptive regions. Both the speed and location of changes can be predicted using empirical observations of recurrence in natural populations or fundamental genomic features like allelic age, recombination rates, density of divergent loci, and overlap with mapped traits. A composite model trained on these stickleback features can also predict the location of key evolutionary loci in Darwins finches, suggesting similar features are important for evolution across diverse taxa.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roberts Kingman, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vyas, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brady, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reid, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millhaven, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertino, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguirre, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heins, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Hippel, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Absher, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Palma, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kingsley, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veeramah, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.13.382424</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting future from past: The genomic basis of recurrent and rapid stickleback evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.17.387399v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
COAL_PHYRE: A Composite Likelihood Method for Estimating Species Tree Parameters from Genomic Data Using Coalescent Theory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.17.387399v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
2Genome-scale data are increasingly being used to infer phylogenetic trees. A major challenge in such inferences is that different regions of the genome may have local topologies that differ from the species tree due to incomplete lineage sorting (ILS). Another source of gene tree discrepancies is estimation errors arising from the randomness of the mutational process during sequence evolution. There are two major groups of methods for estimating species tree from whole-genome data: a set of full likelihood methods, which model both sources of variance, but do not scale to large numbers of independent loci, and a class of faster approximation methods which do not model the mutational variance.

To bridge the gap between these two classes of methods, we present COAL_PHYRE (COmposite Approximate Likelihood for PHYlogenetic REconstruction), a composite likelihood based method for inferring population size and divergence time estimates of rooted species trees from aligned gene sequences. COAL_PHYRE jointly models coalescent variation across loci using the MSC and variation in local gene tree reconstruction using a normal approximation. To evaluate the accuracy and speed of the method, we compare against BPP, a powerful MCMC full-likelihood method, as well as ASTRAL-III, a fast approximate method. We show that COAL_PHYREs divergence time and population size estimates are more accurate than ASTRAL, and comparable to those obtained using BPP, with an order of magnitude decrease in computational time. We also present results on previously published data from a set of Gibbon species to evaluate the accuracy in topology and parameter inference on real data, and to illustrate the methods ability to analyze data sets which are prohibitively large for MCMC methods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guerra, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.17.387399</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[COAL_PHYRE: A Composite Likelihood Method for Estimating Species Tree Parameters from Genomic Data Using Coalescent Theory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.19.390278v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
EcDNA hubs drive cooperative intermolecular oncogene expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.19.390278v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extrachromosomal DNAs (ecDNAs) are prevalent in human cancers and mediate high oncogene expression through elevated copy number and altered gene regulation1. Gene expression typically involves distal enhancer DNA elements that contact and activate genes on the same chromosome2,3. Here we show that ecDNA hubs, comprised of ~10-100 ecDNAs clustered in the nucleus of interphase cells, drive intermolecular enhancer input for amplified oncogene expression. Single-molecule sequencing, single-cell multiome, and 3D enhancer connectome reveal subspecies of MYC-PVT1 ecDNAs lacking enhancers that access intermolecular and ectopic enhancer-promoter interactions in ecDNA hubs. ecDNA hubs persist without transcription and are tethered by BET protein BRD4. BET inhibitor JQ1 disperses ecDNA hubs, preferentially inhibits ecDNA oncogene transcription, and kills ecDNA+ cancer cells. Two amplified oncogenes MYC and FGFR2 intermix in ecDNA hubs, engage in intermolecular enhancer-promoter interactions, and transcription is uniformly sensitive to JQ1. Thus, ecDNA hubs are nuclear bodies of many ecDNAs tethered by proteins and platforms for cooperative transcription, leveraging the power of oncogene diversification and combinatorial DNA interactions. We suggest ecDNA hubs, rather than individual ecDNAs, as units of oncogene function, cooperative evolution, and new targets for cancer therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hung, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yost, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lange, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duffy, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraft, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corces, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granja, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajkumar, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bafna, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mischel, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.19.390278</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[EcDNA hubs drive cooperative intermolecular oncogene expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.20.392290v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lysine methylation shields an intracellular pathogen from ubiquitylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.20.392290v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many intracellular pathogens avoid detection by their host cells. However, it remains unknown how they avoid being tagged by ubiquitin, an initial step leading to anti-microbial autophagy. Here, we show that the intracellular bacterial pathogen Rickettsia parkeri uses two protein-lysine methyltransferases (PKMTs) to modify outer membrane proteins (OMPs) and prevent their ubiquitylation. Mutants deficient in the PKMTs were avirulent in mice and failed to grow in macrophages due to ubiquitylation and autophagy. Analysis of the lysine-methylome revealed that PKMTs modify a subset of OMPs by methylation at the same sites that are recognized by host ubiquitin. These findings show that lysine methylation is an essential determinant of rickettsial pathogenesis that shields bacterial proteins from ubiquitylation to evade autophagic targeting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Engstrom, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burke, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iavarone, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welch, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.20.392290</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lysine methylation shields an intracellular pathogen from ubiquitylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.23.391938v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Household-Level Risk Factors for Aedes aegypti Pupal Density in Guayaquil, Ecuador 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.23.391938v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundVector-borne diseases are a major cause of disease burden in Guayaquil, Ecuador, especially arboviruses spread by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Understanding which household characteristics and risk factors lead to higher Ae. aegypti densities and consequent disease risk can help inform and optimize vector control programs.

MethodsCross-sectional entomological surveys were conducted in Guayaquil between 2013 and 2016, covering household demographics, municipal services, potential breeding containers, presence of Ae. aegypti larvae and pupae, and history of using mosquito control methods. A zero-truncated negative binomial regression model was fitted to data for estimating the household pupal index. An additional model assessed the factors of the most productive breeding sites across all of the households.

ResultsOf surveyed households, 610 satisfied inclusion criteria. The final household-level model found that collection of large solid items (e.g., furniture and tires) and rainfall the week of and 2 weeks before collection were negatively correlated with average pupae per container, while bed canopy use, unemployment, container water volume, and the interaction between large solid collection and rainfall 2 weeks before the sampling event were positively correlated. Selection of these variables across other top candidate models with {Delta}AICc < 1 was robust, with the strongest effects from large solid collection and bed canopy use. The final container-level model explaining the characteristics of breeding sites found that contaminated water is positively correlated with Ae. aegypti pupae counts while breeding sites composed of car parts, furniture, sewerage parts, vases, ceramic material, glass material, metal material, and plastic material were all negatively correlated.

ConclusionHaving access to municipal services like bulky item pickup was effective at reducing mosquito proliferation in households. Association of bed canopy use with higher mosquito densities is unexpected, and may be a consequence of large local mosquito populations or due to limited use or effectiveness of other vector control methods. The impact of rainfall on mosquito density is multifaceted, as it may both create new habitat and "wash out" existing habitat. Providing services and social/technical interventions focused on monitoring and eliminating productive breeding sites is important for reducing aquatic-stage mosquito densities in households at risk for Ae. aegypti-transmitted diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leon, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lalangui, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ponce, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cevallos, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.23.391938</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Household-Level Risk Factors for Aedes aegypti Pupal Density in Guayaquil, Ecuador]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.23.394221v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Examination of an Enhanced Remote Sensing Method for Agent Attribution of Forest Disturbance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.23.394221v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Patterns of disturbance in Sierra Nevada forests are shifting as a result of changing climate and land uses. These changes have underscored the need for a monitoring system that both detects disturbances and attributes them to different agents. Addressing this need will aid forest management and conservation decision-making, potentially enhancing forests resilience to changing climatic conditions. In addition, it will advance understanding of the patterns, drivers, and consequences of forest disturbance in space and time. This study proposed and evaluated an enhanced method for disturbance agent attribution. Specifically, it tested the extent to which textural information could improve the performance of an ensemble learning method in predicting the agents of disturbance from remote sensing observations. Random Forest (RF) models were developed to attribute disturbance to three primary agents (fire, harvest, and drought) in Stanislaus National Forest, California, U.S.A., between 1999 and 2015. To account for spectral behavior and topographical characteristics that regulate vegetation and disturbance dynamics, the models were trained on predictors derived from both the Landsat record and from a digital elevation model. The predictors included measurements of spectral change acquired through temporal segmentation of Landsat data; measurements of patch geometry; and a series of landscape texture metrics. The texture metrics were generated using the Grey-Level Co-Occurrence Matrix (GLCM). Two models were produced: one with GLCM texture metrics and one without. The per-class and overall accuracies of each model were evaluated with out-of-bag (OOB) observations and compared statistically to quantify the contribution of texture metrics to classification skill. Overall OOB accuracy was 72.0% for the texture-free model and 72.2% for the texture-dependent model, with no significant accuracy difference between them. Spatial patterns in prediction maps cohered with expectations, with most harvest concentrated in mid-elevation forests and fire and stress co-occurring at lower elevations. Altogether, the method yielded adequate identification of disturbance and moderate attribution accuracy for multiple disturbance agents. While textures did not contribute meaningfully to model skill, the study offers a strong foundation for future development, which should focus on improving the efficacy of the model and generalizing it for systems beyond the Central Sierra Nevada.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Worsham, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.23.394221</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Examination of an Enhanced Remote Sensing Method for Agent Attribution of Forest Disturbance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.24.396846v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Learning epistatic polygenic phenotypes with Boolean interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.24.396846v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Detecting epistatic drivers of human phenotypes is a considerable challenge. Traditional approaches use regression to sequentially test multiplicative interaction terms involving pairs of genetic variants. For higher-order interactions and genome-wide large-scale data, this strategy is computationally intractable. Moreover, multiplicative terms used in regression modeling may not capture the form of biological interactions. Building on the Predictability, Computability, Stability (PCS) framework, we introduce the epiTree pipeline to extract higher-order interactions from genomic data using tree-based models. The epiTree pipeline first selects a set of variants derived from tissue-specific estimates of gene expression. Next, it uses iterative random forests (iRF) to search training data for candidate Boolean interactions (pairwise and higher-order). We derive significance tests for interactions, based on a stabilized likelihood ratio test, by simulating Boolean tree-structured null (no epistasis) and alternative (epistasis) distributions on hold-out test data. Finally, our pipeline computes PCS epistasis p-values that probabilisticly quantify improvement in prediction accuracy via bootstrap sampling on the test set. We validate the epiTree pipeline in two case studies using data from the UK Biobank: predicting red hair and multiple sclerosis (MS). In the case of predicting red hair, epiTree recovers known epistatic interactions surrounding MC1R and novel interactions, representing non-linearities not captured by logistic regression models. In the case of predicting MS, a more complex phenotype than red hair, epiTree rankings prioritize novel interactions surrounding HLA-DRB1, a variant previously associated with MS in several populations. Taken together, these results highlight the potential for epiTree rankings to help reduce the design space for follow up experiments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Behr, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumbier, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordova-Palomera, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguirre, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashley, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butte, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnaout, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preist, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.24.396846</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Learning epistatic polygenic phenotypes with Boolean interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.24.396994v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sparse Epistatic Regularization of Deep Neural Networks for Inferring Fitness Functions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.24.396994v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite recent advances in high-throughput combinatorial mutagenesis assays, the number of labeled sequences available to predict molecular functions has remained small for the vastness of the sequence space combined with the ruggedness of many fitness functions. Expressive models in machine learning (ML), such as deep neural networks (DNNs), can model the nonlinearities in rugged fitness functions, which manifest as high-order epistatic interactions among the mutational sites. However, in the absence of an inductive bias, DNNs overfit to the small number of labeled sequences available for training. Herein, we exploit the recent biological evidence that epistatic interactions in many fitness functions are sparse; this knowledge can be used as an inductive bias to regularize DNNs. We have developed a method for sparse epistatic regularization of DNNs, called the epistatic net (EN), which constrains the number of non-zero coefficients in the spectral representation of DNNs. For larger sequences, where finding the spectral transform becomes computationally intractable, we have developed a scalable extension of EN, which subsamples the combinatorial sequence space uniformly inducing a sparse-graph-code structure, and regularizes DNNs using the resulting greedy optimization method. Results on several biological landscapes, from bacterial to protein fitness functions, show that EN consistently improves the prediction accuracy of DNNs and enables them to outperform competing models which assume other forms of inductive biases. EN estimates all the higher-order epistatic interactions of DNNs trained on massive sequence spaces--a computational problem that takes years to solve without leveraging the epistatic sparsity in the fitness functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aghazadeh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nisonoff, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ocal, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koyluoglu, O. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Listgarten, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramchandran, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.24.396994</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sparse Epistatic Regularization of Deep Neural Networks for Inferring Fitness Functions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.25.397968v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An adaptive optics module for deep tissue multiphoton imaging in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.25.397968v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding complex biological systems requires visualizing structures and processes deep within living organisms. We developed a compact adaptive optics module and incorporated it into two- and three-photon fluorescence microscopes, to measure and correct tissue-induced aberrations. We resolved synaptic structures in deep cortical and subcortical areas of the mouse brain, and demonstrated high-resolution imaging of neuronal structures and somatosensory-evoked calcium responses in the mouse spinal cord at unprecedented depths in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohr, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milkie, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bifano, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.25.397968</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An adaptive optics module for deep tissue multiphoton imaging in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.25.398651v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mucosal vaccination with cyclic-di-nucleotide adjuvants induces effective T cell homing and IL-17 dependent protection against M. tuberculosis infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.25.398651v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The only licensed vaccine for tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG), is not reliably effective against adult pulmonary tuberculosis. A major hurdle to tuberculosis vaccine development is incomplete understanding of successful immunity against the causative agent Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Recently, we demonstrated that a protein subunit vaccine adjuvanted with STING-activating cyclic-di-nucleotides (CDNs) robustly protects against tuberculosis infection in mice. Here we show mucosal vaccination with this vaccine induces production of T cells that home to lung parenchyma and penetrate lesions in the lung. Protection is partially dependent on IL-17, type I interferon (IFN), and IFN-{gamma}, while the transcription factor STAT-6 is dispensable. Single cell transcriptomics reveals mucosal vaccination with a CDN vaccine increases transcriptional heterogeneity in CD4 cells, including a significant population of non-classical IFN-{gamma} and IL-17 co-expressing Th1-Th17 cells, as well as markers of memory and activation. Th1-Th17 cells in vaccinated mice are enriched for expression of the T cell functional markers Tnfsf8 and Il1r1 relative to more conventional Th1 cells. These data provide critical insight into the immune mediators and diversity of T cell responses that can contribute to vaccine efficacy against M. tuberculosis infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jong, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Dis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyenla, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baltodano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pastenkos, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McWhirter, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.25.398651</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mucosal vaccination with cyclic-di-nucleotide adjuvants induces effective T cell homing and IL-17 dependent protection against M. tuberculosis infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.25.398883v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hybrid Hyperalignment: A single high-dimensional model of shared information embedded in cortical patterns of response and functional connectivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.25.398883v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Shared information content is represented across brains in idiosyncratic functional topographies. Hyperalignment addresses these idiosyncrasies by using neural responses to project individuals brain data into a common model space while maintaining the geometric relationships between distinct activity patterns. The dimensions of this common model can encode any kind of functional profiles shared across individuals, such as cortical response profiles collected during a common time-locked stimulus presentation (e.g. movie viewing) or functional connectivity profiles. Performing hyperalignment with either response-based or connectivity-based input data derives transformations to project individuals neural data from anatomical space into the common model such that functional information is optimally aligned across brains. Previously, only response or connectivity profiles were used in the derivation of these transformations. In this study, we used three separate data sets collected while participants watched feature films to derive transformations representing both response-based and connectivity-based information with a single algorithm. Our new method, hybrid hyperalignment, aligns response-based information as well as or better than response hyperalignment while simultaneously aligning connectivity-based information better than connectivity hyperalignment, all in one information space. These results suggest that a single common information space could encode both shared cortical response and functional connectivity profiles across individuals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Busch, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slipski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feilong, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guntupalli, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Visconti di Oleggio Castello, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huckins, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nastase, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gobbini, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wager, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haxby, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.25.398883</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hybrid Hyperalignment: A single high-dimensional model of shared information embedded in cortical patterns of response and functional connectivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.28.402263v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A phage satellite tunes inducing phage gene expression using a domesticated endonuclease to balance inhibition and virion hijacking 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.28.402263v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria persist under constant threat of predation by bacterial viruses (phages). Bacteria-phage conflicts result in evolutionary arms races often driven by mobile genetic elements (MGEs). One such MGE, a phage satellite in Vibrio cholerae called PLE, provides specific and robust defense against a pervasive lytic phage, ICP1. The interplay between PLE and ICP1 has revealed strategies for molecular parasitism allowing PLE to hijack ICP1 processes in order to mobilize. Here, we describe the mechanism of PLE-mediated transcriptional manipulation of ICP1 structural gene transcription. PLE encodes a novel DNA binding protein, CapR, that represses ICP1s capsid morphogenesis operon. Although CapR is sufficient for the degree of capsid repression achieved by PLE, its activity does not hinder the ICP1 lifecycle. We explore the consequences of repression of this operon, demonstrating that more stringent repression achieved through CRISPRi restricts both ICP1 and PLE. We also discover that PLE transduces in modified ICP1-like particles. Examination of CapR homologs led to the identification of a suite of ICP1-encoded homing endonucleases, providing a putative origin for the satellite-encoded repressor. This work unveils a facet of the delicate balance of satellite-mediated inhibition aimed at blocking phage production while successfully mobilizing in a phage-derived particle.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Netter, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyd, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silvas, T. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seed, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.28.402263</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A phage satellite tunes inducing phage gene expression using a domesticated endonuclease to balance inhibition and virion hijacking]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.30.404244v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bi-directional Modeling Between Cross-Scale Neural Activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.30.404244v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fundamental principles underlying computation in multi-scale brain networks illustrate how multiple brain areas and their coordinated activity give rise to complex cognitive functions. Whereas the population brain activity has been studied in the micro-to meso-scale in building the connections between the dynamical patterns and the behaviors, such studies were often done at a single length scale and lacked an explanatory theory that identifies the neuronal origin across multiple scales. Here we introduce the NeuroBondGraph Network, a dynamical system incorporating both biological-inspired components and deep learning techniques to capture cross-scale dynamics that can infer and map the neural data from multiple scales. We demonstrated our model is not only 3.5 times more accurate than the popular sphere head model but also able to predict synchronous neural activity and extract correlated low-dimensional latent dynamics. We also showed that we can extend our methods to robustly predict held-out data across several weeks. The extracted effective connectivity agreed with the neuroanatomical hierarchy of motor control. Accordingly, the NeuroBondGraph Network opens the door to revealing comprehensive understanding of the brain computation, where network mechanisms of multi-scale communications are critical.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chang, Y.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeh, H.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmena, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santacruz, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.30.404244</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bi-directional Modeling Between Cross-Scale Neural Activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.01.406546v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reconstructing Squamate Biogeography in Afro-Arabia Reveals the Influence of a Complex and Dynamic Geologic Past 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.01.406546v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The geographic distribution of biodiversity is central to understanding evolutionary biology. Paleogeographic and paleoclimatic histories often help to explain how biogeographic patterns unfold through time. However, such patterns are also influenced by a variety of other factors, such as lineage diversification, that may affect the probability of certain types of biogeographic events. The complex and well-known geologic and climatic history of Afro-Arabia, together with the extensive research on reptile systematics in the region, makes Afro-Arabian squamate communities an ideal system to investigate biogeographic patterns and their drivers. Here we reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships and the ancestral geographic distributions of several Afro-Arabian reptile clades (totaling 430 species) to estimate the number of dispersal, vicariance and range contraction events. We then compare the observed biogeographic history to a distribution of simulated biogeographic events based on the empirical phylogeny and the best-fit model. This allows us to identify periods in the past where the observed biogeographic history was likely shaped by forces beyond the ones included in the model. We find an increase in vicariance following the Oligocene, most likely caused by the fragmentation of the Afro-Arabian plate. In contrast, we did not find differences between observed and expected dispersal and range contraction levels. This is consistent with diversification enhanced by environmental processes and with the establishment of a dispersal corridor connecting Africa, Arabia and Eurasia since the middle Miocene. Finally, here we show that our novel approach is useful to pinpoint events in the evolutionary history of lineages that might reflect external forces not predicted by the underlying biogeographic model.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tejero-Cicuendez, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patton, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caetano, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smid, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harmon, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carranza, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.01.406546</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reconstructing Squamate Biogeography in Afro-Arabia Reveals the Influence of a Complex and Dynamic Geologic Past]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.02.394189v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhancement of antimicrobial diversity in situ through relaxed symbiont specificity in an insect/actinomycete partnership 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.02.394189v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Some insects form symbioses in which actinomycetes provide defense against pathogens by making antimicrobials. The range of chemical strategies employed across these associations, and how these strategies relate to insect lifestyle, remains underexplored. We assessed subsocial passalid beetles of the species Odontotaenius disjunctus, and their frass (fecal material) which is an important food resource within their galleries, as a model insect/actinomycete system. Through chemical and phylogenetic analyses, we found that O. disjunctus frass collected across eastern North America harbored multiple lineages of Streptomyces and diverse antimicrobials. Metabolites detected in frass displayed synergistic and antagonistic inhibition of a fungal entomopathogen, Metarhizium anisopliae, and multiple streptomycete isolates inhibited this pathogen when co-cultivated directly in frass. These findings support a model in which the lifestyle of O. disjunctus accommodates multiple Streptomyces lineages in their frass, resulting in a rich repertoire of antimicrobials that likely insulates their galleries against pathogenic invasion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pessotti, R. d. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reaso, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ceja-Navarro, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Hifnawi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodie, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traxler, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.02.394189</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhancement of antimicrobial diversity in situ through relaxed symbiont specificity in an insect/actinomycete partnership]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.06.414011v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanistic basis for ubiquitin modulation of a protein energy landscape 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.06.414011v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ubiquitin is a common posttranslational modification canonically associated with targeting proteins to the 26S proteasome for degradation and also plays a role in numerous other non-degradative cellular processes. Ubiquitination at certain sites destabilizes the substrate protein, with consequences for proteasomal processing, while ubiquitination at other sites has little energetic effect. How this site specificity--and, by extension, the myriad effects of ubiquitination on substrate proteins--arises remains unknown. Here, we systematically characterize the atomic-level effects of ubiquitination at various sites on a model protein, barstar, using a combination of NMR, hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry, and molecular dynamics simulation. We find that, regardless of the site of modification, ubiquitination does not induce large structural rearrangements in the substrate. Destabilizing modifications, however, increase fluctuations from the native state resulting in exposure of the substrates C terminus. Both of the sites occur in regions of barstar with relatively high conformational flexibility. Destabilization, however, appears to occur through different thermodynamic mechanisms, involving a reduction in entropy in one case and a loss in enthalpy in another. By contrast, ubiquitination at a non-destabilizing site protects the substrate C terminus through intermittent formation of a structural motif with the last three residues of ubiquitin. Thus, the biophysical effects of ubiquitination at a given site depend greatly on local context. Taken together, our results reveal how a single post-translational modification can generate a broad array of distinct effects, providing a framework to guide the design of proteins and therapeutics with desired degradation and quality-control properties. (248 words)

Significance StatementFluctuations on a protein energy landscapes encode the mechanistic basis for vital biological processes not always evident from static structures alone. Ubiquitination, a key posttranslational modification, can affect a proteins energy landscape with consequences for proteasomal degradation, but the molecular mechanisms driving ubiquitin-induced energetic changes remain elusive. Here, we systematically characterize the energetic effects of ubiquitination at three sites on a model protein. We find that distinct thermodynamic mechanisms can produce the same outcome of ubiquitin-induced destabilization at sensitive sites. At a non-sensitive site, we observe formation of a substrate-ubiquitin interaction that may serve to protect against destabilization. This work will enable development of predictive models of the effect of ubiquitin at any given site on a protein with implications for understanding and engineering regulated ubiquitin signaling and protein quality control in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carroll, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Latorraca, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindner, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maguire, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pelton, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marqusee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.06.414011</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanistic basis for ubiquitin modulation of a protein energy landscape]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.07.414961v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A holobiont view of island biogeography: unraveling patterns driving the nascent diversification of a Hawaiian spider and its microbial associates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.07.414961v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The diversification of a host lineage can be influenced by both the external environment and its assemblage of microbes. Here, we use a young lineage of spiders, distributed along a chronologically arranged series of volcanic mountains, to determine the parallels between the evolutionary histories of the host spiders and their associated microbial communities, together forming the "holobiont". Using the stick spider Ariamnes waikula (Araneae, Theridiidae) on the island of Hawaii, and outgroup taxa on older islands, we tested whether each component of the holobiont (the spider hosts, the intracellular endosymbionts, and the gut microbial communities) showed correlated signatures of diversity due to sequential colonization from older to younger volcanoes. In order to investigate this, we generated ddRAD data for the host spiders and 16S rRNA gene amplicon data from their microbiota. We expected sequential colonizations to result in a (phylo)genetic structuring of the host spiders and in a diversity gradient in microbial communities. Results showed that the host A. waikula is indeed structured by geographic isolation, suggesting sequential colonization from older to younger volcanoes. Similarly, the endosymbiont communities were markedly different between Ariamnes species on different islands, but more homogeneous among A. waikula populations on the island of Hawaii. Conversely, the gut microbiota was largely conserved across all populations and species, which we suspect are generally environmentally derived. Our results highlight that the different components of the holobiont have responded in distinct ways to the dynamic environment of the volcanic archipelago, showing the necessity of understanding the interplay between components to better characterize holobiont evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Armstrong, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez-Lamarque, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becking, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linderoth, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krehenwinkel, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillespie, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.07.414961</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A holobiont view of island biogeography: unraveling patterns driving the nascent diversification of a Hawaiian spider and its microbial associates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.07.414987v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systems-informed genome mining for electroautotrophic microbial production 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.07.414987v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial electrosynthesis (MES) systems can store renewable energy and CO2 in many-carbon molecules inaccessible to abiotic electrochemistry. Here, we develop a multiphysics model to investigate the fundamental and practical limits of MES enabled by direct electron uptake and we identify organisms in which this biotechnological CO2-fixation strategy can be realized. Systematic model comparisons of microbial respiration and carbon fixation strategies revealed that, under aerobic conditions, the CO2 fixation rate is limited to <6 mol/cm2/hr by O2 mass transport despite efficient electron utilization. In contrast, anaerobic nitrate respiration enables CO2 fixation rates >50 mol/cm2/hr for microbes using the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle. Phylogenetic analysis, validated by recapitulating experimental demonstrations of electroautotrophy, uncovered multiple probable electroautotrophic organisms and a significant number of genetically tractable strains that require heterologous expression of <5 proteins to gain electroautotrophic function. The model and analysis presented here will guide microbial engineering and reactor design for practical MES systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abel, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilzinger, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.07.414987</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systems-informed genome mining for electroautotrophic microbial production]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.08.417006v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A structural mechanism for the generation of biased agonism in the epidermal growth factor receptor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.08.417006v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a receptor tyrosine kinase that couples the binding of extracellular ligands, such as EGF and transforming growth factor- (TGF-), to the initiation of intracellular signaling pathways. EGFR binds to EGF and TGF- with similar affinity but generates different signals from these ligands. To address the mechanistic basis of this phenomenon, we have carried out cryo-EM analyses of human EGFR bound to EGF and TGF-. We show that the extracellular module adopts an ensemble of dimeric conformations when bound to either EGF or TGF-. The two extreme states of this ensemble represent distinct ligand-bound quaternary structures in which the membrane-proximal tips of the extracellular module are either juxtaposed or separated. EGF and TGF- differ in their ability to maintain the conformation with the membrane-proximal tips of the extracellular module separated, and this conformation is stabilized preferentially by an oncogenic EGFR mutation. Close proximity of the transmembrane helices at the junction with the extracellular module has been associated previously with increased EGFR activity. Our results show how EGFR can couple the binding of different ligands to differential modulation of this proximity, thereby suggesting a molecular mechanism for the generation of ligand-sensitive differential outputs in this receptor family.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ognjenovic, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karandur, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramaniam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuriyan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.08.417006</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A structural mechanism for the generation of biased agonism in the epidermal growth factor receptor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.11.420950v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic characterization of gene function in a photosynthetic organism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.11.420950v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Photosynthetic organisms are essential for human life, yet most of their genes remain functionally uncharacterized. Single-celled photosynthetic model systems have the potential to accelerate our ability to connect genes to functions. Here, using a barcoded mutant library of the model eukaryotic alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, we determined the phenotypes of more than 58,000 mutants under more than 121 different environmental growth conditions and chemical treatments. 78% of genes are represented by at least one mutant that showed a phenotype, providing clues to the functions of thousands of genes. Mutant phenotypic profiles allow us to place known and previously uncharacterized genes into functional pathways such as DNA repair, photosynthesis, the CO2-concentrating mechanism, and ciliogenesis. We illustrate the value of this resource by validating novel phenotypes and gene functions, including the discovery of three novel components of a defense pathway that counteracts actin cytoskeleton inhibitors released by other organisms. The data also inform phenotype discovery in land plants: mutants in Arabidopsis thaliana genes exhibit similar phenotypes to those we observed in their Chlamydomonas homologs. We anticipate that this resource will guide the functional characterization of genes across the tree of life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vilarrasa-Blasi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fauser, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Onishi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramundo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patena, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millican, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osaki, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philp, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nemeth, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salome, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wakao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaye, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grossman, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niyogi, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merchant, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cutler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walter, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinneny, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonikas, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jinkerson, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.11.420950</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic characterization of gene function in a photosynthetic organism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.11.422089v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel allele of SIR2 reveals a heritable intermediate state of gene silencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.11.422089v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic information acquires additional meaning through epigenetic regulation, the process by which genetically identical cells can exhibit heritable differences in gene expression and phenotype. Inheritance of epigenetic information is a critical step in maintaining cellular identity and organismal health. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, one form of epigenetic regulation is the transcriptional silencing of two mating-type loci, HML and HMR, by the SIR-protein complex. To focus on the epigenetic dimension of this gene regulation, we conducted a forward mutagenesis screen to identify mutants exhibiting an epigenetic or metastable silencing defect. We utilized fluorescent reporters at HML and HMR, and screened yeast colonies for epigenetic silencing defects. We uncovered numerous independent sir1 alleles, a gene known to be required for stable epigenetic inheritance. More interestingly, we recovered a missense mutation within SIR2, which encodes a highly conserved histone deacetylase. In contrast to sir1{Delta}, which exhibits states that are either fully silenced or fully expressed, this sir2 allele exhibited heritable states that were either fully silenced or expressed at an intermediate level. The heritable nature of this unique silencing defect was influenced by, but not completely dependent on, changes in rDNA copy number. Therefore, this study revealed a heritable state of intermediate silencing and linked this state to a central silencing factor, Sir2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Farris, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saxton, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rine, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.11.422089</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel allele of SIR2 reveals a heritable intermediate state of gene silencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.12.420737v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Uncovering the Structure and Function of Microbial Communities Formed During Periodic Tilling of TNT and DNT Co-Contaminated Soils 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.12.420737v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1.Environmental contamination by 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), historically the most widely used secondary explosive, is a long-standing problem in former military conflict areas and at manufacturing and decommissioning plants. In field test plots at a former explosives manufacturing site, removal of TNT and dinitrotoluenes (DNTs) was observed following periods of tillage. Since tilling of soils has previously been shown to alter the microbial community, this study was aimed at understanding how the microbial community is altered in soils with historical contamination of nitro explosives from the former Barksdale TNT plant. Samples of untilled pristine soils, untilled TNT-contaminated soils and tilled TNT-contaminated soils were subjected to targeted amplicon sequencing of 16S ribosomal RNA genes in order to compare the structure of their bacterial communities. In addition, metagenomic data generated from the TNT tilled soil was used to understand the potential functions of the bacterial community relevant to nitroaromatic degradation. While the biodiversity dropped and the Burkholderiales order became dominant in both tilled and untilled soil regardless of tillage, the bacterial community composition at finer taxonomic levels revealed a greater difference between the two treatments. Functional analysis of metagenome assembled genome (MAG) bins through systematic review of commonly proposed DNT and TNT biotransformation pathways suggested that both aerobic and anaerobic degradation pathways were present. A proposed pathway that considers both aerobic and anaerobic steps in the degradation of TNT in the scenario of the tilled contaminated soils is presented.

2. ImportanceIn this study, TNT and DNT removal has been observed in field-scale experiments following periodic tilling of historically contaminated soils. The microbial community structures of uncontaminated pristine soils, untilled contaminated soils, and tilled contaminated soils were investigated using high-throughput sequencing platforms. In addition, shotgun metagenome libraries of samples from tilled contaminated soils were generated. The results indicated that a significant shift of the bacterial community at the family level between tilled and untilled contaminated soils, with tilled soils being dominated by Alcaligenaceae and untilled soils by Burkholderiacea. In-depth metagenomic analysis of samples from tilled contaminated soils, indicate the presence of genes that encode for enzymes that potentially could lead to mineralization of TNT and DNT under mixed aerobic and anaerobic periods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Keshani Langroodi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stenuit, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez-Cohen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sales, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.12.420737</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Uncovering the Structure and Function of Microbial Communities Formed During Periodic Tilling of TNT and DNT Co-Contaminated Soils]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.14.420174v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Total recall: episodic memory retrieval,choice, and memory confidence in the rat 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.14.420174v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Episodic memory enables recollection of past experiences to guide future behavior. Humans know which memories to trust (high confidence) and which to doubt (low confidence). How memory retrieval, memory confidence, and memory-guided decisions are related, however, is not understood. Additionally, whether animals can assess confidence in episodic memories to guide behavior is unknown. We developed a spatial episodic memory task in which rats were incentivized to gamble their time: betting more following a correct choice yielded greater reward. Rat behavior reflected memory confidence, with higher temporal bets following correct choices. We applied modern machine learning to identify a memory decision variable, and built a generative model of memories evolving over time that accurately predicted both choices and confidence reports. Our results reveal in rats an ability thought to exist exclusively in primates, and introduce a unified model of memory dynamics, retrieval, choice, and confidence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Joo, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geaghan-Breiner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nachman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kepecs, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.14.420174</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Total recall: episodic memory retrieval,choice, and memory confidence in the rat]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.14.422728v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stepwise gating of the Sec61 protein-conducting channel by Sec63 and Sec62 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.14.422728v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The universally conserved Sec61/SecY channel mediates transport of many newly synthesized polypeptides across membranes, an essential step in protein secretion and membrane protein integration1-5. The channel has two gating mechanisms--a lipid-facing lateral gate, through which hydrophobic signal sequences or transmembrane helices (TMs) are released into the membrane, and a vertical gate, called the plug, which regulates the water-filled pore required for translocation of hydrophilic polypeptide segments6. Currently, how these gates are controlled and how they regulate the translocation process remain poorly understood. Here, by analyzing cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of several variants of the eukaryotic post-translational translocation complex Sec61-Sec62-Sec63, we reveal discrete gating steps of Sec61 and the mechanism by which Sec62 and Sec63 induce these gating events. We show that Sec62 forms a V-shaped structure in front of the lateral gate to fully open both gates of Sec61. Without Sec62, the lateral gate opening narrows, and the vertical pore becomes closed by the plug, rendering the channel inactive. We further show that the lateral gate is opened first by interactions between Sec61 and Sec63 in both cytosolic and luminal domains, a simultaneous disruption of which fully closes the channel. Our study defines the function of Sec62 and illuminates how Sec63 and Sec62 work together in a hierarchical manner to activate the Sec61 channel for post-translational translocation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Itskanov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.14.422728</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stepwise gating of the Sec61 protein-conducting channel by Sec63 and Sec62]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.14.422775v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Highly contiguous assemblies of 101 drosophilid genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.14.422775v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over 100 years of studies in Drosophila melanogaster and related species in the genus Drosophila have facilitated key discoveries in genetics, genomics, and evolution. While high-quality genome assemblies exist for several species in this group, they only encompass a small fraction of the genus. Recent advances in long read sequencing allow high quality genome assemblies for tens or even hundreds of species to be generated. Here, we utilize Oxford Nanopore sequencing to build an open community resource of high-quality assemblies for 101 lines of 95 drosophilid species encompassing 14 species groups and 35 sub-groups with an average contig N50 of 10.5 Mb and greater than 97% BUSCO completeness in 97/101 assemblies. These assemblies, along with detailed wet lab protocol and assembly pipelines, are released as a public resource and will serve as a starting point for addressing broad questions of genetics, ecology, and evolution within this key group.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, B. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barmina, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delaney, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comeault, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peede, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Agostino, E. R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pelaez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilar, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haji, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsunaga, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armstrong, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zych, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogawa, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stamenkovic-Radak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jelic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veselinovic, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanaskovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eric, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, J.-j.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katoh, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toda, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watabe, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watada, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moyle, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manoli, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertolini, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kostal, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawley, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takahashi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiteman, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopp, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matute, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrov, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.14.422775</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Highly contiguous assemblies of 101 drosophilid genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.15.422887v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting compound activity from phenotypic profiles and chemical structures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.15.422887v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent advances in deep learning enable using chemical structures and phenotypic profiles to accurately predict assay results for compounds virtually, reducing the time and cost of screens in the drug-discovery process. We evaluate the relative strength of three high-throughput data sources--chemical structures, images (Cell Painting), and gene-expression profiles (L1000)--to predict compound activity using a sparse historical collection of 16,170 compounds tested in 270 assays for a total of 585,439 readouts. All three data modalities can predict compound activity with high accuracy in 6-10% of assays tested; replacing million-compound physical screens with computationally prioritized smaller screens throughout the pharmaceutical industry could yield major savings. Furthermore, the three profiling modalities are complementary, and in combination they can predict 21% of assays with high accuracy, and 64% if lower accuracy is acceptable. Our study shows that, for many assays, predicting compound activity from phenotypic profiles and chemical structures might accelerate the early stages of the drug-discovery process.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Becker, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caicedo, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dancik, V. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clemons, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carpenter, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.15.422887</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting compound activity from phenotypic profiles and chemical structures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.16.423150v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporal Shifts in Antibiotic Resistance Elements Govern Virus-Pathogen Conflicts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.16.423150v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteriophage predation selects for diverse anti-phage systems that frequently cluster on mobilizable defense islands in bacterial genomes. However, there remains a lack of molecular insight into the reciprocal dynamics of phage-bacterial adaptations in nature, particularly in clinical contexts where there is need to inform phage therapy efforts and understand how phages drive pathogen evolution. Here, using time-shift experiments we show that fluctuations in SXT integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs), which notoriously confer antibiotic resistance, govern Vibrio choleraes susceptibility to phages in clinical samples. We find that SXT ICEs, which are widespread in Gammaproteobacteria, invariably encode phage defense and function to protect other genera from phage attack following conjugation. We discover phage counter-adaptation to SXT-mediated restriction in clinical samples, and show that heterogeneity in SXT ICEs allows for re-emergence of phage resistance. Further, phage infection stimulates high frequency SXT ICE conjugation, leading to the concurrent dissemination of phage and antibiotic resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>LeGault, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hays, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angermeyer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKitterick, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johura, F.-t.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sultana, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seed, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.16.423150</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporal Shifts in Antibiotic Resistance Elements Govern Virus-Pathogen Conflicts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.21.423869v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In Vitro Safety Clinical Trial of the Cardiac Liability of Hydroxychloroquine and Azithromycin as COVID19 Polytherapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.21.423869v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite global efforts, there are no effective FDA-approved medicines for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Potential therapeutics focus on repurposed drugs, some with cardiac liabilities. Here we report on a preclinical drug screening platform, a cardiac microphysiological system (MPS), to assess cardiotoxicity associated with hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and azithromycin (AZM) polytherapy in a mock clinical trial. The MPS contained human heart muscle derived from patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells. The effect of drug response was measured using outputs that correlate with clinical measurements such as QT interval (action potential duration) and drug-biomarker pairing.

Chronic exposure to HCQ alone elicited early afterdepolarizations (EADs) and increased QT interval from day 6 onwards. AZM alone elicited an increase in QT interval from day 7 onwards and arrhythmias were observed at days 8 and 10. Monotherapy results closely mimicked clinical trial outcomes. Upon chronic exposure to HCQ and AZM polytherapy, we observed an increase in QT interval on days 4-8.. Interestingly, a decrease in arrhythmias and instabilities was observed in polytherapy relative to monotherapy, in concordance with published clinical trials. Furthermore, biomarkers, most of them measurable in patients serum, were identified for negative effects of single drug or polytherapy on tissue contractile function, morphology, and antioxidant protection.

The cardiac MPS can predict clinical arrhythmias associated with QT prolongation and rhythm instabilities. This high content system can help clinicians design their trials, rapidly project cardiac outcomes, and define new monitoring biomarkers to accelerate access of patients to safe COVID-19 therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Healy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charrez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>charwat, v.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>siemons, b.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>edwards, a.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>finsberg, h.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.21.423869</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In Vitro Safety Clinical Trial of the Cardiac Liability of Hydroxychloroquine and Azithromycin as COVID19 Polytherapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.21.423882v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single Layers of Attention Suffice to Predict Protein Contacts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.21.423882v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWThe established approach to unsupervised protein contact prediction estimates co-evolving positions using undirected graphical models. This approach trains a Potts model on a Multiple Sequence Alignment, then predicts that the edges with highest weight correspond to contacts in the 3D structure. On the other hand, increasingly large Transformers are being pretrained on protein sequence databases but have demonstrated mixed results for downstream tasks, including contact prediction. This has sparked discussion about the role of scale and attention-based models in unsupervised protein representation learning. We argue that attention is a principled model of protein interactions, grounded in real properties of protein family data. We introduce a simplified attention layer, factored attention, and show that it achieves comparable performance to Potts models, while sharing parameters both within and across families. Further, we extract contacts from the attention maps of a pretrained Transformer and show they perform competitively with the other two approaches. This provides evidence that large-scale pretraining can learn meaningful protein features when presented with unlabeled and unaligned data. We contrast factored attention with the Transformer to indicate that the Transformer leverages hierarchical signal in protein family databases not captured by our single-layer models. This raises the exciting possibility for the development of powerful structured models of protein family databases.1
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daupras, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ovchinnikov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.21.423882</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single Layers of Attention Suffice to Predict Protein Contacts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.23.424091v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Narratives: fMRI data for evaluating models of naturalistic language comprehension 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.23.424091v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The "Narratives" collection aggregates a variety of functional MRI datasets collected while human subjects listened to naturalistic spoken stories. The current release includes 345 subjects, 891 functional scans, and 27 diverse stories of varying duration totaling ~4.6 hours of unique stimuli (~43,000 words). This data collection is well-suited for naturalistic neuroimaging analysis, and is intended to serve as a benchmark for models of language and narrative comprehension. We provide standardized MRI data accompanied by rich metadata, preprocessed versions of the data ready for immediate use, and the spoken story stimuli with time-stamped phoneme- and word-level transcripts. All code and data are publicly available with full provenance in keeping with current best practices in transparent and reproducible neuroimaging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nastase, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zadbood, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasenfratz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keshavarzian, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honey, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeshurun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regev, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C. H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldassano, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lositsky, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simony, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leong, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Micciche, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choe, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanderwal, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halchenko, Y. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasson, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.23.424091</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Narratives: fMRI data for evaluating models of naturalistic language comprehension]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.24.424361v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The distribution of waiting distances in ancestral recombination graphs and its applications 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.24.424361v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ancestral recombination graph (ARG) contains the full genealogical information of the sample, and many population genetic inference problems can be solved using inferred or sampled ARGs. In particular, the waiting distance between tree changes along the genome can be used to make inference about the distribution and evolution of recombination rates. To this end, we here derive an analytic expression for the distribution of waiting distances between tree changes under the sequentially Markovian coalescent model and obtain an accurate approximation to the distribution of waiting distances for topology changes. We use these results to show that some of the recently proposed methods for inferring sequences of trees along the genome provide strongly biased distributions of waiting distances. In addition, we provide a correction to an undercounting problem facing all available ARG inference methods, thereby facilitating the use of ARG inference methods to estimate temporal changes in the recombination rate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.24.424361</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The distribution of waiting distances in ancestral recombination graphs and its applications]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.28.424508v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Presynaptic autophagy is coupled to the synaptic vesicle cycle via ATG-9 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.28.424508v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autophagy is a cellular degradation pathway essential for neuronal health and function. Autophagosome biogenesis occurs at synapses, is locally regulated and increases in response to neuronal activity. The mechanisms that couple autophagosome biogenesis to synaptic activity remain unknown. In this study we determine that trafficking of ATG-9, the only transmembrane protein in the core autophagy pathway, links the synaptic vesicle cycle with autophagy. ATG-9 positive vesicles in C. elegans are generated from the trans-Golgi network via AP3-dependent budding, and delivered to presynaptic sites. At presynaptic sites, ATG-9 undergoes exo-endocytosis in an activity-dependent manner. Mutations that disrupt endocytosis, including one associated with Parkinsons disease, result in abnormal ATG-9 accumulation at clathrin-rich synaptic foci and defects in activity-dependent presynaptic autophagy. Our findings uncover regulated key steps of ATG-9 trafficking at presynaptic sites, and provide evidence that ATG-9 exo-endocytosis couples autophagosome biogenesis at presynaptic sites with the activity-dependent synaptic vesicle cycle.

HighlightsO_LIIn C. elegans, ATG-9 is delivered to presynaptic sites in vesicles generated from the trans-Golgi network via AP-3-dependent budding
C_LIO_LIATG-9 vesicles undergo activity-dependent exo-endocytosis at presynaptic sites
C_LIO_LIMutations in endocytic proteins, including a mutation associated with Parkinsons disease, result in abnormal ATG-9 accumulation at clathrin-rich foci
C_LIO_LIAbnormal accumulation of ATG-9 at clathrin-rich foci is associated with defects in activity-dependent presynaptic autophagy
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manning, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xuan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okeke, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Camilli, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colon-Ramos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.28.424508</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Presynaptic autophagy is coupled to the synaptic vesicle cycle via ATG-9]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.29.424763v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genealogical structure changes as range expansions transition from pushed to pulled 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.29.424763v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Range expansions accelerate evolution through multiple mechanisms including gene surfing and genetic drift. The inference and control of these evolutionary processes ultimately relies on the information contained in genealogical trees. Currently, there are two opposing views on how range expansions shape genealogies. In invasion biology, expansions are typically approximated by a series of population bottlenecks producing genealogies with only pairwise mergers between lineages--a process known as the Kingman coalescent. Conversely, traveling-wave models predict a coalescent with multiple mergers, known as the Bolthausen-Sznitman coalescent. Here, we unify these two approaches and show that expansions can generate an entire spectrum of coalescent topologies. Specifically, we show that tree topology is controlled by growth dynamics at the front and exhibits large differences between pulled and pushed expansions. These differences are explained by the fluctuations in the total number of descendants left by the early founders. High growth cooperativity leads to a narrow distribution of reproductive values and the Kingman coalescent. Conversely, low growth cooperativity results in a broad distribution, whose exponent controls the merger sizes in the genealogies. These broad distribution and non-Kingman tree topologies emerge due to the fluctuations in the front shape and position and do not occur in quasi-deterministic simulations. Overall, our results show that range expansions provide a robust mechanism for generating different types of multiple mergers, which could be similar those observed in populations with strong selection or high fecundity. Thus, caution should be exercised in making inferences about the origin of non-Kingman genealogies.

Significance statementSpatial dynamics are important for understanding genetic diversity in many contexts, such as cancer and infectious diseases. Coalescent theory offers a powerful framework for interpreting and predicting patters of genetic diversity in populations, but incorporating spatial structure into the theory has proven difficult. Here, we address this long-standing problem by studying the coalescent in a spatially expanding population. We find the topology of the coalescent changes depending on the growth dynamics at the front. Using analytical arguments, we show that the transition between coalescent topologies is universal and is controlled by a parameter related to the expansion velocity. Our theory makes precise predictions about the effects of population dynamics on genetic diversity at the expansion front, which we confirm in simulations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Birzu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallatschek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korolev, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.29.424763</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genealogical structure changes as range expansions transition from pushed to pulled]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.30.424862v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Screening a library of FDA-approved and bioactive compounds for antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.30.424862v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has emerged as a major global health threat. The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in over 80 million cases and 1.7 million deaths to date while the number of cases continues to rise. With limited therapeutic options, the identification of safe and effective therapeutics is urgently needed. The repurposing of known clinical compounds holds the potential for rapid identification of drugs effective against SARS-CoV-2. Here we utilized a library of FDA-approved and well-studied preclinical and clinical compounds to screen for antivirals against SARS-CoV-2 in human pulmonary epithelial cells. We identified 13 compounds that exhibit potent antiviral activity across multiple orthogonal assays. Hits include known antivirals, compounds with anti-inflammatory activity, and compounds targeting host pathways such as kinases and proteases critical for SARS-CoV-2 replication. We identified seven compounds not previously reported to have activity against SARS-CoV-2, including B02, a human RAD51 inhibitor. We further demonstrated that B02 exhibits synergy with remdesivir, the only antiviral approved by the FDA to treat COVID-19, highlighting the potential for combination therapy. Taken together, our comparative compound screening strategy highlights the potential of drug repurposing screens to identify novel starting points for development of effective antiviral mono- or combination therapies to treat COVID-19.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Biering, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Dis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wehri, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamashiro, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyenla, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dugast-Darzacq, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stroumza, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golovkine, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fines, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spradlin, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bajaj, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dovala, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gahmen, U. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bajaj, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ott, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murthy, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomura, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaletzky, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanley, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.30.424862</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Screening a library of FDA-approved and bioactive compounds for antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.31.424921v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Allosteric communication in DNA polymerase clamp loaders relies on a critical hydrogen-bonded junction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.31.424921v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clamp loaders are AAA+ ATPases that load sliding clamps onto DNA. We mapped the mutational sensitivity of the T4 bacteriophage sliding clamp and clamp loader by deep mutagenesis, and found that residues not involved in catalysis or binding display remarkable tolerance to mutation. An exception is a glutamine residue in the AAA+ module (Gln 118) that is not located at a catalytic or interfacial site. Gln 118 forms a hydrogen-bonded junction in a helical unit that we term the central coupler, because it connects the catalytic centers to DNA and the sliding clamp. A suppressor mutation indicates that hydrogen bonding in the junction is important, and molecular dynamics simulations reveal that it maintains rigidity in the central coupler. The glutamine-mediated junction is preserved in diverse AAA+ ATPases, suggesting that a connected network of hydrogen bonds that links ATP molecules is an essential aspect of allosteric communication in these proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Subramanian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorday, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcus, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orellana, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, X. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Donnell, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuriyan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.31.424921</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Allosteric communication in DNA polymerase clamp loaders relies on a critical hydrogen-bonded junction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/202002v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Meta-analysis of massive parallel reporter assay enables functional regulatory elements prediction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/202002v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deciphering the potential of non-coding loci to influence gene regulation has been the subject of intense research, with important implications in understanding genetic underpinnings of human diseases. Massively parallel reporter assays (MPRAs) can measure regulatory activity of thousands of DNA-sequences and their variants in a single experiment. With increasing number of publically available MPRA datasets, one can now develop data-driven models which, given a DNA-sequence, predict its regulatory activity. Here, we performed a comprehensive meta-analysis of several MPRA datasets in a variety of cellular contexts. We first applied an ensemble of methods to predict MPRA output in each context and observed that the most predictive features are consistent across datasets. We then demonstrate that predictive models trained in one cellular context can be used to predict MPRA output in another, with loss of accuracy attributed to cell-type specific features. Finally, we show that our approach achieves top performance in the Fifth Critical Assessment of Genome Interpretation "Regulation Saturation" Challenge for predicting effects of single nucleotide variants. Overall, our analysis provides insights into how MPRA data can be leveraged to highlight functional regulatory regions throughout the genome and can guide effective design of future experiments by better prioritizing regions of interest.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kreimer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahituv, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/202002</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Meta-analysis of massive parallel reporter assay enables functional regulatory elements prediction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.04.425238v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A relative-motion method for parsing spatio-temporal behaviour of dyads using GPS relocation data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.04.425238v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIIn this paper, we introduce a novel method for classifying and computing the frequencies of movement modes of intra and interspecific dyads, focusing in particular on distance-mediated approach, retreat, following and side by side movement modes.
C_LIO_LIBesides distance, the method includes factors such as sex, age, time of day, or season that cause frequencies of movement modes to deviate from random.
C_LIO_LIWe demonstrate and validate our method using both simulated and empirical data. Our simulated data were obtained from a relative-motion, biased random-walk (RM-BRW) model with attraction and repulsion circumferences. Our empirical data were GPS relocation time series collected from African elephants in Etosha National Park, Namibia. The simulated data were primarily used to validate our method while the empirical data analysis were used to illustrate the types of behavioral assessment that our methodology reveals.
C_LIO_LIOur methodology facilitates automated, observer-bias-free analysis of the locomotive interactions of dyads using GPS relocation data, which is becoming increasingly ubiquitous as telemetry and related technologies improve. Our method should open up a whole new vista of behavioral-interaction type analyses to movement and behavioral ecologists.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luisa Vissat, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackburn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Getz, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.04.425238</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A relative-motion method for parsing spatio-temporal behaviour of dyads using GPS relocation data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.04.425241v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Batf-mediated Epigenetic Control of Effector CD8+ T Cell Differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.04.425241v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The response of cytotoxic T cells to their cognate antigen involves rapid and broad changes in gene expression that are coupled with extensive chromatin remodeling. Here, we study the mechanisms by which the basic leucine zipper ATF-like transcription factor Batf helps regulate this process. Through genome-scale profiling, we observe critical roles for Batf in inducing transcriptional changes in stimulated naive cells, while affecting the chromatin at several levels, namely binding of key transcription factors, accessibility, and long range contacts. We identify a critical network of transcription factors that cooperate with Batf, including its binding partner Irf4, as well as Runx3 and T-bet, and demonstrate its synergistic activity in initiating aspects of the effector T cells transcriptional and epigenetic program in ectopically-induced fibroblasts. Our results provide a comprehensive resource for studying the epigenomic and transcriptomic landscape of effector differentiation of cytotoxic T cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tsao, H.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaminski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurachi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnitz, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiIorio, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaFleur, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ise, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurosaki, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wherry, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haining, W. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.04.425241</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Batf-mediated Epigenetic Control of Effector CD8+ T Cell Differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.05.424689v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Associations between brain structure and sleep patterns across adolescent development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.05.424689v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ImportanceStructural brain maturation and sleep are complex processes that exhibit significant changes over adolescence and are linked to healthy physical and mental development. The precise timing and magnitude of these changes influence function throughout the lifespan. However, the relationships between gray matter structure and sleep patterns during adolescence are not fully understood. A detailed characterization of brain-sleep associations during this sensitive period is crucial for understanding factors contributing to optimal neurodevelopmental trajectories in adolescence.

ObjectiveTo investigate whether sleep-gray matter relationships are developmentally-invariant (i.e., stable across age) or developmentally-specific (i.e., only present during discrete time windows) from late childhood through young adulthood.

SettingThe Neuroimaging and Pediatric Sleep Databank was constructed from 8 research studies conducted at the University of Pittsburgh between 2009 and 2020.

ParticipantsThe final sample consisted of 240 participants without current psychiatric diagnoses (9-25 years), and with good quality sleep tracking and structural MRI (sMRI) data.

DesignParticipants completed a sMRI scan and 5-7 days of wrist actigraphy to assess naturalistic sleep. We examined cross-sectional associations between sMRI measures and sleep patterns, as well as the effects of age, sex, and their interaction with sMRI measures on sleep.

Main Outcome(s) and Measure(s)Using Freesurfer software, we extracted cortical thickness and subcortical volumes from T1-weighted MRI. Sleep patterns (duration, timing, continuity, regularity) were estimated from wrist actigraphy.

ResultsShorter sleep duration, later sleep timing, and poorer sleep continuity were associated with a stable pattern of thinner cortex and altered subcortical volumes in diverse brain regions across adolescence. In a discrete subset of regions (e.g., posterior cingulate), thinner cortex was associated with these sleep patterns from late childhood through early-to-mid adolescence, but not in late adolescence and young adulthood.

Conclusions and RelevanceIn childhood and adolescence, developmentally-invariant and developmentally-specific associations exist between sleep patterns and gray matter structure, in a wide array of brain regions linked to many sensory, cognitive, and emotional processes. Sleep intervention during specific developmental periods could potentially promote healthier neurodevelopmental outcomes.

KEY POINTSO_ST_ABSQuestionC_ST_ABSDoes age modulate associations between gray matter structure and actigraphic sleep patterns across adolescent development?

FindingsThis cross-sectional study reports stable associations between regional gray matter structure and shorter duration, later timing, and poorer continuity of sleep from ages 9 to 25 years-old, as well as developmentally-specific associations that are present only from late childhood to early-to-mid adolescence.

MeaningStronger coupling of gray matter and sleep patterns from late childhood to early-to-mid adolescence potentially implicates this discrete developmental window as a period of vulnerability to adverse sleep-brain interactions. Sleep intervention during this developmental stage may support healthier neurodevelopmental trajectories.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jalbrzikowski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayes, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scully, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franzen, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasler, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegle, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buysse, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahl, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forbes, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ladouceur, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMakin, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silk, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soehner, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.05.424689</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Associations between brain structure and sleep patterns across adolescent development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.05.425427v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Seeing the World Like Never Before: Human stereovision through perfect optics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.05.425427v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stereovision is the ability to perceive fine depth variations from small differences in the two eyes images. Using adaptive optics, we show that even minute optical aberrations that are not clinically correctable, and go unnoticed in everyday vision, can affect stereo acuity. Hence, the human binocular system is capable of using unnaturally fine details that are not encountered in everyday vision. More importantly, stereoacuity was still considerably variable even with perfect optics. This variability can be attributed to neural adaptation. Our visual system tries to compensate for these aberrations through neural adaptation that optimizes stereovision when viewing stimuli through ones habitual optics. However, the same adaptation becomes ineffective when the optics are changed, even if improved. Beyond optical imperfections, we show that stereovision is limited by neural adaptation to ones own optics.

Significance statementHumans, and animals with front-facing eyes, view the world from slightly different vantage points. This creates small differences in the left and right images that can be utilized for fine depth perception (stereovision). Retinal images are also subject to imperfections that are often different in the optics of the two eyes. Using advanced optical correction techniques, we show that even the smallest imperfections that escape clinical detection affect stereovision. We also find that neural processes become adapted to a persons own optics. Hence, stereovision is directly impacted by the optics of the eyes, and indirectly via neural adaptation. Since the optics change over the lifespan, our results imply that the adult binocular system is adaptable with possibilities for binocular rehabilitation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ng, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blake, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banks, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tadin, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.05.425427</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Seeing the World Like Never Before: Human stereovision through perfect optics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.06.425529v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nonadaptive radiation of the gut microbiome in an adaptive radiation of Cyprinodon pupfishes with minor shifts for scale-eating 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.06.425529v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adaptive radiations offer an excellent opportunity to understand the eco-evolutionary dynamics of gut microbiota and host niche specialization. In a laboratory common garden, we compared the gut microbiota of two novel trophic specialists, a scale-eater and a molluscivore, to a set of four outgroup generalist populations from which this adaptive radiation originated. We predicted an adaptive and highly divergent microbiome composition in the specialists matching their rapid rates of craniofacial diversification in the past 10 kya. We measured gut lengths and sequenced 16S rRNA amplicons of gut microbiomes from lab-reared fish fed the same high protein diet for one month. In contrast to our predictions, gut microbiota largely reflected 5 Mya phylogenetic divergence times among generalist populations in support of phylosymbiosis. However, we did find significant enrichment of Burkholderiaceae bacteria in both lab-reared scale-eater populations. These bacteria sometimes digest collagen, the major component of fish scales, supporting an adaptive shift. We also found some enrichment of Rhodobacteraceae and Planctomycetacia in lab-reared molluscivore populations, but these bacteria target cellulose. Minor shifts in gut microbiota appear adaptive for scale-eating in this radiation, whereas overall microbiome composition was phylogenetically conserved. This contrasts with predictions of adaptive radiation theory and observations of rapid diversification in all other trophic traits in these hosts, including craniofacial morphology, foraging behavior, aggression, and gene expression, suggesting that microbiome divergence proceeds as a nonadaptive radiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Heras, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.06.425529</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nonadaptive radiation of the gut microbiome in an adaptive radiation of Cyprinodon pupfishes with minor shifts for scale-eating]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.08.425732v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Wide distribution of alternatively coded Lak megaphages in animal microbiomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.08.425732v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lak phages with alternatively coded ~540 kbp genomes were recently reported to replicate in Prevotella in the gut microbiomes of humans that consume a non-western diet, baboons and some pigs. Here, we investigate the diversity and broader distribution of Lak phages in human and animal microbiomes using diagnostic PCR and genome-resolved metagenomics. Lak phages were detected in 13 different animal types and are particularly prevalent in pigs, with significant enrichment in the hindgut compared to foregut. We reconstructed 34 new Lak genomes, including six curated complete genomes, all of which are alternatively coded. The most deeply branched Lak is from a horse faecal sample and is the largest phage genome from an animal microbiome (~660 kbp). From the Lak genomes, we identified families of hypothetical proteins associated with specific animal types. Overall, we substantially expanded Lak phage diversity and demonstrate their occurrence in a variety of human and animal microbiomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Crisci, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devoto, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borges, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bordin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachdeva, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tett, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharrar, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segata, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debenedetti, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burt, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rowden, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corsini, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lei, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santini, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.08.425732</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Wide distribution of alternatively coded Lak megaphages in animal microbiomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.08.425917v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Selective modulation of population dynamics during neuroprosthetic skill learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.08.425917v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Learning to control a brain-machine interface (BMI) is associated with the emergence of coordinated neural dynamics in populations of neurons whose activity serves as direct input to the BMI decoder (direct subpopulation). While previous work shows differential modification of firing rate modulation in this population relative to a population whose activity was not directly input to the BMI decoder (indirect subpopulation), little is known about how learning-rated changes in cortical population dynamics within these groups compare. To investigate this, we monitored both direct and indirect subpopulations as two macaque monkeys learned to control a BMI. We found that while the combined population increased coordinated neural dynamics, this coordination was primarily driven by changes in the direct subpopulation while the indirect subpopulation remained relatively stable. These findings indicate that motor cortex refines cortical dynamics throughout the entire network during learning, with a more pronounced effect in ensembles causally linked to behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zippi, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>You, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganguly, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmena, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.08.425917</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Selective modulation of population dynamics during neuroprosthetic skill learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.08.426008v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AncestralClust: Clustering of Divergent Nucleotide Sequences by Ancestral Sequence Reconstruction using Phylogenetic Trees 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.08.426008v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationClustering is a fundamental task in the analysis of nucleotide sequences. Despite the exponential increase in the size of sequence databases of homologous genes, few methods exist to cluster divergent sequences. Traditional clustering methods have mostly focused on optimizing high speed clustering of highly similar sequences. We develop a phylogenetic clustering method which infers ancestral sequences for a set of initial clusters and then uses a greedy algorithm to cluster sequences.

ResultsWe describe a clustering program AncestralClust, which is developed for clustering divergent sequences. We compare this method with other state-of-the-art clustering methods using datasets of homologous sequences from different species. We show that, in divergent datasets, AncestralClust has higher accuracy and more even cluster sizes than current popular methods.

Availability and implementationAncestralClust is an Open Source program available at https://github.com/lpipes/ancestralclust.

Contactlpipes@berkeley.edu

Supplementary informationSupplementary figures and table are available online.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pipes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.08.426008</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AncestralClust: Clustering of Divergent Nucleotide Sequences by Ancestral Sequence Reconstruction using Phylogenetic Trees]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.12.426361v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protein family content uncovers lineage relationships and bacterial pathway maintenance mechanisms in DPANN archaea 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.12.426361v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DPANN are small-celled archaea that are generally predicted to be symbionts, and in some cases are known episymbionts of other archaea. As the monophyly of the DPANN remains uncertain, we hypothesized that proteome content could reveal relationships among DPANN lineages, constrain genetic overlap with bacteria, and illustrate how organisms with hybrid bacterial and archaeal protein sets might function. We tested this hypothesis using protein family content that was defined in part using 569 newly reconstructed genomes. Protein family content clearly separates DPANN from other archaea, paralleling the separation of Candidate Phyla Radiation (CPR) bacteria from all other bacteria. This separation is partly driven by hypothetical proteins, some of which may be symbiosis-related. Pacearchaeota with the most limited predicted metabolic capacities have Form II/III and III-like Rubisco, suggesting metabolisms based on scavenged nucleotides. Intriguingly, the Pacearchaeota and Woesearchaeota with the smallest genomes also tend to encode large extracellular murein-like lytic transglycosylase domain proteins that may bind and degrade components of bacterial cell walls, indicating that some might be episymbionts of bacteria. The pathway for biosynthesis of bacterial isoprenoids is widespread in Woesearchaeota genomes and is encoded in proximity to genes involved in bacterial fatty acids synthesis. Surprisingly, in some DPANN genomes we identified a pathway for synthesis of queuosine, an unusual nucleotide in tRNAs of bacteria. Other bacterial systems are predicted to be involved in protein refolding. For example, many DPANN have the complete bacterial DnaK-DnaJ-GrpE system and many Woesearchaeota and Pacearchaeota possess bacterial group I chaperones. Thus, many DPANN appear to have mechanisms to ensure efficient protein folding of both archaeal and laterally acquired bacterial proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Castelle, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meheust, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seitz, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.12.426361</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protein family content uncovers lineage relationships and bacterial pathway maintenance mechanisms in DPANN archaea]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.14.426636v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
satuRn: Scalable Analysis of differential Transcript Usage for bulk and single-cell RNA-sequencing applications 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.14.426636v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alternative splicing produces multiple functional transcripts from a single gene. Dysregulation of splicing is known to be associated with disease and as a hallmark of cancer. Existing tools for differential transcript usage (DTU) analysis either lack in performance, cannot account for complex experimental designs or do not scale to massive scRNA-seq data. We introduce satuRn, a fast and flexible quasi-binomial generalized linear modelling framework that is on par with the best performing DTU methods from the bulk RNA-seq realm, while providing good false discovery rate control, addressing complex experimental designs and scaling to scRNA-seq applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gilis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vitting-Seerup, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van den Berge, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clement, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.14.426636</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[satuRn: Scalable Analysis of differential Transcript Usage for bulk and single-cell RNA-sequencing applications]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.14.426684v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
De novo assembly, annotation, and comparative analysis of 26 diverse maize genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.14.426684v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We report de novo genome assemblies, transcriptomes, annotations, and methylomes for the 26 inbreds that serve as the founders for the maize nested association mapping population. The data indicate that the number of pan-genes exceeds 103,000 and that the ancient tetraploid character of maize continues to degrade by fractionation to the present day. Excellent contiguity over repeat arrays and complete annotation of centromeres further reveal the locations and internal structures of major cytological landmarks. We show that combining structural variation with SNPs can improve the power of quantitative mapping studies. Finally, we document variation at the level of DNA methylation, and demonstrate that unmethylated regions are enriched for cis-regulatory elements that overlap QTL and contribute to changes in gene expression.

One sentence summaryA multi-genome analysis of maize reveals previously unknown variation in gene content, genome structure, and methylation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hufford, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seetharam, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodhouse, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chougule, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LIU, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricci, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Della Coletta, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tittes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudson, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marand, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tello-Ruiz, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piri, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D. w.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baggs, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krasileva, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Portwood, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannon, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andorf, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MANCHANDA, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snodgrass, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hufnagel, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedersen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Syring, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kudrna, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Llaca, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fengler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitz, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross-Ibarra, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gent, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirsch, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ware</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.14.426684</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[De novo assembly, annotation, and comparative analysis of 26 diverse maize genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.15.426903v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The human cerebellum is essential for modulating perceptual sensitivity based on temporal expectations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.15.426903v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A functional benefit of attention is to proactively enhance perceptual sensitivity in space and time. Although attentional orienting has traditionally been associated with cortico-thalamic networks, recent evidence has shown that individuals with cerebellar degeneration (CD) show a reduced reaction time benefit from cues that enable temporal anticipation. While this deficit may reflect impairment in anticipatory motor preparation, it could also arise from cerebellar contribution to attentional modulation in time of perceptual sensitivity. To examine this, we tested CD participants on a non-speeded, challenging perceptual discrimination task, asking if they benefit from temporal cues. Strikingly, the CD group showed no duration-specific perceptual sensitivity benefit when cued by repeated but aperiodic presentation of the target interval. In contrast, they performed similar to controls when cued by a rhythmic stream. This dissociation further specifies the functional domain of the cerebellum and establishes its role in the attentional adjustment of perceptual sensitivity in time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Breska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.15.426903</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The human cerebellum is essential for modulating perceptual sensitivity based on temporal expectations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.18.427079v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
T cell self-reactivity during thymic development dictates the timing of positive selection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.18.427079v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Functional tuning of T cells based on their degree of self-reactivity is established during positive selection in the thymus, although how positive selection differs for thymocytes with relatively low versus high self-reactivity is unclear. In addition, preselection thymocytes are highly sensitive to low-affinity ligands, but the mechanism underlying their enhanced TCR sensitivity is not fully understood. Here we show that murine thymocytes with low self-reactivity experience briefer TCR signals and complete positive selection more slowly than those with high self-reactivity. Additionally, we provide evidence that cells with low self-reactivity retain a preselection gene expression signature as they mature, including genes previously implicated in modulating TCR sensitivity and a novel group of ion channel genes. Our results imply that thymocytes with low self-reactivity down-regulate TCR sensitivity more slowly during positive selection, and suggest that modulation of membrane ion channel function may play a role in regulating TCR tuning throughout development.

Impact StatementDeveloping T cells whose TCRs have relatively low reactivity experience very brief TCR signaling events, delayed positive selection, and do not fully down regulate their TCR sensitivity as they mature.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lutes, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steier, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McIntyre, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaminski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoover, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ariotti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streets, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robey, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.18.427079</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[T cell self-reactivity during thymic development dictates the timing of positive selection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.18.427081v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
All-optical electrophysiology in hiPSC-derived neurons with synthetic voltage sensors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.18.427081v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Voltage imaging and "all-optical electrophysiology" in human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived neurons have opened unprecedented opportunities for high-throughput phenotyping of activity in neurons possessing unique genetic backgrounds of individual patients. While prior all-optical electrophysiology studies relied on genetically encoded voltage indicators, viral transduction of human neurons with large or multiple expression vectors can impact cell function and often lead to massive cell death. Here, we demonstrate an alternative protocol using a synthetic voltage sensor and genetically encoded optogenetic actuator that generate robust and reproducible results. We demonstrate the functionality of this method by measuring spontaneous and evoked activity in three independent hiPSC-derived neuronal cell lines with distinct genetic backgrounds.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Puppo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadegh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trujillo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thunemann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandenberghe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akkouh, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloodgood, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dale, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Einevoll, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Djurovic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreassen, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muotri, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.18.427081</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[All-optical electrophysiology in hiPSC-derived neurons with synthetic voltage sensors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.18.427158v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Voxelwise encoding models show that cerebellar language representations are highly conceptual 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.18.427158v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is a growing body of research demonstrating that the cerebellum is involved in language understanding. Early theories assumed that the cerebellum is involved in low-level language processing. However, those theories are at odds with recent work demonstrating cerebellar activation during cognitive tasks. Using natural language stimuli and an encoding model framework, we performed an fMRI experiment where subjects passively listened to five hours of natural language stimuli which allowed us to analyze language processing in the cerebellum with higher precision than previous work. We used this data to fit voxelwise encoding models with five different feature spaces that span the hierarchy of language processing from acoustic input to high-level conceptual processing. Examining the prediction performance of these models on separate BOLD data shows that cerebellar responses to language are almost entirely explained by high-level conceptual language features rather than low-level acoustic or phonemic features. Additionally, we found that the cerebellum has a higher proportion of voxels that represent social semantic categories, which include "social" and "people" words, and lower representations of all other semantic categories, including "mental", "concrete", and "place" words, than cortex. This suggests that the cerebellum is representing language at a conceptual level with a preference for social information.

Significance StatementRecent work has demonstrated that, beyond its typical role in motor planning, the cerebellum is implicated in a wide variety of tasks including language. However, little is known about the language representations in the cerebellum, or how those representations compare to cortex. Using voxelwise encoding models and natural language fMRI data, we demonstrate here that language representations are significantly different in the cerebellum as compared to cortex. Cerebellum language representations are almost entirely semantic, and the cerebellum contains over-representation of social semantic information as compared to cortex. These results suggest that the cerebellum is not involved in language processing per se, but cognitive processing more generally.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>LeBel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huth, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.18.427158</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Voxelwise encoding models show that cerebellar language representations are highly conceptual]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.21.427690v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure of an Hsp90-immunophilin complex reveals cochaperone recognition of the client-maturation state 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.21.427690v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Hsp90 chaperone promotes the folding and activation of hundreds of client proteins in the cell through an ATP-dependent conformational cycle guided by distinct cochaperone regulators. The FKBP51 immunophilin binds Hsp90 with its tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain and catalyzes peptidyl-prolyl isomerase (PPIase) activity during the folding of kinases, nuclear receptors and tau. Here we have determined the cryo-EM structure of the human Hsp90:FKBP51:p23 complex to 3.3 [A] that, together with mutagenesis and crosslinking analysis, reveals the basis for cochaperone binding to Hsp90 during client maturation. A helix extension in the TPR functions as a key recognition element, interacting across the Hsp90 C-terminal dimer interface presented in the closed, ATP conformation. The PPIase domain is positioned along the middle domain, adjacent Hsp90 client binding sites, while a single p23 makes stabilizing interactions with the N-terminal dimer. With this architecture, FKBP51 could thereby act on specific client residues presented during Hsp90-catalyzed remodeling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thwin, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tse, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gates, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Southworth, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.21.427690</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure of an Hsp90-immunophilin complex reveals cochaperone recognition of the client-maturation state]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.23.427919v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamics and turnover of memory CD8 T cell responses following yellow fever vaccination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.23.427919v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding how immunological memory lasts a lifetime requires quantifying changes in the number of memory cells as well as how their division and death rates change over time. We address these questions by using a statistically powerful mixed-effects differential equations framework to analyze data from two human studies that follow CD8 T cell responses to the yellow fever vaccine (YFV-17D). Models were first fit to the frequency and division rates of YFV-specific memory CD8 T cells 42 days to 1 year post-vaccination. A different dataset, on the loss of YFV-specific CD8 T cells over three decades, was used to assess out of sample predictions of our models. The commonly used exponential and bi-exponential decline models performed relatively poorly. Models with the cell loss following a power law (exactly or approximately) were most predictive. Notably, using only the first year of data, these models accurately predicted T cell frequencies up to 30 years post-vaccination. Our analyses suggest that division rates of these cells drop and plateau at a low level (0.001 per day, ~double estimates for naive T cells) within one year following vaccination, whereas death rates continue to decline for much longer. Our results show that power laws can be predictive for T cell memory, a finding that may be useful for vaccine evaluation and epidemiological modeling. Moreover, since power laws asymptotically decline more slowly than any exponential decline, our results help explain the longevity of immune memory phenomenologically.

Author summaryImmunological memory, generated in response to infection or vaccination, may provide complete or partial protection from antigenically similar infections for the lifetime. Memory CD8 T cells are important players in protection from secondary viral infections but quantitative understanding of their dynamics in humans is limited. We analyze data from two studies where immunization with the yellow fever virus vaccine (YFV-17D) generates a mild acute infection and long-term memory. We find that: (i) the division rate of YFV-17D-specific CD8 T cells drops and stabilizes at ~ 0.1% per day during the first year following vaccination whereas the death rate declines more gradually, and (ii) the number of these cells declines approximately in accordance with a power law ({propto}time-0.82) for at least several decades following vaccination.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zarnitsyna, V. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akondy, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGuire, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarnitsyn, V. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, P. L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hellerstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.23.427919</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamics and turnover of memory CD8 T cell responses following yellow fever vaccination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.24.427985v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dorsal color variation among subspecies of the "Oregon" Dark-eyed Junco complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.24.427985v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Initial descriptions of avian subspecies were based on expert opinions of geographic variation in phenotypes and are inherently subjective. Although best practices for subspecies delimitation continue to be debated, reassessing subspecies limits with current, quantitative methods is important toward refining and improving taxonomic treatments. Plumage coloration is the basis of many subspecies diagnoses, but is potentially problematic because of the historical lack of quantitative methods to quantify color. Recently developed methods, such as colorimetry, provide repeatable measurements of color variation that can be used to reassess subspecies limits. In this study, we reassess color variation among subspecies of the Oregon Dark-eyed Junco (Junco hyemalis [oreganus Group]) complex, in which differences in back and hood color were established as diagnostic characters. We measured back and hood brightness and hue in 206 museum specimens among five Oregon Dark-eyed Junco subspecies using a colorimeter. We then compared mean measurements among subspecies and conducted a discriminant function analysis to assess how well dorsal color predicted subspecies. Our data correctly classified only 67.9% of males and 82.5% of females to their presumed subspecies. Furthermore, no adjacent subspecies pairs passed the "75% rule" due to extensive overlap in plumage characters. Thus, back color alone is not as effective in diagnosing Oregon Dark-eyed Junco subspecies as originally described, suggesting a possible taxonomic revision. Specifically, similarity in phenotypic and genetic data suggests that some combination of thurberi, montanus, and shufeldti may be lumped to recognize broad, clinal variation in dorsal color alongside clinal variation in other phenotypes and extensive gene flow.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unitt, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mason, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.24.427985</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dorsal color variation among subspecies of the "Oregon" Dark-eyed Junco complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.25.427855v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computational structural genomics unravels common folds and predicted functions in the secretome of fungal phytopathogen Magnaporthe oryzae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.25.427855v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Magnaporthe oryzae relies on a diverse collection of secreted effector proteins to reprogram the host metabolic and immune responses for the pathogens benefit. Characterization of the effectors is thus critical for understanding the biology and host infection mechanisms of this phytopathogen. In rapid, divergent effector evolution, structural information has the potential to illuminate the unknown aspects of effectors that sequence analyses alone cannot reveal. It has recently become feasible to reliably predict the protein structures without depending on homologous templates. In this study, we tested structure modeling on 1854 secreted proteins from M. oryzae and evaluated success and obstacles involved in effector structure prediction. With sensitive homology search and structure-based clustering, we defined both distantly related homologous groups and structurally related analogous groups. With this dataset, we propose sequence-unrelated, structurally similar effectors are a common theme in M. oryzae and possibly in other phytopathogens. We incorporated the predicted models for structure-based annotations, molecular docking and evolutionary analyses to demonstrate how the predicted structures can deepen our understanding of effector biology. We also provide new experimentally testable structure-derived hypotheses of effector functions. Collectively, we propose that computational structural genomic approaches can now be an integral part of studying effector biology and provide valuable resources that were inaccessible before the advent of reliable, machine learning-based structure prediction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Seong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krasileva, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.25.427855</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computational structural genomics unravels common folds and predicted functions in the secretome of fungal phytopathogen Magnaporthe oryzae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.26.428252v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Normalization benchmark of ATAC-seq datasets shows the importance of accounting for GC-content effects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.26.428252v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Modern assays have enabled high-throughput studies of epigenetic regulation of gene expression using DNA sequencing. In particular, the assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing (ATAC-seq) allows the study of chromatin configuration for an entire genome. Despite the gain in popularity of the assay, there have been limited studies investigating the analytical challenges related to ATAC-seq data, and most studies leverage tools developed for bulk transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq). Here, we show that GC-content effects are omnipresent in ATAC-seq datasets. Since the GC-content effects are sample-specific, they can bias downstream analyses such as clustering and differential accessibility analysis. We introduce a normalization method based on smooth-quantile normalization within GC-content bins, and evaluate it together with eleven different normalization procedures on eight public ATAC-seq datasets. Our work clearly shows that accounting for GC-content effects in the normalization is crucial for common downstream ATAC-seq data analyses, leading to improved accuracy and interpretability of the results. Using two case studies, we show that exploratory data analysis is essential to guide the choice of an appropriate normalization method for a given dataset.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Van den Berge, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roux de Bezieux, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Street, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Risso, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudoit, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.26.428252</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Normalization benchmark of ATAC-seq datasets shows the importance of accounting for GC-content effects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.26.428315v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Imagined speech can be decoded from low- and cross-frequency features in perceptual space 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.26.428315v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reconstructing intended speech from neural activity using brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) holds great promises for people with severe speech production deficits. While decoding overt speech has progressed, decoding imagined speech have met limited success, mainly because the associated neural signals are weak and variable hence difficult to decode by learning algorithms. Using three electrocorticography datasets totalizing 1444 electrodes from 13 patients who performed overt and imagined speech production tasks, and based on recent theories of speech neural processing, we extracted consistent and specific neural features usable for future BCIs, and assessed their performance to discriminate speech items in articulatory, phonetic, vocalic, and semantic representation spaces. While high-frequency activity provided the best signal for overt speech, both low- and higher-frequency power and local cross-frequency contributed to successful imagined speech decoding, in particular in phonetic and vocalic, i.e. perceptual, spaces. These findings demonstrate that low-frequency power and cross-frequency dynamics contain key information for imagined speech decoding, and that exploring perceptual spaces offers a promising avenue for future imagined speech BCIs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Proix, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delgado Saa, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasley, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poeppel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doyle, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devinsky, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnal, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Megevand, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giraud, A.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.26.428315</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Imagined speech can be decoded from low- and cross-frequency features in perceptual space]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.26.428340v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Infant gut strain persistence is associated with maternal origin, phylogeny, and functional potential including surface adhesion and iron acquisition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.26.428340v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gut microbiome succession impacts infant development. However, it remains unclear what factors promote persistence of initial bacterial colonists in the developing gut. Here, we performed strain-resolved metagenomic analyses to compare gut colonization of preterm and full-term infants throughout the first year of life and evaluated links between strain persistence and strain origin as well as genetic potential. Analysis of 206 fecal metagenomes collected from full-term and preterm infants and their mothers revealed that infants initially distinct microbial communities converged by age one. Approximately 11% of early colonists, primarily Bacteroides and Bifidobacterium, persisted during the first year of life, and these were more prevalent in full-term compared to preterm infants. Gut-associated strains from mothers were significantly more likely to persist in the infant gut than other strains. Enrichment in genes for surface adhesion, iron acquisition and carbohydrate degradation may explain persistence of some strains through the first year of life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lou, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olm, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diamond, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crits-Christoph, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firek, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morowitz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.26.428340</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Infant gut strain persistence is associated with maternal origin, phylogeny, and functional potential including surface adhesion and iron acquisition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.30.181370v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Moving outside the lab: The viability of conducting sensorimotor learning studies online 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.30.181370v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Collecting data online via crowdsourcing platforms has proven to be a very efficient way to recruit a large and diverse sample. Studies of motor learning, however, have been largely confined to the lab due to the need for special equipment to record movement kinematics and, as such, are typically only accessible to specific participants (e.g., college students). As a first foray to make motor learning studies accessible to a larger and more diverse audience, we developed an online, web-based platform (OnPoint) to collect kinematic data, serving as a template for researchers to create their own online sensorimotor control and learning experiments. As a proof-of-concept, we asked if fundamental motor learning phenomena discovered in the lab could be replicated online. In a series of three experiments, we observed a close correspondence between the results obtained online with those previously reported from research conducted in the laboratory. This web-based platform paired with online crowdsourcing can serve as a powerful new method for the study of motor control and learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tsay, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avraham, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.30.181370</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Moving outside the lab: The viability of conducting sensorimotor learning studies online]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.31.428788v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of the bread wheat D-subgenome and enriching it with diversity from Aegilops tauschii 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.31.428788v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aegilops tauschii, the diploid wild progenitor of the D-subgenome of bread wheat, constitutes a reservoir of genetic diversity for improving bread wheat performance and environmental resilience. To better define and understand this diversity, we sequenced 242 Ae. tauschii accessions and compared them to the wheat D-subgenome. We characterized a rare, geographically-restricted lineage of Ae. tauschii and discovered that it contributed to the wheat D-subgenome, thereby elucidating the origin of bread wheat from at least two independent hybridizations. We then used k-mer-based association mapping to identify discrete genomic regions with candidate genes for disease and pest resistance and demonstrated their functional transfer into wheat by transgenesis and wide crossing, including the generation of a library of  synthetic hexaploids incorporating diverse Ae. tauschii genomes. This pipeline permits rapid trait discovery in the diploid ancestor through to functional genetic validation in a hexaploid background amenable to breeding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gaurav, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arora, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Martin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horsnell, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brar, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Widrig, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raupp, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kale, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chinoy, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicholson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quiroz-Chavez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmonds, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smedley, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harwood, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearce, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kangara, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardener, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forner-Martinez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boden, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pascuccci, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hafeez, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Hara, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waites, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheema, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steuernagel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patpour, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Justesen, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudd, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avni, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steiner, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirana, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buerstmayr, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehrabi, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nasyrova, F. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chayut, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.31.428788</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of the bread wheat D-subgenome and enriching it with diversity from Aegilops tauschii]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.31.428824v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of a conserved neutralizing epitope present on spike proteins from highly pathogenic coronaviruses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.31.428824v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Three pathogenic human coronaviruses have emerged within the last 20 years, with SARS-CoV-2 causing a global pandemic. Although therapeutic antibodies targeting the SARS-CoV-2 spike currently focus on the poorly conserved receptor-binding domain, targeting essential neutralizing epitopes on the more conserved S2 domain may provide broader protection. We report an antibody binding an epitope conserved in the pre-fusion core of MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 spike S2 domains. Antibody 3A3 binds a conformational epitope with ~2.5 nM affinity and neutralizes spike from SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern in in vitro pseudovirus assays. Hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry identified residues 980-1006 in the flexible hinge region at the S2 apex as the 3A3 epitope, suggesting 3A3 prevents the S2 conformational rearrangements required for conversion to the spike post-fusion state and virus-host cell fusion. This work defines a conserved vulnerable site on the SARS-CoV-2 S2 domain and guides the design of pan-protective spike immunogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, C.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olaluwoye, O. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaoud, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azouz, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qerqez, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohanon, a. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiVenere, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amengor, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalby, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Arcy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLellan, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maynard, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.31.428824</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of a conserved neutralizing epitope present on spike proteins from highly pathogenic coronaviruses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.01.428846v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The conserved serine transporter SdaC moonlights to enable self recognition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.01.428846v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells can use self recognition to achieve cooperative behaviors. Self-recognition genes principally evolve in tandem with partner self-recognition alleles. However, other constraints on protein evolution could exist. Here, we have identified an interaction outside of self-recognition loci that could constrain the sequence variation of a self-recognition protein. We show that during collective swarm expansion in Proteus mirabilis, self-recognition signaling co-opts SdaC, a serine transporter. Serine uptake is crucial for bacterial survival and colonization. Single-residue variants of SdaC reveal that self recognition requires an open conformation of the protein; serine transport is dispensable. A distant ortholog from Escherichia coli is sufficient for self recognition; however, a homologous serine transporter, YhaO, is not. Thus, SdaC couples self recognition and serine transport, likely through a shared molecular interface. Understanding molecular and ecological constraints on self-recognition proteins can provide insights into the evolution of self recognition and emergent collective behaviors.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=119 SRC="FIGDIR/small/428846v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (14K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@17dbf8eorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@ab0faeorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@9289adorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@8ccc89_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chittor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbs, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.01.428846</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The conserved serine transporter SdaC moonlights to enable self recognition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.01.429188v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Image denoising for fluorescence microscopy by self-supervised transfer learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.01.429188v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When using fluorescent microscopy to study cellular dynamics, trade-offs typically have to be made between light exposure and quality of recorded image to balance phototoxicity and image signal-to-noise ratio. Image denoising is an important tool for retrieving information from dim live cell images. Recently, deep learning based image denoising is becoming the leading method because of its promising denoising performance, achieved by leveraging available prior knowledge about the noise model and samples at hand. We demonstrate that incorporating temporal information in the model can further improve the results. However, the practical application of this method has seen challenges because of the requirement of large, task-specific training datasets. In this work, addressed this challenge by combining self-supervised learning with transfer learning, which eliminated the demand of task-matched training data while maintaining denoising performance. We demonstrate its application in fluorescent imaging of different subcellular structures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinkard, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waller, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.01.429188</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Image denoising for fluorescence microscopy by self-supervised transfer learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.01.429265v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spray-induced gene silencing for disease control is dependent on the efficiency of pathogen RNA uptake 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.01.429265v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent discoveries show that fungi can take up environmental RNA, which can then silence fungal genes through environmental RNA interference. This discovery prompted the development of Spray-Induced Gene Silencing (SIGS) for plant disease management. In this study, we aimed to determine the efficacy of SIGS across a variety of eukaryotic microbes. We first examined the efficiency of RNA uptake in multiple pathogenic and non-pathogenic fungi, and an oomycete pathogen. We observed efficient double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) uptake in the fungal plant pathogens Botrytis cinerea, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Rhizoctonia solani, Aspergillus niger, and Verticillium dahliae, but no uptake in Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and weak uptake in a beneficial fungus, Trichoderma virens. For the oomycete plant pathogen, Phytophthora infestans, RNA uptake was limited, and varied across different cell types and developmental stages. Topical application of dsRNA targeting virulence-related genes in the pathogens with high RNA uptake efficiency significantly inhibited plant disease symptoms, whereas the application of dsRNA in pathogens with low RNA uptake efficiency did not suppress infection. Our results have revealed that dsRNA uptake efficiencies vary across eukaryotic microbe species and cell types. The success of SIGS for plant disease management can largely be determined by the pathogen RNA uptake efficiency.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qiao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capriotti, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ah-Fong, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nino Sanchez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamby, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heller, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Judelson, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mezzetti, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.01.429265</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spray-induced gene silencing for disease control is dependent on the efficiency of pathogen RNA uptake]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.02.429490v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proximity-labeling reveals novel host and parasite proteins at the Toxoplasma parasitophorous vacuole membrane 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.02.429490v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Toxoplasma gondii is a ubiquitous, intracellular parasite that envelopes its parasitophorous vacuole with a protein-laden membrane (PVM). The PVM is critical for interactions with the infected host cell such as nutrient transport and immune defense. Only a few parasite and host proteins have so far been identified on the host-cytosolic side of the PVM. We report here the use of human foreskin fibroblasts expressing the proximity-labeling enzyme miniTurbo, fused to a domain that targets it to this face of the PVM, in combination with quantitative proteomics to specifically identify proteins present at this crucial interface. Out of numerous human and parasite proteins with candidate PVM localization, we validate three novel parasite proteins (TGGT1_269950, TGGT1_215360, and TGGT1_217530) and four new host proteins (PDCD6IP/ALIX, PDCD6, CC2D1A, and MOSPD2) as localized to the PVM in infected human cells through immunofluorescence microscopy. These results significantly expand our knowledge of proteins present at the PVM and, given that three of the validated host proteins are components of the ESCRT machinery, they further suggest that novel biology is operating at this crucial host-pathogen interface.

ImportanceToxoplasma is an intracellular pathogen which resides and replicates inside a membrane-bound vacuole in infected cells. This vacuole is modified by both parasite and host proteins which participate in a variety of host-parasite interactions at this interface, including nutrient exchange, effector transport, and immune modulation. Only a small number of parasite and host proteins present at the vacuolar membrane and exposed to the host cytosol have thus far been identified. Here we report the identification of several novel parasite and host proteins present at the vacuolar membrane using enzyme-catalyzed proximity-labeling, significantly increasing our knowledge of the molecular players present and novel biology occurring at this crucial interface.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cygan, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jean Beltran, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Branon, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ting, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boothroyd, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.02.429490</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proximity-labeling reveals novel host and parasite proteins at the Toxoplasma parasitophorous vacuole membrane]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.03.429573v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Touch-triggered bZIP translocation regulates elongation and secondary wall biosynthesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.03.429573v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractPlant growth requires the integration of internal and external cues, perceived and transduced into a developmental program of cell division, elongation, and wall thickening. Mechanical forces contribute to this regulation, and thigmomorphogenesis typically includes reducing stem height, increasing stem diameter, and a canonical transcriptomic response. We present data on a bZIP transcription factor involved in this process in grasses. Brachypodium distachyon SECONDARY WALL INTERACTING bZIP (SWIZ) protein translocated into the nucleus following mechanostimulation. Classical touch responsive genes were upregulated in B. distachyon roots following touch, including significant induction of the glycoside hydrolase 17 family, which may be unique to grass thigmomorphogenesis. SWIZ protein binding to an E-box variant in exons and introns was associated with immediate activation followed by repression of gene expression. SWIZ overexpression resulted in plants with reduced stem and root elongation. These data further define plant touch-responsive transcriptomics and physiology, offering insights to grass mechanotranduction dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Coomey, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacKinnon, K. J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handakumbura, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCahill, I. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trabucco, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazzola, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leblanc, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kheam, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez-Romero, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barry, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogel, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Malley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chambers, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hazen, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.03.429573</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Touch-triggered bZIP translocation regulates elongation and secondary wall biosynthesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.03.429655v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Horizontal transfer of microbial toxin genes to gall midge genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.03.429655v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A growing body of evidence points to a role for horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in the evolution of animal novelties. Previously, we discovered the horizontal transfer of the gene encoding the eukaryotic genotoxin cytolethal distending toxin B (CdtB) from the Acyrthosiphon pisum Secondary Endosymbiont (APSE) bacteriophage to drosophilid and aphid genomes. Here, we report that cdtB is also found in the nuclear genome of the gall-forming  swede midge Contarinia nasturtii (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). We subsequently searched genome sequences of all available cecidomyiid species for evidence of microbe-to-insect HGT events. We found evidence of pervasive transfer of APSE-like toxin genes to cecidomyiid nuclear genomes. Many of the toxins encoded by these horizontally transferred genes target eukaryotic cells, rather than prokaryotes. In insects, catalytic residues important for toxin function are conserved. Phylogenetic analyses of HGT candidates indicated APSE phages were often not the ancestral donor of the toxin gene to cecidomyiid genomes, suggesting a broader pool of microbial donor lineages. We used a phylogenetic signal statistic to test a transfer-by-proximity hypothesis for HGT, which showed, that prokaryotic-to-insect HGT was more likely to occur between taxa in common environments. Our study highlights the horizontal transfer of genes encoding a new functional class of proteins in insects, toxins that target eukaryotic cells, which is potentially important in mediating interactions with eukaryotic pathogens and parasites.

Significance StatementThe diversity of genes encoded by phages infecting bacterial symbionts of eukaryotes represents an enormous, relatively unexplored pool of new eukaryotic genes through horizontal gene transfer (HGT). In this study, we discovered pervasive HGT of toxin genes encoded by Acyrthosiphon pisum secondary endosymbiont (APSE) bacteriophages and other microbes to the nuclear genomes of gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). We found five toxin genes were transferred horizontally from phage, bacteria, or fungi into genomes of several cecidomyiid species. These genes were aip56, cdtB, lysozyme, rhs, and sltxB. Most of the toxins encoded by these genes antagonize eukaryotic cells, and we posit that they may play a protective role in the insect immune system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Verster, K. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarnopol, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akalu, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiteman, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.03.429655</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Horizontal transfer of microbial toxin genes to gall midge genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.03.429664v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Somatosensory innervation of healthy human oral tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.03.429664v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The oral somatosensory system relays essential information about mechanical stimuli to enable oral functions such as feeding and speech. The neurochemical and anatomical diversity of sensory neurons across oral cavity sites have not been systematically compared. To address this gap, we analyzed healthy human tongue and hard palate innervation. Biopsies were collected from 12 volunteers and underwent multiplex fluorescent immunohistochemistry ([&ge;]2 specimens per marker/structure). Afferents were analyzed for markers of neurons ({beta}III tubulin), myelinated afferents (neurofilament heavy, NFH), and Merkel cells and taste cells (keratin 20, K20). Hard-palate innervation included Meissners corpuscles, glomerular endings, Merkel cell-neurite complexes, and free nerve endings. The organization of these somatosensory endings is reminiscent of fingertips, suggesting that the hard palate is equipped with a rich repertoire of sensory neurons for pressure sensing and spatial localization of mechanical inputs, which are essential for speech production and feeding. Likewise, the tongue is innervated by afferents that impart it with exquisite acuity and detection of moving stimuli that support flavor construction and speech. Filiform papillae contain end bulbs of Krause, as well as endings that have not been previously reported, including subepithelial neuronal densities, and NFH+ neurons innervating basal epithelium. Fungiform papillae had Meissners corpuscles and densities of NFH+ intraepithelial neurons surrounding taste buds. The differing compositions of sensory endings within filiform and fungiform papillae suggest that these structures have distinct roles in mechanosensation. Collectively, this study has identified previously undescribed afferent endings in human oral tissues and provides an anatomical framework for understanding oral mechanosensory functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moayedi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michlig, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lumpkin, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.03.429664</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Somatosensory innervation of healthy human oral tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.05.429992v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Elephant seal muscle cells adapt to sustained glucocorticoid exposure by shifting their metabolic phenotype 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.05.429992v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Elephant seals experience natural periods of prolonged food deprivation while breeding, molting, and undergoing postnatal development. Prolonged food deprivation in elephant seals increases circulating glucocorticoids without inducing muscle atrophy, but the cellular mechanisms that allow elephant seals to cope with such conditions remain elusive. We generated a cellular model and conducted transcriptomic, metabolic, and morphological analyses to study how seal cells adapt to sustained glucocorticoid exposure. Seal muscle progenitor cells differentiate into contractile myotubes with a distinctive morphology, gene expression profile, and metabolic phenotype. Exposure to dexamethasone at three ascending concentrations for 48h modulated the expression of 6 clusters of genes related to structural constituents of muscle and pathways associated with energy metabolism and cell survival. Knockdown of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and downstream expression analyses corroborated that GR mediates the observed effects. Dexamethasone also decreased cellular respiration, shifted the metabolic phenotype towards glycolysis, and induced mitochondrial fission and dissociation of mitochondria-ER interactions without decreasing cell viability. Knockdown of DDIT4, a GR target involved in the dissociation of mitochondria-ER membranes, recovered respiration and modulated antioxidant gene expression. These results show that adaptation to sustained glucocorticoid exposure in elephant seal myotubes involves a metabolic shift toward glycolysis, which is supported by alterations in mitochondrial morphology and a reduction in mitochondria-ER interactions, resulting in decreased respiration without compromising cell survival.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Torres-Velarde, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolora, S. R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khudyakov, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crocker, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sudmant, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazquez-Medina, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.05.429992</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Elephant seal muscle cells adapt to sustained glucocorticoid exposure by shifting their metabolic phenotype]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.08.430339v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure of the human SAGA coactivator complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.08.430339v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human SAGA is an essential co-activator complex that regulates gene expression by interacting with enhancer-bound activators, recruiting transcriptional machinery, and modifying chromatin near promoters. Subunit variations and the metazoan-specific requirement of SAGA in development hinted at unique structural features of the human complex. Our 2.9 [A] structure of human SAGA reveals intertwined functional modules flexibly connected to a core that distinctively integrates mammalian paralogs, incorporates U2 splicing subunits, and features a unique interface between the core and the activator-binding TRRAP. Our structure sheds light on unique roles and regulation of human coactivators with implications for transcription and splicing that have relevance in genetic diseases and cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nogales, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herbst, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esbin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louder, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dugast-Darzacq, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dailey, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darzacq, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.08.430339</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure of the human SAGA coactivator complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.12.430990v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Programmed ER fragmentation drives selective ER inheritance and degradation in budding yeast meiosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.12.430990v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a membrane-bound organelle with diverse, essential functions that rely on the maintenance of membrane shape and distribution within cells. ER structure and function are remodeled in response to changes in cellular demand, such as the presence of external stressors or the onset of cell differentiation, but mechanisms controlling ER remodeling during cell differentiation are not well understood. Here, we describe a series of developmentally regulated changes in ER morphology and composition during budding yeast meiosis, a conserved differentiation program that gives rise to gametes. During meiosis, the cortical ER undergoes fragmentation before collapsing away from the plasma membrane at anaphase II. This programmed collapse depends on the meiotic transcription factor Ndt80, conserved ER membrane structuring proteins Lnp1 and reticulons, and the actin cytoskeleton. A subset of ER is retained at the mother cell plasma membrane and excluded from gamete cells via the action of ER-plasma membrane tethering proteins. ER remodeling is coupled to ER degradation by selective autophagy, which is regulated by the developmentally timed expression of the autophagy receptor Atg40. Autophagy relies on ER collapse, as artificially targeting ER proteins to the cortically retained ER pool prevents their degradation. Thus, developmentally programmed changes in ER morphology determine the selective degradation or inheritance of ER subdomains by gametes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Otto, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheunkarndee, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leslie, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brar, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.12.430990</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Programmed ER fragmentation drives selective ER inheritance and degradation in budding yeast meiosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.12.431000v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell Visualization and Quantification of Trace Metals in Chlamydomonas Lysosome-Related Organelles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.12.431000v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The acidocalcisome is an acidic organelle in the cytosol of eukaryotes, defined by its low pH and high calcium and polyphosphate content. It is visualized as an electron-dense object by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) or described with mass-spectrometry (MS)-based imaging techniques or multimodal X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM) based on its unique elemental composition. Compared to MS-based imaging techniques, XFM offers the advantage of absolute quantification of trace metal content, since sectioning of the cell is not required and metabolic states can be preserved rapidly by either vitrification or chemical fixation. We employed XFM in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, to determine single-cell and organelle trace metal quotas within algal cells in situations of trace metal over-accumulation (Fe, Cu). We found up to 70% of the cellular Cu and 80% of Fe sequestered in acidocalcisomes in these conditions, and identified two distinct populations of acidocalcisomes, defined by their unique trace elemental makeup. We utilized the vtc1 mutant, defective in polyphosphate synthesis and failing to accumulate Ca to show that Fe sequestration is not dependent on either. Finally, quantitation of the Fe and Cu contents of individual cells and compartments via XFM, over a range of cellular metal quotas created by nutritional and genetic perturbations, indicated excellent correlation with bulk data from corresponding cell cultures, establishing a framework to distinguish the nutritional status of single cells.

Significance statementTransition metals are of crucial importance for primary productivity; their scarcity limits crop yield in agriculture and carbon sequestration at global scale. Copper (Cu), iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) are among the most important trace elements that enable the redox chemistry in oxygenic photosynthesis. The single-celled, eukaryotic green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a choice experimental system for studying trace metal homeostasis in the context of phototrophy, offering all the advantages of a classical microbial system with a well-characterized photosystem and trace metal metabolism machinery of relevance to plants. This project identifies and differentiates different trace metal storage sites in Chlamydomonas and uncovers the dynamics of trace metal storage and mobilization in situations of fluctuating resources.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schmollinger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strenkert, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hui, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ralle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merchant, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.12.431000</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell Visualization and Quantification of Trace Metals in Chlamydomonas Lysosome-Related Organelles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.14.431013v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
StrainGE: A toolkit to track and characterize low-abundance strains in complex microbial communities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.14.431013v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human-associated microbial communities comprise not only complex mixtures of bacterial species, but also mixtures of conspecific strains, the implications of which are mostly unknown since strain level dynamics are underexplored due to the difficulties of studying them. We introduce the Strain Genome Explorer (StrainGE) toolkit, which deconvolves strain mixtures and characterizes component strains at the nucleotide level from short-read metagenomic sequencing with higher sensitivity and resolution than other tools. StrainGE is able to identify nearest known references and find variants for multiple conspecific strains within a sample at relative abundances below 0.1% in typical metagenomic datasets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>van Dijk, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Straub, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worby, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grote, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreiber, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anyansi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pickering, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hultgren, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manson, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abeel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Earl, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.14.431013</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[StrainGE: A toolkit to track and characterize low-abundance strains in complex microbial communities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.14.431168v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Calling differential DNA methylation at cell-type resolution: addressing misconceptions and best practices 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.14.431168v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We benchmarked two approaches for the detection of cell-type-specific differential DNA methylation: Tensor Composition Analysis (TCA) and a regression model with interaction terms (CellDMC). Our experiments alongside rigorous mathematical explanations show that TCA is superior over CellDMC, thus resolving recent criticisms suggested by Jing et al. Following misconceptions by Jing and colleagues with modelling cell-type-specificity and the application of TCA, we further discuss best practices for performing association studies at cell-type resolution. The scripts for reproducing all of our results and figures are publicly available at github.com/cozygene/CellTypeSpecificMethylationAnalysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rahmani, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jew, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schweiger, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Criswell, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barcellos, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eskin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosset, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sankararaman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halperin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.14.431168</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Calling differential DNA methylation at cell-type resolution: addressing misconceptions and best practices]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.15.431176v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Region-specific maladaptive gray matter myelination is associated with differential susceptibility to stress-induced behavior in male rodents and humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.15.431176v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Individual reactions to traumatic stress vary dramatically, yet the biological basis of this variation remains poorly understood. Recent studies demonstrate the surprising plasticity of oligodendrocytes and myelin with stress and experience, providing a potential mechanism by which trauma induces aberrant structural and functional changes in the adult brain. In this study, we utilized a translational approach to test the hypothesis that gray matter myelin contributes to traumatic-stress-induced behavioral variation in both rats and humans. We exposed adult, male rats to a single, severe stressor and used a multimodal approach to characterize avoidance, startle, and fear-learning behavior, as well as oligodendrocyte and myelin content in multiple brain areas. We found that oligodendrocyte cell density and myelin content were correlated with behavioral outcomes in a region-specific manner. Specifically, stress-induced avoidance positively correlated with hippocampal dentate gyrus oligodendrocytes and myelin. Viral overexpression of the oligodendrogenic factor Olig1 in the dentate gyrus was sufficient to induce an anxiety-like behavioral phenotype. In contrast, contextual fear learning positively correlated with myelin in the amygdala and spatial processing regions of the hippocampus. In a group of trauma-exposed US veterans, T1-/T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging estimates of hippocampal and amygdala myelin associated with symptom profiles in a region-specific manner that mirrored the findings in rats. These results demonstrate a species- independent relationship between region-specific, gray matter oligodendrocytes and myelin and differential behavioral phenotypes following traumatic stress exposure. This study suggests a novel mechanism for brain plasticity that underlies individual variance in sensitivity to traumatic stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Long, K. L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chao, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kazama, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peretz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muller, D. C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roan, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misra, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toth, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breton, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casazza, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mostafavi, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huber, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodward, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neylan, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.15.431176</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Region-specific maladaptive gray matter myelination is associated with differential susceptibility to stress-induced behavior in male rodents and humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.15.431321v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gender and geographical disparity in editorial boards of journals in psychology and neuroscience 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.15.431321v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While certain metrics of diversity have seen great improvement in recent years in academic psychology and neuroscience, unequal representation remains for many positions of power. Here, we reviewed publicly available information in order to infer the proportion of editors by gender and their country of affiliation in the top 50 journals worldwide in each of the two fields. The sample included a total of 2,864 editors for psychology journals and 3,093 editors for neuroscience journals. There was a statistically significant difference in the proportion of male and female editors in both fields, both across editorial roles, and within various role categories, including editor-in-chief and their deputies at neuroscience journals, associate and section editors in both fields, and editorial and advisory board members in both fields. The only category in which there was not a significant imbalance of male and female scholars was the editors-in-chief of psychology journals and their deputies. Geographically, USA-based academics significantly outnumbered those from other countries as editors in both psychology and neuroscience. Results also indicated that over three quarters of psychology journals (76%) were comprised of more than 50% male editors, while only 20% had a similar proportion of female editors. In neuroscience, 88% of journals were comprised of more than 50% male editors, while only 10% of journals included a similar, proportional majority of female editors. Findings suggest that editorial positions in academic journals, possibly one of the most powerful decision-making roles in academic psychology and neuroscience, are not balanced in gender or geographical representation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Palser, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazerwitz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fotopoulou, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.15.431321</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gender and geographical disparity in editorial boards of journals in psychology and neuroscience]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.16.431328v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Restricted nucleation and piRNA-mediated establishment of H3K9me3-dependent heterochromatin during embryogenesis in Drosophila miranda 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.16.431328v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Heterochromatin is a key architectural feature of eukaryotic genomes, crucial for silencing of repetitive elements and maintaining genome stability. Heterochromatin shows stereotypical enrichment patterns around centromeres and repetitive sequences, but the molecular details of how heterochromatin is established during embryogenesis are poorly understood. Here, we map the genome-wide distribution of H3K9me3-dependent heterochromatin in individual embryos of D. miranda at precisely staged developmental time points. We find that canonical H3K9me3 enrichment patterns are established early on before cellularization, and mature into stable and broad heterochromatin domains through development. Intriguingly, initial nucleation sites of H3K9me3 enrichment appear as early as embryonic stage3 (nuclear cycle 9) over transposable elements (TE) and progressively broaden, consistent with spreading to neighboring nucleosomes. The earliest nucleation sites are limited to specific regions of a small number of TE families and often appear over promoter regions, while late nucleation develops broadly across most TEs. Early nucleating TEs are highly targeted by maternal piRNAs and show early zygotic transcription, consistent with a model of co-transcriptional silencing of TEs by small RNAs. Interestingly, truncated TE insertions lacking nucleation sites show significantly reduced enrichment across development, suggesting that the underlying sequences play an important role in recruiting histone methyltransferases for heterochromatin establishment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wei, K. H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bachtrog, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.16.431328</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Restricted nucleation and piRNA-mediated establishment of H3K9me3-dependent heterochromatin during embryogenesis in Drosophila miranda]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.16.431455v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Probe the effect of clustering on EphA2 receptor signaling efficiency by subcellular control of ligand-receptor mobility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.16.431455v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clustering of ligand:receptor complexes on the cell membrane is widely presumed to have functional consequences for subsequent signal transduction. However, it is experimentally challenging to selectively manipulate receptor clustering without altering other biochemical aspects of the cellular system. Here, we develop a microfabrication strategy to produce substrates displaying mobile and immobile ligands that are separated by roughly one micron and thus experience an identical cytoplasmic signaling state, enabling precision comparison of downstream signaling reactions. Applying this approach to characterize the ephrinA1:EphA2 signaling system reveals that EphA2 clustering enhances receptor phosphorylation. Single molecule imaging clearly resolves increased molecular binding dwell time at EphA2 clusters for both Grb2:SOS and NCK:NWASP signaling modules. This type of intracellular comparison enables a substantially higher degree of quantitative analysis than is possible when comparisons must be made between different cells and essentially eliminates the effects of cellular response to ligand manipulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biswas, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaidel-Bar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groves, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.16.431455</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Probe the effect of clustering on EphA2 receptor signaling efficiency by subcellular control of ligand-receptor mobility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.16.431491v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optical Estimation of Absolute Membrane Potential Using One- and Two-Photon Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.16.431491v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMembrane potential (Vmem) exerts physiological influence across a wide range of time and space scales. To study Vmem in these diverse contexts, it is essential to accurately record absolute values of Vmem, rather than solely relative measurements.

Materials & MethodsWe use fluorescence lifetime imaging of a small molecule voltage sensitive dye (VF2.1.Cl) to estimate mV values of absolute membrane potential.

ResultsWe test the consistency of VF2.1.Cl lifetime measurements performed on different single photon counting instruments and find that they are in striking agreement (differences of <0.5 ps/mV in the slope and <50 ps in the y-intercept). We also demonstrate that VF2.1.Cl lifetime reports absolute Vmem under two-photon (2P) illumination with better than 20 mV of Vmem resolution, a nearly 10-fold improvement over other lifetime-based methods.

ConclusionsWe demonstrate that VF-FLIM is a robust and portable metric for Vmem across imaging platforms and under both one-photon and two-photon illumination. This work is a critical foundation for application of VF-FLIM to record absolute membrane potential signals in thick tissue.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lazzari-Dean, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.16.431491</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optical Estimation of Absolute Membrane Potential Using One- and Two-Photon Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.16.431524v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Perceptual restoration fails to recover unconscious processing for smooth eye movements after occipital stroke 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.16.431524v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The visual pathways that guide actions do not necessarily mediate conscious perception. Patients with primary visual cortex (V1) damage lose conscious perception but often retain unconscious abilities (e.g. blindsight). Here, we asked if saccade accuracy and post-saccadic following responses (PFRs) that automatically track target motion upon saccade landing are retained when conscious perception is lost. We contrasted these behaviors in the blind and intact-fields of 11 chronic V1-stroke patients, and in 8 visually-intact controls. Saccade accuracy was relatively normal in all cases. Stroke patients also had normal PFR in their intact-fields, but no PFR in their blind-fields. Thus, V1 damage did not spare the unconscious visual processing necessary for automatic, post-saccadic smooth eye movements. Importantly, visual training that recovered motion perception in the blind-field did not restore the PFR, suggesting a clear dissociation between pathways mediating perceptual restoration and automatic actions in the V1-damaged visual system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kwon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huxlin, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.16.431524</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Perceptual restoration fails to recover unconscious processing for smooth eye movements after occipital stroke]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.17.431656v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The role of genus and life span in predicting seed and vegetative trait variation and correlation in Lathyrus, Phaseolus, and Vicia (Fabaceae) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.17.431656v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PREMISE OF THE STUDYAnnual and perennial life history transitions are abundant among angiosperms, and understanding the phenotypic variation underlying life span shifts is a key endeavor of plant evolutionary biology. Comparative analyses of trait variation and correlation networks among annual and perennial plants is increasingly important as new perennial crops are being developed in a predominately annual-based agricultural setting. However, it remains unclear how seed to vegetative growth trait relationships may correlate with life span.

METHODSWe measured 29 annual and perennial congeneric species of three herbaceous legume genera (Lathyrus, Phaseolus, and Vicia) for seed size and shape, germination proportion, and early vegetative height and leaf growth over three months in order to assess relative roles of genus and life span in predicting phenotypic variation and correlation.

KEY RESULTSGenus was the greatest predictor of seed size and shape variation, while life span consistently predicted static vegetative growth traits. Correlation networks revealed that annual species had significant associations between seed traits and vegetative traits, while perennials had no significant seed-vegetative associations. Each genus also differed in the extent of integration between seed and vegetative traits, as well as within-vegetative trait correlation patterns.

CONCLUSIONSGenus and life span were important for predicting aspects of early life stage phenotypic variation and trait relationships. Differences in phenotypic correlation may indicate selection on seed size traits will impact vegetative growth differently depending on life span, which has important implications for nascent perennial breeding programs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Herron, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albrecht, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, Q. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandoval, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.17.431656</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The role of genus and life span in predicting seed and vegetative trait variation and correlation in Lathyrus, Phaseolus, and Vicia (Fabaceae)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.17.431706v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Humans hastened the range collapse and extinction of woolly mammoth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.17.431706v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pathways to extinction start long before the death of the last individual. However, causes of early-stage population declines and the susceptibility of small residual populations to extirpation are typically studied in isolation. Using validated process-explicit models, we disentangle the ecological mechanisms and threats that were integral in the initial decline and later extinction of the woolly mammoth. We show that reconciling ancient DNA data on woolly mammoth population decline with fossil evidence of location and timing of extinction requires process-explicit models with specific demographic and niche constraints, and a constrained synergy of climatic change and human impacts. Validated models needed humans to hasten climate-driven population declines by many millennia, and to allow woolly mammoths to persist in mainland Arctic refugia until the mid-Holocene. Our results show that the role of humans in the extinction dynamics of woolly mammoth began well before the Holocene, exerting lasting effects on the spatial pattern and timing of its range-wide extinction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fordham, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akcakaya, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brook, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haythorne, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manica, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoemaker, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Austin, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blonder, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pilowsky, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahbek, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogues-Bravo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.17.431706</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Humans hastened the range collapse and extinction of woolly mammoth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.18.431741v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Opposing dominance within a color gene block is associated with maladaptive hybrid signal discordance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.18.431741v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The divergence of plumage color genes is increasingly recognized as important for speciation in songbirds through its influence on social signaling. However, the behavioral mechanisms underlying the eco-evolutionary feedback that acts across species boundaries is poorly understood. The hybrid zone between Setophaga occidentalis (SOCC) and S. townsendi (STOW) in the Cascade Mountain range provides a natural observatory to test the interplay between genetics, plumage signals, and territoriality in maintaining nascent species boundaries. Recently, we found that selection within a gene block underpinning color variation (ASIP-RALY) has maintained a stable and narrow hybrid zone. Here we investigated the roles of cheek darkness and flank streaking as plumage signals during simulated territorial intrusion, two melanin-based traits underpinned by ASIP-RALY that reflect opposing dominance of SOCC and STOW alleles. We found that both plumage traits act as honest signals of body size in the territorial sex (i.e., males). The opposing dominance effects of ASIP-RALY resulted in plumage signal discordance for heterozygotes, which in turn was associated with reduced territorial performance, a fitness proxy quantified by vocal and physical responses to a decoy intruder. Taken together, this study highlights a behavioral mechanism underlying selection acting on a simple genetic architecture that shapes species boundary despite gene flow.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>de Zwaan, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackenzie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikklesen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.18.431741</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Opposing dominance within a color gene block is associated with maladaptive hybrid signal discordance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.20.431694v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High Light and High Temperature Reduce Photosynthesis via Different Mechanisms in the C4 Model Setaria viridis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.20.431694v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
C4 plants frequently experience damaging high light (HL) and high temperature (HT) conditions in native environments, which reduce growth and yield. However, the mechanisms underlying these stress responses in C4 plants have been under-explored, especially the coordination between mesophyll (M) and bundle sheath (BS) cells. We investigated how the C4 model plant Setaria viridis responded to a four-hour HL or HT treatment at the photosynthetic, transcriptomic, and ultrastructural levels. Although we observed a comparable reduction of photosynthetic efficiency in HL- or HT-treated leaves, detailed analysis of multi-level responses revealed important differences in key pathways and M/BS specificity responding to HL and HT. We provide a systematic analysis of HL and HT responses in S. viridis, reveal different acclimation strategies to these two stresses in C4 plants, discover unique light/temperature responses in C4 plants in comparison to C3 plants, and identify potential targets to improve abiotic stress tolerance in C4 crops.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anderson, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattoon, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McHargue, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dautermann, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McAdam, S. A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pathak, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avenson, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berry, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braud, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niyogi, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nusinow, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vargas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Czymmek, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eveland, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.20.431694</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High Light and High Temperature Reduce Photosynthesis via Different Mechanisms in the C4 Model Setaria viridis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.21.432181v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A chimeric nuclease substitutes CRISPR-Cas: A phage weaponizes laterally acquired specificity to destroy subviral parasites 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.21.432181v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mobile genetic elements, elements that can move horizontally between genomes, have profound effects on their hosts fitness. The PLE is a mobile element that integrates into the chromosome of Vibrio cholerae and parasitizes the bacteriophage ICP1 to move between cells. This parasitism by PLE is such that it abolishes the production of ICP1 progeny and provides a defensive boon to the host cell population. In response to the severe parasitism imposed by PLE, ICP1 has acquired an adaptive CRISPR-Cas system that targets the PLE genome during infection. However, ICP1 isolates that naturally lack CRISPR-Cas are still able to overcome certain PLE variants, and the mechanism of this immunity against PLE has thus far remained unknown. Here we show that ICP1 isolates that lack CRISPR-Cas encode an endonuclease in the same locus, and that the endonuclease provides ICP1 with immunity to a subset of PLEs. Further analysis shows that this endonuclease is of chimeric origin, incorporating a DNA binding domain that is highly similar to some PLE replication origin binding proteins. This similarity allows the endonuclease to bind and cleave PLE origins of replication. The endonuclease appears to exert considerable selective pressure on PLEs and may drive PLE replication module swapping and origin restructuring as mechanisms of escape. This work demonstrates that new genome defense systems can arise through domain shuffling and provides a greater understanding of the evolutionary forces driving genome modularity and temporal succession in mobile elements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barth, Z. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, M. H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seed, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.21.432181</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A chimeric nuclease substitutes CRISPR-Cas: A phage weaponizes laterally acquired specificity to destroy subviral parasites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.22.432408v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Functional Significance of Bacterial Predators 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.22.432408v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Predation structures food webs, influences energy flow, and alters rates and pathways of nutrient cycling through ecosystems, effects that are well documented for macroscopic predators. In the microbial world, predatory bacteria are common, yet little is known about their rates of growth and roles in energy flows through microbial food webs, in part because these are difficult to quantify. Here, we show that growth and carbon uptake were higher in predatory bacteria compared to non-predatory bacteria, a finding across 15 sites, synthesizing 82 experiments and over 100,000 taxon-specific measurements of element flow into newly synthesized bacterial DNA. Obligate predatory bacteria grew 36% faster and assimilated carbon at rates 211% higher than non-predatory bacteria. These differences were less pronounced for facultative predators (6% higher growth rates, 17% higher carbon assimilation rates), though high growth and carbon assimilation rates were observed for some facultative predators, such as members of the genera Lysobacter and Cytophaga, both capable of gliding motility and wolfpack hunting behavior. Added carbon substrates disproportionately stimulated growth of obligate predators, with responses 63% higher than non-predators for the Bdellovibrionales and 81% higher for the Vampirovibrionales, whereas responses of facultative predators to substrate addition were no different from non-predators. This finding supports ecological theory that higher productivity increases predator control of lower trophic levels. These findings also indicate that the functional significance of bacterial predators increases with energy flow, and that predatory bacteria influence element flow through microbial food webs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hungate, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marks, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Power, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Groenigen, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blazewicz, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chuckran, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dijkstra, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finley, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firestone, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foley, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenlon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofmockel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koch, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mack, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mau, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrissey, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Propster, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purcell, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sieradzki, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Starr, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, B. W. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terrer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pett-Ridge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.22.432408</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Functional Significance of Bacterial Predators]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.25.432874v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dissociable oscillatory networks support gain and loss processing in human orbitofrontal cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.25.432874v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human neuroimaging and animal studies have linked neural activity in orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) to valuation of positive and negative outcomes. Additional evidence shows that neural oscillations, representing the coordinated activity of neuronal ensembles, support information processing in both animal and human prefrontal regions. However, the role of OFC neural oscillations in reward-processing in humans remains unknown, partly due to the difficulty of recording oscillatory neural activity from deep brain regions. Here, we examined the role of OFC neural oscillations (<30Hz) in reward processing by combining intracranial OFC recordings with a gambling task in which patients made economic decisions under uncertainty. Our results show that power in different oscillatory bands are associated with distinct components of reward evaluation. Specifically, we observed a double dissociation, with a selective theta band oscillation increase in response to monetary gains and a beta band increase in response to losses. These effects were interleaved across OFC in overlapping networks and were accompanied by increases in oscillatory coherence between OFC electrode sites in theta and beta band during gain and loss processing, respectively. These results provide evidence that gain and loss processing in human OFC are supported by distinct low-frequency oscillations in networks, and provide evidence that participating neuronal ensembles are organized functionally through oscillatory coherence, rather than local anatomical segregation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parvizi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.25.432874</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dissociable oscillatory networks support gain and loss processing in human orbitofrontal cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.27.433188v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comprehensive Profiling of Plasma Exosomes Using Data Independent Acquisitions, New Tools for Aging Cohort Studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.27.433188v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aging is a complex biological process associated with progressive loss of physiological function and susceptibility to several diseases, such as cancer and neurodegeneration. Exosomes are involved in many cellular signaling pathways, and their cargo may serve as promising disease or aging biomarkers. These membrane-bound extracellular vesicles facilitate the transport of intracellular contents to proximal and distal cells in the body. Here, we investigated two omics approaches for exosome analysis. To overcome the challenges of plasma exosome contamination with abundant soluble plasma proteins, we developed a high-throughput method to isolate highly purified exosomes from human plasma by sequential size-exclusion chromatography and ultrafiltration. First, we used data-dependent acquisitions from offline high-pH reversed-phase fractions of exosome lysate to generate a deep spectral library comprising [~]2,300 exosome proteins. Second, in a pilot aging study, we used comprehensive data-independent acquisitions to compare plasma exosomes from young (20-26 yrs) and old (60-66 yrs) individuals. We quantified 1,318 exosome proteins, and levels of 144 proteins were significantly different in young and old plasma groups (Q<0.05 and >1.5-fold change). We also analyzed exosome miRNA cargo and detected 331 miRNAs. Levels of several were significantly different in young and old individuals. In addition, 88 and 17 miRNAs were unique to old and young individuals, respectively. Plasma exosome biomarkers have great potential for translational studies investigating biomarkers of aging and age-related diseases and to monitor therapeutic aging interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patel, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruderer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basisty, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bons, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desprez, P.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neri, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiter, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campisi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schilling, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.27.433188</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comprehensive Profiling of Plasma Exosomes Using Data Independent Acquisitions, New Tools for Aging Cohort Studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.01.433475v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hypothalamic Overexpression of Neurosecretory Protein GL Leads to Obesity in Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.01.433475v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionThe mechanisms underlying obesity are not fully understood, necessitating the creation of novel animal models for investigation of metabolic disorders from the cellular-molecular to behavioral levels of analysis. We have previously found that neurosecretory protein GL (NPGL), a newly-identified hypothalamic neuropeptide, is involved in feeding behavior and fat accumulation in rats. Given the broad availability of genetic tools in mice, the present investigation sought to establish a mouse model of NPGL-induced obesity.

MethodsWe overexpressed the NPGL-precursor gene (Npgl) in the hypothalamus using adeno-associated virus in C57BL/6J mice fed normal chow (NC) or a high-calorie diet (HCD). After 9 weeks of Npgl overexpression, we measured adipose tissues, muscle, and several organ masses in addition to food intake and body mass. To assess the effects of Npgl overexpression on peripheral tissues, we analyzed mRNA expression of lipid metabolism-related genes by quantitative RT-PCR.

ResultsNpgl overexpression increased food intake, body mass, adipose tissues and liver masses, food efficiency, and circulating insulin levels under both NC and HCD, resulting in obesity observable within 8 weeks. Furthermore, we observed fat accumulation in adipose tissues and liver. Additionally, mRNA expression of lipid metabolism-related factors was increased in white adipose tissue and the liver after Npgl overexpression.

ConclusionTaken together, the present study suggests that NPGL is an endogenous obesogenic factor that acts within a short period of time in mice. As a result, this animal model can be widely applied to study the etiology of obesity from genes to behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Narimatsu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fukumura, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shikano, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwakoshi-Ukena, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furumitsu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bentley, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kriegsfeld, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ukena, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.01.433475</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hypothalamic Overexpression of Neurosecretory Protein GL Leads to Obesity in Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.01.433496v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A simple, cost-effective and automation-friendly direct PCR approach for bacterial community analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.01.433496v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial communities in water, soil, and humans play an essential role in environmental ecology and human health. PCR-based amplicon analysis, such as 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing, is a fundamental tool for quantifying and studying microbial composition, dynamics, and interactions. However, given the complexity of microbial communities, a substantial number of samples becomes necessary to analyses that parse the factors that determine microbial composition. A common bottleneck in performing these kinds of experiments is genomic DNA (gDNA) extraction, which is time-consuming, expensive, and often biased on the types of species. Direct PCR methods are a potentially simpler and more accurate alternative to gDNA extraction methods that do not require the intervening purification step. In this study, we evaluated three variations of direct PCR methods using diverse heterogeneous bacterial cultures, ZymoBIOMICS Microbial Community Standards, and groundwater. By comparing direct PCR methods with DNeasy blood and tissue kits and DNeasy Powersoil kits, we found a specific variant of the direct PCR method exhibits a comparable overall efficiency to the conventional DNeasy Powersoil protocol. We also found the method showed higher efficiency for extracting gDNA from the gram negative strains compared to DNeasy blood and tissue protocol. This direct PCR method is 1600 times cheaper ($0.34 for 96 samples), 10 times simpler (15 min hands-on time for 96 samples) than DNeasy Powersoil protocol. The direct PCR method can also be fully automated, and is compatible with small volume samples, thereby permitting scaling of samples and replicates needed to support high-throughput large-scale bacterial community analysis.

IMPORTANCEUnderstanding bacterial interaction and assembling in complex microbial communities using 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing normally requires a large experimental load. However, the current DNA extraction methods including cell disruption and genomic DNA purification are normally biased, costly, time and labor consuming, and not amenable to miniaturization by droplets or 1536 well plates due to the significant DNA loss during purification step for tiny volume and low cell density samples. Direct PCR method could potentially solve these problems. In this study, we demonstrate a direct PCR method which exhibits similar efficiency as the widely used method - DNeasy Powersoil protocol, while 1600 times cheaper and 10 times faster to execute. This simple, cost-effective, and automation friendly direct PCR based 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing method allows us to study the dynamics, microbial interaction and assembly of varying microbial communities in a high throughput fashion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuehl, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.01.433496</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A simple, cost-effective and automation-friendly direct PCR approach for bacterial community analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.03.433784v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Patterns of gene content and co-occurrence constrain the evolutionary path toward animal association in CPR bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.03.433784v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Candidate Phyla Radiation (CPR) bacteria are small, likely episymbiotic organisms found across Earths ecosystems. Despite their prevalence, the distribution of CPR lineages across habitats and the genomic signatures of transitions amongst these habitats remain unclear. Here, we expand the genome inventory for Absconditabacteria (SR1), Gracilibacteria, and Saccharibacteria (TM7), CPR bacteria known to occur in both animal-associated and environmental microbiomes, and investigate variation in gene content with habitat of origin. By overlaying phylogeny with habitat information, we show that bacteria from these three lineages have undergone multiple transitions from environmental habitats into animal microbiomes. Based on co-occurrence analyses of hundreds of metagenomes, we extend the prior suggestion that certain Saccharibacteria have broad bacterial host ranges and constrain possible host relationships for Absconditabacteria and Gracilibacteria. Full-proteome analyses show that animal-associated Saccharibacteria have smaller gene repertoires than their environmental counterparts and are enriched in numerous protein families, including those likely functioning in amino acid metabolism, phage defense, and detoxification of peroxide. In contrast, some freshwater Saccharibacteria encode a putative rhodopsin. For protein families exhibiting the clearest patterns of differential habitat distribution, we compared protein and species phylogenies to estimate the incidence of lateral gene transfer and genomic loss occurring over the species tree. These analyses suggest that habitat transitions were likely not accompanied by large transfer or loss events, but rather were associated with continuous proteome remodeling. Thus, we speculate that CPR habitat transitions were driven largely by availability of suitable host taxa, and were reinforced by acquisition and loss of some capacities.

IMPORTANCEStudying the genetic differences between related microorganisms from different environment types can indicate factors associated with their movement among habitats. This is particularly interesting for bacteria from the Candidate Phyla Radiation because their minimal metabolic capabilities require symbiotic associations with microbial hosts. We found that shifts of Absconditabacteria, Gracilibacteria, and Saccharibacteria between environmental ecosystems and mammalian mouths/guts probably did not involve major episodes of gene gain and loss; rather, gradual genomic change likely followed habitat migration. The results inform our understanding of how little-known microorganisms establish in the human microbiota where they may ultimately impact health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keren, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valentin-Alvarado, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munk, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouma-Gregson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amano, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.03.433784</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Patterns of gene content and co-occurrence constrain the evolutionary path toward animal association in CPR bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.05.434129v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Monitoring deep-tissue oxygenation with a millimeter-scale ultrasonic implant 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.05.434129v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deep tissue oxygenation monitoring has many potential applications. Vascular complications after solid organ transplantation, for example, frequently lead to graft ischemia, dysfunction or loss, and can occur months after transplantation. While imaging approaches can provide intermittent assessments of graft perfusion, they require highly skilled practitioners, and fail to directly assess graft oxygenation. Existing tissue oxygen monitoring systems have many drawbacks, including the need for wired connections, the inability to provide real-time data, and, crucially, an operation that is limited to surface tissues. Here, we present the first wireless, minimally-invasive deep tissue oxygen monitoring system that provides continuous real-time data from centimeter-scale depths in a clinically-relevant large animal (sheep) model and demonstrates operation at great depths (up to 10 cm) through ex vivo porcine tissue. The system relies on a millimeter-sized, wireless, battery-free, implantable luminescence oxygen sensor that is powered by ultrasound and capable of bi-directional data transfer with an external transceiver. We present various aspects of system and sensor performance and demonstrate the operation of the system in vitro in distilled water, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and undiluted human serum, ex vivo through porcine tissue, and in vivo in a sheep model. We believe this technology represents a new class of diagnostic system particularly suitable for organ monitoring, as well as other surgical or critical care indications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sonmezoglu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fineman, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maltepe, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maharbiz, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.05.434129</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Monitoring deep-tissue oxygenation with a millimeter-scale ultrasonic implant]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.06.434187v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiplexed Ion Beam Imaging Readout of Single-Cell Immunoblotting 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.06.434187v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Improvements in single-cell protein analysis are required to study the cell-to-cell variation inherent to diseases, including cancer. Single-cell immunoblotting (scIB) offers proteoform detection specificity, but often relies on fluorescence-based readout and is therefore limited in multiplexing capability. Among rising multiplexed imaging methods is multiplexed ion beam imaging by time of flight (MIBI-TOF), a mass spectrometry imaging technology. MIBI-TOF employs metal-tagged antibodies that do not suffer from spectra overlap to the same degree as fluorophore-tagged antibodies. We report for the first-time MIBI-TOF of single-cell immunoblotting (scIB-MIBI-TOF). The scIB assay subjects single-cell lysate to protein immunoblotting on a microscale device consisting of a 50- to 75-m thick hydrated polyacrylamide (PA) gel matrix for protein immobilization prior to in-gel immunoprobing. We confirm antibody-protein binding in the PA gel with indirect fluorescence readout of metal-tagged antibodies. Since MIBI-TOF is a layer-by-layer imaging technique, and our protein target is immobilized within a 3D PA gel layer, we characterize the protein distribution throughout the PA gel depth by fluorescence confocal microscopy and find that the highest signal-to-noise ratio is achieved by imaging the entirety of the PA gel depth. Accordingly, we report the required MIBI-TOF ion dose strength needed to image varying PA gel depths. Lastly, by imaging ~42% of PA gel depth with MIBI-TOF, we detect two isoelectrically separated TurboGFP (tGFP) proteoforms from individual glioblastoma cells, demonstrating that highly multiplexed mass spectrometry-based readout is compatible with scIB.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lomeli, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosse, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bendall, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angelo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herr, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.06.434187</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiplexed Ion Beam Imaging Readout of Single-Cell Immunoblotting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.08.434494v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Tail Fiber Protein and a Receptor-Binding Protein Mediate ICP2 Bacteriophage Interactions with Vibrio cholerae OmpU 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.08.434494v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ICP2 is a virulent bacteriophage (phage) that preys on Vibrio cholerae. ICP2 was first isolated from cholera patient stool samples. Some of these stools also contained ICP2-resistant isogenic V. cholerae strains harboring missense mutations in the trimeric outer membrane porin protein OmpU, identifying it as the ICP2 receptor. In this study, we identify the ICP2 proteins that mediate interactions with OmpU by selecting for ICP2 host-range mutants within infant rabbits infected with a mixture of wild type and OmpU mutant strains. ICP2 host-range mutants had missense mutations in putative tail fiber gene gp25 and putative adhesin gp23. Using site-specific mutagenesis we show that single or double mutations in gp25 are sufficient to generate the host-range mutant phenotype. However, at least one additional mutation in gp23 is required for robust plaque formation on specific OmpU mutants. Mutations in gp23 alone were insufficient to give a host-range mutant phenotype. All ICP2 host-range mutants retained the ability to plaque on wild type V. cholerae cells. The strength of binding of host-range mutants to V. cholerae correlated with plaque morphology, indicating that the selected mutations in gp25 and gp23 restore molecular interactions with the receptor. We propose that ICP2 host-range mutants evolve by a two-step process where, first, gp25 mutations are selected for their broad host-range, albeit accompanied by low level phage adsorption. Subsequent selection occurs for gp23 mutations that further increase productive binding to specific OmpU alleles, allowing for near wild type efficiencies of adsorption and subsequent phage multiplication.

ImportanceConcern over multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens, including Vibrio cholerae, has led to a renewed interest in phage biology and their potential for phage therapy. ICP2 is a genetically unique virulent phage isolated from cholera patient stool samples. It is also one of three phages in a prophylactic cocktail shown to be effective in animal models of infection and the only one of the three that requires a protein receptor (OmpU). This study identifies a ICP2 tail fiber and a receptor binding protein and examines how ICP2 responds to the selective pressures of phage-resistant OmpU mutants. We found that this particular co-evolutionary arms race presents fitness costs to both ICP2 and V. cholerae.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lim, A. N. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seed, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazinski, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camilli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.08.434494</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Tail Fiber Protein and a Receptor-Binding Protein Mediate ICP2 Bacteriophage Interactions with Vibrio cholerae OmpU]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.09.433671v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Trajectory inference across multiple conditions with condiments: differential topology, progression, differentiation, and expression. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.09.433671v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq), gene expression is assessed individually for each cell, allowing the investigation of developmental processes, such as embryogenesis and cellular differentiation and regeneration, at unprecedented resolutions. In such dynamic biological systems, grouping cells into discrete groups is not reflective of the biology. Cellular states rather form a continuum, e.g., for the differentiation of stem cells into mature cell types. This process is often represented via a trajectory in a reduced-dimensional representation of the scRNA-seq dataset.

While many methods have been suggested for trajectory inference, it is often unclear how to handle multiple biological groups or conditions, e.g., inferring and comparing the differentiation trajectories of wild-type and knock-out stem cell populations.

In this manuscript, we present a method for the estimation and downstream interpretation of cell trajectories across multiple conditions. Our framework allows the interpretation of differences between conditions at the trajectory, cell population, and gene expression levels. We start by integrating datasets from multiple conditions into a single trajectory. By comparing the conditions along the trajectorys path, we can detect large-scale changes, indicative of differential progression. We also demonstrate how to detect subtler changes by finding genes that exhibit different behaviors between these conditions along a differentiation path.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roux de Bezieux, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van den Berge, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Street, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudoit, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.09.433671</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Trajectory inference across multiple conditions with condiments: differential topology, progression, differentiation, and expression.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.09.434529v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Longitudinal single-cell epitope and RNA-sequencing reveals the immunological impact of type 1 interferon autoantibodies in critical COVID-19 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.09.434529v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Type I interferon (IFN-I) neutralizing autoantibodies have been found in some critical COVID-19 patients; however, their prevalence and longitudinal dynamics across the disease severity scale, and functional effects on circulating leukocytes remain unknown. Here, in 284 COVID-19 patients, we found IFN-I autoantibodies in 19% of critical, 6% of severe and none of the moderate cases. Longitudinal profiling of over 600,000 peripheral blood mononuclear cells using multiplexed single-cell epitope and transcriptome sequencing from 54 COVID-19 patients, 15 non-COVID-19 patients and 11 non-hospitalized healthy controls, revealed a lack of IFN-I stimulated gene (ISG-I) response in myeloid cells from critical cases, including those producing anti-IFN-I autoantibodies. Moreover, surface protein analysis showed an inverse correlation of the inhibitory receptor LAIR-1 with ISG-I expression response early in the disease course. This aberrant ISG-I response in critical patients with and without IFN-I autoantibodies, supports a unifying model for disease pathogenesis involving ISG-I suppression via convergent mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>van der Wijst, M. G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazquez, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartoularos, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastard, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bueno, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenland, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogorodnikov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mann, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynch, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yun, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Havlir, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chamie, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marquez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenhouse, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lionakis, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norris, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumont, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gervais, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Voyer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whatley, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Si, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byrne, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Combes, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fragiadakis, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>UCSF COMET consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kangelaris, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calfee, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erle, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendrickson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krummel, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodruff, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langelier, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.09.434529</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Longitudinal single-cell epitope and RNA-sequencing reveals the immunological impact of type 1 interferon autoantibodies in critical COVID-19]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.09.434663v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic sampling bias and overdispersion induced by skewed offspring distributions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.09.434663v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Natural populations often show enhanced genetic drift consistent with a strong skew in their offspring number distribution. The skew arises because the variability of family sizes is either inherently strong or amplified by population expansions, leading to so-called  jackpot events. The resulting allele frequency fluctuations are large and, therefore, challenge standard models of population genetics, which assume sufficiently narrow offspring distributions. While the neutral dynamics backward in time can be readily analyzed using coalescent approaches, we still know little about the effect of broad offspring distributions on the dynamics forward in time, especially with selection. Here, we employ an exact asymptotic analysis combined with a scaling hypothesis to demonstrate that over-dispersed frequency trajectories emerge from the competition of conventional forces, such as selection or mutations, with an emerging time-dependent sampling bias against the minor allele. The sampling bias arises from the characteristic time-dependence of the largest sampled family size within each allelic type. Using this insight, we establish simple scaling relations for allele frequency fluctuations, fixation probabilities, extinction times, and the site frequency spectra that arise when offspring numbers are distributed according to a power law n-(1+). To demonstrate that this coarse-grained model captures a wide variety of non-equilibrium dynamics, we validate our results in traveling waves, where the phenomenon of  gene surfing can produce any exponent 1 <  < 2. We argue that the concept of a dynamic sampling bias is useful generally to develop both intuition and statistical tests for the unusual dynamics of populations with skewed offspring distributions, which can confound commonly used tests for selection or demographic history.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Okada, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallatschek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.09.434663</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic sampling bias and overdispersion induced by skewed offspring distributions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.11.432778v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Measurement of Volatile Compounds for Real-time Analysis of Soil Microbial Metabolic Response to Simulated Snowmelt 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.11.432778v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Snowmelt dynamics are a significant determinant of microbial metabolism in soil and regulate global biogeochemical cycles of carbon and nutrients by creating seasonal variations in soil redox and nutrient pools. With an increasing concern that climate change accelerates both snowmelt timing and rate, obtaining an accurate characterization of microbial response to snowmelt is important for understanding biogeochemical cycles intertwined with soil. However, observing microbial metabolism and its dynamics non-destructively remains a major challenge for systems such as soil. Microbial volatile compounds (mVCs) emitted from soil represent information-dense signatures and when assayed non-destructively using state-of-the-art instrumentation such as Proton Transfer Reaction-Time of Flight-Mass Spectrometry (PTR-TOF-MS) provide time resolved insights into the metabolism of active microbiomes. In this study, we used PTR-TOF-MS to investigate the metabolic trajectory of microbiomes from a subalpine forest soil, and their response to a simulated wet-up event akin to snowmelt. Using an information theory approach based on the partitioning of mutual information, we identified mVC metabolite pairs with robust interactions, including those that were non-linear and with time lags. The biological context for these mVC interactions was evaluated by projecting the connections onto the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) network of known metabolic pathways. Simulated snowmelt resulted in a rapid increase in the production of trimethylamine (TMA) suggesting that anaerobic degradation of quaternary amine osmo/cryoprotectants, such as glycine betaine, may be important contributors to this resource pulse. Unique and synergistic connections between intermediates of methylotrophic pathways such as dimethylamine, formaldehyde and methanol were observed upon wet-up and indicate that the initial pulse of TMA was likely transformed into these intermediates by methylotrophs. Increases in ammonia oxidation signatures (transformation of hydroxylamine to nitrite) were observed in parallel, and while the relative role of nitrifiers or methylotrophs cannot be confirmed, the inferred connection to TMA oxidation suggests either a direct or indirect coupling between these processes. Overall, it appears that such mVC time-series from PTR-TOF-MS combined with causal inference represents an attractive approach to non-destructively observe soil microbial metabolism and its response to environmental perturbation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jardine, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorensen, P. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faybishenko, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misztal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodie, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.11.432778</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Measurement of Volatile Compounds for Real-time Analysis of Soil Microbial Metabolic Response to Simulated Snowmelt]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.11.434908v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacterial filamentation drives colony chirality 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.11.434908v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chirality is ubiquitous in nature, with consequences at the cellular and tissue scales. As Escherichia coli colonies expand radially, an orthogonal component of growth creates a pinwheel-like pattern that can be revealed by fluorescent markers. To elucidate the mechanistic basis of this colony chirality, we investigated its link to left-handed, single-cell twisting during E. coli elongation. While chemical and genetic manipulation of cell width altered single-cell twisting handedness, colonies ceased to be chiral rather than switching handedness, and anaerobic growth altered colony chirality without affecting single-cell twisting. Chiral angle increased with increasing temperature even when growth rate decreased. Unifying these findings, we discovered that colony chirality was associated with the propensity for cell filamentation. Inhibition of cell division accentuated chirality under aerobic growth and generated chirality under anaerobic growth. Thus, regulation of cell division is intrinsically coupled to colony chirality, providing a mechanism for tuning macroscale spatial patterning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aranda-Díaz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grote, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreck, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallatschek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Souslov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Möbius, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.11.434908</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacterial filamentation drives colony chirality]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.15.435134v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Leakiness at the human-animal interface in Southeast Asia and implications for the spread of antibiotic resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.15.435134v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
International efforts to curb antimicrobial resistance have focused on drug development and limiting unnecessary use. However, in areas where water, sanitation, and hygiene infrastructure is lacking, and where biosecurity in food-animal production is poor, pathogen-flow between humans and animals could exacerbate the emergence and spread of resistant pathogens. Here, we compared mobile resistance elements among Escherichia coli recovered from humans and meat in Cambodia, a country with substantial connectivity between humans and animals, unregulated antibiotic use, and poor environmental controls. We identified multiple resistance-encoding plasmids and a novel, blaCTX-M and qnrS1-encoding transposon that were widely dispersed in both humans and animals, a phenomenon rarely observed in high-income settings. Our findings indicate that plugging leaks at human-animal interfaces should be a critical part of addressing antimicrobial resistance in low and middle-income countries.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nadimpalli, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stegger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viau, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yith, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Lauzanne, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sem, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borand, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huynh, B.-t.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brisse, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Passet, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Overballe-Petersen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aziz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gouali, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phe, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hungate, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leshyk, V. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pickering, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gravey, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Hello, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.15.435134</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Leakiness at the human-animal interface in Southeast Asia and implications for the spread of antibiotic resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.15.435558v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pyrolyzed substrates induce aromatic compound metabolism in the post-fire fungus, Pyronema domesticum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.15.435558v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Wildfires represent a fundamental and profound disturbance in many ecosystems, and their frequency and severity are increasing in many regions of the world. Fire affects soil by removing carbon in the form of CO2 and transforming remaining surface carbon into pyrolyzed organic material (PyOM). Fires also generate substantial necromass at depths where the heat kills soil organisms but does not catalyze the formation of PyOM. Pyronema species strongly dominate soil fungal communities within weeks to months after fire. However, the carbon pool (i.e. necromass or PyOM) that fuels their rise in abundance is unknown. We used a Pyronema domesticum isolate from the catastrophic 2013 Rim Fire (CA, USA) to ask if P. domesticum is capable of metabolizing PyOM. P. domesticum grew readily on agar media where the sole carbon source was PyOM (specifically, pine wood PyOM produced at 750 {degrees}C). Using RNAseq, we investigated the response of P. domesticum to PyOM and observed a comprehensive induction of genes involved in the metabolism and mineralization of aromatic compounds, typical of those found in PyOM. Lastly, we used 13C-labeled 750 {degrees}C PyOM to demonstrate that P. domesticum is capable of mineralizing PyOM to CO2. Collectively, our results indicate a robust potential for P. domesticum to liberate carbon from PyOM in post-fire ecosystems and return it to the bioavailable carbon pool.

IMPORTANCEFires are increasing in frequency and severity in many regions across the world. Thus, its critically important to understand how our ecosystems respond to inform restoration and recovery efforts. Fire transforms the soil, removing many nutrients while leaving behind both nutritious necromass and complex pyrolyzed organic matter, which is often recalcitrant. Filamentous fungi of the genus Pyronema strongly dominate soil fungal communities soon after fire. While Pyronema are key pioneer species in post-fire environments, the nutrient source that fuels their rise in abundance is unknown. In this manuscript, we used a P. domesticum isolate from the catastrophic 2013 Rim Fire (CA, USA) to demonstrate that P. domesticum metabolizes pyrolyzed organic material, effectively liberating this complex pyrolyzed carbon and returning it to the bioavailable carbon pool. The success of Pyronema in post-fire ecosystems has the potential to kick-start growth of other organisms and influence the entire trajectory of post-fire recovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fischer, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stark, F. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berry, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeba, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traxler, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.15.435558</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pyrolyzed substrates induce aromatic compound metabolism in the post-fire fungus, Pyronema domesticum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.17.435885v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Membrane Hydrophobicity Determines the Activation Free Energy of Passive Lipid Transport 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.17.435885v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The collective behavior of lipids with diverse chemical and physical features determines a membranes thermodynamic properties. Yet, the influence of lipid physicochemical properties on lipid dynamics, in particular interbilayer transport, remains underexplored. Here, we systematically investigate how the activation free energy of passive lipid transport depends on lipid chemistry and membrane phase. Through all-atom molecular dynamics simulations of 11 chemically distinct glycerophos-pholipids, we determine how lipid acyl chain length, unsaturation, and headgroup influence the free energy barriers for two elementary steps of lipid transport, lipid desorption, which is rate-limiting, and lipid insertion into a membrane. Consistent with previous experimental measurements, we find that lipids with longer, saturated acyl chains have increased activation free energies compared to lipids with shorter, unsaturated chains. Lipids with different headgroups exhibit a range of activation free energies; however, no clear trend based solely on chemical structure can be identified, mirroring difficulties in the interpretation of previous experimental results. Compared to liquid-crystalline phase membranes, gel phase membranes exhibit substantially increased free energy barriers. Overall, we find that the activation free energy depends on a lipids local hydrophobic environment in a membrane and that the free energy barrier for lipid insertion depends on a membranes interfacial hydrophobicity. Both of these properties can be altered through changes in lipid acyl chain length, lipid headgroup, and membrane phase. Thus, the rate of lipid transport can be tuned through subtle changes in local membrane composition and order, suggesting an unappreciated role for nanoscale membrane domains in regulating cellular lipid dynamics.

SIGNIFICANCECell homeostasis requires spatiotemporal regulation of heterogeneous membrane compositions, in part, through non-vesicular transport of individual lipids between membranes. By systematically investigating how the chemical diversity present in glycerophospholipidomes and variations in membrane order influence the free energy barriers for passive lipid transport, we discover a correlation between the activation free energy and membrane hydrophobicity. By demonstrating how membrane hydrophobicity is modulated by local changes in membrane composition and order, we solidify the link between membrane physicochemical properties and lipid transport rates. Our results suggest that variations in cell membrane hydrophobicity may be exploited to direct non-vesicular lipid traffic.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rogers, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espinoza Garcia, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geissler, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.17.435885</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Membrane Hydrophobicity Determines the Activation Free Energy of Passive Lipid Transport]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.22.436466v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Isochoric supercooled preservation and revival of human cardiac microtissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.22.436466v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Low-temperature ex vivo preservation and tissue engineering based on human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) represent two of the most promising routes towards on-demand access to organs for transplantation. While these fields are often considered divergent from one another, advances in both fields present critical new opportunities for crossover. Herein we demonstrate the first-ever sub-zero centigrade preservation and revival of autonomously beating three-dimensional hiPSC-derived cardiac microtissues1 via isochoric supercooling2, without the use of chemical cryoprotectants. We show that these tissues can cease autonomous beating during preservation and resume it after warming, that the supercooling process does not affect sarcomere structural integrity, and that the tissues maintain responsiveness to drug exposure following revival. Our work suggests both that functional three dimensional (3D) engineered tissues may provide an excellent high-content, low-risk testbed to study organ preservation in a genetically human context, and that isochoric supercooling may provide a robust method for preserving and reviving engineered tissues themselves.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Powell-Palm, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charwat, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charrez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siemons, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Healy, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubinsky, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.22.436466</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Isochoric supercooled preservation and revival of human cardiac microtissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.22.436518v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A non-invasive brain-machine interface via independent control of individual motor units 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.22.436518v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) have the potential to augment human functions and restore independence in people with disabilities, yet a compromise between non-invasiveness and performance limits their relevance. Here, we demonstrate a BMI controlled by individual motor units non-invasively recorded from the biceps brachii. Through real-time auditory and visual neurofeedback of motor unit activity, 8 participants learned to skillfully and independently control three motor units in order to complete a two-dimensional center-out task, with marked improvements in control over 6 days of training. Concomitantly, dimensionality of the motor unit population increased significantly relative to naturalistic behaviors, largely violating recruitment orders displayed during stereotyped, isometric muscle contractions. Finally, participants demonstrated the potential of a motor unit BMI to power general applications by navigating a virtual keyboard in a spelling task, achieving performances comparable to spelling-tailored non-invasive BMIs that leverage less flexible control strategies to improve performance. These results highlight a largely unexplored level of flexibility of the sensorimotor system and show that this can be exploited to create a versatile, skillfully-controllable non-invasive BMI that has great potential to both provide translational benefit and augment motor functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Formento, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Botros, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmena, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.22.436518</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A non-invasive brain-machine interface via independent control of individual motor units]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.23.436628v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Root carbon interaction with soil minerals is dynamic, leaving a legacy of microbially-derived residues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.23.436628v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1.Minerals preserve the oldest most persistent soil carbon, and mineral characteristics appear to play a critical role in the formation of soil organic matter (SOM) associations. To test the hypothesis that carbon source and soil microorganisms also influence mineral-SOM associations, we incubated permeable minerals bags in soil microcosms with and without plants, in a 13CO2 labeling chamber. Mineral bags contained quartz, ferrihydrite, kaolinite, or native soil minerals isolated via density separation. Using 13C-NMR, FTICR-MS, and lipidomics, we traced plant-derived carbon onto minerals harvested from microcosms at three plant growth stages, characterizing total carbon, 13C enrichment, and SOM chemistry. While C accumulation was rapid and mineral-dependent, the accumulated amount was not significantly affected by the presence of plant roots. However, the rhizosphere did shape the chemistry of mineral-associated SOM. Minerals incubated in the rhizosphere were associated with a more diverse array of compounds with different C functional groups (carbonyl, aromatics, carbohydrates, lipids) than minerals incubated in a bulk soil control. These diverse rhizosphere-derived compounds may represent a "transient fraction" of mineral SOM, rapidly exchanging with mineral surfaces. Our results also suggest that many of the lipids which persist on minerals are microbially-derived with a large fraction of fungal lipids.

SynopsisThis study explores the interaction of rhizosphere carbon, minerals, and microbial influence on the fate of soil carbon.

TOC

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=184 SRC="FIGDIR/small/436628v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (52K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@17ce1bborg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1c7c2e8org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1cd0e41org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@162ff90_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Neurath, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pett-Ridge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu-Jacoby, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herman, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nico, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipton, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kyle, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tfaily, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firestone, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.23.436628</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Root carbon interaction with soil minerals is dynamic, leaving a legacy of microbially-derived residues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.24.435852v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization of transcript enrichment and detection bias in single-nuclei RNA-seq for mapping of distinct human adipocyte lineages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.24.435852v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) enables molecular characterization of complex biological tissues at high resolution. The requirement of single-cell extraction, however, makes it challenging for profiling tissues such as adipose tissue where collection of intact single adipocytes is complicated by their fragile nature. For such tissues, single-nuclei extraction is often much more efficient and therefore single-nuclei RNA-sequencing (snRNA-seq) presents an alternative to scRNA-seq. However, nuclear transcripts represent only a fraction of the transcriptome in a single cell, with snRNA-seq marked with inherent transcript enrichment and detection biases. Therefore, snRNA-seq may be inadequate for mapping important transcriptional signatures in adipose tissue. In this study, we compare the transcriptomic landscape of single nuclei isolated from preadipocytes and mature adipocytes across human white and brown adipocyte lineages, with whole-cell transcriptome. We demonstrate that snRNA-seq is capable of identifying the broad cell types present in scRNA-seq at all states of adipogenesis. However, we also explore how and why the nuclear transcriptome is biased and limited, and how it can be advantageous. We robustly characterize the enrichment of nuclear-localized transcripts and adipogenic regulatory lncRNAs in snRNA-seq, while also providing a detailed understanding for the preferential detection of long genes upon using this technique. To remove such technical detection biases, we propose a normalization strategy for a more accurate comparison of nuclear and cellular data. Finally, we demonstrate successful integration of scRNA-seq and snRNA-seq datasets with existing bioinformatic tools. Overall, our results illustrate the applicability of snRNA-seq for characterization of cellular diversity in the adipose tissue.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gupta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamsi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altemose, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorlhiac, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cypess, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patti, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tseng, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streets, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.24.435852</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization of transcript enrichment and detection bias in single-nuclei RNA-seq for mapping of distinct human adipocyte lineages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.24.436723v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic differentiation of Xylella fastidiosa following the introduction into Taiwan 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.24.436723v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The economically important plant pathogen Xylella fastidiosa has been reported in multiple regions of the globe during the last two decades, threatening a growing list of crops and industries. Xylella fastidiosa subspecies fastidiosa causes disease in grapevines (Pierces disease of grapevines, PD), a current problem in the United States (US), Spain, and Taiwan. We studied PD-causing subsp. fastidiosa populations and compared the genome sequences of 33 isolates found in Central Taiwan with 171 isolates from the US and two from Spain.

Phylogenetic relationships, haplotype network, and genetic diversity analyses confirm that subsp. fastidiosa was recently introduced into Taiwan from the Southeast US (i.e., the PD-I lineage in Georgia based on available data). Recent core genome recombination events were detected among introduced subsp. fastidiosa isolates in Taiwan and contributed to the development of genetic diversity, particularly in the Houli District of Taichung City in Central Taiwan. Unexpectedly, despite comprehensive sampling of all regions with high PD incidences in Taiwan, the genetic diversity observed include contributions through recombination from unknown donors, suggesting that higher diversity exists in the region. Nevertheless, no recombination event was detected between X. fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa and the endemic sister species Xylella taiwanensis. In summary, this study improved our understanding of the genetic diversity of PD-causing subsp. fastidiosa after invasion to a new region.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Castillo, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, C.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, L.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, S.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almeida, R. P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.24.436723</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic differentiation of Xylella fastidiosa following the introduction into Taiwan]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.25.437067v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Retinal waves but not visual experience are required for development of retinal direction selectivity maps 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.25.437067v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Retinal waves and visual experience have been implicated in the formation of retinotopic and eye-specific maps throughout the visual system, but whether either play a role in the development of the maps within the retina itself is unknown. We explore this question using direction-selective retinal ganglion cells, which are organized into a map that aligns to the body and gravitational axes of optic flow. Using two-photon population calcium imaging, we find that the direction selectivity map is present at eye opening and is unaltered by dark-rearing. Remarkably, the horizontal component of the direction selectivity map is absent in mice lacking normal retinal waves, whereas the vertical component remains normal. These results indicate that intrinsic patterns of activity, rather than extrinsic motion signals are critical for the establishment of direction selectivity maps in the retina.

One Sentence SummaryHorizontal direction selectivity in the retina is absent in mice lacking normal retinal waves.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tiriac, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bistrong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.25.437067</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Retinal waves but not visual experience are required for development of retinal direction selectivity maps]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.27.436534v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Resting-state based prediction of task-related activation in patients with disorders of consciousness 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.27.436534v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAssessment of the level of awareness of people with disorders of consciousness (DOC) is clinically challenging, motivating several studies to combine brain imaging with machine learning to improve this process. While this work has shown promise, it has limited clinical utility, as misdiagnosis of DOC patients is relatively high. As machine learning algorithms rely on accurately labelled data, any error in diagnosis will be learned by the algorithm, resulting in an equally limited diagnostic tool. The goal of the present study is to overcome this problem by stratifying patients, not by diagnosis, but by their capacity to perform volitional tasks during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning.

MethodsA total of 71 patients were assessed for inclusion. They were excluded for the final analysis if they had large focal brain damage, excessive head motion during scanning, or suboptimal MRI preprocessing. Patients underwent both resting-state and task-based fMRI scanning. Univariate fMRI analysis was performed to determine if an individual patient had brain activity consistent with having retained volitional capacity (VC). Differences in resting brain network connectivity between patients with VC and patients without volitional capacity (non-VC) were measured. Connectivity data was then entered as input to a deep learning framework. We used a deep graph convolutional neural network (DGCNN) on connectivity data to identify a specific brain network that most significantly differentiates patients.

FindingsWe included 30 patients in our final analysis. Univariate analysis revealed that 13 patients displayed signs of VC, while 17 did not. We found that resting-state connectivity between frontoparietal control and salience network was significantly different between VC and non-VC patients (T(28) = 3.347, p = 0.0023, Bonferroni corrected p = 0.042). Furthermore, we found that using frontoparietal control network connectivity as input to the DGCNN resulted in the best classification performance (test accuracy = 0.85; ROC AUC = 0.92).

InterpretationWe found that the DGCNN performed best at discriminating between patients with VC when using only the frontoparietal control network as input to the model. The use of this deep learning method is a significant advance since its inherent flexibility permits the inclusion of both whole-brain and network-specific properties as input, allowing us to classify patients as either having or not having VC. This inclusion of multi-scale inputs (e.g. whole-brain and network-level) facilitates model interpretability and increases our understanding of the neurobiology of DOC. The results propose that the integrity of frontoparietal control network, a brain network well known to play a key role in executive functions and cognitive control, is essential for volitional capacity preservation in patients with DOC. The study also lays groundwork for development of a biomarker to aid in the diagnosis of DOC patients.

RESEARCH IN CONTEXTO_ST_ABSEvidence before this studyC_ST_ABSDisorders of consciousness (DOC) are a group of severe brain disorders characterised by damage to the neural systems underlying wakefulness and awareness. DOC are often caused by traumatic brain injury, hypoxia, or neurodegenerative diseases. The motor and cognitive impairments in DOC patients make providing an accurate diagnosis very challenging. Diagnosis is primarily made at the bedside by assessing a patients response to motor commands.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Craig, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pappas, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allanson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finoia, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pickard, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stamatakis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.27.436534</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Resting-state based prediction of task-related activation in patients with disorders of consciousness]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.28.437402v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Combining evolutionary and assay-labelled data for protein fitness prediction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.28.437402v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Predictive modelling of protein properties has become increasingly important to the field of machine-learning guided protein engineering. In one of the two existing approaches, evolutionarily-related sequences to a query protein drive the modelling process, without any property measurements from the laboratory. In the other, a set of protein variants of interest are assayed, and then a supervised regression model is estimated with the assay-labelled data. Although a handful of recent methods have shown promise in combining the evolutionary and supervised approaches, this hybrid problem has not been examined in depth, leaving it unclear how practitioners should proceed, and how method developers should build on existing work. Herein, we present a systematic assessment of methods for protein fitness prediction when evolutionary and assay-labelled data are available. We find that a simple baseline approach we introduce is competitive with and often outperforms more sophisticated methods. Moreover, our simple baseline is plug-and-play with a wide variety of established methods, and does not add any substantial computational burden. Our analysis highlights the importance of systematic evaluations and sufficient baselines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hsu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nisonoff, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fannjiang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Listgarten, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.28.437402</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Combining evolutionary and assay-labelled data for protein fitness prediction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.29.437569v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Somatic DNA demethylation generates tissue-specific methylation states and impacts flowering time 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.29.437569v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cytosine methylation is a reversible epigenetic modification to DNA. In plants, removal of cytosine methylation is accomplished by the four members of the DME family of 5-methylcytosine DNA glycosylases. Demethylation by DME is critical for seed development. Consequently, determining the function of the entire gene family in somatic tissues by mutant analysis has not been possible. Here, we bypassed the reproductive defects of dme mutants to create somatic quadruple homozygous mutants of the entire DME family. dme; ros1; dml2; dml3 (drdd) leaves exhibit hypermethylated genomes compared to both wild-type plants and rdd triple mutants, indicating functional redundancy among all four demethylases. Targets of demethylation include regions co-targeted by RNA-directed DNA methylation and, surprisingly, CG gene body methylation, indicating dynamic methylation at these little-understood sites. Additionally, many tissue-specific methylation differences are absent in drdd, suggesting a role for active demethylation in generating divergent epigenetic states across wild-type tissues. Furthermore, drdd plants display a striking early flowering phenotype, which is associated with 5 hypermethylation and transcriptional down-regulation of FLOWERING LOCUS C. Active DNA demethylation is therefore required for proper methylation patterning across somatic tissues and defines the epigenetic landscape of both intergenic and coding regions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Williams, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bechen, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pohlmann, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gehring, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.29.437569</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Somatic DNA demethylation generates tissue-specific methylation states and impacts flowering time]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.30.437421v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Colonial choanoflagellate isolated from Mono Lake harbors a microbiome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.30.437421v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Choanoflagellates offer key insights into bacterial influences on the origin and early evolution of animals. Here we report the isolation and characterization of a new colonial choanoflagellate species, Barroeca monosierra, that, unlike previously characterized species, harbors a microbiome. B. monosierra was isolated from Mono Lake, California and forms large spherical colonies that are more than an order of magnitude larger than those formed by the closely related Salpingoeca rosetta. By designing fluorescence in situ hybridization probes from metagenomic sequences, we found that B. monosierra colonies are colonized by members of the halotolerant and closely related Saccharospirillaceae and Oceanospirillaceae, as well as purple sulfur bacteria (Ectothiorhodospiraceae) and non-sulfur Rhodobacteraceae. This relatively simple microbiome in a close relative of animals presents a new experimental model for investigating the evolution of stable interactions among eukaryotes and bacteria.

IMPORTANCEThe animals and bacteria of Mono Lake (California) have evolved diverse strategies for surviving the hypersaline, alkaline, arsenic-rich environment. We sought to investigate whether the closest living relatives of animals, the choanoflagellates, exist among the relatively limited diversity of organisms in Mono Lake. We repeatedly isolated members of a single species of choanoflagellate, which we have named Barroeca monosierra, suggesting that it is a stable and abundant part of the ecosystem. Characterization of B. monosierra revealed that it forms large spherical colonies that each contain a microbiome, providing an opportunity to investigate the evolution of stable physical associations between eukaryotes and bacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hake, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laundon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burkhardt, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richter, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.30.437421</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Colonial choanoflagellate isolated from Mono Lake harbors a microbiome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.31.437953v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antagonistic inhibitory subnetworks control cooperation and competition across cortical space 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.31.437953v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cortical microcircuit can dynamically adjust to dramatic changes in the strength, scale, and complexity of its input. In the primary visual cortex (V1), pyramidal cells (PCs) integrate widely across space when signals are weak, but narrowly when signals are strong, a phenomenon known as contrast-dependent surround suppression. Theoretical work has proposed that local interneurons could mediate a shift from cooperation to competition of PCs across cortical space, underlying this computation. We combined calcium imaging and electrophysiology to constrain a stabilized supralinear network model that explains how the four principal cell types in layer 2/3 (L2/3) of mouse V1- somatostatin (SST), parvalbumin (PV), and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) interneurons, and PCs- transform inputs from layer 4 (L4) PCs to encode drifting gratings of varying size and contrast. Using bidirectional optogenetic perturbations, we confirmed key predictions of the model. Our data and modeling showed that recurrent amplification drives a transition from a positive PC[-&gt;]VIP{dashv}SST{dashv}PC feedback loop at small size and low contrast to a negative PC[-&gt;]SST{dashv}PC feedback loop at large size and high contrast to contribute to this flexible computation. This may represent a widespread mechanism for gating competition across cortical space to optimally meet task demands.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mossing, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veit, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmigiano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adesnik, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.31.437953</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antagonistic inhibitory subnetworks control cooperation and competition across cortical space]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.31.437957v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Repeated stimulation of the HPA axis alters white blood cell counts without increasing oxidative stress or inflammatory cytokines in fasting elephant seal pups 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.31.437957v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis controls the release of glucocorticoids, which regulate immune and inflammatory function by modulating cytokines, white blood cells (WBCs), and oxidative stress via glucocorticoid receptor (GR) signaling. Although the response to HPA activation is well characterized in many species, little is known about the impacts of HPA activation during extreme physiological conditions in marine mammals. Hence, we challenged 18 simultaneously fasting and developing elephant seal pups with daily intramuscular injections of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), a GR antagonist (RU486), or a combination (ACTH+RU486) for four days (4d). We collected blood at baseline, two hours (2h), and 4d after the beginning of treatment. ACTH and ACTH+RU486 elevated serum aldosterone and cortisol at 2h, with effects diminishing at 4d. RU486 alone induced a compensatory increase in aldosterone, but not cortisol, at 4d. ACTH decreased neutrophils at 2h while decreasing lymphocytes and increasing neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio at 4d. These effects were abolished by RU486. Despite alterations in WBCs, there was no effect of ACTH or RU486 on transforming growth factor-{beta} or interleukin-6 levels; however, both cytokines decreased with the 4-d fasting progression. Similarly, ACTH did not impact protein oxidation, lipid peroxidation, or antioxidant enzymes, but plasma isoprostanes and catalase activity decreased while glutathione peroxidase increased with fasting progression. These data demonstrate differential acute (2h) and chronic (4d) modulatory effects of HPA activation on WBCs and that the chronic effect is mediated, at least in part, by GR. These results also underscore elephant seals resistance to potential oxidative stress derived from repeated HPA activation.

Summary statementMany species experience oxidative stress and inflammation after repeated activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. We show that simultaneously fasting and developing elephant seals are resistant to repeated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ensminger, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crocker, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazquez-Medina, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.31.437957</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Repeated stimulation of the HPA axis alters white blood cell counts without increasing oxidative stress or inflammatory cytokines in fasting elephant seal pups]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.03.438329v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cobolt: Joint analysis of multimodal single-cell sequencing data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.03.438329v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A growing number of single-cell sequencing platforms enable joint profiling of multiple omics from the same cells. We present Cobolt, a novel method that not only allows for analyzing the data from joint-modality platforms, but provides a coherent framework for the integration of multiple datasets measured on different modalities. We demonstrate its performance on multi-modality data of gene expression and chromatin accessibility and illustrate the integration abilities of Cobolt by jointly analyzing this multi-modality data with single-cell RNA-seq and ATAC-seq datasets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gong, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purdom, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.03.438329</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cobolt: Joint analysis of multimodal single-cell sequencing data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.05.438454v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential effects of cerebellar degeneration on feedforward versus feedback control across speech and reaching movements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.05.438454v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Errors that result from a mismatch between predicted movement outcomes and sensory afference are used to correct ongoing movements through feedback control and to adapt feedforward control of future movements. The cerebellum has been identified as a critical part of the neural circuit underlying implicit adaptation across a wide variety of movements (reaching, gait, eye movements, and speech). The contribution of this structure to feedback control is less well understood: although it has recently been shown in the speech domain that individuals with cerebellar degeneration produce even larger online corrections for sensory perturbations than control participants, similar behavior has not been observed in other motor domains. Currently, comparisons across domains are limited by different population samples and potential ceiling effects in existing tasks. To assess the relationship between changes in feedforward and feedback control associated with cerebellar degeneration across motor domains, we evaluated adaptive (feedforward) and compensatory (feedback) responses to sensory perturbations in reaching and speech production in human participants of both sexes with cerebellar degeneration and neurobiologically healthy controls. As expected, the cerebellar group demonstrated impaired adaptation in both reaching and speech. In contrast, the groups did not differ in their compensatory response in either domain. Moreover, compensatory and adaptive responses in the cerebellar group were not correlated within or across motor domains. These results point to a general impairment in feedforward control with spared feedback control in cerebellar degeneration. However, the magnitude of feedforward impairments and potential changes in feedback-based control manifest in a domain-specific manner across individuals.

Significance StatementThe cerebellum contributes to feedforward updating of movement in response to sensory errors, but its role in feedback control is less understood. Here, we tested individuals with cerebellar degeneration (CD), using sensory perturbations to assess adaptation of feedforward control and feedback gains during reaching and speech production tasks. The results confirmed that CD leads to reduced adaption in both domains. However, feedback gains were unaffected by CD in either domain. Interestingly, measures of feedforward and feedback control were not correlated across individuals within or across motor domains. Together, these results indicate a general impairment in feedforward control with spared feedback control in CD. However, the magnitude of feedforward impairments manifests in a domain-specific manner across individuals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parrell, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saxena, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.05.438454</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential effects of cerebellar degeneration on feedforward versus feedback control across speech and reaching movements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.06.438517v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tubular ERGIC (t-ERGIC): a SURF4-mediated expressway for ER-to-Golgi transport 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.06.438517v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-to-Golgi transport is critical to protein secretion and intracellular sorting. Cargo carriers mediating the ER-to-Golgi transport are morphologically diverse, but it remains unclear whether this diversity arises from different cargo receptors, or whether it could lead to differential transport kinetics. Here we report a tubular ER-Golgi intermediate compartment (t-ERGIC) that is induced by the cargo receptor SURF4 and selectively expedites the ER-to-Golgi transport of SURF4 cargoes. Lacking the canonical ERGIC marker ERGIC-53 yet positive for the small GTPase Rab1, the t-ERGIC is further distinct from the stereotypical vesiculo-tubular cluster (VTC) ERGIC by its extremely elongated shape (~10 m long with <30 nm diameter). With its exceptional surface-to-volume ratio and en bloc cargo packaging, high (~2 m/s) intracellular traveling speeds, and ER-Golgi recycling capability, the t-ERGIC provides an efficient means for trafficking SURF4-bound cargoes. The biogenesis and cargo selectivity of t-ERGIC both depend on SURF4, which recognizes the N-terminus of soluble cargoes and co-clusters with the selected cargoes to expand the ER exit site. At the steady state, the t-ERGIC-mediated fast ER-to-Golgi transport is antagonized by retrograde transport based on the cargo C-terminal ER retrieval signal: we thus demonstrate the fine-tuning of protein trafficking and localization via its primary structure. Together, our results argue that specific cargo-receptor interactions give rise to distinct transport carriers, which in turn regulate the ER-to-Golgi trafficking kinetics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.06.438517</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tubular ERGIC (t-ERGIC): a SURF4-mediated expressway for ER-to-Golgi transport]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.10.439293v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Investigating the Interplay Between Affective, Phonatory and Motoric Subsystems in Autism Spectrum Disorder Using a Multimodal Dialogue Agent 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.10.439293v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We explore the utility of an on-demand multimodal conversational platform in extracting speech and facial metrics in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). We investigate the extent to which these metrics correlate with objective clinical measures, particularly as they pertain to the interplay be-tween the affective, phonatory and motoric subsystems. 22 participants diagnosed with ASD engaged with a virtual agent in conversational affect production tasks designed to elicit facial and vocal affect. We found significant correlations between vocal pitch and loudness extracted by our platform during these tasks and accuracy in recognition of facial and vocal affect, as-sessed via the Diagnostic Analysis of Nonverbal Accuracy-2 (DANVA-2) neuropsychological task. We also found significant correlations between jaw kinematic metrics extracted using our platform and motor speed of the dominant hand assessed via a standardised neuropsychological finger tapping task. These findings offer preliminary evidence for the usefulness of these audiovisual analytic metrics and could help us better model the interplay between different physiological subsystems in individuals with ASD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kothare, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramanarayanan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roesler, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neumann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liscombe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burke, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornish, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habberstad, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakallah, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markuson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kansara, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faerman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bensidi-Slimane, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fry, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Portera, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suendermann-Oeft, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pautler, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demopoulos, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.10.439293</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Investigating the Interplay Between Affective, Phonatory and Motoric Subsystems in Autism Spectrum Disorder Using a Multimodal Dialogue Agent]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.13.439576v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Excitation spectral microscopy for highly multiplexed fluorescence imaging and quantitative biosensing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.13.439576v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The multiplexing capability of fluorescence microscopy is severely limited by the broad fluorescence spectral width. Spectral imaging offers potential solutions, yet typical approaches to disperse the local emission spectra notably impede the attainable throughput. Here we show that using a single, fixed fluorescence emission detection band, through frame-synchronized fast scanning of the excitation wavelength from a white lamp via an acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF), up to 6 subcellular targets, labeled by common fluorophores of substantial spectral overlap, can be simultaneously imaged in live cells with low ([~]1%) crosstalks and high temporal resolutions (down to [~]10 ms). The demonstrated capability to quantify the abundances of different fluorophores in the same sample through unmixing the excitation spectra next enables us to devise novel, quantitative imaging schemes for both bi-state and FRET (Forster resonance energy transfer) fluorescent biosensors in live cells. We thus achieve high sensitivities and spatiotemporal resolutions in quantifying the mitochondrial matrix pH and intracellular macromolecular crowding, and further demonstrate, for the first time, the multiplexing of absolute pH imaging with three additional target organelles/proteins to elucidate the complex, Parkin-mediated mitophagy pathway. Together, excitation spectral microscopy provides exceptional opportunities for highly multiplexed fluorescence imaging. The prospect of acquiring fast spectral images without the need for fluorescence dispersion or care for the spectral response of the detector offers tremendous potential.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.13.439576</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Excitation spectral microscopy for highly multiplexed fluorescence imaging and quantitative biosensing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.13.439632v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis for the ARF GAP activity and specificity of the C9orf72 complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.13.439632v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutation of C9ORF72 is the most common genetic cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontal temporal degeneration (FTD), which is attributed to both a gain and loss of function. C9orf72 forms a complex with SMCR8 and WDR41, which was reported to have GTPase activating protein activity toward ARF proteins, RAB8A, and RAB11A. We determined the cryo-EM structure of ARF1-GDP-BeF3- bound to C9orf72:SMCR8:WDR41. The SMCR8longin and C9orf72longin domains form the binding pocket for ARF1. One face of the C9orf72longin domain holds ARF1 in place, while the SMCR8longin positions the catalytic finger Arg147 in the ARF1 active site. Mutations in interfacial residues of ARF1 and C9orf72 reduced or eliminated GAP activity. RAB8A GAP required [~]10-fold higher concentrations of the C9orf72 complex than for ARF1. These data support a specific function for the C9orf72 complex as an ARF GAP.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Su, M.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fromm, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Remis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toso, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurley, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.13.439632</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis for the ARF GAP activity and specificity of the C9orf72 complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.14.439117v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromosome evolution and the genetic basis of agronomically important traits in greater yam 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.14.439117v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The nutrient-rich tubers of the greater yam Dioscorea alata L. provide food and income security for millions of people around the world. Despite its global importance, however, greater yam remains an "orphan crop." Here we address this resource gap by presenting a highly-contiguous chromosome-scale genome assembly of greater yam combined with a dense genetic map derived from African breeding populations. The genome sequence reveals an ancient lineage-specific genome duplication, followed by extensive genome-wide reorganization. Using our new genomic tools we find quantitative trait loci for susceptibility to anthracnose, a damaging fungal pathogen of yam, and several tuber quality traits. Genomic analysis of breeding lines reveals both extensive inbreeding as well as regions of extensive heterozygosity that may represent interspecific introgression during domestication. These tools and insights will enable yam breeders to unlock the potential of this staple crop and take full advantage of its adaptability to varied environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bredeson, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyons, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oniyinde, I. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okereke, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolade, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nnabue, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nwadili, C. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hribova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nwogha, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kariba, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muthemba, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knop, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barton, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherwood, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Montes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asiedu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamnadass, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muchugi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodstein, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egesi, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Featherston, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asfaw, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simpson, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolezel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendre, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Deynze, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lava Kumar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obidiegwu, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharjee, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokhsar, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.14.439117</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromosome evolution and the genetic basis of agronomically important traits in greater yam]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.14.439553v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Palaeogenomic analysis of black rat (Rattus rattus) reveals multiple European introductions associated with human economic history 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.14.439553v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The distribution of the black rat (Rattus rattus) has been heavily influenced by its association with humans. The dispersal history of this non-native commensal rodent across Europe, however, remains poorly understood, and different introductions may have occurred during the Roman and medieval periods. Here, in order to reconstruct the population history of European black rats, we generated a de novo genome assembly of the black rat, 67 ancient black rat mitogenomes and 36 ancient nuclear genomes from sites spanning the 1st-17th centuries CE in Europe and North Africa. Analyses of mitochondrial DNA confirm that black rats were introduced into the Mediterranean and Europe from Southwest Asia. Genomic analyses of the ancient rats reveal a population turnover in temperate Europe between the 6th and 10th centuries CE, coincident with an archaeologically attested decline in the black rat population. The near disappearance and re-emergence of black rats in Europe may have been the result of the breakdown of the Roman Empire, the First Plague Pandemic, and/or post-Roman climatic cooling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamieson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hulme-Beaman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conroy, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Speller, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Jarah, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eager, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trinks, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adikari, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baron, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Böhlendorf-Arslan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohingamuwa, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowther, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cucchi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esser, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleisher, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gidney, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gladilina, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gol'din, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamilton-Dyer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helm, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillman, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kallala, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kivikero, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovacs, Z. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunst, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kysely, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linderholm, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maraoui-Telmini, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morales-Muniz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nabais, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oueslati, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quintana Morales, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasda, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perera, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perera, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radbauer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rannamäe, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanma</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.14.439553</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Palaeogenomic analysis of black rat (Rattus rattus) reveals multiple European introductions associated with human economic history]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.14.439896v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aging alters the metabolic flux signature of the ER unfolded protein response in vivo in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.14.439896v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Age is a risk factor for numerous diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, cancers, and diabetes. Loss of protein homeostasis is a central hallmark of aging. Activation of the endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response (UPRER) includes changes in protein translation and membrane lipid synthesis. Using stable isotope labeling, a "signature" of the UPRER in vivo in mouse liver was developed by inducing ER stress and measuring rates of both proteome-wide translation and de novo lipogenesis. Several changes in protein synthesis across ontologies were noted with age, including a more dramatic suppression of translation under ER stress in aged mice as compared to young mice. Binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP) synthesis rates and mRNA levels were increased more in aged than young mice. De novo lipogenesis rates decreased under ER stress conditions in aged mice, including both triglyceride and phospholipid fractions. In young mice, only a significant reduction was seen in the triglyceride fraction. These data indicate that aged mice have an exaggerated response to ER stress, which may indicate that the aging renders the UPRER less effective in resolving proteotoxic stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schneider, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halstead, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palacios, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nyangau, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohammed, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziari, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frakes, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dillin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hellerstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.14.439896</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aging alters the metabolic flux signature of the ER unfolded protein response in vivo in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.15.439993v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovery of a Covalent FEM1B Recruiter for Targeted Protein Degradation Applications 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.15.439993v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras (PROTACs), heterobifunctional compounds that consist of protein-targeting ligands linked to an E3 ligase recruiter, have arisen as a powerful therapeutic modality for targeted protein degradation (TPD). Despite the popularity of TPD approaches in drug discovery, only a small number of E3 ligase recruiters are available for the >600 E3 ligases that exist in human cells. Here, we have discovered a cysteine-reactive covalent ligand, EN106, that targets FEM1B, an E3 ligase recently discovered as the critical component of the cellular response to reductive stress. By targeting Cys186 in FEM1B, EN106 disrupts recognition of the key reductive stress substrate of FEM1B, FNIP1. We further establish that EN106 can be used as a covalent recruiter for FEM1B in TPD applications, in which we demonstrate that a PROTAC linking EN106 to the BET Bromodomain inhibitor JQ1 leads to specific FEM1B- and proteasome-dependent degradation of BRD4 in cells. Our study showcases a covalent ligand that targets a natural E3 ligase-substrate binding site and highlights the utility of covalent ligand screening in expanding the arsenal of E3 ligase recruiters that can be deployed for TPD applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Henning, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manford, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spradlin, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brittain, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKenna, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tallarico, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schirle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rape, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomura, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.15.439993</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovery of a Covalent FEM1B Recruiter for Targeted Protein Degradation Applications]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.22.440848v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide, bidirectional CRISPR screens identify mucins as critical host factors modulating SARS-CoV-2 infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.22.440848v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 can cause a range of symptoms in infected individuals, from mild respiratory illness to acute respiratory distress syndrome. A systematic understanding of the host factors mediating viral infection or restriction is critical to elucidate SARS-CoV-2 host-pathogen interactions and the progression of COVID-19. To this end, we conducted genome-wide CRISPR knockout and activation screens in human lung epithelial cells with endogenous expression of the SARS-CoV-2 entry factors ACE2 and TMPRSS2. These screens uncovered proviral and antiviral host factors across highly interconnected host pathways, including components implicated in clathrin transport, inflammatory signaling, cell cycle regulation, and transcriptional and epigenetic regulation. We further identified mucins, a family of high-molecular weight glycoproteins, as a prominent viral restriction network. We demonstrate that multiple membrane-anchored mucins are critical inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 entry and are upregulated in response to viral infection. This functional landscape of SARS-CoV-2 host factors provides a physiologically relevant starting point for new host-directed therapeutics and suggests interactions between SARS-CoV-2 and airway mucins of COVID-19 patients as a host defense mechanism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Biering, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarnik, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zengel, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sathyan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyenla, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Dis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Catamura, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamashiro, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Begeman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stark, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shon, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puschnik, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertozzi, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carette, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanley, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konermann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.22.440848</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide, bidirectional CRISPR screens identify mucins as critical host factors modulating SARS-CoV-2 infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.23.441035v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A deep learning approach to neurite prediction in high throughput fluorescence imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.23.441035v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Changes to neuronal morphology and loss of neurites and synaptic connections can be an important early indicator of neurological diseases, and a pathognomonic sign of neurodevelopmental disorders. These changes are typically detectable by microscopy in cell culture or histological samples, but quantification can be challenging. The neurites extending from cell soma can be quite thin, dim, overlapping and complex, making them laborious to trace manually and difficult to annotate and quantify computationally or automatically. Moreover, the tools available to aid this aim are limited in their capacity to generalize to high throughput image acquisition such as time-lapse or longitudinal imaging, where imaging conditions can change dramatically over the course of the experiment. In order to facilitate neurite quantification, we developed a deep learning (DL) neurite annotation prediction algorithm (NAPA) to predict the structure and length of neurites. NAPA overcomes experimental variation inherent to fluorescence imaging by learning more broader features that are important for neurite recognition. Based on a dataset with partial annotation, NAPA generated predictions on several unannotated datasets, and was able to capture differences between disease and control conditions. We also defined a sequence of steps to generate custom models with a small number of annotation inputs, and extended the predictions to a 3D tissue sample and longitudinal imaging. With this algorithm we developed an approach to quantify neurites with an accuracy that nears and sometimes exceeds human curation, in 1/100th of the time. This approach makes accurate analysis of large or longitudinal datasets feasible across a broad range of datasets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cobb, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tokuno, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leddy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prenton, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manubens-Gil, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellini, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaye, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dierssen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finkbeiner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.23.441035</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A deep learning approach to neurite prediction in high throughput fluorescence imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.23.441186v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Binding mechanism of neutralizing Nanobodies targeting SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.23.441186v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) enters human cells upon binding of its spike (S) glycoproteins to ACE2 receptors. Several nanobodies neutralize SARS-CoV-2 infection by binding to the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of S protein, but the underlying mechanism is not well understood. Here, we identified an extended network of pairwise interactions between RBD and nanobodies H11-H4, H11-D4, and Ty1 by performing all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Simulations of the nanobody-RBD-ACE2 complex revealed that H11-H4 more strongly binds to RBD without overlapping with ACE2 and triggers dissociation of ACE2 due to electrostatic repulsion. In comparison, Ty1 binding results in dissociation of ACE2 from RBD due to an overlap with the ACE2 binding site, whereas H11-D4 binding does not trigger ACE2 dissociation. Mutations in SARS-CoV-2 501Y.V1 and 501.V2 variants resulted in a negligible effect on RBD-ACE2 binding. However, the 501.V2 variant weakened H11-H4 and H11-D4 binding while strengthening Ty1 binding to RBD. Our simulations indicate that all three nanobodies can neutralize 501Y.V1 while Ty1 is more effective against the 501.V2 variant.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Golcuk, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hacisuleyman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yildiz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gur, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.23.441186</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Binding mechanism of neutralizing Nanobodies targeting SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.25.441378v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanical phenotyping of acute promyelocytic leukemia reveals unique biomechanical responses in retinoic acid-resistant populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.25.441378v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) is an essential therapy in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), an aggressive subtype of acute myeloid leukemia, nearly 20% of APL patients are resistant to ATRA. As no biomarkers for ATRA resistance yet exist, we investigated whether cell mechanics could be associated with this pathological phenotype. Using mechano-node-pore sensing, a single-cell mechanical phenotyping platform, and patient-derived APL cell lines, NB4 (ATRA-sensitive) and AP-1060 (ATRA-resistant), we discovered that ATRA-resistant APL cells are less mechanically pliable. By investigating how different subcellular components of APL cells contribute to whole-cell mechanical phenotype, we determined that nuclear mechanics strongly influence an APL cells mechanical response. By arresting APL cells in S-phase or M-phase in the cell cycle, we found cell pliability to be inversely related to DNA content. In addition to DNA content affecting cell pliability, we observed that chromatin condensation also affects nuclear mechanics: decondensing chromatin with trichostatin A is especially effective in softening ATRA-resistant APL cells. RNA-Seq allowed us to compare the transcriptomic differences between ATRA-resistant and ATRA-responsive APL cells and highlighted gene expression changes that could be associated with mechanical changes. Overall, we demonstrate the potential of "physical" biomarkers in identifying APL resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maslan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streets, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sohn, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.25.441378</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanical phenotyping of acute promyelocytic leukemia reveals unique biomechanical responses in retinoic acid-resistant populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.26.441214v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The encapsulin from Thermatoga maritima is a flavoprotein with a symmetry matched ferritin-like cargo protein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.26.441214v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial nanocompartments, also known as encapsulins, are an emerging class of protein-based  organelles found in bacteria and archaea. Encapsulins are virus-like icosahedral particles comprising a [~]25-50 nm shell surrounding a specific cargo enzyme. Compartmentalization is thought to create a unique chemical environment to facilitate catalysis and isolate toxic intermediates. Many questions regarding nanocompartment structure-function remain unanswered, including how shell symmetry dictates cargo loading and to what extent the shell facilitates enzymatic activity. Here, we explore these questions using the model T. maritima nanocompartment known to encapsulate a redox-active ferritin-like protein. Biochemical analysis revealed the encapsulin shell to possess a flavin binding site located at the interface between capsomere subunits, suggesting the shell may play a direct and active role in the function of the encapsulated cargo. Furthermore, we used cryoEM to show that cargo proteins use a form of symmetry-matching to facilitate encapsulation and define stoichiometry. In the case of the T. maritima encapsulin, the decameric cargo protein with 5-fold symmetry preferentially binds to the pentameric-axis of the icosahedral shell. Taken together, these observations suggest the shell is not simply a passive barrier--it also plays a significant role in the structure and function of the cargo enzyme.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>LaFrance, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cassidy-Amstutz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichols, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oltrogge, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogales, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.26.441214</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The encapsulin from Thermatoga maritima is a flavoprotein with a symmetry matched ferritin-like cargo protein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.27.441611v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sleep Loss Impacts the Interconnected Brain-Body-Mood Regulation of Cardiovascular Function in Humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.27.441611v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Poor sleep is associated with hypertension, a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease1,2. However, the mechanism(s) through which sleep loss impacts blood pressure remain largely unknown, including the inter-related brain and peripheral body systems that regulate vascular function3. In a repeated-measures experimental study of 66 healthy adult participants, we demonstrate four core findings addressing this question. First, a night of sleep loss significantly increased blood pressure--both systolic and diastolic, yet this change in vascular tone was independent of any increase in heart rate. Second, sleep loss compromised functional brain connectivity within regions that regulate vascular tone. Third, sleep-loss related changes in brain connectivity and vascular tone were significantly inter-dependent, with changes in brain nodes explaining the shift towards hypertension. Fourth, sleep-loss related changes in mood, specifically reductions in positive and amplification in negative states, each demonstrated an interaction with the impairments in brain connectivity and blood pressure. Together, these findings support an embodied framework in which sleep loss confers increased risk of cardiovascular disease through interactions between brain homeostatic control, mood-state and blood pressure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krause, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vallat, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben Simon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.27.441611</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sleep Loss Impacts the Interconnected Brain-Body-Mood Regulation of Cardiovascular Function in Humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.27.441683v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Robust and annotation-free analysis of isoform variation using short-read scRNA-seq data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.27.441683v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although alternative splicing is a fundamental and pervasive aspect of gene expression in higher eukaryotes, it is often omitted from single-cell studies due to quantification challenges inherent to commonly used short-read sequencing technologies. Here, we undertake the analysis of alternative splicing across numerous diverse murine cell types from two large-scale single-cell datasets--the Tabula Muris and BRAIN Initiative Cell Census Network--while accounting for understudied technical artifacts and unannotated isoforms. We find strong and general cell-type-specific alternative splicing, complementary to total gene expression but of similar discriminatory value, and identify a large volume of novel isoforms. We specifically highlight splicing variation across different cell types in primary motor cortex neurons, bone marrow B cells, and various epithelial cells; and show that the implicated transcripts include many genes which do not display total expression differences. To elucidate the regulation of alternative splicing, we build a custom predictive model based on splicing factor activity, recovering several known interactions while generating new hypotheses, including potential regulatory roles for novel alternative splicing events in critical genes including Khdrbs3 and Rbfox1. We make our results available using public interactive browsers to spur further exploration by the community.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benegas, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.27.441683</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Robust and annotation-free analysis of isoform variation using short-read scRNA-seq data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.28.441793v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An organelle inheritance pathway during polarized cell growth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.28.441793v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Some organelles cannot be synthesized anew, so they are segregated into daughter cells during cell division. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, daughter cells bud from mother cells and are populated by organelles inherited from the mothers. To determine whether this organelle inheritance occurs in a stereotyped manner, we tracked organelles using fluorescence microscopy. We describe a program for organelle inheritance in budding yeast. The cortical endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and peroxisomes are inherited concomitant with bud emergence. Next, vacuoles are inherited in small buds, followed closely by mitochondria. Finally, the nucleus and perinuclear ER are inherited when buds have nearly reached their maximal size. Because organelle inheritance timing correlates with bud morphology, which is coupled to the cell cycle, we tested whether organelle inheritance order is controlled by the cell cycle. By arresting cell cycle progression but allowing continued bud growth, we determined that organelle inheritance still occurs without cell cycle progression past S-phase, and that the general inheritance order is maintained. Thus, organelle inheritance follows a preferred order during polarized cell division, but it is not controlled exclusively by cell cycle signaling.

Summary statementOrganelles are interconnected by contact sites, but they must be inherited from mother cells into buds during budding yeast mitosis. We report that this process occurs in a preferred sequence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedersen, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drubin, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.28.441793</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An organelle inheritance pathway during polarized cell growth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.28.441833v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
scvi-tools: a library for deep probabilistic analysis of single-cell omics data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.28.441833v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWProbabilistic models have provided the underpinnings for state-of-the-art performance in many single-cell omics data analysis tasks, including dimensionality reduction, clustering, differential expression, annotation, removal of unwanted variation, and integration across modalities. Many of the models being deployed are amenable to scalable stochastic inference techniques, and accordingly they are able to process single-cell datasets of realistic and growing sizes. However, the community-wide adoption of probabilistic approaches is hindered by a fractured software ecosystem resulting in an array of packages with distinct, and often complex interfaces. To address this issue, we developed scvi-tools (https://scvi-tools.org), a Python package that implements a variety of leading probabilistic methods. These methods, which cover many fundamental analysis tasks, are accessible through a standardized, easy-to-use interface with direct links to Scanpy, Seurat, and Bioconductor workflows. By standardizing the implementations, we were able to develop and reuse novel functionalities across different models, such as support for complex study designs through nonlinear removal of unwanted variation due to multiple covariates and reference-query integration via scArches. The extensible software building blocks that underlie scvi-tools also enable a developer environment in which new probabilistic models for single cell omics can be efficiently developed, benchmarked, and deployed. We demonstrate this through a code-efficient reimplementation of Stereoscope for deconvolution of spatial transcriptomics profiles. By catering to both the end user and developer audiences, we expect scvi-tools to become an essential software dependency and serve to formulate a community standard for probabilistic modeling of single cell omics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gayoso, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyeau, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayasuriya, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehlman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langevin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samaran, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misrachi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nazaret, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clivio, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashuach, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lotfollahi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svensson, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>da Veiga Beltrame, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talavera-Lopez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pachter, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theis, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streets, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.28.441833</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[scvi-tools: a library for deep probabilistic analysis of single-cell omics data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.28.441870v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic over-crediting in California's forest carbon offsets program 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.28.441870v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Carbon offsets are widely used by individuals, corporations, and governments to mitigate their greenhouse gas emissions on the assumption that offsets reflect equivalent climate benefits achieved elsewhere. These climate-equivalence claims depend on offsets providing "additional" climate benefits beyond what would have happened, counterfactually, without the offsets project. Here, we evaluate the design of Californias prominent forest carbon offsets program and demonstrate that its climate-equivalence claims fall far short on the basis of directly observable evidence. By design, Californias program awards large volumes of offset credits to forest projects with carbon stocks that exceed regional averages. This paradigm allows for adverse selection, which could occur if project developers preferentially select forests that are ecologically distinct from unrepresentative regional averages. By digitizing and analyzing comprehensive offset project records alongside detailed forest inventory data, we provide direct evidence that comparing projects against coarse regional carbon averages has led to systematic over-crediting of 30.0 million tCO2e (90% CI: 20.5 to 38.6 million tCO2e) or 29.4% of the credits we analyzed (90% CI: 20.1 to 37.8%). These excess credits are worth an estimated $410 million (90% CI: $280 to $528 million) at recent market prices. Rather than improve forest management to store additional carbon, Californias offsets program creates incentives to generate offset credits that do not reflect real climate benefits.

Significance StatementForest carbon offsets are increasingly prominent in corporate and government "net zero" emission strategies, but face growing criticism about their efficacy. Californias forest offsets program is frequently promoted as a high-quality approach that improves on the failures of earlier efforts. Our analysis demonstrates, however, that substantial ecological and statistical shortcomings in the design of Californias forest offset protocol generate offset credits that do not reflect real climate benefits. Looking globally, our results illustrate how protocol designs with easily exploitable rules can undermine policy objectives and highlight the need for stronger governance in carbon offset markets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Badgley, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freeman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamman, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haya, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trugman, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderegg, W. R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cullenward, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.28.441870</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic over-crediting in California's forest carbon offsets program]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.29.441881v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ecological basis and genetic architecture of crypsis polymorphism in the desert clicker grasshopper (Ligurotettix coquilletti) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.29.441881v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Color polymorphic species can offer exceptional insight into the ecology and genetics of adaptation. Although the genetic architecture of animal coloration is diverse, many color polymorphisms are associated with large structural variants and maintained by biotic interactions. Grasshoppers are exceptionally polymorphic in both color and karyotype, making them excellent models for understanding the ecological drivers and genetic underpinnings of color variation. Banded and uniform morphs of the desert clicker grasshopper (Ligurotettix coquilletti) are found across the western deserts of North America. To address the hypothesis that predation maintains local color polymorphism and shapes regional crypsis variation, we surveyed morph frequencies and tested for covariation with two predation environments. Morphs coexisted at intermediate frequencies at most sites, consistent with local balancing selection. Morph frequencies covaried with the appearance of desert substrate - an environment used only by females - indicating that ground-foraging predators are major agents of selection on crypsis. We next addressed the hypothesized link between morph variation and genome structure. To do so, we designed an approach for detecting inversions and indels using only RADseq data. The banded morph was perfectly correlated with a large putative indel. Remarkably, indel dominance differed among populations, a rare example of dominance evolution in nature.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandoval, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takenaka, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Child, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hans, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiteman, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.29.441881</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ecological basis and genetic architecture of crypsis polymorphism in the desert clicker grasshopper (Ligurotettix coquilletti)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.29.442000v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Water Stress and Disruption of Mycorrhizae Induce Parallel Shifts in Phyllosphere Microbiome Composition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.29.442000v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Water and nutrient limitation are key stressors that affect plant health and ecosystem function. These environmental factors impact both soil- and root-associated microbial communities, and systemically alter plant physiology, but it is less clear how they affect aboveground plant-microbe interactions. Through experimental manipulations in the field and growth chamber, we examined the interacting effects of irrigation, soil fertility, and root mycorrhizal associations on bacterial and fungal communities of the tomato phyllosphere (Solanum lycopersicum). Both water stress and mycorrhizal disruption reduced bacterial richness within plants, homogenized bacterial community diversity among plants, and reduced the relative abundance of dominant fungal taxa. We observed striking parallelism in the individual microbial taxa affected by irrigation and mycorrhizal associations. Given the increasingly understood role of the phyllosphere in shaping plant health and pathogen susceptibility, these results offer an additional mechanism by which belowground conditions shape plant fitness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Debray, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Socolar, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaulbach, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guzman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhond, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowles, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koskella, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.29.442000</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Water Stress and Disruption of Mycorrhizae Induce Parallel Shifts in Phyllosphere Microbiome Composition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.29.442033v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Embryo-to-embryo variability in RNAi knockdown efficiency of dKDM5/lid in Drosophila melanogaster 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.29.442033v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We used the maternal-Gal4 shRNA system to knock down expression of dKDM5/lid in Drosophila melanogaster embryos, and analyzed the efficacy of the knockdown by qRT-PCR. Although average relative expression of lid was significantly lower in knockdown conditions compared to the driver-only control, we observed a wide and overlapping range of relative gene expression between individual control and knockdown embryos.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Albright, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.29.442033</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Embryo-to-embryo variability in RNAi knockdown efficiency of dKDM5/lid in Drosophila melanogaster]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.30.441959v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deubiquitinase-Targeting Chimeras for Targeted Protein Stabilization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.30.441959v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Targeted protein degradation is a powerful therapeutic modality that uses heterobifunctional small-molecules to induce proximity between E3 ubiquitin ligases and target proteins to ubiquitinate and degrade specific proteins of interest. However, many proteins are ubiquitinated and degraded to drive disease pathology; in these cases targeted protein stabilization (TPS), rather than degradation, of the actively degraded target using a small-molecule would be therapeutically beneficial. Here, we present the Deubiquitinase-Targeting Chimera (DUBTAC) platform for TPS of specific proteins. Using chemoproteomic approaches, we discovered the covalent ligand EN523 that targets a non-catalytic allosteric cysteine C23 in the K48 ubiquitin-specific deubiquitinase OTUB1. We then developed a heterobifunctional DUBTAC consisting of our EN523 OTUB1 recruiter linked to lumacaftor, a drug used to treat cystic fibrosis that binds {Delta}F508-CFTR. We demonstrated proof-of-concept of TPS by showing that this DUBTAC robustly stabilized {Delta}F508-CFTR in human cystic fibrosis bronchial epithelial cells in an OTUB1-dependent manner. Our study underscores the utility of chemoproteomics-enabled covalent ligand discovery approaches to develop new induced proximity-based therapeutic modalities and introduces the DUBTAC platform for TPS.

Editorial summaryWe have developed the Deubiquitinase Targeting Chimera (DUBTAC) platform for targeted protein stabilization. We have discovered a covalent recruiter against the deubiquitinase OTUB1 that we have linked to the mutant {Delta}F508-CFTR targeting cystic fibrosis drug Lumacaftor to stabilize mutant CFTR protein in cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Henning, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boike, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spradlin, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belcher, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brittain, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hesse, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dovala, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGregor, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKenna, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tallarico, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schirle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomura, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.30.441959</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deubiquitinase-Targeting Chimeras for Targeted Protein Stabilization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.30.442027v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Low-bias ncRNA Libraries using Ordered Two-Template Relay: Serial Template Jumping by a Modified Retroelement Reverse Transcriptase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.30.442027v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Non-long terminal repeat (non-LTR) and group II intron retroelements encode reverse transcriptases (RTs) that copy the retroelement transcript directly into host cell DNA, often at specific target sites. Biochemical characterization of these enzymes has been limited by recombinant expression and purification challenges, hampering understanding of their transposition mechanism and their exploitation for research and biotechnology. Properties of retroelement RTs substantiate their application for end-to-end RNA sequence capture. To investigate this utility, we first compared a non-LTR RT from Bombyx mori and a group II intron RT from Eubacterium rectale. Only the non-LTR RT showed processive template jumping, producing one cDNA from discontinuous templates each copied end-to-end. We also discovered an unexpected terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase activity of the RTs that adds nucleotide(s) of choice to 3 ends of single-stranded RNA or DNA. Combining these two types of activity with additional insights about non-templated nucleotide additions to duplexed cDNA product, we developed a streamlined protocol for linking Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) adaptors to both cDNA ends in a single RT reaction. When benchmarked using a reference pool of microRNAs (miRNAs), library production using modified non-LTR retroelment RT for Ordered Two-Template Relay (OTTR) outperformed all commercially available kits and rivaled the low bias of technically demanding home-brew protocols. We applied OTTR to inventory RNAs purified from extracellular vesicles (EVs), identifying miRNAs as well as myriad other non-coding (nc) RNAs and ncRNA fragments. Our results establish the utility of OTTR for automation-friendly, low-bias, end-to-end RNA sequence inventories of complex ncRNA samples.

SignificanceRetrotransposons are non-infectious mobile genetic elements that proliferate in host genomes via an RNA intermediate that is copied into DNA by a reverse transcriptase (RT) enzyme. RTs are important for biotechnological applications involving information capture from RNA, since RNA is first converted into complementary DNA for detection or sequencing. Here, we biochemically characterize RTs from two retroelements and uncover several activities that allowed us to design a streamlined, efficient workflow for determining the inventory of RNA sequences in processed RNA pools. The unique properties of non-retroviral RT activities obviate many technical issues associated with current methods of RNA sequence analysis, with wide applications in research, biotechnology, and diagnostics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>upton, h. e.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ferguson, l.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Temoche-Diaz, m. m.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>liu, x.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>pimentel, s. c.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ingolia, n. t.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>schekman, r.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.30.442027</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Low-bias ncRNA Libraries using Ordered Two-Template Relay: Serial Template Jumping by a Modified Retroelement Reverse Transcriptase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.01.442295v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Left Hemisphere Dominance for Bilateral Kinematic Encoding in the Human Brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.01.442295v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurophysiological studies in humans and non-human primates have revealed movement representations in both the contralateral and ipsilateral hemisphere. Inspired by clinical observations, we ask if this bilateral representation differs for the left and right hemispheres. Electrocorticography (ECoG) was recorded in human participants during an instructed-delay reaching task, with movements produced with either the contralateral or ipsilateral arm. Using a cross-validated kinematic encoding model, we found stronger bilateral encoding in the left hemisphere, an effect that was present during preparation and was amplified during execution. Consistent with this asymmetry, we also observed better across-arm generalization in the left hemisphere, indicating similar neural representations for right and left arm movements. Notably, these left hemisphere electrodes were centered over premotor and parietal regions. The more extensive bilateral encoding in the left hemisphere adds a new perspective to the pervasive neuropsychological finding that the left hemisphere plays a dominant role in praxis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Merrick, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dixon, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King-Stephens, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laxer, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmena, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.01.442295</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Left Hemisphere Dominance for Bilateral Kinematic Encoding in the Human Brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.03.442362v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Soils and sediments host novel archaea with divergent monooxygenases implicated in ammonia oxidation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.03.442362v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Copper membrane monooxygenases (CuMMOs) play critical roles in the global carbon and nitrogen cycles. Organisms harboring these enzymes perform the first, and rate limiting, step in aerobic oxidation of ammonia, methane, or other simple hydrocarbons. Within archaea, only organisms in the order Nitrososphaerales (Thaumarchaeota) encode CuMMOs, which function exclusively as ammonia monooxygenases. From grassland and hillslope soils and aquifer sediments, we identified 20 genomes from distinct archaeal species encoding divergent CuMMO sequences. These archaea are phylogenetically clustered in a previously unnamed Thermoplasmatota order, herein named the Ca. Angelarcheales. The CuMMO proteins in Ca. Angelarcheales are more similar in structure to those in ammonia-oxidizing archaea than those of bacteria, and they contain all functional residues required for activity. Similarly to the Nitrososphaerales, Ca. Angelarcheales genomes are significantly enriched in blue copper proteins (BCPs) relative to sibling lineages, including plastocyanin-like electron carriers and divergent nitrite reductase-like (nirK) 2-domain cupredoxin proteins co-located with electron transport machinery. Angelarcheales do not have identifiable genes for methanol oxidation or carbon fixation, encode significant capacity for peptide/amino acid uptake and degradation, and share numerous electron transport mechanisms with the Nitrososphaerales. In the studied soils and sediments Ca. Angelarcheales were at least as abundant as ammonia-oxidizing Nitrososphaerales. Thus, we predict that Angelarcheales live a mixotrophic lifestyle based on oxidation of ammonia liberated from peptide and amino acid degradation. This work expands the known diversity of Thermoplasmatota and of CuMMO enzymes in archaea and suggests that these organisms are important and previously unaccounted for contributors to nitrogen cycling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Diamond, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crits-Christoph, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matheus Carnevali, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharrar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.03.442362</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Soils and sediments host novel archaea with divergent monooxygenases implicated in ammonia oxidation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.05.442454v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The dengue virus NS1 protein conveys pro-inflammatory signals by docking onto human high-density lipoproteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.05.442454v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The nonstructural NS1 protein is a virulence factor secreted by dengue virus (DENV)-infected cells. NS1 is known to alter the complement system, activate immune cells and perturb endothelial barriers. Here we show that pro-inflammatory signals are triggered by a high affinity complex formed between NS1 and human high-density lipoproteins (HDL). Electron microscopy images of the NS1-HDL complexes show spherical HDL particles with rod-shaped NS1 protrusions on their surface. These complexes are readily detectable in the plasma of hospitalized dengue patients using anti-apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I) antibodies specific of the HDL moiety. The functional reprogramming of HDL particles by the NS1 protein as a means to exacerbate systemic inflammation during DENV infection provides a new paradigm linking the human lipoprotein network to dengue pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benfrid, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, K.-H. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dellarole, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voss, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamietti, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pehau-Arnaudet, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raynal, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brule, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>England, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikhailova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ungeheuer, M.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petres, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biering, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakuntabhai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchy, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duong, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dussart, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coulibaly, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bontems, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rey, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flamand, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.05.442454</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The dengue virus NS1 protein conveys pro-inflammatory signals by docking onto human high-density lipoproteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.08.443268v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In situ and transcriptomic identification of synapse-associated microglia in the developing zebrafish brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.08.443268v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microglia are brain resident macrophages that play vital roles in central nervous system (CNS) development, homeostasis, and pathology. Microglia both remodel synapses and engulf apoptotic cell corpses during development, but whether unique molecular programs regulate these distinct phagocytic functions is unknown. Here we identify a molecularly distinct synapse-associated microglial subset in the zebrafish (Danio rerio). We found that ramified microglia populated synapse-rich regions of the midbrain and hindbrain between 7 and 28 days post fertilization. In contrast, microglia in the optic tectum were ameboid and clustered around neurogenic zones. Using single-cell mRNA sequencing combined with metadata from regional bulk sequencing, we identified synapse-associated microglia (SAMs) that were highly enriched in the hindbrain, expressed known synapse modulating genes as well as novel candidates, and engulfed synaptic proteins. In contrast, neurogenic-associated microglia (NAMs) were enriched in optic tectum, had active cathepsin activity, and preferentially engulfed neuronal corpses. These data yielded a functionally annotated atlas of zebrafish microglia (https://www.annamolofskylab.org/microglia-sequencing). Furthermore, they reveal that molecularly distinct phagocytic programs mediate synaptic remodeling and cell engulfment, and establish zebrafish hindbrain as a model circuit for investigating microglial-synapse interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Silva, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorman, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>vainchtein, i.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horneck, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molofsky, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.08.443268</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In situ and transcriptomic identification of synapse-associated microglia in the developing zebrafish brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.09.443321v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extracellular vesicles from neuronal cells promote neural induction of mESCs through cyclinD1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.09.443321v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) that are thought to mediate the transport of proteins and RNAs involved in intercellular communication. Here, we show dynamic changes in the buoyant density and abundance of extracellular vesicles that are secreted by PC12 cells stimulated with nerve growth factor (NGF), N2A cells treated with retinoic acid to induce neural differentiation and mESCs differentiated into neuronal cells. EVs secreted from in vitro differentiated cells promote neural induction of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). Cyclin D1 enriched within the EVs derived from differentiated neuronal cells contributes to this induction. EVs purified from cells overexpressing cyclin D1 are more potent in neural induction of mESC cells. Depletion of cyclin D1 from the EVs reduced the neural induction effect. Our results suggest that extracellular vesicles regulate neural development through sorting of cyclin D1.

SummaryExtracellular vesicles (EVs) may mediate intercellular communication through the transfer of cargo molecules. Here, we report that cyclinD1 is sorted into EVs during neuronal differentiation and that these EVs help to promote the neural induction of mouse embryonic stem cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schekman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.09.443321</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extracellular vesicles from neuronal cells promote neural induction of mESCs through cyclinD1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.10.443352v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The genetic architecture of phenotypic diversity in the betta fish (Betta splendens) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.10.443352v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Betta fish displays a remarkable variety of phenotypes selected during domestication. However, the genetic basis underlying these traits remain largely unexplored. Here, we report a high-quality genome assembly and re-sequencing of 727 individuals representing diverse morphologies of the betta fish. We show that current breeds have a complex domestication history with extensive introgression with wild species. Using GWAS, we identify the genetic basis of multiple traits, including several coloration phenotypes, sex-determination which we map to DMRT1, and the long-fin phenotype which maps to KCNJ15. We identify a polygenic signal related to aggression with many similarities to human psychiatric traits, involving genes such as CACNB2 and DISC1. Our study provides a resource for developing the Betta fish as a genetic model for morphology and behavior in vertebrates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandt, D. Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Esch, J. H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.10.443352</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The genetic architecture of phenotypic diversity in the betta fish (Betta splendens)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.10.443361v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comprehensive analysis of meiosis-derived cDNA libraries reveals gene isoforms and mitochondrial proteins important for competitive fitness 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.10.443361v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gametogenesis is a highly regulated and dynamic developmental program where a diploid progenitor cell differentiates into haploid gametes, the precursors for sexual reproduction. During meiosis, several pathways converge to initiate ploidy reduction and organelle remodelling to render gametes competent for zygote formation and subsequent organismal development. Additionally, meiosis inherently rejuvenates the newly formed gametes resulting in lifespan resetting. Here, we construct five stage-specific, inducible meiotic cDNA libraries that represent over 84% of the yeast genome. We employ computational strategies to detect stage-specific meiotic transcript isoforms in each library and develop a robust screening pipeline to test the effect of each cDNA on competitive fitness. Our multi-day proof-of-principle time course reveals gene isoforms that are important for competitive fitness as well as mitochondrial proteins that cause dose-dependent disruption of respiration. Together, these novel meiotic cDNA libraries provide an important resource for systematically studying meiotic genes and gene isoforms in future studies.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LIConstruction of five stage-specific, inducible meiotic cDNA libraries in budding yeast that collectively represent 5563 genes, which is over 84% of the genome
C_LIO_LIAnalysis of the cDNA libraries reveal the presence of meiosis-specific transcript isoforms that are largely uncharacterized
C_LIO_LIDevelopment of a robust gain-of-function screening pipeline identifies previously characterized genes and novel gene isoforms important for competitive fitness
C_LIO_LIMulti-day proof-of-principle screen reveals mitochondrial proteins that cause dosage-specific respiration defects
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sing, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conlon, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madrazo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barker, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hollerer, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brar, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sudmant, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ünal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.10.443361</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comprehensive analysis of meiosis-derived cDNA libraries reveals gene isoforms and mitochondrial proteins important for competitive fitness]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.10.443390v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extreme longevity of highly fecund termite queens achieved by mitochondrial and insulin upregulation without harmful lipid signatures or accumulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.10.443390v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Kings and queens of eusocial termites can live for decades, while queens sustain a nearly maximal fertility. To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying their long lifespan, we carried out transcriptomics, lipidomics and metabolomics in Macrotermes natalensis on sterile short-lived workers, long-lived kings and five stages spanning twenty years of adult queen maturation. Reproductives share gene expression differences from workers in agreement with a reduction of several aging-related processes, involving upregulation of DNA damage repair and mitochondrial functions. Anti-oxidant gene expression is downregulated, while peroxidability of membranes in queens decreases. Against expectations, we observed an upregulated gene expression in fat bodies of reproductives of several components of the IIS pathway, including an insulin-like peptide, Ilp9. This pattern does not lead to deleterious fat storage in physogastric queens, while simple sugars dominate in their hemolymph and large amounts of resources are allocated towards oogenesis. Our findings support the notion that all processes causing aging need to be addressed simultaneously in order to prevent it.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Seite, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sillam-Dusses, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lupoli, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Dooren, T. J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poissonnier, L.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemainque, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renault, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acket, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrieu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viscarra, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sul, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Beer, Z. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bornberg-Bauer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasseur-Cognet, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.10.443390</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extreme longevity of highly fecund termite queens achieved by mitochondrial and insulin upregulation without harmful lipid signatures or accumulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.10.443470v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RevGadgets: an R Package for visualizing Bayesian phylogenetic analyses from RevBayes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.10.443470v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIStatistical phylogenetic methods are the foundation for a wide range of evolutionary and epidemiological studies. However, as these methods grow increasingly complex, users often encounter significant challenges with summarizing, visualizing, and communicating their key results.
C_LIO_LIWe present RevGadgets, an R package for creating publication-quality figures from the results of a large variety of phylogenetic analyses performed in RevBayes (and other phylogenetic software packages).
C_LIO_LIWe demonstrate how to use RevGadgets through a set of vignettes that cover the most common use cases that researchers will encounter.
C_LIO_LIRevGadgets is an open-source, extensible package that will continue to evolve in parallel with RevBayes, helping researchers to make sense of and communicate the results of a diverse array of analyses.
C_LI

[Bayesian phylogenetics, data visualization, R, RevBayes]
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tribble, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freyman, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landis, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barido-Sottani, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopperud, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Höhna, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>May, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.10.443470</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RevGadgets: an R Package for visualizing Bayesian phylogenetic analyses from RevBayes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.10.443473v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A widely distributed genus of soil Acidobacteria genomically enriched in biosynthetic gene clusters 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.10.443473v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria of the phylum Acidobacteria are one of the most abundant bacterial across soil ecosystems, yet they are represented by comparatively few sequenced genomes, leaving gaps in our understanding of their metabolic diversity. Recently, genomes of Acidobacteria species with unusually large repertoires of biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) were reconstructed from grassland soil metagenomes, but the degree to which these species are widespread is still unknown. To investigate this, we augmented a dataset of publicly available Acidobacteria genomes with 46 metagenome-assembled genomes recovered from permanently saturated organic-rich soils of a vernal (spring) pool ecosystem in Northern California. We recovered high quality genomes for three novel species from Candidatus Angelobacter (a proposed subdivision 1 Acidobacterial genus), a genus that is genomically enriched in genes for specialized metabolite biosynthesis. Acidobacteria were particularly abundant in the vernal pool sediments, and a Ca. Angelobacter species was the most abundant bacterial species detected in some samples. We identified numerous diverse biosynthetic gene clusters in these genomes, and also in additional genomes from other publicly available soil metagenomes for other related Ca. Angelobacter species. Metabolic analysis indicates that Ca. Angelobacter likely are aerobes that ferment organic carbon, with potential to contribute to carbon compound turnover in soils. Using metatranscriptomics, we identified in situ expression of specialized metabolic traits for two species from this genus. In conclusion, we expand genomic sampling of the uncultivated Ca. Angelobacter, and show that they represent common and sometimes highly abundant members of dry and saturated soil communities, with a high degree of capacity for synthesis of diverse specialized metabolites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Crits-Christoph, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diamond, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Shayeb, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valentin-Alvarado, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.10.443473</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A widely distributed genus of soil Acidobacteria genomically enriched in biosynthetic gene clusters]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.10.443517v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-resolution deconvolution of spatial transcriptomics data reveals continuous patterns of inflammation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.10.443517v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The function of mammalian cells is largely influenced by their tissue microenvironment. Advances in spatial transcriptomics open the way for studying these important determinants of cellular function by enabling a transcriptome-wide evaluation of gene expression in situ. A critical limitation of the current technologies, however, is that their resolution is limited to niches (spots) of sizes well beyond that of a single cell, thus providing measurements for cell aggregates which may mask critical interactions between neighboring cells of different types. While joint analysis with single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) can be leveraged to alleviate this problem, current analyses are limited to a discrete view of cell type proportion inside every spot. This limitation becomes critical in the common case where, even within a cell type, there is a continuum of cell states that cannot be clearly demarcated but reflects important differences in the way cells function and interact with their surroundings. To address this, we developed Deconvolution of Spatial Transcriptomics profiles using Variational Inference (DestVI), a probabilistic method for multi-resolution analysis for spatial transcriptomics that explicitly models continuous variation within cell types. Using simulations, we demonstrate that DestVI is capable of providing higher resolution compared to the existing methods and that it can estimate gene expression by every cell type inside every spot. We then introduce an automated pipeline that uses DestVI for analysis of single tissue slices and comparison between tissues. We apply this pipeline to study the immune crosstalk within lymph nodes to infection and explore the spatial organization of a mouse tumor model. In both cases, we demonstrate that DestVI can provide a high resolution and accurate spatial characterization of the cellular organization of these tissues, and that it is capable of identifying important cell-type-specific changes in gene expression - between different tissue regions or between conditions. DestVI is available as an open-source software package in the scvi-tools codebase (https://scvi-tools.org).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lopez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keren-Shaul, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyeau, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kedmi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pilzer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jelinski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Addadi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amit, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.10.443517</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-resolution deconvolution of spatial transcriptomics data reveals continuous patterns of inflammation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.11.443151v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluating brain parcellations using the distance controlled boundary coefficient 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.11.443151v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One important approach to human brain mapping is to define a set of distinct regions that can be linked to unique functions. Numerous brain parcellations have been proposed, using cytoarchitectonic, structural or functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) data. The intrinsic smoothness of brain data, however, poses a problem for current methods seeking to compare different parcellations. For example, criteria that simply compare within-parcel to between-parcel similarity provide even random parcellations with a high value. Furthermore, the evaluation is biased by the spatial scale of the parcellation. To address this problem, we propose the Distance Controlled Boundary Coefficient (DCBC), an unbiased criterion to evaluate discrete parcellations. We employ this new criterion to evaluate existing parcellations of the human neocortex in their power to predict functional boundaries for an fMRI data set with many different tasks, as well as for resting-state data. We find that common anatomical parcellations do not perform better than chance, suggesting that task-based functional boundaries do not align well with sulcal landmarks. Parcellations based on resting-state fMRI data perform well; in some cases, as well as a parcellation defined on the evaluation data itself. Finally, multi-modal parcellations that combine functional and anatomical criteria perform substantially worse than those based on functional data alone, indicating that functionally homogeneous regions often span major anatomical landmarks. Overall, the DCBC advances the field of functional brain mapping by providing an unbiased metric that compares the predictive ability of different brain parcellations to define brain regions that are functionally maximally distinct.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diedrichsen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.11.443151</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluating brain parcellations using the distance controlled boundary coefficient]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.11.443651v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The recent evolutionary rescue of a staple crop depended on over half a century of global germplasm exchange 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.11.443651v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rapid environmental change can lead to extinction of populations or evolutionary rescue via genetic adaptation. In the past several years, smallholder and commercial cultivation of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), a global cereal and forage crop, has been threatened by a global outbreak of an aggressive new biotype of sugarcane aphid (SCA; Melanaphis sacchari). Here we characterized genomic signatures of adaptation in a Haitian sorghum breeding population, which had been recently founded from admixed global germplasm, extensively intercrossed, and subjected to intense selection under SCA infestation. We conducted evolutionary population genomics analyses of 296 post-selection Haitian lines compared to 767 global accessions at 159,683 single nucleotide polymorphisms. Despite intense selection, the Haitian population retains high nucleotide diversity through much of the genome due to diverse founders and an intercrossing strategy. A genome-wide fixation (FST) scan and geographic analyses suggests that adaptation to SCA in Haiti is conferred by a globally-rare East African allele of RMES1, which has also spread to other breeding programs in Africa, Asia, and the Americas. De novo genome sequencing data for SCA resistant and susceptible lines revealed putative causative variants at RMES1. Convenient low-cost markers were developed from the RMES1 selective sweep and successfully predicted resistance in independent U.S. x African breeding lines and eight U.S. commercial and public breeding programs, demonstrating the global relevance of the findings. Together, the findings highlight the potential of evolutionary genomics to develop adaptive trait breeding technology and the value of global germplasm exchange to facilitate evolutionary rescue.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Muleta, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Felderhoff, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winans, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walstead, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charles, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armstrong, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mamidi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plott, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogel, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemaux, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mockler, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimwood, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmutz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pressoir, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.11.443651</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The recent evolutionary rescue of a staple crop depended on over half a century of global germplasm exchange]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.12.443722v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
WASP integrates substrate topology and cell polarity to guide neutrophil migration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.12.443722v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To control their shape and movement, cells leverage nucleation promoting factors (NPFs) to regulate when and where they polymerize actin. Here we investigate the role of the immune-specific NPF WASP during neutrophil migration. Endogenously-tagged WASP localizes to substrate-induced plasma membrane deformations. Super-resolution imaging of live cells reveals that WASP preferentially enriches to the necks of these substrate-induced membrane invaginations, a distribution that could support substrate pinching. Unlike other curvature-sensitive proteins, WASP only enriches to membrane deformations at the cell front, where it controls Arp2/3 complex recruitment and actin polymerization. Despite relatively normal migration on flat substrates, WASP depletion causes defects in topology sensing and directed migration on textured substrates. WASP therefore both responds to and reinforces cell polarity during migration. Surprisingly, front-biased WASP puncta continue to form in the absence of Cdc42. We propose that WASP integrates substrate topology with cell polarity for 3D guidance by selectively polymerizing actin around substrate-induced membrane deformations at the leading edge. A misregulation of WASP-mediated contact guidance could provide insight into the immune disorder Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brunetti, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kockelkoren, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raghavan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, G. R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Britain, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonetti, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stamou, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, O. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.12.443722</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[WASP integrates substrate topology and cell polarity to guide neutrophil migration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.12.443849v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Total Biosynthesis of Triacsin Featuring an N-hydroxytriazene Pharmacophore 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.12.443849v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Triacsins are an intriguing class of specialized metabolites possessing a conserved N-hydroxytriazene moiety not found in any other known natural products. Triacsins are notable as potent acyl-CoA synthetase inhibitors in lipid metabolism, yet their biosynthesis has remained elusive. Through extensive mutagenesis and biochemical studies, we here report all enzymes required to construct and install the N-hydroxytriazene pharmacophore of triacsins. Two distinct ATP-dependent enzymes were revealed to catalyze the two consecutive N-N bond formation reactions, including a glycine-utilizing hydrazine-forming enzyme, Tri28, and a nitrous acid-utilizing N-nitrosating enzyme, Tri17. This study paves the way for future mechanistic interrogation and biocatalytic application of enzymes for N-N bond formation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Del Rio Flores, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Twigg, F. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguirre, D. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sato, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dror, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayanamoorthy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zill, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.12.443849</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Total Biosynthesis of Triacsin Featuring an N-hydroxytriazene Pharmacophore]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.12.443930v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A chemically-defined growth medium to support Lactobacillus-Acetobacter community analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.12.443930v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lactobacilli and acetobacters are commercially important bacteria that often form communities in natural fermentations, including food preparations, spoilage, and in the digestive tract of Drosophila melanogaster fruit flies. Communities of these bacteria are widespread and prolific, despite numerous strain-specific auxotrophies, suggesting they have evolved nutrient interdependencies that regulate their growths. The use of a chemically-defined medium (CDM) supporting the growth of both groups of bacteria would greatly facilitate identification of the precise metabolic interactions between these two groups of bacteria. While numerous such media have been developed that support specific strains of lactobacilli and acetobacters, there has not been a medium formulated to support both genera. We developed such a medium, based on a previous Lactobacillus CDM, by modifying the nutrient abundances to improve growth of both groups of bacteria. We further simplified the medium by substituting casamino acids for individual amino acids and the standard Wolfes vitamins and mineral stocks for individual vitamins and minerals, resulting in a reduction from 40 to 8 stock solutions. The new CDM and variations of it support robust growth of lactobacilli and acetobacters. We provide the composition and an example of its use to measure nutritional interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aumiller, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheffler, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guvener, Z. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tung, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimaldo, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutschbauer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taga, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marco, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ludington, W. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.12.443930</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A chemically-defined growth medium to support Lactobacillus-Acetobacter community analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.13.443009v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The STING ligand 2'3'-cGAMP induces an NF-κB-dependent anti-bacterial innate immune response in the starlet sea anemone Nematostella vectensis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.13.443009v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In mammals, cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) bind and activate STING to initiate an anti-viral type I interferon response. CDNs and STING originated in bacteria and are present in most animals. By contrast, interferons are believed to have emerged in vertebrates; thus, the function of CDN signaling in invertebrates is unclear. Here, we use a CDN, 23-cGAMP, to activate immune responses in a model cnidarian invertebrate, the starlet sea anemone Nematostella vectensis. Using RNA-Seq, we found that 23-cGAMP induces robust transcription of both anti-viral and anti-bacterial genes in N. vectensis. Many of the anti-viral genes induced by 23-cGAMP are homologs of vertebrate interferon stimulated genes, implying that the interferon response predates the evolution of interferons. Knockdown experiments identified a role for NF-{kappa}B in specifically inducing anti-bacterial genes downstream of 23-cGAMP. Some of these putative anti-bacterial genes were also found to be induced during Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. We characterized the protein product of one of the putative anti-bacterial genes, the N. vectensis homolog of Dae4, and found that it has conserved anti-bacterial activity. This work suggests that a broad anti-bacterial and anti-viral transcriptional response is an evolutionarily ancestral output of 23-cGAMP signaling in animals.

Significance statementCyclic dinucleotides are signaling molecules that originated in bacteria and were subsequently acquired and co-opted by animals for immune signaling. The major cyclic dinucleotide signaling pathway in mammals results in the production of anti-viral molecules called interferons. Invertebrates such as sea anemones lack interferons, and thus it was unclear whether cyclic dinucleotide signaling would play a role in immunity in these animals. Here we report that in the anemone Nematostella vectensis, cyclic dinucleotides activate both anti-viral and anti-bacterial immune responses, and do so through a conserved pathway. These results provide insights into the evolutionary origins of innate immunity, and suggest a broader ancestral role for cyclic dinucleotide signaling that evolved toward more specialized anti-viral functions in mammals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Margolis, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dietzen, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayes, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Remick, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vance, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.13.443009</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The STING ligand 2'3'-cGAMP induces an NF-κB-dependent anti-bacterial innate immune response in the starlet sea anemone Nematostella vectensis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.13.443919v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Height, but not binding epitope, affects the potency of synthetic TCR agonists 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.13.443919v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Under physiological conditions, peptide-MHC (pMHC) molecules can trigger T-cell receptors (TCRs) as monovalent ligands that are sparsely distributed on the plasma membrane of an antigen-presenting cell. TCR can also be activated by artificial clustering, such as with pMHC tetramers or antibodies; however, these strategies circumvent many of the natural ligand discrimination mechanisms of the T cell and can elicit non-physiological signaling activity. We have recently introduced a synthetic TCR agonist composed of an anti-TCR{beta} Fab antibody fragment covalently bound to a DNA oligonucleotide, which serves as a membrane anchor. This Fab-DNA ligand efficiently activates TCR as a monomer when membrane-associated and exhibits a potency and activation profile resembling agonist pMHC. In this report, we explore the geometric requirements for effective TCR triggering and cellular activation by Fab-DNA ligands. We find that T cells are insensitive to the ligand binding epitope on the TCR complex, but that length of the DNA tether is important. Increasing the intermembrane distance spanned by Fab-DNA:TCR complexes decreases TCR triggering efficiency and T cell activation potency, consistent with the kinetic-segregation model of TCR triggering. These results establish design parameters for construction of synthetic TCR agonists that are able to activate polyclonal T cell populations, such as T cells from a human patient, in a similar manner as the native pMHC ligand.

STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCEWe report geometric requirements for potent T cell activation by synthetic TCR ligands that mimic biophysical properties of the native pMHC ligand, but have the additional ability to activate polyclonal T cell populations. We find that increasing the space between apposed membranes at TCR binding events decreases ligand potency, but that changing the ligands binding epitope on the TCR has essentially no effect. The observed decrease in potency with increased ligand height is attributed to the longer ligands attenuated ability to trigger TCR at binding events.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wilhelm, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morita, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McAffee, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Dair, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groves, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.13.443919</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Height, but not binding epitope, affects the potency of synthetic TCR agonists]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.13.444014v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Serotonergic Neurons Translate Taste Detection into Internal Nutrient Regulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.13.444014v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The nervous and endocrine systems coordinately monitor and regulate nutrient availability to maintain energy homeostasis. Sensory detection of food regulates internal nutrient availability in a manner that anticipates food intake, but sensory pathways that promote anticipatory physiological changes remain unclear. Here, we identify serotonergic (5-HT) neurons as critical mediators that transform gustatory detection by sensory neurons into the activation of insulin-producing cells and enteric neurons in Drosophila. One class of 5-HT neurons responds to gustatory detection of sugars, excites insulin-producing cells and limits consumption, suggesting that they anticipate increased nutrient levels and prevent overconsumption. A second class of 5-HT neurons responds to gustatory detection of bitter compounds and activates enteric neurons to promote gastric motility, likely to stimulate digestion and increase circulating nutrients when food quality is poor. These studies demonstrate that 5-HT neurons relay acute gustatory detection to divergent pathways for longer-term stabilization of circulating nutrients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.13.444014</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Serotonergic Neurons Translate Taste Detection into Internal Nutrient Regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.13.444017v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scale-dependent tipping points of bacterial colonization resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.13.444017v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria are efficient colonizers of a wide range of secluded micro-habitats, such as soil pores, skin follicles, or intestinal crypts. How the structural diversity of these habitats modulates microbial self-organization remains poorly understood, in part because of the challenge to specifically manipulate the physical structure of microbial environments. Using a microfluidic device to grow bacteria in crypt-like incubation chambers of systematically varied lengths, we show that small variations in the physical structure of the micro-habitat can drastically alter bacterial colonization success and resistance against invaders. Small crypts are un-colonizable, intermediately sized crypts can stably support dilute populations, while beyond a second critical lengthscale, populations phase-separate into a dilute and a jammed region. The jammed state is characterized by extreme colonization resistance, even if the resident strain is suppressed by an antibiotic. Combined with a flexible biophysical model, we demonstrate that colonization resistance and associated priority effects can be explained by a crowding-induced phase transition, which results from a competition between proliferation and density-dependent cell leakage. The emerging sensitivity to scale underscores the need to control for scale in microbial ecology experiments. Systematic flow-adjustable lengthscale variations may serve as a promising strategy to elucidate further scale-sensitive tipping points and to rationally modulate the stability and resilience of microbial colonizers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karita, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Limmer, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallatschek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.13.444017</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scale-dependent tipping points of bacterial colonization resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.13.444045v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular diversity and lineage commitment of human interneuron progenitors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.13.444045v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cortical interneurons are indispensable for proper function of neocortical circuits. Changes in interneuron development and function are implicated in human disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder and epilepsy. In order to understand human-specific features of cortical development as well as the origins of neurodevelopmental disorders it is crucial to identify the molecular programs underlying human interneuron development and subtype specification. Recent studies have explored gene expression programs underlying mouse interneuron specification and maturation. We applied single-cell RNA sequencing to samples of second trimester human ganglionic eminence and developing cortex to identify molecularly defined subtypes of human interneuron progenitors and immature interneurons. In addition, we integrated this data from the developing human ganglionic eminences and neocortex with single-nucleus RNA-seq of adult cortical interneurons in order to elucidate dynamic molecular changes associated with commitment of progenitors and immature interneurons to mature interneuron subtypes. By comparing our data with published mouse single-cell genomic data, we discover a number of divergent gene expression programs that distinguish human interneuron progenitors from mouse. Moreover, we find that a number of transcription factors expressed during prenatal development become restricted to adult interneuron subtypes in the human but not the mouse, and these adult interneurons express species- and lineage-specific cell adhesion and synaptic genes. Therefore, our study highlights that despite the similarity of main principles of cortical interneuron development and lineage commitment between mouse and human, human interneuron genesis and subtype specification is guided by species-specific gene programs, contributing to human-specific features of cortical inhibitory interneurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Velmeshev, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavali, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nowakowski, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhade, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goyal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarado, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mancia, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Speir, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haeussler, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rowitch, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez-Buylla, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paredes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kriegstein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.13.444045</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular diversity and lineage commitment of human interneuron progenitors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.14.443910v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
riboviz 2: A flexible and robust ribosome profiling data analysis and visualization workflow 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.14.443910v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationRibosome profiling, or Ribo-seq, is the state of the art method for quantifying protein synthesis in living cells. Computational analysis of Ribo-seq data remains challenging due to the complexity of the procedure, as well as variations introduced for specific organisms or specialized analyses. Many bioinformatic pipelines have been developed, but these pipelines have key limitations in terms of functionality or usability.

ResultsWe present riboviz 2, an updated riboviz package, for the comprehensive transcript-centric analysis and visualization of Ribo-seq data. riboviz 2 includes an analysis workflow built on the Nextflow workflow management system, combining freely available software with custom code. The package is extensively documented and provides example configuration files for organisms spanning the domains of life. riboviz 2 is distinguished by clear separation of concerns between annotation and analysis: prior to a run, the user chooses a transcriptome in FASTA format, paired with annotation for the CDS locations in GFF3 format. The user is empowered to choose the relevant transcriptome for their biological question, or to run alternative analyses that address distinct questions. riboviz 2 has been extensively tested on various library preparation strategies, including multiplexed samples. riboviz 2 is flexible and uses open, documented file formats, allowing users to integrate new analyses with the pipeline.

Availabilityriboviz 2 is freely available at github.com/riboviz/riboviz.

Supplementary information
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cope, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Favate, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mok, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurowska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacKenzie, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shivakumar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tilton, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winterbourne, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kavoussanakis, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lareau, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.14.443910</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[riboviz 2: A flexible and robust ribosome profiling data analysis and visualization workflow]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.14.444175v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural Basis for Membrane Recruitment of ATG16L1 by WIPI2 in Autophagy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.14.444175v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autophagy is a cellular process that degrades cytoplasmic cargo by engulfing it in a double membrane vesicle, known as the autophagosome, and delivering it to the lysosome. The ATG12-5-16L1 complex is responsible for conjugating members of the ubiquitin-like ATG8 protein family to phosphatidylethanolamine in the growing autophagosomal membrane, known as the phagophore. ATG12-5-16L1 is recruited to the phagophore by a subset of the phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate-binding seven bladed {beta}-propeller WIPI proteins. We determined the crystal structure of WIPI2d in complex with the WIPI2 interacting region (W2IR) of ATG16L1 comprising residues 207-230 at 1.85 [A] resolution. The structure shows that the ATG16L1 W2IR adopts an alpha helical conformation and binds in an electropositive and hydrophobic groove between WIPI2 {beta}-propeller blades 2 and 3. Mutation of residues at the interface reduces or blocks the recruitment of ATG12-5-16L1 and the conjugation of the ATG8 protein LC3B to synthetic membranes. Interface mutants show a decrease in starvation-induced autophagy. Comparisons across the four human WIPIs suggest that WIPI1 and 2 belong to a W2IR-binding subclass responsible for localizing ATG12-5-16L1 and driving ATG8 lipidation, whilst WIPI3 and 4 belong to a second W34IR-binding subclass responsible for localizing ATG2, and so directing lipid supply to the nascent phagophore. The structure provides a framework for understanding the regulatory node connecting two central events in autophagy initiation, the action of the autophagic PI 3-kinase complex on the one hand, and ATG8 lipidation on the other.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Strong, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boecker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flower, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buffalo, C. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stavoe, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holzbaur, E. L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurley, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.14.444175</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural Basis for Membrane Recruitment of ATG16L1 by WIPI2 in Autophagy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.14.444181v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolved Bmp6 enhancer alleles drive spatial shifts in gene expression during tooth development in sticklebacks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.14.444181v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in enhancers have been shown to often underlie natural variation but the evolved differences between enhancer activity can be difficult to identify in vivo. Threespine sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) are a robust system for studying enhancer evolution due to abundant natural genetic variation, a diversity of evolved phenotypes between ancestral marine and derived freshwater forms, and the tractability of transgenic techniques. Previous work identified a series of polymorphisms within an intronic enhancer of the Bone morphogenetic protein 6 (Bmp6) gene that are associated with evolved tooth gain, a derived increase in freshwater tooth number that arises late in development. Here we use a bicistronic reporter construct containing a genetic insulator and a pair of reciprocal two-color transgenic reporter lines to compare enhancer activity of marine and freshwater alleles of this enhancer. In older fish the two alleles drive partially overlapping expression in both mesenchyme and epithelium of developing teeth, but the freshwater enhancer drives a reduced mesenchymal domain and a larger epithelial domain relative to the marine enhancer. In younger fish these spatial shifts in enhancer activity are less pronounced. Comparing Bmp6 expression by in situ hybridization in developing teeth of marine and freshwater fish reveals similar evolved spatial shifts in gene expression. Together, these data support a model in which the polymorphisms within this enhancer underlie evolved tooth gain by shifting the spatial expression of Bmp6 during tooth development, and provide a general strategy to identify spatial differences in enhancer activity in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stepaniak, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Square, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.14.444181</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolved Bmp6 enhancer alleles drive spatial shifts in gene expression during tooth development in sticklebacks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.17.444397v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An intranasal ASO therapeutic targeting SARS-CoV-2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.17.444397v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The COVID-19 pandemic is exacting an increasing toll worldwide, with new SARS-CoV-2 variants emerging that exhibit higher infectivity rates and that may partially evade vaccine and antibody immunity1. Rapid deployment of non-invasive therapeutic avenues capable of preventing infection by all SARS-CoV-2 variants could complement current vaccination efforts and help turn the tide on the COVID-19 pandemic2. Here, we describe a novel therapeutic strategy targeting the SARS-CoV-2 RNA using locked nucleic acid antisense oligonucleotides (LNA ASOs). We identified an LNA ASO binding to the 5 leader sequence of SARS-CoV-2 ORF1a/b that disrupts a highly conserved stem-loop structure with nanomolar efficacy in preventing viral replication in human cells. Daily intranasal administration of this LNA ASO in the K18-hACE2 humanized COVID-19 mouse model potently (98-99%) suppressed viral replication in the lungs of infected mice, revealing strong prophylactic and treatment effects. We found that the LNA ASO also represses viral infection in golden Syrian hamsters, and is highly efficacious in countering all SARS-CoV-2 "variants of concern" tested in vitro and in vivo, including B.1.427, B.1.1.7, and B.1.351 variants3. Hence, inhaled LNA ASOs targeting SARS-CoV-2 represents a promising therapeutic approach to reduce transmission of variants partially resistant to vaccines and monoclonal antibodies, and could be deployed intranasally for prophylaxis or via lung delivery by nebulizer to decrease severity of COVID-19 in infected individuals. LNA ASOs are chemically stable and can be flexibly modified to target different viral RNA sequences4, and they may have particular impact in areas where vaccine distribution is a challenge, and could be stockpiled for future coronavirus pandemics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woo, J. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyenla, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamashiro, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biering, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dis, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rustagi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinsky, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blish, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadreyev, R. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kauppinen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rouskin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Näär, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.17.444397</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An intranasal ASO therapeutic targeting SARS-CoV-2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.19.444771v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A new type of ERGIC-ERES membrane contact mediated by TMED9 and SEC12 is required for autophagosome biogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.19.444771v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Under stress, the endomembrane system undergoes reorganization to support autophagosome biogenesis, which is a central step in autophagy. How the endomembrane system remodels has been poorly understood. Here we identify a new type of membrane contact formed between the ER-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) and the ER-exit site (ERES) in the ER-Golgi system, which is essential for promoting autophagosome biogenesis induced by different stress stimuli. The ERGIC-ERES contact is established by the interaction between TMED9 and SEC12 which generates a short distance opposition (as close as 2-5 nm) between the two compartments. The tight membrane contact allows the ERES-located SEC12 to transactivate COPII assembly on the ERGIC. In addition, a portion of SEC12 also relocates to the ERGIC. Through both mechanisms, the ERGIC-ERES contact promotes formation of the ERGIC-derived COPII vesicle, a membrane precursor of the autophagosome. The ERGIC-ERES contact is physically and functionally different from the TFG-mediated ERGIC-ERES adjunction involved in secretory protein transport, and therefore defines a unique endomembrane structure generated upon stress conditions for autophagic membrane formation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.-J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.19.444771</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A new type of ERGIC-ERES membrane contact mediated by TMED9 and SEC12 is required for autophagosome biogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.19.444844v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Short-term elevations in glucocorticoids do not alter telomere lengths: A systematic review and meta-analysis of non-primate vertebrate studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.19.444844v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe neuroendocrine stress response allows vertebrates to cope with stressors via the activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis, which ultimately results in the secretion of glucocorticoids (CORT). Glucocorticoids have pleiotropic effects on behavior and physiology, and might influence telomere length dynamics. During a stress event, CORT mobilizes energy towards survival mechanisms rather than to telomere maintenance. Additionally, reactive oxidative species produced in response to increased CORT levels can damage telomeres, also leading to telomere shortening. In our systematic review and meta-analysis, we tested whether CORT levels impact telomere length and if this relationship differs among time frame, life history stage, or stressor type. We hypothesized that elevated CORT levels are linked to a decrease in telomere length.

MethodsTo test this hypothesis, we conducted a literature search for studies investigating the relationship between telomere length and CORT levels in non-human vertebrates using four search engines: Web of Science, Google Scholar, Pubmed and Scopus, last searched on September 27th, 2020. This review identified 31 studies examining the relationship between CORT and telomere length. We pooled the data using Fishers Z for 15 of these studies. All quantitative studies underwent a risk of bias assessment. This systematic review study was registered in the Open Science Framework Registry (https://osf.io/rqve6).

ResultsThe pooled effect size from fifteen studies and 1066 study organisms shows no relationship between CORT and telomere length ((Fishers Z= 0.1042, 95% CI = 0.0235; 0.1836). While these results support some previous findings, other studies have found a direct relationship between CORT and telomere dynamics, suggesting underlying mechanisms or concepts that are not currently taken into account in our analysis. The risk of bias assessment revealed an overall low risk of bias with occasional instances of bias from missing outcome data or bias in the reported result.

ConclusionWe highlight the need for more targeted experiments to understand how conditions, such as experimental timeframes, stressor(s), and stressor magnitudes can drive a relationship between the neuroendocrine stress response and telomere length.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zane, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ensminger, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazquez-Medina, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.19.444844</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Short-term elevations in glucocorticoids do not alter telomere lengths: A systematic review and meta-analysis of non-primate vertebrate studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.21.445051v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic isolation by distance underlies color pattern divergence in red-eyed treefrogs (Agalychnis callidryas) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.21.445051v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Investigating the spatial distribution of genetic and phenotypic variation can provide insights into the evolutionary processes that shape diversity in natural systems. We characterized patterns of genetic and phenotypic diversity to learn about drivers of color-pattern diversification in red-eyed treefrogs (Agalychnis callidryas) in Costa Rica. Along the Pacific coast, red-eyed treefrogs have conspicuous leg color patterning that transitions from orange in the north to purple in the south. We measured phenotypic variation of frogs, with increased sampling at sites where the orange-to-purple transition occurs. At the transition zone, we discovered the co-occurrence of multiple color-pattern morphs. To explore possible causes of this variation, we generated a SNP dataset to analyze population genetic structure, measure genetic diversity, and infer the processes that mediate genotype-phenotype dynamics. We investigated how patterns of genetic relatedness correspond with individual measures of color pattern along the coast, including testing for the role of hybridization in geographic regions where orange and purple phenotypic groups co-occur. We found no evidence that color-pattern polymorphism in the transition zone arose through recent hybridization. Instead, a strong pattern of genetic isolation by distance (IBD) indicates that color-pattern variation was either retained through other processes such as ancestral color polymorphisms or ancient secondary contact, or else it was generated by novel mutations. We found that phenotype changes along the Pacific coast more than would be expected based on genetic divergence and geographic distance alone. Combined, our results suggest the possibility of selective pressures acting on color pattern at a small geographic scale.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Clark, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradburd, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akopyan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vega, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenblum, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robertson, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.21.445051</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic isolation by distance underlies color pattern divergence in red-eyed treefrogs (Agalychnis callidryas)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.24.445506v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
On the sparsity of fitness functions and implications for learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.24.445506v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fitness functions map biological sequences to a scalar property of interest. Accurate estimation of these functions yields biological insight and sets the foundation for model-based sequence design. However, the amount of fitness data available to learn these functions is typically small relative to the large combinatorial space of sequences; characterizing how much data is needed for accurate estimation remains an open problem. There is a growing body of evidence demonstrating that empirical fitness functions display substantial sparsity when represented in terms of epistatic interactions. Moreover, the theory of Compressed Sensing provides scaling laws for the number of samples required to exactly recover a sparse function. Motivated by these results, we develop a framework to study the sparsity of fitness functions sampled from a generalization of the NK model, a widely-used random field model of fitness functions. In particular, we present results that allow us to test the effect of the Generalized NK (GNK) models interpretable parameters--sequence length, alphabet size, and assumed interactions between sequence positions--on the sparsity of fitness functions sampled from the model and, consequently, the number of measurements required to exactly recover these functions. We validate our framework by demonstrating that GNK models with parameters set according to structural considerations can be used to accurately approximate the number of samples required to recover two empirical protein fitness functions and an RNA fitness function. In addition, we show that these GNK models identify important higher-order epistatic interactions in the empirical fitness functions using only structural information.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brookes, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aghazadeh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Listgarten, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.24.445506</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[On the sparsity of fitness functions and implications for learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.24.445507v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The molecular mechanism of load adaptation by branched actin networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.24.445507v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Branched actin networks are self-assembling molecular motors that move biological membranes and drive many important cellular processes. Load forces slow the growth and increase the density of these networks, but the molecular mechanisms governing this force response are not well understood. Here we use single-molecule imaging and AFM cantilever deflection to measure how applied forces affect each step in branched actin network assembly. Unexpectedly, force slows the rate of filament nucleation by promoting the interaction of nucleation promoting factors with actin filament ends, limiting branch formation. This inhibition is countered by an even larger force-induced drop in the rate of filament capping, resulting in a shift in the balance between nucleation and capping that increases network density. Remarkably, the force dependence of capping is identical to that of filament elongation because they require the same size gap to appear between the filament and load for insertion. These results provide direct evidence that Brownian Ratchets generate force and govern the load adaptation of branched actin networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, T.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bieling, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weichsel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullins, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fletcher, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.24.445507</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The molecular mechanism of load adaptation by branched actin networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.26.443420v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenetic Patterns in a Complete Human Genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.26.443420v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The completion of the first telomere-to-telomere human genome, T2T-CHM13, enables exploration of the full epigenome, removing limitations previously imposed by the missing reference sequence. Existing epigenetic studies omit unassembled and unmappable genomic regions (e.g. centromeres, pericentromeres, acrocentric chromosome arms, subtelomeres, segmental duplications, tandem repeats). Leveraging the new assembly, we were able to measure enrichment of epigenetic marks with short reads using k-mer assisted mapping methods. This granted array-level enrichment information to characterize the epigenetic regulation of these satellite repeats. Using nanopore sequencing data, we generated base level maps of the most complete human methylome ever produced. We examined methylation patterns in satellite DNA and revealed organized patterns of methylation along individual molecules. When exploring the centromeric epigenome, we discovered a distinctive dip in centromere methylation consistent with active sites of kinetochore assembly. Through long-read chromatin accessibility measurements (nanoNOMe) paired to CUT&RUN data, we found the hypomethylated region was extremely inaccessible and paired to CENP-A/B binding. With long-reads we interrogated allele-specific, longrange epigenetic patterns in complex macro-satellite arrays such as those involved in X chromosome inactivation. Using the single molecule measurements we can clustered reads based on methylation status alone distinguishing epigenetically heterogeneous and homogeneous areas. The analysis provides a framework to investigate the most elusive regions of the human genome, applying both long and short-read technology to grant new insights into epigenetic regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gershman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauria, M. E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hook, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoyt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Razaghi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koren, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altemose, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caldas, G. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vollger, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logsdon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichler, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Neill, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillippy, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miga, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timp, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.26.443420</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenetic Patterns in a Complete Human Genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.26.445687v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineering improved Cas13 effectors for targeted post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.26.445687v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cas13 is a family of unique RNA-targeting CRISPR-Cas effectors, making it an appealing tool for probing and perturbing RNA function. However only a few Cas13 homologs have been shown to mediate robust RNA targeting in human cells, suggesting that unknown elements may be limiting their efficacy. Furthermore, many Cas13 enzymes show high degrees of toxicity upon targeting and have not been shown to mediate specific knockdown in other cell types such as E. coli. Here, we show that catalytically inactive Cas13 enzymes can be repurposed for efficient translational repression in bacteria with no associated growth defects. To achieve this advance, we carried out a directed evolution screen to engineer functional Cas13a variants, and identified a number of stabilizing mutations, which enabled efficient post transcriptional knockdown of gene expression. In vitro characterization of the resulting engineered Lbu Cas13a mutant, termed eLbu, revealed both stabilization and altered cleavage kinetics. Finally, we show that eLbu can be used for efficient exon skipping in human cells. This work represents the first demonstration of targeted translational repression in E. coli using a CRISPR enzyme, as well as the first directed evolution of a Cas13 enzyme. Such a platform could allow for engineering other aspects of this protein family to obtain more robust RNA targeting tools.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Charles, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knott, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smock, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.26.445687</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineering improved Cas13 effectors for targeted post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.26.445798v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The complete sequence of a human genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.26.445798v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In 2001, Celera Genomics and the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium published their initial drafts of the human genome, which revolutionized the field of genomics. While these drafts and the updates that followed effectively covered the euchromatic fraction of the genome, the heterochromatin and many other complex regions were left unfinished or erroneous. Addressing this remaining 8% of the genome, the Telomere-to-Telomere (T2T) Consortium has finished the first truly complete 3.055 billion base pair (bp) sequence of a human genome, representing the largest improvement to the human reference genome since its initial release. The new T2T-CHM13 reference includes gapless assemblies for all 22 autosomes plus Chromosome X, corrects numerous errors, and introduces nearly 200 million bp of novel sequence containing 2,226 paralogous gene copies, 115 of which are predicted to be protein coding. The newly completed regions include all centromeric satellite arrays and the short arms of all five acrocentric chromosomes, unlocking these complex regions of the genome to variational and functional studies for the first time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nurk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koren, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rautiainen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bzikadze, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikheenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vollger, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altemose, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uralsky, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gershman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aganezov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoyt, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diekhans, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logsdon, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alonge, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonarakis, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borchers, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouffard, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caldas, G. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chin, C.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Lima, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dishuck, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durbin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dvorkina, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiddes, I. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Formenti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fulton, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fungtammasan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrison, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grady, P. G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graves-Lindsay, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartley, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haukness, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunkapiller, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.26.445798</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The complete sequence of a human genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.28.446021v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reconstructing unobserved cellular states from paired single-cell lineage tracing and transcriptomics data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.28.446021v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWNovel experimental assays now simultaneously measure lineage relationships and transcriptomic states from single cells, thanks to CRISPR/Cas9-based genome engineering. These multimodal measurements allow researchers not only to build comprehensive phylogenetic models relating all cells but also infer transcriptomic determinants of consequential subclonal behavior. The gene expression data, however, is limited to cells that are currently present ("leaves" of the phylogeny). As a consequence, researchers cannot form hypotheses about unobserved, or "ancestral", states that gave rise to the observed population. To address this, we introduce TreeVAE: a probabilistic framework for estimating ancestral transcriptional states. TreeVAE uses a variational autoencoder (VAE) to model the observed transcriptomic data while accounting for the phylogenetic relationships between cells. Using simulations, we demonstrate that TreeVAE outperforms benchmarks in reconstructing ancestral states on several metrics. TreeVAE also provides a measure of uncertainty, which we demonstrate to correlate well with its prediction accuracy. This estimate therefore potentially provides a data-driven way to estimate how far back in the ancestor chain predictions could be made. Finally, using real data from lung cancer metastasis, we show that accounting for phylogenetic relationship between cells improves goodness of fit. Together, TreeVAE provides a principled framework for reconstructing unobserved cellular states from single cell lineage tracing data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ouardini, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prillo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.28.446021</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reconstructing unobserved cellular states from paired single-cell lineage tracing and transcriptomics data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.28.446162v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Learning Rates Are Not All the Same: The Interpretation of Computational Model Parameters Depends on the Context 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.28.446162v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reinforcement Learning (RL) models have revolutionized the cognitive and brain sciences, promising to explain behavior from simple conditioning to complex problem solving, to shed light on developmental and individual differences, and to anchor cognitive processes in specific brain mechanisms. However, the RL literature increasingly reveals contradictory results, which might cast doubt on these claims. We hypothesized that many contradictions arise from two commonly-held assumptions about computational model parameters that are actually often invalid: That parameters generalize between contexts (e.g., tasks, models) and that they capture interpretable (i.e., unique, distinctive) neurocognitive processes. To test this, we asked 291 participants aged 8-30 years to complete three learning tasks in one experimental session, and fitted RL models to each. We found that some parameters (exploration / decision noise) showed significant generalization: they followed similar developmental trajectories, and were reciprocally predictive between tasks. However, generalization was significantly below ceiling. Furthermore, other parameters (learning rates, forgetting) did not show evidence of generalization, and sometimes even opposite developmental trajectories. Interpretability was low for all parameters. We conclude that the systematic study of context factors (e.g., reward stochasticity; task volatility) will be necessary to enhance the generalizability and interpretability of computational cognitive models.

HighlightsO_LIComputational cognitive modeling often makes two implicit assumptions: 1) Model parameters generalize between studies and models. 2) Parameters are interpretable, i.e., neurally, cognitively, and/or mechanistically specific.
C_LIO_LIWe empirically investigate these assumptions in Reinforcement Learning (RL), using a large developmental dataset featuring three different learning tasks in a within-participant design.
C_LIO_LIWe find that no parameters generalize between tasks in terms of absolute parameter values. However, RL decision noise/exploration parameters generalize in terms of between-participant variation, showing similar age trajectories across tasks. Interpretability was low for all parameters, especially those related to learning and memory.
C_LIO_LIEven for parameters that showed generalization, the degree of generalization was significantly lower than in an artificial sample with perfect generalization for most parameters, revealing a relative lack of generalization.
C_LIO_LIThese findings are in accordance with previous claims about the developmental trajectory of decision noise/exploration parameters, but suggest that claims about the development of learning rates or Forgetting might not be generalizable: these parameters are unlikely to capture the same neuro-cognitive processes across different tasks.
C_LIO_LIWe suggest ways forward to improve the generalizability and interpretability of model parameters, in particular by focusing more on task context.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eckstein, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Master, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahl, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilbrecht, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, A. G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.28.446162</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Learning Rates Are Not All the Same: The Interpretation of Computational Model Parameters Depends on the Context]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.28.446165v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A universal, open-source, high-performance tool for automated sleep staging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.28.446165v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The creation of a completely automated sleep-scoring system that is highly accurate, flexible, well validated, free and simple to use by anyone has yet to be accomplished. In part, this is due to the difficulty of use of existing algorithms, algorithms having been trained on too small samples, and paywall demotivation. Here we describe a novel algorithm trained and validated on +27,000 hours of polysomnographic sleep recordings across heterogeneous populations around the world. This tool offers high sleep-staging accuracy matching or exceeding human accuracy and interscorer agreement no matter the population kind. The software is easy to use, computationally low-demanding, open source, and free. Such software has the potential to facilitate broad adoption of automated sleep staging with the hope of becoming an industry standard.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vallat, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.28.446165</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A universal, open-source, high-performance tool for automated sleep staging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.28.446204v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The N-terminal and central domains of CoV-2 nsp1 play key functional roles in suppression of cellular gene expression and preservation of viral gene expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.28.446204v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nonstructural protein 1 (nsp1) is the first viral protein synthesized during coronavirus (CoV) infection and is a key virulence factor that dampens the innate immune response. It restricts cellular gene expression through a combination of inhibiting translation by blocking the mRNA entry channel of the 40S ribosomal subunit and by promoting mRNA degradation. We performed a detailed structure-guided mutational analysis of CoV-2 nsp1 coupled with in vitro and cell-based functional assays, revealing insight into how it coordinates these activities against host but not viral mRNA. We found that residues in the N-terminal and central regions of nsp1 not involved in docking into the 40S mRNA entry channel nonetheless stabilize its association with the ribosome and mRNA, thereby enhancing its restriction of host gene expression. These residues are also critical for the ability of mRNA containing the CoV-2 leader sequence to escape translational repression. Notably, we identify CoV-2 nsp1 mutants that gain the ability to repress translation of viral leader-containing transcripts. These data support a model in which viral mRNA binding functionally alters the association of nsp1 with the ribosome, which has implications for drug targeting and understanding how engineered or emerging mutations in CoV-2 nsp1 could attenuate the virus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mendez, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Sanchez, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartenian, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingolia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cate, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaunsinger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.28.446204</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The N-terminal and central domains of CoV-2 nsp1 play key functional roles in suppression of cellular gene expression and preservation of viral gene expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.28.446245v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis of polyamine transport by human ATP13A2 (PARK9) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.28.446245v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polyamines are small, organic polycations that are ubiquitous and essential to all forms of life. Currently, how polyamines are transported across membranes is not understood. Recent studies have suggested that ATP13A2 and its close homologs, collectively known as P5B-ATPases, are polyamine transporters at endo-/lysosomes. Loss-of-function mutations of ATP13A2 in humans cause hereditary early-onset Parkinsons disease. To understand the polyamine transport mechanism of ATP13A2, we determined high-resolution cryo-EM structures of human ATP13A2 in five distinct conformational intermediates, which together represent a near-complete transport cycle of ATP13A2. The structural basis of the polyamine specificity was revealed by an endogenous polyamine molecule bound to a narrow, elongated cavity within the transmembrane domain. The structures show an atypical transport path for a water-soluble substrate, where polyamines may exit within the cytosolic leaflet of the membrane. Our study provides important mechanistic insights into polyamine transport and a framework to understand functions and mechanisms of P5B-ATPases.

HighlightsCryo-EM structures of human ATP13A2 in five distinct conformations at 2.5-3.7 [A] resolutions.

Unique features of ATP13A2 in comparison to other P-type ATPases.

Structure of the substrate-binding pocket of ATP13A2 and the molecular basis of polyamine binding.

Conformational changes along the transport cycle and proposed model for polyamine transport.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sim, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Bülow, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hummer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.28.446245</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis of polyamine transport by human ATP13A2 (PARK9)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.01.446356v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Secondary metabolism drives ecological breadth in the Xylariaceae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.01.446356v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Global, large-scale surveys of phylogenetically diverse plant and lichen hosts have revealed an extremely high richness of endophytes in the Xylariales, one of the largest clades of filamentous fungi and a significant source of novel secondary metabolites (SMs). Endophytes may produce host protective antimicrobial or insecticidal SMs, as well as compounds that facilitate symbiotic establishment through suppression or degradation of host immune response, but the ecological roles of most SMs are unknown. Here we characterized metabolic gene clusters in 96 genomes of endophytes and closely related saprotrophs and pathogens in two clades of Xylariales (Xylariaceae s.l. and Hypoxylaceae). Hundreds of genes appear horizontally transferred to xylarialean fungi from distantly related fungi and bacteria, including numerous genes in secondary metabolite gene clusters (SMGCs). Although all xylarialean genomes contain hyperabundant SMGCs, we show that increased gene duplications, horizontal gene transfers (HGTs), and SMGC content in Xylariaceae s.l. taxa are linked to greater phylogenetic host breadth, larger biogeographic distributions, and increased capacity for lignocellulose decomposition compared to Hypoxylaceae taxa. Overall, our results suggest that xylarialean endophytes capable of dual ecological modes (symbiotic and saprotrophic) experience greater selection to diversify SMGCs to both increase competitiveness within microbial communities and facilitate diverse symbiotic interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Franco, M. E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wisecaver, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ju, Y.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slot, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahrendt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eastman, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konkel, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mondo, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayes, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haridas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreopoulos, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaButti, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pangilinan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipzen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amirebrahimi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adam, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keymanesh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louie, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Northen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drula, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henrissat, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, H.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Youens-Clark, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lutzoni, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miadlikowska, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eastwood, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamelin, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grigoriev, I. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>U'Ren, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.01.446356</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Secondary metabolism drives ecological breadth in the Xylariaceae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.01.446609v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prepubertal ovariectomy alters dorsomedial striatum indirect pathway neuron excitability and explore/exploit balance in female mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.01.446609v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Decision-making circuits are modulated across life stages (e.g. juvenile, adolescent, or adult)--as well as on the shorter timescale of reproductive cycles in females--to meet changing environmental and physiological demands. Ovarian hormonal modulation of relevant neural circuits is a potential mechanism by which behavioral flexibility is regulated in females. Here we examined the influence of prepubertal ovariectomy (pOVX) versus sham surgery on performance in an odor-based multiple choice reversal task. We observed that pOVX females made different types of errors during reversal learning compared to sham surgery controls. Using reinforcement learning models fit to trial-by-trial behavior, we found that pOVX females exhibited lower inverse temperature parameter ({beta}) compared to sham females. These findings suggest that OVX females solve the reversal task using a more exploratory choice policy, whereas sham females use a more exploitative policy prioritizing estimated high value options. To seek a neural correlate of this behavioral difference, we performed whole-cell patch clamp recordings within the dorsomedial striatum (DMS), a region implicated in regulating action selection and explore/exploit choice policy. We found that the intrinsic excitability of dopamine receptor type 2 (D2R) expressing indirect pathway spiny projection neurons (iSPNs) was significantly higher in pOVX females compared to both unmanipulated and sham surgery females. Finally, to test whether mimicking this increase in iSPN excitability could recapitulate the pattern of reversal task behavior observed in pOVX females, we chemogenetically activated DMS D2R(+) neurons within intact female mice. We found that chemogenetic activation increased exploratory choice during reversal, similar to the pattern we observed in pOVX females. Together, these data suggest that pubertal status may influence explore/exploit balance in females via the modulation of iSPN intrinsic excitability within the DMS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Delevich, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilbrecht, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.01.446609</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prepubertal ovariectomy alters dorsomedial striatum indirect pathway neuron excitability and explore/exploit balance in female mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.02.446242v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluating sources of technical variability in the mechano-node-pore sensing pipeline and their effect on the reproducibility of single-cell mechanical phenotyping 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.02.446242v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular mechanical properties can reveal physiologically relevant characteristics in many cell types, and several groups have developed microfluidics-based platforms to perform single-cell mechanical testing with high throughput. However, prior work has performed only limited characterization of these platforms technical variability and reproducibility. Here, we evaluate the repeatability performance of mechano-node-pore sensing, which is a single-cell mechanical phenotyping platform developed by our research group. We measured the degree to which device-to-device variability and semi-manual data processing affected this platforms measurements of single-cell mechanical properties, and we demonstrated high repeatability across the entire technology pipeline even for novice users. We then compared results from identical mechano-node-pore sensing experiments performed by researchers in two different labs with different analytical instruments, demonstrating that the mechanical testing results from these two locations are in agreement. Our findings quantify the expectation of technical variability in mechano-node-pore sensing even in minimally experienced hands. Most importantly, we find that the repeatability performance we measured is fully sufficient for interpreting biologically relevant single-cell mechanical measurements with high confidence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cotner, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaBarge, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sohn, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.02.446242</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluating sources of technical variability in the mechano-node-pore sensing pipeline and their effect on the reproducibility of single-cell mechanical phenotyping]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.02.446622v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transposable element accumulation drives size differences among polymorphic Y chromosomes in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.02.446622v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Y chromosomes of many species are gene poor and show low levels of nucleotide variation, yet often display high amounts of structural diversity. Dobzhansky cataloged several morphologically distinct Y chromosomes in Drosophila pseudoobscura that differ in size and shape, but the molecular causes of their dramatic size differences are unclear. Here we use cytogenetics and long-read sequencing to study the sequence content of polymorphic Y chromosomes in D. pseudoobscura. We show that Y chromosomes differ by almost 2-fold in size, ranging from 30 to 60 Mb. Most of this size difference is caused by a handful of active transposable elements (TEs) that have recently expanded on the largest Y chromosome, with different elements being responsible for Y expansion on differently sized D. pseudoobscura Ys. We show that Y chromosomes differ in their heterochromatin enrichment, expression of Y-enriched TEs, and also influence expression of dozens of autosomal and X-linked genes. Intriguingly, the same helitron element that showed the most drastic amplification on the largest Y in D. pseudoobscura independently amplified on a polymorphic large Y chromosome in D. affinis, suggesting that some TEs are inherently more prone to become deregulated on Y chromosomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bachtrog, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.02.446622</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transposable element accumulation drives size differences among polymorphic Y chromosomes in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.02.446799v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Klf5 establishes bi-potential cell fate by dual regulation of ICM and TE specification genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.02.446799v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Early blastomeres of mouse preimplantation embryos exhibit bi-potential cell fate, capable of generating both embryonic and extra-embryonic lineages in blastocysts. Here, we identified three major 2 cell (2C) specific endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) as the molecular hallmark of the bi-potential plasticity. Using the LTRs of all three 2C-ERVs, we identified Klf5 as their major upstream regulator. Klf5 is essential for bi-potential cell fate: a single Klf5-overexpressing ESC generated terminally differentiated embryonic and extra-embryonic lineages in chimeric embryos, and Klf5 directly induces both ICM and TE specification genes. Intriguingly, Klf5 and Klf4 act redundantly during ICM specification, whereas Klf5 deficiency alone impairs TE specification. Klf5 is regulated by multiple 2C-specific transcription factors, particularly Dux, and the Dux/Klf5 axis is evolutionarily conserved. Altogether, the 2C-specific transcription program converges on Klf5 to establish bi-potential cell fate, enabling a cell state with dual activation of ICM and TE genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kinisu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cattoglio, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roux de Bezieux, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valbuena, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pum, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudoit, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xuan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.02.446799</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Klf5 establishes bi-potential cell fate by dual regulation of ICM and TE specification genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.03.446980v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Western Amazon was a center of Neotropical fish dispersal, as evidenced by the continental-wide time-stratified biogeographic analysis of the hyper-diverse Hypostomus catfish 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.03.446980v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Amazon is probably the most diverse realm on Earth, and is considered to be the primary source of diversity and a center of dispersal for Neotropical terrestrial organisms. Yet, the assumption that the Amazon basin is a primordial place of fish species origination and dispersal into other drainages still need to be tested. We addressed this issue by inferring a time-stratified biogeographic history and reconstructing the ancestral habitat preference of Hypostomus, a continentally widespread and species-rich Neotropical genus. We found that Hypostomus emerged in the Western Amazon ([~]14.7 Ma), when the Western Amazon River was flowing northwards and disconnected from the Eastern Amazon. We show that dispersal events in the first half of Hypostomus evolution occurred from the Western Amazon into adjacent basins, initiating its Neotropical radiation. The ancestral preferred habitat consisted in small rivers with running waters, a predominant habitat in river headwaters. Because of strong niche conservatism in the early evolution of Hypostomus, we suggest that most of the out-of-Western-Amazon dispersal occurred via headwater captures. The radiation of Hypostomus was further promoted by major reconfigurations of river basins, which opened dispersal opportunities into new drainages. Diversification in habitat preference coincided with colonization of basins already occupied by congenerics, indicative of niche shifts triggered by inter-specific competition and species coexistence. By analyzing the evolutionary history of Hypostomus, we show that Western Amazon was the main center of fish dispersal in the Neotropical Region from Middle Miocene to the present, supporting the cradle hypothesis of fish origination and dispersal.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jardim de Queiroz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardoso, Y. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahechar, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Covain, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parente, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torrente-Vilara, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buckup, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montoya-Burgos, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.03.446980</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Western Amazon was a center of Neotropical fish dispersal, as evidenced by the continental-wide time-stratified biogeographic analysis of the hyper-diverse Hypostomus catfish]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.03.446986v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Volume growth in animal cells is cell cycle dependent and shows additive fluctuations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.03.446986v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The way proliferating animal cells coordinate the growth of their mass, volume, and other relevant size parameters is a long-standing question in biology. Studies focusing on cell mass have identified patterns of mass growth as a function of time and cell cycle phase, but little is known about volume growth. To address this question, we improved our fluorescence exclusion method of volume measurement (FXm) and obtained 1700 single-cell volume growth trajectories of HeLa cells. We find that, during most of the cell cycle, volume growth is close to exponential and proceeds at a higher rate in S-G2 than in G1. Comparing the data with a mathematical model, we establish that the cell-to-cell variability in volume growth arises from constant-amplitude fluctuations in volume steps, rather than fluctuations of the underlying specific growth rate. We hypothesize that such "additive noise" could emerge from the processes that regulate volume adaptation to biophysical cues, such as tension or osmotic pressure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cadart, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lagomarsino, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.03.446986</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Volume growth in animal cells is cell cycle dependent and shows additive fluctuations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.03.447012v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HLA Allele Imputation with Multitask Deep Convolutional Neural Network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.03.447012v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationThe Human leukgocyte antigen (HLA) system is a highly polymorphic gene complex encoding the major histocompatibility complex proteins in humans. HLA alleles are of strong epidemiological interest for their large effect sizes in associations with autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases, severe drug reactions, and transplant medicine. Since HLA genotyping can be time-consuming and cost-prohibitive, methods to impute HLA alleles from SNP genotype data have been developed, including HLA Genotype Imputation with Attribute Bagging (HIBAG), HLA*IMP:02, and SNP2HLA. However, limitations of these imputation programs include imputation accuracy, computational runtime, and ability to impute HLA allele haplotypes.

ResultsWe present a deep learning framework for HLA allele imputation using a multitask convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture. In this approach, we use phased SNP genotype data flanking {+/-}250 kb from each HLA locus to simultaneously impute HLA allele haplotyes across loci HLA-A, -B, -C, -DQA1, -DQB1, -DPA1, -DPB1, and -DRB1. We start by tokenizing phased genotype sequences into k-mers that serve as input to the model. The CNN architecture starts with a shared embedding layer for learning low-dimensional representations of k-mers, shared convolutional layers for detecting genotype motifs, and branches off into separate densely-connected layers for imputing each HLA loci. We present evidence that the CNN used information from known tag SNPs to impute HLA alleles, and demonstrate the architecture is robust against a selection of hyperparameters. On the T1DGC dataset, our model achieved 97.6% imputation accuracy, which was superior to SNP2HLAs performance and comparable to HIBAGs performance. However, unlike HIBAG, our method can impute an entire HLA haplotype sequence instead of imputing one locus at a time. Additionally, by separating the training and inference steps, our imputation program provides user flexibility to reduce usage time.

AvailabilityThe source code is available at https://github.com/CalvinTChi/HLA_imputation

Contactcalvin.chi@berkeley.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.03.447012</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HLA Allele Imputation with Multitask Deep Convolutional Neural Network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.05.446577v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifying charismatic bird species and traits with community science observations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.05.446577v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWIdentifying which species are perceived as charismatic can improve the impact and efficiency of conservation outreach, as charismatic species receive more conservation funding and have their conservation needs prioritized (9; 17; 13). Sociological experiments studying animal charisma have relied on stated preferences to find correlations between hypothetical "willingness to pay" or "empathy" for a species conservation and species size, color, and aesthetic appeal (51; 13; 16). Recognizing the increasing availability of digital records of public engagement with animals that reveal preferences, an emerging field of "culturomics" uses Google search results, Wikipedia article activities, and other digital modes of engagement to identify charismatic species and traits (46; 31; 10; 41). In this study, we take advantage of community science efforts as another form of digital data that can reveal observer preferences. We apply a multi-stage analysis to ask whether opportunistic birders contributing to iNaturalist engage more with larger, more colorful, and rarer birds relative to a baseline, from eBird contributors, approximating unbiased detection. We find that body mass, color contrast, and range size all predict over-representation in the opportunistic dataset. We also find evidence that, across 473 modeled species, 52 species are significantly overreported and 158 are significantly underreported, indicating a wide variety of species-specific effects. Understanding which birds are charismatic can aid conservationists in creating impactful outreach materials and engaging new naturalists. The quantified differences between two prominent community science efforts may also be of use for researchers leveraging the data from one or both of them to answer scientific questions of interest.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stoudt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Valpine, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.05.446577</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifying charismatic bird species and traits with community science observations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.10.447140v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epitome: Predicting epigenetic events in novel cell types with multi-cell deep ensemble learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.10.447140v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The accumulation of large epigenomics data consortiums provides us with the opportunity to extrapolate existing knowledge to new cell types and conditions. We propose Epitome, a deep neural network that learns similarities of chromatin accessibility between well characterized reference cell types and a query cellular context, and copies over signal of transcription factor binding and modification of histones from reference cell types when chromatin profiles are similar to the query. Epitome achieves state-of-the-art accuracy when predicting transcription factor binding sites on novel cellular contexts, and can further improve predictions as more epigenetic signals are collected from both reference cell types and the query cellular context of interest.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morrow, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.10.447140</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epitome: Predicting epigenetic events in novel cell types with multi-cell deep ensemble learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.10.447396v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scalable and Automated CRISPR-Based Strain Engineering Using Droplet Microfluidics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.10.447396v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present a droplet-based microfluidic system that enables CRISPR-based gene editing and high-throughput screening on chip. The microfluidic device contains a 10 x 10 element array, each element containing sets of electrodes for two electric field actuated operations-electrowetting for merging droplets to mix reagents and electroporation for transformation. It can perform up to 100 genetic modifications in parallel, providing a scalable platform for generating the large number of engineered strains required for combinatorial optimization of genetic pathways and predictable bioengineering. We demonstrate the systems capabilities through CRISPR-based engineering of two test cases-1) disruption of the function of enzyme galactokinase (galK) in E. coli and 2) targeted engineering of glutamine synthetase gene (glnA) and blue-pigment synthetase (bpsA) enzyme to improve indigoidine production in E. coli.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iwai, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wehrs, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garber, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sustarich, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Washburn, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costello, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ando, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaillard, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillson, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukhopadhyay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.10.447396</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scalable and Automated CRISPR-Based Strain Engineering Using Droplet Microfluidics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.10.447896v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A community-driven roadmap to advance research on translated open reading frames detected by Ribo-seq 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.10.447896v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ribosome profiling (Ribo-seq) has catalyzed a paradigm shift in our understanding of the translational  vocabulary of the human genome, discovering thousands of translated open reading frames (ORFs) within long non-coding RNAs and presumed untranslated regions of protein-coding genes. However, reference gene annotation projects have been circumspect in their incorporation of these ORFs due to uncertainties about their experimental reproducibility and physiological roles. Yet, it is indisputable that certain Ribo-seq ORFs make stable proteins, others mediate gene regulation, and many have medical implications. Ultimately, the absence of standardized ORF annotation has created a circular problem: while Ribo-seq ORFs remain unannotated by reference biological databases, this lack of characterisation will thwart research efforts examining their roles. Here, we outline the initial stages of a community-led effort supported by GENCODE / Ensembl, HGNC and UniProt to produce a consolidated catalog of human Ribo-seq ORFs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mudge, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz-Orera, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prensner, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunet, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magrane, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulz, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alba, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baranov, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bazzini, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruford, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carvunis, A.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Couso, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flicek, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frankish, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubner, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingolia, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menschaert, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohler, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roucou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saghatelian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Heesch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.10.447896</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A community-driven roadmap to advance research on translated open reading frames detected by Ribo-seq]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.10.447959v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Consciousness is supported by near-critical cortical electrodynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.10.447959v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mounting evidence suggests that during conscious states, the electrodynamics of the cortex are poised near a critical point or phase transition, and that this near-critical behavior supports the vast flow of information through cortical networks during conscious states. Here, for the first time, we empirically identify the specific critical point near which conscious cortical dynamics operate as the edge-of-chaos critical point, or the boundary between periodicity/stability and chaos/instability. We do so by applying the recently developed modified 0-1 chaos test to electrocorticography (ECoG) and magne-toencephalography (MEG) recordings from the cortices of humans and macaques across normal waking, generalized seizure, GABAergic anesthesia, and psychedelic states. Our evidence suggests that cortical information processing is disrupted during unconscious states because of a transition of cortical dynamics away from this critical point; conversely, we show that psychedelics may increase the information-richness of cortical activity by tuning cortical electrodynamics closer to this critical point. Finally, we analyze clinical electroencephalography (EEG) recordings from patients with disorders of consciousness (DOC), and show that assessing the proximity of cortical electrodynamics to the edge-of-chaos critical point may be clinically useful as a new biomarker of consciousness.

Significance StatementWhat changes in the brain when we lose consciousness? One possibility is that the loss of consciousness corresponds to a transition of the brains electric activity away from edge-of-chaos criticality, or the knifes edge in between stability and chaos. Recent mathematical developments have produced novel tools for testing this hypothesis, which we apply for the first time to cortical recordings from diverse brain states. We show that the electric activity of the cortex is indeed poised near the boundary between stability and chaos during conscious states and transitions away from this boundary during unconsciousness, and that this transition disrupts cortical information processing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Toker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pappas, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lendner, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frohlich, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mateos, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muthukumaraswamy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carhart-Harris, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vespa, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monti, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sommer, F. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Esposito, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.10.447959</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Consciousness is supported by near-critical cortical electrodynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.11.447968v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Principles of ecDNA random inheritance drive rapid genome change and therapy resistance in human cancers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.11.447968v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The foundational principles of Darwinian evolution are variation, selection, and identity by descent. Oncogene amplification on extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA) is a common event, driving aggressive tumour growth, drug resistance, and shorter survival in patients1-4. Currently, the impact of non-chromosomal oncogene inheritance--random identity by descent--is not well understood. Neither is the impact of ecDNA on variation and selection. Here, integrating mathematical modeling, unbiased image analysis, CRISPR-based ecDNA tagging, and live-cell imaging, we identify a set of basic "rules" for how random ecDNA inheritance drives oncogene copy number and distribution, resulting in extensive intratumoural ecDNA copy number heterogeneity and rapid adaptation to metabolic stress and targeted cancer treatment. Observed ecDNAs obligatorily benefit host cell survival or growth and can change within a single cell cycle. In studies ranging from well-curated, patient-derived cancer cell cultures to clinical tumour samples from patients with glioblastoma and neuroblastoma treated with oncogene-targeted drugs, we show how these ecDNA inheritance "rules" can predict, a priori, some of the aggressive features of ecDNA-containing cancers. These properties are entailed by their ability to rapidly change their genomes in a way that is not possible for cancers driven by chromosomal oncogene amplification. These results shed new light on how the non-chromosomal random inheritance pattern of ecDNA underlies poor outcomes for cancer patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lange, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pichugin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hung, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yost, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erb, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajkumar, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swanton, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bafna, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henssen, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werner, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mischel, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.11.447968</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Principles of ecDNA random inheritance drive rapid genome change and therapy resistance in human cancers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.13.448255v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Counterdiabatic control of biophysical processes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.13.448255v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The biochemical reaction networks that regulate living systems are all stochastic to varying degrees. The resulting randomness affects biological outcomes at multiple scales, from the functional states of single proteins in a cell to the evolutionary trajectory of whole populations. Controlling how the distribution of these outcomes changes over time--via external interventions like time-varying concentrations of chemical species--is a complex challenge. In this work, we show how counterdiabatic (CD) driving, first developed to control quantum systems, provides a versatile tool for steering biological processes. We develop a practical graph-theoretic framework for CD driving in discrete-state continuous-time Markov networks. Though CD driving is limited to target trajectories that are instantaneous stationary states, we show how to generalize the approach to allow for non-stationary targets and local control--where only a subset of system states are targeted. The latter is particularly useful for biological implementations where there may be only a small number of available external control knobs, insufficient for global control. We derive simple graphical criteria for when local versus global control is possible. Finally, we illustrate the formalism with global control of a genetic regulatory switch and local control in chaperone-assisted protein folding. The derived control protocols in the chaperone system closely resemble natural control strategies seen in experimental measurements of heat shock response in yeast and E. coli.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ilker, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Güngör, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuznets-Speck, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deffner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinczewski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.13.448255</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Counterdiabatic control of biophysical processes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.14.448268v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A pathogenic role for histone H3 copper reductase activity in a yeast model of Friedreich's Ataxia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.14.448268v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Disruptions to iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters, essential cofactors for a broad range of proteins, cause widespread cellular defects resulting in human disease. An underappreciated source of damage to Fe-S clusters are cuprous (Cu1+) ions. Since histone H3 enzymatically produces Cu1+ to support copper-dependent functions, we asked whether this activity could become detrimental to Fe-S clusters. Here, we report that histone H3-mediated Cu1+ toxicity is a major determinant of cellular Fe-S cluster quotient. Inadequate Fe-S cluster supply, either due to diminished assembly as occurs in Friedreichs Ataxia or defective distribution, causes severe metabolic and growth defects in S. cerevisiae. Decreasing Cu1+ abundance, through attenuation of histone cupric reductase activity or depletion of total cellular copper, restored Fe-S cluster-dependent metabolism and growth. Our findings reveal a novel interplay between chromatin and mitochondria in Fe-S cluster homeostasis, and a potential pathogenic role for histone enzyme activity and Cu1+ in diseases with Fe-S cluster dysfunction.

TeaserReduction of Cu1+ production by histone H3 restores cellular deficiencies caused by insufficient supply of iron-sulfur clusters.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Campos, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Attar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallipeddi, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogelauer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmollinger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merchant, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurdistani, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.14.448268</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A pathogenic role for histone H3 copper reductase activity in a yeast model of Friedreich's Ataxia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.14.448454v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The contribution of genetic and environmental effects to Bergmanns rule and Allens rule in house mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.14.448454v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Distinguishing between genetic, environmental, and genotype-by-environment effects is central to understanding geographic variation in phenotypic clines. Two of the best-documented phenotypic clines are Bergmanns rule and Allens rule, which describe larger body sizes and shortened extremities in colder climates, respectively. Although numerous studies have found inter- and intraspecific evidence for both ecogeographic patterns, we still have a poor understanding of the extent to which these patterns are driven by genetics, environment, or both. Here, we measured the genetic and environmental contributions to Bergmanns rule and Allens rule across introduced populations of house mice (Mus musculus domesticus) in the Americas. First, we documented clines for body mass, tail length, and ear length in natural populations, and found that these conform to both Bergmanns rule and Allens rule. We then raised descendants of wild-caught mice in the lab and showed that these differences persisted in a common environment and are heritable, indicating that they have a genetic basis. Finally, using a full-sib design, we reared mice under warm and cold conditions. We found very little plasticity associated with body size, suggesting that Bergmanns rule has been shaped by strong directional selection in house mice. However, extremities showed considerable plasticity, as both tails and ears grew shorter in cold environments. These results indicate that adaptive phenotypic plasticity as well as genetic changes underlie major patterns of clinal variation in house mice and likely facilitated their rapid expansion into new environments across the Americas.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ballinger, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nachman, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.14.448454</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The contribution of genetic and environmental effects to Bergmanns rule and Allens rule in house mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.17.448726v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Teaching Python for Data Science: Collaborative development of a modular & interactive curriculum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.17.448726v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We are bioinformatics trainees at the University of Michigan who started a local chapter of Girls Who Code to provide a fun and supportive environment for high school women to learn the power of coding. Our goal was to cover basic coding topics and data science concepts through live coding and hands-on practice. However, we could not find a resource that exactly met our needs. Therefore, over the past three years, we have developed a curriculum and instructional format using Jupyter notebooks to effectively teach introductory Python for data science. This method, inspired by The Carpentries organization, uses bite-sized lessons followed by independent practice time to reinforce coding concepts, and culminates in a data science capstone project using real-world data. We believe our open curriculum is a valuable resource to the wider education community and hope that educators will use and improve our lessons, practice problems, and teaching best practices. Anyone can contribute to our educational materials on GitHub.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sovacool, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farzaneh, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haynes, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falk, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furman, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oneka, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drotos, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woloshin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dotson, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kriebel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiede, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lapp, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolford, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.17.448726</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Teaching Python for Data Science: Collaborative development of a modular & interactive curriculum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.17.448789v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Task-Dependent Warping of Semantic Representations During Search for Visual Action Categories 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.17.448789v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Object and action perception in cluttered dynamic natural scenes relies on efficient allocation of limited brain resources to prioritize the attended targets over distractors. It has been suggested that during visual search for objects, distributed semantic representation of hundreds of object categories is warped to expand the representation of targets. Yet, little is known about whether and where in the brain visual search for action categories modulates semantic representations. To address this fundamental question, we studied human brain activity recorded via functional magnetic resonance imaging while subjects viewed natural movies and searched for either communication or locomotion actions. We find that attention directed to action categories elicits tuning shifts that warp semantic representations broadly across neocortex, and that these shifts interact with intrinsic selectivity of cortical voxels for target actions. These results suggest that attention serves to facilitate task performance during social interactions by dynamically shifting semantic selectivity towards target actions, and that tuning shifts are a general feature of conceptual representations in the brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shahdloo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celik, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urgen, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallant, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cukur, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.17.448789</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Task-Dependent Warping of Semantic Representations During Search for Visual Action Categories]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.17.448800v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nanopore callers for epigenetics from limited supervised data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.17.448800v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nanopore sequencing platforms combined with supervised machine learning (ML) have been effective at detecting base modifications in DNA such as 5mC and 6mA. These ML-based nanopore callers have typically been trained on data that span all modifications on all possible DNA k-mer backgrounds--a complete training dataset. However, as nanopore technology is pushed to more and more epigenetic modifications, such complete training data will not be feasible to obtain. Nanopore calling has historically been performed with Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) that cannot make successful calls for k-mer contexts not seen during training because of their independent emission distributions. However, deep neural networks (DNNs), which share parameters across contexts, are increasingly being used as callers, often outperforming their HMM cousins. It stands to reason that a DNN approach should be able to better generalize to unseen k-mer contexts. Indeed, herein we demonstrate that a common DNN approach (DeepSignal) outperforms a common HMM approach (Nanopolish) in the incomplete data setting. Furthermore, we propose a novel hybrid HMM-DNN approach, Amortized-HMM, that outperforms both the pure HMM and DNN approaches on 5mC calling when the training data are incomplete. Such an approach is expected to be useful for calling 5hmC and combinations of cytosine modifications, where complete training data are not likely to be available.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaeli, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebenstein, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Listgarten, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.17.448800</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nanopore callers for epigenetics from limited supervised data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.19.448910v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
3D structure and in situ arrangements of CatSper channel in the sperm flagellum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.19.448910v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The sperm calcium channel CatSper plays a central role in successful fertilization as a primary Ca2+ gateway into the sperm flagellum. However, CatSpers complex subunit composition has impeded its reconstitution in vitro and structural elucidation. Here, we applied cryo-electron tomography to visualize the macromolecular organization of the native CatSper channel complex in intact mammalian sperm, as well as identified three additional CatSper-associated proteins. The repeating CatSper units form long zigzag-rows in four nanodomains along the flagella. In both mouse and human sperm, each CatSper repeat consists of a tetrameric pore complex. Murine CatSper contains an additional outwardly directed wing-structure connected to the tetrameric channel. The majority of the extracellular domains form a canopy above each pore-forming channel that interconnects to a zigzag-shaped roof. The intracellular domains link two neighboring channel complexes to a diagonal array. The loss of this intracellular link in Efcab9-/- sperm distorts the longitudinally aligned zigzag pattern and compromises flagellar movement. This work offers unique insights into the mechanisms underlying the assembly and transport of the CatSper complex to generate the nanodomains and provides a long-sought structural basis for understanding CatSper function in the regulation of sperm motility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiesehoefer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reetz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lishko, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wennemuth, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicastro, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, J.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.19.448910</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[3D structure and in situ arrangements of CatSper channel in the sperm flagellum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.19.449132v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Supervised Learning Model Predicts Protein Adsorption to Nanotubes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.19.449132v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Engineered nanoparticles are advantageous for numerous biotechnology applications, including biomolecular sensing and delivery. However, testing the compatibility and function of nanotechnologies in biological systems requires a heuristic approach, where unpredictable biofouling via protein corona formation often prevents effective implementation. Moreover, rational design of biomolecule-nanoparticle conjugates requires prior knowledge of such interactions or extensive experimental testing. Toward better applying engineered nanoparticles in biological systems, herein, we develop a random forest classifier (RFC) trained with proteomic mass spectrometry data that identifies proteins that adsorb to nanoparticles, based solely on the proteins amino acid sequence. We model proteins that populate the corona of a single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT)-based optical nanosensor and study whether there is a relationship between the proteins amino acid-based properties and the proteins adsorption to SWCNTs. We optimize the classifier and characterize the classifier performance against other models. To evaluate the predictive power of our model, we apply the classifier to rapidly identify proteins with high binding affinity to SWCNTs, followed by experimental validation. We further determine protein features associated with increased likelihood of SWCNT binding: high content of solvent-exposed glycine residues and non-secondary structure-associated amino acids. Conversely, proteins with high content of leucine residues and beta-sheet-associated amino acids are less likely to form the SWCNT protein corona. The classifier presented herein provides a step toward undertaking the otherwise intractable problem of predicting protein-nanoparticle interactions, which is needed for more rapid and effective translation of nanobiotechnologies from in vitro synthesis to in vivo use.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=66 SRC="FIGDIR/small/449132v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (22K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@bbc175org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@9a0b94org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@16e22e1org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1b40a84_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pinals, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ouassil, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Del Bonis-O'Donnell, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.19.449132</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Supervised Learning Model Predicts Protein Adsorption to Nanotubes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.20.449183v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Meiotic cell cycle progression requires adaptation to a constitutive DNA damage signal 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.20.449183v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Meiotic chromosome segregation relies on synapsis and crossover recombination between homologous chromosomes. These processes require multiple steps that are coordinated by the meiotic cell cycle and monitored by surveillance mechanisms. In diverse species, failures in chromosome synapsis can trigger a cell cycle delay and/or lead to apoptosis. How this key step in "homolog engagement" is sensed and transduced by meiotic cells is unknown. Here we report that in C. elegans, recruitment of the Polo-like kinase PLK-2 to the synaptonemal complex triggers phosphorylation and inactivation of CHK-2, an early meiotic kinase required for pairing, synapsis, and double-strand break induction. Inactivation of CHK-2 ends double-strand break formation and promotes crossover designation and cell cycle progression. These findings illuminate how meiotic cells ensure crossover formation and accurate chromosome segregation.

SummaryAccurate chromosome segregation during meiosis requires crossovers between each pair of homologs. Zhang et al. show that meiotic progression in C. elegans involves inactivation of CHK-2 by PLK-2 in response to synapsis and formation of crossover precursors on all chromosomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stauffer, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziesel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hollingsworth, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dernburg, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.20.449183</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Meiotic cell cycle progression requires adaptation to a constitutive DNA damage signal]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.21.449061v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oxidative stress is a potential cost of synchronous nesting in olive ridley sea turtles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.21.449061v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Olive ridley sea turtles, Lepidochelys olivacea, exhibit a polymorphic reproductive behaviour nesting in solitary or in mass aggregations termed "arribadas", where thousands of turtles nest at once. Arribadas may provide fitness benefits including mate finding during nearshore aggregations and predator satiation at the time of hatching, but the potential costs of arribada nesting remain understudied. To explore the potential trade-offs of the fitness benefits associated with arribada nesting, we collected blood from olive ridley turtles nesting in arribada and solitary. We measured reproductive and metabolic hormones (progesterone, estradiol, testosterone, thyroxine, and triiodothyronine), triglycerides (TG), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and markers of oxidative damage (4-hydroxynonenal, malondialdehyde, protein carbonyls, and nitrotyrosine). Arribada nesters were bigger and had higher levels of progesterone than solitary nesters. Similarly, thyroid hormones were higher in individuals nesting in arribada than in solitary nesters, while TG and NEFA were positively correlated in arribada but not in solitary nesters. Nesting in arribada was associated with increased lipid peroxidation and protein carbonyls compared to solitary nesting. These results suggest that nesting in arribada is potentially more energetically expensive than nesting solitarily, and that oxidative stress may be a trade-off of the fitness benefits associated with arribada nesting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arango, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harfush-Melendez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ensminger, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Reyes, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marmolejo-Valencia, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merchant-Larios, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crocker, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazquez-Medina, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.21.449061</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oxidative stress is a potential cost of synchronous nesting in olive ridley sea turtles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.21.449300v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluating the cost of pharmaceutical purification for a long-duration space exploration medical foundry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.21.449300v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There are medical treatment vulnerabilities in longer-duration space missions present in the current International Space Station crew health care system with risks, arising from spaceflight-accelerated pharmaceutical degradation and resupply lag times. Bioregenerative life support systems may be a way to close this risk gap by leveraging in situ resource utilization (ISRU) to perform pharmaceutical synthesis and purification. Recent literature has begun to consider biological ISRU using microbes and plants as the basis for pharmaceutical life support technologies. However, there has not yet been a rigorous analysis of the processing and quality systems required to implement biologically-produced pharmaceuticals for human medical treatment. In this work, we use the equivalent system mass (ESM) metric to evaluate pharmaceutical purification processing strategies for longer-duration space exploration missions. Monoclonal antibodies, representing a diverse therapeutic platform capable of treating multiple space-relevant disease states, were selected as the target products for this analysis. We investigate the ESM resource costs (mass, volume, power, cooling, and crew time) of an affinity-based capture step for monoclonal antibody purification as a test case within a manned Mars mission architecture. We compare six technologies (three biotic capture methods and three abiotic capture methods), optimize scheduling to minimize ESM for each technology, and perform scenario analysis to consider a range of input stream compositions and pharmaceutical demand. We also compare the base case ESM to scenarios of alternative mission configuration, equipment models, and technology reusability. Throughout the analyses, we identify key areas for development of pharmaceutical life support technology and improvement of the ESM framework for assessment of bioregenerative life support technologies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McNulty, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berliner, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Negulescu, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKee, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hart, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yates, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nandi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.21.449300</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluating the cost of pharmaceutical purification for a long-duration space exploration medical foundry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.22.449388v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Climatic niche conservatism shapes the ecological assembly of Hawaiian arthropod communities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.22.449388v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial variation in climatic conditions along elevation gradients provides an important backdrop by which communities assemble and diversify. Lowland habitats tend to be connected through time, whereas highlands can be continuously or periodically isolated, conditions that have been hypothesized to promote high levels of species endemism. This tendency is expected to be accentuated among taxa that show niche conservatism within a given climatic envelope. While species distribution modeling approaches have allowed extensive exploration of niche conservatism among target taxa, a broad understanding of the phenomenon requires sampling of entire communities. Species-rich groups such as arthropods are ideal case studies for understanding ecological and biodiversity dynamics along elevational gradients given their important functional role in many ecosystems, but community-level studies have been limited due to their tremendous diversity. Here, we develop a novel semi-quantitative metabarcoding approach that combines specimen counts and size-sorting to characterize arthropod community-level diversity patterns along two elevational gradients across two volcanoes on the island of Hawai i. We find that arthropod communities between the two transects become increasingly distinct compositionally at higher elevations. Resistance surface approaches suggest that climatic differences between sampling localities are an important driver in shaping beta-diversity patterns, though the relative importance of climate varies across taxonomic groups. Nevertheless, the climatic niche position of OTUs between transects was highly correlated, suggesting that climatic filters shape the colonization between adjacent volcanoes. Taken together, our results highlight climatic niche conservatism as an important factor shaping ecological assembly along elevational gradients and suggest topographic complexity as an important driver of diversification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lim, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patino, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noriyuki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmari, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillespie, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krehenwinkel, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.22.449388</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Climatic niche conservatism shapes the ecological assembly of Hawaiian arthropod communities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.24.449775v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Directed Evolution of AAV Targeting Primate Retina by Intravitreal Injection Identifies R100, a Variant Demonstrating Robust Gene Delivery and Therapeutic Efficacy in Non-Human Primates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.24.449775v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Targeted AAV vectors are needed for safe and efficient delivery to and transduction of specific tissue target(s) in patients. Effective intravitreal delivery for retina gene therapy is not feasible with wildtype AAV. We employed directed evolution in nonhuman primates (NHP) to discover an AAV variant (R100) for intravitreal treatment of multiple target cells in the primate retina. R100 demonstrated superior transduction of human retinal cells compared to wildtype AAV. Furthermore, three R100-based gene therapeutics demonstrated safety, delivery, and durable pan-retinal expression of intracellular or secreted transgenes throughout the NHP retina following intravitreal administration. Finally, efficacy of R100-mediated delivery of therapeutic transgenes was demonstrated in patient-derived retinal cells (monogenic diseases) and in an NHP model of pathogenic retinal angiogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kotterman, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beliakoff, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Croze, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitt, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szymanski, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leong, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quezada, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barglow, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassanipour, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaffer, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirn, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.24.449775</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Directed Evolution of AAV Targeting Primate Retina by Intravitreal Injection Identifies R100, a Variant Demonstrating Robust Gene Delivery and Therapeutic Efficacy in Non-Human Primates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.25.449985v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Efficient tagging and purification of endogenous proteins for structural studies by single particle cryo-EM 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.25.449985v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A major bottleneck in structural biology is producing biologically relevant samples at sufficient quantities. This is particularly true for large protein assemblies where conventional techniques of gene overexpression require substantial optimization, hampering structural studies and drug development efforts. Here we describe a method combining CRISPR/Cas gene editing and fluorescence cell sorting to rapidly tag and purify endogenous human proteins from cell lines, enabling structural analysis of native proteins that are properly folded and assembled. We applied this approach to study the human proteasome from HEK cells and rapidly determined structures of major proteasomal complexes. Structures of the PA28-20S complex reveal the native subunit stoichiometry of PA28 and a distinct functional state of the complex. The efficient strategy for tagging and extracting endogenous proteins described here will enable the structural study of many challenging targets and provide more biologically relevant samples for research and therapeutic development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makhija, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.25.449985</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Efficient tagging and purification of endogenous proteins for structural studies by single particle cryo-EM]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.26.450046v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Macroscale structural changes of thylakoid architecture during high light acclimation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.26.450046v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Photoprotection mechanisms are ubiquitous among photosynthetic organisms. The photoprotection capacity of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is correlated with protein levels of stress-related light-harvesting complex (LHCSR) proteins, which are strongly induced by high light (HL). However, the dynamic response of overall thylakoid structure during acclimation to growth in HL has not been characterized. Here, we combined live-cell super-resolution microscopy and analytical membrane subfractionation to investigate macroscale structural changes of thylakoid membranes during HL acclimation in C. reinhardtii. Subdiffraction-resolution bioimaging revealed that overall thylakoid structures became thinned and shrunken during HL acclimation. The stromal space around the pyrenoid also became enlarged. Analytical density-dependent membrane fractionation indicated that the structural changes were partly a consequence of membrane unstacking. The analysis of both an LHCSR loss-of-function mutant, npq4 lhcsr1, and a regulatory mutant that over-expresses LHCSR, spa1-1, showed that structural changes occurred independently of LHCSR protein levels, demonstrating that LHCSR was neither necessary nor sufficient to induce the thylakoid structural changes associated with HL acclimation. In contrast, stt7-9, a mutant lacking a kinase of major light-harvesting antenna proteins, had a distinct thylakoid structural response during HL acclimation relative to all other lines tested. Thus, while LHCSR and the antenna protein phosphorylation are core features of HL acclimation, it appears that only the latter acts as a determinant for thylakoid structural rearrangements. These results indicate that two independent mechanisms occur simultaneously to cope with HL conditions. Possible scenarios for HL-induced thylakoid structural changes are discussed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Broderson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niyogi, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.26.450046</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Macroscale structural changes of thylakoid architecture during high light acclimation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.28.450262v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Actin force generation in vesicle formation: mechanistic insights from cryo-electron tomography 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.28.450262v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Actin assembly provides force for a multitude of cellular processes. Compared to actin assembly- based force production during cell migration, relatively little is understood about how actin assembly generates pulling forces for vesicle formation. Here, cryo-electron tomography revealed actin filament number, organization, and orientation during clathrin-mediated endocytosis in human cells, showing that force generation is robust despite variance in network organization. Actin dynamics simulations incorporating a measured branch angle indicate that sufficient force to drive membrane internalization is generated through polymerization, and that assembly is triggered from [~]4 founding "mother" filaments, consistent with tomography data. Hip1R actin filament anchoring points are present along the entire endocytic invagination, where simulations show that it is key to pulling force generation, and along the neck, where it targets filament growth and makes internalization more robust. Actin cytoskeleton organization described here allowed direct translation of structure to mechanism with broad implications for other actin-driven processes.

Highlights- Filament anchorage points are key to pulling force generation and efficiency.
- Native state description of CME-associated actin force-producing networks.
- Branched actin filament assembly is triggered from multiple mother filaments.
- Actin force production is robust despite considerable network variability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Serwas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akamatsu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moayed, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vegesna, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoeneberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangamani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drubin, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.28.450262</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Actin force generation in vesicle formation: mechanistic insights from cryo-electron tomography]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.01.450661v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parallel genetic changes underlie integrated craniofacial traits in an adaptive radiation of trophic specialist pupfishes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.01.450661v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many factors such as divergence time, shared standing genetic variation, frequency of introgression, and mutation rates can influence the likelihood of whether populations adapt to similar environments via parallel or non-parallel genetic changes. However, the frequency of parallel vs non-parallel genetic changes resulting in parallel phenotypic evolution is still unknown. In this study, we used a QTL mapping approach to investigate the genetic basis of highly divergent craniofacial traits between scale- and snail-eating trophic specialist species across similar hypersaline lake environments in an adaptive radiation of pupfishes endemic to San Salvador Island, Bahamas. We raised F2 intercrosses of scale- and snail-eaters from two different lake populations of sympatric specialists, estimated linkage maps, scanned for significant QTL for 30 skeletal and craniofacial traits, and compared the location of QTL between lakes to quantify parallel and non-parallel genetic changes. We found strong support for parallel genetic changes in both lakes for five traits in which we detected a significant QTL in at least one lake. However, many of these shared QTL affected different, but highly correlated craniofacial traits in each lake, suggesting that pleiotropy and trait integration should not be neglected when estimating rates of parallel evolution. We further observed a 23-52% increase in adaptive introgression within shared QTL, suggesting that introgression may be important for parallel evolution. Overall, our results suggest that the same genomic regions contribute to parallel integrated craniofacial phenotypes across lakes. We also highlight the need for more expansive searches for shared QTL when testing for parallel evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>St John, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richards, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunker, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romero, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.01.450661</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parallel genetic changes underlie integrated craniofacial traits in an adaptive radiation of trophic specialist pupfishes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.01.450666v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adaptive introgression and de novo mutations increase access to novel fitness peaks on the fitness landscape during a vertebrate adaptive radiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.01.450666v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Estimating the complex relationship between fitness and genotype or phenotype (i.e. the adaptive landscape) is one of the central goals of evolutionary biology. However, adaptive walks connecting genotypes to organismal fitness, speciation, and novel ecological niches are still poorly understood and processes for surmounting fitness valleys remain controversial. One outstanding system for addressing these connections is a recent adaptive radiation of ecologically and morphologically novel pupfishes (a generalist, molluscivore, and scale-eater) endemic to San Salvador Island, Bahamas. We leveraged whole-genome sequencing of 139 hybrids from two independent field fitness experiments to identify the genomic basis of fitness, estimate genotypic fitness networks, and measure the accessibility of adaptive walks on the fitness landscape. We identified 132 SNPs that were significantly associated with fitness in field enclosures. Six out of the 13 regions most strongly associated with fitness contained differentially expressed genes and fixed SNPs between trophic specialists; one gene (mettl21e) was also misexpressed in lab-reared hybrids, suggesting a potential intrinsic genetic incompatibility. We then constructed genotypic fitness networks from adaptive alleles and show that scale-eating specialists are the most isolated of the three species on these networks. Intriguingly, introgressed and de novo variants reduced fitness landscape ruggedness as compared to standing variation, increasing the accessibility of genotypic fitness paths from generalist to specialists. Our results suggest that adaptive introgression and de novo mutations alter the shape of the fitness landscape, providing key connections in adaptive walks circumventing fitness valleys and triggering the evolution of novelty during adaptive radiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patton, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richards, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gould, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buie, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.01.450666</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adaptive introgression and de novo mutations increase access to novel fitness peaks on the fitness landscape during a vertebrate adaptive radiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.01.450732v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-density transposon mutagenesis in Mycobacterium abscessus identifies an essential penicillin-binding lipo-protein (PBP-lipo) involved in septal peptidoglycan synthesis and antibiotic sensitivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.01.450732v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mycobacterium abscessus (Mab) is a rapidly growing non-tuberculous mycobacterium (NTM) that causes a wide range of infections. Treatment of Mab infections is difficult because the bacterium is intrinsically resistant to many classes of antibiotics. Developing new and effective treatments against Mab requires a better understanding of the unique vulnerabilities that can be targeted for future drug development. To achieve this, we identified essential genes in Mab by conducting transposon-sequencing (TnSeq) on the reference Mab strain ATCC 19977. We generated [~]51,000 unique transposon mutants and used this high-density library to identify 362 essential genes for in vitro growth. To investigate species-specific vulnerabilities in Mab, we further characterized MAB_3167c, a predicted penicillin-binding-lipoprotein (PBP-lipo) that is essential in Mab and non-essential in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). We found that PBP-lipo primarily localizes to the subpolar region and later to the septum as cells prepare to divide. Depletion of Mab PBP-lipo causes cells to elongate, develop ectopic branches, and form multiple septa. Knockdown of PBP-lipo along with PbpB, DacB1, and a carboxypeptidase, MAB_0519 lead to synergistic growth arrest. In contrast, these genetic interactions were absent in the Mtb model organism, Mycobacterium smegmatis, indicating that the PBP-lipo homologs in the two species exist in distinct genetic networks. Finally, repressing PBP-lipo sensitized the reference strain and 11 Mab clinical isolates to several classes of antibiotics, including the {beta}-lactams, ampicillin and amoxicillin by greater than 128-fold. Altogether, this study presents PBP-lipo as a key enzyme to study Mab specific processes in cell wall synthesis and importantly positions PBP-lipo as an attractive drug target to treat Mab infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Akusobi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benghomari, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, I. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singhvi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ioerger, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.01.450732</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-density transposon mutagenesis in Mycobacterium abscessus identifies an essential penicillin-binding lipo-protein (PBP-lipo) involved in septal peptidoglycan synthesis and antibiotic sensitivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.01.450744v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A comparative life cycle analysis of electromicrobial production systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.01.450744v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Electromicrobial production (EMP) processes represent an attractive strategy for the capture and conversion of CO2 into carbon-based products. We describe the development and application of comprehensive reactor, process, and life cycle impact models to analyze three major EMP systems relying on formate, H2, and acetate as intermediate molecules. Our results demonstrate that EMP systems can achieve a smaller carbon footprint than traditional bioprocessing strategies provided the electric grid is composed of >~90% renewable energy sources. For each of the three products we consider (biomass, enzymes, and lactic acid), the H2-mediated Knallgas bacteria system achieves the lowest overall global warming potential, indicating that this EMP strategy may be best-suited for industrial efforts based on current technology. We also identify environmental hotspots and process limitations that are key sites for future engineering and research efforts for each EMP system. Our analysis demonstrates the utility of an integrated bioelectrochemical model/life cycle assessment framework in both analyzing and aiding the ecodesign of electromicrobial processes and should help guide the design of working, scalable, and sustainable systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abel, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.01.450744</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A comparative life cycle analysis of electromicrobial production systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.01.450755v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diversity begets diversity through shared adaptive genetic variation: discovery of a cryptic wide-mouthed scale-eater 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.01.450755v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adaptive radiations involve astounding bursts of phenotypic, ecological, and species diversity. However, the microevolutionary processes that underlie the origins of these bursts are still poorly understood. We report the discovery of an intermediate  wide-mouth scale-eating ecomorph in a sympatric radiation of Cyprinodon pupfishes, illuminating the transition from a widespread algae-eating generalist to a novel microendemic scale-eating specialist. We first show that this ecomorph occurs in sympatry with generalist C. variegatus and scale-eating specialist C. desquamator on San Salvador Island, Bahamas, but is genetically differentiated, morphologically distinct, and often consumes scales. We then compared the timing of selective sweeps on shared and unique adaptive variants in trophic specialists to characterize their adaptive walk. Shared adaptive regions swept first in both the specialist desquamator and the intermediate  wide-mouth ecomorph, followed by unique sweeps of introgressed variation in  wide-mouth and de novo variation in desquamator. The two scale-eating populations additionally shared 9% of their hard selective sweeps with molluscivores C. brontotheroides, despite no single common ancestor among specialists. Our work provides a new microevolutionary framework for investigating how major ecological transitions occur and illustrates how both shared and unique genetic variation can provide a bridge for multiple species to access novel ecological niches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Richards, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.01.450755</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diversity begets diversity through shared adaptive genetic variation: discovery of a cryptic wide-mouthed scale-eater]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.01.450814v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aspects of the Neurospora crassa sulfur starvation response are revealed by transcriptional profiling and DNA affinity purification sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.01.450814v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurate nutrient sensing is important for rapid fungal growth and exploitation of available resources. Sulfur is an important nutrient source found in a number of biological macromolecules, including proteins and lipids. The model filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa is capable of utilizing sulfur found in a variety of sources from amino acids to sulfate. During sulfur starvation, the transcription factor CYS-3 is responsible for upregulation of genes involved in sulfur uptake and assimilation. Using a combination of RNA sequencing and DNA affinity purification sequencing, we performed a global survey of the N. crassa sulfur starvation response and the role of CYS-3 in regulating sulfur responsive genes. Along with genes known to be involved in sulfur metabolism, the CYS-3 transcription factor also directly activated the expression of a number of uncharacterized transporter genes, suggesting that regulating sulfur import is an important aspect of regulation by CYS-3. Additionally, CYS-3 directly regulated the expression of genes involved in mitochondrial electron transfer. During sulfur starvation, genes involved in nitrogen metabolism, such as amino acid and nucleic acid metabolic pathways, along with genes encoding proteases and nucleases that are necessary for scavenging nitrogen, were activated. Sulfur starvation also caused changes in the expression of genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism, such as those encoding glycosyl hydrolases. Thus, our data suggest a connection between sulfur metabolism and other aspects of cellular metabolism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huberman, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, V. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daum, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Malley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.01.450814</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aspects of the Neurospora crassa sulfur starvation response are revealed by transcriptional profiling and DNA affinity purification sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.06.451310v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Selective sorting of microRNAs into exosomes by phase-separated YBX1 condensates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.06.451310v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Exosomes may mediate cell-to-cell communication by transporting various proteins and nucleic acids to neighboring cells. Some protein and RNA cargoes are significantly enriched in exosomes. How cells efficiently and selectively sort them into exosomes remains incompletely explored. Previously we reported that YBX1 is required in sorting of miR-223 into exosomes. Here we show that YBX1 undergoes liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) in vitro and in cells. YBX1 condensates selectively recruit miR-223 in vitro and into exosomes secreted by cultured cells. Point mutations that inhibit YBX1 phase separation impair the incorporation of YBX1 protein into biomolecular condensates formed in cells, and perturb miR-233 sorting into exosomes. We propose that phase separation-mediated local enrichment of cytosolic RNA binding proteins and their cognate RNAs enables their targeting and packaging by vesicles that bud into multivesicular bodies. This provides a possible mechanism for efficient and selective engulfment of cytosolic proteins and RNAs into intraluminal vesicles which are then secreted as exosomes from cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schekman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.06.451310</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Selective sorting of microRNAs into exosomes by phase-separated YBX1 condensates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.08.451558v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-morph eco-evolutionary dynamics in structured populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.08.451558v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our understanding of the evolution of quantitative traits in nature is still limited by the challenge of including realistic trait distributions in the context of frequency-dependent selection and ecological feedbacks. We extend to class-structured populations a recently introduced "oligomorphic approximation" which bridges the gap between adaptive dynamics and quantitative genetics approaches and allows for the joint description of the dynamics of ecological variables and of the moments of multimodal trait distributions. Our theoretical framework allows us to analyse the dynamics of populations composed of several morphs and structured into distinct classes (e.g. age, size, habitats, infection status, species...). We also introduce a new approximation to simplify the eco-evolutionary dynamics using reproductive values. We illustrate the effectiveness of this approach by applying it to the important conceptual case of two-habitat migration-selection models. In particular, we show that our approach allows us to predict both the long-term evolutionary endpoints and the short-term transient dynamics of the eco-evolutionary process, including fast evolution regimes. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of our results and sketch perspectives for future work.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lion, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boots, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sasaki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.08.451558</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-morph eco-evolutionary dynamics in structured populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.08.451636v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pyroptosis-dependent and -independent cross-priming of CD8+ T cells by intestinal epithelial cell-derived antigen 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.08.451636v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The innate immune system detects pathogens and initiates adaptive immune responses. Inflammasomes are central components of the innate immune system, but whether inflammasomes provide sufficient signals to activate adaptive immunity is unclear. In intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), inflammasomes activate a lytic form of cell death called pyroptosis, leading to epithelial cell expulsion and the release of cytokines. Here we employed a genetic system to show that simultaneous antigen expression and inflammasome activation specifically in IECs is sufficient to activate CD8+ T cells. By genetic elimination of direct T cell priming by IECs, we found that IEC-derived antigens are cross-presented to CD8+ T cells. However, activation of CD8+ T cells by IEC-derived antigen only partially depended on IEC pyroptosis. In the absence of inflammasome activation, cross-priming of CD8+ T cells required Batf3+ dendritic cells (cDC1), whereas cross-priming in the presence of pyroptosis did not. These data suggest the existence of parallel pyroptosis-dependent and pyroptosis-independent but cDC1-dependent pathways for cross-presentation of IEC-derived antigens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deets, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichols, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rauch, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vance, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.08.451636</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pyroptosis-dependent and -independent cross-priming of CD8+ T cells by intestinal epithelial cell-derived antigen]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.08.451678v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Critical genetic program for Drosophila imaginal disc regeneration revealed by single-cell analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.08.451678v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Whether regeneration is primarily accomplished by re-activating gene regulatory networks used previously during development or by activating novel regeneration-specific transcriptional programs remains a longstanding question. Currently, most genes implicated in regeneration also function during development. Using single-cell transcriptomics in regenerating Drosophila wing discs, we identified two regeneration-specific cell populations within the blastema. They are each composed of cells that upregulate multiple genes encoding secreted proteins that promote regeneration. In this regenerative secretory zone, the transcription factor Ets21C controls the expression of multiple regenerationpromoting genes. While eliminating Ets21C function has no discernible effect on development, it severely compromises regeneration. This Ets21C-dependent gene regulatory network is also activated in blastema-like cells in tumorous discs, suggesting that pro-regenerative mechanisms can be co-opted by tumors to promote aberrant growth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Worley, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Everetts, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yasutomi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hariharan, I. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.08.451678</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Critical genetic program for Drosophila imaginal disc regeneration revealed by single-cell analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.10.451524v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Minimal synthetic enhancers reveal control of the probability of transcriptional engagement and its timing by a morphogen gradient 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.10.451524v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How enhancers interpret morphogen gradients to generate spatial patterns of gene expression is a central question in developmental biology. Although recent studies have begun to elucidate that enhancers can dictate whether, when, and at what rate a promoter will engage in transcription, the complexity of endogenous enhancers calls for theoretical models with too many free parameters to quantitatively dissect these regulatory strategies. To overcome this limitation, we established a minimal synthetic enhancer system in embryos of the fruit 2y Drosophila melanogaster. Here, a gradient of the Dorsal activator is read by a single Dorsal binding site. By quantifying transcriptional activity using live imaging, our experiments revealed that this single Dorsal binding site is capable of regulating whether promoters engage in transcription in a Dorsal concentration-speci1c manner. By modulating binding-site aZnity, we determined that a genes decision to engage in transcription and its transcriptional onset time can be explained by a simple theoretical model where the promoter has to traverse multiple kinetic barriers before transcription can ensue. The experimental platform developed here pushes the boundaries of live-imaging in studying gene regulation in the early embryo by enabling the quanti1cation of the transcriptional activity driven by a single transcription factor binding site, and making it possible to build more complex enhancers from the ground up in the context of a dialogue between theory and experiment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reimer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alamos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westrum, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talledo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.10.451524</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Minimal synthetic enhancers reveal control of the probability of transcriptional engagement and its timing by a morphogen gradient]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.10.451761v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Borgs are giant extrachromosomal elements with the potential to augment methane oxidation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.10.451761v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anaerobic methane oxidation exerts a key control on greenhouse gas emissions 1, yet factors that modulate the activity of microorganisms performing this function remain little explored. In studying groundwater, sediments, and wetland soil where methane production and oxidation occur, we discovered extraordinarily large, diverse DNA sequences that primarily encode hypothetical proteins. Four curated, complete genomes are linear, up to ~1 Mbp in length and share genome organization, including replicore structure, long inverted terminal repeats, and genome-wide unique perfect tandem direct repeats that are intergenic or generate amino acid repeats. We infer that these are a new type of archaeal extrachromosomal element with a distinct evolutionary origin. Gene sequence similarity, phylogeny, and local divergence of sequence composition indicate that many of their genes were assimilated from methane-oxidizing Methanoperedens archaea. We refer to these elements as "Borgs". We identified at least 19 different Borg types coexisting with Methanoperedens in four distinct ecosystems. Borg genes expand redox and respiratory capacity (e.g., clusters of multiheme cytochromes), ability to respond to changing environmental conditions, and likely augment Methanoperedens capacity for methane oxidation (e.g., methyl coenzyme M reductase). By this process, Borgs could play a previously unrecognized role in controlling greenhouse gas emissions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Al-Shayeb, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoelmerich, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West-Roberts, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valentin-Alvarado, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachdeva, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crits-Christoph, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkins, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.10.451761</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Borgs are giant extrachromosomal elements with the potential to augment methane oxidation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.11.451855v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The SARS-CoV-2 spike reversibly samples an open-trimer conformation exposing novel epitopes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.11.451855v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Current COVID-19 vaccines and many clinical diagnostics are based on the structure and function of the SARS-CoV-2 spike ectodomain. Using hydrogen deuterium exchange mass spectrometry, we have uncovered that, in addition to the prefusion structure determined by cryo-EM, this protein adopts an alternative conformation that interconverts slowly with the canonical prefusion structure. This new conformation--an open trimer-- contains easily accessible RBDs. It exposes the conserved trimer interface buried in the prefusion conformation, thus exposing potential epitopes for pan-coronavirus antibody and ligand recognition. The population of this state and kinetics of interconversion are modulated by temperature, receptor binding, antibody binding, and sequence variants observed in the natural population. Knowledge of the structure and populations of this conformation will help improve existing diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines.

One Sentence SummaryAn alternative conformation of SARS-CoV-2 spike ectodomain modulated by temperature, binding, and sequence variants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Costello, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoemaker, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobbs, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, C.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maynard, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLellan, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pak, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marqusee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.11.451855</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The SARS-CoV-2 spike reversibly samples an open-trimer conformation exposing novel epitopes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.12.451456v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
From telomere to telomere: the transcriptional and epigenetic state of human repeat elements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.12.451456v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mobile elements and highly repetitive genomic regions are potent sources of lineage-specific genomic innovation and fingerprint individual genomes. Comprehensive analyses of large, composite or arrayed repeat elements and those found in more complex regions of the genome require a complete, linear genome assembly. Here we present the first de novo repeat discovery and annotation of a complete human reference genome, T2T-CHM13v1.0. We identified novel satellite arrays, expanded the catalog of variants and families for known repeats and mobile elements, characterized new classes of complex, composite repeats, and provided comprehensive annotations of retroelement transduction events. Utilizing PRO-seq to detect nascent transcription and nanopore sequencing to delineate CpG methylation profiles, we defined the structure of transcriptionally active retroelements in humans, including for the first time those found in centromeres. Together, these data provide expanded insight into the diversity, distribution and evolution of repetitive regions that have shaped the human genome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hoyt, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Storer, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartley, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grady, P. G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gershman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Lima, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Limouse, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halabian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wojenski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altemose, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Core, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerton, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makalowski, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smit, A. F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Straight, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vollger, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichler, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillippy, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timp, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miga, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Neill, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.12.451456</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[From telomere to telomere: the transcriptional and epigenetic state of human repeat elements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.12.451567v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Critical Assessment of Metagenome Interpretation - the second round of challenges 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.12.451567v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Evaluating metagenomic software is key for optimizing metagenome interpretation and focus of the community-driven initiative for the Critical Assessment of Metagenome Interpretation (CAMI). In its second challenge, CAMI engaged the community to assess their methods on realistic and complex metagenomic datasets with long and short reads, created from [~]1,700 novel and known microbial genomes, as well as [~]600 novel plasmids and viruses. Altogether 5,002 results by 76 program versions were analyzed, representing a 22x increase in results.

Substantial improvements were seen in metagenome assembly, some due to using long-read data. The presence of related strains still was challenging for assembly and genome binning, as was assembly quality for the latter. Taxon profilers demonstrated a marked maturation, with taxon profilers and binners excelling at higher bacterial taxonomic ranks, but underperforming for viruses and archaea. Assessment of clinical pathogen detection techniques revealed a need to improve reproducibility. Analysis of program runtimes and memory usage identified highly efficient programs, including some top performers with other metrics. The CAMI II results identify current challenges, but also guide researchers in selecting methods for specific analyses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meyer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fritz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, Z.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koslicki, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurevich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robertson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kola, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Limasset, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolmogorov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cristian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nissen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeller, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paoli, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruscheweyh, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milanese, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sunagawa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>You, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertrand, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagarajan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renard, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malcher-Miranda, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piro, V. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chikhi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vicedomini, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tremblay, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dabrowski, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nurk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jorgensen, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willassen, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klemetsen, T</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.12.451567</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Critical Assessment of Metagenome Interpretation - the second round of challenges]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.12.452052v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Complete genomic and epigenetic maps of human centromeres 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.12.452052v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Existing human genome assemblies have almost entirely excluded highly repetitive sequences within and near centromeres, limiting our understanding of their sequence, evolution, and essential role in chromosome segregation. Here, we present an extensive study of newly assembled peri/centromeric sequences representing 6.2% (189.9 Mb) of the first complete, telomere-to-telomere human genome assembly (T2T-CHM13). We discovered novel patterns of peri/centromeric repeat organization, variation, and evolution at both large and small length scales. We also found that inner kinetochore proteins tend to overlap the most recently duplicated subregions within centromeres. Finally, we compared chromosome X centromeres across a diverse panel of individuals and uncovered structural, epigenetic, and sequence variation at single-base resolution across these regions. In total, this work provides an unprecedented atlas of human centromeres to guide future studies of their complex and critical functions as well as their unique evolutionary dynamics.

One-sentence summaryDeep characterization of fully assembled human centromeres reveals their architecture and fine-scale organization, variation, and evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Altemose, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logsdon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bzikadze, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidhwani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langley, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caldas, G. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoyt, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uralsky, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryabov, F. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shew, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauria, M. E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borchers, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gershman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikheenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shepelev, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dvorkina, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunyavskaya, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vollger, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCartney, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorig-Roach, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shafin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aganezov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomes de Lima, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potapova, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartley, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haukness, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerpedjiev, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gusev, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tigyi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nurk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koren, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salama, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paten, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogaev, E. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streets, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karpen, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dernburg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.12.452052</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Complete genomic and epigenetic maps of human centromeres]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.12.452074v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mistreating birth-death models as priors in phylogenetic analysis compromises our ability to compare models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.12.452074v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Time-calibrated phylogenetic trees are a tremendously powerful tool for studying evolutionary, ecological, and epidemiological phenomena. Such trees are predominantly inferred in a Bayesian framework, with the phylogeny itself treated as a parameter with a prior distribution (a "tree prior"). However, we show that the tree "parameter" consists, in part, of data, in the form of taxon samples. Treating the tree as a parameter fails to account for these data and compromises our ability to compare among models. Since accuracy of the inferred phylogeny strongly depends on how well the tree prior approximates the true diversification process that gave rise to the tree, the inability to accurately compare competing tree priors has broad implications for applications based on time-calibrated trees. We outline potential remedies to this problem, and provide guidance for researchers interested in assessing the fit of tree models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>May, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothfels, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.12.452074</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mistreating birth-death models as priors in phylogenetic analysis compromises our ability to compare models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.12.452119v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell multi-omic analysis of thymocyte development reveals NFAT as adriver of CD4/CD8 lineage commitment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.12.452119v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The development of CD4 and CD8 T cells in the thymus is critical to adaptive immunity and is widely studied as a model of lineage commitment. Recognition of self-MHCI/II by the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) determines the lineage choice, but how distinct TCR signals drive transcriptional programs of lineage commitment remains largely unknown. We applied CITE-seq to measure RNA and surface proteins in thymocytes from wild-type and lineage-restricted mice to generate a comprehensive timeline of cell state for each lineage. These analyses revealed a sequential process whereby all thymocytes initiate CD4 lineage differentiation during an initial wave of TCR signaling, followed by a second TCR signaling wave that coincides with CD8 lineage specification. CITE-seq and pharmaceutical inhibition experiments implicate a TCR/calcineurin/NFAT/GATA3 axis in driving the CD4 fate. Overall, our data suggest that multiple redundant mechanisms contribute to the accuracy and efficiency of the lineage choice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steier, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McIntyre, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lutes, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, T.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robey, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streets, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.12.452119</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell multi-omic analysis of thymocyte development reveals NFAT as adriver of CD4/CD8 lineage commitment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.12.452122v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A phage parasite deploys a nicking nuclease effector to inhibit replication of its viral host 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.12.452122v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PLEs are phage parasites integrated into the chromosome of epidemic Vibrio cholerae. In response to infection by its viral host ICP1, PLE excises, replicates and hijacks ICP1 structural components for transduction. Through an unknown mechanism PLE prevents ICP1 from transitioning to rolling circle replication (RCR), a prerequisite for efficient packaging of the viral genome. Here, we characterize a PLE-encoded nuclease, NixI, that blocks phage development likely by nicking ICP1s genome as it transitions to RCR. NixI-dependent cleavage sites appear in ICP1s genome during infection of PLE(+) V. cholerae. Purified NixI demonstrates in vitro specificity for sites in ICP1s genome and NixI activity is enhanced by a putative specificity determinant co-expressed with NixI during phage infection. Importantly, NixI is sufficient to limit ICP1 genome replication and eliminate progeny production. We identify distant NixI homologs in an expanded family of putative phage satellites in Vibrios that lack nucleotide homology to PLEs but nonetheless share genomic synteny with PLEs. More generally, our results reveal a previously unknown mechanism deployed by phage parasites to limit packaging of their viral hosts genome and highlight the prominent role of nuclease effectors as weapons in the arms race between antagonizing genomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>LeGault, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barth, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DePaola, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seed, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.12.452122</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A phage parasite deploys a nicking nuclease effector to inhibit replication of its viral host]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.12.452124v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tree-based automated machine learning to predict biogas production for anaerobic co-digestion of organic waste 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.12.452124v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The dynamics of microbial communities involved in anaerobic digestion of mixed organic waste are notoriously complex and difficult to model, yet successful operation of anaerobic digestion is critical to the goals of diverting high-moisture organic waste from landfills. Machine learning (ML) is ideally suited to capturing complex and nonlinear behavior that cannot be modeled mechanistically. This study uses 8 years of data collected from an industrial-scale anaerobic co-digestion (AcoD) operation at a municipal wastewater treatment plant in Oakland, California, combined with a powerful automated ML method, Tree-based Pipeline Optimization Tool, to develop an improved understanding of how different waste inputs and operating conditions impact biogas yield. The model inputs included daily input volumes of 31 waste streams and 5 operating parameters. Because different wastes are broken down at varying rates, the model explored a range of time lags ascribed to each waste input ranging from 0 to 30 days. The results suggest that the waste types (including rendering waste, lactose, poultry waste, and fats, oils, and greases) differ considerably in their impact on biogas yield on both a per-gallon basis and a mass of volatile solids basis, while operating parameters are not useful predictors in a carefully operated facility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huntington, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scown, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.12.452124</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tree-based automated machine learning to predict biogas production for anaerobic co-digestion of organic waste]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.13.452191v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neo-sex chromosome evolution shapes sex-dependent asymmetrical introgression barrier 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.13.452191v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It is increasingly recognized that sex chromosomes are not only the "battlegrounds" between sexes, but also the "Great Walls" fencing-off introgression between diverging lineages. Here we describe conflicting roles of nascent sex chromosomes on patterns of introgression in an experimental hybrid swarm. Drosophila nasuta and D. albomicans are recently diverged, fully fertile sister species that have different sex chromosome systems. The fusion between an autosome (Muller CD) with the ancestral X and Y gave rise to neo-sex chromosomes in D. albomicans, while Muller CDs remains unfused in D. nasuta. We found that a large block containing overlapping inversions on the neo-sex chromosome stood out as the strongest barrier to introgression. Intriguingly, the neo-sex chromosome introgression barrier is asymmetrical in a sex-dependent manner. Female hybrids showed significant D. albomicans biased introgression on Muller CD (neo-X excess), while males showed heterosis with excessive (neo-X, D. nasuta Muller CD) genotypes. While the neo-Y is a more compatible pairing partner of the neo-X, it also shows moderate levels of degeneration and may thus be selectively disfavored, and sex ratio assay revealed heterospecific meiotic drive. We used a population genetic model to dissect the interplay of sex chromosome drive, heterospecific pairing incompatibility between the neo-sex chromosomes and unfused Muller CD, neo-Y disadvantage, and neo-X advantage in generating the observed neo-X excess in females and heterozygous (neo-X, D. nasuta Muller CD) genotypes in males. We show that moderate neo-Y disadvantage and D. albomicans specific meiotic drive are required to counteract the effect of heterospecific meiotic drive observed in our cross, in concert with pairing incompatibility and neo-X advantage to explain observed genotype frequencies. Together, this hybrid swarm between a young species pair shed light onto the dual roles of neo-sex chromosome evolution in creating a sex-dependent asymmetrical introgression barrier at species boundary.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nalley, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatla, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldaimalani, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacPherson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbett, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mai, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bachtrog, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.13.452191</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neo-sex chromosome evolution shapes sex-dependent asymmetrical introgression barrier]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.14.452365v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhancer-promoter interactions and transcription are maintained upon acute loss of CTCF, cohesin, WAPL, and YY1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.14.452365v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It remains unclear why acute depletion of CTCF and cohesin only marginally affects expression of most genes despite substantially perturbing 3D genome folding at the level of domains and structural loops. To address this conundrum, we used high-resolution Micro-C and nascent transcript profiling to find that enhancer-promoter (E-P) interactions are largely insensitive to acute (3-hour) depletion of CTCF, cohesin, and WAPL. YY1 has been proposed to be a structural regulator of E-P loops, but acute YY1 depletion also had minimal effects on E-P loops, transcription, and 3D genome folding. Strikingly, live-cell single-molecule imaging revealed that cohesin depletion reduced transcription factor binding to chromatin. Thus, although neither CTCF, cohesin, WAPL, nor YY1 are required for the short-term maintenance of most E-P interactions and gene expression, we propose that cohesin may serve as a "transcription factor binding platform" that facilitates transcription factor binding to chromatin.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, T.-H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cattoglio, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slobodyanyuk, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darzacq, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.14.452365</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhancer-promoter interactions and transcription are maintained upon acute loss of CTCF, cohesin, WAPL, and YY1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.15.452519v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Latent neural dynamics encode temporal context in speech 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.15.452519v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Direct neural recordings from human auditory cortex have demonstrated encoding for acoustic-phonetic features of consonants and vowels. Neural responses also encode distinct acoustic amplitude cues related to timing, such as those that occur at the onset of a sentence after a silent period or the onset of the vowel in each syllable. Here, we used a group reduced rank regression model to show that distributed cortical responses support a low-dimensional latent state representation of temporal context in speech. The timing cues each capture more unique variance than all other phonetic features and exhibit rotational or cyclical dynamics in latent space from activity that is widespread over the superior temporal gyrus. We propose that these spatially distributed timing signals could serve to provide temporal context for, and possibly bind across time, the concurrent processing of individual phonetic features, to compose higher-order phonological (e.g. word-level) representations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stephen, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metzger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oganian, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.15.452519</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Latent neural dynamics encode temporal context in speech]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.16.452693v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Asymmetric Arp2/3-mediated actin assembly facilitates clathrin-mediated endocytosis at stalled sites in genome-edited human stem cells. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.16.452693v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Actin assembly facilitates vesicle formation in several trafficking pathways. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) shows elevated actin assembly dependence under high membrane tension. Why actin assembly at CME sites occurs heterogeneously even within the same cell, and how assembly forces are harnessed, are not fully understood. Here, endocytic dynamics, actin presence, and geometry of CME proteins from three different functional modules, were analyzed using three-dimensional (3D) super-resolution microscopy, live-cell imaging, and machine-learning-based computation. When hundreds of CME events were compared, sites with actin assembly showed a distinct signature, a delay between completion of coat expansion and vesicle scission, indicating that actin assembly occurs preferentially at stalled CME sites. N-WASP is recruited to one side of CME sites where it is positioned to stimulate asymmetric actin assembly. We propose that asymmetric actin assembly rescues stalled CME sites by pulling vesicles into the cell much like a bottle opener pulls off a bottle cap.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shirazinejad, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schöneberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upadhyayula, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drubin, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.16.452693</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Asymmetric Arp2/3-mediated actin assembly facilitates clathrin-mediated endocytosis at stalled sites in genome-edited human stem cells.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.18.452833v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep neural language modeling enables functional protein generation across families 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.18.452833v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bypassing natures evolutionary trajectory, de novo protein generation--defined as creating artificial protein sequences from scratch--could enable breakthrough solutions for biomedical and environmental challenges. Viewing amino acid sequences as a language, we demonstrate that a deep learning-based language model can generate functional artificial protein sequences across families, akin to generating grammatically and semantically correct natural language sentences on diverse topics. Our protein language model is trained by simply learning to predict the next amino acid for over 280 million protein sequences from thousands of protein families, without biophysical or coevolutionary modeling. We experimentally evaluate model-generated artificial proteins on five distinct antibacterial lysozyme families. Artificial proteins show similar activities and catalytic efficiencies as representative natural lysozymes, including hen egg white lysozyme, while reaching as low as 44% identity to any known naturally-evolved protein. The X-ray crystal structure of an enzymatically active artificial protein recapitulates the conserved fold and positioning of active site residues found in natural proteins. We demonstrate our language models ability to be adapted to different protein families by accurately predicting the functionality of artificial chorismate mutase and malate dehydrogenase proteins. These results indicate that neural language models successfully perform de novo protein generation across protein families and may prove to be a tool to shortcut evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Madani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krause, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramanian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohr, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holton, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olmos, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Z. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Socher, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraser, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naik, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.18.452833</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep neural language modeling enables functional protein generation across families]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.20.452795v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Displacement statistics of unhindered single molecules show no enhanced diffusion in enzymatic reactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.20.452795v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent studies have sparked heated debate over whether catalytical reactions would enhance the diffusion coefficients D of enzymes. Through high statistics of the transient (600 s) displacements of unhindered single molecules freely diffusing in common buffers, we here quantify D for four highly contested enzymes under catalytic turnovers. We thus formulate how precisions of better than {+/-}1% may be achieved for D at the 95% confidence level, and show no changes in diffusivity for catalase, urease, aldolase, and alkaline phosphatase under the application of wide concentration ranges of substrates. Our single-molecule approach thus overcomes potential limitations and artifacts underscored by recent studies to show no enhanced diffusion in enzymatic reactions.

Table of Contents artwork

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=57 SRC="FIGDIR/small/452795v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (11K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1c78ba4org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1a0c727org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@73027dorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@a87771_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.20.452795</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Displacement statistics of unhindered single molecules show no enhanced diffusion in enzymatic reactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.20.453145v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adolescent Development of Biological Rhythms: Estradiol Dependence and Effects of Combined Contraceptives 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.20.453145v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeAdolescence is a period of continuous development, including the maturation of endogenous rhythms across systems and timescales. Although these dynamic changes are well recognized, their continuous structure and hormonal dependence have not been systematically characterized. Given the well-established link between core body temperature (CBT) and reproductive hormones in adults, we hypothesized that high-resolution CBT can be applied to passively monitor pubertal development and disruption with high fidelity.

MethodsTo examine this possibility, we used signal processing to investigate the trajectory of CBT rhythms at the within-day (ultradian), daily (circadian), and ovulatory timescales, their dependence on estradiol, and the effects of hormonal contraceptives.

ResultsPuberty onset was marked by a rise in fecal estradiol (fE2), followed by an elevation in CBT and circadian power. This time period marked the commencement of 4-day rhythmicity in fE2, CBT, and ultradian power marking the onset of the estrous cycle. The rise in circadian amplitude was accelerated by E2 treatment, indicating a role for this hormone in rhythmic development. Contraceptive administration in later adolescence reduced CBT and circadian power and resulted in disruption to 4-day cycles that persisted after discontinuation.

ConclusionsOur data reveal with precise temporal resolution how biological rhythms change across adolescence and demonstrate a role for E2 in the emergence and preservation of multiscale rhythmicity. These findings also demonstrate how hormones delivered exogenously in a non-rhythmic pattern can disrupt rhythmic development. These data lay the groundwork for a future in which temperature metrics provide an inexpensive, convenient method for monitoring pubertal maturation and support the development of hormone therapies that better mimic and support human chronobiology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grant, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilbrecht, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kriegsfeld, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.20.453145</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adolescent Development of Biological Rhythms: Estradiol Dependence and Effects of Combined Contraceptives]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.21.453275v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Raptor downregulation rescues neuronal phenotypes in mouse models of Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.21.453275v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by mutations in the TSC1 or TSC2 genes, which encode proteins that negatively regulate mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling. Current treatment strategies focus on mTOR inhibition with rapamycin and its derivatives. While effective at improving some aspects of TSC, chronic rapamycin inhibits both mTORC1 and mTORC2 and is associated with systemic side-effects. It is currently unknown which mTOR complex is most relevant for TSC-related brain phenotypes. Here we used genetic strategies to selectively reduce neuronal mTORC1 or mTORC2 activity in mouse models of TSC. We find that reduction of the mTORC1 component Raptor, but not the mTORC2 component Rictor, rebalanced mTOR signaling in Tsc1 knock-out neurons. Raptor reduction was sufficient to improve several TSC-related phenotypes including neuronal hypertrophy, macrocephaly, impaired myelination, network hyperactivity, and premature mortality. Raptor downregulation represents a promising potential therapeutic intervention for the neurological manifestations of TSC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karalis, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caval-Holme, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bateup, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.21.453275</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Raptor downregulation rescues neuronal phenotypes in mouse models of Tuberous Sclerosis Complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.22.453422v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polymer-Conjugated Carbon Nanotubes for Biomolecule Loading 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.22.453422v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nanomaterials have emerged as an invaluable tool for the delivery of biomolecules such as DNA and RNA, with various applications in genetic engineering and post-transcriptional genetic manipulation. Alongside this development, there has been an increasing use of polymer-based techniques, such as polyethyleneimine (PEI), to electrostatically load polynucleotide cargoes onto nanomaterial carriers. However, there remains a need to assess nanomaterial properties, conjugation conditions, and biocompatibility of these nanomaterial-polymer constructs, particularly for use in plant systems. In this work, we develop mechanisms to optimize DNA loading on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with a library of polymer-SWNT constructs and assess DNA loading ability, polydispersity, and both chemical and colloidal stability. Counterintuitively, we demonstrate that polymer hydrolysis from nanomaterial surfaces can occur depending on polymer properties and attachment chemistries, and describe mitigation strategies against construct degradation. Given the growing interest in delivery applications in plant systems, we also assess the toxicity of polymer-based nanomaterials in plants and provide recommendations for future design of nanomaterial-based polynucleotide delivery strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jackson, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Grandio, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goh, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mun, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.22.453422</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polymer-Conjugated Carbon Nanotubes for Biomolecule Loading]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.23.453605v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifying cell-state associated alternative splicing events and their co-regulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.23.453605v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alternative splicing shapes the transcriptome and contributes to each cells unique identity, but single-cell RNA sequencing has struggled to capture the impact of alternative splicing. We previously showed that low recovery of mRNAs from single cells led to erroneous conclusions about the cell-to-cell variability of alternative splicing (1). Here, we present a method, Psix, to confidently identify splicing that changes across a landscape of single cells, using a probabilistic model that is robust against the data limitations of scRNA-seq. Its autocorrelation-inspired approach finds patterns of alternative splicing that correspond to patterns of cell identity, such as cell type or developmental stage, without the need for explicit cell clustering, labeling, or trajectory inference. Applying Psix to data that follow the trajectory of mouse brain development, we identify exons whose alternative splicing patterns cluster into modules of co-regulation. We show that the exons in these modules are enriched for binding by distinct neuronal splicing factors, and that their changes in splicing correspond to changes in expression of these splicing factors. Thus, Psix reveals cell-type-dependent splicing patterns and the wiring of the splicing regulatory networks that control them. Our new method will enable scRNA-seq analysis to go beyond transcription to understand the roles of post-transcriptional regulation in determining cell identity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Buen Abad Najar, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burra, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lareau, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.23.453605</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifying cell-state associated alternative splicing events and their co-regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.25.453574v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bats host the most virulent--but not the most dangerous--zoonotic viruses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.25.453574v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying virus characteristics associated with the largest public health impacts on human populations is critical to informing zoonotic risk assessments and surveillance strategies. Efforts to assess "zoonotic risk" often use trait-based analyses to identify which viral and reservoir host groups are most likely to source zoonoses but have not fully addressed how and why the impacts of zoonotic viruses vary in terms of disease severity ( virulence), capacity to spread within human populations ( transmissibility), or total human mortality ( death burden). We analyzed trends in human case fatality rates, transmission capacities, and total death burdens across a comprehensive dataset of mammalian and avian zoonotic viruses. Bats harbor the most virulent zoonotic viruses even when compared to birds, which alongside bats, have been hypothesized to be "special" zoonotic reservoirs due to molecular adaptations that support the physiology of flight. Reservoir host groups more closely related to humans--in particular, Primates--harbor less virulent, but more highly transmissible viruses. Importantly, disproportionately high human death burden, arguably the most important metric of zoonotic risk, is not associated with any animal reservoir, including bats. Our data demonstrate that mechanisms driving death burdens are diverse and often contradict trait-based predictions. Ultimately, total human mortality is dependent on context-specific epidemiological dynamics, which are shaped by a combination of viral traits and conditions in the animal host population and across and beyond the human-animal interface. Understanding the conditions that predict high zoonotic burden in humans will require longitudinal studies of epidemiological dynamics in wildlife and human populations.

Significance statementThe clear need to mitigate zoonotic risk has fueled increased viral discovery in specific reservoir host taxa. We show that a combination of viral and reservoir traits can predict zoonotic virus virulence and transmissibility in humans, supporting the hypothesis that bats harbor exceptionally virulent zoonoses. However, pandemic prevention requires thinking beyond zoonotic capacity, virulence, and transmissibility to consider collective  burden on human health. For this, viral discovery targeting specific reservoirs may be inefficient as death burden correlates with viral, not reservoir, traits, and depends on context-specific epidemiological dynamics across and beyond the human-animal interface. These findings suggest that longitudinal studies of viral dynamics in reservoir and spillover host populations may offer the most effective strategy for mitigating zoonotic risk.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guth, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mollentze, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renault, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streicker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Visher, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boots, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brook, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.25.453574</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bats host the most virulent--but not the most dangerous--zoonotic viruses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.26.453780v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Barcoded RH-seq illuminates the complex genetic basis of yeast thermotolerance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.26.453780v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Decades of successes in statistical genetics have revealed the molecular underpinnings of traits as they vary across individuals of a given species. But standard methods in the field cant be applied to divergences between reproductively isolated taxa. Genome-wide reciprocal hemizygosity mapping (RH-seq), a mutagenesis screen in an inter-species hybrid background, holds promise as a method to accelerate the progress of interspecies genetics research. Here we describe an improvement to RH-seq in which mutants harbor barcodes for cheap and straightforward sequencing after selection in a condition of interest. As a proof of concept for the new tool, we carried out genetic dissection of the difference in thermotolerance between two reproductively isolated budding yeast species. Experimental screening identified dozens of candidate loci at which variation between the species contributed to the thermotolerance trait. Hits were enriched for mitosis genes and other housekeeping factors, and among them were multiple loci with robust sequence signatures of positive selection. Together, these results shed new light on the mechanisms by which evolution solved the problems of cell survival and division at high temperature in the yeast clade, and they illustrate the power of the barcoded RH-seq approach.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abrams, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chuong, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>AlZaben, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubin, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skerker, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brem, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.26.453780</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Barcoded RH-seq illuminates the complex genetic basis of yeast thermotolerance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.28.453895v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Emotional context sculpts action goal representations in the lateral frontal pole 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.28.453895v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Emotional states provide an ever-present source of contextual information that should inform behavioral goals. Despite the ubiquity of emotional signals in our environment, the neural mechanisms underlying their influence on goal-directed action remains unclear. Prior work suggests that the lateral frontal pole (FPl) is uniquely positioned to integrate affective information into cognitive control representations. We used pattern similarity analysis to examine the content of representations in FPl and interconnected mid-lateral prefrontal and amygdala circuitry. Healthy participants (n=37; n=21 females) were scanned while undergoing an event-related Affective Go/No-Go task, which requires goal-oriented action selection during emotional processing. We found that FPl contained conjunctive emotion-action goal representations that were related to successful cognitive control during emotional processing. These representations differed from conjunctive emotion-action goal representations found in the basolateral amygdala. While robust action goal representations were present in mid-lateral prefrontal cortex, they were not modulated by emotional valence. Finally, converging results from functional connectivity and multivoxel pattern analyses indicated that FPls emotional valence signals likely originated from interconnected subgenual ACC (BA25), which was in turn functionally coupled with the amygdala. Thus, our results identify a key pathway by which internal emotional states influence goal-directed behavior.

Significance statementOptimal functioning in everyday life requires behavioral regulation that flexibly adapts to dynamically changing emotional states. However, precisely how emotional states influence goal-directed action remains unclear. Unveiling the neural architecture that supports emotion-goal integration is critical for our understanding of disorders such as psychopathy, which is characterized by deficits in incorporating emotional cues into goals, as well as mood and anxiety disorders, which are characterized by impaired goal-based emotion regulation. Our study identifies a key circuit through which emotional states influence goal-directed behavior. This circuitry comprised the lateral frontal pole (FPl), which represented integrated emotion-goal information, as well as interconnected amygdala and subgenual ACC, which conveyed emotional signals to FPl.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lapate, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballard, I. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heckner, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Esposito, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.28.453895</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Emotional context sculpts action goal representations in the lateral frontal pole]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.28.454075v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predictive modeling reveals that higher-order cooperativity drives transcriptional repression in a synthetic developmental enhancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.28.454075v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A challenge in quantitative biology is to predict output patterns of gene expression from knowledge of input transcription factor patterns and from the arrangement of binding sites for these transcription factors on regulatory DNA. We tested whether widespread thermodynamic models could be used to infer parameters describing simple regulatory architectures that inform parameter-free predictions of more complex enhancers in the context of transcriptional repression by Runt in the early fruit 2y embryo. By modulating the number and placement of Runt binding sites within an enhancer, and quantifying the resulting transcriptional activity using live imaging, we discovered that thermodynamic models call for higher-order cooperativity between multiple molecular players. This higher-order cooperativity capture the combinatorial complexity underlying eukaryotic transcriptional regulation and cannot be determined from simpler regulatory architectures, highlighting the challenges in reaching a predictive understanding of transcriptional regulation in eukaryotes and calling for approaches that quantitatively dissect their molecular nature.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeammet, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Small, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.28.454075</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predictive modeling reveals that higher-order cooperativity drives transcriptional repression in a synthetic developmental enhancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.29.454380v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Carbon nanotube biocompatibility in plants is determined by their surface chemistry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.29.454380v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Agriculture faces significant global challenges including climate change and an increasing food demand due to a growing population. Addressing these challenges will require the adoption of transformative innovations into biotechnology practice, such as nanotechnology. Recently, nanomaterials have emerged as unmatched tools for their use as biosensors, or as biomolecule delivery vehicles. Despite their increasingly prolific use, plant-nanomaterial interactions remain poorly characterized, drawing into question the breadth of their utility and their broader environmental compatibility. Herein, we characterize Arabidopsis thaliana transcriptional response to single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with two different surface chemistries commonly used for biosensing and nucleic acid delivery: oligonucleotide adsorbed-pristine SWNTs, and polyethyleneimine-SWNTs loaded with plasmid DNA (PEI-SWNTs), both introduced by leaf infiltration. We observed that SWNTs elicit a mild stress response almost undistinguishable from the infiltration process, indicating that these nanomaterials are well-tolerated by the plant. However, PEI-SWNTs induce a much larger transcriptional reprogramming that involves stress, immunity, and senescence responses. PEI-SWNT-induced transcriptional profile is very similar to that of mutant plants displaying a constitutive immune response or treated with stress-priming agrochemicals. We selected molecular markers from our transcriptomic analysis and identified PEI as the main cause of this reaction. We show that PEI-SWNT response is concentration-dependent and, when persistent over time, leads to cell death. We probed a panel of PEI variant-functionalized SWNTs across two plant species and identified biocompatible SWNT surface functionalizations. Our results highlight the importance of nanoparticle surface chemistry on their biocompatibility and will facilitate the use of functionalized nanomaterials for agricultural improvement.

Significance statementNanomaterials can be used in agriculture as biosensors to monitor plant health, as fertilizers or growth regulators, and as delivery vehicles for genome engineering reagents to improve crops. However, the interactions between nanoparticles and plant cells are not well understood. Here, we characterize the plant transcriptomic response to single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) commonly used for sensing and nucleic acid delivery. While SWNTs themselves are well tolerated by plants, SWNTs surface-functionalized with positively charged polymers become toxic and produce cell death. We identify molecular markers of this toxic response to create biocompatible SWNT formulations. These results highlight the significance of nanoparticle surface chemistry, perhaps more than the nanoparticles themselves, on downstream interactions of nanoparticles with the environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Grandio, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demirer, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.29.454380</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Carbon nanotube biocompatibility in plants is determined by their surface chemistry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.01.454671v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural representations of stereotype content predict social decisions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.01.454671v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To guide social interaction, people often rely on expectations about the traits of other people based on markers of social group membership, i.e., stereotypes. Although the influence of stereotypes on social behavior is widespread, key questions remain about how traits inferred from social group membership are instantiated in the brain and incorporated into neural computations that guide social behavior. Here, we show that the human lateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) represents the content of stereotypes about members of different social groups in the service of social decision-making. During fMRI scanning, participants decided how to distribute resources across themselves and members of a variety of social groups in a modified Dictator Game. Behaviorally, we replicated our recent finding that perceptions of others traits, captured by a two-dimensional framework of stereotype content (warmth and competence), biased participants monetary allocation choices in a context-dependent manner: recipients warmth increased advantageous inequity aversion and their competence increased disadvantageous inequity aversion. Neurally, representational similarity analysis (RSA) revealed that perceptions of others traits in the two-dimensional space were represented in the temporoparietal junction and superior temporal sulcus, two regions associated with mentalizing, and in the lateral OFC, known to represent latent environmental features during goal-directed outcome inference outside the social domain. Critically, only the latter predicted individual choices, suggesting that the effect of stereotypes on behavior is mediated by inference-based, domain-general decision-making processes in the OFC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kobayashi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kable, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.01.454671</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural representations of stereotype content predict social decisions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.02.454786v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Macaques preferentially attend to intermediately surprising information 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.02.454786v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Normative learning theories dictate that we should preferentially attend to informative sources, but only up to the point that our limited learning systems can process their content. Humans, including infants, show this predicted strategic deployment of attention. Here we demonstrate that rhesus monkeys, much like humans, attend to events of moderate surprisingness over both more and less surprising events. They do this in the absence of any specific goal or contingent reward, indicating that the behavioral pattern is spontaneous. We suggest this U-shaped attentional preference represents an evolutionarily preserved strategy for guiding intelligent organisms toward material that is maximally useful for learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanchard, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meschke, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aslin, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayden, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kidd, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.02.454786</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Macaques preferentially attend to intermediately surprising information]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.04.455125v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Trophic specialization on unique resources in one of the most celebrated examples of sympatric speciation, Barombi Mbo crater lake cichlids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.04.455125v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Divergent ecological selection often results in trophic niche partitioning and is one of the central processes underlying sympatric speciation. However, there are still few studies of niche partitioning in putative examples of sympatric speciation in the wild. Here we conducted the first quantitative study of dietary niche partitioning in one of the most celebrated examples of sympatric speciation, Barombi Mbo cichlids, using stomach contents and stable isotope analyses. We found little evidence for trophic niche partitioning among any Barombi Mbo cichlids, even among the nine species coexisting in sympatry in the littoral zone. Stable isotope analyses supported these conclusions of minimal dietary overlap. However, we did find extraordinary dietary specialization in some species, including spongivory and feeding on terrestrial ants, both unique feeding strategies among freshwater fishes. Stomach contents of the spongivore (Pungu maclareni) were 20% freshwater sponge, notable considering that only 0.04% of all fishes consume sponges. Overall, we conclude that while there is less trophic niche partitioning than expected among Barombi Mbo cichlids, there is evidence for dietary specialization on rare resources in support of Liems paradox.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Galvez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLean, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Touokong, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonwouo, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.04.455125</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Trophic specialization on unique resources in one of the most celebrated examples of sympatric speciation, Barombi Mbo crater lake cichlids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.05.455082v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid assessment of SARS-CoV-2 evolved variants using virus-like particles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.05.455082v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Newly evolved SARS-CoV-2 variants are driving ongoing outbreaks of COVID-19 around the world. Efforts to determine why these viral variants have improved fitness are limited to mutations in the viral spike (S) protein and viral entry steps using non-SARS-CoV-2 viral particles engineered to display S. Here we show that SARS-CoV-2 virus-like particles can package and deliver exogenous transcripts, enabling analysis of mutations within all structural proteins and rapid dissection of multiple steps in the viral life cycle. Identification of an RNA packaging sequence was critical for engineered transcripts to assemble together with SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins S, nucleocapsid (N), membrane (M) and envelope (E) into non-replicative SARS-CoV-2 virus-like particles (SC2-VLPs) that deliver these transcripts to ACE2- and TMPRSS2-expressing cells. Using SC2-VLPs, we tested the effect of 30 individual mutations within the S and N proteins on particle assembly and entry. While S mutations unexpectedly did not affect these steps, SC2-VLPs bearing any one of four N mutations found universally in more-transmissible viral variants (P199L, S202R, R203M and R203K) showed increased particle production and up to 10-fold more reporter transcript expression in receiver cells. Our study provides a platform for rapid testing of viral variants outside a biosafety level 3 setting and identifies viral N mutations and viral particle assembly as mechanisms to explain the increased spread of current viral variants, including Delta (N:R203M).

One-Sentence SummaryR203M substitution within SARS-CoV-2 N, found in delta variant, improves RNA packaging into virus-like particles by 10-fold.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Syed, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taha, T. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khalid, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabata, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, I. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sreekumar, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, P.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayashi, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soczek, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ott, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.05.455082</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid assessment of SARS-CoV-2 evolved variants using virus-like particles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.05.455279v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Voltage imaging in Drosophila using a hybrid chemical-genetic rhodamine voltage reporter 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.05.455279v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We combine a chemically-synthesized, voltage-sensitive fluorophore with a genetically encoded, self-labeling enzyme to enable voltage imaging in Drosophila melanogaster. Previously, we showed that a rhodamine voltage reporter (RhoVR) combined with the HaloTag self-labeling enzyme could be used to monitor membrane potential changes from mammalian neurons in culture and brain slice. Here, we apply this hybrid RhoVR-Halo approach in vivo to achieve selective neuron labeling in intact fly brains. We generate a Drosophila UAS-HaloTag reporter line in which the HaloTag enzyme is expressed on the surface of cells. We validate the voltage sensitivity of this new construct in cell culture before driving expression of HaloTag in specific brain neurons in flies. We show that selective labeling of synapses, cells, and brain regions can be achieved with RhoVR-Halo in either larval neuromuscular junction (NMJ) or in whole adult brains. Finally, we validate the voltage sensitivity of RhoVR-Halo in fly tissue via dual-electrode/imaging at the NMJ, show the efficacy of this approach for measuring synaptic excitatory post-synaptic potentials (EPSPs) in muscle cells, and perform voltage imaging of carbachol-evoked depolarization and osmolarity-evoked hyperpolarization in projection neurons and in interoceptive subesophageal zone neurons in fly brain explants following in vivo labeling. We envision the turn-on response to depolarizations, fast response kinetics, and two-photon compatibility of chemical indicators, coupled with the cellular and synaptic specificity of genetically-encoded enzymes, will make RhoVR-Halo a powerful complement to neurobiological imaging in Drosophila.

Significance StatementVoltage imaging is a powerful method for interrogating neurobiology. Chemical indicators possess fast response kinetics, turn-on responses to membrane depolarization, and can be compatible with two-photon excitation. However, selective cell labeling in intact tissues and in vivo remains a challenge for completely synthetic fluorophores. Here, we show that a chemical - genetic hybrid approach in Drosophila enables cell-specific staining in vivo and voltage imaging in whole-brain explants and at neuromuscular junction synapses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kirk, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benlian, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gold, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molina, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drobizhev, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.05.455279</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Voltage imaging in Drosophila using a hybrid chemical-genetic rhodamine voltage reporter]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.06.455433v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Classification and genetic targeting of cell types in the primary taste and premotor center of the Drosophila brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.06.455433v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural circuits carry out complex computations that allow animals to evaluate food, select mates, move toward attractive stimuli, and move away from threats. In insects, the subesophageal zone (SEZ) is a brain region that receives gustatory, pheromonal, and mechanosensory inputs and contributes to the control of diverse behaviors, including feeding, grooming, and locomotion. Despite its importance in sensorimotor transformations, the study of SEZ circuits has been hindered by limited knowledge of the underlying diversity of SEZ neurons. Here, we generate a collection of split-GAL4 lines that provides precise genetic targeting of 138 different SEZ cell types in D. melanogaster, comprising approximately one third of all SEZ neurons. We characterize the single cell anatomy of these neurons and find that they cluster by morphology into six supergroups that organize the SEZ into discrete anatomical domains. We find that the majority of local SEZ interneurons are not classically polarized, suggesting rich local processing, whereas SEZ projection neurons tend to be classically polarized, conveying information to a limited number of higher brain regions. This study provides insight into the anatomical organization of the SEZ and generates resources that will facilitate further study of SEZ neurons and their contributions to sensory processing and behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sterne, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otsuna, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickson, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.06.455433</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Classification and genetic targeting of cell types in the primary taste and premotor center of the Drosophila brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.09.455688v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Surveying the global landscape of post-transcriptional regulators 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.09.455688v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Numerous proteins regulate gene expression by modulating mRNA translation and decay. In order to uncover the full scope of these post-transcriptional regulators, we conducted an unbiased survey that quantifies regulatory activity across the budding yeast proteome and delineates the protein domains responsible for these effects. Our approach couples a tethered function assay with quantitative single-cell fluorescence measurements to analyze [~]50,000 protein fragments and determine their effects on a tethered mRNA. We characterize hundreds of strong regulators, which are enriched for canonical and unconventional mRNA-binding proteins. Regulatory activity typically maps outside the RNA-binding domains themselves, highlighting a modular architecture that separates mRNA targeting from post-transcriptional regulation. Activity often aligns with intrinsically disordered regions that can interact with other proteins, even in core mRNA translation and degradation factors. Our results thus reveal networks of interacting proteins that control mRNA fate and illuminate the molecular basis for post-transcriptional gene regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reynaud, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGeachy, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noble, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meacham, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingolia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.09.455688</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Surveying the global landscape of post-transcriptional regulators]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.10.455824v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vision is Required for Cell Type Specification in the Visual Cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.10.455824v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The role of postnatal experience in sculpting cortical circuitry, while long appreciated, is poorly understood at the level of cell types. We explore this in the mouse primary visual cortex (V1) using single-nucleus RNA-sequencing, visual deprivation, genetics, and functional imaging. We find that vision selectively drives the specification of glutamatergic cell types in upper layers (L) (L2/3/4), while deeper-layer glutamatergic, GABAergic, and non-neuronal cell types are established prior to eye opening. L2/3 cell types form an experience-dependent spatial continuum defined by the graded expression of [~]200 genes, including regulators of cell adhesion and synapse formation. Vision-dependent regulation of one of these genes, encoding the inhibitory synaptic cell adhesion molecule IGSF9b, is required for the normal development of binocular responses in L2/3. In summary, vision preferentially regulates the development of upper-layer glutamatergic cell types through the regulation of cell type-specific gene expression programs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cheng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butrus, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sagireddy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shekhar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zipursky, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.10.455824</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vision is Required for Cell Type Specification in the Visual Cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.12.456169v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamics and impacts of transposable element proliferation during the Drosophila nasuta species group radiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.12.456169v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transposable element (TE) mobilization is a constant threat to genome integrity. Eukaryotic organisms have evolved robust defensive mechanisms to suppress their activity, yet TEs can escape suppression and proliferate, creating strong selective pressure for host defense to adapt. This genomic conflict fuels a never-ending arms race that drives the rapid evolution of TEs and recurrent positive selection of genes involved in host defense; the latter has been shown to contribute to postzygotic hybrid incompatibility. However, how TE proliferation impacts genome and regulatory divergence remains poorly understood. Here, we report the highly complete and contiguous (N50=33.8Mb - 38.0Mb) genome assemblies of seven closely-related Drosophila species that belong to the nasuta species group - a poorly studied group of flies that radiated in the last 2 million years. We constructed a high quality de novo TE library and gathered germline RNA-seq data, which allowed us to comprehensively annotate and compare insertion patterns between the species, and infer the evolutionary forces controlling their spread. We find a strong negative association between TE insertion frequency and expression of genes nearby; this likely reflects survivor-bias from reduced fitness impact of TE inserting near lowly expressed, non-essential genes, with limited TE-induced epigenetic silencing. Phylogenetic analyses of insertions of 147 TE families reveal that 53% of them show recent amplification in at least one species. The most highly amplified TE is an non-autonomous DNA element DINE which has gone through multiple bouts of expansions with thousands of full length copies littered throughout each genome. Across all TEs, we find that TEs expansions are significantly associated with high expression in the expanded species consistent with suppression escape. Altogether, our results shed light on the heterogenous and context-dependent nature in which TEs affect gene regulation and the dynamics of rampant TE proliferation amidst a recently radiated species group.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wei, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mai, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatla, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bachtrog, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.12.456169</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamics and impacts of transposable element proliferation during the Drosophila nasuta species group radiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.13.456172v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-nucleus RNA-sequencing in pre-cellularization Drosophila melanogaster embryos 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.13.456172v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our current understanding of the regulation of gene expression in the early Drosophila melanogaster embryo comes from observations of a few genes at a time, as with in situ hybridizations, or observation of gene expression levels without regards to patterning, as with RNA-sequencing. Single-nucleus RNA-sequencing however, has the potential to provide new insights into the regulation of gene expression for many genes at once while simultaneously retaining information regarding the position of each nucleus prior to dissociation based on patterned gene expression. In order to establish the practicality of single-nucleus RNA sequencing in the context of a real biological question, here we look at the difference in gene expression between control and an insulator protein, dCTCF, maternal null embryos during zygotic genome activation at nuclear cycle 14. We find that early embryonic nuclei can be grouped into distinct clusters according to gene expression. From both virtual and published in situ hybridizations, we also find that these clusters correspond to spatial regions of the embryo. Lastly, we present multiple examples of differential gene expression between control and maternal CTCF null nuclei in one or more clusters, but not in bulk when grouping expression across all nuclei. These results highlight the potential for single-nucleus RNA-sequencing to reveal new insights into the regulation of gene expression in the early Drosophila melanogaster embryo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Albright, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stadler, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.13.456172</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-nucleus RNA-sequencing in pre-cellularization Drosophila melanogaster embryos]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.13.456272v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A cooperative network at the nuclear envelope counteracts LINC-mediated forces during oogenesis in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.13.456272v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oogenesis involves meiosis and oocyte maturation. Both processes rely on mechanical forces (Lee et al., 2015; Nagamatsu et al., 2019; Rog and Dernburg, 2015; Sato et al., 2009; Tsatskis et al., 2020; Wynne et al., 2012), which can be transduced from the cytoskeleton to the nuclear envelope (NE) through linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton (LINC) complexes (Burke, 2018; Chang et al., 2015; Fan et al., 2020; Link et al., 2014). Gametes must protect their genomes from damage in this mechanically stressful environment. In C. elegans, oocyte nuclei lacking the single lamin protein LMN-1 are vulnerable to nuclear collapse. Here we deploy the auxin-inducible degradation system to investigate the balance of forces that drive this collapse and protect oocyte nuclei. We find that nuclear collapse is not a consequence of apoptosis. It is promoted by dynein and a LINC complex comprised of SUN-1 and ZYG-12, which assumes polarized distribution at the NE in response to dynein-mediated forces. We also show that the lamin meshwork works in parallel with other inner nuclear membrane (INM) proteins to counteract mechanical stress at the NE during oogenesis. We speculate that a similar network may protect oocyte integrity during the long arrest period in mammals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lung, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dernburg, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.13.456272</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A cooperative network at the nuclear envelope counteracts LINC-mediated forces during oogenesis in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.13.456274v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Severe inbreeding and gene loss in the historical and extant population of the critically endangered Devils Hole pupfish 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.13.456274v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Small populations with limited geographic distributions are predicted to be threatened by inbreeding and lack of genetic diversity, both of which may negatively impact fitness and exacerbate population decline. One of the most extreme natural examples is the Devils Hole pupfish (Cyprinodon diabolis), an iconic and critically endangered species with the smallest known habitat range of any vertebrate. This imperiled species has experienced severe declines in population size over the last thirty years and suffered major, repeated bottlenecks in 2007 and 2013, when the population sunk to 38 and 35 individuals, respectively. Here we sequenced contemporary and historical genomes of Devils Hole and neighboring Death Valley and Ash Meadows desert pupfishes to examine the genomic consequences of small population size. We found extreme inbreeding (FROH = 0.71 - 0.82) and increased genetic load in the Devils Hole pupfish. We also document unique fixed loss-of-function (LOF) alleles and deletions in genes associated with sperm motility, stress, and hypoxia within the extant Devils Hole pupfish population that likely reduce fitness. Comparisons between contemporary samples (2008 - 2012) and a genome sequenced from a 1980 formalin-fixed museum specimen suggest that inbreeding has increased 6% as the population has declined, but that many putatively deleterious variants have been segregating in the population since at least 1980. This includes a fixed early stop codon in cfap43 (n = 8/8 samples), which is associated with sperm flagellum defects and causes infertility in humans and mice. Out of ninety-four unique deletions, fifteen were detected within 2 kb of annotated genes. Five have roles in physiological responses to hypoxia and mitochondrial activity, such as redd1 (n = 7/7 samples), suggesting impaired hypoxia tolerance in this species despite the low oxygen concentrations of Devils Hole. We thus document one of the most extreme inbreeding events in a natural population and a set of candidate deleterious variants to inform management and potential genetic rescue in this conservation icon.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tian, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.13.456274</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Severe inbreeding and gene loss in the historical and extant population of the critically endangered Devils Hole pupfish]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.15.456437v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structures of Tweety Homolog Proteins TTYH2 and TTYH3 reveal a Ca2+-dependent switch from intra- to inter-membrane dimerization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.15.456437v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tweety homologs (TTYHs) comprise a conserved family of transmembrane proteins found in eukaryotes with three members (TTYH1-3) in vertebrates. They are widely expressed in mammals including at high levels in the nervous system and have been implicated in cancers and other diseases including epilepsy, chronic pain, and viral infections. TTYHs have been reported to form Ca2+- and cell volume-regulated anion channels structurally distinct from any characterized protein family with potential roles in cell adhesion, migration, and developmental signaling. To provide insight into TTYH family structure and function, we determined cryo-EM structures of Mus musculus TTYH2 and TTYH3 in lipid nanodiscs. TTYH2 and TTYH3 adopt a novel fold which includes an extended extracellular domain with a partially solvent exposed pocket that may be an interaction site for hydrophobic molecules. In the presence of Ca2+, TTYH2 and TTYH3 form homomeric cis-dimers bridged by extracellularly coordinated Ca2+. Strikingly, in the absence of Ca2+, TTYH2 forms trans-dimers that span opposing membranes across a ~130 [A] intermembrane space as well as a monomeric state. All TTYH structures lack ion conducting pathways and we do not observe TTYH2-dependent channel activity in cells. We conclude TTYHs are not pore forming subunits of anion channels and their function may involve Ca2+-dependent changes in quaternary structure, interactions with hydrophobic molecules near the extracellular membrane surface, and/or association with additional protein partners.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoel, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brohawn, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.15.456437</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structures of Tweety Homolog Proteins TTYH2 and TTYH3 reveal a Ca2+-dependent switch from intra- to inter-membrane dimerization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.16.456551v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tuning levels of low-complexity domain interactions to modulate endogenous oncogenic transcription 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.16.456551v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene activation by mammalian transcription factors (TFs) requires dynamic, multivalent, and selective interactions of their intrinsically disordered low-complexity domains (LCDs), but how such interactions mediate transcription remains unclear. It has been proposed that extensive LCD-LCD interactions culminating in liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) of TFs is the dominant mechanism underlying transactivation. Here, we investigated how tuning the amount and localization of LCD-LCD interactions in vivo affects transcription of endogenous human genes. Quantitative single-cell and single-molecule imaging reveals that the oncogenic TF EWS/FLI1 requires a finely tuned range of LCD-LCD interactions to efficiently activate target genes. Modest or more dramatic increases in LCD-LCD interactions toward putative LLPS repress EWS/FLI1-driven transcription in patient cells. Likewise, ectopically creating LCD-LCD interactions to sequester EWS/FLI1 into a bona fide LLPS compartment, the nucleolus, inhibits EWS/FLI1-driven transcription and oncogenic transformation. Our findings reveal fundamental principles underlying LCD-mediated transcription and suggest mislocalizing specific LCD-LCD interactions as a novel therapeutic strategy for targeting disease-causing TFs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, T. G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dugast-Darzacq, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dailey, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darzacq, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.16.456551</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tuning levels of low-complexity domain interactions to modulate endogenous oncogenic transcription]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.17.456416v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Playing with FiRE: A genome resolved view of the soil microbiome responses to high severity forest wildfire 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.17.456416v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Warming climate has increased the frequency and size of high severity wildfires in the western United States, with deleterious impacts on forest ecosystem resilience. Although forest soil microbiomes provide a myriad of ecosystem functions, little is known regarding the impact of high severity fire on microbially-mediated processes. Here, we characterized functional shifts in the soil microbiome (bacterial, fungal, and viral) across wildfire burn severity gradients one year post-fire in coniferous forests (Colorado and Wyoming, USA). We generated the Fire Responding Ecogenomic database (FiRE-db), consisting of 637 metagenome-assembled bacterial genomes, 2490 viral populations, and 2 fungal genomes complemented by 12 metatranscriptomes from soils affected by low and high-severity, and complementary marker gene sequencing and metabolomics data. Actinobacteria dominated the fraction of enriched and active taxa across burned soils. Taxa within surficial soils impacted by high severity wildfire exhibited traits including heat resistance, sporulation and fast growth that enhanced post-fire survival. Carbon cycling within this system was predicted to be influenced by microbial processing of pyrogenic compounds and turnover of dominant bacterial community members by abundant viruses. These genome-resolved analyses across trophic levels reveal the complexity of post-fire soil microbiome activity and offer opportunities for restoration strategies that specifically target these communities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nelson, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narrowe, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhoades, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fegel, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daly, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amundson, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geonczy, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emerson, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steindorff, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mondo, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grigoriev, I. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salamov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borch, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkins, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.17.456416</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Playing with FiRE: A genome resolved view of the soil microbiome responses to high severity forest wildfire]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.18.456897v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chlamydomonas ATX1 is essential for Cu distribution towards the secretory pathway and maintenance of biomass in conditions demanding cupro-enzyme dependent metabolic pathways 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.18.456897v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Copper (Cu) chaperones, of which yeast ATX1 is a prototype, are small proteins with a Cu(I) binding Mx-CxxC motif, and are responsible for directing intracellular Cu towards specific client protein targets that use Cu as a cofactor. The Chlamydomonas reinhardtii ATX1 (CrATX1) was identified because of its high sequence similarity with yeast ATX1. Like the yeast homologue, CrATX1 accumulates in iron-deficient cells (but is not impacted by other metal-deficiencies), and YFP-ATX1 is distributed in the cytoplasm. Reverse genetic analysis using artificial microRNA (amiRNA) to generate lines with reduced CrATX1 abundance and CRISPR/CPF1 to generate ATX1 knock out lines validated a function for ATX1 in iron-poor cells, most likely because of an impact on metalation of the multicopper oxidase FOX1, which is an important component in high-affinity iron uptake. A more general impact on the secretory pathway is indicated by reduced growth of ATX1 mutant lines on guanine as a sole nitrogen source, which we attribute to loss of function of UOX1, a urate oxidase involved in guanine assimilation. The block of Cu trafficking towards the secretory pathway in ATX1 mutants is strikingly evident by a reduced amount of intracellular Cu in all conditions probed in this work.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pham, K. L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmollinger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merchant, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strenkert, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.18.456897</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chlamydomonas ATX1 is essential for Cu distribution towards the secretory pathway and maintenance of biomass in conditions demanding cupro-enzyme dependent metabolic pathways]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.20.457145v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Machine learning enables discovery of DNA-carbon nanotube sensors for serotonin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.20.457145v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA-wrapped single walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) conjugates have remarkable optical properties leading to their use in biosensing and imaging applications. A critical limitation in the development of DNA-SWNT sensors is the current inability to predict unique DNA sequences that confer a strong analyte-specific optical response to these sensors. Here, near-infrared (nIR) fluorescence response datasets for ~100 DNA-SWNT conjugates, narrowed down by a selective evolution protocol starting from a pool of ~1010 unique DNA-SWNT candidates, are used to train machine learning (ML) models to predict new unique DNA sequences with strong optical response to neurotransmitter serotonin. First, classifier models based on convolutional neural networks (CNN) are trained on sequence features to classify DNA ligands as either high response or low response to serotonin. Second, support vector machine (SVM) regression models are trained to predict relative optical response values for DNA sequences. Finally, we demonstrate with validation experiments that integrating the predictions of ensembles of the highest quality CNN classifiers and SVM regression models leads to the best predictions of both high and low response sequences. With our ML approaches, we discovered five new DNA-SWNT sensors with higher fluorescence intensity response to serotonin than obtained previously. Overall, the explored ML approaches introduce an important new tool to predict useful DNA sequences, which can be used for discovery of new DNA-based sensors and nanobiotechnologies.

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=100 SRC="FIGDIR/small/457145v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (37K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@9e1a2corg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1c84e68org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1939d1eorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@30424e_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kelich, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navarro, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vukovic, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.20.457145</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Machine learning enables discovery of DNA-carbon nanotube sensors for serotonin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.21.457232v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Eliminating Aedes aegypti from its southern margin in Australia: insights from genomic data and simulation modeling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.21.457232v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A rare example of a successful long-term elimination of the mosquito Aedes aegypti is in Brisbane, Queensland, where the legislatively-enforced removal of rainwater tanks drove its disappearance by the mid-1950s. However, a decade-long drought led to the mass installation of rainwater tanks throughout the region, re-introducing critical breeding sites for the mosquitos persistence in this subtropical region. With Ae. aegypti re-invading towns just 150 km north of Brisbane, we examined the potential for their sustained elimination. Through genomic analyses, we estimated historical expansion and current isolation between neighboring populations as close as 15 kilometers. The estimated recent migration rate, entomological and meteorological data were used to calibrate the simulations of elimination campaigns in the two southernmost populations. Our simulations indicate that Ae. aegypti could be eliminated with moderate release numbers of incompatible Wolbachia-infected (IIT) males (sorted with an error rate [&le;]10-6) if non-compliant rainwater tanks are removed first. With this combined campaign, highly effective suppression (>99%) was predicted in both towns, and complete elimination was predicted in 35% of simulations in one town. Without tank removal, however, IIT led to a moderate suppression (61-93%) even with a 40:1 ratio of released IIT males to local males. Moreover, with a ratio of >20:1, Wolbachia establishment was predicted when the sorting error was >10-7. Our conservative estimates of intervention outcomes inform the planning of Ae. aegypti elimination in the region, and offer insight into the effective combinations of conventional and novel control tools, particularly for vulnerable mosquito populations at range margins.

SignificanceAfter decades of range stagnation in Australia, the Aedes aegypti mosquito is expanding southward, approaching the most-densely-populated areas of Queensland. Using population genomics and simulation modeling of elimination campaigns, we show that Australias southernmost populations of this disease vector are genetically isolated and could be eliminated with moderate releases of incompatible Wolbachia-infected males if major larval breeding sites (non-compliant rainwater tanks) are removed first. The risk of Wolbachia establishment for this approach is low, and so is the risk of quick mosquito re-invasion. Our conservative estimates of intervention outcomes inform the planning of Ae. aegypti elimination in the region, and offer new insight into the benefits of combining conventional and novel control tools, particularly for mosquito populations at range margins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rasic, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filipovic, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leon, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez Castellanos, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trewin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.21.457232</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Eliminating Aedes aegypti from its southern margin in Australia: insights from genomic data and simulation modeling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.23.457405v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Belowground allocation and dynamics of recently fixed plant carbon in a California annual grassland soil 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.23.457405v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plant roots and the organisms that surround them are a primary source for stabilized organic C, particularly in grassland soils, which have a large capacity to store organic carbon belowground. To quantify the flow and fate of plant fixed carbon (C) in a Northern California annual grassland, we tracked plant carbon from a five-day 13CO2 pulse field labeling for the following two years. Soil and plant samples were collected immediately after the pulse labeling, and again at three days, four weeks, six months, one year, and two years. Soil organic matter was fractionated using a sodium polytungstate density gradient to separate the free-light fraction (FLF), occluded-light fraction (OLF), and heavy fraction (HF). Using isotope ratio mass spectrometry, we measured 13C enrichment and total C content for plant shoots, roots, soil, soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and the FLF, OLF, and HF. The HF was further analyzed by solid state 13C NMR spectroscopy.

At the end of the labeling period, the largest amount of 13C was recovered in plant shoots (60%), but a substantial amount (40%) was already found belowground in roots, soil, and soil DOC. Density fractionation of 4-week soil samples (from which living roots were removed) indicated that the highest isotope enrichment was in the mineral-rich heavy fraction, with similar enrichment of the FLF and OLF. At the 6-month sampling, after the dry summer period during which plants senesced and died, the amount of label in the FLF increased such that it was equal to that in the HF. By the 1-year sampling, 13C in the FLF had declined substantially and continued to decline by the 2-year sampling. 13C recovery in the OLF and HF, however, was qualitatively stable between sampling times. By the end of the 2-year experiment, 69% of remaining label was in the HF, 18% in the FLF and 13% in the OLF.

While the total 13C content of the HF did not change significantly from the 4-week to the 2-year sample time, 13C NMR spectroscopic analysis of spring HF samples from 2018, 2019, and 2020 suggests that the relative proportion of aliphatic/alkyl functional groups declined in the newly formed SOC over the 2-year period. Simultaneously, aromatic and carbonyl functional groups increased, and the proportion of carbohydrate groups remained relatively constant. In summary, our results indicate that initial associations between minerals and root-derived organic matter are significant and form rapidly; by 4 weeks, a substantial amount (17%) of the total plant-derived 13C had become associated with the heavy fraction (HF) of soil. While the majority of annual C input cycles rapidly (<2-year timescale), a sizeable proportion ([~]12% of the original inputs) persisted for 2 years.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fossum, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estera-Molina, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu-Jacoby, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nico, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pett-Ridge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firestone, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.23.457405</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Belowground allocation and dynamics of recently fixed plant carbon in a California annual grassland soil]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.23.457424v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Chloroflexi supergroup is metabolically diverse and representatives have novel genes for non-photosynthesis based CO2 fixation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.23.457424v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Chloroflexi superphylum have been investigated primarily from the perspective of reductive dehalogenation of toxic compounds, anaerobic photosynthesis and wastewater treatment, but remain relatively little studied compared to their close relatives within the larger Terrabacteria group, including Cyanobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes. Here, we conducted a detailed phylogenetic analysis of the phylum Chloroflexota, the phylogenetically proximal candidate phylum Dormibacteraeota, and a newly defined sibling phylum proposed in the current study, Eulabeiota. These groups routinely root together in phylogenomic analyses, and constitute the Chloroflexi supergroup. Chemoautotrophy is widespread in Chloroflexi. Two Form I Rubisco ancestral subtypes that both lack the small subunit are prevalent in ca. Eulabeiota and Chloroflexota, suggesting that the predominant modern pathway for CO2 fixation evolved in these groups. The single subunit Form I Rubiscos are inferred to have evolved prior to oxygenation of the Earths atmosphere and now predominantly occur in anaerobes. Prevalent in both Chloroflexota and ca. Eulabeiota are capacities related to aerobic oxidation of gases, especially CO and H2. In fact, aerobic and anaerobic CO dehydrogenases are widespread throughout every class-level lineage, whereas traits such as denitrification and reductive dehalogenation are heterogeneously distributed across the supergroup. Interestingly, some Chloroflexota have a novel clade of group 3 NiFe hydrogenases that is phylogenetically distinct from previously reported groups. Overall, the analyses underline the very high level of metabolic diversity in the Chloroflexi supergroup, suggesting the ancestral metabolic platform for this group enabled highly varied adaptation to ecosystems that appeared in the aerobic world.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>West-Roberts, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matheus Carnevali, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scholmerich, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Shayeb, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharrar, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keren, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amano, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.23.457424</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Chloroflexi supergroup is metabolically diverse and representatives have novel genes for non-photosynthesis based CO2 fixation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.24.457581v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effective Ensemble of Deep Neural Networks Predicts Neural Responses to Naturalistic Videos 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.24.457581v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This report provides a review of our submissions to the Algonauts Challenge 2021. In this challenge, neural responses in the visual cortex were recorded using functional neuroimaging when participants were watching naturalistic videos. The goal of the challenge is to develop voxel-wise encoding models which predict such neural signals based on the input videos. Here we built an ensemble of models that extract representations based on the input videos from 4 perspectives: image streams, motion, edges, and audio. We showed that adding new modules into the ensemble consistently improved our prediction performance. Our methods achieved state-of-the-art performance on both the mini track and the full track tasks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.24.457581</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effective Ensemble of Deep Neural Networks Predicts Neural Responses to Naturalistic Videos]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.24.457591v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Host-associated microbial diversity in New Zealand cicadas uncovers elevational structure and replacement of obligate bacterial endosymbionts by Ophiocordyceps fungal pathogens 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.24.457591v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Host-microbe interactions influence eukaryotic evolution, particularly in the sap-sucking insects that often rely on obligate microbial symbionts to provision deficient nutrients in their diets. Cicadas (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadidae) specialize on xylem fluid and derive many essential amino acids and vitamins from intracellular bacteria or fungi (Hodgkinia, Sulcia, and Ophiocordyceps) that are propagated via transmission from mothers to offspring. Despite the beneficial role of these symbionts in nutrient provisioning, they are generally not considered to function within the gut where microbiota may play an important dietary role during insect diversification. Here, we investigate the relative impact of host phylogeny and ecology on gut microbial diversity in cicadas by sequencing 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicons from 197 wild-collected cicadas and new mitochondrial genomes across 38 New Zealand cicada species, including natural hybrids between one species pair. We find a lack of phylogenetic structure and hybrid effects but a significant role of elevation in explaining variation in gut microbiota. Additionally, we provide evidence of Hodgkinia loss with gains of Ophiocordyceps fungal pathogens in all New Zealand cicadas examined that suggests convergent domestications of fungal pathogens. This highlights the macroevolutionary instability of obligate symbiosis and the relative importance of ecology rather than phylogeny for structuring gut microbial diversity in cicadas.

ImportanceAn unresolved question in evolutionary biology is how beneficial associations between eukaryotes and microbes impact macroevolutionary patterns. We report substantial data from natural populations that suggest the absence of macroevolutionary impacts from gut microbiota in cicadas. Instead, gut microbial diversity is better explained by elevational variation across an island landscape. Cicadas, like many insects, have obligate nutritional associations with bacteria housed in organs outside of the gut, but we show that these associations seem also to be unstable at macroevolutionary scales. We report evidence for unexpected and widespread replacement of obligate bacteria by a domesticated and formerly pathogenic Ophiocordyceps fungus representing an evolutionarily convergent pattern across the cicada phylogeny.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haji, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vailionis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stukel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemmon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemmon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCutcheon, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.24.457591</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Host-associated microbial diversity in New Zealand cicadas uncovers elevational structure and replacement of obligate bacterial endosymbionts by Ophiocordyceps fungal pathogens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.25.457667v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synergistic Enzyme Mixtures to Realize Near-Complete Depolymerization in Biodegradable Polymer/Additive Blends 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.25.457667v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Embedding catalysts inside of plastics affords accelerated chemical modification with programmable latency and pathways. Nanoscopically embedded enzymes can lead to near complete degradation of polyesters via chain-end mediated processive depolymerization. The overall degradation rate and pathways have a strong dependence on the morphology of semi-crystalline polyesters. Yet, most studies to date focus on pristine polymers instead of mixtures with additives and other components despite their nearly universal uses in plastic production. Here, additives are introduced to purposely change the morphology of polycaprolactone (PCL) by increasing the bending and twisting of crystalline lamellae. These morphological changes immobilize chain-ends preferentially at the crystalline/amorphous interfaces and limit chain-end accessibility by the embedded processive enzyme. This chain end redistribution reduces the polymer-to-monomer conversion from >95% to less than 50%, causing formation of highly crystalline plastic pieces including microplastics. By synergizing both random chain scission and processive depolymerization, it is feasible to navigate morphological changes in polymer/additive blends and to achieve near complete depolymerization. The random scission enzymes in the amorphous domains create new chain ends that are subsequently bound and depolymerized by processive enzymes. Present studies further highlight the importance to consider host polymer morphological effects on the reactions catalyzed by embedded catalytic species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DelRe, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayapurna, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zolkin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.25.457667</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synergistic Enzyme Mixtures to Realize Near-Complete Depolymerization in Biodegradable Polymer/Additive Blends]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.25.457707v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Plucking a string or playing a G? Degree of choice abstraction impacts human reinforcement learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.25.457707v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In reinforcement learning (RL) experiments, participants learn to make rewarding choices in response to different stimuli; RL models use outcomes to estimate stimulus-response values which change incrementally. RL models consider any response type indiscriminately, ranging from more concretely defined motor choices (e.g. pressing a key with the index finger), to more general choices that can be executed in a number of ways (e.g. getting dinner at the restaurant). But does the learning process vary as a function of the choice type? In Experiment 1, we show that it does: participants were slower and less accurate in learning correct choices of a general format compared to learning more concrete, motor actions. Using computational modeling, we show that two mechanisms contribute to this. First, there was evidence of irrelevant credit assignment: the values of motor actions interfered with the values of other choice dimensions, resulting in more incorrect choices when the correct response is not defined by a single motor action; second, information integration for relevant general choices was slower. In Experiment 2, we replicated and further extended the findings from Experiment 1, by showing that slowed learning was attributable to weaker working memory use, rather than slowed RL learning. In both experiments we ruled out the explanation that the difference in performance between two condition types was driven by difficulty/different levels of complexity. We conclude that defining a more abstract choice space used by multiple learning systems for credit assignment recruits executive resources, limiting how much such processes then contribute to fast learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rmus, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, A. G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.25.457707</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Plucking a string or playing a G? Degree of choice abstraction impacts human reinforcement learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.26.457744v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exploring dimensions of biodiversity in Japanese ferns 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.26.457744v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PremiseBiodiversity is often only measured with species richness. However, this ignores evolutionary history and is not sufficient for making conservation decisions. Here, we characterize multiple facets and drivers of biodiversity to understand how these relate to bioregions and conservation status in the ferns of Japan.

MethodsWe compiled a community dataset of 1,239 20 km x 20 km grid-cells including 672 taxa based on > 300,000 specimen records. We combined this with a phylogeny and functional traits to analyze taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional diversity, and modeled biodiversity metrics in response to environmental factors and reproductive mode. Hierarchical clustering was used to delimit bioregions. Conservation status and threats were assessed by comparing the overlap of significantly diverse grid-cells with conservation zones and range maps of native Japanese deer.

ResultsTaxonomic richness was highest at mid-latitudes. Phylogenetic and functional diversity and phylogenetic endemism were highest in small southern islands. Relative phylogenetic and functional diversity were high at high and low latitudes, and low at mid-latitudes. Grid-cells were grouped into three (phylogenetic) or four (taxonomic) major bioregions. Temperature and apomixis were identified as drivers of biodiversity patterns. Conservation status was generally high for grid-cells with significantly high biodiversity, but the threat due to herbivory by deer was greater for taxonomic richness than other metrics.

ConclusionsOur integrative approach reveals previously undetected patterns and drivers of biodiversity in the ferns of Japan. Future conservation efforts should recognize that threats can vary by biodiversity metric and consider multiple multiple metrics when establishing conservation priorities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nitta, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishler, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwasaki, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebihara, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.26.457744</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exploring dimensions of biodiversity in Japanese ferns]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.26.457791v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dissociating the Neural Correlates of Planning and Executing Hierarchical Task Sets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.26.457791v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Task processing (e.g., the preparation and execution of responses) and task representation (e.g., the activation and maintenance of stimulus-response and context information) are two facets of cognitive control supported by lateral frontal cortex (LFC). However, the mechanistic overlap (or distinction) between these two facets is unknown. We explored this by combining a complex task mapping with a pre-cueing procedure. Participants made match/non-match judgments on pairs of stimuli during fMRI recording. Pre-cues on each trial gave variable amounts of information to the participant in anticipation of the stimulus. Our results demonstrated that regions throughout LFC were more active at the stimulus (when responses could be executed) than at the cue (when they could only be prepared), indicating that they supported execution of the task agnostic to the specific task representation. A subset of regions in left caudal LFC showed increased activity with more cue information at the cue and the reverse at the stimulus, suggesting their involvement in reducing uncertainty within the task representation. These results suggest that one component of task processing is preparing and executing the task according to the relevant representation, confined to left caudal LFC, while non-representational functions that occur primarily during execution are supported by different regions throughout the rest of LFC. We further conducted an exploratory investigation of connectivity between the two groups of regions in this study and their potential relationship to the fronto-parietal and cingulo-opercular networks. Regions with both patterns of activity appear to be part of the fronto-parietal network.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cookson, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schumacher, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.26.457791</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dissociating the Neural Correlates of Planning and Executing Hierarchical Task Sets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.26.457795v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Efficient decoding of large-scale neural population responses with Gaussian-process multiclass regression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.26.457795v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural decoding methods provide a powerful tool for quantifying the information content of neural population codes and the limits imposed by correlations in neural activity. However, standard decoding methods are prone to overfitting and scale poorly to high-dimensional settings. Here, we introduce a novel decoding method to overcome these limitations. Our approach, the Gaussian process multi-class decoder (GPMD), is well-suited to decoding a continuous low-dimensional variable from high-dimensional population activity, and provides a platform for assessing the importance of correlations in neural population codes. The GPMD is a multinomial logistic regression model with a Gaussian process prior over the decoding weights. The prior includes hyperparameters that govern the smoothness of each neurons decoding weights, allowing automatic pruning of uninformative neurons during inference. We provide a variational inference method for fitting the GPMD to data, which scales to hundreds or thousands of neurons and performs well even in datasets with more neurons than trials. We apply the GPMD to recordings from primary visual cortex in three different species: monkey, ferret, and mouse. Our decoder achieves state-of-the-art accuracy on all three datasets, and substantially outperforms independent Bayesian decoding, showing that knowledge of the correlation structure is essential for optimal decoding in all three species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Greenidge, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scholl, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yates, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pillow, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.26.457795</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Efficient decoding of large-scale neural population responses with Gaussian-process multiclass regression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.26.457839v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Redesigning the Eterna100 for the Vienna 2 folding engine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.26.457839v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The rational design of RNA is becoming important for rapidly developing technologies in medicine and biochemistry, spurring development of numerous RNA secondary structure design algorithms and benchmarks to evaluate their performance. However, the problem of RNA design is dependent upon the reverse problem of RNA structure prediction through "folding engines" that predict structure from sequence. We hypothesized that differences in RNA folding engines could impact design algorithms, and recruited an online community of RNA design experts to modify the widely-used RNA secondary structure design benchmark, Eterna100, to address unsolvability of some cases when changing the folding engine used (Vienna 1.8 updated to Vienna 2.6). We tested this new Eterna100-V2 benchmark with five RNA design algorithms, and found that while overall rankings remained similar, the performance of RNA design algorithms that depended on folding engines in their training did indeed depend on which underlying parameter set was used in training. This work demonstrates that the design "difficulty" of RNA structures is intrinsically linked to thermodynamic models, and suggests that future RNA design algorithms that are agnostic to thermodynamic models will result in optimal performance and development. Eterna100-V1 and Eterna100-V2 benchmarks and example solutions are freely available at https://github.com/eternagame/eterna100-benchmarking.

Author SummaryDesigning RNA molecules that fold to a desired target structure is an algorithmic problem gathering increasing attention due to the emergence of RNA-based therapies and the need for rational design of RNAs. The Eterna100 dataset, a collection of target structures with increasing design difficulty, designed and selected by players of the crowdsourced RNA game Eterna, has been widely used to benchmark RNA design algorithms. However, these puzzles were originally developed using the now-deprecated version 1 of the ViennaRNA folding engine. In this manuscript, we introduce an updated benchmark, called the Eterna100-V2. We found that nineteen puzzles using Vienna 1 were unsolvable in Vienna 2, but that Eterna participants were able to re-design the puzzles with minimal modifications to make them solvable in Vienna 2. We confirmed that the rankings of 5 RNA design algorithms remained consistent between Eterna100-V1 and -V2. However, discrepancies in performance from algorithms that relied on thermodynamic models in their training suggest that algorithms will benefit from being agnostic to thermodynamic models as these models continue to improve.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koodli, R. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudolfs, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wayment-Steele, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eterna Structure Designers,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.26.457839</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Redesigning the Eterna100 for the Vienna 2 folding engine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.26.457865v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Crossover patterning through kinase-regulated condensation and coarsening of recombination nodules 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.26.457865v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Meiotic recombination is highly regulated to ensure precise segregation of homologous chromosomes. Evidence from diverse organisms indicates that the synaptonemal complex (SC), which assembles between paired chromosomes, plays essential roles in crossover formation and patterning. Several additional "pro-crossover" proteins are also required for recombination intermediates to become crossovers. These typically form multiple foci or recombination nodules along SCs, and later accumulate at fewer, widely spaced sites. Here we report that in C. elegans CDK-2 is required to stabilize all crossover intermediates and stabilizes interactions among pro-crossover factors by phosphorylating MSH-5. Additionally, we show that the conserved RING domain proteins ZHP-3/4 diffuse along the SC and remain dynamic following their accumulation at recombination sites. Based on these and previous findings we propose a model in which recombination nodules arise through spatially restricted biomolecular condensation and then undergo a regulated coarsening process, resulting in crossover interference.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stauffer, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zwicker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dernburg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.26.457865</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Crossover patterning through kinase-regulated condensation and coarsening of recombination nodules]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.27.457929v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multimodal measurements of phototoxicity in nonlinear optical microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.27.457929v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nonlinear optical imaging modalities, such as two-photon microscopy and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy, make use of pulsed-laser excitation with high peak intensity that can perturb the native state of cells. In this study, we investigated the short and long-term effects of pulsed laser induced phototoxicity. We used bulk RNA sequencing, quantitative measurement of cell proliferation, and measurement of the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to assess phototoxic effects, at different time scales, for a range of laser excitation settings relevant to SRS imaging. We define a range of laser excitation settings for which there was no significant ROS generation, differential gene expression, or change in proliferation rates of mouse Neuro2A cells. Changes in proliferation rate and ROS generation were observed under imaging conditions with an excitation intensity of over 600 mW/m2. Repeated imaging of the same field of view at this excitation intensity of over 600 mW/m2 resulted in visual damage to N2A cells. Laser induced perturbations in live cells may impact downstream measurements of cell state including subsequent imaging or molecular measurements. This study provides guidance for imaging parameters that minimize photo-induced perturbations in SRS microscopy to ensure accurate interpretation of experiments with time-lapse imaging or with paired measurements of imaging and sequencing on the same cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorlhiac, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streets, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.27.457929</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multimodal measurements of phototoxicity in nonlinear optical microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.27.457931v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The brain uses invariant dynamics to generalize outputs across movements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.27.457931v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It has been proposed that the nervous system has the capacity to generate a wide variety of movements because it re-uses some invariant code. Previous work has identified that dynamics of neural population activity are similar during different movements, where dynamics refer to how the instantaneous spatial pattern of population activity changes in time. Here we test whether invariant dynamics of neural populations are actually used to issue the commands that direct movement. Using a brain-machine interface that transformed rhesus macaques motor cortex activity into commands for a neuroprosthetic cursor, we discovered that the same command is issued with different neural activity patterns in different movements. However, these different patterns were predictable, as we found that the transitions between activity patterns are governed by the same dynamics across movements. These invariant dynamics are low-dimensional, and critically, they align with the brain-machine interface, so that they predict the specific component of neural activity that actually issues the next command. We introduce a model of optimal feedback control that shows that invariant dynamics can help transform movement feedback into commands, reducing the input that the neural population needs to control movement. Altogether our results demonstrate that invariant dynamics drive commands to control a variety of movements, and show how feedback can be integrated with invariant dynamics to issue generalizable commands.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Athalye, V. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khanna, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gowda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orsborn, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmena, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.27.457931</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The brain uses invariant dynamics to generalize outputs across movements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.27.457979v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Binary outcomes of enhancer activity underlie stable random monoallelic expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.27.457979v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitotically stable random monoallelic gene expression (RME) is documented for a small percentage of autosomal genes. Here we investigated the role of enhancers in the RME of natural killer (NK) cell receptor genes. Enhancers were accessible and enriched in H3K27ac on silent and active alleles alike, decoupling enhancer activation and expression. Enhancers controlled gene expression frequency, as predicted by the binary model of enhancer action, and enhancer deletion converted the broadly expressed Nkg2d into an RME gene, recapitulating natural variegation. The results suggested that RME is a consequence of general enhancer properties and therefore many genes may be subject to some degree of RME, which was borne out by analysis of a panel of genes previously thought to be universally expressed within defined hematopoietic lineages: Nkg2d, Cd45, Cd8a and Thy1. We propose that previously documented RME is an extreme on a continuum of intrinsically probabilistic gene expression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kissiov, D. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ethell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dang, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madsen, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paranjpe, I. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chim, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raulet, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.27.457979</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Binary outcomes of enhancer activity underlie stable random monoallelic expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.28.458025v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA damage signaling regulates cohesin stabilization and promotes meiotic chromosome axis morphogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.28.458025v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A hallmark of meiosis is the reorganization of chromosomes as linear arrays of chromatin loops around a chromosome axis comprised of cohesins and regulatory proteins. Defective axis morphogenesis impairs homolog pairing, synapsis, and recombination. We find that axis assembly in C. elegans is promoted by DNA Damage Response (DDR) signaling activated at meiotic entry. Central to this regulation is downregulation of the cohesin release factor WAPL-1 by the DDR transducer kinase ATM-1, which is activated by the meiotic kinase CHK-2. Additional cohesin regulators, including ECO-1 and PDS-5, also contribute to stabilizing axis-associated cohesins. We find that downregulation of WAPL by ATM also promotes cohesin enrichment at DNA damage foci in cultured mammalian cells. Our findings reveal that the DDR and Wapl play conserved roles in cohesin regulation in meiotic prophase and proliferating cells.

One-Sentence SummaryDNA Damage Response kinase ATM phosphorylates WAPL to promote meiotic chromosome axis assembly and DNA repair
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dernburg, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.28.458025</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA damage signaling regulates cohesin stabilization and promotes meiotic chromosome axis morphogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.30.458162v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mutationathon: towards standardization in estimates of pedigree-based germline mutation rates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.30.458162v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the past decade, several studies have estimated the human per-generation germline mutation rate using large pedigrees. More recently, estimates for various non-human species have been published. However, methodological differences among studies in detecting germline mutations and estimating mutation rates make direct comparisons difficult. Here, we describe the many different steps involved in estimating pedigree-based mutation rates, including sampling, sequencing, mapping, variant calling, filtering, and how to appropriately account for false-positive and false-negative rates. For each step, we review the different methods and parameter choices that have been used in the recent literature. Additionally, we present the results from a "Mutationathon", a competition organized among five research labs to compare germline mutation rate estimates for a single pedigree of rhesus macaques. We report almost a two-fold variation in the final estimated rate among groups using different post-alignment processing, calling, and filtering criteria and provide details into the sources of variation across studies. Though the difference among estimates is not statistically significant, this discrepancy emphasizes the need for standardized methods in mutation rate estimations and the difficulty in comparing rates from different studies. Finally, this work aims to provide guidelines for computational and statistical benchmarks for future studies interested in identifying germline mutations from pedigrees.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bergeron, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Besenbacher, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Versoza, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armstrong, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riera, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.-y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hahn, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleppe, A. S. L. N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Nandam, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moorjani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfeifer, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiley, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoder, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schierup, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.30.458162</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mutationathon: towards standardization in estimates of pedigree-based germline mutation rates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.01.458585v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Long-term incubation of lake water enables genomic sampling of consortia involving Planctomycetes and Candidate Phyla Radiation bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.01.458585v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial communities in lakes can profoundly impact biogeochemical processes through their individual activities and collective interactions. However, the complexity of these communities poses challenges, particularly for studying rare members. Laboratory enrichments can select for subsystems of interacting organisms and enable genome recovery for enriched populations. Here, a reactor inoculated with water from Lake Fargette, France, and maintained under dark conditions at 4{degrees}C for 31 months enriched for diverse Planctomycetes and Candidate Phyla Radiation (CPR) bacteria. We reconstructed draft genomes and predicted metabolic traits for 12 diverse Planctomycetes and 9 CPR bacteria, some of which are likely representatives of undescribed families or genera. One CPR genome representing the little-studied lineage Peribacter (1.239 Mbp) was curated to completion, and unexpectedly, encodes the full gluconeogenesis pathway. Metatranscriptomic data indicate that some Planctomycetes and CPR bacteria were active under the culture conditions. We also reconstructed genomes and obtained transmission electron microscope images for numerous phages, including one with a >300 kbp genome and several predicted to infect Planctomycetes. Together, our analyses suggest that freshwater Planctomycetes may act as hubs for interaction networks that include symbiotic CPR bacteria and phages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuster, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoelmerich, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colombet, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Billard, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sime-Ngando, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.01.458585</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Long-term incubation of lake water enables genomic sampling of consortia involving Planctomycetes and Candidate Phyla Radiation bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.01.458614v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Three new Cenomanian conifers from El Chango (Chiapas, Mexico) offer a snapshot of the geographic mosaic of the Mesozoic conifer decline 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.01.458614v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Premise of study"El Chango" is a recently discovered quarry that contains extremely well preserved fossils. The Cenomanian age of the locality corresponds to a time when the global flora was transitioning from gymnosperm- to angiosperm-dominated, yet conifers predominate in this locality. These fossils thus provide a rare opportunity to understand the replacement of conifers by angiosperms as the dominant group of plants.

MethodsWe collected material from El Chango in annual expeditions (2010 to 2014). We selected the three most abundant and best preserved conifer morphotypes and conducted a total-evidence (i.e.,, including molecular and morphological data) phylogenetic analysis of a sample of 72 extant conifer species plus the three fossils. We use these results to inform our taxonomic decisions.

ResultsWe obtained four equally most-parsimonious trees (consistency index = 44.1%, retention index = 78.8%). Despite ambiguous relationships among some extant taxa, the three fossil conifers had the same phylogenetic position in all four most-parsimonious trees; we describe these species as new: Sequoiadendron helicalancifolium sp. nov. (Cupressaceae), and Microcachrys rhomboidea sp. nov. and Dacrydium bifoliosus sp. nov (Podocarpaceae). The ecosystem is interpreted as a coastal humid mixed forest.

ConclusionsOur findings contribute to the understanding of Cenomanian equatorial regions, and support the hypothesis of a geographically and ecologically structured "rise of angiosperms", with conifers remaining dominant in brackish-water and angiosperms becoming dominant in freshwater-ecosystems. These fossils fill in gaps in the evolutionary history of lineages like Microcachrys, which we demonstrate occurred in the Northern hemisphere before becoming restricted to its current range (Tasmania).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Ramirez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cevallos-Ferriz, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothfels, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.01.458614</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Three new Cenomanian conifers from El Chango (Chiapas, Mexico) offer a snapshot of the geographic mosaic of the Mesozoic conifer decline]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.01.458650v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular Organization of the Early Stages of Nucleosome Phase Separation Visualized by Cryo-Electron Tomography 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.01.458650v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It has been proposed that the intrinsic property of nucleosome arrays to undergo liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) in vitro is responsible for chromatin domain organization in vivo. However, understanding nucleosomal LLPS has been hindered by the challenge to characterize the structure of resulting heterogeneous condensates. We used cryo-electron tomography and deep learning-based 3D reconstruction/segmentation to determine the molecular organization of condensates at various stages of LLPS. We show that nucleosomal LLPS involves a two-step process: a spinodal decomposition process yielding irregular condensates, followed by their unfavorable conversion into more compact, spherical nuclei that grow into larger spherical aggregates through accretion of spinodal material or by fusion with other spherical condensates. Histone H1 catalyzes more than 10-fold the spinodal-to-spherical conversion. We propose that this transition involves exposure of nucleosome hydrophobic surfaces resulting in modified inter-nucleosome interactions. These results suggest a physical mechanism by which chromatin may transition from interphase to metaphase structures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz-Celis, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Onoa, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canari-Chumpitaz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Requejo, K. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vien, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogales, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustamante, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.01.458650</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular Organization of the Early Stages of Nucleosome Phase Separation Visualized by Cryo-Electron Tomography]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.02.458760v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Excitatory neurotransmission activates compartmentalized calcium transients in Müller glia without affecting lateral process motility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.02.458760v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural activity has been implicated in the motility and outgrowth of glial cell processes throughout the central nervous system. Here we explore this phenomenon in Muller glia, which are specialized radial astroglia that are the predominant glial type of the vertebrate retina. Muller glia extend fine filopodia-like processes into retinal synaptic layers, in similar fashion to brain astrocytes and radial glia which exhibit perisynaptic processes. Using two-photon volumetric imaging, we found that during the second postnatal week, Muller glial processes were highly dynamic, with rapid extensions and retractions that were mediated by cytoskeletal rearrangements. During this same stage of development, retinal waves led to increases in cytosolic calcium within Muller glial lateral processes and stalks. These comprised distinct calcium compartments, distinguished by variable participation in waves, timing, and sensitivity to an M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist. However, we found that motility of lateral processes was unaffected by the presence of pharmacological agents that enhanced or blocked wave-associated calcium transients. Finally, we found that mice lacking normal cholinergic waves in the first postnatal week also exhibited normal Muller glial process morphology. Hence, outgrowth of Muller glial lateral processes into synaptic layers is determined by factors that are independent of neuronal activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tworig, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coate, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feller, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.02.458760</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Excitatory neurotransmission activates compartmentalized calcium transients in Müller glia without affecting lateral process motility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.03.458892v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Emergent intra-pair sex differences and behavioral coordination in pair bonded prairie voles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.03.458892v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In pair bonding animals, coordinated behavior between partners is required for the pair to accomplish shared goals such as raising young. Despite this, experimental designs rarely assess the behavior of both partners within a bonded pair. Thus, we lack an understanding of the interdependent behavioral dynamics between partners that likely facilitate relationship success. To identify intra-pair behavioral correlates of pair bonding, we used socially monogamous prairie voles, a species in which females and males exhibit both overlapping and distinct pair bond behaviors. We tested both partners using social choice and non-choice tests at short- and long-term pairing timepoints. Females developed a preference for their partner more rapidly than males, with preference driven by different behaviors in each sex. Further, as bonds matured, intra-pair behavioral sex differences and coordinated behavior emerged - females consistently huddled more with their partner than males did, and partner huddle time became correlated between partners. When animals were allowed to freely interact with a partner or a novel in sequential free interaction tests, pairs spent more time interacting together than either animal did with a novel. Pair interaction was correlated with female, but not male, behavior. Via a social operant paradigm, we found that pair-bonded females, but not males, are more motivated to access and huddle with their partner than a novel vole. Together, our data indicate that as pair bonds mature, sex differences and coordinated behavior emerge, and that these intra-pair behavioral changes are likely organized and driven by the female animal.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brusman, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Protter, D. S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fultz, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulson, M. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapel, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elges, I. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cameron, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beery, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donaldson, Z. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.03.458892</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Emergent intra-pair sex differences and behavioral coordination in pair bonded prairie voles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.03.458928v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unearthing modes of climatic adaptation in underground storage organs across Liliales 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.03.458928v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Testing adaptive hypotheses about how continuous traits evolve in association with developmentally-structured discrete traits, while accounting for the confounding influence of other, hidden, evolutionary forces, remains a challenge in evolutionary biology. For example, geophytes are herbaceous plants--with underground buds--that use underground storage organs (USOs) to survive extended periods of unfavorable conditions. Such plants have evolved multiple times independently across all major vascular plant lineages. Even within closely related lineages, however, geophytes show impressive variation in the morphological modifications and structures (i.e., "types" of USOs) that allow them to survive underground. Despite the developmental and structural complexity of USOs, the prevailing hypothesis is that they represent convergent evolutionary "solutions" to a common ecological problem, though some recent research has drawn this conclusion into question. We extend existing phylogenetic comparative methods to test for links between the hierarchical discrete morphological traits associated with USOs and adaptation to environmental variables, using a phylogeny of 621 species in Liliales. We found that plants with different USO type do not differ in climatic niche more than expected by chance, with the exception of root morphology, where modified roots are associated with lower temperature seasonality. These findings suggest that root tubers may reflect adaptations to different climatic conditions than those represented by other types of USOs. Thus, the tissue type and developmental origin of the USO structure may influence the way it mediates ecological relationships, which draws into question the appropriateness of ascribing broad ecological patterns uniformly across geophytic taxa. This work provides a new framework for testing adaptive hypotheses and for linking ecological patterns across morphologically varying taxa while accounting for developmental (non-independent) relationships in morphological data. [Macroevolution, geophytes, climatic niche evolution, imperfect correspondence]
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tribble, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>May, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson-Gain, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zenil-Ferguson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Specht, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothfels, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.03.458928</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unearthing modes of climatic adaptation in underground storage organs across Liliales]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.03.458935v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recruitment of an ancient branching program to suppress carpel development in maize flowers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.03.458935v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Floral morphology is immensely diverse. One developmental process acting to shape this diversity is growth suppression. For example, grass flowers exhibit extreme diversity in floral sexuality, arising through differential suppression of stamens or carpels. In maize, carpels undergo programmed cell death in half of the flowers initiated in ears and in all flowers in tassels. The HD-ZIP I transcription factor gene GRASSY TILLERS1 (GT1) is one of only a few genes known to regulate this process. To identify additional regulators of carpel suppression, we performed a gt1 enhancer screen, and found a genetic interaction between gt1 and ramosa3 (ra3). RA3 is a classic inflorescence meristem determinacy gene that encodes a trehalose-6-phosphate (T6P) phosphatase (TPP). Dissection of floral development revealed that ra3 single mutants have partially derepressed carpels, whereas gt1; ra3 double mutants have completely derepressed carpels. Surprisingly, gt1 suppresses ra3 inflorescence branching, revealing a role for gt1 in meristem determinacy. Supporting these genetic interactions, GT1 and RA3 proteins colocalize to carpel nuclei in developing flowers. Global expression profiling revealed common genes misregulated in single and double mutant flowers, as well as in derepressed gt1 axillary meristems. Indeed, we found that ra3 enhances gt1 vegetative branching, similar to the roles for the trehalose pathway and GT1 homologs in the eudicots. This functional conservation over ~160 million years of evolution reveals ancient roles for GT1-like genes and the trehalose pathway in regulating axillary meristem suppression, later recruited to mediate carpel suppression. Our findings expose hidden pleiotropy of classic maize genes, and show how an ancient developmental program was redeployed to sculpt floral form.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Klein, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallagher, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demesa-Arevalo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abraham-Juarez, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heeney, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feil, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lunn, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chuck, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whipple, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartlett, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.03.458935</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recruitment of an ancient branching program to suppress carpel development in maize flowers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.07.458675v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole-genome sequence analysis unveils different origins of European and Asiatic mouflon and domestication-related genes in sheep 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.07.458675v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The domestication and subsequent development of sheep are crucial events in the history of human civilization and the agricultural revolution. However, the impact of interspecific introgression on the genomic regions under domestication and subsequent selection remains unclear. Here, we analyze the whole genomes of domestic sheep and all their wild relative species. We found introgression from wild sheep such as the snow sheep and its American relatives (bighorn and thinhorn sheep) into urial, Asiatic and European mouflons. We observed independent events of adaptive introgression from wild sheep into the Asiatic and European mouflons, as well as shared introgressed regions from both snow sheep and argali into Asiatic mouflon before or during the domestication process. We revealed European mouflons arose through hybridization events between a now extinct sheep in Europe and feral domesticated sheep around 6,000 - 5,000 years BP. We also unveiled later introgressions from wild sheep to their sympatric domestic sheep after domestication. Several of the introgression events contain loci with candidate domestication genes (e.g., PAPPA2, NR6A1, SH3GL3, RFX3 and CAMK4), associated with morphological, immune, reproduction or production traits (wool/meat/milk). We also detected introgression events that introduced genes related to nervous response (NEURL1), neurogenesis (PRUNE2), hearing ability (USH2A) and placental viability (PAG11 and PAG3) to domestic sheep and their ancestral wild species from other wild species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, X.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, D.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilar-Gomez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, G.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esmailizadeh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rezaei, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kantanen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ammosov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nosrati, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Periasamy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coltman, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lenstra, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.-h.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.07.458675</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole-genome sequence analysis unveils different origins of European and Asiatic mouflon and domestication-related genes in sheep]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.14.460134v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep learning of Cas13 guide activity from high-throughput gene essentiality screening 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.14.460134v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcriptome engineering technologies that can effectively and precisely perturb mammalian RNAs are needed to accelerate biological discovery and RNA therapeutics. However, the broad utility of programmable CRISPR-Cas13 ribonucleases has been hampered by an incomplete understanding of the design rules governing guide RNA activity as well as cellular toxicity resulting from off-target or collateral RNA cleavage. Here, we sought to characterize and develop Cas13d systems for efficient and specific RNA knockdown with low cellular toxicity in human cells. We first quantified the performance of over 127,000 RfxCas13d (CasRx) guide RNAs in the largest-scale screen to date and systematically evaluated three linear, two ensemble, and two deep learning models to build a guide efficiency prediction algorithm validated across multiple human cell types in orthogonal validation experiments (https://www.RNAtargeting.org). Deep learning model interpretation revealed specific sequence motifs at spacer position 15-24 along with favored secondary features for highly efficient guides. We next identified 46 novel Cas13d orthologs through metagenomic mining for activity and cytotoxicity screening, discovering that the metagenome-derived DjCas13d ortholog achieves low cellular toxicity and high transcriptome-wide specificity when deployed against high abundance transcripts or in sensitive cell types, including human embryonic stem cells, neural progenitor cells, and neurons. Finally, our Cas13d guide efficiency model successfully generalized to DjCas13d, highlighting the utility of a comprehensive approach combining machine learning with ortholog discovery to advance RNA targeting in human cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lotfy, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faizi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitano, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konermann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.14.460134</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep learning of Cas13 guide activity from high-throughput gene essentiality screening]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.15.460399v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
3D Microenvironment-Specific Mechanosensing Regulates Neural Stem Cell Lineage Commitment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.15.460399v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While extracellular matrix (ECM) mechanics strongly regulate stem cell commitment, the fields mechanistic understanding of this phenomenon largely derives from simplified two-dimensional (2D) culture substrates. Here we found a three-dimensional (3D) matrix-specific mechanoresponsive mechanism for neural stem cell (NSC) differentiation. NSC lineage commitment in 3D is maximally stiffness-sensitive in the range of 0.1-1.2 kPa, a narrower and more brain-mimetic range than we had previously identified in 2D (0.75 - 75 kPa). Transcriptomics revealed stiffness-dependent upregulation of early growth response 1 (Egr1) in 3D but not in 2D. Egr1 knockdown enhanced neurogenesis in stiff ECMs by driving {beta}-catenin nuclear localization and activity in 3D, but not in 2D. Mechanical modeling and experimental studies under osmotic pressure indicate that stiff 3D ECMs are likely to stimulate Egr1 via increases in confining stress during cell volumetric growth. To our knowledge, Egr1 represents the first 3D-specific stem cell mechanoregulatory factor.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, T.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaffer, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.15.460399</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[3D Microenvironment-Specific Mechanosensing Regulates Neural Stem Cell Lineage Commitment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.16.460096v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Acidity and sulfur oxidation intermediate concentrations controlled by O2-driven partitioning of sulfur oxidizing bacteria in a mine tailings impoundment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.16.460096v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Acidification of freshwater in mining impacted areas is a major global environmental problem catalyzed by sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (SOB). To date, little is known about the active bacteria in mine tailings impoundments and their environmental niches. Here, biological sulfur oxidation was investigated over four years in a mine tailings impoundment, integrating sulfur geochemistry, genome-resolved metagenomics and metatranscriptomics. We demonstrated oxygen driven niche partitioning of SOB and their metabolic pathways that explain acidity generation and thiosulfate persistence. Four chemolithoautotrophic SOB, Halothiobacillus, Thiobacillus, Sulfuricurvum and Sediminibacterium comprised 37% to 73% of the analyzed communities. The impoundment waters alternated between the dominance of Halothiobacillus versus a Thiobacillus, Halothiobacillus, Sulfuricurvum and Sediminibacterium consortia. Halothiobacillus dominance was associated with lower pH values ([~]4.3), higher [H+]/[SO42-] and lower [S2O32-], collectively indicative of extensive sulfur oxidation. Halothiobacillus, which couple sulfur oxidation via the Sox pathway to aerobic respiration or NO2- reduction, were present throughout the depth profile, yet their expression of sox genes occurred only in upper highly oxygenated waters. Conversely, when consortia of Thiobacillus, Halothiobacillus, Sulfuricurvum and Sediminibacterium dominated, recycling/disproportionating reactions were more prevalent. Thiobacillus, which dominated deeper micro-oxic/anoxic waters, oxidized sulfur primarily through the rDSR pathway, coupled to NO3-/NO2- reduction, resulting in lower [H+]/[SO42-] and higher [S2O32-] relative to upper waters. These field results mirror the Sox/rDSR-geochemical patterns of experimental SOB enrichments and reveal opportunities for biological treatments of recalcitrant reduced sulfur compounds, as well as gene-based monitoring and in situ RNA detection to predict the onset of problematic geochemistry.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Whaley-Martin, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colebrander Nelson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kantor, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Twible, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bessette, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baron, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apte, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.16.460096</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Acidity and sulfur oxidation intermediate concentrations controlled by O2-driven partitioning of sulfur oxidizing bacteria in a mine tailings impoundment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.16.460328v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification and classification of cis-regulatory elements in the amphipod crustacean Parhyale hawaiensis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.16.460328v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Emerging research organisms enable the study of biology that cannot be addressed using classical "model" organisms. The development of new data resources can accelerate research in such animals. Here, we present new functional genomic resources for the amphipod crustacean Parhyale hawaiensis, facilitating the exploration of gene regulatory evolution using this emerging research organism. We use Omni-ATAC-Seq, an improved form of the Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin coupled with next-generation sequencing (ATAC-Seq), to identify accessible chromatin genome-wide across a broad time course of Parhyale embryonic development. This time course encompasses many major morphological events, including segmentation, body regionalization, gut morphogenesis, and limb development. In addition, we use short- and long-read RNA-Seq to generate an improved Parhyale genome annotation, enabling deeper classification of identified regulatory elements. We discover differential accessibility, predict nucleosome positioning, infer transcription factor binding, cluster peaks based on accessibility dynamics, classify biological functions, and correlate gene expression with accessibility. Using a Minos transposase reporter system, we demonstrate the potential to identify novel regulatory elements using this approach, including distal regulatory elements. This work provides a platform for the identification of novel developmental regulatory elements in Parhyale, and offers a framework for performing such experiments in other emerging research organisms.

Primary Findings- Omni-ATAC-Seq identifies cis-regulatory elements genome-wide during crustacean embryogenesis
- Combined short- and long-read RNA-Seq improves the Parhyale genome annotation
- ImpulseDE2 analysis identifies dynamically regulated candidate regulatory elements
- NucleoATAC and HINT-ATAC enable inference of nucleosome occupancy and transcription factor binding
- Fuzzy clustering reveals peaks with distinct accessibility and chromatin dynamics
- Integration of accessibility and gene expression reveals possible enhancers and repressors
- Omni-ATAC can identify known and novel regulatory elements




O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=196 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/460328v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (49K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1f849b6org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1af655borg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@274baaorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1d8af02_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.16.460328</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification and classification of cis-regulatory elements in the amphipod crustacean Parhyale hawaiensis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.16.460710v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exploring neural correlates of behavioral and academic resilience among children in poverty 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.16.460710v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Children in poverty must contend with systems that do not meet their needs. We explored what, at a neural level, helps explain childrens resilience in these contexts. Lower coupling between lateral frontoparietal network (LFPN) and default mode network (DMN)--linked, respectively, to externally- and internally-directed thought--has previously been associated with better cognitive performance. However, we recently found the opposite pattern for children in poverty. Here, we probed ecologically-valid assessments of performance. In a pre-registered study, we investigated trajectories of network coupling over ages 9-13 and their relation to school grades and attention problems. We analyzed longitudinal data from ABCD Study (N=8366 children at baseline; 1303 below poverty). The link between cognitive performance and grades was weaker for children in poverty, highlighting the importance of ecologically-valid measures. As predicted, higher LFPN-DMN connectivity was linked to worse grades and attentional problems for children living above poverty, while children below poverty showed opposite tendencies. This interaction between LFPN-DMN connectivity and poverty related to childrens grades two years later; however, it was attenuated when controlling for baseline grades and was not related to attention longitudinally. Together, these findings suggest network connectivity is differentially related to performance in real-world settings for children above and below poverty.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ellwood-Lowe, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irving, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bunge, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.16.460710</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exploring neural correlates of behavioral and academic resilience among children in poverty]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.18.460932v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A specific eIF4A paralog facilitates LARP1-mediated translation repression during mTORC1 inhibition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.18.460932v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor (eIF) 4A -- a DEAD-box RNA-binding protein -- plays an essential role in translation initiation. Two mammalian eIF4A paralogs, eIF4A1 and eIF4A2, have been assumed to be redundant because of their high homology, and the difference in their functions has been poorly understood. Here, we show that eIF4A1, but not eIF4A2, enhances translational repression during the inhibition of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), an essential kinase complex controlling cell proliferation. RNA-immunoprecipitation sequencing (RIP-Seq) of the two eIF4A paralogs revealed that eIF4A1 preferentially binds to mRNAs containing terminal oligopyrimidine (TOP) motifs, whose translation is rapidly repressed upon mTOR inhibition. This biased interaction depends on a La-related RNA-binding protein, LARP1. Ribosome profiling revealed that the deletion of EIF4A1, but not EIF4A2, rendered the translation of TOP mRNAs resistant to mTOR inactivation. Moreover, eIF4A1 enhances the affinity between TOP mRNAs and LARP1 and thus ensures stronger translation repression upon mTORC1 inhibition. Our data show that the distinct protein interactions of these highly homologous translation factor paralogs shape protein synthesis during mTORC1 inhibition and provide a unique example of the repressive role of a universal translation activator.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shichino, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mito, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kashiwagi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takahashi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ito, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingolia, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwasaki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.18.460932</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A specific eIF4A paralog facilitates LARP1-mediated translation repression during mTORC1 inhibition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.20.460982v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Two-tiered Functional Screen Identifies Herpesviral Transcriptional Modifiers and their Essential Domains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.20.460982v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While traditional methods for studying large DNA viruses allow the creation of individual mutants, CRISPR/Cas9 can be used to rapidly create thousands of mutant dsDNA viruses in parallel. Here, we used this approach to study the human oncogenic Kaposis sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). We designed a sgRNA library containing all possible ~22,000 guides targeting the genome of KSHV - one cut site approximately every 8 base pairs - enabling the pooled screening of the entire genome. We used this tool to phenotype all possible Cas9-targeted viruses for transcription of KSHV late genes, which is required to produce structural components of the viral capsid. By performing targeted deep sequencing of the viral genome to distinguish between knock-out and in-frame alleles created by Cas9, we discovered a novel hit, ORF46 - and more specifically its DNA binding domain - is required for viral DNA replication. Our pooled Cas9 tiling screen followed by targeted deep viral sequencing represents a two-tiered screening paradigm that may be widely applicable to dsDNA viruses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morgens, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nandakumar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Didychuk, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaunsinger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.20.460982</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Two-tiered Functional Screen Identifies Herpesviral Transcriptional Modifiers and their Essential Domains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.23.461581v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SCONCE: A method for profiling Copy Number Alterations in Cancer Evolution using Single Cell Whole Genome Sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.23.461581v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Copy number alterations are a significant driver in cancer growth and development, but remain poorly characterized on the single cell level. Although genome evolution in cancer cells is Markovian through evolutionary time, copy number alterations are not Markovian along the genome. However, existing methods call copy number profiles with Hidden Markov Models or change point detection algorithms based on changes in observed read depth, corrected by genome content, and do not account for the stochastic evolutionary process. We present a theoretical framework to use tumor evolutionary history to accurately call copy number alterations in a principled manner. In order to model the tumor evolutionary process and account for technical noise from low coverage single cell whole genome sequencing data, we developed SCONCE, a method based on a Hidden Markov Model to analyze read depth data from tumor cells using matched normal cells as negative controls. Using a combination of public datasets and simulations, we show SCONCE accurately decodes copy number profiles, with broader implications for understanding tumor evolution. SCONCE is implemented in C++11 and is freely available from https://github.com/NielsenBerkeleyLab/sconce.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hui, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.23.461581</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SCONCE: A method for profiling Copy Number Alterations in Cancer Evolution using Single Cell Whole Genome Sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.28.462232v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluating the reliability, validity, and utility of overlapping networks: Implications for cognitive control 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.28.462232v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain network definitions typically assume non- or minimal overlap, ignoring regions connections to multiple networks. However, new methods are emerging that emphasize network overlap. Here, we investigated the reliability and validity of one assignment method, the mixed membership algorithm, and explored its potential utility for identifying gaps in existing network models of cognition. We first assessed between-sample reliability of overlapping assignment with a split-half design; a bootstrapped Dice similarity analysis demonstrated good agreement between the networks from the two subgroups. Next, we assessed whether overlapping networks captured expected nonoverlapping topographies; overlapping networks captured portions of one to three nonoverlapping topographies, which aligned with canonical network definitions. Following this, a relative entropy analysis showed that a majority of regions participated in more than one network, as is seen biologically, and many regions did not show preferential connection to any one network. Finally, we explored overlapping network membership in regions of the Dual-Networks model of cognitive control, showing that almost every region was a member of multiple networks. Thus, the mixed membership algorithm produces consistent and biologically plausible networks, which presumably will allow for the development of more complete network models of cognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cookson, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Esposito, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.28.462232</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluating the reliability, validity, and utility of overlapping networks: Implications for cognitive control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.30.462673v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Blood variation implicates respiratory limits on elevational ranges of Andean birds 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.30.462673v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The extent to which species ranges reflect intrinsic physiological tolerances is a major, unsolved question in evolutionary ecology. To date, consensus has been hindered by the limited tractability of experimental approaches across most of the tree of life. Here, we apply a macrophysiological approach to understand how hematological traits related to oxygen transport shape elevational ranges in a tropical biodiversity hotspot. Along Andean elevational gradients, we measured traits that affect blood oxygen-carrying capacity--total and cellular hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit--for 2,355 individuals of 136 bird species. We used these data to evaluate the influence of hematological traits on elevational ranges. First, we asked whether hematological plasticity is predictive of elevational range breadth. Second, we asked whether variance in hematological traits changed as a function of distance from the midpoint of the elevational range. We found that the correlation between hematological plasticity and elevational range breadth was slightly positive, consistent with a facilitative role for plasticity in elevational range expansion. We further found reduced local variation in hematological traits near elevational range limits and at high elevations, patterns consistent with intensified natural selection, reduced effective population size, or compensatory changes in other cardiohematological traits with increasing distance from species-specific optima for oxygen availability. Our findings suggest that constraints on hematological plasticity and local genetic adaptation to oxygen availability promote the evolution of the narrow elevational ranges that underpin tropical montane biodiversity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Linck, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williamson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bautista, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benham, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DuBay, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gadek, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nunez-Zapata, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinonez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitt, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Susanibar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiravanti C, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verde-Guerra, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valqui, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Storz, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witt, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.30.462673</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Blood variation implicates respiratory limits on elevational ranges of Andean birds]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.01.462295v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Direct brain recordings reveal continuous encoding of structure in random stimuli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.01.462295v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The brain excels at processing sensory input, even in rich or chaotic environments. Mounting evidence attributes this to the creation of sophisticated internal models of the environment that draw on statistical structures in the unfolding sensory input. Understanding how and where this modeling takes place is a core question in statistical learning and predictive processing. In this context, we address the role of transitional probabilities as an implicit structure supporting the encoding of a random auditory stream. Leveraging information-theoretical principles and the high spatiotemporal resolution of intracranial electroencephalography, we analyzed the trial-by-trial high-frequency activity representation of transitional probabilities. This unique approach enabled us to demonstrate how the brain continuously encodes structure in random stimuli and revealed the involvement of a network outside of the auditory system, including hippocampal, frontal, and temporal regions. Linking the frame-works of statistical learning and predictive processing, our work illuminates an implicit process that can be crucial for the swift detection of patterns and unexpected events in the environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fuhrer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glette, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivanovic, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larsson, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bekinschtein, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kochen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torresen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solbakk, A.-K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Endestad, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blenkmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.01.462295</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Direct brain recordings reveal continuous encoding of structure in random stimuli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.01.462692v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transferability of Geometric Patterns from Protein Self-Interactions to Protein-Ligand Interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.01.462692v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is significant interest in developing machine learning methods to model protein-ligand interactions but a scarcity of experimentally resolved protein-ligand structures to learn from. Protein self-contacts are a much larger source of structural data that could be leveraged, but currently it is not well understood how this data source differs from the target domain. Here, we characterize the 3D geometric patterns of protein self-contacts as probability distributions. We then present a flexible statistical framework to assess the transferability of these patterns to protein-ligand contacts. We observe that the level of transferability from protein self-contacts to protein-ligand contacts depends on contact type, with many contact types exhibiting high transferability. We then demonstrate the potential of leveraging information from these geometric patterns to aid in ligand pose-selection problems in protein-ligand docking. We publicly release our extracted data on geometric interaction patterns to enable further exploration of this problem.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koehl, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jagota, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erdmann-Pham, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fung, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.01.462692</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transferability of Geometric Patterns from Protein Self-Interactions to Protein-Ligand Interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.01.462822v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A mycobacterial glycine-rich protein governs actin-based motility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.01.462822v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mycobacterium marinum, a close relative of the significant human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis, polymerizes host actin at the bacterial surface to drive intracellular movement and cell-to-cell spread during infection. Here, we report the identification and characterization of MirA, the M. marinum actin-based motility factor. MirA is a member of the glycine-rich PE_PGRS family of ESX-5-secreted proteins. MirA uses an amphipathic helix to anchor into the mycobacterial outer membrane and, surprisingly, also the surface of host lipid droplet organelles. The glycine-rich PGRS domain in MirA directly binds and activates host N-WASP to stimulate actin polymerization through the Arp2/3 complex, directing both bacterial and lipid droplet actin- based motility. MirA is dissimilar to known N-WASP activating ligands and may represent a new class of microbial and host actin regulator. Additionally, the MirA-N-WASP interaction represents a model to understand how the enigmatic PE_PGRS proteins contribute to mycobacterial pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hill, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welch, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.01.462822</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A mycobacterial glycine-rich protein governs actin-based motility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.03.462939v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Increased remodeling and impaired adaption to endurance exercise in desminopathy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.03.462939v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Desminopathy the most common intermediate filament disease in humans. Desmin is an essential part of the filamentous network that aligns myofibrils, anchors nuclei and mitochondria, and connects the z-discs and the sarcolemma. We created a rat model with a mutation in R349P DES, analog to the most frequent R350P DES missense mutation in humans. To examine the effects of a chronic, physiological exercise stimulus on desminopathic muscle, we subjected R349P DES rats and their wildtype (WT) and heterozygous littermates to a treadmill running regime. We saw significantly lower running capacity in DES rats that worsened over the course of the study. We found indicators of increased autophagic and proteasome activity with running in DES compared to WT. Stable isotope labeling and LC-MS analysis displayed distinct adaptations of the proteomes of WT and DES animals at baseline as well as with exercise: While key proteins of glycolysis, mitochondria and thick filaments increased their synthetic activity with running in WT, these proteins were higher at baseline in DES and did not change with running. The results suggest an impairment in adaption to chronic exercise in DES muscle and a subsequent exacerbation in the functional and histopathological phenotype.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mossakowski, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langer, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bizieff, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avey, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zbinden-Foncea, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hellerstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.03.462939</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Increased remodeling and impaired adaption to endurance exercise in desminopathy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.04.463005v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Robust T cell activation requires an eIF3-driven burst in T cell receptor translation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.04.463005v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Activation of T cells requires a rapid surge in cellular protein synthesis. However, the role of translation initiation in the early induction of specific genes remains unclear. Here we show human translation initiation factor eIF3 interacts with select immune system related mRNAs including those encoding the T cell receptor (TCR) subunits TCRA and TCRB. Binding of eIF3 to the TCRA and TCRB mRNA 3-untranslated regions (3-UTRs) depends on CD28 coreceptor signaling and regulates a burst in TCR translation required for robust T cell activation. Use of the TCRA or TCRB 3-UTRs to control expression of an anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) improves the ability of CAR-T cells to kill tumor cells in vitro. These results identify a new mechanism of eIF3-mediated translation control that can aid T cell engineering for immunotherapy applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DeSilva, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apathy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blaeschke, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kudla, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingolia, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cate, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.04.463005</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Robust T cell activation requires an eIF3-driven burst in T cell receptor translation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.04.463089v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromatin changes in PIF-regulated genes parallel their rapid transcriptional response to light 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.04.463089v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As sessile organisms, plants must adapt to a changing environment, sensing variations in resource availability and modifying their development in response. Light is one of the most important resources for plants, and its perception by sensory photoreceptors (e.g. phytochromes) and subsequent transduction into long-term transcriptional reprogramming have been well characterized. Chromatin changes have been shown to be involved in photomorphogenesis. However, the initial short-term transcriptional changes produced by light and what factors enable these rapid changes are not well studied. Here, we identify rapidly light-responsive, PIF (Phytochrome Interacting Factor) direct-target genes (LRP-DTGs). We found that a majority of these genes also show rapid changes in Histone 3 Lysine-9 acetylation (H3K9ac) in response to the light signal. Detailed time-course analysis of transcriptional and chromatin changes showed that, for light-repressed genes, H3K9 deacetylation parallels light-triggered transcriptional repression, while for light-induced genes, H3K9 acetylation appeared to somewhat precede light-activated transcription. However, real-time imaging of transcription elongation revealed that, in fact, H3K9 acetylation also parallels transcriptional induction. Collectively, the data raise the possibility that light-induced transcriptional and chromatin-remodeling processes are mechanistically intertwined. Histone modifying proteins involved in long term light responses do not seem to have a role in this fast response, indicating that different factors might act at different stages of the light response. This work not only advances our understanding of plant responses to light, but also unveils a system in which rapid chromatin changes in reaction to an external signal can be studied under natural conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Grandio, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alamos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalton-Roesler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niyogi, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quail, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.04.463089</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromatin changes in PIF-regulated genes parallel their rapid transcriptional response to light]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.05.463223v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multifunctional Cre-dependent transgenic mice for high-precision all-optical interrogation of neural circuits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.05.463223v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Determining which features of the neural code drive perception and behavior requires the ability to simultaneous read out and write in neural activity patterns with high precision across many neurons. All-optical systems that combine two photon (2p) calcium imaging and targeted 2p photostimulation enable the activation of specific, functionally defined groups of neurons in behaving animals. However, these techniques do not yet have the ability to reveal how the specific distribution of firing rates across a relevant neural population mediates neural computation and behavior. The key technical obstacle is the inability to transform single-cell calcium signals into accurate estimates of firing rate changes and then write in these cell-specific firing rate changes to each individual neuron in a targeted population. To overcome this challenge, we made two advances: first we introduce a new genetic line of mice for robust Cre-dependent co-expression of a high-performance calcium indicator and a potent soma-targeted microbial opsin. Second, using this line, we developed a pipeline that enables the read-out and write-in of precise population vectors of neural activity across a targeted group of neurons. The combination of the new multifunctional transgenic line and the photostimulation paradigm offer a powerful and convenient platform for investigating the neural codes of computation and behavior. It may prove particularly useful for probing causal features of the geometry of neural representations where the ability to directly control the topology of population activity is essential.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bounds, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadahiro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendricks, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gajowa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oldenburg, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gopakumar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quintana, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daigle, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adesnik, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.05.463223</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multifunctional Cre-dependent transgenic mice for high-precision all-optical interrogation of neural circuits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.07.463549v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionary sweeps of subviral parasites and their phage host bring unique parasite variants and disappearance of a phage CRISPR-Cas system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.07.463549v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vibrio cholerae is a significant threat to global public health in part due to its propensity for large-scale evolutionary sweeps where lineages emerge and are replaced. These sweeps may originate from the Bay of Bengal where bacteriophage predation and the evolution of anti-phage counter defenses is a recurring theme. The bacteriophage ICP1 is a key predator of epidemic V. cholerae and is notable for acquiring a CRISPR-Cas system to combat PLE, a defensive subviral parasite encoded by its V. cholerae host. Here we describe the discovery of five previously unknown PLE variants, including one found during recent surveillance of patient samples in Bangladesh. We also observed a lineage sweep of PLE negative V. cholerae occurring within a patient population in under a year which coincided with a loss of ICP1s CRISPR-Cas system. These findings reinforce the importance of surveillance to better understand the selective pressures that drive pandemic cholera.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Angermeyer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hays, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johura, F.-t.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sultana, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seed, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.07.463549</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionary sweeps of subviral parasites and their phage host bring unique parasite variants and disappearance of a phage CRISPR-Cas system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.08.462827v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas9-mediated knockout of CYP79D1 and CYP79D2 in cassava attenuates toxic cyanogen production 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.08.462827v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a starchy root crop that supports over a billion people in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. This staple, however, produces toxic cyanogenic compounds and requires processing for safe consumption. Excessive consumption of insufficiently processed cassava, in combination with protein-poor diets, can have neurodegenerative impacts. Reducing the cyanogen content by conventional breeding is problematic due to the heterozygous nature of the crop; recombination will generally disrupt a clonally propagated cultivars suite of desirable traits. To reduce cyanide levels in cassava, we used CRISPR-mediated mutagenesis to disrupt the cytochrome P450 genes CYP79D1 and CYP79D2 whose protein products catalyze the first step in cyanogenic glucoside biosynthesis. Knockout of both genes eliminated cyanide in leaves and storage roots of cassava accession 60444 and the West African, farmer-preferred cultivar TME 419. Although knockout of CYP79D2 alone resulted in significant reduction of cyanide, mutagenesis of CYP79D1 did not, indicating these paralogs have diverged in their function. Our work demonstrates cassava genome editing for food safety, reduced processing requirements, and environmental benefits that could be readily extended to other farmer-preferred cultivars.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gomez, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berkoff, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gill, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iavarone, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lieberman, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schultink, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyman, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chauhan, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staskawicz, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, M.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokhsar, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyons, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.08.462827</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CRISPR-Cas9-mediated knockout of CYP79D1 and CYP79D2 in cassava attenuates toxic cyanogen production]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.08.463732v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Widespread distribution of collagens and collagen-associated domains in eukaryotes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.08.463732v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The origin of collagen, the dominant structural component of metazoan extracellular matrix, has long been cited as a critical step in the evolution of metazoan multicellularity. While collagens were once thought to be found only in metazoans, scattered reports of collagen domains in Fungi, and more recently in close relatives of metazoans, have called into question whether collagens are truly unique to metazoans. Here, we take advantage of recently sequenced genomes and transcriptomes of diverse holozoans (the clade encompassing metazoans and their close relatives), as well as publicly available proteomes from diverse non-holozoan eukaryotes, to conduct a systematic search for collagen domains across eukaryotic diversity. We find that collagen domains are ubiquitous in choanoflagellates, the sister group of metazoans, and widespread across many other major eukaryotic taxa. Many predicted collagens in non-metazoans are comparable to metazoan collagens in length and proline content. Moreover, most are present in species that also encode putative prolyl 4-hydroxylase domains, suggesting that, like metazoan collagens, they may be stabilized through the hydroxylation of prolines. Fibrillar collagen and collagen IV appear to be unique to metazoans, and we posit that their ability to assemble into superstructures may have contributed to the origin of metazoan multicellularity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Linden, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.08.463732</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Widespread distribution of collagens and collagen-associated domains in eukaryotes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.10.463828v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis of mitochondrial protein import by the TIM complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.10.463828v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondria import nearly all their [~]1,000-2,000 constituent proteins from the cytosol across their double membrane envelope. Genetic and biochemical studies have shown that the conserved protein translocase, termed the TIM complex (also known as TIM23 complex), mediates import of presequence-containing proteins into the mitochondrial matrix and inner membrane. Among [~]10 different subunits of the complex, the essential multi-pass membrane protein Tim23, together with the evolutionarily related protein Tim17, has long been postulated to form a protein-conducting channel. However, the mechanism of TIM-mediated protein import remains uncertain due to a lack of structural information on the complex. Here, we have determined the cryo-EM structure of the core TIM complex (Tim17-Tim23-Tim44) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We show that, contrary to the prevailing model, Tim23 and Tim17 do not form a water-filled channel, but instead have separate, lipid-exposed concave cavities that face in opposite directions. Remarkably, our data suggest that the cavity of Tim17 itself forms the protein translocation path whereas Tim23 plays a structural role. We also show how the Tim17-Tim23 heterodimer associates with the scaffold protein Tim44 and J-domain proteins to mediate Hsp70-driven polypeptide transport into the matrix. Our work provides the structural foundation to understand the mechanism of TIM-mediated protein import and sorting, a central pathway in mitochondrial biogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sim, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.10.463828</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis of mitochondrial protein import by the TIM complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.11.463225v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phage-encoded ribosomal protein S21 expression is linked to late stage phage replication 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.11.463225v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ribosomal protein S21 (bS21) gene has been detected in diverse viruses with a large range of genome sizes, yet its in situ expression and potential significance have not been investigated. Here, we report five closely related clades of bacteriophages (phages) represented by 47 genomes (8 curated to completion and up to 331 kbp in length) that encode a bS21 gene. The bS21 gene is on the reverse strand within a conserved region that encodes the large terminase, major capsid protein, prohead protease, portal vertex proteins and some hypothetical proteins. These phages are predicted to infect Bacteroidetes species that inhabit a range of depths in freshwater lakes. Transcriptionally active bS21-encoding phages were sampled in the late-stage of replication, when core structural genes, bS21 and a neighboring gene of unknown function were highly expressed. Thus, our analyses suggest that bS21, which is involved in translation initiation, substitutes into the Bacteroidetes ribosomes and selects for phage transcripts during the late-stage replication when large-scale phage protein production is required for assembly of phage particles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borges, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penev, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.11.463225</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phage-encoded ribosomal protein S21 expression is linked to late stage phage replication]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.11.463986v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Evolution of Host Specialization in an Insect Pathogen 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.11.463986v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Niche breadth coevolution between biotic partners underpins theories of diversity and co-existence and influences patterns of disease emergence and transmission in host-parasite systems. Despite these broad implications, we still do not fully understand how the breadth of parasites infectivity evolves, the nature of any associated costs, or the genetic basis of specialization. Here, we serially passage a granulosis virus on multiple inbred populations of its Plodia interpunctella host to explore the dynamics and outcomes of specialization. In particular, we collect time series of phenotypic and genetic data to explore the dynamics of host genotype specialization throughout the course of experimental evolution and examine two fitness components. We find that the Plodia interpunctella granulosis virus consistently evolves increases in overall specialization, but that our two fitness components evolve independently such that lines specialize in either productivity or infectivity. Furthermore, we find that specialization in our experiment is a highly polygenic trait best explained by a combination of evolutionary mechanisms including conditionally positive fitness asymmetries and mutation accumulation. These results are important for understanding the evolution of specialization in host-parasite interactions and its broader implications for co-existence, diversification, and infectious disease management.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Visher, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uricchio, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartlett, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeNamur, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yarcan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alhassani, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boots, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.11.463986</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Evolution of Host Specialization in an Insect Pathogen]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.12.462022v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Frugivore gut passage increases seed germination: an updated meta-analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.12.462022v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many plants rely on animal mutualists for reproduction. Quantifying how animal mutualists impact plant performance provides a foundation for modelling how change in animal communities affects the composition and functioning of plant communities. We performed a meta-analysis of 2539 experiments, 6 times more than the last comprehensive meta-analysis, examining how gut passage by frugivores influences seed germination. We simultaneously analyzed multiple predictor variables related to study methodology, location, and frugivore identity to disentangle methodological from ecological impacts on effect sizes. We found that gut passage by birds, fish, reptiles, bats, primates, and other mammals on average increased seed germination, but that the magnitude varied across vertebrate groups. The positive effects of gut passage were largely explained by the de-inhibitory effects of pulp removal rather than by the scarification of seed tissues. Some previous studies and meta-analyses that found no effect of gut passage only tested scarification or did not distinguish between these tests of scarification and pulp removal. We found that, for a typical fleshy-fruited plant species, the lack of gut passage reduces germination by 60%. From an evolutionary perspective, this indicates a large risk associated with reliance on animal mutualists that is balanced against the benefits of animal-mediated seed dispersal. From a conservation perspective, this highlights the potential for large demographic consequences of frugivore declines on plant populations. Our database and findings advance quantitative predictions for the role of fruit-frugivore interactions in shaping plant communities in the Anthropocene.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rogers, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavazos, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gawel, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karnish, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thierry, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fricke, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.12.462022</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Frugivore gut passage increases seed germination: an updated meta-analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.12.464130v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The extrachromosomal circular DNAs of the rice blast pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae contain a wide variety of LTR retrotransposons, genes, and effectors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.12.464130v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundOne of the ways genomes respond to stress is by producing extrachromosomal circular DNAs (eccDNAs). EccDNAs can contain genes and dramatically increase their copy number. They can also reinsert into the genome, generating structural variation. They have been shown to provide a source of phenotypic and genotypic plasticity in several species. However, whole circularome studies have so far been limited to a few model organisms. Fungal plant pathogens are a serious threat to global food security in part because of their rapid adaptation to disease prevention strategies. Understanding the mechanisms fungal pathogens use to escape disease control is paramount to curbing their threat.

ResultsWe present a whole circularome sequencing study of the rice blast pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae. We find that M. oryzae has a highly diverse circularome containing many genes and showing evidence of large LTR retrotransposon activity. We find that genes enriched on eccDNAs in M. oryzae occur in genomic regions prone to presence-absence variation and that disease associated genes are frequently on eccDNAs. Finally, we find that a subset of genes is never present on eccDNAs in our data, which indicates that the presence of these genes on eccDNAs is selected against.

ConclusionsOur study paves the way to understanding how eccDNAs contribute to adaptation in M. oryzae. Our analysis also reveals how M. oryzae eccDNAs differ from those of other species and highlights the need for further comparative characterization of eccDNAs across species to gain a better understanding of these molecules.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Joubert, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krasileva, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.12.464130</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The extrachromosomal circular DNAs of the rice blast pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae contain a wide variety of LTR retrotransposons, genes, and effectors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.12.464150v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AUG-3387, a Human-Derived Monoclonal Antibody Neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 Variants and Reduces Viral Load from Therapeutic Treatment of Hamsters In Vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.12.464150v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Infections from the SARS-CoV-2 virus have killed over 4.6 million people since it began spreading through human populations in late 2019. In order to develop a therapeutic or prophylactic antibody to help mitigate the effects of the pandemic, a human monoclonal antibody (mAb) that binds to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein was isolated from a convalescent patient following recovery from COVID-19 disease. This mAb, designated AUG-3387, demonstrates a high affinity for the spike protein of the original viral strains and all variants tested to date. In vitro pseudovirus neutralization and SARS-CoV-2 neutralization activity has been demonstrated in vitro. In addition, a dry powder formulation has been prepared using a Thin-Film Freezing (TFF) process that exhibited a fine particle fraction (FPF) of 50.95 {+/-} 7.69% and a mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) and geometric standard deviation (GSD) of 3.74 {+/-} 0.73 {micro}m and 2.73 {+/-} 0.20, respectively. The dry powder is suitable for delivery directly to the lungs of infected patients using a dry powder inhaler device. Importantly, AUG-3387, administered as a liquid by intraperitoneal injection or the dry powder formulation delivered intratracheally into Syrian hamsters 24 hours after intranasal SARS-CoV-2 infection, demonstrated a dose-dependent reduction in the lung viral load of the virus. These data suggest that AUG-3387 formulated as a dry powder demonstrates potential to treat COVID-19.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Emig, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mena, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henry, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vitug, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ventura, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyenla, X. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahakijjpijarn, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuehl, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Revelli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, R. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christensen, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.12.464150</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AUG-3387, a Human-Derived Monoclonal Antibody Neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 Variants and Reduces Viral Load from Therapeutic Treatment of Hamsters In Vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.15.464452v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex Differences in Pubertal Circadian and Ultradian Rhythmic Development Under Naturalistic Conditions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.15.464452v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biological rhythms in core body temperature (CBT) provide informative markers of adolescent development under controlled laboratory conditions. However, it is unknown if these markers are preserved under more variable naturalistic conditions, and if CBT may therefore prove useful in a real-world setting. To evaluate this possibility, we examined fecal steroid concentrations and CBT rhythms from pre-adolescence (p26) through early adulthood (p76) in intact male and female rats under natural light and climate at the University of California, Berkeley Field Station. Despite greater environmental variability, CBT markers of pubertal onset and its rhythmic progression were comparable to those previously reported in laboratory conditions in female rats and extend actigraphy-based findings in males. Specifically, sex differences emerged in circadian rhythm (CR) power and temperature amplitude prior to pubertal onset and persisted into early adulthood, with females exhibiting elevated CBT and decreased CR power compared to males. Within-day (ultradian rhythm; UR) patterns also exhibited a pronounced sex difference associated with estrous cyclicity. Pubertal onset, defined by vaginal opening, preputial separation, and sex steroid concentrations, occurred later than previously reported under lab conditions for both sexes. Vaginal opening and increased fecal estradiol concentrations were closely tied to the commencement of 4-day oscillations in CBT and UR power in female rats. By contrast, preputial separation and the first rise in testosterone concentration were not associated with adolescent changes to CBT rhythms in male rats. Together, males and females exhibited unique temporal patterning of CBT and sex steroids across pubertal development, with tractable associations between hormonal concentrations, external development, and temporal structure in females. The preservation of these features outside the laboratory supports CBT as a strong candidate for translational pubertal monitoring under naturalistic conditions in females.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grant, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilbrecht, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kriegsfeld, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.15.464452</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex Differences in Pubertal Circadian and Ultradian Rhythmic Development Under Naturalistic Conditions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.15.464467v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diversity and evolution of nitric oxide reduction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.15.464467v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nitrogen is an essential element for life, with the availability of fixed nitrogen limiting productivity in many ecosystems. The return of oxidized nitrogen species to the atmospheric N2 pool is predominately catalyzed by microbial denitrification (NO3- [-&gt;] NO2- [-&gt;] NO [-&gt;] N2O [-&gt;] N2)1. Incomplete denitrification can produce N2O as a terminal product, leading to an increase in atmospheric N2O, a potent greenhouse and ozone-depleting gas2. The production of N2O is catalyzed by nitric oxide reductase (NOR) members of the heme-copper oxidoreductase (HCO) superfamily3. Here we use phylogenomics to identify a number of previously uncharacterized HCO families and propose that many of them (eNOR, sNOR, gNOR, and nNOR) perform nitric oxide reduction. These families have novel active-site structures and several have conserved proton channels, suggesting that they might be able to couple nitric oxide reduction to energy conservation. We isolated and biochemically characterized a member of the eNOR family from Rhodothermus marinus, verifying that it performs nitric oxide reduction both in vitro and in vivo. These newly identified NORs exhibit broad phylogenetic and environmental distributions, expanding the diversity of microbes that can perform denitrification. Phylogenetic analyses of the HCO superfamily demonstrate that nitric oxide reductases evolved multiple times independently from oxygen reductases, suggesting that complete denitrification evolved after aerobic respiration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hemp, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murali, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pace, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanford, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatzenpichler, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lingappa, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, W. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gennis, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.15.464467</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diversity and evolution of nitric oxide reduction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.18.464293v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conserved chromatin and repetitive patterns reveal slow genome evolution in frogs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.18.464293v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Frogs are an ecologically diverse and phylogenetically ancient group of living amphibians that include important vertebrate cell and developmental model systems, notably the genus Xenopus. Here we report a high-quality reference genome sequence for the western clawed frog, Xenopus tropicalis, along with draft chromosome-scale sequences of three distantly related emerging model frog species, Eleutherodactylus coqui, Engystomops pustulosus and Hymenochirus boettgeri. Frog chromosomes have remained remarkably stable since the Mesozoic Era, with limited Robertsonian (i.e., centric) translocations and end-to-end fusions found among the smaller chromosomes. Conservation of synteny includes conservation of centromere locations, marked by centromeric tandem repeats associated with Cenp-a binding, surrounded by pericentromeric LINE/L1 elements. We explored chromosome structure across frogs, using a dense meiotic linkage map for X. tropicalis and chromatin conformation capture (HiC) data for all species. Abundant satellite repeats occupy the unusually long ([~]20 megabase) terminal regions of each chromosome that coincide with high rates of recombination. Both embryonic and differentiated cells show reproducible association of centromeric chromatin, and of telomeres, reflecting a Rabl configuration similar to the "bouquet" structure of meiotic cells. Our comparative analyses reveal 13 conserved ancestral anuran chromosomes from which contemporary frog genomes were constructed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bredeson, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mudd, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medina-Ruiz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitros, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, O. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyons, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batra, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berkoff, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plott, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimwood, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmutz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguirre-Figueroa, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khokha, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lane, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philipp, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laslo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanken, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerdivel, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buisine, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachs, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchholz, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith-Parker, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gridi-Papp, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denton, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malone, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallingford, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Straight, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heald, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hockemeyer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harland, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokhsar, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.18.464293</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conserved chromatin and repetitive patterns reveal slow genome evolution in frogs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.21.465009v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A patatin-like phospholipase mediates Rickettsia parkeri escape from host membranes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.21.465009v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spotted fever group Rickettsia species are arthropod-borne obligate intracellular bacteria that can cause mild to severe human disease. These bacteria invade host cells, replicate in the cell cytosol, and then spread from cell to cell. To access the host cytosol and avoid detection by immune surveillance mechanisms, these pathogens must have evolved efficient ways to escape membrane-bound vacuoles. Although Rickettsia are predicted to express factors that disrupt host membranes, little is known about how and when these proteins function during infection. Here, we investigated the role of a Rickettsia patatin-like phospholipase A2 enzyme (Pat1) during host cell infection by characterizing a Rickettsia parkeri mutant with a transposon insertion in the pat1 gene. We show that Pat1 is important for infection in a mouse model and in host cells. We further show that Pat1 is critical for efficiently escaping from the single and double membrane-bound vacuoles into the host cytosol, and for avoiding host galectins that mark damaged membranes. In the host cytosol, Pat1 is important for avoiding host polyubiquitin, preventing recruitment of autophagy receptor p62, and promoting actin-based motility and cell-cell spread. Our results show that Pat1 plays critical roles in escaping host membranes and promoting cell-cell spread during R. parkeri infection and suggest diverse roles for patatin-like phospholipases in facilitating microbial infection.

ImportanceSpotted fever group Rickettsia are bacteria that reside in ticks and can be transmitted to mammalian hosts, including humans. Severe disease is characterized by high fever, headache, and rash, and results in occasional mortality despite available treatment. Rickettsia interact with host cell membranes while invading cells, escaping into the cytosol, and evading cellular defenses. Bacterial phospholipase enzymes have been proposed as critical factors for targeting host cell membranes, however the specific roles of rickettsial phospholipases are not well defined. We investigated the contribution of one conserved patatin-like phospholipase, Pat1, in Rickettsia parkeri. We observed that Pat1 is important for virulence in an animal model. Moreover, Pat1 plays critical roles in host cells by facilitating access to the cell cytosol, inhibiting detection by host defense pathways, and promoting cell-cell spread. Our study indicates that Pat1 performs several critical functions, suggesting a broad role for phospholipases throughout the Rickettsia lifecycle.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Borgo, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burke, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lo, N. T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engström, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welch, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.21.465009</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A patatin-like phospholipase mediates Rickettsia parkeri escape from host membranes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.21.465112v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Use-dependent biases primarily originate from a contaminated motor plan 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.21.465112v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Repetition of a specific movement biases subsequent actions towards the recently practiced movement, a phenomenon referred to as use-dependent learning (UDL). UDL has been attributed to shifts in the tuning of neurons in the motor cortex. However, recent studies employing a forced reaction time task, including the eLife article by Marinovic et al (2017), indicate that these biases may also arise from a contaminated motor plan, one that is biased towards the practiced direction. We advanced this line of inquiry, seeking to establish the relative contribution of execution and planning processes to UDL in a center-out reaching task in which participants were able to initiate movements of their own volition. On most trials, the target appeared at a designated "frequent" location; on other trials, the target appeared at one of six "rare" locations. In Experiment 1, participants exhibited a robust movement bias towards the frequent target when movements were self-initiated quickly, but a small movement bias when movements were self-initiated slowly - the signature of a contaminated motor plan. Strikingly, the heading angles were bimodally distributed, with one peak at the frequent target location and the other at the rare target location - a finding reinforced by a re-analysis of two widely cited studies on UDL. Notably, the latter peak was shifted in the frequently practiced direction, a signature of a motor execution bias. To eliminate the contribution of planning-related UDL, we imposed a delay between target onset and movement initiation in Experiment 2. As predicted, the heading angles became unimodally distributed around the rare target. The peak of this distribution was again shifted towards the location of the frequent target, indicative of a persistent bias in motor execution. Taken together, these results highlight two distinct components of UDL even when movements are self-initiated: First, the temporal dynamics underlying movement planning, in which a default plan is progressively overridden by a new plan, produces a pronounced motor planning bias. Second, there is a small, temporally stable bias that may reflect shifts in motor unit tuning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tsay, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saxena, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parvin, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verstynen, T. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.21.465112</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Use-dependent biases primarily originate from a contaminated motor plan]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.21.465277v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diversification of multipotential postmitotic mouse retinal ganglion cell precursors into discrete types 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.21.465277v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The genesis of broad neuronal classes from multipotential neural progenitor cells has been extensively studied, but less is known about the diversification of a single neuronal class into multiple types. We used single-cell RNA-seq to study how newly-born (postmitotic) mouse retinal ganglion cell (RGC) precursors diversify into ~45 discrete types. Computational analysis provides evidence that RGC type identity is not specified at mitotic exit, but acquired by gradual, asynchronous fate restriction of postmitotic multipotential precursors. Some types are not identifiable until a week after they are generated. Immature RGCs may be specified to project ipsilaterally or contralaterally to the rest of the brain before their type identity has been determined. Optimal transport inference identifies groups of RGC precursors with largely non-overlapping fates, distinguished by selectively expressed transcription factors that could act as fate determinants. Our study provides a framework for investigating the molecular diversification of discrete types within a neuronal class.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shekhar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitney, I. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butrus, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, Y.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanes, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.21.465277</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diversification of multipotential postmitotic mouse retinal ganglion cell precursors into discrete types]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.21.465345v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A positively Tuned Voltage Indicator Reveals Electrical Correlates of Calcium Activity in the Brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.21.465345v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuronal spiking activity is routinely recorded using genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs), but calcium imaging is limited in temporal resolution and does not report subthreshold voltage changes. Genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs) offer better temporal resolution and subthreshold sensitivity, but spike detection with fast GEVIs has required specialized imaging equipment. Here, we report the ASAP4 subfamily of genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs) that brighten in response to membrane depolarization, inverting the fluorescence-voltage relationship of previous ASAP GEVIs. Two variants, ASAP4b and ASAP4e, feature 128% and 178% fluorescence increases over 100-mV of depolarization, respectively, facilitating spike detection in single trials in vivo with standard 1 and 2-photon imaging systems. Simultaneous voltage and calcium imaging confirms improved temporal resolution and spike discernment by ASAP4 GEVIs. Thus, positively tuned ASAP4 voltage indicators enable recording of neuronal spiking activity using similar equipment as calcium imaging, while providing higher temporal resolution.

One Sentence SummaryUpward ASAPs increase detection capability of GEVIs in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Evans, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavarha, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plitt, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taxidis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madruga, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Keulen, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, F.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reese, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pradhan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suomivuori, C.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Negrean, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clandinin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dror, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bi, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makinson, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golshani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giocomo, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Losonczy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, M. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.21.465345</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A positively Tuned Voltage Indicator Reveals Electrical Correlates of Calcium Activity in the Brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.22.465443v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-particle tracking of dynein identifies PP2A B55/SUR-6 as a cell cycle regulator of cortical force generation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.22.465443v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Convergence and positioning of the pronuclei and mitotic spindle of many zygotes aids efficient division and is essential for early embryonic patterning. In the C. elegans zygote, interactions between microtubules and cortically anchored dynein are key to early development. However, how cortical microtubule pulling forces are controlled through the cell cycle is less well understood. We used single-molecule imaging and a windowed mean squared displacement analysis to uncover the behavior of dynein during cortical force generation, and provide a regulatory role for protein phosphatase PP2A-B55/SUR6 via NuMA-like protein LIN-5 in this process. Previous findings and our results suggest that PP2A regulates cortical microtubule pulling forces by increasing dynein binding and unbinding to the cortical force generation complex. Our data also suggests that cortical occupancy of dynein is abrogated to vary force generation. Our approach will be broadly applicable to classify the force generation behavior of single molecules in living organisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Edwards, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linehan, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boudreau, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maddox, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.22.465443</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-particle tracking of dynein identifies PP2A B55/SUR-6 as a cell cycle regulator of cortical force generation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.26.465969v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The endoplasmic reticulum adopts two distinct tubule forms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.26.465969v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a versatile organelle with diverse functions. Through super-resolution microscopy, we show that the peripheral ER in the mammalian cell adopts two distinct forms of tubules. Whereas an ultrathin form, R1, is consistently covered by ER-membrane curvature-promoting proteins, e.g., Rtn4 in the native cell, in the second form, R2, Rtn4 and analogs are arranged into two parallel lines at a conserved separation of [~]105 nm over long ranges. The two tubule forms together account for [~]90% of the total tubule length in the cell, with either one being dominant in different cell types. The R1-R2 dichotomy and the final tubule geometry are both co-regulated by Rtn4 (and analogs) and the ER sheet-maintaining protein Climp63, which respectively define the edge curvature and lumen height of the R2 tubules to generate a ribbon-like structure of well-defined width. Accordingly, the R2 tubule width correlates positively with the Climp63 intralumenal size. The R1 and R2 tubules undergo active remodeling at the second/sub-second time scales as they differently accommodate proteins, with the former effectively excluding ER-luminal proteins and ER-membrane proteins with large intraluminal domains. We thus uncover a dynamic structural dichotomy for ER tubules with intriguing functional implications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.26.465969</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The endoplasmic reticulum adopts two distinct tubule forms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.27.466110v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanisms Governing Target Search and Binding Dynamics of Hypoxia-Inducible Factors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.27.466110v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcription factors (TFs) are classically attributed a modular construction, containing well-structured sequence specific DNA-binding domains (DBDs) paired with disordered activation domains (ADs) responsible for protein-protein interactions targeting cofactors or the core transcription initiation machinery. However, this simple division of labor model struggles to explain why TFs with identical DNA binding sequence specificity determined in vitro exhibit distinct binding profiles in vivo. The family of Hypoxia-Inducible Factors (HIFs) offer a stark example: aberrantly expressed in several cancer types, HIF-1 and HIF-2 subunit isoforms recognize the same DNA motif in vitro - the hypoxia response element (HRE) - but only share a subset of their target genes in vivo, while eliciting contrasting effects on cancer development and progression under certain circumstances. To probe the mechanisms mediating isoform-specific gene regulation, we used live cell single particle tracking (SPT) to investigate HIF nuclear dynamics and how they change upon genetic perturbation or drug treatment. We found that HIF- subunits and their dimerization partner HIF-1{beta} exhibit distinct diffusion and binding characteristics that are exquisitely sensitive to concentration and subunit stoichiometry. Using domain-swap variants, mutations, and a HIF-2 specific inhibitor, we found that although the DBD and dimerization domains are important, a major determinant of chromatin binding and diffusion behavior is the AD-containing intrinsically disordered region (IDR). Using Cut&Run and RNA-seq as orthogonal genomic approaches we also confirmed IDR-dependent binding and activation of a specific subset of HIF-target genes. These findings reveal a previously unappreciated role of IDRs in regulating the TF search and binding process that contribute to functional target site selectivity on chromatin.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cattoglio, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dailey, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darzacq, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.27.466110</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanisms Governing Target Search and Binding Dynamics of Hypoxia-Inducible Factors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.28.466299v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reproduction, seasonal morphology, and juvenile growth in three Malagasy fruit bats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.28.466299v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The island nation of Madagascar is home to three endemic species of Old World Fruit Bat in the family Pteropodidae: Pteropus rufus, Eidolon dupreanum, and Rousettus madagascariensis, all three of which are IUCN Red Listed under some category of threat. To inform conservation efforts to model population viability for these threatened species, as well understand the mechanisms underpinning persistence of several potentially zoonotic pathogens hosted by these bats, we here define the seasonal limits of a staggered annual birth pulse across the three species. Our field studies in central-eastern Madagascar indicate that this annual birth pulse takes place in September/October for P. rufus, November for E. dupreanum, and December for R. madagascariensis. Juvenile development periods vary across the three Malagasy pteropodids, resulting in near-synchronous weaning of pups for all species in late January-February at the height of the fruiting season for Madagascar, a pattern characteristic of most mammalian frugivores on the island. We here document the size range in morphological traits for the three Malagasy fruit bat species; these traits span the range of those known for pteropodids more broadly, with P. rufus and E. dupreanum among the larger of recorded species and R. madagascariensis among the smaller. All three species demonstrate subtle sexual dimorphism in observed traits with larger-bodied males vs. females. We explore seasonal variation in adult body condition by comparing observed body mass with body mass predicted by forearm length, demonstrating that pregnant females add weight during staggered gestation periods and males lose weight during the nutritionally-deficit Malagasy winter. Finally, we quantify forearm, tibia, and ear length growth rates in juvenile bats, demonstrating both faster growth and more protracted development times for the largest P. rufus species. The longer development period for the already-threatened P. rufus further jeopardizes this species conservation status as human hunting of bats for subsistence is particularly detrimental to population viability during reproductive periods. The more extreme seasonal variation in the mass to forearm relationship for P. rufus may also modulate immune function, an important consideration given these bats roles as reservoir hosts for several high profile viral families known to cause severe disease in humans. Our work highlights the importance of longitudinal field studies in collecting critical data for mammalian conservation efforts and human public health alike.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Andrianiaina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andry, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gentles, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guth, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heraud, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranaivoson, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravelomanantsoa, N. A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Treuer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brook, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.28.466299</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reproduction, seasonal morphology, and juvenile growth in three Malagasy fruit bats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.30.464602v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impact of Protein Identity on Tumor-Associated Antigen Uptake into Infiltrating Immune Cells: A Comparison of Different Fluorescent Proteins as Model Antigens 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.30.464602v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Effective immune responses depend on efficient antigen uptake in the periphery, transport of those antigens to, and presentation in draining lymph nodes (LNs). These processes have been studied intensively using stable fluorescent proteins (FPs) as model antigens. To date, ZsGreen is the only FP that can be tracked efficiently towards LNs, hence, it is difficult to compare studies using alternated tracking proteins.

Here, we systematically compared six different FPs. We included ZsGreen, ZsYellow, DsRed, AsRed, mCherry, and mRFP based on sequence homology and/or origin species, and generated FP-expressing tumor cell lines. Stability of fluorescent signal was assessed in vitro over time, across different pH environments, and in vivo through FP antigen uptake and transfer to immune cells isolated from tumors and tumor-draining LNs.

ZsGreen could be detected in high percentages of all analyzed tumor-infiltrating immune cells, with highest amounts in tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and type 2 conventional dendritic cells (cDC2s). ZsYellow, AsRed, and DsRed followed a similar pattern, but percentages of FP-containing immune cells in the tumor were lower than for ZsGreen. Strikingly, mRFP and mCherry demonstrated a  non-canonical antigen uptake pattern where percentages of FP-positive tumor-infiltrating immune cells were highest for cDC1s not TAMs and cDC2s despite comparable stabilities and localization of all FPs. Analysis of antigen-containing cells in the LN was hindered by intracellular degradation of FPs. Only ZsGreen could be efficiently tracked to the LN, though some signal was measurable for ZsYellow and DsRed.

In summary, we find that detection of antigen uptake and distribution is subject to variabilities related to fluorophore nature. Future experiments need to consider that these processes might be impacted by protein expression, stability, or other unknown factors. Thus, our data sheds light on potential under-appreciated mechanisms regulating antigen transfer and highlights potential uses and necessary caveats to interpretation based on FP use.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krummel, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serwas, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.30.464602</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impact of Protein Identity on Tumor-Associated Antigen Uptake into Infiltrating Immune Cells: A Comparison of Different Fluorescent Proteins as Model Antigens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.30.466617v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Explaining heterogeneity in medial entorhinal cortex with task-driven neural networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.30.466617v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) supports a wide range of navigational and memory related behaviors. Well-known experimental results have revealed specialized cell types in MEC -- e.g. grid, border, and head-direction cells -- whose highly stereotypical response profiles are suggestive of the role they might play in supporting MEC functionality. However, the majority of MEC neurons do not exhibit stereotypical firing patterns. How should the response profiles of these more "heterogeneous" cells be described, and how do they contribute to behavior? In this work, we took a computational approach to addressing these questions. We first performed a statistical analysis that shows that heterogeneous MEC cells are just as reliable in their response patterns as the more stereotypical cell types, suggesting that they have a coherent functional role. Next, we evaluated a spectrum of candidate models in terms of their ability to describe the response profiles of both stereotypical and heterogeneous MEC cells. We found that recently developed task-optimized neural network models are substantially better than traditional grid cell-centric models at matching most MEC neuronal response profiles -- including those of grid cells themselves -- despite not being explicitly trained for this purpose. Specific choices of network architecture (such as gated nonlinearities and an explicit intermediate place cell representation) have an important effect on the ability of the model to generalize to novel scenarios, with the best of these models closely approaching the noise ceiling of the data itself. We then performed in silico experiments on this model to address questions involving the relative functional relevance of various cell types, finding that heterogeneous cells are likely to be just as involved in downstream functional outcomes (such as path integration) as grid and border cells. Finally, inspired by recent data showing that, going beyond their spatial response selectivity, MEC cells are also responsive to non-spatial rewards, we introduce a new MEC model that performs reward-modulated path integration. We find that this unified model matches neural recordings across all variable-reward conditions. Taken together, our results point toward a conceptually principled goal-driven modeling approach for moving future experimental and computational efforts beyond overly-simplistic single-cell stereotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nayebi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Attinger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardcastle, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Low, I. I. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallory, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mel, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorscher, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganguli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giocomo, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamins, D. L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.30.466617</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Explaining heterogeneity in medial entorhinal cortex with task-driven neural networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.02.467003v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Machine learning-based library design improves packaging and diversity of adeno-associated virus (AAV) libraries 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.02.467003v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) hold tremendous promise as delivery vectors for clinical gene therapy, but they need improvement. AAVs with enhanced properties, such as more efficient and/or cell-type specific infection, can be engineered by creating a large, diverse starting library and screening for desired phenotypes, in some cases iteratively. Although this approach has succeeded in numerous specific cases, such as infecting cell types from the brain to the lung, the starting libraries often contain a high proportion of variants unable to assemble or package their genomes, a general prerequisite for engineering any gene delivery goal. Herein, we develop and showcase a machine learning (ML)-based method for systematically designing more effective starting libraries -- ones that have broadly good packaging capabilities while being as diverse as possible. Such carefully designed but general libraries stand to significantly increase the chance of success in engineering any property of interest. Furthermore, we use this approach to design a clinically-relevant AAV peptide insertion library that achieves 5-fold higher packaging fitness than the state-of-the-art library, with negligible reduction in diversity. We demonstrate the general utility of this designed library on a downstream task to which our approach was agnostic: infection of primary human brain tissue. The ML-designed library had approximately 10-fold more successful variants than the current state-of-the-art library. Not only should our new library serve useful for any number of other engineering goals, but our library design approach itself can also be applied to other types of libraries for AAV and beyond.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>ZHU, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brookes, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Busia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carneiro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fannjiang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popova, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nowakowski, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Listgarten, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaffer, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.02.467003</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Machine learning-based library design improves packaging and diversity of adeno-associated virus (AAV) libraries]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.03.467157v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sulcal depth in prefrontal cortex: A novel predictor of working memory performance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.03.467157v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The neuroanatomical changes that underpin cognitive development is of major interest in neuroscience. Of the many aspects of neuroanatomy to consider, tertiary sulci are particularly appealing as they emerge last in gestation, show a protracted development after birth, and are either human- or hominoid-specific. Thus, they are ideal targets for exploring morphological-cognitive relationships with cognitive skills, such as verbal working memory (WM), that also show protracted development. Yet, the relationship between sulcal morphology and verbal WM is unknown, either in development or more generally. To fill this gap, we adopted a data-driven approach with cross-validation to examine the relationship between sulcal depth in lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) and verbal WM in 60 participants ages 6-18. These analyses identified nine left, but not right, LPFC sulci (of which six were tertiary) whose depth predicted verbal WM performance. Most of these sulci are located within and around contours of functionally defined parcellations of LPFC proposed previously. This sulcal depth model out-performed models with age or cortical thickness. Taken together, these findings contribute to building empirical support for a classic theory that tertiary sulci serve as landmarks in association cortices that contribute to aspects of human behavior that show a protracted development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yao, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voorhies, W. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bunge, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.03.467157</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sulcal depth in prefrontal cortex: A novel predictor of working memory performance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.04.467238v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Thymic macrophages consist of two populations with distinct localization and origin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.04.467238v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tissue-resident macrophages are essential to protect from pathogen invasion and maintain organ homeostasis. The ability of thymic macrophages to engulf apoptotic thymocytes is well appreciated, but little is known about their ontogeny, maintenance, and diversity. Here, we characterized the surface phenotype and transcriptional profile of these cells and defined their expression signature. Thymic macrophages were most closely related to spleen red pulp macrophages and Kupffer cells and shared the expression of the transcription factor SpiC with these cells. Single-cell RNA sequencing showed that the macrophages in the adult thymus are composed of two populations distinguished by the expression of Timd4 and Cx3cr1. Remarkably, Timd4+ cells were located in the cortex, while Cx3cr1+ macrophages were restricted to the medulla and the cortico-medullary junction. Using shield chimeras, transplantation of embryonic thymuses, and genetic fate mapping, we found that the two populations have distinct origins. Timd4+ thymic macrophages are of embryonic origin, while Cx3cr1+ macrophages are derived from adult hematopoietic stem cells. Aging has a profound effect on the macrophages in the thymus. Timd4+ cells underwent gradual attrition, while Cx3cr1+ cells slowly accumulated with age and, in older mice, were the dominant macrophage population in the thymus. Altogether, our work defines the phenotype, origin, and diversity of thymic macrophages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, T.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, H.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tu, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, N.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, J.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robey, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, H.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, C.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dzhagalov, I. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.04.467238</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Thymic macrophages consist of two populations with distinct localization and origin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.05.467462v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CALDERA: Finding all significant de Bruijn subgraphs for bacterial GWAS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.05.467462v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome wide association studies (GWAS), aiming to find genetic variants associated with a trait, have widely been used on bacteria to identify genetic determinants of drug resistance or hypervirulence. Recent bacterial GWAS methods usually rely on k-mers, whose presence in a genome can denote variants ranging from single nucleotide polymorphisms to mobile genetic elements. Since many bacterial species include genes that are not shared among all strains, this approach avoids the reliance on a common reference genome. However, the same gene can exist in slightly different versions across different strains, leading to diluted effects when trying to detect its association to a phenotype through k-mer based GWAS. Here we propose to overcome this by testing covariates built from closed connected subgraphs of the De Bruijn graph defined over genomic k-mers. These covariates are able to capture polymorphic genes as a single entity, improving k-mer based GWAS in terms of power and interpretability. As the number of subgraphs is exponential in the number of nodes in the DBG, a method naively testing all possible subgraphs would result in very low statistical power due to multiple testing corrections, and the mere exploration of these subgraphs would quickly become computationally intractable. The concept of testable hypothesis has successfully been used to address both problems in similar contexts. We leverage this concept to test all closed connected subgraphs by proposing a novel enumeration scheme for these objects which fully exploits the pruning opportunity offered by testability, resulting in drastic improvements in computational efficiency. We illustrate this on both real and simulated datasets and also demonstrate how considering subgraphs leads to a more powerful and interpretable method. Our method integrates with existing visual tools to facilitate interpretation. We also provide an implementation of our method, as well as code to reproduce all results at https://github.com/HectorRDB/Caldera_Recomb.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roux de Bezieux, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lima, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perraudeau, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mary, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudoit, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacob, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.05.467462</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CALDERA: Finding all significant de Bruijn subgraphs for bacterial GWAS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.05.467472v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovery of a carbonic anhydrase-Rubisco supercomplex within the alpha-carboxysome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.05.467472v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Carboxysomes are proteinaceous organelles that encapsulate key enzymes of CO2 fixation - Rubisco and carbonic anhydrase - and are the centerpiece of the bacterial CO2 concentrating mechanism (CCM). In the CCM, actively accumulated cytosolic bicarbonate diffuses into the carboxysome and is converted to CO2 by carbonic anhydrase, producing a high CO2 concentration near Rubisco and ensuring efficient carboxylation. Self-assembly of the -carboxysome is orchestrated by the intrinsically disordered scaffolding protein, CsoS2, which interacts with both Rubisco and carboxysomal shell proteins, but it is unknown how the carbonic anhydrase, CsoSCA, is incorporated into the -carboxysome. Here, we present the structural basis of carbonic anhydrase encapsulation into -carboxysomes from Halothiobacillus neapolitanus. We find that CsoSCA interacts directly with Rubisco via an intrinsically disordered N-terminal domain. A 1.98 [A] single-particle cryo-electron microscopy structure of Rubisco in complex with this peptide reveals that CsoSCA binding is predominantly mediated by a network of hydrogen bonds. CsoSCAs binding site overlaps with that of CsoS2 but the two proteins utilize substantially different motifs and modes of binding, revealing a plasticity of the Rubisco binding site. Our results advance the understanding of carboxysome biogenesis and highlight the importance of Rubisco, not only as an enzyme, but also as a central hub for mediating assembly through protein interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blikstad, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dugan, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laughlin, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoemaker, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Remis, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.05.467472</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovery of a carbonic anhydrase-Rubisco supercomplex within the alpha-carboxysome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.05.467528v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large-scale discovery of recombinases for integrating DNA into the human genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.05.467528v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent microbial genome sequencing efforts have revealed a vast reservoir of mobile genetic elements containing integrases that could be useful genome engineering tools. Large serine recombinases (LSRs), such as Bxb1 and PhiC31, are bacteriophage-encoded integrases that can facilitate the insertion of phage DNA into bacterial genomes. However, only a few LSRs have been previously characterized and they have limited efficiency in human cells. Here, we developed a systematic computational discovery workflow that identifies thousands of new LSRs and their cognate DNA attachment sites by. We validate this approach via experimental characterization of LSRs in human cells, leading to three classes of LSRs distinguished from one another by their efficiency and specificity. We identify landing pad LSRs that efficiently integrate into synthetically installed attachment sites orthogonal to the human genome, human genome-targeting LSRs with computationally predictable pseudosites, and multi-targeting LSRs that can unidirectionally integrate cargos at with similar efficiency and superior specificity to commonly used transposases. LSRs from each category were functionally characterized in human cells, overall achieving up to 7-fold higher plasmid recombination than Bxb1 and genome insertion efficiencies of 40-70% with cargo sizes over 7 kb. Overall, we establish a paradigm for large-scale discovery of microbial recombinases and reconstruction of their target sites directly from microbial sequencing data. This strategy provides a rich resource of over 60 experimentally characterized LSRs that can function in human cells and thousands of additional candidates for large-payload genome editing without exposed DNA double-stranded breaks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Durrant, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fanton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tycko, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinks, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandrasekaran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaepe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bintu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassik, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatt, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.05.467528</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large-scale discovery of recombinases for integrating DNA into the human genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.07.467637v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dopamine neuron morphology and output are differentially controlled by mTORC1 and mTORC2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.07.467637v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mTOR pathway is an essential regulator of cell growth and metabolism. Midbrain dopamine neurons are particularly sensitive to mTOR signaling status as activation or inhibition of mTOR alters their morphology and physiology. mTOR exists in two distinct multiprotein complexes termed mTORC1 and mTORC2. How each of these complexes affect dopamine neuron properties and whether they act together or independently is unknown. Here we investigated this in mice with dopamine neuron-specific deletion of Rptor or Rictor, which encode obligatory components of mTORC1 or mTORC2, respectively. We find that inhibition of mTORC1 strongly and broadly impacts dopamine neuron structure and function causing somatodendritic and axonal hypotrophy, increased intrinsic excitability, decreased dopamine production, and impaired dopamine release. In contrast, inhibition of mTORC2 has more subtle effects, with selective alterations to the output of ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons. As mTOR is involved in several brain disorders caused by dopaminergic dysregulation including Parkinsons disease and addiction, our results have implications for understanding the pathophysiology and potential therapeutic strategies for these diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kosillo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cragg, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bateup, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.07.467637</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dopamine neuron morphology and output are differentially controlled by mTORC1 and mTORC2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.08.467750v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas9 mediated nuclear transport and genomic integration of nanostructured genes in human primary cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.08.467750v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA nanostructures are a promising tool for delivery of a variety of molecular payloads to cells. DNA origami structures, where 1000s of bases are folded into a compact nanostructure, present an attractive approach to package genes; however, effective delivery of genetic material into cell nuclei has remained a critical challenge. Here we describe the use of DNA nanostructures encoding an intact human gene and a fluorescent-protein encoding gene as compact templates for gene integration by CRISPR-mediated homology-directed repair (HDR). Our design includes CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoprotein (RNP) binding sites on the DNA nanostructures to increase shuttling of structures into the nucleus. We demonstrate efficient shuttling and genomic integration of DNA nanostructures using transfection and electroporation. These nanostructured templates display lower toxicity and higher insertion efficiency compared to unstructured double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) templates in human primary cells. Furthermore, our study validates virus-like particles (VLPs) as an efficient method of DNA nanostructure delivery, opening the possibility of delivering DNA nanostructures in vivo to specific cell types. Together these results provide new approaches to gene delivery with DNA nanostructures and establish their use as large HDR templates, exploiting both their design features and their ability to encode genetic information. This work also opens a door to translate other DNA nanodevice functions, such as measuring biophysical properties, into cell nuclei.

Teaser SentenceCRISPR-Cas9 mediates nuclear transport and integration of nanostructured genes in human primary cells
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin Shiao, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfeifer, W. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shy, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doost, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vykunta, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamilton, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stahl, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espinoza, C. R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dejanov, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lew, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poirer, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.08.467750</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CRISPR-Cas9 mediated nuclear transport and genomic integration of nanostructured genes in human primary cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.08.467831v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Individual differences in frontoparietal plasticity in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.08.467831v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuroplasticity, defined as the brains potential to change in response to its environment, has been extensively studied at the cellular and molecular levels. Work in animal models suggests that stimulation to the ventral tegmental area (VTA) enhances plasticity, and that myelination constrains plasticity. Little is known, however, about whether proxy measures of these properties in the human brain are associated with learning. Here, we investigated the plasticity of the frontoparietal system by asking whether VTA resting-state functional connectivity and myelin map values (T1w/T2w ratios) predicted learning after short-term training on the adaptive n-back (n = 46, ages 18-25). We found that stronger baseline connectivity between VTA and lateral prefrontal cortex predicted greater improvements in accuracy. Lower myelin map values predicted improvements in response times, but not accuracy. Our findings suggest that proxy markers of neural plasticity can predict learning in humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boroshok, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fotiadis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velasquez, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tooley, U. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forde, J. C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delgado Reyes, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tisdall, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassett, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackey, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.08.467831</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Individual differences in frontoparietal plasticity in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.09.467928v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural Basis for pH-Gating of the K+ Channel TWIK1 at the Selectivity Filter 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.09.467928v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
TWIK1 is a widely expressed pH-gated two-pore domain K+ channel (K2P) that contributes to cardiac rhythm generation and insulin release from pancreatic beta cells. TWIK1 displays unique properties among K2Ps including low basal activity and inhibition by extracellular protons through incompletely understood mechanisms. Here, we present cryo-EM structures of TWIK1 in lipid nanodiscs at high and low pH that reveal a novel gating mechanism at the K+ selectivity filter. At high pH, TWIK1 adopts an open conformation. At low pH, protonation of an extracellular histidine results in a cascade of conformational changes that close the channel by sealing the top of the selectivity filter, displacing the helical cap to block extracellular ion access pathways, and opening gaps for lipid block of the intracellular cavity. These data provide a mechanistic understanding for extracellular pH-gating of TWIK1 and show how diverse mechanisms have evolved to gate the selectivity filter of K+ channels.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Turney, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brohawn, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.09.467928</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural Basis for pH-Gating of the K+ Channel TWIK1 at the Selectivity Filter]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.09.467936v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large cells activate global protein degradation to maintain cell size homeostasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.09.467936v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proliferating animal cells maintain a stable size distribution over generations despite fluctuations in cell growth and division size. This tight control of cell size involves both cell size checkpoints, which delay cell cycle progression in small cells, and size-dependent regulation of mass accumulation rates. While we previously identified the p38 MAPK pathway as a key regulator of the mammalian cell size checkpoint, the mechanism of size-dependent growth rate regulation has remained elusive. Here, we quantified global rates of protein synthesis and degradation in cells of varying sizes, both under unperturbed conditions and in response to perturbations that trigger size-dependent compensatory growth slowdown. We found that protein synthesis rates scale proportionally with cell size across cell cycle stages and experimental conditions. In contrast, oversized cells that undergo compensatory growth slowdown exhibit a superlinear increase in proteasome-mediated protein degradation, with accelerated protein turnover per unit mass, suggesting activation of the proteasomal degradation pathway. Both nascent and long-lived proteins contribute to the elevated protein degradation during compensatory growth slowdown, with long-lived proteins playing a crucial role at the G1/S transition. Notably, large G1/S cells exhibit particularly high efficiency in protein degradation, surpassing that of similarly sized or larger cells in S and G2, coinciding with the timing of the most stringent size control in animal cells. These results collectively suggest that oversized cells reduce their growth efficiency by activating global proteasome-mediated protein degradation to promote cell size homeostasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melo-Gavin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mark, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ginzberg, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blutrich, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rape, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kafri, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.09.467936</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large cells activate global protein degradation to maintain cell size homeostasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.10.468017v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vaccinia virus D10 has broad decapping activity that is regulated by mRNA splicing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.10.468017v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mRNA 5 cap structure serves both to protect transcripts from degradation and promote their translation. Cap removal is thus an integral component of mRNA turnover that is carried out by cellular decapping enzymes, whose activity is tightly regulated and coupled to other stages of the mRNA decay pathway. The poxvirus vaccinia virus (VACV) encodes its own decapping enzymes, D9 and D10, that act on cellular and viral mRNA, but may be regulated differently than their cellular counterparts. Here, we evaluated the targeting potential of these viral enzymes using RNA sequencing from cells infected with wild-type and decapping mutant versions of VACV as well as in uninfected cells expressing D10. We found that D9 and D10 target an overlapping subset of viral transcripts but that D10 plays a dominant role in depleting the vast majority of human transcripts, although not in an indiscriminate manner. Unexpectedly, the splicing architecture of a gene influences how robustly its corresponding transcript is targeted by D10, as transcripts derived from intronless genes are less susceptible to enzymatic decapping by D10. As all VACV genes are intronless, preferential decapping of transcripts from intron-encoding genes provides an unanticipated mechanism for the virus to disproportionately deplete host transcripts and remodel the infected cell transcriptome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgess, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohr, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaunsinger, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.10.468017</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vaccinia virus D10 has broad decapping activity that is regulated by mRNA splicing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.10.468115v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phylogenetic diversity of two common Trypanosoma cruzi lineages in the Southwestern United States 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.10.468115v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Trypanosoma cruzi is the causative agent of Chagas disease, a devastating parasitic disease endemic to Central and South America, Mexico, and the USA. We characterized the genetic diversity of T. cruzi circulating in five triatomine species (Triatoma gerstaeckeri, T. lecticularia, T. indictiva, T. sanguisuga and T. recurva) collected in Texas and Southern Arizona using nucleotide sequences from four single-copy loci (COII-ND1, MSH2, DHFR-TS, TcCLB.506529.310). All T. cruzi variants fall in two main genetic lineages: 75% of the samples corresponded to T. cruzi Discrete Typing Unit (DTU) I (TcI), and 25% to a North American specific lineage previously labelled TcIV-USA. Phylogenetic and sequence divergence analyses of our new data plus all previously published sequence data from those 4 genes collected in the USA, show that TcIV-USA is significantly different from any other previously defined T. cruzi DTUs. The significant level of genetic divergence between TcIV-USA and other T. cruzi lineages should lead to an increased focus on understanding the epidemiological importance of this lineage, as well as its geographical range and pathogenicity in humans and domestic animals. Our findings further corroborate the fact that there is a high genetic diversity of the parasite in North America and emphasize the need for appropriate surveillance and vector control programs for Chagas disease in southern USA and Mexico.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Flores-Lopez, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reisenman, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarkar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williamson, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machado, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.10.468115</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phylogenetic diversity of two common Trypanosoma cruzi lineages in the Southwestern United States]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.11.468265v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An optimized ChIP-Seq framework for profiling of histone modifications in Chromochloris zofingiensis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.11.468265v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The eukaryotic green alga Chromochloris zofingiensis is a reference organism for studying carbon partitioning and a promising candidate for the production of biofuel precursors. Recent transcriptome profiling transformed our understanding of its biology and generally algal biology, but epigenetic regulation remains understudied and represents a fundamental gap in our understanding of algal gene expression. Chromatin Immunoprecipitation followed by deep sequencing (ChIP-Seq) is a powerful tool for the discovery of such mechanisms, by identifying genome-wide histone modification patterns and transcription factor-binding sites alike. Here, we established a ChIP-Seq framework for Chr. zofingiensis yielding over 20 million high quality reads per sample. The most critical steps in a ChIP experiment were optimized, including DNA shearing to obtain an average DNA fragment size of 250 bp and assessment of the recommended formaldehyde concentration for optimal DNA-protein crosslinking. We used this ChIP-Seq framework to generate a genome-wide map of the H3K4me3 distribution pattern and to integrate these data with matching RNA-Seq data. In line with observations from other organisms, H3K4me3 marks predominantly transcription start sites of genes. Our H3K4me3 ChIP-Seq data will pave the way for improved genome structural annotation in the emerging reference alga Chr. zofingiensis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Strenkert, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mingay, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmollinger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Malley, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merchant, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.11.468265</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An optimized ChIP-Seq framework for profiling of histone modifications in Chromochloris zofingiensis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.12.468079v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A de novo matrix for macroscopic living materials from bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.12.468079v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Summary ParagraphEngineered living materials (ELMs) are composites of living cells embedded in a biopolymer matrix that combine the desirable properties of natural biomaterials with non-natural, tailored properties. ELMs with a wide range of sophisticated biological functions have been created by engineering the embedded cells using synthetic biology. Engineering a de novo biomolecular matrix would offer control over material assembly, structure, and composition, thus enabling us to grow macroscopic ELMs with customizable mechanical properties. However, we have lacked the genetic tools and design rules to genetically encode a synthetic matrix that programs collective cell self-organization into macroscopic structures. Here we report growth of macroscopic ELMs from Caulobacter crescentus cells that display and secrete an engineered self-interacting protein. This protein formed an extracellular de novo matrix and assembled cells into hierarchically-ordered, centimeter-scale ELMs. We showed that the mechanical, catalytic, and morphological properties of these ELMs can be tuned through genetic modification of the matrix. Our work identifies novel genetic tools, design and assembly rules for growing macroscopic ELMs with both wide-ranging mechanical properties and customizable functions. We anticipate the modularity of this approach will permit the incorporation of different protein polymers in the de novo matrix, thus allowing to generate ELMs with a variety of desired structures and compositions of the bulk material. We envision specific matrix properties that can be combined synergistically with existing cellular functions to greatly expand the opportunities for ELMs in human health, energy, and the environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Molinari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tesoriero, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sridhar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashby, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ajo-Franklin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.12.468079</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A de novo matrix for macroscopic living materials from bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.12.468448v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Multi-Omics and Bioenergetics Longitudinal Aging Dataset in Primary Human Fibroblasts with Mitochondrial Perturbations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.12.468448v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aging is a process of progressive change. In order to develop biological models of aging, longitudinal datasets with high temporal resolution are needed. Here we report a multi-omic longitudinal dataset for cultured primary human fibroblasts measured across their replicative lifespans. Fibroblasts were sourced from both healthy donors (n=6) and individuals with lifespan-shortening mitochondrial disease (n=3). The dataset includes cytological, bioenergetic, DNA methylation, gene expression, secreted proteins, mitochondrial DNA copy number and mutations, cell-free DNA, telomere length, and whole-genome sequencing data. This dataset enables the bridging of mechanistic processes of aging as outlined by the "hallmarks of aging", with the descriptive characterization of aging such as epigenetic age clocks. Here we focus on bridging the gap for the hallmark mitochondrial metabolism. Our dataset includes measurement of healthy cells, and cells subjected to over a dozen experimental manipulations targeting oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos), glycolysis, and glucocorticoid signaling, among others. These experiments provide opportunities to test how cellular energetics affect the biology of cellular aging. All data are publicly available at our webtool: https://columbia-picard.shinyapps.io/shinyapp-Lifespan_Study/
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sturm, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monzel, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karan, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michelson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ware, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardenas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bris, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santhanam, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horvath, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belsky, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Procaccio, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufman, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.12.468448</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Multi-Omics and Bioenergetics Longitudinal Aging Dataset in Primary Human Fibroblasts with Mitochondrial Perturbations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.15.468686v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluation of methods for the inference of ancestral recombination graphs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.15.468686v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ancestral recombination graph (ARG) is a structure that describes the joint genealogies of sampled DNA sequences along the genome. Recent computational methods have made impressive progress towards scalably estimating whole-genome genealogies. In addition to inferring the ARG, some of these methods can also provide ARGs sampled from a defined posterior distribution. Obtaining good samples of ARGs is crucial for quantifying statistical uncertainty and for estimating population genetic parameters such as effective population size, mutation rate, and allele age. Here, we use standard neutral coalescent simulations to benchmark the estimates of pairwise coalescence times from three popular ARG inference programs: ARGweaver, Relate, and tsinfer+tsdate. We compare 1) the true coalescence times to the inferred times at each locus; 2) the distribution of coalescence times across all loci to the expected exponential distribution; 3) whether the sampled coalescence times have the properties expected of a valid posterior distribution. We find that inferred coalescence times at each locus are most accurate in ARGweaver, and often more accurate in Relate than in tsinfer+tsdate. However, all three methods tend to overestimate small coalescence times and underestimate large ones. Lastly, the posterior distribution of ARGweaver is closer to the expected posterior distribution than Relates, but this higher accuracy comes at a substantial trade-off in scalability. The best choice of method will depend on the number and length of input sequences and on the goal of downstream analyses, and we provide guidelines for the best practices.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Y C Brandt, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaughn, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.15.468686</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluation of methods for the inference of ancestral recombination graphs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.15.468712v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structures of the Cyanobacterial Phycobilisome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.15.468712v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The phycobilisome is an elaborate antenna that is responsible for light-harvesting in cyanobacteria and red-algae. This large macromolecular complex captures incident sunlight and transfers the energy via a network of pigment molecules called bilins to the photosynthetic reaction centers. The phycobilisome of the model organism Synechocystis PCC 6803 consists of a core to which six rods are attached but its detailed molecular architecture and regulation in response to environmental conditions is not well understood. Here we present cryo-electron microscopy structures of the 6.2 MDa phycobilisome from Synechocystis PCC 6803 resolved at 2.1 [A] (rods) to 2.7 [A] (core), revealing three distinct conformations, two previously unknown. We found that two of the rods are mobile and can switch conformation within the complex, revealing a layer of regulation not described previously. In addition, we found a novel linker protein in the structure, that may represent a long-sought subunit that tethers the phycobilisome to the thylakoid membrane. Finally, we show how excitation energy is transferred within the phycobilisome and correlate our structures with known spectroscopic properties. Together, our results provide detailed insights into the biophysical underpinnings of cyanobacterial light harvesting and lay the foundation for bioengineering of future phycobilisome variants and artificial light harvesting systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sauer, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominguez-Martin, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirst, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bina, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greber, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogales, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polivka, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerfeld, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.15.468712</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structures of the Cyanobacterial Phycobilisome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.15.468716v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rigid DNA nanotube tethers suppress high frequency noise in dual-trap optical tweezers systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.15.468716v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dual trap optical tweezers are a powerful tool to trap and characterize the biophysical properties of single biomolecules such as the folding pathways of proteins and nucleic acids, and the chemomechanical activity of molecular motors. Despite its vastly successful application, noise from drift and fluctuation of the optics, and Brownian motion of the trapped beads still hinder the techniques ability to directly visualize folding of small biomolecules or the single nucleotide stepping of polymerases, especially at low forces (<10 pN) and sub-millisecond timescales. Rigid DNA nanotubes have been used to replace the conventional dsDNA linker to reduce optical tweezers noise in the low force range. However, optical tweezers are used to study a wide range of biophysical events, with timescales ranging from microseconds to seconds, and length changes ranging from sub nanometers to tens of nanometers. In this study, we systematically evaluate how noise is distributed across different frequencies in dual trap optical tweezers systems-and show that rigid DNA nanotube tethers suppress only high frequency noise (kHz), while the low frequency noise remains the same when compared to that of dsDNA tethers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shaw, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satija, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De la Matta, E. A. d. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marqusee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustamante, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.15.468716</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rigid DNA nanotube tethers suppress high frequency noise in dual-trap optical tweezers systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.15.468719v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure of the Quenched Cyanobacterial OCP-Phycobilisome Complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.15.468719v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Photoprotection is an essential mechanism in photosynthetic organisms to balance the harvesting of light energy against the risks of photodamage. In cyanobacteria, photoprotective non-photochemical quenching relies on the interaction between a photoreceptor, the Orange Carotenoid Protein (OCP), and the antenna, the phycobilisome (PBS). Here we report the first structure of the OCP-PBS complex at 2.7 [A] overall resolution obtained by cryo-electron microscopy. The structure shows that the 6.2 MDa PBS is quenched by four 34 kDa OCP organized as two dimers. The complex also reveals that the structure of the active form of the OCP is drastically different than its resting, non-quenching form, with an [~]60 [A] displacement of its regulatory domain. These results provide a high-resolution blueprint of the structural basis of the protective quenching of excess excitation energy that enables cyanobacteria to harvest light energy and fix CO2 across environmentally diverse and dynamic surface of our planet.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dominguez-Martin, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauer, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirst, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bina, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greber, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogales, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polivka, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerfeld, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.15.468719</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure of the Quenched Cyanobacterial OCP-Phycobilisome Complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.15.468761v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microglia do not restrict SARS-CoV-2 replication following infection of the central nervous system of K18-hACE2 transgenic mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.15.468761v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Unlike SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV, infection with SARS-CoV-2, the viral pathogen responsible for COVID-19, is often associated with neurologic symptoms that range from mild to severe, yet increasing evidence argues the virus does not exhibit extensive neuroinvasive properties. We demonstrate SARS-CoV-2 can infect and replicate in human iPSC-derived neurons and that infection shows limited anti-viral and inflammatory responses but increased activation of EIF2 signaling following infection as determined by RNA sequencing. Intranasal infection of K18 human ACE2 transgenic mice (K18-hACE2) with SARS-CoV-2 resulted in lung pathology associated with viral replication and immune cell infiltration. In addition, [~]50% of infected mice exhibited CNS infection characterized by wide-spread viral replication in neurons accompanied by increased expression of chemokine (Cxcl9, Cxcl10, Ccl2, Ccl5 and Ccl19) and cytokine (Ifn-{lambda} and Tnf-) transcripts associated with microgliosis and a neuroinflammatory response consisting primarily of monocytes/macrophages. Microglia depletion via administration of colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor inhibitor, PLX5622, in SARS-CoV-2 infected mice did not affect survival or viral replication but did result in dampened expression of proinflammatory cytokine/chemokine transcripts and a reduction in monocyte/macrophage infiltration. These results argue that microglia are dispensable in terms of controlling SARS-CoV-2 replication in in the K18-hACE2 model but do contribute to an inflammatory response through expression of pro-inflammatory genes. Collectively, these findings contribute to previous work demonstrating the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to infect neurons as well as emphasizing the potential use of the K18-hACE2 model to study immunological and neuropathological aspects related to SARS-CoV-2-induced neurologic disease.

ImportanceUnderstanding the immunological mechanisms contributing to both host defense and disease following viral infection of the CNS is of critical importance given the increasing number of viruses that are capable of infecting and replicating within the nervous system. With this in mind, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the role of microglia in aiding in host defense following experimental infection of the central nervous system (CNS) of K18-hACE2 with SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19. Neurologic symptoms that range in severity are common in COVID-19 patients and understanding immune responses that contribute to restricting neurologic disease can provide important insight into better understanding consequences associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection of the CNS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Olivarria, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pachow, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hohsfield, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith-Geater, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miramontes, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burns, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsourmas, K. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stocksdale, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manlapaz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yong, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teijaro, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lane, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.15.468761</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microglia do not restrict SARS-CoV-2 replication following infection of the central nervous system of K18-hACE2 transgenic mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.16.468753v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tissue-specific impacts of aging and genetics on gene expression patterns in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.16.468753v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Age is the primary risk factor for many common human diseases including heart disease, Alzheimers dementias, cancers, and diabetes. Determining how and why tissues age differently is key to understanding the onset and progression of such pathologies. Here, we set out to quantify the relative contributions of genetics and aging to gene expression patterns from data collected across 27 tissues from 948 humans. We show that age impacts the predictive power of expression quantitative trait loci across several tissues. Jointly modelling the contributions of age and genetics to transcript level variation we find that the heritability (h2) of gene expression is largely consistent among tissues. In contrast, the average contribution of aging to gene expression variance varied by more than 20-fold among tissues with [Formula] in 5 tissues. We find that the coordinated decline of mitochondrial and translation factors is a widespread signature of aging across tissues. Finally, we show that while in general the force of purifying selection is stronger on genes expressed early in life compared to late in life as predicted by Medawars hypothesis, a handful of highly proliferative tissues exhibit the opposite pattern. These non-Medawarian tissues exhibit high rates of cancer and age-of-expression associated somatic mutations in cancer. In contrast, gene expression variation that is under genetic control is strongly enriched for genes under relaxed constraint. Together we present a novel framework for predicting gene expression phenotypes from genetics and age and provide insights into the tissue-specific relative contributions of genes and the environment to phenotypes of aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yamamoto, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazquez, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinberg, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ioannidis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sudmant, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.16.468753</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tissue-specific impacts of aging and genetics on gene expression patterns in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.17.469009v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Not so fast: Limited validity of deep convolutional neural networks as in silico models for human naturalistic face processing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.17.469009v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) trained for face identification can rival and even exceed human-level performance. The ways in which the internal face representations in DCNNs relate to human cognitive representations and brain activity are not well understood. Nearly all previous studies focused on static face image processing with rapid display times and ignored the processing of naturalistic, dynamic information. To address this gap, we developed the largest naturalistic dynamic face stimulus set in human neuroimaging research (700+ naturalistic video clips of unfamiliar faces). We used this novel naturalistic dataset to compare representational geometries estimated from DCNNs, behavioral responses, and brain responses. We found that DCNN representational geometries were consistent across architectures, cognitive representational geometries were consistent across raters in a behavioral arrangement task, and neural representational geometries in face areas were consistent across brains. Representational geometries in late, fully-connected DCNN layers, which are optimized for individuation, were much more weakly correlated with cognitive and neural geometries than were geometries in late-intermediate layers. The late-intermediate face-DCNN layers successfully matched cognitive representational geometries, as measured with a behavioral arrangement task that primarily reflected categorical attributes, and correlated with neural representational geometries in known face-selective topographies. Our study suggests that current DCNNs successfully capture neural cognitive processes for categorical attributes of faces, but less accurately capture individuation and dynamic features.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiahui, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feilong, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Visconti di Oleggio Castello, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nastase, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haxby, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gobbini, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.17.469009</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Not so fast: Limited validity of deep convolutional neural networks as in silico models for human naturalistic face processing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.18.468666v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PURC v2.0: a program for improved sequence inference for polyploid phylogenetics and other manifestations of the multiple-copy problem 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.18.468666v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inferring the true biological sequences from amplicon mixtures remains a difficult bioinformatic problem. The traditional approach is to cluster sequencing reads by similarity thresholds and treat the consensus sequence of each cluster as an "operational taxonomic unit" (OTU). Recently, this approach has been improved upon by model-based methods that correct PCR and sequencing errors in order to infer "amplicon sequence variants" (ASVs). To date, ASV approaches have been used primarily in metagenomics, but they are also useful for identifying allelic or paralogous variants and for determining homeologs in polyploid organisms. To facilitate the usage of ASV methods among polyploidy researchers, we incorporated ASV inference alongside OTU clustering in PURC v2.0, a major update to PURC (Pipeline for Untangling Reticulate Complexes). In addition to preserving original PURC functions, PURC v2.0 allows users to process PacBio CCS/HiFi reads through DADA2 to generate and annotate ASVs for multiplexed data, with outputs including separate alignments for each locus ready for phylogenetic inference. In addition, PURC v2.0 features faster demultiplexing than the original version and has been updated to be compatible with Python 3. In this chapter we present results indicating that PURC v2.0 (using the ASV approach) is more likely to infer the correct biological sequences in comparison to the earlier OTU-based PURC, and describe how to prepare sequencing data, run PURC v2.0 under several different modes, and interpret the output. We expect that PURC v2.0 will provide biologists with a method for generating multi-locus "moderate data" datasets that are large enough to be phylogenetically informative and small enough for manual curation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schafran, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, F.-W. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothfels, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.18.468666</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PURC v2.0: a program for improved sequence inference for polyploid phylogenetics and other manifestations of the multiple-copy problem]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.21.469454v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryo-EM structures of the channelrhodopsin ChRmine in lipid nanodiscs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.21.469454v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial channelrhodopsins are light-gated ion channels widely used for optogenetic manipulation of neuronal activity. ChRmine is a bacteriorhodopsin-like cation channelrhodopsin (BCCR) more closely related to ion pump rhodopsins than other channelrhodopsins. ChRmine displays unique properties favorable for optogenetics including high light sensitivity, a red-shifted activation spectrum, cation selectivity, and large photocurrents while its slow closing kinetics impede some applications. The structural basis for ChRmine function, or that of any other BCCR, is unknown. Here, we present cryo-EM structures of ChRmine in lipid nanodiscs in apo (opsin) and retinal-bound (rhodopsin) forms. The structures reveal an unprecedented trimeric architecture with a lipid filled central pore. Large electronegative cavities on either side of the membrane facilitate high conductance and selectivity for cations over protons. The retinal binding pocket structure suggests spectral and kinetic properties could be tuned with mutations and we identify ChRmine variants with two-fold increased and ten-fold decreased closing rates. These results provide insight into structural features that generate an ultra-potent microbial opsin and provide a platform for rational engineering of channelrhodopsins with improved properties that could expand the scale, depth, and precision of optogenetic manipulations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tucker, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sridharan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adesnik, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brohawn, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.21.469454</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryo-EM structures of the channelrhodopsin ChRmine in lipid nanodiscs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.21.469464v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Theoretical Guarantees for Phylogeny Inference from Single-Cell Lineage Tracing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.21.469464v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas9 lineage tracing technologies have emerged as a powerful tool for investigating development in single-cell contexts, but exact reconstruction of the underlying clonal relationships in experiment is plagued by data-related complications. These complications are functions of the experimental parameters in these systems, such as the Cas9 cutting rate, the diversity of indel outcomes, and the rate of missing data. In this paper, we develop two theoretically grounded algorithms for reconstruction of the underlying phylogenetic tree, as well as asymptotic bounds for the number of recording sites necessary for exact recapitulation of the ground truth phylogeny at high probability. In doing so, we explore the relationship between the problem difficulty and the experimental parameters, with implications for experimental design. Lastly, we provide simulations validating these bounds and showing the empirical performance of these algorithms. Overall, this work provides a first theoretical analysis of phylogenetic reconstruction in the CRISPR-Cas9 lineage tracing technology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, R. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khodaverdian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.21.469464</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Theoretical Guarantees for Phylogeny Inference from Single-Cell Lineage Tracing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.25.469980v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinguishing between recruitment and spread of silent chromatin structures in Saccharomyces cerevisiae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.25.469980v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The formation of heterochromatin at HML, HMR, and telomeres in Saccharomyces cerevisiae involves two main steps: Recruitment of Sir proteins to silencers and their spread throughout the silenced domain. We developed a method to study these two processes at single base-pair resolution. Using a fusion protein between the heterochromatin protein Sir3 and the non-site-specific bacterial adenine methyltransferase M.EcoGII, we mapped sites of Sir3-chromatin interactions genome-wide using long-read Nanopore sequencing to detect adenines methylated by the fusion protein. A silencing-deficient mutant of Sir3 lacking its Bromo-Adjacent Homology (BAH) domain, sir3-bah{Delta}, was still recruited to HML, HMR, and telomeres. However, in the absence of the BAH domain, it was unable to spread away from those recruitment sites. Overexpression of Sir3 did not lead to further spreading at HML, HMR, and most telomeres. A few exceptional telomeres, like 6R, exhibited a small amount of Sir3 spreading, suggesting that boundaries at telomeres responded variably to Sir3 overexpression. Finally, by using a temperature-sensitive allele of SIR3 fused to M.ECOGII, we tracked the positions first methylated after induction and found that repression of genes at HML and HMR began before Sir3 occupied the entire locus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brothers, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rine, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.25.469980</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinguishing between recruitment and spread of silent chromatin structures in Saccharomyces cerevisiae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.25.470024v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Listeria monocytogenes requires cellular respiration for NAD+ regeneration and pathogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.25.470024v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular respiration is essential for multiple bacterial pathogens and a validated antibiotic target. In addition to driving oxidative phosphorylation, bacterial respiration has a variety of ancillary functions that obscure its contribution to pathogenesis. We find here that the intracellular pathogen Listeria monocytogenes encodes two respiratory pathways which are partially functionally redundant and indispensable for pathogenesis. Loss of respiration decreased NAD+ regeneration, but this could be specifically reversed by heterologous expression of a water-forming NADH oxidase (NOX). NOX expression fully rescued intracellular growth defects and increased L. monocytogenes loads >1,000-fold in a mouse infection model. Consistent with NAD+ regeneration maintaining L. monocytogenes viability and enabling immune evasion, a respiration-deficient strain exhibited elevated bacteriolysis within the host cytosol and NOX rescued this phenotype. These studies show that NAD+ regeneration, rather than oxidative phosphorylation, represents the primary role of L. monocytogenes respiration and highlight the nuanced relationship between bacterial metabolism, physiology, and pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rivera-Lugo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anaya-Sanchez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tejedor-Sanz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyes Ruiz, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Titov, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauer, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skaar, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ajo-Franklin, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Portnoy, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Light, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.25.470024</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Listeria monocytogenes requires cellular respiration for NAD+ regeneration and pathogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.29.470428v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
OxPhos Dysfunction Causes Hypermetabolism and Reduces Lifespan in Cells and in Patients with Mitochondrial Diseases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.29.470428v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Patients with primary mitochondrial diseases present with fatigue and multi-system disease, are often lean, and die prematurely, but the mechanistic basis for this clinical picture remains unclear. Integrating data from 17 cohorts of patients with mitochondrial diseases (n=690), we find that clinical mitochondrial disorders increase resting energy expenditure, a state termed hypermetabolism. In a longitudinal cellular model of primary patient-derived fibroblasts from multiple donors, we show that genetic and pharmacological disruptions of oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) similarly trigger increased energy consumption in a cell-autonomous manner, despite near-normal OxPhos coupling efficiency. Hypermetabolism is associated with mtDNA instability, activation of the integrated stress response, increased extracellular secretion of age-related cytokines and metabokines including GDF15, as well as an accelerated rate of telomere erosion and epigenetic aging, and a reduced Hayflick limit. Together with these dynamic measures, we have generated a longitudinal RNASeq and DNA methylation resource dataset, which reveals conserved, energetically demanding, genome-wide recalibrations in response to OxPhos dysfunction. The increased energetic cost of living, or hypermetabolism, in cells and organisms with OxPhos defects has important biological and clinical implications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sturm, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karan, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santhanham, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taivassalo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bris, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duplaga, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cross, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Towheed, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higgins-Chen, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McManus, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardenas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Epel, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vissing, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grassi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horvath, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haller, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lenaers, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tavazoie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Procaccio, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufman, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seifert, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monzel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.29.470428</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[OxPhos Dysfunction Causes Hypermetabolism and Reduces Lifespan in Cells and in Patients with Mitochondrial Diseases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.30.470651v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Remote sensing reveals multi-decadal losses of tree cover in California driven by increasing fire disturbance and climate stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.30.470651v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Forests provide natural climate solutions for sequestering carbon and mitigating climate change yet are threatened by increasing temperatures and disturbance. Accurate information on vegetation dynamics is lacking in some regions with forest carbon offset programs and dense forests like California. To address this, we combined remote sensing observations with geospatial databases to develop annual maps of vegetation cover (tree, shrub, herbaceous) and disturbance type (fires, harvest, and forest die-off) in California at 30 m resolution from 1985 to 2021. California lost 3783 km2 of its tree cover area (5.5% relative to initial cover). Early gains in tree cover area were more than offset by fire-driven declines, resulting in greater shrub and herbaceous cover area. Fires and tree cover area loss occurred where temperatures were high or increasing, whereas tree cover gain occurred in cooler areas. Disturbance and warming are threatening the integrity of Californias forests and its carbon offsets program.

TeaserClimate and disturbance-driven tree cover loss challenges the viability of forests as natural climate solutions in California
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Randerson, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goulden, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battles, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.30.470651</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Remote sensing reveals multi-decadal losses of tree cover in California driven by increasing fire disturbance and climate stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.30.470682v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ligand-induced changes in dynamics mediate long-range allostery in the lac repressor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.30.470682v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Allostery, broadly defined as a proteins functional response to distal perturbations, is fundamental to biological regulation. In classical models, allosteric ligand binding produces a defined set of structural changes in the protein, resulting in a different low-energy conformation. Proteins that undergo ligand-induced allostery with few observable structural changes therefore frustrate interpretations by classical models. Here we used hydrogen-deuterium exchange with mass spectrometry (HDX/MS) to map the allosteric effects in a paradigm ligand-responsive allosteric transcription factor, the lac repressor (LacI). X-ray crystal structures of the core domain of LacI bound to different small molecule ligands, or the DNA operator, show less than 1.5 [A] difference in the protein all-atom root-mean-square-deviation (RMSD) between any two structures. Despite this high degree of similarity among static structures, our HDX/MS experiments reveal widespread and unexpected differences in the flexibility of secondary structures in the LacI core domain in each functional state. We propose a model in which ligand binding allosterically switches the functional response of the repressor by selectively changing the dynamics of particular secondary structure elements relative to each other, shifting the conformational ensemble of the protein between mutually incompatible DNA-bound and inducer-bound states. Our model also provides a mechanistic context for the altered functions of thousands of documented LacI mutants. Furthermore, our approach provides a platform for characterizing and engineering allosteric responses in proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Glasgow, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobbs, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, Z. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marqusee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kortemme, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.30.470682</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ligand-induced changes in dynamics mediate long-range allostery in the lac repressor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.06.471469v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A naturally DNase-free CRISPR-Cas12c enzyme silences gene expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.06.471469v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Used widely for genome editing in human cells, plants and animals, CRISPR-Cas enzymes including Cas9 and Cas12 provide RNA-guided immunity to microbes by targeting foreign DNA sequences for cleavage. We show here that the native activity of CRISPR-Cas12c protects bacteria from phage infection by binding to DNA targets without cleaving them, revealing that antiviral interference can be accomplished without chemical attack on the invader or general metabolic disruption in the host. Biochemical experiments demonstrate that Cas12c is a site-specific ribonuclease capable of generating mature CRISPR RNAs (crRNAs) from precursor transcripts. Furthermore, we find that crRNA maturation is essential for Cas12c-mediated DNA targeting. Surprisingly, however, these crRNAs direct double-stranded DNA binding by Cas12c using a mechanism that precludes DNA cutting. Cas12cs RNA-guided DNA binding activity enables robust transcriptional repression of fluorescent reporter proteins in cells. Furthermore, this naturally DNase-free Cas12c enzyme can protect bacteria from lytic bacteriophage infection when targeting an essential phage gene. Together these results show that Cas12c employs targeted DNA binding to provide anti-viral immunity in bacteria, providing a native DNase-free pathway for transient antiviral immunity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adler, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.06.471469</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A naturally DNase-free CRISPR-Cas12c enzyme silences gene expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.08.471796v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Drosophila gustatory projections are segregated by taste modality and connectivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.08.471796v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gustatory sensory neurons detect caloric and harmful compounds in potential food and convey this information to the brain to inform feeding decisions. To examine the signals that gustatory neurons transmit and receive, we reconstructed gustatory axons and their synaptic sites in the adult Drosophila melanogaster brain, utilizing a whole-brain electron microscopy volume. We reconstructed 87 gustatory projections from the proboscis labellum in the right hemisphere and 57 from the left, representing the majority of labellar gustatory axons. Gustatory neurons contain a nearly equal number of interspersed pre-and post-synaptic sites, with extensive synaptic connectivity among gustatory axons. Morphology- and connectivity-based clustering revealed six distinct groups, likely representing neurons recognizing different taste modalities. The vast majority of synaptic connections are between neurons of the same group. This study resolves the anatomy of labellar gustatory projections, reveals that gustatory projections are segregated based on taste modality, and uncovers synaptic connections that may alter the transmission of gustatory signals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Engert, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sterne, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.08.471796</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Drosophila gustatory projections are segregated by taste modality and connectivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.10.472087v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Electrically Controlling and Optically Observing the Membrane Potential of Supported Lipid Bilayers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.10.472087v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Supported lipid bilayers are a well-developed model system for the study of membranes and their associated proteins, such as membrane channels, enzymes, and receptors. These versatile model membranes can be made from various components, ranging from simple synthetic phospholipids to complex mixtures of constituents, mimicking the cell membrane with its relevant physiochemical and molecular phenomena. In addition, the high stability of supported lipid bilayers allows for their study via a wide array of experimental probes. In this work, we describe a platform for supported lipid bilayers that is accessible both electrically and optically. We show that the polarization of the supported membrane can be electrically controlled and optically probed using voltage-sensitive dyes. Membrane polarization dynamics is understood through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and the analysis of the equivalent electrical circuit. We also describe the effect of the conducting electrode layer on the fluorescence of the optical probe through metal-induced energy transfer. We conclude with a discussion on possible applications of this platform for the study of voltage-dependent membrane proteins and other processes in membrane biology and surface science.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yudovich, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marzouqe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kantorovitsch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teblum, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enderlein, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.10.472087</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Electrically Controlling and Optically Observing the Membrane Potential of Supported Lipid Bilayers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.10.472112v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 Spike triggers barrier dysfunction and vascular leak via integrins and TGF-β signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.10.472112v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Severe COVID-19 is associated with epithelial and endothelial barrier dysfunction within the lung as well as in distal organs. While it is appreciated that an exaggerated inflammatory response is associated with barrier dysfunction, the triggers of this pathology are unclear. Here, we report that cell-intrinsic interactions between the Spike (S) glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 and epithelial/endothelial cells are sufficient to trigger barrier dysfunction in vitro and vascular leak in vivo, independently of viral replication and the ACE2 receptor. We identify an S-triggered transcriptional response associated with extracellular matrix reorganization and TGF-{beta} signaling. Using genetic knockouts and specific inhibitors, we demonstrate that glycosaminoglycans, integrins, and the TGF-{beta} signaling axis are required for S-mediated barrier dysfunction. Our findings suggest that S interactions with barrier cells are a contributing factor to COVID-19 disease severity and offer mechanistic insight into SARS-CoV-2 triggered vascular leak, providing a starting point for development of therapies targeting COVID-19 pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Biering, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tramontini Gomes de Sousa, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjang, L. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pahmeier, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanc, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worthington, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glasner, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castillo-Rojas, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Servellita, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lo, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warnes, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandoval, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clausen, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos, Y. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortega, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilar-Carreno, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esko, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pak, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beatty, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.10.472112</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SARS-CoV-2 Spike triggers barrier dysfunction and vascular leak via integrins and TGF-β signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.12.472242v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamics of CTCF and cohesin mediated chromatin looping revealed by live-cell imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.12.472242v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animal genomes are folded into loops and topologically associating domains (TADs) by CTCF and cohesin, but whether these loops are stable or dynamic is unknown. Here, we directly visualize chromatin looping at the Fbn2 TAD in mouse embryonic stem cells using super-resolution live-cell imaging and quantify looping dynamics by Bayesian inference. Our results are consistent with cohesin-mediated loop extrusion in cells, and with CTCF both stopping and stabilizing cohesin. Surprisingly, the Fbn2 loop is both rare and dynamic, with a looped fraction of ~3-6.5% and a median loop lifetime of ~10-30 minutes. Instead of a stable loop, our results establish a highly dynamic view of TADs and loops where the Fbn2 TAD exists predominantly in a partially extruded conformation. This dynamic and quantitative view of TADs may facilitate a mechanistic understanding of their functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gabriele, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandao, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grosse-Holz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dailey, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cattoglio, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, T.-H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirny, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zechner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.12.472242</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamics of CTCF and cohesin mediated chromatin looping revealed by live-cell imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.12.472247v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A two-component protein condensate of EGFR and Grb2 regulates Ras activation at the membrane 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.12.472247v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We reconstitute a phosphotyrosine-mediated protein condensation phase transition of the [~]200 residue cytoplasmic tail of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and the adaptor protein, Grb2, on a membrane surface. The phase transition depends on phosphorylation of the EGFR tail, which recruits Grb2, and the dimerization of Grb2, which provides the crosslinking element for condensation with EGFR. The Grb2 Y160 residue plays a structurally critical role in dimer formation, and phosphorylation or mutation of Y160 prevents EGFR:Grb2 condensation. By extending the reconstitution experiment to include the guanine nucleotide exchange factor, SOS, and its substrate Ras, we further find that EGFR condensation controls the ability of SOS to activate Ras. These results identify an EGFR:Grb2 protein condensation phase transition as a regulator of signal propagation from EGFR to the MAPK pathway.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, C.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nocka, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stinger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeGrandchamp, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lew, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kondo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuriyan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groves, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.12.472247</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A two-component protein condensate of EGFR and Grb2 regulates Ras activation at the membrane]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.13.472322v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatially distributed computation in cortical circuits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.13.472322v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The traditional view of neural computation in the cerebral cortex holds that sensory neurons are specialized, i.e., selective for certain dimensions of sensory stimuli. This view was challenged by evidence of contextual interactions between stimulus dimensions in which a neurons response to one dimension strongly depends on other dimensions. Here we use methods of mathematical modeling, psychophysics, and electrophysiology to address shortcomings of the traditional view. Using a model of a generic cortical circuit, we begin with the simple demonstration that cortical responses are always distributed among neurons, forming characteristic waveforms, which we call neural waves. When stimulated by patterned stimuli, circuit responses arise by interference of neural waves. Resulting patterns of interference depend on interaction between stimulus dimensions. Comparison of these modeled responses with responses of biological vision makes it clear that the framework of neural wave interference provides a useful alternative to the standard concept of neural computation.

TeaserInvestigating interference of neural waves helps to overcome limitations of the traditional view of cortical computation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gepshtein, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pawar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savelev, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albright, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.13.472322</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatially distributed computation in cortical circuits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.13.472419v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generative Language Modeling for Antibody Design 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.13.472419v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Discovery and optimization of monoclonal antibodies for therapeutic applications relies on large sequence libraries, but is hindered by developability issues such as low solubility, low thermal stability, high aggregation, and high immunogenicity. Generative language models, trained on millions of protein sequences, are a powerful tool for on-demand generation of realistic, diverse sequences. We present Immunoglobulin Language Model (IgLM), a deep generative language model for creating synthetic libraries by re-designing variable-length spans of antibody sequences. IgLM formulates antibody design as an autoregressive sequence generation task based on text-infilling in natural language. We trained IgLM on 558M antibody heavy- and light-chain variable sequences, conditioning on each sequences chain type and species-of-origin. We demonstrate that IgLM can generate full-length heavy and light chain sequences from a variety of species, as well as infilled CDR loop libraries with improved developability profiles. IgLM is a powerful tool for antibody design and should be useful in a variety of applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shuai, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruffolo, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.13.472419</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generative Language Modeling for Antibody Design]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.13.472508v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proximity-assisted photoactivation (PAPA): Detecting molecular interactions in live-cell single-molecule imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.13.472508v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-molecule imaging provides a powerful way to study biochemical processes in live cells, yet it remains challenging to track single molecules while simultaneously detecting their interactions. Here we describe a novel property of rhodamine dyes, proximity-assisted photoactivation (PAPA), in which one fluorophore (the "sender") can reactivate a second fluorophore (the "receiver") from a dark state. PAPA requires proximity between the two fluorophores, yet it operates at a longer average intermolecular distance than Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET). We show that PAPA can be used in live cells both to detect protein-protein interactions and to highlight a sub-population of labeled protein complexes in which two different labels are in proximity. In proof-of-concept experiments, PAPA detected the expected correlation between androgen receptor self-association and chromatin binding at the single-cell level. These results establish a new way in which a photophysical property of fluorophores can be harnessed to study molecular interactions in single-molecule imaging of live cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Graham, T. G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrie, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dailey, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darzacq, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.13.472508</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proximity-assisted photoactivation (PAPA): Detecting molecular interactions in live-cell single-molecule imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.14.472564v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A salvaging strategy enables stable metabolite provisioning among free-living bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.14.472564v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
All organisms rely on complex metabolites such as amino acids, nucleotides, and cofactors for essential metabolic processes. Some microbes synthesize these fundamental ingredients of life de novo, while others rely on uptake to fulfill their metabolic needs. Although certain metabolic processes are inherently  leaky, the mechanisms enabling stable metabolite provisioning among microbes in the absence of a host remain largely unclear. In particular, how can metabolite provisioning among free-living bacteria be maintained under the evolutionary pressure to economize resources? Salvaging, the process of  recycling and reusing, can be a metabolically efficient route to obtain access to required resources. Here, we show experimentally how precursor salvaging in engineered Escherichia coli populations can lead to stable, long-term metabolite provisioning. We find that salvaged cobamides (vitamin B12 and related enzyme cofactors) are readily made available to non-productive population members, yet salvagers are strongly protected from overexploitation due to partial metabolite privatization. We also describe a previously unnoted benefit of precursor salvaging, namely the removal of the non-functional, proliferation-inhibiting precursor. As long as compatible precursors are present, any microbe possessing the terminal steps of a biosynthetic process can, in principle, forgo de novo biosynthesis in favor of salvaging. Consequently, precursor salvaging likely represents a potent, yet overlooked, alternative to de novo biosynthesis for the acquisition and provisioning of metabolites in free-living bacterial populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gude, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pherribo, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taga, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.14.472564</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A salvaging strategy enables stable metabolite provisioning among free-living bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.14.472698v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of stickleback spines through independent cis-regulatory changes at HOXDB 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.14.472698v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the genetic mechanisms leading to new traits is a fundamental goal of evolutionary biology. We show that HOXDB regulatory changes have been used repeatedly in different stickleback fish species to alter the length and number of bony dorsal spines. In Gasterosteus aculeatus, a variant HOXDB allele is genetically linked to shortening an existing spine and adding a spine. In Apeltes quadracus, a variant allele is associated with lengthening an existing spine and adding a spine. The alleles alter the same conserved non-coding HOXDB enhancer by diverse molecular mechanisms, including SNPs, deletions, and transposable element insertions. The independent cis-acting regulatory changes are linked to anterior expansion or contraction of HOXDB expression. Our findings support the long-standing hypothesis that natural Hox gene variation underlies key morphological patterning changes in wild populations and illustrate how different mutational mechanisms affecting the same region may produce opposite gene expression changes with similar phenotypic outcomes.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=154 SRC="FIGDIR/small/472698v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (32K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@8e6675org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@e89e13org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1e1f1dcorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@cdb6f8_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wucherpfennig, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howes, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Au, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Au, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts Kingman, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brady, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herbert, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reimchen, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowe, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalziel, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kingsley, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.14.472698</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of stickleback spines through independent cis-regulatory changes at HOXDB]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.14.472702v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Self-consistent migration puts tight constraintson the spatio-temporal organization ofspecies-rich metacommunities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.14.472702v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biodiversity is often attributed to a dynamic equilibrium between immigration of species and competition-driven extinction. This equilibrium forms a common basis for studying ecosystem assembly from a static reservoir of migrants-the mainland. Yet, natural ecosystems often consist of many coupled communities (i.e. metacommunities) and migration occurs between these communities. The pool of migrants then depends on what is sustained in the ecosystem, which in turn depends on the dynamic migrant pool. This chicken-and-egg problem of survival and migration is poorly understood in communities of many competing species, except for the neutral case - the "unified neutral theory of biodiversity". Employing spatio-temporal simulations and mean-field analyses, we show that self-consistent migration puts rather tight constraints on the dynamic migration-extinction equilibrium. When the number of species is large, even weak competitions push species to the edge of their global extinction, such that the overall diversity is highly sensitive to perturbations in demographic parameters, including growth and dispersal rates. When migration is short-range, the resulting spatiotemporal abundance patterns follow broad scale-free distributions that correspond to a directed percolation phase transition. The qualitative agreement of our results for short-range and long-range migration suggests that this self-organization process is a general property of species-rich metacommunities. Our study shows that self-sustaining metacommunities are highly sensitive to environmental change and provides insights into how biodiversity can be rescued and maintained.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Denk, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallatschek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.14.472702</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Self-consistent migration puts tight constraintson the spatio-temporal organization ofspecies-rich metacommunities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.14.472705v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pseudomonas response regulators produced in an E. coli heterologous expression host exhibit host-derived post-translational phosphorylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.14.472705v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In this report, we systematically characterize 32 response regulators (RRs) from a metal tolerant groundwater isolate, Pseudomonas stutzeri RCH2 to assess the impact of host-derived post-translational phosphorylation. As observed by distinct shifted bands in a phos-tag gel, 12 of the 24 detected RRs show homogenous mixtures of phosphorylated proteins or heterogenous mixtures of unphosphorylated and phosphorylated proteins. By evaluating the phosphorylation state of CzcR and CopR II under varying assay parameters, we found that changes to pH and exogenous addition of phospho-donors (e.g. acetyl phosphate) have little to no effect on phosphorylation state. By applying protein production conditions that decrease the pool of intracellular acetyl-phosphate in E. coli, we found a reduction in the phosphorylated population of CopR II when magnesium was added to the media, but observed no change in phosphorylated population when CopR II is expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3){Delta} pta, a mutant with a metabolic disruption to the acetyl-phosphate pathway. Therefore, the specific mechanism of post-translational phosphorylation of RRs in E. coli remains obscure. These findings show the importance of characterizing the phosphorylations state of proteins when heterologously expressed, since their biochemical and physiological properties are dependent on post-translational modification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garber, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fregoso, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lake, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kakouridis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukhopadhyay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.14.472705</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pseudomonas response regulators produced in an E. coli heterologous expression host exhibit host-derived post-translational phosphorylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.14.472706v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
One of these morphs is not like the others: orange morphs exhibit different escape behavior than other morphs in a color polymorphic lizard 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.14.472706v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Variation in color morph behavior is an important factor in the maintenance of color polymorphism. Alternative anti-predator behaviors are often associated with morphological traits such as coloration, possibly because predator-mediated viability selection favors certain combinations of anti-predator behavior and color. The Aegean wall lizard, Podarcis erhardii, is color polymorphic and populations can have up to three monochromatic morphs: orange, yellow, and white. We investigated whether escape behaviors differ among coexisting color morphs, and if morph behaviors are repeatable across different populations with the same predator species. Specifically, we assessed color morph flight initiation distance (FID), distance to the nearest refuge (DNR), and distance to chosen refuge (DR) in two populations of Aegean wall lizards from Naxos island. We also analyzed the type of refugia color morphs selected and their re-emergence behavior following a standardized intrusion event. We found that orange morphs have different escape behaviors from white and yellow morphs, and these differences are consistent in both of the populations we sampled. Orange morphs have shorter FIDs, DNRs, and DRs, select different refuge types, and re-emerge less often after an intruder event compared to white and yellow morphs. Observed differences in color morph escape behaviors support the idea that morphs have evolved alternative behavioral strategies that may play a role in population-level morph maintenance and loss.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brock, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madden, I. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.14.472706</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[One of these morphs is not like the others: orange morphs exhibit different escape behavior than other morphs in a color polymorphic lizard]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.16.472676v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discrete LAT condensates encode antigen information from single pMHC:TCR binding events 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.16.472676v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
LAT assembly into a two-dimensional protein condensate is a prominent feature of antigen discrimination by T cells. Here, we use single-molecule imaging techniques to resolve the spatial position and temporal duration of each pMHC:TCR molecular binding event while simultaneously monitoring LAT condensation at the membrane. An individual binding event is sufficient to trigger a LAT condensate, which is self-limiting, and neither its size nor lifetime is correlated with the duration of the originating pMHC:TCR binding event. Only the probability of the LAT condensate forming is related to the pMHC:TCR binding dwell time. LAT condenses abruptly, but after an extended delay from the originating binding event. A LAT mutation that facilitates phosphorylation at the PLC-{gamma}1 recruitment site shortens the delay time to LAT condensation and alters T cell antigen specificity. These results identify a role for the LAT protein condensation phase transition in setting antigen discrimination thresholds in T cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McAffee, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Dair, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Low-Nam, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilhelm, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morita, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groves, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.16.472676</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discrete LAT condensates encode antigen information from single pMHC:TCR binding events]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.16.473094v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic characteristics of recently recognized Vibrio cholerae El Tor lineages associated with cholera in Bangladesh, 1991-2017 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.16.473094v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Comparative genomic analysis of Vibrio cholerae El Tor associated with endemic cholera in Asia revealed two distinct lineages, one dominant in Bangladesh and the other in India. An in depth whole genome study of V. cholerae El Tor clinical strains isolated during endemic cholera in Bangladesh (1991 - 2017) included reference genome sequence data obtained online. Core genome phylogeny established using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) showed V. cholerae El Tor strains comprised two lineages, BD-1 and BD-2, which, according to Bayesian phylodynamic analysis, originated from paraphyletic group BD-0 around 1981. BD-1 and BD-2 lineages overlapped temporally but were negatively associated as causative agents of cholera 2004-2017. Genome wide association study (GWAS) revealed 140 SNPs and 31 indels, resulting in gene alleles unique to BD-1 and BD-2. Regression analysis of root to tip distance and year of isolation indicated early BD-0 strains at the base, whereas BD-1 and BD-2 subsequently emerged and progressed by accumulating SNPs. Pangenome analysis provided evidence of gene acquisition by both BD-1 and BD-2, of which six crucial proteins of known function were predominant in BD-2. BD-1 and BD-2 diverged and have distinctively different genomic traits, namely heterogeneity in VSP-2, VPI-1, mobile elements, toxin encoding elements, and total gene abundance. In addition, the observed phage-inducible chromosomal island-like element (PLE1), and SXT ICE elements (ICETET) in BD-2 presumably provided a fitness advantage for the lineage to outcompete BD-1 as the etiological agent of the endemic cholera in Bangladesh, with implications for global cholera epidemiology.

ImportanceCholera is a global disease with specific reference to the Bay of Bengal Ganges Delta where Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor, causative agent of the disease showed two circulating lineages, one dominant in Bangladesh and the other in India. Results of in-depth genomic study of V. cholerae associated with endemic cholera during the past 27 years (1991 - 2017) indicate emergence and succession of the two lineages, BD-1 and BD-2, arising from a common ancestral paraphylatic group, BD-0, comprising the early strains and short-term evolution of the bacterium in Bangladesh. Among the two V. cholerae lineages, BD-2 supersedes BD-1 and is predominant in the most recent endemic cholera in Bangladesh. The BD-2 lineage contained significantly more SNPs and indels, and showed richness in gene abundance, including antimicrobial resistance genes, gene cassettes, and PLE to fight against bacteriophage infection, acquired over time. These findings have important epidemic implications at a global scale.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Monir, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hossain, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morita, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohnishi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johura, F.-t.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sultana, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monira, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huq, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colwell, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seed, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.16.473094</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic characteristics of recently recognized Vibrio cholerae El Tor lineages associated with cholera in Bangladesh, 1991-2017]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.21.473329v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of EPFL10 reduces stomatal density while maintaining photosynthesis and enhancing water conservation in rice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.21.473329v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rice (Oryza sativa) is of paramount importance for global nutrition, supplying at least 20% of global calories. However, water scarcity and increased drought severity are anticipated to reduce rice yields globally. Rice stomatal developmental genetics were explored as a mechanism to improve drought resilience while maintaining yield under climate stress. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockouts of EPFL10 and STOMAGEN yielded lines with c. 80% and 25% of wild-type stomatal density, respectively. epfl10 lines with moderate reductions in stomatal densities are able to conserve water to similar extents as stomagen lines, but do not suffer from the concomitant reductions in stomatal conductance, carbon assimilation, or thermoregulation observed in stomagen knockouts. Moderate reductions in stomatal densities achieved by editing EPFL10 may be a climate-adaptive approach in rice that can safeguard yield. Editing the paralog of STOMAGEN in other species may provide a means to tune stomatal density in agriculturally important crops beyond rice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karavolias, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjahjadi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gueorguieva, G.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahlbeck, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, M.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niyogi, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staskawicz, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.21.473329</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of EPFL10 reduces stomatal density while maintaining photosynthesis and enhancing water conservation in rice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.21.473511v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Applying computer vision to digitised natural history collections for climate change research: temperature-size responses in British butterflies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.21.473511v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LINatural history collections (NHCs) are invaluable resources for understanding biotic response to global change. Museums around the world are currently imaging specimens, capturing specimen data, and making them freely available online. In parallel to the digitisation effort, there have been great advancements in computer vision (CV): the computer trained automated recognition/detection, and measurement of features in digital images. Applying CV to digitised NHCs has the potential to greatly accelerate the use of NHCs for biotic response to global change research. In this paper, we apply CV to a very large, digitised collection to test hypotheses in an established area of biotic response to climate change research: temperature-size responses.
C_LIO_LIWe develop a CV pipeline (Mothra) and apply it to the NHM iCollections of British butterflies (>180,000 specimens). Mothra automatically detects the specimen in the image, sets the scale, measures wing features (e.g., forewing length), determines the orientation of the specimen (pinned ventrally or dorsally), and identifies the sex. We pair these measurements and meta-data with temperature records to test how adult size varies with temperature during the immature stages of species and to assess patterns of sexual-size dimorphism across species and families.
C_LIO_LIMothra accurately measures the forewing lengths of butterfly specimens and compared to manual baseline measurements, Mothra accurately determines sex and forewing lengths of butterfly specimens. Females are the larger sex in most species and an increase in adult body size with warm monthly temperatures during the late larval stages is the most common temperature size response. These results confirm suspected patterns and support hypotheses based on recent studies using a smaller dataset of manually measured specimens.
C_LIO_LIWe show that CV can be a powerful tool to efficiently and accurately extract phenotypic data from a very large collection of digital NHCs. In the future, CV will become widely applied to digital NHC collections to advance ecological and evolutionary research and to accelerate the use of NHCs for biotic response to global change research.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wilson, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Siqueira, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Walt, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fenberg, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.21.473511</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Applying computer vision to digitised natural history collections for climate change research: temperature-size responses in British butterflies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.21.473721v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comprehensive Fitness Landscape of a Multi-Geometry Protein Capsid Informs Machine Learning Models of Assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.21.473721v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Virus-like particles (VLPs) are non-infections viral-derived nanomaterials poised for biotechnological applications due to their well-defined, modular self-assembling architecture. Although progress has been made in understanding the complex effects that mutations may have on VLPs, nuanced understanding of the influence particle mutability has on quaternary structure has yet to be achieved. Here, we generate and compare the apparent fitness landscapes of two capsid geometries (T=3 and T=1 icosahedral) of the bacteriophage MS2 VLP. We find significant shifts in mutability at the symmetry interfaces of the T=1 capsid when compared to the wildtype T=3 assembly. Furthermore, we use the generated landscapes to benchmark the performance of in silico mutational scanning tools in capturing the effect of missense mutation on complex particle assembly. Finding that predicted stability effects correlated relatively poorly with assembly phenotype, we used a combination of de novo features in tandem with in silico results to train machine learning algorithms for the classification of variant effects on assembly. Our findings not only reveal ways that assembly geometry affects the mutable landscape of a self-assembled particle, but also establish a template for the generation of predictive mutational models of self-assembled capsids using minimal empirical training data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brauer, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santiago, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merz, Z. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarthy, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tullman-Ercek, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francis, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.21.473721</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comprehensive Fitness Landscape of a Multi-Geometry Protein Capsid Informs Machine Learning Models of Assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.04.474961v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fasting Induces a Highly Resilient Deep Quiescent State in Muscle Stem Cells via Ketone Body Signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.04.474961v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Short-term fasting is beneficial for the regeneration of multiple tissue types. However, the effects of fasting on muscle regeneration are largely unknown. Here we report that fasting slows muscle repair both immediately after the conclusion of fasting as well as after multiple days of refeeding. We show that ketosis, either endogenously produced during fasting or a ketogenic diet, or exogenously administered, promotes a deep quiescent state in muscle stem cells (MuSCs). Although deep quiescent MuSCs are less poised to activate, slowing muscle regeneration, they have markedly improved survival when facing sources of cellular stress. Further, we show that ketone bodies, specifically {beta}-hydroxybutyrate, directly promote MuSC deep quiescence via a non-metabolic mechanism. We show that {beta}-hydroxybutyrate functions as an HDAC inhibitor within MuSCs leading to acetylation and activation of an HDAC1 target protein p53. Finally, we demonstrate that p53 activation contributes to the deep quiescence and enhanced resilience observed during fasting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benjamin, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Both, P. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benjamin, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nutter, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machado, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, J. D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morree, A. d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dulay, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feraboli, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louie, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomura, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rando, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.04.474961</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fasting Induces a Highly Resilient Deep Quiescent State in Muscle Stem Cells via Ketone Body Signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.06.475190v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Saturation-Mutagenesis Analysis of the Interplay Between Stability and Activation in Ras 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.06.475190v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer mutations in Ras occur predominantly at three hotspots: Gly 12, Gly 13, and Gln 61. Previously, we reported that deep mutagenesis of H-Ras using a bacterial assay identified many other activating mutations (Bandaru et al. eLife, 2017). We now show that the results of saturation mutagenesis of H-Ras in mammalian Ba/F3 cells correlate well with results of bacterial experiments in which H-Ras or K-Ras are co-expressed with a GTPase-activating protein (GAP). The prominent cancer hotspots are not dominant in the Ba/F3 data. We used the bacterial system to mutagenize Ras constructs of different stabilities and discovered a feature that distinguishes the cancer hotspots. While mutations at the cancer hotspots activate Ras regardless of construct stability, mutations at lower-frequency sites (e.g., at Val 14 or Asp 119) can be activating or deleterious, depending on the stability of the Ras construct. We characterized the dynamics of three non-hotspot activating Ras mutants by using NMR to monitor hydrogen-deuterium exchange (HDX). These mutations result in global increases in HDX rates, consistent with the destabilization of Ras. An explanation for these observations is that mutations that destabilize Ras increase nucleotide dissociation rates, enabling activation by spontaneous nucleotide exchange. A further stability decrease can lead to insufficient levels of folded Ras - and subsequent loss of function. In contrast, the cancer hotspot mutations are mechanism-based activators of Ras that interfere directly with the action of GAPs. Our results demonstrate the importance of GAP surveillance and protein stability in determining the sensitivity of Ras to mutational activation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hidalgo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nocka, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorday, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Latorraca, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandaru, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Templeton, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karandur, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pelton, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marqusee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wemmer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuriyan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.06.475190</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Saturation-Mutagenesis Analysis of the Interplay Between Stability and Activation in Ras]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.11.475859v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temperature-dependent genetics of thermotolerance between yeast species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.11.475859v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many traits of industrial and basic biological interest arose long ago, and manifest now as fixed differences between a focal species and its reproductively isolated relatives. In these systems, extant individuals can hold clues to the mechanisms by which phenotypes evolved in their ancestors. We harnessed yeast thermotolerance as a test case for such molecular-genetic inferences. In viability experiments, we showed that extant Saccharomyces cerevisiae survived at temperatures where cultures of its sister species S. paradoxus died out. Then, focusing on loci that contribute to this difference, we found that the genetic mechanisms of high-temperature growth changed with temperature. We also uncovered an enrichment of low-frequency variants at thermotolerance loci in S. cerevisiae population sequences, suggestive of a history of non-neutral selective forces acting at these genes. We interpret our results in light of a model of gradual acquisition of thermotolerance in the S. cerevisiae lineage by positive selection along a temperature cline. We propose that in an ancestral S. cerevisiae population, alleles conferring defects at a given temperature would have been resolved by adaptive mutations, expanding the range and setting the stage for further temperature advances. Together, our results and interpretation underscore the power of genetic approaches to explore how an ancient trait came to be.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abrams, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brem, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.11.475859</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temperature-dependent genetics of thermotolerance between yeast species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.12.476068v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ionophore-stimulation promotes re-organization of the invasion machinery of Toxoplasma gondii 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.12.476068v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Host cell invasion by intracellular, eukaryotic parasites within the phylum Apicomplexa, is a remarkable and active process involving the coordinated action of apical organelles and other structures. To date, capturing how these structures interact during invasion has been difficult to observe in detail. Here, we used cryogenic electron tomography to image the apical complex of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites under conditions that mimic resting parasites and those primed to invade through stimulation with calcium ionophore. Through the application of Mixed Scale Dense networks for image-processing, we developed a highly efficient pipeline for annotation of tomograms, enabling us to identify and extract densities of relevant subcellular organelles and accurately analyze features in 3D. The results reveal a dramatic change in the shape of the anteriorly located apical vesicle upon its apparent fusion with a rhoptry, that occurs only in the stimulated parasites. We also present information indicating that this vesicle originates from the vesicles that parallel the intraconoidal microtubules and that the latter two structures are linked by a novel tether. We show that a rosette structure previously proposed to be involved in rhoptry secretion is associated with apical vesicles beyond just the most anterior one. This result, suggesting multiple vesicles are primed to enable rhoptry secretion, may shed light on the mechanisms Toxoplasma employs to enable repeated invasion attempts. Using the same approach, we examine Plasmodium falciparum merozoites and show that they too possess an apical vesicle just beneath a rosette, demonstrating evolutionary conservation of this overall subcellular organization.

Significance StatementParasites in the phylum Apicomplexa are responsible for some of the most important parasitic diseases of humans, such as malaria and toxoplasmosis. Invasion by these obligatory, intracellular parasites depends on protein injection into the host cell. Using cryogenic electron tomography, we reveal evolutionarily conserved features shared by the invasive forms of Plasmodium falciparum and Toxoplasma gondii. By comparing resting Toxoplasma tachyzoites with those primed to invade we also gain new insight into the very first steps in invasion. For this work, we take an interdisciplinary approach, adopting a mixed-scale dense neural network that enables efficient and objective processing of the data. Combined, the results provide new information on how these important parasites accomplish the essential step of invasion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Segev-Zarko, L.-a.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahlberg, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pelt, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sethian, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boothroyd, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.12.476068</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ionophore-stimulation promotes re-organization of the invasion machinery of Toxoplasma gondii]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.13.476257v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct Inhibitory Pathways Control Velocity and Directional Tuning in the Retina 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.13.476257v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The sensory periphery is responsible for detecting ethologically relevant features of the external world, using compact, predominantly feedforward circuits. Visual motion is a particularly prevalent sensory feature, the presence of which can be a signal to enact diverse behaviors ranging from gaze stabilization reflexes, to predator avoidance or prey capture. To understand how the retina constructs the distinct neural representations required for these diverse behaviors, we investigated two circuits responsible for encoding different aspects of image motion: ON and ON-OFF direction selective ganglion cells (DSGCs). Using a combination of 2-photon targeted whole cell electrophysiology, pharmacology, and conditional knockout mice, we show that distinct inhibitory pathways independently control tuning for motion velocity and motion direction in these two cell types. We further employ dynamic clamp and numerical modeling techniques to show that asymmetric inhibition provides a velocity-invariant mechanism of directional tuning, despite the strong velocity dependence of classical models of direction selectivity. We therefore demonstrate that invariant representations of motion features by inhibitory interneurons act as computational building blocks to construct distinct, behaviorally relevant signals at the earliest stages of the visual system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Summers, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feller, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.13.476257</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct Inhibitory Pathways Control Velocity and Directional Tuning in the Retina]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.14.475644v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The C-terminal domain of SEC-10 is fundamental for exocyst function, Spitzenkorper organization and cell morphogenesis in Neurospora crassa. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.14.475644v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The exocyst is a conserved multimeric complex that participates in the final steps of the secretion of vesicles. In the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa, the exocyst is crucial for polar growth, morphology, and the organization of the Spitzenkorper (Spk), the apical body where secretory vesicles accumulate before being delivered to the plasma membrane. In the highly polarized cells of N. crassa, the exocyst subunits SEC-3, SEC-5, SEC-6, SEC-8, and SEC-15 were previously found localized at the plasma membrane of the cells apices, while EXO-70 and EXO-84 occupied the frontal outer layer of the Spk, occupied by vesicles. The localization of SEC-10 had remained so far elusive. In this work, SEC-10 was tagged with the green fluorescent protein (GFP) either at its N- or C-terminus and found localized at the plasma membrane of growing hyphal tips, similar to what was previously observed for some exocyst subunits. While expression of an N-terminally tagged version of SEC-10 at its native locus was fully viable, expression of a C-terminally tagged version at its native locus resulted in severe hyphal growth and polarity defects. Additionally, a sec-10 knockout mutant in a heterokaryotic state (with genetically different nuclei) was viable but showed a strongly aberrant phenotype, confirming that this subunit is essential to maintain hyphal morphogenesis. Transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed the lack of a Spk in the SEC-10-GFP strain, suggesting a critical role of the exocyst in the vesicular organization at the Spk. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed fewer peptides of exocyst subunits interacting with SEC-10-GFP than with GFP-SEC-10, suggesting an essential role of the C-terminus of SEC-10 in exocyst assembly and/or stability. Altogether, our data suggest that an unobstructed C-terminus of SEC-10 is indispensable for the exocyst complex function and that a GFP tag could be blocking important subunit-subunit interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Figueroa-Melendez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Nunez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rico-Ramirez, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Andrade, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riquelme, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.14.475644</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The C-terminal domain of SEC-10 is fundamental for exocyst function, Spitzenkorper organization and cell morphogenesis in Neurospora crassa.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.14.476419v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Population genomic evidence of selection on structural variants in a natural hybrid zone 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.14.476419v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Structural variants (SVs) can promote speciation by directly causing reproductive isolation or by suppressing recombination across large genomic regions. Whereas examples of each mechanism have been documented, systematic tests of the role of SVs in speciation are lacking. Here, we take advantage of long-read (Oxford nanopore) whole-genome sequencing and a hybrid zone between two Lycaeides butterfly taxa (L. melissa and Jackson Hole Lycaeides) to comprehensively evaluate genome-wide patterns of introgression for SVs and relate these patterns to hypotheses about speciation. We found >100,000 SVs segregating within or between the two hybridizing species. SVs and SNPs exhibited similar levels of genetic differentiation between species, with the exception of inversions, which were more differentiated. We detected credible variation in patterns of introgression among SV loci in the hybrid zone, with 562 of 1419 ancestry-informative SVs exhibiting genomic clines that deviating from null expectations based on genome-average ancestry. Overall, hybrids exhibited a directional shift towards Jackson Hole Lycaeides ancestry at SV loci, consistent with the hypothesis that these loci experienced more selection on average then SNP loci. Surprisingly, we found that deletions, rather than inversions, showed the highest skew towards excess introgression from Jackson Hole Lycaeides. Excess Jackson Hole Lycaeides ancestry in hybrids was also especially pronounced for Z-linked SVs and inversions containing many genes. In conclusion, our results show that SVs are ubiquitous and suggest that SVs in general, but especially deletions, might contribute disproportionately to hybrid fitness and thus (partial) reproductive isolation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaturvedi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nice, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gompert, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.14.476419</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Population genomic evidence of selection on structural variants in a natural hybrid zone]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.14.476420v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolomic, photoprotective, and photosynthetic acclimatory responses to post-flowering drought in sorghum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.14.476420v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Climate change is globally affecting rainfall patterns, necessitating the improvement of drought tolerance in crops. Sorghum bicolor is a drought-tolerant cereal capable of producing high yields under water scarcity conditions. Functional stay-green sorghum genotypes can maintain green leaf area and efficient grain filling in terminal post-flowering water deprivation, a period of ~10 weeks. To obtain molecular insights into these characteristics, two drought-tolerant genotypes, BTx642 and RTx430, were grown in control and terminal post-flowering drought field plots in the Central Valley of California. Photosynthetic, photoprotective, water dynamics, and biomass traits were quantified and correlated with metabolomic data collected from leaves, stems, and roots at multiple timepoints during drought. Physiological and metabolomic data was then compared to longitudinal RNA sequencing data collected from these two genotypes. The metabolic response to drought highlights the uniqueness of the post-flowering drought acclimation relative to pre-flowering drought. The functional stay-green genotype BTx642 specifically induced photoprotective responses in post-flowering drought supporting a putative role for photoprotection in the molecular basis of the functional stay-green trait. Specific genes are highlighted that may contribute to post-flowering drought tolerance and that can be targeted in crops to maximize yields under limited water input conditions.

HighlightPathways contributing to the long-term maintenance of photosynthetic activity in terminal post-flowering drought are revealed by a comprehensive approach combining in-field photosynthetic physiological analysis, metabolomics, and transcriptomics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baker, c.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ching, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dautermann, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelikian, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allison, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedraza, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sievert, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bilbao, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kyle, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloodsworth, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paurus, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hixson, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutmacher, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahlberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemaux, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niyogi, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.14.476420</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolomic, photoprotective, and photosynthetic acclimatory responses to post-flowering drought in sorghum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.16.476537v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Using strain-resolved analysis to identify contamination in metagenomics data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.16.476537v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metagenomics analyses can be negatively impacted by DNA contamination. While external sources of contamination such as DNA extraction kits have been widely reported and investigated, contamination originating within the study itself remains underreported. Here we applied high-resolution strain-resolved analyses to identify contamination in two large-scale clinical metagenomics datasets. By mapping strain sharing to DNA extraction plates, we identified well-to-well contamination in both negative controls and biological samples in one dataset. Such contamination is more likely to occur among samples that are on the same or adjacent columns or rows of the extraction plate than samples that are far apart. Our strain-resolved workflow also reveals the presence of externally derived contamination, primarily in the other dataset. Overall in both datasets, contamination is more significant in samples with lower biomass. Our work demonstrates that genome-resolved strain tracking, with its essentially genome-wide nucleotide-level resolution, can be used to detect contamination in sequencing-based microbiome studies. Our results underscore the value of strain-specific methods to detect contamination and the critical importance of looking for contamination beyond negative and positive controls.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lou, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoff, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olm, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West-Roberts, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diamond, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firek, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morowitz, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.16.476537</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Using strain-resolved analysis to identify contamination in metagenomics data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.18.476710v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reconstructing the spatiotemporal patterns of admixture during the European Holocene using a novel genomic dating method 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.18.476710v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent studies have shown that gene flow or admixture has been pervasive throughout human history. While several methods exist for dating admixture in contemporary populations, they are not suitable for sparse, low coverage data available from ancient specimens. To overcome this limitation, we developed DATES that leverages ancestry covariance patterns across the genome of a single individual to infer the timing of admixture. By performing simulations, we show that DATES provides reliable results under a range of demographic scenarios and outperforms available methods for ancient DNA applications. We apply DATES to ~1,100 ancient genomes to reconstruct gene flow events during the European Holocene. Present-day Europeans derive ancestry from three distinct groups, local Mesolithic hunter-gatherers, Anatolian farmers, and Yamnaya Steppe pastoralists. These ancestral groups were themselves admixed. By studying the formation of Anatolian farmers, we infer that the gene flow related to Iranian Neolithic farmers occurred no later than 9,600 BCE, predating agriculture in Anatolia. We estimate the early Steppe pastoralist groups genetically formed more than a millennium before the start of steppe pastoralism, providing new insights about the history of proto-Yamnaya cultures and the origin of Indo-European languages. Using ancient genomes across sixteen regions in Europe, we provide a detailed chronology of the Neolithization across Europe that occurred from ~6,400-4,300 BCE. This movement was followed by a rapid spread of steppe ancestry from ~3,200-2,500 BCE. Our analyses highlight the power of genomic dating methods to elucidate the legacy of human migrations, providing insights complementary to archaeological and linguistic evidence.

SignificanceThe European continent was subject to two major migrations during the Holocene: the movement of Near Eastern farmers during the Neolithic and the migration of Steppe pastoralists during the Bronze Age. To understand the timing and dynamics of these movements, we developed DATES that leverages ancestry covariance patterns across the genome of a single individual to infer the timing of admixture. Using ~1,100 ancient genomes spanning ~8,000-350 BCE, we reconstruct the chronology of the formation of the ancestral populations and the fine-scale details of the spread of Neolithic farming and Steppe pastoralist-related ancestry to Europe. Our analysis demonstrates the power of genomic dating methods to provide an independent and complementary timeline of population origins and movements using genetic data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chintalapati, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moorjani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.18.476710</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reconstructing the spatiotemporal patterns of admixture during the European Holocene using a novel genomic dating method]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.18.476719v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fam49b dampens TCR signal strength to regulate survival of positively selected thymocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.18.476719v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The fate of developing T cells is determined by the strength of T cell receptor (TCR) signal they receive in the thymus. This process is finely regulated through tuning of positive and negative regulators in thymocytes. The Family with sequence similarity 49 member B (Fam49b) protein is a newly discovered negative regulator of TCR signaling that has been shown to suppress Rac-1 activity in vitro in cultured T cell lines. However, the contribution of Fam49b to thymic development of T cells is unknown. To investigate this important issue, we generated a novel mouse line deficient in Fam49b (Fam49b-KO). We observed that Fam49b-KO double positive (DP) thymocytes underwent excessive negative selection, whereas the positive selection stage was unaffected. This altered development process resulted in significant reductions in CD4 and CD8 single positive thymocytes as well as peripheral T cells. Interestingly, a large proportion of the TCR{gamma}{delta}+ and CD8+TCR{beta}+ gut intraepithelial T lymphocytes were absent in Fam49b-KO mice. Our results demonstrate that Fam49b dampens thymocytes TCR signaling in order to escape negative selection during development, uncovering the function of Fam49b as a critical regulator of selection process to ensure normal thymocyte development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, C.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhee, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coscoy, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robey, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shastri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadegh-Nasseri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.18.476719</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fam49b dampens TCR signal strength to regulate survival of positively selected thymocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.18.476821v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A local translation program regulates centriole amplification in the airway epithelium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.18.476821v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biogenesis of organelles requires targeting of a subset of proteins to specific subcellular domains by signal peptides or mechanisms controlling mRNA localization and local translation. How local distribution and translation of specific mRNAs for organelle biogenesis is achieved remains elusive and likely to be dependent on the cellular context. Here we identify Trinucleotide repeat containing-6a (Tnrc6a), a component of the miRNA pathway, distinctively localized to apical granules of differentiating airway multiciliated cells (MCCs) adjacent to centrioles. In spite of being enriched in TNRC6A and the miRNA-binding protein AGO2, they lack enzymes for mRNA degradation. Instead, we found these apical granules enriched in components of the mRNA translation machinery and newly synthesized proteins suggesting that they are specific hubs for target mRNA localization and local translation in MCCs. Consistent with this, Tnrc6a loss of function prevented formation of these granules and led to a broad reduction, rather than stabilization of miRNA targets. These included downregulation of key genes involved in ciliogenesis and was associated with defective multicilia formation both in vivo and in primary airway epithelial cultures. Similar analysis of Tnrc6a disruption in yolk sac showed stabilization of miRNA targets, highlighting the potential diversity of these mechanisms across organs.

HighlightsO_LITnrc6a is expressed in the lung selectively in differentiating multiciliated cells (MCC) adjacent to centrioles.
C_LIO_LITNRC6A localizes to apical granules containing AGO2, miRNAs and their targets, but lacking mRNA degradation enzymes.
C_LIO_LITNRC6A granules are enriched in components of the mRNA translation machinery and show evidence of concentrated newly-synthesized proteins
C_LIO_LILoss of Tnrc6a in the lung leads to reduction, not stabilization of miRNA targets.
C_LIO_LITnrc6a is required for efficient centriole amplification and multicilia formation.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Que, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mori, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fritzler, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardoso, W. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.18.476821</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A local translation program regulates centriole amplification in the airway epithelium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.18.476833v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oxygen availability drives blood traits and the cell number-size tradeoff across Andean hummingbirds 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.18.476833v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Predictable trait variation across environmental gradients suggests that adaptive evolution repeatedly finds the same solution to a challenge. Trait-environment associations can reflect long-term, genetic evolution across phylogenies, or short-term, plastic responses of individuals. When phylogenetic and population-level patterns match, it implies consistency between the long timescale of adaptation and the short timescale of acclimatization. Alternatively, genetic adaptation can find solutions that  break the rules of trait-environment covariation. For example, blood-hemoglobin concentration ([Hb]) increases at high elevations in animals, but genetic adaptations in some populations have been shown to augment tissue oxygenation while curtailing hemoglobin production, altering this predictable [Hb]-elevation association. Here, we tested whether species adaptation to elevation generally alters trait-environment relationships for blood. To do this, we measured blood traits of 1,217 individuals representing 77 species of Andean hummingbirds, across a 4,600 m elevational gradient. We used hierarchical Bayesian modeling to estimate blood trait responses to elevation, environmental temperature, precipitation, individual and species characteristics, and phylogeny. Strikingly, the effects of elevation on [Hb] and hematocrit (Hct) were nearly identical for individuals and species, implying that rules of elevational blood variation are set by physics of gas exchange in the hummingbird respiratory system and are unchanged by species adaptation. However, when we looked at mechanisms of [Hb] adjustment--by changes in red blood cell size or number--we did find a signal of species adaptation: To adjust [Hb], species at low and high elevations, respectively, tended to adjust cell size, whereas species at mid-elevations tended to adjust cell number. Despite scale-independent elevational variation in [Hb] and Hct, the species-specific balance of red blood cell size versus number appears to have been affected by adaptations that distinguish hummingbird species living at moderate versus high elevations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Williamson, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linck, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bautista, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smiley, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGuire, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witt, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.18.476833</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oxygen availability drives blood traits and the cell number-size tradeoff across Andean hummingbirds]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.19.476857v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of a biosynthetic gene cluster encoding a novel lanthanide chelator in Methylorubrum extorquens AM1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.19.476857v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many bacteria secrete metallophores, low-molecular weight organic compounds that bind ions with high selectivity and affinity, in order to access essential metals from the environment.1 Previous work has elucidated the structures and biosynthetic machinery of metallophores specific for iron, zinc, nickel, molybdenum, and copper.1 No lanthanide-specific metallophore has been discovered despite the knowledge that lanthanide metals (Ln) have been revealed to be essential cofactors for certain alcohol dehydrogenases across a diverse range of phyla.2 Here, we report the biosynthetic machinery, the structure, and the physiological relevance of the first known lanthanophore, methylolanthanin. The structure of methylolanthanin exhibits a unique 4-hydroxybenzoate moiety which has not previously been described in other metallophores. We find that production of methylolanthanin is required for normal levels of Ln accumulation in the methylotrophic bacterium Methylobacterium extorquens AM1, while overexpression of the molecule greatly increases bioaccumulation. Our results provide a clearer understanding of how Ln-utilizing bacteria sense, scavenge, and store Ln; essential processes in the environment where Ln are poorly bioavailable. Beyond Ln, we anticipate our study to be a starting point for understanding how organisms acquire other f-block metals, the actinides.3 More broadly, the discovery of a lanthanophore opens doors for study of how biosynthetic gene clusters are repurposed for new functions, how metallophores acquire their metal specificity, and the complex relationship between metal homeostasis and fitness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zytnick, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Good, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barber, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phi, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutenthaler, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daumann, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Gomez, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.19.476857</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of a biosynthetic gene cluster encoding a novel lanthanide chelator in Methylorubrum extorquens AM1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.19.476924v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Implicit adaptation is modulated by the relevance of feedback 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.19.476924v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Given that informative and relevant feedback in the real world is often intertwined with distracting and irrelevant feedback, we asked how the relevancy of visual feedback impacts implicit sensorimotor adaptation. To tackle this question, we presented multiple cursors as visual feedback in a center-out reaching task and varied the task relevance of these cursors. In other words, participants were instructed to hit a target with a specific task-relevant cursor, while ignoring the other cursors. In Experiment 1, we found that reach aftereffects were attenuated by the mere presence of distracting cursors, compared to reach aftereffects in response to a single task-relevant cursor. The degree of attenuation did not depend on the position of the distracting cursors. In Experiment 2, we examined the interaction between task relevance and attention. Participants were asked to adapt to a task-relevant cursor/target pair, while ignoring the task-irrelevant cursor/target pair. Critically, we jittered the location of the relevant and irrelevant target in an uncorrelated manner, allowing us to index attention via how well participants tracked the position of target. We found that participants who were better at tracking the task-relevant target/cursor pair showed greater aftereffects, and interestingly, the same correlation applied to the task-irrelevant target/cursor pair. Together, these results highlight a novel role of task relevancy on modulating implicit adaptation, perhaps by giving greater attention to informative sources of feedback, increasing the saliency of the sensory prediction error.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parvin, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dang, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stover, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morehead, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.19.476924</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Implicit adaptation is modulated by the relevance of feedback]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.20.477106v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineered bacterial swarm patterns as spatial records of environmental inputs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.20.477106v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A diverse array of bacteria species naturally self-organize into durable macroscale patterns on solid surfaces via swarming motility--a highly coordinated, rapid movement of bacteria powered by flagella1-5. Engineering swarming behaviors is an untapped opportunity to increase the scale and robustness of coordinated synthetic microbial systems. Here we engineer Proteus mirabilis, which natively forms centimeter-scale bullseye patterns on solid agar through swarming, to "write" external inputs into a visible spatial record. Specifically, we engineer tunable expression of swarming-related genes that accordingly modify pattern features, and develop quantitative approaches to decode input conditions. Next, we develop a two-input system that modulates two swarming-related genes simultaneously, and show the resulting patterns can be interpreted using a deep learning classification model. Lastly, we show a growing colony can record dynamic environmental changes, which can be decoded from endpoint images using a segmentation model. This work creates an approach for building a macroscale bacterial recorder and expands the framework for engineering emergent microbial behaviors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Doshi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tonea, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doshi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laine, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danino, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.20.477106</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineered bacterial swarm patterns as spatial records of environmental inputs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.20.477130v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Retinal Basis of Photoaversion in Neonatal Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.20.477130v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aversive responses to bright light (photoaversion) require signaling from the eye to the brain. Melanopsin-expressing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) encode absolute light intensity and are thought to provide the light signals for photoaversion. Consistent with this, neonatal mice exhibit photoaversion prior to the developmental onset of image vision, and melanopsin deletion abolishes photoaversion in neonates. It is not well understood how the population of ipRGCs, which constitutes multiple physiologically distinct types (denoted M1-M6 in mouse) encodes light stimuli to produce an aversive response. Here, we provide several lines of evidence that M1 ipRGCs that lack the Brn3b transcription factor drive photoaversion in neonatal mice. First, neonatal mice lacking TRPC6 and TRPC7 ion channels failed to turn away from bright light, while two photon Ca2+ imaging of their acutely isolated retinas revealed reduced photosensitivity in M1 ipRGCs, but not other ipRGC types. Second, mice in which all ipRGC types except for Brn3b-negative M1 ipRGCs are ablated, exhibited normal photoaversion. Third, pharmacological blockade or genetic knockout of gap junction channels expressed by ipRGCs, which reduces the light sensitivity of M2-M6 ipRGCs in the neonatal retina, had small effects on photoaversion only at the brightest light intensities. Finally, M1s were not strongly depolarized by spontaneous retinal waves, a robust source of activity in the developing retina that depolarizes all other ipRGC types. M1s therefore constitute a separate information channel between the neonatal retina and brain that could ensure behavioral responses to light but not spontaneous retinal waves.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Caval-Holme, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aranda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quaen Chen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiriac, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birnbaumer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.20.477130</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Retinal Basis of Photoaversion in Neonatal Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.20.477139v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-throughput suppressor screens unveil functional convergence of single-gene lysis proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.20.477139v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In contrast to dsDNA phages where multiple proteins are involved in programmed host lysis, lysis in ssRNA Fiersviridae and ssDNA Microviridae phages requires only a single gene (sgl for single gene lysis) to meet the size constraints of some of the smallest genomes in the biosphere. To achieve lysis, Sgl proteins exploit evolutionary "weak spots" in bacterial cell wall biogenesis. In several cases, this is done by inhibiting specific steps in Lipid II synthesis. Recently metatranscriptomics has revealed thousands of novel ssRNA phage genomes, each of which must carry at least one sgl gene. Determining the targets of these Sgl proteins could reveal novel vulnerabilities in bacterial envelope biogenesis and may lead to new antibiotics. Here, we employ a high-throughput genetic screen to uncover genome-wide host suppressors of Sgl activity and apply it to a set of diverse Sgls with unknown molecular targets. In addition to validating known molecular mechanisms, we determined that the Sgl of PP7, an ssRNA phage of P. aeruginosa, targets MurJ, the flippase responsible for Lipid II export which was previously shown to be the target of the Sgl of coliphage M. These two Sgls, which are unrelated and predicted to have opposite membrane topology, thus represent a case of convergent evolution. Another set of Sgls which are thought to cause lysis without inhibiting cell wall synthesis elicit a common set of multicopy suppressors, suggesting these Sgls act by the same or similar mechanism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adler, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chamakura, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carion, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krog, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutschbauer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mutalik, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.20.477139</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-throughput suppressor screens unveil functional convergence of single-gene lysis proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.20.477143v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Caulobacter requires anionic sphingolipids and deactivation of fur to lose lipid A 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.20.477143v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lipid A, the membrane-anchored portion of lipopolysaccharide, is an essential component of the outer membrane (OM) of nearly all Gram-negative bacteria. Here, we identify regulatory and structural factors that together permit Caulobacter crescentus to eliminate lipid A from its OM. Mutations in the ferric uptake regulator fur allow Caulobacter to survive in the absence of either LpxC, which catalyzes an early step of lipid A synthesis, or CtpA, a tyrosine phosphatase homolog which we find is needed for wild-type lipid A structure and abundance. Alterations in Fur-regulated processes, rather than iron status per se, underlie the ability to eliminate lipid A. Fitness of lipid A-deficient Caulobacter requires a previously uncharacterized anionic sphingolipid, ceramide phosphoglycerate (CPG), which also mediates sensitivity to the antibiotic colistin. Our results demonstrate that, in an altered regulatory landscape, anionic sphingolipids can support the integrity of a lipid A-deficient OM.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zik, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skidmore, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gudoor, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutschbauer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodlett, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.20.477143</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Caulobacter requires anionic sphingolipids and deactivation of fur to lose lipid A]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.20.477160v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantitative proteomics of the CDK9 interactome reveals a novel function of the HSP90-CDC37-P-TEFb complex for BETi-induced HIV-1 latency reactivation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.20.477160v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brd4 has been intensively investigated as a promising drug target because of its implicated functions in oncogenesis, inflammation and HIV-1 transcription. The formation of the Brd4-P-TEFb (CDK9/Cyclin T1) complex and its regulation of transcriptional elongation is critical for HIV latency reactivation and expression of many oncogenes. To further investigate the mechanism of the Brd4-P-TEFb complex in controlling elongation, mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomics of the CDK9 interactome was performed. Upon treatment with the selective BET bromodomain inhibitor (BETi) JQ1, 535 proteins were successfully identified with high confidence as CDK9-interacting proteins. Among them, that increased bindings of HSP90 and CDC37 to CDK9 were particularly striking, and our data suggest that the HSP90-CDC37-P-TEFb complex is involved in controlling P-TEFbs dynamic equilibrium during BETi-induced HIV-1 latency reactivation. Furthermore, the HSP90-CDC37-P-TEFb complex directly regulates HIV-1 transcription and relies on the recruitment by heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) for binding to the HIV-1 promoter. These results advance the understanding of HSP90-CDC37-P-TEFb in HIV-1 latency reversal and enlighten the development of potential strategies to eradicate HIV-1 using a combination of targeted drugs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.20.477160</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantitative proteomics of the CDK9 interactome reveals a novel function of the HSP90-CDC37-P-TEFb complex for BETi-induced HIV-1 latency reactivation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.21.477156v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A draft genome assembly for the heterozygous wild tomato 	Solanum habrochaites highlights haplotypic structural variations of intracellular immune receptors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.21.477156v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Solanum habrochaites LA1353 is a self-incompatible, highly heterozygous wild tomato that is a useful germplasm resource for the study of metabolism, reproduction and disease resistance. We generated a draft genome assembly with PacBio HiFi reads and genome annotations, which underscored the expansion of gene families associated with metabolite-production, self-incompatibility, DNA regulation and immunity. After manually curating intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat immune receptors (NLRs), we found that S. habrochaites LA1353 has a larger NLR inventory than other wild tomato species. A great number of heterozygous local copy number variations (CNVs) driven by haplotypic structural variations further expands the inventory, both enhancing NLR diversity and providing more opportunities for sequence evolution. The NLRs associated with local CNVs predominantly appear in the helper NLR (NRC)-related phylogenetic clades and are concentrated in a few physical NLR gene clusters. Synteny analysis points out that these genomic regions correspond to the known NLR clusters from which experimentally validated, functional NLRs, such as Hero, Mi-1.2 and Rpi-amr1, have been identified. Producing and incorporating Resistance Gene Enrichment Sequencing (RenSeq) data across wild tomato species, we reveal that the regions with local CNVs might have been shaped nearly equally by recent NLR gains and losses, along with enhanced sequence diversification that diminishes one-to-one orthology between heterozygous alleles. Our analysis suggests that these genomic regions may have accelerated evolutionary dynamics for NLR diversity generation in S. habrochaites LA1353.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Seong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lunde, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krasileva, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staskawicz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.21.477156</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A draft genome assembly for the heterozygous wild tomato 	Solanum habrochaites highlights haplotypic structural variations of intracellular immune receptors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.21.477252v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Widespread transposon co-option in the Caenorhabditis germline regulatory network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.21.477252v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The movement of selfish DNA elements can lead to widespread genomic alterations with potential to create novel functions. Here we show that transposon expansions in Caenorhabditis nematodes led to extensive rewiring of germline transcriptional regulation. We find that about one third of C. elegans germline-specific promoters have been co-opted from two related Miniature Inverted Repeat Transposable Elements (MITEs), CERP2 and CELE2. The promoters are regulated by HIM-17, a THAP domain-containing transcription factor related to a transposase. Expansion of CERP2 occurred prior to radiation of the Caenorhabditis genus, as did fixation of mutations in HIM-17 through positive selection, whereas CELE2 expanded only in C. elegans. Through comparative analyses in C. briggsae, we find evolutionary conservation of most CERP2 co-opted promoters, but a substantial fraction of events are species specific. Our work reveals the emergence of a novel transcriptional network driven by TE co-option with a major impact on regulatory evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carelli, F. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cerrato, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Appert, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dernburg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahringer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.21.477252</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Widespread transposon co-option in the Caenorhabditis germline regulatory network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.24.477598v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rubisco forms a lattice inside alpha-carboxysomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.24.477598v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria employ microcompartments to sequester enzymatic processes, either for purposes of protecting cellular contents from reactive intermediates or as a way of increasing reaction efficiency. In these structures, a cargo of enzymes and accessory proteins is encased within a semi-permeable protein shell that permits passage of substrates and products but restricts movement of intermediates. In addition to their importance as a component of many bacterial species metabolisms, microcompartments have recently become a target of protein engineering. The shells can be reassembled from purified proteins, and the full operons can be functionally expressed outside their native prokaryotes and can remain functional following purification. Despite the importance of microcompartments in prokaryotic biology and bioengineering, structural heterogeneity has prevented a complete understanding of their architecture, ultrastructure, and spatial organization. Here, we employ cryo electron tomography to image -carboxysomes, a pseudo-icosahedral microcompartment responsible for carbon fixation. We have solved a high-resolution subtomogram average of the Rubisco cargo in situ, and determined a novel arrangement of the enzyme. We find that the H. neapolitanus Rubisco polymerizes in vivo, mediated by the small Rubisco subunit. These fibrils can further pack to form a lattice with six-fold pseudo-symmetry. This arrangement preserves freedom of motion and accessibility around the Rubisco active site and the binding sites for two other carboxysome proteins, CsoSCA (a carbonic anhydrase) and the disordered CsoS2, even at Rubisco concentrations exceeding 800 M. This characterization of Rubisco cargo inside the -carboxysome provides new insight into the balance between order and disorder in microcompartment organization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Metskas, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortega, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oltrogge, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blikstad, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laughlin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.24.477598</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rubisco forms a lattice inside alpha-carboxysomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.25.477282v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolic strategies shared by basement residents of the Lost City hydrothermal field 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.25.477282v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alkaline fluids venting from chimneys of the Lost City hydrothermal field flow from a potentially vast microbial habitat within the seafloor where energy and organic molecules are released by chemical reactions within rocks uplifted from Earths mantle. In this study, we investigated hydrothermal fluids venting from Lost City chimneys as windows into subseafloor environments where the products of geochemical reactions, such as hydrogen (H2), formate, and methane, may be the only available sources of energy for biological activity. Our deep sequencing of metagenomes and metatranscriptomes from these hydrothermal fluids revealed a few key species of archaea and bacteria that are likely to play critical roles in the subseafloor microbial ecosystem. We identified a population of Thermodesulfovibrionales (belonging to phylum Nitrospirae) as a prevalent sulfate-reducing bacterium that may be responsible for much of the consumption of H2 and sulfate in Lost City fluids. Metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) classified as Methanosarcinaceae and Candidatus Bipolaricaulota were also recovered from venting fluids and represent potential methanogenic and acetogenic members of the subseafloor ecosystem. These genomes share novel hydrogenases and formate dehydrogenase-like sequences that may be unique to hydrothermal and subsurface alkaline environments where hydrogen and formate are much more abundant than carbon dioxide. The results of this study include multiple examples of metabolic strategies that appear to be advantageous in hydrothermal and subsurface environments where energy and carbon are provided by geochemical reactions.

IMPORTANCEThe Lost City hydrothermal field is an iconic example of a microbial ecosystem fueled by energy and carbon from Earths mantle. Uplift of mantle rocks into the seafloor can trigger a process known as serpentinization that releases hydrogen and creates unusual environmental conditions where simple organic carbon molecules are more stable than dissolved inorganic carbon. This study provides an initial glimpse into the kinds of microbes that live deep within the seafloor where serpentinization takes place, by sampling hydrothermal fluids exiting from the Lost City chimneys. The metabolic strategies that these microbes appear to be using are also shared by microbes that inhabit other sites of serpentinization, including continental subsurface environments and natural springs. Therefore, the results of this study contribute to a broader, interdisciplinary effort to understand the general principles and mechanisms by which serpentinization-associated processes can support life on Earth and perhaps other worlds.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brazelton, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGonigle, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Motamedi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pendleton, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Twing, K. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowe, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prator, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chadwick, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butterfield, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aquino, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Früh-Green, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schrenk, M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lang, S. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.25.477282</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolic strategies shared by basement residents of the Lost City hydrothermal field]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.25.477430v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Robust, versatile DNA FISH probes for chromosome-specific repeats in Caenorhabditis elegans and Pristionchus pacificus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.25.477430v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Repetitive DNA sequences are useful targets for chromosomal fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). We analyzed recent genome assemblies of Caenorhabditis elegans and Pristionchus pacificus to identify tandem repeats with a unique genomic localization. Based on these findings, we designed and validated sets of oligonucleotide probes for each species targeting at least one locus per chromosome. These probes yielded reliable fluorescent signals in different tissues and can easily be combined with immunolocalization of cellular proteins. Synthesis and labeling of these probes are highly cost-effective and require no hands-on labor. The methods presented here can be easily applied in other model and non-model organisms with a sequenced genome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adilardi, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dernburg, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.25.477430</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Robust, versatile DNA FISH probes for chromosome-specific repeats in Caenorhabditis elegans and Pristionchus pacificus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.26.477920v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reconstitution of muscle cell microtubule organization in vitro 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.26.477920v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Skeletal muscle differentiation occurs as muscle precursor cells (myoblasts) elongate and fuse to form multinucleated syncytial myotubes in which the highly-organized actomyosin sarcomeres of muscle fibers assemble. Although less well characterized, the microtubule cytoskeleton also undergoes dramatic rearrangement during myogenesis. The centrosome-nucleated microtubule array found in myoblasts is lost as the nuclear membrane acquires microtubule nucleating activity and microtubules emerge from multiple sites in the cell, eventually rearranging into a grid-like pattern in myotubes. In order to characterize perinuclear microtubule organization using a biochemically tractable system, we isolated nuclei from mouse C2C12 skeletal muscle cells during the course of differentiation and incubated them in cytoplasmic extracts prepared from eggs of the frog Xenopus laevis. Whereas centrosomes associated with myoblast nuclei gave rise to radial microtubule arrays in extracts, myotube nuclei produced a sun-like pattern with microtubules transiently nucleating from the entire nuclear envelope. Perinuclear microtubule growth was suppressed by inhibition of Aurora A kinase or by degradation of RNA, treatments that also inhibited microtubule growth from sperm centrosomes. Myotube nuclei displayed microtubule motor-based movements leading to their separation, as occurs in myotubes. This in vitro assay therefore recapitulates key features of microtubule organization and nuclear movement observed during muscle cell differentiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Heald, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadkarni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.26.477920</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reconstitution of muscle cell microtubule organization in vitro]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.27.477927v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A wheat kinase and immune receptor form the host-specificity barrier against the blast fungus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.27.477927v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Since emerging in Brazil in 1985, wheat blast has spread throughout South America and recently appeared in Bangladesh and Zambia. We show that two wheat resistance genes, Rwt3 and Rwt4, acting as host-specificity barriers against non-Triticum blast pathotypes encode a nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat immune receptor and a tandem kinase, respectively. Molecular isolation of these genes allowed us to develop assays that will ensure the inclusion of these two genes in the wheat cultivars to forestall the recurrence of blast host jumps.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arora, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steed, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goddard, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaurav, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Hara, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rawat, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elkot, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chinoy, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicholson, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asuke, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steuernagel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forner-Martinez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wingen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baggs, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krasileva, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tosa, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, J. D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiwari, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wulff, B. B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicholson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.27.477927</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A wheat kinase and immune receptor form the host-specificity barrier against the blast fungus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.27.477991v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unconventional secretion of α-synuclein mediated by palmitoylated DNAJC5 oligomers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.27.477991v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alpha-synuclein (-syn), a major component of Lewy bodies found in Parkinsons disease (PD) patients, has been found exported outside of cells and may mediate its toxicity via cell-to-cell transmission. Here, we reconstituted soluble, monomeric -syn secretion by the expression of DnaJ homolog subfamily C member 5 (DNAJC5) in HEK293T cells. DNAJC5 undergoes palmitoylation and anchors on the membrane. Palmitoylation is essential for DNAJC5-induced -syn secretion, and the secretion is not limited by substrate size or unfolding. Cytosolic -syn is actively translocated and sequestered in an endosomal membrane compartment in a DNAJC5-dependent manner. Reduction of -syn secretion caused by a palmitoylation-deficient mutation in DNAJC5 can be reversed by a membrane-targeting peptide fusion-induced oligomerization of DNAJC5. The secretion of endogenous -syn mediated by DNAJC5 is also found in a human neuroblastoma cell line, SH-SY5Y, differentiated into neurons in the presence of retinoic acid, and in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived midbrain dopamine neurons. We propose that DNAJC5 forms a palmitoylated oligomer to accommodate and export -syn.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sirkis, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schekman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.27.477991</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unconventional secretion of α-synuclein mediated by palmitoylated DNAJC5 oligomers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.27.478074v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Shade-induced transcription of PIF-Direct-Target Genes precedes H3K4-trimethylation chromatin modifications 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.27.478074v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The phytochrome (phy)-PIF (Phytochrome Interacting Factor) sensory module perceives and transduces light signals to Direct-Target Genes (DTGs), which then drive the adaptational responses in plant growth and development, appropriate to the prevailing environment. These signals include the first exposure of etiolated seedlings to sunlight upon emergence from subterranean darkness, and the change in color of the light that is filtered through, or reflected from, neighboring vegetation ( shade). Previously, we identified three broad categories of rapidly signal-responsive genes: those repressed by light and conversely induced by shade; those repressed by light, but subsequently unresponsive to shade; and those responsive to shade only. Here, we investigate the potential role of epigenetic chromatin modifications in regulating these contrasting patterns of phy-PIF module-induced expression of DTGs. Using RNA-seq and ChlP-seq, time-resolved profiling of transcript and histone 3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) levels, respectively, we show that, whereas the initial dark-to-light transition triggers a rapid, apparently temporally-coincident decline of both parameters, the light-to-shade transition induces similarly rapid increases in transcript levels that precede increases in H3K4me3 levels. Together with other recent findings, these data raise the possibility that, rather than being causal in the shade-induced expression changes, H3K4me3 may function to buffer the rapidly fluctuating shade/light switching that is intrinsic to vegetational canopies under natural sunlight conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Calderon, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalton-Roesler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quail, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.27.478074</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Shade-induced transcription of PIF-Direct-Target Genes precedes H3K4-trimethylation chromatin modifications]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.27.478085v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Encoding and decoding analysis of music perception using intracranial EEG 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.27.478085v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Music perception engages multiple brain regions, however the neural dynamics of this core human experience remains elusive. We applied predictive models to intracranial EEG data from 29 patients listening to a Pink Floyd song. We investigated the relationship between the song spectrogram and the elicited high-frequency activity (70-150Hz), a marker of local neural activity. Encoding models characterized the spectrotemporal receptive fields (STRFs) of each electrode and decoding models estimated the population-level song representation. Both methods confirmed a crucial role of the right superior temporal gyri (STG) in music perception. A component analysis on STRF coefficients highlighted overlapping neural populations tuned to specific musical elements (vocals, lead guitar, rhythm). An ablation analysis on decoding models revealed the presence of unique musical information concentrated in the right STG and more spatially distributed in the left hemisphere. Lastly, we provided the first song reconstruction decoded from human neural activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bellier, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Llorens, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marciano, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schalk, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunner, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasley, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.27.478085</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Encoding and decoding analysis of music perception using intracranial EEG]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.31.478522v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glia of C. elegans coordinate the heat shock response independent of the neuronal thermosensory circuit and serotonin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.31.478522v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As organisms age, they lose the ability to induce appropriate stress responses, becoming vulnerable to protein toxicity and tissue damage. Neurons can signal to peripheral tissues to induce protective organelle-specific stress responses. Recent work has demonstrated a novel and independent role of glia in inducing such responses. Here, we show that overexpression of heat shock factor 1 (hsf-1) in the four astrocyte-like cephalic sheath cells of C. elegans is sufficient to induce a non-cell autonomous cytosolic unfolded protein response (UPR), also known as the heat shock response (HSR), in distal cells. These animals upregulate the HSR in peripheral cells and have increased lifespan and resistance to heat stress. This glial HSR regulation is independent of the canonical neuronal thermosensory circuit and of known neurotransmitters but is dependent on the small clear vesicle release protein UNC-13. Additionally, HSF-1 and the FOXO transcription factor DAF-16 are partially required in peripheral tissues for increase of non-autonomous HSR, lifespan, and thermotolerance. We find that cephalic sheath glial hsf-1 over-expression leads to increased pathogen resistance, which suggests a role for this signaling pathway in immune function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gildea, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frankino, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tronnes, S. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pender, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, H. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunter, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheung, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frakes, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sukarto, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dillin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.31.478522</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glia of C. elegans coordinate the heat shock response independent of the neuronal thermosensory circuit and serotonin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.01.478673v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic and phenotypic analyses suggest moderate fitness differences among Zika virus lineages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.01.478673v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA viruses have short generation times and high mutation rates, allowing them to undergo rapid molecular evolution during epidemics. However, the extent of RNA virus phenotypic evolution within epidemics and the resulting effects on fitness and virulence remain mostly unknown. Here, we screened the 2015-2016 Zika epidemic in the Americas for lineage-specific fitness differences. We engineered a library of recombinant viruses representing twelve major Zika virus lineages and used them to measure replicative fitness within disease-relevant human primary cells and live mosquitoes. We found that two of these lineages conferred significant in vitro replicative fitness changes among human primary cells, but we did not find fitness changes in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Additionally, we found evidence for elevated levels of positive selection among five amino acid sites that define major Zika virus lineages. While our work suggests that Zika virus may have acquired several phenotypic changes during a short time scale, these changes were relatively moderate and do not appear to have enhanced virulence or transmission during the epidemic.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oliveira, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogels, C. B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zolfaghari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saraf, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klitting, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weger-Lucarelli, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ontiveros, C. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agarwal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leon, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsetsarkin, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebel, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wohl, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grubaugh, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.01.478673</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic and phenotypic analyses suggest moderate fitness differences among Zika virus lineages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.01.478725v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct silencer states determine epigenetic states of heterochromatin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.01.478725v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A remarkable property of heterochromatin is that a given heterochromatic locus can exhibit different transcriptional states in genetically identical cells. Studies demonstrate that epigenetic inheritance of the silenced state requires silencers and therefore cannot be driven by the inheritance of modified histones alone. To address these observations, we surveyed the chromatin architectures of strong and weak silencers in Saccharomyces. We found that strong silencers recruited Sir proteins and silenced the locus in all cells. Strikingly, weakening these silencers reduced Sir protein recruitment and stably silenced the locus in some cells; however, this silenced state could probabilistically convert to an expressed state that lacked Sir protein recruitment. Additionally, changes in the constellation of silencer-bound proteins or the concentration of a structural Sir protein modulated the probability that a locus existed in the silenced or expressed state. These findings argued that distinct states of silencers generate epigenetic states and regulate their dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saxton, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rine, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.01.478725</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct silencer states determine epigenetic states of heterochromatin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.03.475969v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantifying the Adaptive Potential of a Nascent Bacterial Community 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.03.475969v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The fitness effects of all possible mutations available to an organism largely shapes the dynamics of evolutionary adaptation. Tremendous progress has been made in quantifying the strength and abundance of selected mutations available to single microbial species in simple environments, lacking strong ecological interactions. However, the adaptive potential of strains that are part of multi-strain communities remains largely unclear. We sought to fill this gap by analyzing a stable community of two closely related ecotypes ("L" and "S") shortly after they emerged within the E. coli Long-Term Evolution Experiment (LTEE). We engineered genome-wide barcoded transposon libraries to measure the fitness effects of all possible gene knockouts in the coexisting strains as well as their ancestor, for many different, ecologically relevant conditions. We found that the fitness effects of many gene knockouts sensitively depends on the genetic background and the ecological conditions, as set by the abiotic environment and relative frequency of both ecotypes. Despite the idiosyncratic behavior of individual knockouts, we still see consistent statistical patterns of fitness effect variation across both genetic background and community composition. Genes that are in the same operon, or that strongly interact with each other, are more likely to be correlated with each other across backgrounds compared to random pairs of genes. Additionally, fitness effects are correlated with evolutionary outcomes for a number of conditions, possibly revealing shifting patterns of adaptation. Together, our results reveal how ecological and epistatic effects combine to drive adaptive potential in a nascent ecological community.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ascensao, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wetmore, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Good, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallatschek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.03.475969</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantifying the Adaptive Potential of a Nascent Bacterial Community]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.03.479052v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analysis of altered pre-mRNA splicing patterns caused by a mutation in the RNA binding protein hnRNPA1 linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.03.479052v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disease characterized by loss of motor neurons. Human genetic studies have linked mutations in RNA binding proteins as causative for this disease. The hnRNPA1 protein, a known pre-mRNA splicing factor, is mutated in a number of ALS patients. Here, we generate two cell models to investigate how a mutation in the C-terminal low complexity domain of hnRNPA1 affects global pre-mRNA splicing patterns and RNA binding. We show that a single amino acid change in the C-terminal low complexity domain (D262V) leads to changes in splicing of thousands of transcripts whose genes are linked to the DNA damage response, cilia organization and translation. We also show that there are changes in RNA binding of the mutant hnRNPA1 protein to transcripts whose splicing patterns change. Finally, we show that cells expressing the hnRNPA1 D262V mutation exhibit an aggregation phenotype, markedly reduced growth rates and changes in stress granules. This study shows that global changes in pre-mRNA splicing patterns caused by a single mutation in the hnRNPA1 protein lead to phenotypes related to ALS and that specific cellular pathways are affected.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rio, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.03.479052</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analysis of altered pre-mRNA splicing patterns caused by a mutation in the RNA binding protein hnRNPA1 linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.03.479062v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Friction-driven membrane scission by the human ESCRT-III proteins CHMP1B and IST1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.03.479062v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) system is an ancient and ubiquitous membrane scission machinery that catalyzes the budding and scission of membranes. ESCRT-mediated scission events, exemplified by those involved in the budding of HIV-1, are usually directed away from the cytosol ( reverse-topology), but they can also be directed towards the cytosol ( normal-topology). Of the ESCRT complexes 0-III, ESCRT-III is most directly implicated in membrane severing. Various subunits of ESCRT-III recruit the AAA+ ATPase VPS4, which is essential for ESCRT disassembly and reverse topology membrane scission. The ESCRT-III subunits CHMP1B and IST1 can coat and constrict positively curved membrane tubes, suggesting that these subunits could catalyze normal topology membrane severing, perhaps in conjunction with a AAA+ ATPase. CHMP1B and IST1 bind and recruit the microtubule-severing AAA+ ATPase spastin, a close relative of VPS4, suggesting that spastin could have a VPS4-like role in normal topology membrane scission. In order to determine whether CHMP1B and IST1 are capable of membrane severing on their own or in concert with VPS4 or spastin, we sought to reconstitute the process in vitro using membrane nanotubes pulled from giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) using an optical trap. CHMP1B and IST1 copolymerize on membrane nanotubes, forming stable scaffolds that constrict the tubes, but do not, on their own, lead to scission. However, CHMP1B-IST1-scaffolded tubes were severed when an additional extensional force was applied, consistent with a friction-driven scission mechanism. Spastin colocalized with CHMP1B enriched sites but did not disassemble the CHMP1B-IST1 coat from the membrane. VPS4 resolubilized CHMP1B and IST1 but did not lead to scission. These data show that the CHMP1B and IST1 tubular coat contributes to membrane scission. Constriction alone is insufficient for scission. However, the dynamical extension of the coated tube does lead to scission. Finally, we find that in the normal topology setting analyzed here, scission is independent of VPS4 and spastin. These observations show that the CHMP1B-IST1 ESCRT-III combination is capable of severing membranes by a friction-driven mechanism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cada, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Remec Pavlin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castillo, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larsen, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yokom, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, F.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassereau, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustamante, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurley, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.03.479062</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Friction-driven membrane scission by the human ESCRT-III proteins CHMP1B and IST1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.04.479139v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep sequencing of yeast and mouse tRNAs and tRNA fragments using OTTR 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.04.479139v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Among the major classes of RNAs in the cell, tRNAs remain the most difficult to characterize via deep sequencing approaches, as tRNA secondary structure and nucleotide modifications can both interfere with cDNA synthesis by commonly-used reverse transcriptases (RTs). Here, we benchmark a recently-developed RNA cloning protocol, termed Ordered Two-Template Relay (OTTR), to characterize intact tRNAs and tRNA fragments in budding yeast and in mouse tissues. We find that OTTR robustly captures full-length tRNAs in budding yeast and in mouse testis, with relatively low levels of premature termination at known barriers - 1-methylguanine, N2,N2-dimethylguanine, and 1-methyladenine - to typical reverse transcriptases. Moreover, these and several other nucleotide modifications leave misincorporation signatures in OTTR datasets which enables their detection without any additional protocol steps. Turning to analysis of small RNAs such as tRNA cleavage products, we compare OTTR with several standard small RNA-Seq protocols, finding that OTTR provides the most accurate picture of tRNA fragment levels by comparison to "ground truth" Northern blots. Applying this protocol to mature mouse spermatozoa, our data dramatically alter our understanding of the small RNA cargo of mature mammalian sperm, revealing a far more complex population of tRFs - including both 5 and 3 tRNA halves derived from the majority of tRNAs - than previously appreciated. Taken together, our data confirm the superior performance of OTTR to commercial protocols in analysis of tRNA fragments, and force a reappraisal of potential epigenetic functions of the sperm small RNA payload.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gustafsson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upton, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaymak, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rando, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.04.479139</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep sequencing of yeast and mouse tRNAs and tRNA fragments using OTTR]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.07.479439v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide identification of fitness determinants in the Xanthomonas campestris bacterial pathogen during early stages of plant infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.07.479439v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plant diseases are an important threat to food production. While major pathogenicity determinants required for disease have been extensively studied, less is known on how pathogens thrive during host colonization especially at early infection stages. Here, we used randomly barcoded-transposon insertion site sequencing (RB-TnSeq) to perform a genome-wide screen and identify key bacterial fitness determinants of the vascular pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) during infection of the cauliflower host plant (Brassica oleracea). This high-throughput analysis was conducted in hydathodes, the natural entry site of Xcc, in xylem sap and in synthetic media. Xcc did not face a strong bottleneck during hydathode infection. 183 genes important for fitness were identified in plant-associated environments with functional enrichment in genes involved in metabolism when only few genes known to be involved in virulence were found to be affected. The biological relevance of 13 genes was independently confirmed by phenotyping single mutants. Notably, we show that the XC_3388, a protein with no known function (DUF1631), plays a key role in the adaptation and virulence of Xcc possibly through c-di-GMP-mediated regulation. This study thus revealed yet unsuspected social behaviors adopted by Xcc individuals when confined inside hydathodes at early infection stages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luneau, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baudin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quiroz-Monnens, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrere, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouchez, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jardinaud, M.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gris, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francois, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torralba, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arlat, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutschbauer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauber, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noël, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boulanger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.07.479439</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide identification of fitness determinants in the Xanthomonas campestris bacterial pathogen during early stages of plant infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.10.479996v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Historical contingency drives compensatory evolution and rare reversal of phage resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.10.479996v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria and lytic viruses (phages) engage in highly dynamic coevolutionary interactions over time, yet we have little idea of how transient selection by phages might shape the future evolutionary trajectories of their host populations. To explore this question, we generated genetically diverse phage-resistant mutants of the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae. We subjected the panel of mutants to prolonged experimental evolution in the absence of phages. Some populations re-evolved phage sensitivity, while others acquired compensatory mutations that reduced the costs of resistance without altering resistance levels. To ask whether these outcomes were driven by the initial genetic mechanisms of resistance, we next evolved independent replicates of each mutant lineage in the absence of phages. We found a strong signature of historical contingency: some mutations were highly reversible across replicate populations, while others were highly entrenched. Through whole-genome sequencing of bacteria over time, we also found that populations with resistance mutations in the same gene acquired more parallel sets of mutations than populations with resistance mutations in different genes, suggesting that compensatory adaptation is also contingent on how resistance initially evolved. Our study identifies an evolutionary ratchet in bacteria-phage coevolution, and may explain previous observations that resistance persists over time in some bacterial populations but is lost in others. We add to a growing body of work describing the key role of phages in the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of their host communities. Beyond this specific trait, our study provides new insight into the genetic architecture of historical contingency, a crucial component of interpreting and predicting evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Debray, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Luna, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koskella, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.10.479996</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Historical contingency drives compensatory evolution and rare reversal of phage resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.11.480171v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In vivo calcium imaging identifies functionally and molecularly distinct subsets of tongue-innervating mechanosensory neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.11.480171v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mechanosensory neurons in the mouth provide essential information to guide feeding and speech. How classes of oral mechanoreceptors contribute to oral behaviors is not well understood; in particular, the functional properties of lingual mechanoreceptors remain elusive. Previous work identified putative mechanosensory endings in the tongue with novel morphologies; how these fit into current knowledge of mechanosensory neuron classification is not known. To identify functional classes of lingual mechanosensory neurons, we used in vivo calcium imaging of trigeminal ganglia. We first investigated calcium responses of tongue-innervating trigeminal neurons to thermal and mechanical stimulation (e.g., pressure, fluid flow, temperature changes). We found that around 17% of neurons responded to pressure, and that these pressure responders were significantly larger than neurons that only responded to temperature changes. To further investigate the cadre of functionally distinct mechanosensory neurons, we tested responses to brushing and sustained pressures and found that brush-sensitive neurons comprise the majority of tongue-innervating mechanosensory trigeminal neurons. Qualitatively, mechanosensory neurons responded to pressure with distinct kinetics, suggesting the presence of multiple classes of mechanoreceptors. To determine the number of classes, we developed an unbiased multi-layer hierarchical clustering approach to classify calcium response characteristics to pressure stimulation. This approach revealed that mechanosensory neurons displayed five distinct stimulus-response profiles to pressure. Classes include neuronal populations with sustained, transient, high-threshold, and negative responses to force as well as neurons that responded only to brushing. Analysis of cluster representation in transgenic animals with only subsets of labeled neurons reveals molecular markers of clusters and end organ structures. These studies are amongst the first to determine the functional properties of low-threshold mechanosensory neurons innervating the mouse tongue.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moayedi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obayashi, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, B. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerling, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lumpkin, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.11.480171</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In vivo calcium imaging identifies functionally and molecularly distinct subsets of tongue-innervating mechanosensory neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.13.480300v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Saccharibacteria harness light energy using Type-1 rhodopsins that may rely on retinal sourced from microbial hosts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.13.480300v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial rhodopsins are a family of photoreceptive membrane proteins with a wide distribution across the Tree of Life. Within the Candidate Phyla Radiation (CPR), a diverse group of putatively episymbiotic bacteria, the genetic potential to produce rhodopsins appears to be confined to a small clade of organisms from sunlit environments. Here, we characterize the metabolic context and biophysical features of Saccharibacteria Type-1 rhodopsin sequences derived from metagenomic surveys and show that these proteins function as outward proton pumps. This provides one of the only known mechanisms by which CPR can generate a proton gradient for ATP synthesis. Intriguingly, Saccharibacteria do not encode the genetic machinery to produce all-trans-retinal, the chromophore essential for rhodopsin function, but their rhodopsins are able to rapidly uptake this cofactor when provided in experimental assays. We found consistent evidence for the capacity to produce retinal from {beta}-carotene in organisms co-occurring with Saccharibacteria, and this genetic potential was dominated by Actinobacteria, which are known hosts of Saccharibacteria in other habitats. If Actinobacteria serve as hosts for Saccharibacteria in freshwater environments, exchange of retinal for use by rhodopsin may be a feature of their associations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konno, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawasaki, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kataoka, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beja, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kandori, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inoue, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.13.480300</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Saccharibacteria harness light energy using Type-1 rhodopsins that may rely on retinal sourced from microbial hosts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.14.480389v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nitric oxide signaling controls collective contractions in a colonial choanoflagellate 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.14.480389v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although signaling by the gaseous molecule nitric oxide (NO) regulates key physiological processes in animals, including contractility1-3, immunity4,5, development6-9 and locomotion10,11, the early evolution of animal NO signaling remains unclear. To reconstruct the role of NO in the animal stem lineage, we set out to study NO signaling in choanoflagellates, the closest living relatives of animals12. In animals, NO produced by the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) canonically signals through cGMP by activating soluble guanylate cyclases (sGCs)13,14. We surveyed the distribution of the NO signaling pathway components across the diversity of choanoflagellates and found three species that express NOS, sGCs, and downstream genes previously shown to be involved in the NO/cGMP pathway. One of these, Choanoeca flexa, forms multicellular sheets that undergo collective contractions controlled by cGMP15. We found that treatment with NO induces sustained contractions in C. flexa by signaling through an sGC/cGMP pathway. Biochemical assays show that NO directly binds C. flexa sGC1 and stimulates its cyclase activity. The NO/cGMP pathway acts independently from other inducers of C. flexa contraction, including mechanical stimuli and heat, but sGC activity is required for contractions induced by light-to-dark transitions. The output of NO signaling in C. flexa - contractions resulting in a switch from feeding to swimming - resembles the effect of NO in sponges1-3 and cnidarians11,16,17, where it interrupts feeding and activates contractility. These data provide insights into the biology of the first animals and the evolution of NO signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reyes-Rivera, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guthrie, B. G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marletta, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunet, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.14.480389</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nitric oxide signaling controls collective contractions in a colonial choanoflagellate]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.15.480601v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Highly efficient generation of isogenic pluripotent stem cell models using prime editing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.15.480601v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The recent development of prime editing (PE) genome engineering technologies has the potential to significantly simplify the generation of human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-based disease models. PE is a multi-component editing system that uses a Cas9-nickase fused to a reverse transcriptase (nCas9-RT) and an extended PE guide RNA (pegRNA). Once reverse transcribed, the pegRNA extension functions as a repair template to introduce precise designer mutations at the target site. Here, we systematically compared the editing efficiencies of PE to conventional gene editing methods in hPSCs. This analysis revealed that PE is overall more efficient and precise than homology-directed repair (HDR) of site-specific nuclease-induced double-strand breaks (DSBs). Specifically, PE is more effective in generating heterozygous editing events to create autosomal dominant disease-associated mutations. By stably integrating the nCas9-RT into hPSCs we achieved editing efficiencies equal to those reported for cancer cells, suggesting that the expression of the PE components, rather than cell-intrinsic features, limit PE in hPSCs. To improve the efficiency of PE in hPSCs, we optimized the delivery modalities for the PE components. Delivery of the nCas9-RT as mRNA combined with synthetically generated chemically-modified pegRNAs and nicking guide RNAs (ngRNAs) improved editing efficiencies up to 13-fold compared to transfecting the prime editing components as plasmids or ribonucleoprotein particles (RNPs). Finally, we demonstrated that this mRNA-based delivery approach can be used repeatedly to yield editing efficiencies exceeding 60% and to correct or introduce familial mutations causing Parkinsons disease in hPSCs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Busquets, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verma, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Syed, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kutnowski, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pangilinan, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bateup, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rio, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hockemeyer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soldner, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.15.480601</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Highly efficient generation of isogenic pluripotent stem cell models using prime editing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.16.480793v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phosphoregulation of DSB-1 mediates control of meiotic double-strand break activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.16.480793v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the first meiotic cell division, proper segregation of chromosomes in most organisms depends on chiasmata, exchanges of continuity between homologous chromosomes that originate from the repair of programmed double-strand breaks (DSBs) catalyzed by the Spo11 endonuclease. Since DSBs can lead to irreparable damage in germ cells, while chromosomes lacking DSBs also lack chiasmata, the number of DSBs must be carefully regulated, so as to be neither too high nor too low. Here, we show that in Caenorhabditis elegans, meiotic DSB levels are controlled by the phosphoregulation of DSB-1, a homolog of the yeast Spo11 cofactor Rec114, by the opposing activities of PP4PPH-4.1 phosphatase and ATRATL-1 kinase. Increased DSB-1 phosphorylation in pph-4.1 mutants correlates with reduction in DSB formation, while prevention of DSB-1 phosphorylation drastically increases the number of meiotic DSBs both in pph-4.1 mutants as well as in the wild type background. C. elegans and its close relatives also possess a diverged paralog of DSB-1, called DSB-2, and loss of dsb-2 is known to reduce DSB formation in oocytes with increasing age. We show that the proportion of the phosphorylated, and thus inactivated, form of DSB-1 increases with age and also upon loss of DSB-2, while non-phosphorylatable DSB-1 rescues the age-dependent decrease in DSBs in dsb-2 mutants. These results suggest that DSB-2 evolved in part to compensate for the inactivation of DSB-1 through phosphorylation, to maintain levels of DSBs in older animals. Our work shows that PP4PPH-4.1, ATRATL-1, and DSB-2 act in concert with DSB-1 to promote optimal DSB levels throughout the reproductive lifespan.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stamper, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sato-Carlton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimazoe, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tam, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dernburg, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlton, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.16.480793</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phosphoregulation of DSB-1 mediates control of meiotic double-strand break activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.17.480865v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Noninvasive sampling for comparisons of wildlife microbiomes may be more reliable than sampling trapped animals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.17.480865v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In ecological and conservation studies, responsible researchers strive to obtain rich data while minimizing disturbance to wildlife and ecosystems. We assessed if samples collected noninvasively can be used for microbiome research, comparing microbiota of noninvasively collected fecal samples to those collected from trapped common cranes at the same sites over the same periods. We found significant differences in microbial composition (alpha and beta diversity), which were not accounted for by noninvasive samples exposure to soil contaminants, as manually assessed by comparing differentially abundant taxa. They could result from trapped birds exposure to sedatives. We conclude that if all samples are collected in the same manner, comparative analyses are valid, and noninvasive sampling may better represent host microbiota because there are no trapping effects. Experiments with fresh and delayed sample collection can elucidate effects of environmental exposures on microbiota. Further, stressing or sedation may unravel how trapping affects wildlife microbiota.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Turjeman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekarsky, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corl, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamath, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Getz, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowie, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nathan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.17.480865</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Noninvasive sampling for comparisons of wildlife microbiomes may be more reliable than sampling trapped animals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.19.481126v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Close-kin mark-recapture methods to estimate demographic parameters of mosquitoes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.19.481126v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Close-kin mark-recapture (CKMR) methods have recently been used to infer demographic parameters such as census population size and survival for fish of interest to fisheries and conservation. These methods have advantages over traditional mark-recapture methods as the mark is genetic, removing the need for physical marking and recapturing that may interfere with parameter estimation. For mosquitoes, the spatial distribution of close-kin pairs has been used to estimate mean dispersal distance, of relevance to vector-borne disease transmission and novel biocontrol strategies. Here, we extend CKMR methods to the life history of mosquitoes and comparable insects. We derive kinship probabilities for mother-offspring, father-offspring, full-sibling and half-sibling pairs, where an individual in each pair may be a larva, pupa or adult. A pseudo-likelihood approach is used to combine the marginal probabilities of all kinship pairs. To test the effectiveness of this approach at estimating mosquito demographic parameters, we develop an individual-based model of mosquito life history incorporating egg, larva, pupa and adult life stages. The simulation labels each individual with a unique identification number, enabling close-kin relationships to be inferred for sampled individuals. Using the dengue vector Aedes aegypti as a case study, we find the CKMR approach provides unbiased estimates of adult census population size, adult and larval mortality rates, and larval life stage duration for logistically feasible sampling schemes. Considering a simulated population of 3,000 adult mosquitoes, estimation of adult parameters is accurate when ca. 40 adult females are sampled biweekly over a three month period. Estimation of larval parameters is accurate when adult sampling is supplemented with ca. 120 larvae sampled biweekly over the same period. The methods are also effective at detecting intervention-induced increases in adult mortality and decreases in population size. As the cost of genome sequencing declines, CKMR holds great promise for characterizing the demography of mosquitoes and comparable insects of epidemiological and agricultural significance.

Author summaryClose-kin mark-recapture (CKMR) methods are a genetic analogue of traditional mark-recapture methods in which the frequency of marked individuals in a sample is used to infer demographic parameters such as census population size and mean dispersal distance. In CKMR, the mark is a close-kin relationship between individuals (parents and offspring, siblings, etc.). While CKMR methods have mostly been applied to aquatic species to date, opportunities exist to apply them to insects and other terrestrial species. Here, we explore the application of CKMR to mosquitoes, with Aedes aegypti, a primary vector of dengue, chikungunya and yellow fever, as a case study. By analyzing simulated Ae. aegypti populations, we find the CKMR approach provides unbiased estimates of adult census population size, adult and larval mortality rates, and larval life stage duration, and may be informative of intervention impact. Optimal sampling schemes are compatible with Ae. aegypti ecology and field studies. This study represents the first theoretical exploration of the application of CKMR to an insect species, and demonstrates its potential for characterizing the demography of insects of epidemiological and agricultural importance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sharma, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasic, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.19.481126</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Close-kin mark-recapture methods to estimate demographic parameters of mosquitoes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.20.481237v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cobalamin riboswitches are broadly sensitive to corrinoid cofactors to enable an efficient gene regulatory strategy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.20.481237v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In bacteria, many essential metabolic processes are controlled by riboswitches, gene regulatory RNAs that directly bind and detect metabolites. Highly specific effector binding enables riboswitches to respond to a single biologically relevant metabolite. Cobalamin riboswitches are a potential exception because over a dozen chemically similar but functionally distinct cobalamin variants (corrinoid cofactors) exist in nature. Here, we measured cobalamin riboswitch activity in vivo using a Bacillus subtilis fluorescent reporter system and found that among 38 tested riboswitches, a subset responded to corrinoids promiscuously, while others were semi-selective. Analyses of chimeric riboswitches and structural models indicate that, unlike other riboswitch classes, cobalamin riboswitches indirectly differentiate among corrinoids by sensing differences in their structural conformation. This regulatory strategy aligns riboswitch-corrinoid specificity with cellular corrinoid requirements in a B. subtilis model. Thus, bacteria can employ broadly sensitive riboswitches to cope with the chemical diversity of essential metabolites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Widner, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sokolovskaya, O. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Innocent, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Procknow, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mok, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taga, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.20.481237</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cobalamin riboswitches are broadly sensitive to corrinoid cofactors to enable an efficient gene regulatory strategy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.22.481545v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiple bumps can enhance robustness to noise in continuous attractor networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.22.481545v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A central function of continuous attractor networks is encoding coordinates and accurately updating their values through path integration. To do so, these networks produce localized bumps of activity that move coherently in response to velocity inputs. In the brain, continuous attractors are believed to underlie grid cells and head direction cells, which maintain periodic representations of position and orientation, respectively. These representations can be achieved with any number of activity bumps, and the consequences of having more or fewer bumps are unclear. We address this knowledge gap by constructing 1D ring attractor networks with different bump numbers and characterizing their responses to three types of noise: fluctuating inputs, spiking noise, and deviations in connectivity away from ideal attractor configurations. Across all three types, networks with more bumps experience less noise-driven deviations in bump motion. This translates to more robust encodings of linear coordinates, like position, assuming that each neuron represents a fixed length no matter the bump number. Alternatively, we consider encoding a circular coordinate, like orientation, such that the network distance between adjacent bumps always maps onto 360 degrees. Under this mapping, bump number does not significantly affect the amount of error in the coordinate readout. Our simulation results are intuitively explained and quantitatively matched by a unified theory for path integration and noise in multi-bump networks. Thus, to suppress the effects of biologically relevant noise, continuous attractor networks can employ more bumps when encoding linear coordinates; this advantage disappears when encoding circular coordinates. Our findings provide motivation for multiple bumps in the mammalian grid network.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.22.481545</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiple bumps can enhance robustness to noise in continuous attractor networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.23.481653v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human septins in cells organize as octamer-based filaments mediating actin-membrane anchoring 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.23.481653v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Septins are cytoskeletal proteins conserved from algae and protists to mammals. Septin knock-out animals have established that septins are essential for animal physiology, but their molecular function remains elusive. A unique feature of septins is their presence as heteromeric complexes that polymerize into filaments in solution and on lipid membranes. Although animal septins associate extensively with actin-based structures in cells, whether actin-decorating septins organize as filaments and if septin organization impacts septin function is not known. Customizing a tripartite split-GFP complementation assay for probing the presence and composition of septin filaments in situ in cells, we show that all septins decorating actin stress fibers are present as filaments whose integrity depends on octameric septin protomers. Atomic force microscopy nanoindentation measurements on cells confirmed that cell stiffness depends on the presence of octamer-containing septin filaments. Super-resolution structured illumination microscopy revealed septin fibers with widths compatible with their organization as paired septin filaments. Nanometer-resolved distance measurements and single-protein tracking further showed that actin-associated septin filaments are membrane-bound and largely immobilized. Finally, reconstitution assays on supported lipid bilayers showed that septin filaments mediate actin-membrane anchoring. We propose that septin organization as octamer-based filaments is essential for septin function in anchoring and stabilizing actin fibers at the plasma membrane.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martins, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taveneau, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro-Linares, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baibakov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buzhinsky, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eroles, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milanovic, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iv, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouillard, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Llewellyn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belhabib, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuzmic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verdier-Pinard, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badache, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandre, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brasselet, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rico, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossier, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koenderink, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wenger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabantous, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mavrakis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.23.481653</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human septins in cells organize as octamer-based filaments mediating actin-membrane anchoring]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.24.481536v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Plasma membrane protrusions mediate host cell-cell fusion induced by Burkholderia thailandensis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.24.481536v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell-cell fusion is important for biological processes including fertilization, development, immunity, and microbial pathogenesis. Bacteria in the pseudomallei group of Burkholderia species, including B. thailandensis, spread between host cells by inducing cell-cell fusion. Previous work showed that B. thailandensis-induced cell-cell fusion requires intracellular bacterial motility and a bacterial protein secretion apparatus called the type VI secretion system-5 (T6SS-5), including the T6SS-5 protein VgrG5. However, the cellular level mechanism and T6SS-5 proteins important for bacteria-induced cell-cell fusion remained incompletely described. Using live cell imaging, we found bacteria used actin-based motility to push on the host cell plasma membrane to form plasma membrane protrusions that extended into neighboring cells. Then, membrane fusion occurred within these membrane protrusions, either proximal to the bacterium at the tip or elsewhere within a protrusion. Expression of VgrG5 by bacteria within membrane protrusions was required to promote cell-cell fusion. Furthermore, a second predicted T6SS-5 protein, TagD5, was also required for cell-cell fusion. In the absence of VgrG5 or TagD5, bacteria in plasma membrane protrusions were engulfed into neighboring cells. Our results suggest that the T6SS-5 effectors VgrG5 and TagD5 are secreted within membrane protrusions and act locally to promote membrane fusion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kostow, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.24.481536</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Plasma membrane protrusions mediate host cell-cell fusion induced by Burkholderia thailandensis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.28.482330v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hominoid-specific sulcal variability is related to face perception ability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.28.482330v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human perception requires complex cortical networks that function at neuroanatomical scales of microns and temporal scales of milliseconds. Despite this complexity, what if just one morphological feature of the brain could predict perceptual ability? Here, we tested this hypothesis with pre-registered analyses of neuroanatomy and face perception in neurotypical controls (NTs) and individuals with developmental prosopagnosia (DPs). Results show that the length of the mid-fusiform sulcus (MFS), a hominoid-specific tertiary sulcus in ventral temporal cortex (VTC), was shorter in DPs than NTs. Furthermore, individual differences in MFS length in the right, but not left, hemisphere predicted individual differences in face perception. These results support theories linking brain structure and function to perception, as well as indicate that one feature - variability in MFS length - can predict face perception. Finally, these findings add to growing evidence supporting a role of morphological variability of late developing, tertiary sulci and individual differences in cognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parker, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voorhies, W. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willbrand, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallock, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furl, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrido, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duchaine, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.28.482330</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hominoid-specific sulcal variability is related to face perception ability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.02.482563v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Presence or absence of a prefrontal sulcus is linked to reasoning performance during child development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.02.482563v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The relationship between structural variability in late-developing association cortices like the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) and the development of higher-order cognitive skills is not well understood. Recent findings show that the morphology of LPFC sulci predicts reasoning performance; this work led to the observation of substantial individual variability in the morphology of one of these sulci, the para-intermediate frontal sulcus (pimfs). Here, we sought to characterize this variability and assess its behavioral significance. To this end, we identified the pimfs in a developmental cohort of 72 participants, ages 6-18. When controlling for age, the presence or absence of the ventral component of the pimfs was associated with reasoning, as was the total surface area of pimfs. These findings show that multiple features of sulci can support the development of complex cognitive abilities and highlight the importance of considering individual differences in local morphology when exploring the neurodevelopmental basis of cognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Willbrand, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voorhies, W. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bunge, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.02.482563</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Presence or absence of a prefrontal sulcus is linked to reasoning performance during child development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.05.483025v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovery of Potent Pyrazoline-Based Covalent SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease Inhibitors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.05.483025v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While vaccines and antivirals are now being deployed for the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, we require additional antiviral therapeutics to not only effectively combat SARS-CoV-2 and its variants, but also future coronaviruses. All coronaviruses have relatively similar genomes that provide a potential exploitable opening to develop antiviral therapies that will be effective against all coronaviruses. Among the various genes and proteins encoded by all coronaviruses, one particularly "druggable" or relatively easy-to-drug target is the coronavirus Main Protease (3CLpro or Mpro), an enzyme that is involved in cleaving a long peptide translated by the viral genome into its individual protein components that are then assembled into the virus to enable viral replication in the cell. Inhibiting Mpro with a small-molecule antiviral would effectively stop the ability of the virus to replicate, providing therapeutic benefit. In this study, we have utilized activity-based protein profiling (ABPP)-based chemoproteomic approaches to discover and further optimize cysteine-reactive pyrazoline-based covalent inhibitors for the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. Structure-guided medicinal chemistry and modular synthesis of di- and tri-substituted pyrazolines bearing either chloroacetamide or vinyl sulfonamide cysteine-reactive warheads enabled the expedient exploration of structure-activity relationships (SAR), yielding nanomolar potency inhibitors against Mpro from not only SARS-CoV-2, but across many other coronaviruses. Our studies highlight promising chemical scaffolds that may contribute to future pan-coronavirus inhibitors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moon, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boike, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dovala, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henning, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knapp, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spradlin, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolleb, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zammit, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuller, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blake, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moquin, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tandeske, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hesse, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKenna, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tallarico, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schirle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toste, F. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomura, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.05.483025</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovery of Potent Pyrazoline-Based Covalent SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease Inhibitors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.05.483131v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineering of Sr33 and Sr50 plant immune receptors to alter recognition specificity and autoactivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.05.483131v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plants possess cytoplasmic immune receptors called nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) that recognize the presence of a pathogen through a range of mechanisms: direct binding of effectors or indirect recognition of effector actions. The direct binding of effectors has been shown to be mediated through the NLRs leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain. Accurate prediction of amino acids involved in these direct interactions can greatly enhance understanding of effector recognition and inform efforts to engineer new resistance. In this study, we utilized two homologous NLR resistance genes from wheat, Sr33 and Sr50, that recognize distinct effectors by directly binding to them through their LRR domain. While the effector recognized by Sr50 is known and described as AvrSr50, the effector recognized by Sr33 remains unknown. Through a combination of phylogenetics, allele diversity analysis in the LRR and structural modeling, we identified the amino acids in Sr50 likely to physically interact with its effector. Mutation of these sites helped identify 12 amino acids we hypothesized to be sufficient to mediate effector binding in Sr50. Changing these 12 corresponding amino acids in Sr33, we showed AvrSr50-dependent initiation of cell death in wheat protoplasts and Nicotiana benthamiana. Furthermore, we were able to pinpoint and change amino acid residues that govern autoactivity of Sr50 in the wheat protoplast cell death assay. These findings are a major advance towards the successful engineering of new effector recognition specificities in direct binder NLRs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tamborski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staskawicz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krasileva, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.05.483131</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineering of Sr33 and Sr50 plant immune receptors to alter recognition specificity and autoactivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.05.483143v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bessel-droplet foci enable high-resolution and high-contrast volumetric imaging of synapses and circulation in the brain in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.05.483143v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bessel beam has long been utilized in physics for its ability to maintain lateral confinement during propagation. When used for two-photon fluorescence microscopy, Bessel foci have enabled high-speed volumetric imaging of the brain. At high numeric aperture (NA), however, the substantial energy in the side rings of Bessel foci reduces image contrast. Therefore, a compromise between resolution and contrast has to be made, limiting Bessel foci in microscopy to low NA. Here, we describe a method of generating axially extended Bessel-droplet foci with much suppressed side rings. Shaping the excitation wavefront with novel phase patterns, we generated Bessel-droplet foci of variable NAs at high power throughput and scanned them interferometrically along the axial direction for continuous volume imaging. More resistant to optical aberrations than Bessel foci, Bessel-droplet foci enabled high-resolution and high-contrast volumetric imaging of synaptic anatomy and function as well as lymphatic circulation in the mouse brain in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natan, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.05.483143</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bessel-droplet foci enable high-resolution and high-contrast volumetric imaging of synapses and circulation in the brain in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.06.483177v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LanA (Language Atlas): A probabilistic atlas for the language network based on fMRI data from >800 individuals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.06.483177v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Two analytic traditions characterize fMRI language research. One relies on averaging activations voxel-wise across individuals. This approach has limitations: because of inter-individual variability in the locations of language areas, a location in a common brain space cannot be meaningfully linked to function. An alternative approach relies on identifying language areas in each individual using a functional  localizer. Because of its greater sensitivity, functional resolution, and interpretability, functional localization is gaining popularity, but it is not always feasible, and cannot be applied retroactively to past studies. We provide a solution for bridging these currently disjoint approaches in the form of a probabilistic functional atlas created from fMRI data for an extensively validated language localizer in 806 individuals. This atlas enables estimating the probability that any given location in a common brain space belongs to the language network, and thus can help interpret group-level peaks and meta-analyses of such peaks, and lesion locations in patient investigations. More meaningful comparisons of findings across studies should increase robustness and replicability in language research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lipkin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuckute, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Affourtit, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Small, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mineroff, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kean, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jouravlev, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rakocevic, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pritchett, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegelman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoeflin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pongos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blank, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shruhl, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivanova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shannon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sathe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nieto-Castanon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedorenko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.06.483177</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LanA (Language Atlas): A probabilistic atlas for the language network based on fMRI data from >800 individuals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.06.483180v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Taste quality interactions and transformations in a sensorimotor circuit 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.06.483180v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Taste detection and hunger state dynamically regulate the decision to initiate feeding. To study how context-appropriate feeding decisions are generated, we combined synaptic resolution circuit reconstruction with targeted genetic access to specific neurons to elucidate a gustatory sensorimotor circuit for feeding initiation in adult Drosophila melanogaster. This circuit connects gustatory sensory neurons to proboscis motor neurons through three intermediate layers. Most neurons in this pathway are necessary and sufficient for proboscis extension, a feeding initiation behavior, and respond selectively to sugar taste detection. Pathway activity is amplified by hunger signals that act at select second-order neurons to promote feeding initiation in food-deprived animals. In contrast, the feeding initiation circuit is inhibited by a bitter taste pathway that impinges on premotor neurons, illuminating a local motif that weighs sugar and bitter taste detection to adjust behavioral outcome. Together, these studies reveal central mechanisms for the integration of external taste detection and internal nutritive state to flexibly execute a critical feeding decision.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shiu, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sterne, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engert, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.06.483180</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Taste quality interactions and transformations in a sensorimotor circuit]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.06.483208v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular conflicts disrupting centromere assembly contribute to Xenopus hybrid inviability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.06.483208v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although central to evolution, the causes of hybrid inviability that drive reproductive isolation are poorly understood. Embryonic lethality occurs when eggs of the frog X. tropicalis are fertilized with either X. laevis or X. borealis sperm. We observed that distinct subsets of paternal chromosomes failed to assemble functional centromeres, causing their mis-segregation during embryonic cell divisions. Core centromere DNA sequence analysis revealed little conservation among the three species, indicating that epigenetic mechanisms that normally operate to maintain centromere integrity are disrupted on specific paternal chromosomes in hybrids. In vitro reactions combining X. tropicalis egg extract with either X. laevis or X. borealis sperm chromosomes revealed that paternally matched or over-expressed centromeric histone CENP-A and its chaperone HJURP could rescue centromere assembly on affected chromosomes in interphase nuclei. However, whereas the X. laevis chromosomes maintained centromeric CENP-A in metaphase, X. borealis chromosomes did not, and also displayed ultra-thin regions containing ribosomal DNA. Both centromere assembly and morphology of X. borealis mitotic chromosomes could be rescued by inhibiting RNA Polymerase I or by preventing collapse of stalled DNA replication forks. These results indicate that specific paternal centromeres are inactivated in hybrids due to disruption of associated chromatin regions that interfere with CENP-A incorporation, at least in some cases due to conflicts between replication and transcription machineries. Thus, our findings highlight the dynamic nature of centromere maintenance and its susceptibility to disruption in vertebrate interspecies hybrids.

ONE SENTENCE SUMMARYCentromere incompatibilities in inviable Xenopus hybrids are sequence-independent and result from disruption of epigenetic pathways required for centromere maintenance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kitaoka, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, O. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Straight, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heald, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.06.483208</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular conflicts disrupting centromere assembly contribute to Xenopus hybrid inviability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.07.483312v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reconstitution of Kinetochore and Microtubule Dynamics Reveals a Role for a Kinesin-8 in Establishing End-on Attachments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.07.483312v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During mitosis, individual microtubules make attachments to chromosomes via a specialized protein complex called the kinetochore to faithfully segregate the chromosomes to daughter cells. Translocation of kinetochores on the lateral surface of the microtubule has been proposed to contribute to high fidelity chromosome capture and alignment at the mitotic midzone, but has been difficult to observe in vivo because of spatial and temporal constraints. To overcome these barriers, we used total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy to track the interactions between endogenously tagged tubulin, kinetochore proteins, and other microtubule-associated proteins in lysates from metaphase-arrested Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Using both TIRF microscopy and cryo-correlative light microscopy and electron tomography, we successfully reconstituted microtubule-bound, intact kinetochores. These kinetochores translocate on the lateral microtubule surface toward the microtubule plus end and transition to end-on attachment, whereupon microtubule depolymerization commences. The directional kinetochore movement is dependent on the highly processive kinesin-8, Kip3. We propose that Kip3 facilitates stable kinetochore attachment to microtubule plus ends through its abilities to move the kinetochore laterally on the surface of the microtubule and to regulate microtubule plus end dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Torvi, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serwas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moayed, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drubin, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.07.483312</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reconstitution of Kinetochore and Microtubule Dynamics Reveals a Role for a Kinesin-8 in Establishing End-on Attachments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.08.483488v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Not optimal, just noisy: the geometry of correlated variability leads to highly suboptimal sensory coding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.08.483488v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The brain represents the world through the activity of neural populations. Correlated variability across simultaneously recorded neurons (noise correlations) has been observed across cortical areas and experimental paradigms. Many studies have shown that correlated variability improves stimulus coding compared to a null model with no correlations. However, such results do not shed light on whether neural populations correlated variability achieves optimal coding. Here, we assess optimality of noise correlations in diverse datasets by developing two novel null models each with a unique biological interpretation: a uniform correlations null model and a factor analysis null model. We show that across datasets, the correlated variability in neural populations leads to highly suboptimal coding performance according to these null models. We demonstrate that biological constraints prevent many subsets of the neural populations from achieving optimality according to these null models, and that subselecting based on biological criteria leaves coding performance suboptimal. Finally, we show that the optimal subpopulation is exponentially small as a function of neural dimensionality. Together, these results show that the geometry of correlated variability leads to highly suboptimal sensory coding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Livezey, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachdeva, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dougherty, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Summers, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouchard, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.08.483488</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Not optimal, just noisy: the geometry of correlated variability leads to highly suboptimal sensory coding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.09.483594v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Altered excitatory and inhibitory neuronal subpopulation parameters are distinctly associated with tau and amyloid in Alzheimer's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.09.483594v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundNeuronal and circuit level abnormalities of excitation and inhibition are shown to be associated with tau and amyloid-beta (A{beta}) in preclinical models of Alzheimers disease (AD). These relationships remain poorly understood in patients with AD.

MethodsUsing empirical spectra from magnetoencephalography (MEG) and computational modeling (neural mass model; NMM) we examined excitatory and inhibitory parameters of neuronal subpopulations and investigated their specific associations to regional tau and A{beta}, measured by positron emission tomography (PET), in patients with AD.

ResultsPatients with AD showed abnormal excitatory and inhibitory time-constants and neural gains compared to age-matched controls. Increased excitatory time-constants distinctly correlated with higher tau depositions while increased inhibitory time-constants distinctly correlated with higher A{beta} depositions.

ConclusionsOur results provide critical insights about potential mechanistic links between abnormal neural oscillations and cellular correlates of impaired excitatory and inhibitory synaptic functions associated with tau and A{beta} in patients with AD.

FundingThis study was supported by the National Institutes of Health grants: K08AG058749 (KGR), F32AG050434-01A1 (KGR), K23 AG038357 (KAV), P50 AG023501, P01 AG19724 (BLM), P50-AG023501 (BLM & GDR), R01 AG045611 (GDR); AG034570, AG062542 (WJ); NS100440 (SSN), DC176960 (SSN), DC017091 (SSN), AG062196 (SSN); a grant from John Douglas French Alzheimers Foundation (KAV); grants from Larry L. Hillblom Foundation: 2015-A-034-FEL and (KGR); 2019-A-013-SUP (KGR); a grant from the Alzheimers Association: (PCTRB-13-288476) (KAV), and made possible by Part the CloudTM, (ETAC-09-133596); a grant from Tau Consortium (GDR & WJJ), and a gift from the S. D. Bechtel Jr. Foundation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ranasinghe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verma, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kudo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lerner, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mizuiri, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strom, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iaccarino, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>La Joie, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorno-Tempini, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rankin, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jagust, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vossel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabinovici, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raj, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagarajan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.09.483594</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Altered excitatory and inhibitory neuronal subpopulation parameters are distinctly associated with tau and amyloid in Alzheimer's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.14.484195v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dissecting neural computations of the human auditory pathway using deep neural networks for speech 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.14.484195v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human auditory system extracts rich linguistic abstractions from the speech signal. Traditional approaches to understand this complex process have used classical linear feature encoding models, with limited success. Artificial neural networks have recently achieved remarkable speech recognition performance and offer potential alternative computational models of speech processing. We used the speech representations learned by state-of-the-art deep neural network (DNN) models to investigate neural coding across the ascending auditory pathway from the peripheral auditory nerve to auditory speech cortex. We found that representations in hierarchical layers of the DNN correlated well to neural activity throughout the ascending auditory system. Unsupervised speech models achieve the optimal neural correlations among all models evaluated. Deeper DNN layers with context-dependent computations were essential for populations of high order auditory cortex encoding, and the computations were aligned to phonemic and syllabic context structures in speech. Accordingly, DNN models trained on a specific language (English or Mandarin) predicted cortical responses in native speakers of each language. These results reveal convergence between representations learned in DNN models and the biological auditory pathway and provide new approaches to modeling neural coding in the auditory cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anumanchipalli, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohamed, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.14.484195</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dissecting neural computations of the human auditory pathway using deep neural networks for speech]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.15.484540v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decorating chromatin for enhanced genome editing using CRISPR-Cas9 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.15.484540v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-associated (Cas) enzymes have revolutionized biology by enabling RNA-guided genome editing. Homology-directed repair (HDR) in the presence of donor templates is currently the most versatile method to introduce precise edits following CRISPR-Cas-induced double-stranded DNA cuts, but HDR efficiency is generally low relative to end-joining pathways that lead to insertions and deletions (indels). We tested the hypothesis that HDR could be increased using a Cas9 construct fused to PRDM9, a chromatin remodeling factor that deposits histone methylations H3K36me3 and H3K4me3 to mediate homologous recombination in human cells. Our results show that the fusion protein contacts chromatin specifically at the Cas9 cut site in the genome to increase the observed HDR efficiency by three-fold and HDR:indel ratio by five-fold compared to that induced by unmodified Cas9. HDR enhancement occurred in multiple cell lines with no increase in off-target genome editing. These findings underscore the importance of chromatin features for the balance between DNA repair mechanisms during CRISPR-Cas genome editing and provide a new strategy to increase HDR efficiency.

Significance StatementCRISPR-Cas-mediated homology-directed repair (HDR) enables precision genome editing for diverse research and clinical applications, but HDR efficiency is often low due to competing end-joining pathways. Here, we describe a simple strategy to influence DNA repair pathway choice and improve HDR efficiency by engineering CRISPR-Cas9-methyltransferase fusion proteins. This strategy highlights the impact of histone modifications on DNA repair following CRISPR-Cas-induced double-stranded breaks and adds to the CRISPR genome editing toolbox.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin Shiao, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doost, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.15.484540</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decorating chromatin for enhanced genome editing using CRISPR-Cas9]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.16.484369v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Topological action potentials in engineered tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.16.484369v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Due to the nonlinear current-voltage relations of ion channels, an interface between two tissues can have very different bioelectrical properties compared to either tissue on its own. Here we show experimentally that gap junction-coupled interfaces between non-excitable tissues can be electrically excitable. This topologically protected excitability occurs over a far larger range of ion channel expression levels than does excitability in the bulk. Topological excitations at tissue interfaces can cause local elevations in calcium concentration, possibly providing a bioelectrical mechanism for interface sensing. As in condensed matter physics, topological excitations in electrophysiology constitute a distinct class of phenomena which may show exotic and novel properties.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ori, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duque Ramirez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayward, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortiz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.16.484369</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Topological action potentials in engineered tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.17.484789v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ratiometric Sensing of Redox Environments Inside Individual Carboxysomes Trapped in Solution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.17.484789v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diffusion of biological nanoparticles in solution impedes our ability to continuously monitor individuals and measure their physical and chemical properties. To overcome this, we previously developed the Interferometric Scattering Anti-Brownian ELectrokinetic (ISABEL) trap, which uses scattering to localize a particle and applies electrokinetic forces which counteract Brownian motion, thus enabling extended observation. Here, we present an improved ISABEL trap that incorporates a near-infrared scatter illumination beam and rapidly interleaves 405 and 488 nm fluorescence excitation reporter beams. With the ISABEL trap, we monitor the internal redox environment of individual carboxysomes labeled with the ratiometric redox reporter roGFP2. Carboxysomes widely vary in scattering contrast (reporting on size) and redox-dependent ratiometric fluorescence. Further, we used redox sensing to explore the chemical kinetics within intact carboxysomes, where bulk measurements may contain unwanted contributions from aggregates or interfering fluorescent proteins. Overall, we demonstrate the ISABEL traps ability to sensitively monitor nanoscale biological objects, enabling new experiments on these systems.

TOC Graphic

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=167 SRC="FIGDIR/small/484789v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (45K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1fccfacorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@a639b6org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@116fff6org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@fe95fd_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carpenter, W. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavania, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borden, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oltrogge, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahlberg, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moerner, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.17.484789</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ratiometric Sensing of Redox Environments Inside Individual Carboxysomes Trapped in Solution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.24.485562v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial turnover of soil viral populations and genotypes overlain by cohesive responses to moisture in grasslands 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.24.485562v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although soil viral abundance, diversity, and potential roles in microbial community dynamics and biogeochemical cycling are beginning to be appreciated1-5, little is known about the patterns and drivers of soil viral community composition that underlie their contributions to terrestrial ecology. Here, we analyzed 43 soil viromes from a precipitation manipulation experiment in a Mediterranean grassland in California, USA. We recovered 5,315 viral population sequences (vOTUs), and viral community composition exhibited a highly significant distance-decay relationship within the 18 m long field. This pattern was recapitulated in the microheterogeneity of 130 prevalent vOTUs (detected in >=90% of the viromes), which tended to exhibit significant negative correlations between genomic similarity of their predominant allelic variants and distance. Although spatial turnover was also observed in the bacterial and archaeal communities from the same soils, the signal was dampened relative to the viromes, suggesting differences in assembly drivers at local scales for viruses and their microbial hosts and/or differences in the temporal scales captured by viromes and total DNA. Despite the overwhelming spatial signal, vOTUs responsive to a decrease in soil moisture were significantly enriched in a predicted protein-sharing subnetwork of 326 vOTUs linked to 191 known actinobacteriophages, suggesting a genomically cohesive viral response to soil moisture evocative of environmental filtering, potentially by way of actinobacterial hosts. Overall, soil viral ecological processes appear to be highly constrained in space and tightly coupled to the heterogeneous, dynamic soil environment and thus fundamentally different from those of their well-mixed and more thoroughly studied marine counterparts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Santos-Medellin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estera-Molina, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pett-Ridge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firestone, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emerson, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.24.485562</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial turnover of soil viral populations and genotypes overlain by cohesive responses to moisture in grasslands]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.24.485694v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HPCA1 is required for systemic ROS and calcium cell-to-cell signaling and plant acclimation to stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.24.485694v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As multicellular organisms, plants constantly balance and coordinate many metabolic, physiological, and molecular responses between different cell types and tissues. This process is essential for plant development, growth, and response to different environmental cues. Because plants lack a nervous system, they transmit different signals over long distances via cell-to-cell signaling. Recent studies revealed that reactive oxygen species (ROS), produced by respiratory burst oxidase homologs (RBOHs) at the apoplast play a key role in cell-to-cell signaling. A state of enhanced ROS production by one cell is thereby sensed by a neighboring cell, causing it to produce ROS, creating a continuous chain of cell-to-cell ROS accumulation termed the  ROS wave. This process was found to mediate systemic signals throughout the plant and is required for plant acclimation to different stresses. Although RBOHs were found to produce ROS essential for this process, the identity of the receptor(s) perceiving the apoplastic ROS signal is currently unknow. Here we reveal that the leucine-rich-repeat receptor-like kinase HPCA1 (H2O2-induced Ca2+ increases 1) acts as a central ROS receptor required for the propagation of cell-to-cell ROS signals, systemic signaling in response to different biotic and abiotic stresses, and plant acclimation to stress. We further report that HPCA1 is required for systemic calcium signals, but not systemic membrane depolarization responses, and identify key calcium-dependent signal transduction proteins involved in this process. Our findings reveal that HPCA1 plays a key role in mediating and coordinating systemic cell-to-cell ROS and calcium signals that are required for plant acclimation to stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fichman, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zandalinas, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peck, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mittler, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.24.485694</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HPCA1 is required for systemic ROS and calcium cell-to-cell signaling and plant acclimation to stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.25.485717v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Combinatorial interactions of Hox genes establish appendage diversity of the amphipod crustacean Parhyale hawaiensis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.25.485717v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hox genes establish regional identity along the anterior-posterior axis in diverse animals. Changes in Hox expression can induce striking homeotic transformations, where one region of the body is transformed into another. Previous work in Drosophila has demonstrated that Hox cross-regulatory interactions are crucial for maintaining proper Hox expression. One major mechanism is the phenomenon of "posterior prevalence", wherein anterior Hox genes are repressed by more posterior Hox genes. Loss of posterior Hox expression under this model would predict posterior-to-anterior transformations, as is frequently observed in Drosophila. While posterior prevalence is thought to occur in many animals, studies of such Hox cross-regulation have focused on a limited number of organisms. In this paper, we examine the cross-regulatory interactions of three Hox genes, Ultrabithorax (Ubx), abdominal-A (abd-A), and Abdominal-B (Abd-B) in patterning thoracic and abdominal appendages in the amphipod crustacean Parhyale hawaiensis. Studies of Hox function in Parhyale have previously revealed two striking phenotypes which differed markedly from what a "posterior prevalence" model would predict, including non-contiguous and anterior-to-posterior transformations. We probe the logic of Parhyale Hox cross-regulation by using CRISPR/Cas9 to systematically examine all combinations of Ubx, abd-A, and Abd-B loss of function in Parhyale. By analyzing homeotic phenotypes and examining the expression of additional Hox genes, we reveal Hox cross-regulatory interactions in Parhyale. From these data, we also demonstrate that some Parhyale Hox genes function combinatorially to specify posterior limb identity, rather than abiding by a posterior prevalence mechanism. These results provide evidence that combinatorial Hox interactions may be responsible for the tremendous body plan diversity of crustaceans.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=192 SRC="FIGDIR/small/485717v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (43K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@16bfc85org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@8f859eorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@8d7892org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1e6c9f0_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jarvis Alberstat, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.25.485717</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Combinatorial interactions of Hox genes establish appendage diversity of the amphipod crustacean Parhyale hawaiensis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.27.485719v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct regulation of Hox genes by Polycomb Group genes in a crustacean 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.27.485719v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Non-insect crustaceans exhibit tremendous body plan diversity. The evolution of diverse patterns of Hox gene expression has been implicated as a primary driver of body plan evolution between crustacean groups, but the mechanisms underlying Hox regulatory evolution remain unknown. We identify Polycomb and Trithorax Group proteins, crucial for proper Hox regulation across bilaterians, in the genome of the amphipod crustacean Parhyale hawaiensis, and demonstrate their essential functions in crustacean Hox regulation and embryonic development using CRISPR-Cas9 mutagenesis. Examination of Hox misexpression patterns between individual Hox genes with respect to timing, tissue, and PcG mutant gene in mutant embryos reveals that each crustacean Hox gene follows its own idiosyncratic regulatory mechanism. These results suggest a distinct regulation of Hox genes that may have enabled crustacean body plan evolution.

Primary Findings- The genome of the amphipod crustacean Parhyale hawaiensis contains all core Polycomb Group (PcG) and Trithorax Group (TrxG) proteins

- CRISPR-Cas9 mutagenesis of PcG proteins induces homeotic transformations and misexpression of Hox genes that differ from similar experiments in insects

- PcG knockout embryos show proper initiation of Hox expression boundaries at early developmental stages

- Each of the three posterior Hox genes in Parhyale displays distinct patterns of misexpression in response to PcG knockout

- Hox regulation appears to occur via different mechanisms in the nervous system vs. limbs

- PcG phenotypes reveal the potential for distinct layers of Hox regulation in crustaceans



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=193 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/485719v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (59K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@7508a7org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@18b0c2dorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1cc602corg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@bdf7fc_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takahashi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.27.485719</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct regulation of Hox genes by Polycomb Group genes in a crustacean]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.28.486119v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic demography of world's ethnic groups and their genomic identity between two individuals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.28.486119v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
All current categorizations of human population, such as ethnicity, ancestry and race, are based on various selections and combinations of subjectively- and/or qualitatively-defined characteristics, such as ancestral lineage/location, cultural/societal norm, language, skin color and other phenotypes and traits perceived by the members within or from outside of the categorized group. Yet, such categorization has been broadly used also in the fields of human genetics, health sciences and medical practices (e.g., 1,2,3), where the observed health characteristics are objectively and quantitatively definable, but the population categorization is not yet available. Here we show the feasibility of deriving a whole-genome-based categorization that is objectively definable and quantitatively measurable. We observe that: (a) the worlds ethnic populations form about 14 genomic groups (GGs); (b) each GG consists of multiple ethnic groups (EGs); and (c) at an individual level, approximately 99.8%, on average, of the whole genome contents are identical between any two individuals regardless of their GGs or EGs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, B.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.28.486119</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic demography of world's ethnic groups and their genomic identity between two individuals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.30.486420v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In vitro reconstitution of calcium-dependent recruitment of the human ESCRT machinery in lysosomal membrane repair 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.30.486420v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery has been shown to be centrally involved in repair of damage to both the plasma and lysosome membranes. ESCRT recruitment to sites of damage occurs on a fast time scale, and Ca2+ has been proposed to play a key signaling role in the process. Here, we show that the Ca2+-binding regulatory protein ALG-2 binds directly to negatively charged membranes in a Ca2+-dependent manner. Next, by monitoring the colocalization of ALIX with ALG-2 on negatively charged membranes, we show that ALG-2 recruits ALIX to the membrane. Furthermore, we show that ALIX recruitment to membrane orchestrates the downstream assembly of late-acting CHMP4B, CHMP3, CHMP2A subunits along with the AAA+ ATPase VPS4B. Finally, we show that ALG-2 can also recruit the ESCRT-III machinery to the membrane via the canonical ESCRT-I/II pathway. Our reconstitution experiments delineate the minimal sets of components needed to assemble the entire membrane repair machinery and open a new avenue for mechanistic understanding of endolysosomal membrane repair.

Significance statementOne of the ways by which protein aggregates can propagate and lead to progression of a neurodegenerative disease is by damaging the membrane that is destined to degrade the misfolded, aggregated protein. ESCRT machinery has been implicated in sealing these damaged membranes, and the nature of the membrane recruitment trigger signal for this machinery is a major open question. Here, we show in vitro that ALG-2 can bring ESCRT machinery to membranes in a Ca2+-dependent manner.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shukla, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larsen, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurley, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.30.486420</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In vitro reconstitution of calcium-dependent recruitment of the human ESCRT machinery in lysosomal membrane repair]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.30.486467v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Robust Variation in Infant Gut Microbiome Assembly Across a Spectrum of Lifestyles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.30.486467v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Infant microbiome assembly is intensely studied in infants from industrialized nations, but little is known about this process in populations living non-industrialized lifestyles. In this study we deeply sequenced infant stool samples from the Hadza hunter-gatherers of Tanzania and analyzed them in a global meta-analysis. Infant microbiomes develop along lifestyle-associated trajectories, with over twenty percent of genomes detected in the Hadza infant gut representing phylogenetically diverse novel species. Industrialized infants, even those who are breastfed, have microbiomes characterized by a paucity of Bifidobacterium infantis and gene cassettes involved in human milk utilization. Strains within lifestyle-associated taxonomic groups are shared between mother-infant dyads, consistent with early-life inheritance of lifestyle-shaped microbiomes. The population-specific differences in infant microbiome composition and function underscore the importance of studying microbiomes from people outside of wealthy, industrialized nations.

Recognition of work on indigenous communitiesResearch involving indigenous communities is needed for a variety of reasons including to ensure that scientific discoveries and understanding appropriately represent all populations and do not only benefit those living in industrialized nations. Special considerations must be made to ensure that this research is conducted ethically and in a non-exploitative manner. In this study we performed deep metagenomic sequencing on fecal samples that were collected from Hadza hunter-gatherers in 2013/2014 and were analyzed in previous publications using different methods (1, 2). A material transfer agreement with the National Institute for Medical Research in Tanzania ensures that stool samples collected are used solely for academic purposes, permission for the study was obtained from the National Institute of Medical Research (MR/53i 100/83, NIMR/HQ/R.8a/Vol.IX/1542) and the Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology, and verbal consent was obtained from the Hadza after the studys intent and scope was described with the help of a translator. The publications that first described these samples included several scientists and Tanzanian field-guides as co-authors for the critical roles they played in sample collection, but as no new samples were collected in this study, only scientists who contributed to the analyses described here were included as co-authors in this publication. It is currently not possible for us to travel to Tanzania and present our results to the Hadza people, however we intend to do so once the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic allow it.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Olm, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merrill, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, X. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tripathi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wastyk, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neff, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sonnenburg, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jha, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sonnenburg, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.30.486467</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Robust Variation in Infant Gut Microbiome Assembly Across a Spectrum of Lifestyles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.31.486129v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization of EDS1-independent plant defense responses against bacterial pathogens using Duckweed/Pseudomonas pathosystems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.31.486129v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY 1 (EDS1) mediates the induction of defense responses against pathogens in most land plants. However, it has recently been shown that a few species have lost EDS1. It is unknown how defense against disease unfolds and evolves in the absence of EDS1. Here we utilize duckweeds; a collection of aquatic species that lack EDS1, to investigate this question. We successfully established duckweed-Pseudomonas pathosystems and were able to characterize pathogen-induced responses in an immune system that lacks the EDS1 signaling pathway. We show that the copy number of infection-associated genes and the infection-induced transcriptional responses of duckweeds differ from that of other model species. Moreover, we show that the conservation of canonical Microbe Triggered Immunity and Effector Triggered Immunity pathways varies between duckweed species. This work shows that pathogen defense has evolved along different trajectories and uncovers alternative genomic and transcriptional reprogramming. Specifically, the miAMP1 domain containing proteins, which are absent in Arabidopsis, show pathogen responsive upregulation in duckweeds. Despite such divergence between Arabidopsis and duckweed species, we find evidence for the conservation of upregulation of certain genes and the role of hormones in response to disease. Our work highlights the importance of expanding the pool of model species to study defense responses that have evolved in the plant kingdom, including those independent of EDS1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baggs, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiersma, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abramsom, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krasileva, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.31.486129</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization of EDS1-independent plant defense responses against bacterial pathogens using Duckweed/Pseudomonas pathosystems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.04.487052v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microenvironmental engineering improves the self-organization of patterned microvascular networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.04.487052v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The construction of three-dimensional (3D) microvascular networks with defined structures remains challenging. Emerging bioprinting strategies provide a means of patterning endothelial cells (ECs) into the geometry of 3D microvascular networks, but the microenvironmental cues necessary to promote their self-organization into cohesive and perfusable microvessels are unknown. To this end, we reconstituted microvessel formation in vitro by patterning thin lines of closely packed ECs fully embedded within a 3D extracellular matrix (ECM) and observed how different microenvironmental parameters influenced EC behaviors and their self-organization into microvessels. We found that the inclusion of fibrillar matrices, such as collagen I, into the ECM positively influenced cell condensation into extended geometries such as cords. We also identified the presence of a high molecular weight protein(s) in fetal bovine serum (FBS) that negatively influenced EC condensation. This component destabilized cord structure by promoting cell protrusions and destabilizing cell-cell adhesions. Endothelial cords cultured in the presence of fibrillar collagen and the absence of this protein activity were able to polarize, lumenize, incorporate mural cells, and support fluid flow. These optimized conditions allowed for the construction of branched and perfusable microvascular networks directly from patterned cells in as little as three days. These findings reveal important design principles for future microvascular engineering efforts based on bioprinting techniques.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cabral, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srivastava, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coyle, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stashko, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weaver, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gartner, Z. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.04.487052</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microenvironmental engineering improves the self-organization of patterned microvascular networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.05.481366v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
EcoFun-MAP: An Ecological Function Oriented Metagenomic Analysis Pipeline 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.05.481366v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Annotating ecological functions of environmental metagenomes is challenging due to a lack of specialized reference databases and computational barriers. Here we present the Ecological Function oriented Metagenomic Analysis Pipeline (EcoFun-MAP) for efficient analysis of shotgun metagenomes in the context of ecological functions. We manually curated a reference database of EcoFun-MAP which is used for GeoChip design. This database included [~]1,500 functional gene families that were catalogued by important ecological functions, such as carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur cycling, metal homeostasis, stress responses, organic contaminant degradation, antibiotic resistance, microbial defense, electron transfer, virulence and plant growth promotion. EcoFun-MAP has five optional workflows from ultra-fast to ultra-conservative, fitting different research needs from functional gene exploration to stringent comparison. The pipeline is deployed on High Performance Computing (HPC) infrastructure with a highly accessible web-based interface. We showed that EcoFun-MAP is accurate and can process multi-million short reads in a minute. We applied EcoFun-MAP to analyze metagenomes from groundwater samples and revealed interesting insights of microbial functional traits in response to contaminations. EcoFun-MAP is available as a public web server at http://iegst1.rccc.ou.edu:8080/ecofunmap/.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, Z. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ning, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curtis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Nostrand, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hazen, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firestone, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.05.481366</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[EcoFun-MAP: An Ecological Function Oriented Metagenomic Analysis Pipeline]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.07.487446v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural and biochemical basis of FANCI-FANCD2 interdependent ubiquitination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.07.487446v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Fanconi Anaemia pathway operates for the repair of interstrand crosslinks and the maintenance of genomic stability upon replication stalling. Di-monoubiquitination of the FANCI-FANCD2 (ID2) complex is a central and crucial step in this pathway. Evidence suggests that FANCD2 ubiquitination precedes FANCI ubiquitination, and that both the FANCD2-ubiquitinated (ID2Ub) and the di- monoubiquitinated (IUbD2Ub) complex clamp on DNA. However, FANCD2 is deubiquitinated at a faster rate than FANCI, which can result in a FANCI-ubiquitinated ID2 complex (IUbD2). Here, we present a 4.1 [A] cryo-EM structure of IUbD2 complex bound to double-stranded DNA. We show that this complex, like ID2Ub and IUbD2Ub, is also in the closed ID2 conformation and clamps on DNA. While the target lysine of FANCD2 (K561) is partially buried in the non-ubiquitinated ID2-DNA complex, it becomes fully exposed in the IUbD2-DNA structure, and thus can be ubiquitinated at a faster rate. The IUbD2-DNA complex cannot easily revert to the non-ubiquitinated ID2 state, due to USP1-UAF1-resistance, conferred by the presence of DNA and FANCD2. ID2Ub-DNA, on the other hand, can be efficiently deubiquitinated by USP1-UAF1, unless further ubiquitination on FANCI occurs. FANCI ubiquitination also progresses at a faster rate in ID2Ub-DNA over ID2-DNA complex, and results in partial DNA-dependent protection from FANCD2 deubiquitination. Taken together, our results suggest that, while FANCD2 ubiquitination promotes FANCI ubiquitination, FANCI ubiquitination in turn maintains FANCD2 ubiquitination by two mechanisms: it prevents excessive FANCD2 deubiquitination within an IUbD2Ub-DNA complex, and it enables re-ubiquitination of FANCD2 within a transient, closed-on-DNA, IUbD2 complex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lemonidis, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rennie, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkinson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaugule, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streetley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walden, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.07.487446</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural and biochemical basis of FANCI-FANCD2 interdependent ubiquitination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.07.487476v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Restoration of high-sensitivity patterned vision in motion with an engineered light-gated G protein-coupled receptor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.07.487476v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inherited retinal degenerations (IRDs) result in blindness due to apoptotic cell death of rods and cones, but spare other retinal neurons, providing a potential that delivery of a light-activated signaling protein to surviving neurons may restore vision. We previously demonstrated that aspects of vision could be restored by introduction into surviving cells of a G protein-coupled receptor for glutamate (mGluR) bearing a tethered photoswitchable agonist. However, this system, containing one photoswitchable agonist per glutamate binding site, yielded low sensitivity, responding only to visual stimuli at the intensity of bright outdoor light, similar to channelrhodopsins. To increase sensitivity, we designed a multi-branched photoswitch, bearing four light-activatable glutamates for each glutamate binding site. When tethered to a modified mGluR2 expressed in retinal ganglion cells via intravitreal AAV gene delivery, this photoswitch boosted sensitivity by ~100-fold compared to the unbranched (single photo-ligand) photoswitch. This improvement in sensitivity enabled an IRD mouse model (rd1) to perform visually-guided object recognition under incidental room light and pattern recognition using standard LCD computer displays. The restored line pattern differentiation approached the acuity reported for normal mouse vision. Pattern recognition functioned as well as wildtype vision with line patterns moving at speeds of up to 36{degrees}/s. In summary, this two-component chemical-optogenetic approach combines high sensitivity and high acuity with superior motion vision, and, unlike optogenetic gene therapy, can be adjusted for dose, upgraded, as new photoswitches are developed, and discontinued at will.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Holt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berry, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donthamsetti, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Visel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broichhagen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flannery, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isacoff, E. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.07.487476</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Restoration of high-sensitivity patterned vision in motion with an engineered light-gated G protein-coupled receptor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.08.487562v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functionally and structurally distinct fusiform face area(s) in over 1000 participants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.08.487562v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Fusiform Face Area (FFA) is a widely studied region causally involved in face perception. Even though cognitive neuroscientists have been studying the FFA for over two decades, answers to foundational questions regarding the structure, function, and connectivity of the FFA from a large (N>1000) group of participants are still lacking. To fill this gap, we quantified structural, functional, and connectivity features of fusiform face-selective regions in 1080 participants in the Human Connectome Project (HCP). After manually defining over 4,000 fusiform face-selective regions, we report five main findings. First, 68.94% of hemispheres have two cortically separate regions (pFus-faces/FFA-1 and mFus-faces/FFA-2). Second, in 26.48% of hemispheres, pFus-faces/FFA-1 and mFus-faces/FFA-2 are spatially contiguous, yet functionally and structurally distinct. Third, pFus-faces/FFA-1 is more face-selective than mFus-faces/FFA-2, and the two regions have distinct functional connectivity fingerprints. Fourth, pFus-faces/FFA-1 is cortically thinner and more heavily myelinated than mFus-faces/FFA-2. Fifth, face-selective patterns and functional connectivity fingerprints of each region were more similar in monozygotic than dizygotic twins and more so than structural gradients. As we share our areal definitions with the field, future studies can explore how structural and functional features of these regions will inform theories regarding how visual categories are represented in the brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.08.487562</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functionally and structurally distinct fusiform face area(s) in over 1000 participants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.08.487708v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A cross-sectional study of the commercial plant-based landscape across the US, UK and Canada. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.08.487708v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As plant-based foods comprise an ever-increasing proportion of the diet, understanding the nutritional composition of these products is critical. In this study we assess the nutritional content of all commercial plant-based products across multiple sectors (supermarkets, fast food & sit down restaurants, food delivery companies and manufacturers) in the US, UK and Canada. We identified 3488 unique products. Across all sectors, 45% of main meals had >15g protein, 60% had <10%kcal from saturated fat; 29% had >10g fibre per meal; 86% had <1000mg sodium. At restaurants, meat-based main meals were significantly higher in protein and sodium compared to vegetarian and vegan meals. The meat-based options were also significantly higher in saturated fat than the vegan but not vegetarian options. We conclude that plant-based items tend to be lower in saturated fat and sodium than their meat-based counterparts but improvements are needed to optimise their nutritional composition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guess, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klatt, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williamson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulgenalp, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trinidade, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kusaslan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yilidrim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gowers, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guard, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mills, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.08.487708</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A cross-sectional study of the commercial plant-based landscape across the US, UK and Canada.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.08.487709v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
From Specification to Implementation: Assume-Guarantee Contracts for Synthetic Biology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.08.487709v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We provide a new perspective on using formal methods to model specifications and synthesize implementations for the design of biological circuits. In synthetic biology, design objectives are rarely described formally. We present an assume-guarantee contract framework to describe biological circuit design objectives as formal specifications. In our approach, these formal specifications are implemented by circuits modeled by ordinary differential equations, yielding a design framework that can be used to design complex synthetic biological circuits at scale. We describe our approach using the design of a biological AND gate as a motivating, running example.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pandey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Incer, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sangiovanni-Vincentelli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.08.487709</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[From Specification to Implementation: Assume-Guarantee Contracts for Synthetic Biology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.08.487710v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The RNA-RNA interactome between a phage and its satellite virus reveals a small RNA differentially regulates gene expression across both genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.08.487710v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phage satellites exhibit various regulatory mechanisms to manipulate phage gene expression to the benefit of the satellite. While small RNAs (sRNAs) are well documented as regulators of prokaryotic gene expression, they have not been shown to play a regulatory role in satellite-phage conflicts. Vibrio cholerae encodes the phage inducible chromosomal island-like element (PLE), a phage satellite, to defend itself against the lytic phage ICP1. Here we use Hi-GRIL-seq to identify a complex RNA-RNA interactome between PLE and ICP1. Both inter- and intragenome RNA interactions were detected, headlined by the PLE-encoded trans-acting sRNA, SviR. SviR regulates both PLE and ICP1 gene expression uniquely, decreasing translation of ICP1 targets and affecting PLE mRNAs processing. The striking conservation of SviR across all known PLEs suggests the sRNA is deeply rooted in the PLE-ICP1 conflict and implicates sRNAs as unidentified regulators of phage-satellite interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dunham, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angermeyer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seed, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.08.487710</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The RNA-RNA interactome between a phage and its satellite virus reveals a small RNA differentially regulates gene expression across both genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.09.487748v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improvement of Gene Delivery and Mutation Efficiency in the CRISPR-Cas9 Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Genomics System via Biolistics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.09.487748v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Discovery of the CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing system revolutionized the field of plant genomics. Despite advantages in ease of designing gRNA and the low cost of the CRISPR-Cas9 system, there are still hurdles to overcome in low mutation efficiencies, specifically in hexaploid wheat. In conjunction with gene delivery and transformation frequency, the mutation rate bottleneck has the potential to slow down advancements in genomic editing of wheat. In this study, nine bombardment parameter combinations using three gold particle sizes and three rupture disk pressures were tested to establish optimal stable transformation frequencies in wheat. Utilizing the best transformation protocol and a knockout cassette of the phytoene desaturase gene, we subjected transformed embryos to four temperature treatments and compared mutation efficiencies. The use of 0.6 m gold particles for bombardment increased transformation frequencies across all delivery pressures. A heat treatment of 34{degrees}C for 24 hours resulted in the highest mutation efficiency with no or minimal reduction in transformation frequency. The 34{degrees}C treatment produced two M0 mutant events with albino phenotypes, requiring biallelic mutations in all three genomes of hexaploid wheat. Utilizing optimal transformation and heat treatment parameters greatly increases mutation efficiency and can help advance research efforts in wheat genomics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minkenberg, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poddar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staskawicz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, M.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.09.487748</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improvement of Gene Delivery and Mutation Efficiency in the CRISPR-Cas9 Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Genomics System via Biolistics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.10.487779v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Learning inverse folding from millions of predicted structures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.10.487779v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We consider the problem of predicting a protein sequence from its backbone atom coordinates. Machine learning approaches to this problem to date have been limited by the number of available experimentally determined protein structures. We augment training data by nearly three orders of magnitude by predicting structures for 12M protein sequences using AlphaFold2. Trained with this additional data, a sequence-to-sequence transformer with invariant geometric input processing layers achieves 51% native sequence recovery on structurally held-out backbones with 72% recovery for buried residues, an overall improvement of almost 10 percentage points over existing methods. The model generalizes to a variety of more complex tasks including design of protein complexes, partially masked structures, binding interfaces, and multiple states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hsu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verkuil, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hie, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sercu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lerer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rives, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.10.487779</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Learning inverse folding from millions of predicted structures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.11.487892v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ribosome stalling during selenoprotein translation exposes a ferroptosis vulnerability in cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.11.487892v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ferroptosis is a regulated, iron-dependent form of necrosis that is triggered by the accumulation of oxidatively damaged phospholipids1-3. Glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) prevents ferroptosis by converting phospholipid hydroperoxides into non-toxic lipid alcohols4, 5. Ferroptosis has been implicated in the pathology of several degenerative conditions and inhibiting GPX4 activity has emerged as a therapeutic strategy to induce cancer cell death1, 2. However, many cancer cell lines are resistant to GPX4 inhibition6, and the mechanisms that regulate GPX4 activity and ferroptosis resistance remain incompletely understood. Here, employing a synthetic lethal CRISPR-Cas9 screen in a triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell line, we identify LRP8 (also known as ApoER2) as a ferroptosis resistance factor. LRP8 is upregulated in cancer, and we find that it promotes ferroptosis resistance in cancer cells in both 2-dimensional (2-D) cell culture and 3-dimensional (3-D) spheroid models. Mechanistically, loss of LRP8 decreases cellular selenium levels, resulting in the reduced expression of a subset of selenoproteins, including GPX4. Remarkably, the reduction in GPX4 is not due to the classic hierarchical selenoprotein regulatory program7, 8. Instead, our findings demonstrate that the translation of GPX4 is severely impaired in the selenium-deficient LRP8 knockout (KO) cells due to extensive ribosome stalling at the inefficiently decoded GPX4 selenocysteine (SEC) UGA codon, which results in ribosome collisions and early translation termination. Thus, our findings reveal ribosome stalling and collisions during GPX4 translation as targetable ferroptosis vulnerabilities in cancer cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deol, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magtanong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassik, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dixon, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingolia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olzmann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.11.487892</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ribosome stalling during selenoprotein translation exposes a ferroptosis vulnerability in cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.12.488084v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interpreting the pervasive observation of U-shaped Site Frequency Spectra 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.12.488084v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The standard neutral model of molecular evolution has traditionally been used as the null model for population genomics. We gathered a collection of 45 genome-wide site frequency spectra from a diverse set of species, most of which display an excess of low and high frequency variants compared to the expectation of the standard neutral model, resulting in U-shaped spectra. We show that multiple merger coalescent models often provide a better fit to these observations than the standard Kingman coalescent. Hence, in many circumstances these under-utilized models may serve as the more appropriate reference for genomic analyses. We further discuss the underlying evolutionary processes that may result in the widespread U-shape of frequency spectra.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Freund, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerdoncuff, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matuszewski, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lapierre, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hildebrandt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferretti, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lambert, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sackton, T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Achaz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.12.488084</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interpreting the pervasive observation of U-shaped Site Frequency Spectra]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.12.488091v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Defining tertiary sulci in lateral prefrontal cortex in chimpanzees using human predictions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.12.488091v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Similarities and differences in brain structure and function across species is of major interest in systems neuroscience, comparative biology, and brain mapping. Recently, increased emphasis has been placed on tertiary sulci, which are shallow indentations of the cerebral cortex that appear last in gestation, continue to develop after birth, and are largely either human- or hominoid-specific. While tertiary sulcal morphology in lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) has been linked to functional representations and cognition in humans, it is presently unknown if LPFC tertiary sulci also exist in non-human hominoids. To fill this gap in knowledge, we leveraged two freely available multimodal datasets to address the following main question: Can LPFC tertiary sulci be defined in chimpanzee cortical surfaces from human predictions? We found that 1-3 components of the posterior middle frontal sulcus (pmfs) in the posterior middle frontal gyrus are identifiable in nearly all chimpanzee hemispheres. In stark contrast to the consistency of the pmfs components, we could only identify components of the paraintermediate frontal sulcus (pimfs) in two chimpanzee hemispheres. LPFC tertiary sulci were relatively smaller and shallower in chimpanzees compared to humans. In both species, two of the pmfs components were deeper in the right compared to the left hemisphere. As these results have direct implications for future studies interested in the functional and cognitive role of LPFC tertiary sulci across species, we share probabilistic predictions of the three pmfs components to guide the definitions of these sulci in future studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hathaway, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voorhies, W. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sathishkumar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mittal, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.12.488091</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Defining tertiary sulci in lateral prefrontal cortex in chimpanzees using human predictions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.13.488252v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Assignment of structural transitions during mechanical unwrapping of nucleosomes and their disassembly products 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.13.488252v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nucleosome DNA unwrapping and its disassembly into hexasomes and tetrasomes is necessary for genomic access and plays an important role in transcription regulation. Previous single-molecule mechanical nucleosome unwrapping revealed a low- and a high-force transitions, and force-FRET pulling experiments showed that DNA unwrapping is asymmetrical occurring always first from one side before the other. However, the assignment of DNA segments involved in these transitions remains controversial. Here, using high-resolution optical tweezers with simultaneous single-molecule FRET detection we show that the low-force transition corresponds to the undoing of the outer-wrap of one side of the nucleosome (~27 bp), a process that can occur either cooperatively or non-cooperatively, whereas the high-force transition corresponds to the simultaneous unwrapping of ~76 bp from both sides. This process may give rise stochastically to the disassembly of nucleosomes into hexasomes and tetrasomes whose unwrapping/rewrapping trajectories we establish. In contrast, nucleosome rewrapping does not exhibit asymmetry. To rationalize all previous nucleosome unwrapping experiments, it is necessary to invoke that mechanical unwrapping involves two nucleosome reorientations: one that contributes to the change in extension at the low-force transition, and another that coincides but does not contribute to the high-force transition.

Significance statementNucleosomes, the fundamental structural unit of chromatin, consists of ~147 DNA base pairs wrapped around a histone protein octamer. Determining the forces required to unwrap the DNA from the core particle and the stepwise transitions involved in the process are essential to characterize the strength of the nucleosomal barrier and its contribution as a mechanism of control of gene expression. Here, we performed combined optical tweezers and single-molecule fluorescence measurements to annotate the specific DNA segments unwrapping during the force transitions observed in mechanical unwrapping of nucleosomes. Furthermore, we characterize the mechanical signatures of subnucleosomal particles: hexasomes and tetrasomes. The characterization performed in this work is essential for the interpretation of ongoing studies of chromatin remodelers, polymerases, and histone chaperones.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Diaz-Celis, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canari-Chumpitaz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sosa, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castillo, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vien, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Onoa, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustamante, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.13.488252</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Assignment of structural transitions during mechanical unwrapping of nucleosomes and their disassembly products]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.14.488376v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Meiotic Nuclear Pore Complex Remodeling Provides Key Insights into Nuclear Basket Organization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.14.488376v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) are large proteinaceous assemblies that mediate nuclear compartmentalization. NPCs undergo largescale structural rearrangements during mitosis in metazoans and some fungi. However, our understanding of NPC remodeling beyond mitosis remains limited. Using time-lapse fluorescence microscopy, we discovered that NPCs undergo two mechanistically-separable remodeling events during budding yeast meiosis whereby parts or all of the nuclear basket transiently dissociate from the NPC core during meiosis I and II, respectively. Meiosis I detachment, observed for Nup60 and Nup2, is driven by Polo kinase-mediated phosphorylation of Nup60 at its interface with the Y-complex. Subsequent reattachment of Nup60-Nup2 to the NPC core is mediated by a lipid-binding amphipathic helix in Nup60. Preventing Nup60-Nup2 reattachment causes misorganization of the entire nuclear basket in gametes. Strikingly, meiotic nuclear basket remodeling also occurs in the distantly related fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Our study reveals a conserved and developmentally programmed aspect of NPC plasticity, providing key mechanistic insights into nuclear basket organization.

SUMMARYKing and Wettstein et al. reveal that nuclear pore complexes undergo two distinct remodeling events during budding yeast meiosis: partial and full nuclear basket detachment. By dissecting the regulation of these events, the study provides mechanistic insights into NPC organization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>King, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wettstein, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varberg, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chetlapalli, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillet, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez-Armenta, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beltrao, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aebersold, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaspersen, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matos, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.14.488376</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Meiotic Nuclear Pore Complex Remodeling Provides Key Insights into Nuclear Basket Organization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.15.488482v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prescribed fire selects for a pyrophilous soil subcommunity in a northern California mixed conifer forest. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.15.488482v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Low intensity prescribed fire is a critical strategy for mitigating the effects of catastrophic wildfires. The above-ground response to fire has been well-documented, including many ecosystem benefits associated with prescribed burning, but fewer studies have directly addressed the effect of prescribed fire on soil organisms. We aimed to understand how soil microbial communities respond to prescribed fire and to determine the ecological processes driving their dynamics. We extensively sampled four plots for 17 months in a mixed conifer forest in northern California, USA; immediately following a low-intensity prescribed fire, a higher-intensity prescribed fire, and two no-burn control plots. We found that prescribed fire significantly altered the community structure for both fungi (ITS) and bacteria (16S), which was sustained throughout the time-series. By comparing our community profiling results with a model of neutral community assembly, we found that the presence of most taxa across all experimental conditions could be explained by neutral processes. However, combining threshold indicator taxa analysis and correlation network analysis with the neutral model identified a cohort of taxa that responded deterministically to prescribed fire. The subcommunity identified through this series of analyses includes both known and new pyrophilous taxa. Beyond this, our analyses revealed network modules within postfire communities which were responsive to fire-intensity. Taken together, these results lay the foundation for building a process-driven understanding of microbial community assembly in the context of the classical disturbance regime of fire.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fischer, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Lorimier, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traxler, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.15.488482</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prescribed fire selects for a pyrophilous soil subcommunity in a northern California mixed conifer forest.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.20.488897v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vision-dependent and -independent molecular maturation of mouse retinal ganglion cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.20.488897v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The development and connectivity of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), the retinas sole output neurons, are patterned by activity-independent transcriptional programs and activity-dependent remodeling. To inventory the molecular correlates of these influences, we applied high-throughput single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to mouse RGCs at six embryonic and postnatal ages. We identified temporally regulated modules of genes that correlate with, and likely regulate, multiple phases of RGC development, ranging from differentiation and axon guidance to synaptic recognition and refinement. Some of these genes are expressed broadly while others, including key transcription factors and recognition molecules, are selectively expressed by one or a few of the 45 transcriptomically distinct types defined previously in adult mice. Next, we used these results as a foundation to analyze the transcriptomes of RGCs in mice lacking visual experience due to dark rearing from birth or to mutations that ablate either bipolar or photoreceptor cells. 98.5% of visually deprived (VD) RGCs could be unequivocally assigned to a single RGC type based on their transcriptional profiles, demonstrating that visual activity is dispensable for acquisition and maintenance of RGC type identity. However, visual deprivation significantly reduced the transcriptomic distinctions among RGC types, implying that activity is required for complete RGC maturation or maintenance. Consistent with this notion, transcriptomic alternations in VD RGCs significantly overlapped with gene modules found in developing RGCs. Our results provide a resource for mechanistic analyses of RGC differentiation and maturation, and for investigating the role of activity in these processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Whitney, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butrus, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dyer, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rieke, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shekhar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.20.488897</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vision-dependent and -independent molecular maturation of mouse retinal ganglion cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.20.488981v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Candidatus Nealsonbacteria (OD1) in a methanogenic benzene-degrading enrichment culture is likely an ectosymbiotic biomass recycler 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.20.488981v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Candidate Phyla Radiation (CPR) is a very large group of bacteria with no pure culture representatives, first discovered by metagenomic analyses. Within the CPR, candidate phylum Parcubacteria (previously referred to as OD1) within the candidate superphylum Patescibacteria is prevalent in anoxic sediments and groundwater. Previously, we had identified a specific member of the Parcubacteria (referred to as DGGOD1a) as an important member of a methanogenic benzene-degrading consortium. Phylogenetic analyses herein place DGGOD1a within the Candidate clade Nealsonbacteria. Because of its persistence over many years, we hypothesized that Ca. Nealsonbacteria DGGOD1a must serve an important role in sustaining anaerobic benzene metabolism in the consortium. To try to identify its growth substrate, we amended the culture with a variety of defined compounds (pyruvate, acetate, hydrogen, DNA, phospholipid), as well as crude culture lysate and three subfractions thereof. We observed the greatest (10 fold) increase in the absolute abundance of Ca. Nealsonbacteria DGGOD1a only when the consortium was amended with crude cell lysate. These results implicate Ca. Nealsonbacteria in biomass recycling. Fluorescent in situ hybridization and cryogenic transmission electron microscope images revealed that Ca. Nealsonbacteria DGGOD1a cells were attached to larger archaeal Methanothrix cells. This apparent epibiont lifestyle was supported by metabolic predictions from a manually curated complete genome. This is one of the first examples of bacterial-archaeal episymbiosis and may be a feature of other Ca. Nealsonbacteria found in anoxic environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molenda, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toth, C. R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nesbo, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montabana, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cate, J. H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.20.488981</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Candidatus Nealsonbacteria (OD1) in a methanogenic benzene-degrading enrichment culture is likely an ectosymbiotic biomass recycler]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.21.485668v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
McaA and McaB control the dynamic positioning of a bacterial magnetic organelle 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.21.485668v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are a diverse group of microorganisms that use intracellular chains of ferrimagnetic nanocrystals, produced within their magnetosome organelles, to align and navigate along the geomagnetic field. The cell biological and biochemical properties of magnetosomes make them a powerful model for studying the molecular mechanisms of biomineralization and compartmentalization in bacteria. While several conserved magnetosome formation genes have been described, the evolutionary strategies for their species-specific diversification remain unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the fragmented nature of magnetosome chains in Magnetospirillum magneticum AMB-1 is controlled by two genes named mcaA and mcaB. McaA recognizes the positive curvature of the inner cell membrane while McaB localises to magnetosomes. Along with the MamK actin-like cytoskeleton, they create space for addition of new magnetosomes in between pre-existing magnetosomes. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that McaAB homologs are widespread and may represent an ancient strategy for organelle positioning in MTB.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monteil, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taoka, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ernie, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor-Cornejo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lefevre, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Komeili, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.21.485668</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[McaA and McaB control the dynamic positioning of a bacterial magnetic organelle]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.21.489100v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A natural variation-based screen in mouse cells reveals USF2 as a regulator of the DNA damage response and cellular senescence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.21.489100v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular senescence is a program of cell cycle arrest, apoptosis resistance, and cytokine release induced by stress exposure in metazoan cells. Landmark studies in laboratory mice have characterized a number of master senescence regulators, including p16INK4a, p21, NF-kB, p53, and C/EBP{beta}. To discover other molecular players in senescence, we developed a screening approach to harness the evolutionary divergence between mouse species. We found that primary cells from the Mediterranean mouse Mus spretus, when treated with DNA damage to induce senescence, produced less cytokine and had less-active lysosomes than cells from laboratory M. musculus. We used allele-specific expression profiling to catalog senescence-dependent cis-regulatory variation between the species at thousands of genes. We then tested for correlation between these expression changes and interspecies sequence variants in the binding sites of transcription factors. Among the emergent candidate senescence regulators, we chose a little-studied cell cycle factor, USF2, for molecular validation. In acute irradiation experiments, cells lacking USF2 had compromised DNA damage repair and response. Longer-term senescent cultures without USF2 mounted an exaggerated senescence regulatory program--shutting down cell cycle and DNA repair pathways, and turning up cytokine expression, more avidly than wild-type. We interpret these findings under a model of pro-repair, anti-senescence regulatory function by USF2. Our study affords new insights into the mechanisms by which cells commit to senescence, and serves as a validated proof of concept for natural variation-based regulator screens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopania, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schilling, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campisi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Good, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brem, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.21.489100</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A natural variation-based screen in mouse cells reveals USF2 as a regulator of the DNA damage response and cellular senescence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.24.489292v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Saturation mutagenesis of a predicted ancestral Syk-family kinase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.24.489292v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many tyrosine kinases cannot be expressed readily in E. coli, limiting facile production of these proteins for biochemical experiments. We used ancestral sequence reconstruction to generate a spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) variant that can be expressed in bacteria and purified in soluble form, unlike the human members of this family (Syk and ZAP-70). The catalytic activity, substrate specificity, and regulation by phosphorylation of this Syk variant are similar to the corresponding properties of human Syk and ZAP-70. Taking advantage of the ability to express this novel Syk-family kinase in bacteria, we developed a two-hybrid assay that couples the growth of E.coli in the presence of an antibiotic to successful phosphorylation of a bait peptide by the kinase. Using this assay, we screened a site-saturation mutagenesis library of the kinase domain of this reconstructed Syk-family kinase. Sites of loss-of-function mutations identified in the screen correlate well with residues established previously as critical to function and/or structure in protein kinases. We also identified activating mutations in the regulatory hydrophobic spine and activation loop, which are within key motifs involved in kinase regulation. Strikingly, one mutation in an ancestral Syk-family variant increases the soluble expression of the protein by 75-fold. Thus, through ancestral sequence reconstruction followed by deep mutational scanning, we have generated Syk-family kinase variants that can be expressed in bacteria with very high yield.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hobbs, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoemaker, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amacher, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marqusee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuriyan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.24.489292</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Saturation mutagenesis of a predicted ancestral Syk-family kinase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.25.489438v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Blood-brain barrier dysfunction promotes astrocyte senescence through albumin-induced TGFβ signaling activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.25.489438v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Blood-brain barrier dysfunction (BBBD) and accumulation of senescent astrocytes occur during brain aging and contribute to neuroinflammation and disease. Here, we explored the relationship between these two age-related events, hypothesizing that chronic hippocampal exposure to the blood-borne protein serum albumin could induce stress-induced premature senescence (SIPS) in astrocytes via transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF{beta}) signaling. We found that one week of albumin exposure significantly increased TGF{beta}1 and senescence marker expression in cultured rat hippocampal astrocytes. These changes were preventable by pharmacological inhibition of the type I TGF{beta} receptor (TGF{beta}R) ALK5. To study these effects in vivo, we utilized an animal model of BBBD in which albumin was continuously infused into the lateral ventricles of adult mice. Consistent with our in vitro results, one week of albumin infusion significantly increased TGF{beta} signaling activation and the burden of senescent astrocytes in hippocampal tissue. Pharmacological inhibition of TGF{beta}R ALK5 or conditional genetic knockdown of astrocytic TGF{beta}R prior to albumin infusion was sufficient to prevent albumin-induced astrocyte senescence. Together, these results establish a link between TGF{beta} signaling activation and astrocyte senescence and suggest that prolonged exposure to serum albumin due to BBBD can trigger these phenotypic changes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Preininger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaytseva, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.25.489438</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Blood-brain barrier dysfunction promotes astrocyte senescence through albumin-induced TGFβ signaling activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.28.489972v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular Determinants of Tissue Specificity of Flavivirus Nonstructural Protein 1 Interaction with Endothelial Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.28.489972v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Members of the mosquito-borne flavivirus genus such as dengue (DENV), West Nile (WNV), and Zika (ZIKV) viruses cause distinct diseases and affect different tissues. We previously found that the secreted flaviviral nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) interacts with endothelial cells and disrupts endothelial barrier function in a tissue-specific manner consistent with the disease tropism of the respective viruses. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of this tissue-specific NS1-endothelial cell interaction is not well understood. To elucidate the distinct role(s) that the domains of NS1 ({beta}-roll, wing, and {beta}-ladder) play in NS1 interactions with endothelial cells, we constructed flavivirus NS1 chimeras that exchanged the wing and {beta}-ladder domains in a pair-wise manner between DENV, WNV, and ZIKV NS1. We found that both the NS1 wing and {beta}-ladder domains conferred NS1 tissue-specific endothelial dysfunction, with the wing conferring cell binding and the {beta}-ladder involved in inducing endothelial hyperpermeability as measured by trans-endothelial electrical resistance assay. To narrow down the amino acids dictating cell binding specificity, we utilized the DENV-WNV NS1 chimera and identified residues 91 to 93 (GDI) of DENV NS1 as a molecular motif determining binding specificity. Further, using an in vivo mouse model of localized leak, we found that the GDI motif of the wing domain was essential for triggering DENV NS1-induced vascular leak in mouse dermis. Taken together, we identify molecular determinants of flavivirus NS1 that confer NS1 binding and vascular leak and highlight the importance of the NS1 wing domain for flavivirus pathogenesis.

ImportanceFlavivirus NS1 is secreted into the bloodstream from infected cells during a viral infection. Dengue virus NS1 contributes to severe dengue pathology such as endothelial dysfunction and vascular leak independently of the virus. We have shown that multiple flavivirus NS1 proteins result in endothelial dysfunction in a tissue-specific manner consistent with their respective viral tropism. Here, we aimed to identify the molecular determinants that make some, but not other, flavivirus NS1 proteins bind to select endothelial cells in vitro and cause vascular leak in a mouse model. We identified the wing domain of NS1 as a primary determinant conferring differential endothelial dysfunction and vascular leak and narrowed the contributing amino acid residues to a three-residue motif within the wing domain. The insights from this study pave the way for future studies on the effects of flavivirus NS1 on viral dissemination and pathogenesis and offer potential new avenues for antiviral therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lo, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roodsari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tin, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biering, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.28.489972</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular Determinants of Tissue Specificity of Flavivirus Nonstructural Protein 1 Interaction with Endothelial Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.02.490317v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative computational structural genomics highlights divergent evolution of fungal effectors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.02.490317v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Elucidating the evolution of pathogen effector molecules is critical to understand infection mechanisms of fungal phytopathogens and ensure crop security. However, rapid diversification that diminishes sequence similarities between homologous effectors has largely concealed the roots of effector evolution. We predicted the folds of 26,653 secreted proteins from 21 species with AlphaFold and performed structure-guided comparative analyses on two aspects of effector evolution: uniquely expanded effector families and common folds present across the fungal species. Extreme expansion of nearly lineage-specific effector families was found only in several obligate biotrophs, Blumeria graminis and Puccinia graminis. The highly expanded effector families were the source of conserved sequence motifs, such as the Y/F/WxC motif. We identified additional lineage-specific effector families that include known (a)virulence factors, such as AvrSr35, AvrSr50 and Tin2. These families represented new classes of sequence-unrelated structurally similar effectors. Structural comparisons revealed that the expanded structural folds further diversify through domain duplications and fusion with disordered stretches. Sub-and neo-functionalized structurally similar effectors reconverge on regulation, expanding the functional pools of effectors in the pathogen infection cycle. We also found evidence that many effector families could have originated from ancestral folds that have been conserved across fungi. Collectively, our study highlights diverse mechanisms of effector evolution and supports divergent evolution of effectors that leads to emergence of pathogen virulence from ancestral proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Seong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krasileva, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.02.490317</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative computational structural genomics highlights divergent evolution of fungal effectors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.04.490594v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Population Genomics of Stone Age Eurasia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.04.490594v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Western Eurasia witnessed several large-scale human migrations during the Holocene1-5. To investigate the cross-continental impacts we shotgun-sequenced 317 primarily Mesolithic and Neolithic genomes from across Northern and Western Eurasia. These were imputed alongside published data to obtain diploid genotypes from >1,600 ancient humans. Our analyses revealed a  Great Divide genomic boundary extending from the Black Sea to the Baltic. Mesolithic hunter-gatherers (HGs) were highly genetically differentiated east and west of this zone, and the impact of the neolithisation was equally disparate. Large-scale ancestry shifts occurred in the west as farming was introduced, including near-total replacements of HGs in many areas, whereas no substantial ancestry shifts happened east of the zone during the same period. Similarly, relatedness decreased in the west from the Neolithic transition onwards, while east of the Urals relatedness remained high until [~]4,000 BP, consistent with persistence of localised HG groups. The boundary dissolved when Yamnaya-related ancestry spread across western Eurasia around 5,000 BP resulting in a second major turnover that reached most parts of Europe within a 1,000-year span. The genetic origin and fate of the Yamnaya have remained elusive but we demonstrate that HGs from the Middle Don region contributed ancestry to them. Yamnaya-groups later admixed with individuals associated with the Globular Amphora Culture before expanding into Europe. Similar turnovers occurred in western Siberia, where we report new genomic data from a  Neolithic steppe cline spanning the Siberian forest steppe to Lake Baikal. These prehistoric migrations had profound and lasting effects on the genetic diversity of Eurasian populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Allentoft, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sikora, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Refoyo-Martinez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irving-Pease, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrie, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingason, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stenderup, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sjögren, K.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sousa da Mota, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulsson, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halgren, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schjellerup Jorkov, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demeter, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novosolov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macleod, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorensen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, P. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henriksen, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vimala, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McColl, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margaryan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilardo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaughn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mortensen, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hede, M. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasmussen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renaud, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trolle Jensen, T. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johannsen, N. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scorrano, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramsoe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skorobogatov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schork, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.04.490594</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Population Genomics of Stone Age Eurasia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.05.490831v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Feature-space selection with banded ridge regression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.05.490831v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Encoding models provide a powerful framework to identify the information represented in brain recordings. In this framework, a stimulus representation is expressed within a feature space and is used in a regularized linear regression to predict brain activity. To account for a potential complementarity of different feature spaces, a joint model is fit on multiple feature spaces simultaneously. To adapt regularization strength to each feature space, ridge regression is extended to banded ridge regression, which optimizes a different regularization hyperparameter per feature space. The present paper proposes a method to decompose over feature spaces the variance explained by a banded ridge regression model. It also describes how banded ridge regression performs a feature-space selection, effectively ignoring non-predictive and redundant feature spaces. This feature-space selection leads to better prediction accuracy and to better interpretability. Banded ridge regression is then mathematically linked to a number of other regression methods with similar feature-space selection mechanisms. Finally, several methods are proposed to address the computational challenge of fitting banded ridge regressions on large numbers of voxels and feature spaces. All implementations are released in an open-source Python package called Himalaya.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dupre la Tour, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eickenberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallant, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.05.490831</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Feature-space selection with banded ridge regression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.07.490946v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A task-general connectivity model reveals variation in convergence of cortical inputs to functional regions of the cerebellum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.07.490946v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While resting-state fMRI studies have provided a broad picture of the connectivity between human neocortex and cerebellum, the degree of convergence of cortical inputs onto cerebellar circuits remains unknown. Does each cerebellar region receive input from a single cortical area or convergent inputs from multiple cortical areas? Here we use task-based fMRI data to build a range of cortico-cerebellar connectivity models, each allowing for a different degree of convergence. We compared these models by their ability to predict cerebellar activity patterns for novel Task Sets. Models that allow some degree of convergence provided the best predictions, arguing for convergence of multiple cortical inputs onto single cerebellar voxels. Importantly, the degree of convergence varied across the cerebellum with the highest convergence observed in areas linked to language, working memory, and social cognition. These findings suggest important differences in the way that functional subdivisions of the cerebellum support motor and cognitive function.

HighlightsO_LIModels of cortico-cerebellar connectivity are quantified using task-based fMRI
C_LIO_LIConvergent rather than sparse inputs best characterize cortico-cerebellar connectivity
C_LIO_LICerebellar areas linked to cognition receive high convergence of cortical inputs
C_LIO_LIModels successfully generalize to new tasks and new participants
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>King, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shahshahani, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.07.490946</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A task-general connectivity model reveals variation in convergence of cortical inputs to functional regions of the cerebellum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.09.490804v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution avoids a pathological stabilizing interaction in the immune protein S100A9 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.09.490804v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stability constrains evolution. While much is known about constraints on destabilizing mutations, less is known about the constraints on stabilizing mutations. We recently identified a mutation in the innate immune protein S100A9 that provides insight into such constraints. When introduced into human S100A9, M63F simultaneously increases the stability of the protein and disrupts its natural ability to activate Toll-like receptor 4. Using chemical denaturation, we found that M63F stabilizes a calcium-bound conformation of hS100A9. We then used NMR to solve the structure of the mutant protein, revealing that the mutation distorts the hydrophobic binding surface of hS100A9, explaining its deleterious effect on function. Hydrogen deuterium exchange (HDX) experiments revealed stabilization of the region around M63F in the structure, notably Phe37. In the structure of the M63F mutant, the Phe37 and Phe63 sidechains are in contact, plausibly forming an edge-face {nu}-stack. Mutating Phe37 to Leu abolished the stabilizing effect of M63F as probed by both chemical denaturation and HDX. It also restored the biological activity of S100A9 disrupted by M63F. These findings reveal that Phe63 creates a "molecular staple" with Phe37 that stabilizes a non-functional conformation of the protein, thus disrupting function. Using a bioinformatic analysis, we found that S100A9 proteins from different organisms rarely have Phe at both positions 37 and 63, suggesting that avoiding a pathological stabilizing interaction indeed constrains S100A9 evolution. This work highlights an important evolutionary constraint on stabilizing mutations: they must avoid inappropriately stabilizing non-functional protein conformations.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTProtein stability constrains protein evolution. While much is known about evolutionary constraints on destabilizing mutations, less is known about the constraints on stabilizing mutations. We recently found a mutation to an innate immune protein that increases its stability but disrupts its function. Here we show, through careful biophysical and functional studies, that this mutation stabilizes a nonfunctional form of the protein through a direct interaction with another amino acid. We find that specific amino acids can be tolerated at each of the interacting positions individually, but not at both simultaneously. This pattern has been conserved over millions of years of evolution. Our work highlights an underappreciated evolutionary constraint on stabilizing mutations: they must avoid inappropriately stabilizing non-functional protein conformations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harman, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reardon, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costello, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connor, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marqusee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harms, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.09.490804</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution avoids a pathological stabilizing interaction in the immune protein S100A9]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.09.491102v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid learning with highly localized synaptic plasticity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.09.491102v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The brains of all animals are plastic, allowing us to form new memories, adapt to new environments, and to learn new tasks. What is less clear is how much plasticity is required to perform these cognitive functions: does learning require widespread plasticity across the brain, or can learning occur with more rigid networks, in which plasticity is highly localized? Here, we use biologically-inspired recurrent neural network (RNN) models to show that rapid multitask learning can be accomplished in reservoir-style networks, in which synaptic plasticity is sparse and highly localized. Crucially, only RNNs initialized with highly specific combinations of network properties, such as topology, normalization and reciprocal connection strength, are capable of such learning. Finally, we show that this rapid learning with localized plasticity can be accomplished with purely local error signals, without backpropagation, using a reinforcement learning setup. This work suggests that rapid learning in artificial (and potentially biological) agents can be accomplished with mostly-rigid networks, in which synaptic plasticity is highly constrained.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Masse, N. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsao, D. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freedman, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.09.491102</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid learning with highly localized synaptic plasticity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.11.491552v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
JBrowse Jupyter: A Python interface to JBrowse 2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.11.491552v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWO_ST_ABSMotivationC_ST_ABSJBrowse Jupyter is a package that aims to close the gap between Python programming and genomic visualization. Web-based genome browsers are routinely used for publishing and inspecting genome annotations. Historically they have been deployed at the end of bioinformatics pipelines, typically decoupled from the analysis itself. However, emerging technologies such as Jupyter notebooks enable a more rapid iterative cycle of development, analysis and visualization.

ResultsWe have developed a package that provides a python interface to JBrowse 2s suite of embeddable components, including the primary Linear Genome View. The package enables users to quickly set up, launch and customize JBrowse views from Jupyter notebooks. In addition, users can share their data via Googles Colab notebooks, providing reproducible interactive views.

AvailabilityJBrowse Jupyter is released under the Apache License and is available for download on PyPI. Source code and demos are available on GitHub at https://github.com/GMOD/jbrowse-jupyter.

Contactihh@berkeley.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martinez, T. D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hershberg, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diesh, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bridge, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haw, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buels, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, I. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.11.491552</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[JBrowse Jupyter: A Python interface to JBrowse 2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.12.491742v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SCONCE2: jointly inferring single cell copy number profiles and tumor evolutionary distances 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.12.491742v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single cell whole genome tumor sequencing can yield novel insights into the evolutionary history of somatic copy number alterations. Existing single cell copy number calling methods do not explicitly model the shared evolutionary process of multiple cells, and generally analyze cells independently. Additionally, existing methods for estimating tumor cell phylogenies using copy number profiles are sensitive to profile estimation errors. We present SCONCE2, a method for jointly calling copy number alterations and estimating pairwise distances for single cell sequencing data. Using simulations, we show that SCONCE2 has higher accuracy in copy number calling and phylogeny estimation than competing methods. We apply SCONCE2 to previously published single cell sequencing data to illustrate the utility of the method.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hui, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.12.491742</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SCONCE2: jointly inferring single cell copy number profiles and tumor evolutionary distances]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.13.491801v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human REM sleep controls neural excitability in support of memory formation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.13.491801v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sleep oscillations provide a key substrate to facilitate memory processing, the underlying mechanism of which may involve the overnight homeostatic regulation of plasticity at a synaptic and whole-network level. However, there remains a lack of human data demonstrating if and how sleep enhances memory consolidation and associated neural homeostasis. We combined intracranial recordings and scalp electroencephalography (EEG) in humans to reveal a new role for rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in promoting the homeostatic recalibration of optimal excitation/inhibition-balance. Moreover, the extent of this REM-sleep homeostatic recalibration predicted the success of overnight memory consolidation, expressly the modulation of hippocampal-- neocortical excitability favoring remembering rather than forgetting. The findings describe a novel, fundamental role of human REM sleep in maintaining neural homeostasis, thereby enhancing long-term memory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lendner, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mander, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuh-Hofer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helfrich, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.13.491801</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human REM sleep controls neural excitability in support of memory formation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.13.491895v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Site pleiotropy of a stickleback tooth and fin enhancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.13.491895v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Development and regeneration are orchestrated by gene regulatory networks that operate in part through transcriptional enhancers. Although many enhancers are pleiotropic and are active in multiple tissues, little is known about whether enhancer pleiotropy is due to 1) site pleiotropy, in which individual transcription factor binding sites (TFBS) are required for activity in multiple tissues, or 2) multiple distinct sites that regulate expression in different tissues. Here, we investigated the pleiotropy of an intronic enhancer of the stickleback Bone morphogenetic protein 6 (Bmp6) gene. This enhancer was previously shown to regulate evolved changes in tooth number and tooth regeneration, and is highly pleiotropic, with robust activity in both fins and teeth throughout embryonic, larval, and adult life. We tested the hypothesis that the pleiotropy of this enhancer is due to site pleiotropy of an evolutionarily conserved predicted Foxc1 TFBS. Transgenic analysis and site-directed mutagenesis experiments both deleting and scrambling this predicted Foxc1 TFBS revealed that the binding site is required for enhancer activity in both teeth and fins throughout embryonic, larval, and adult development. Collectively these data support a model where the pleiotropy of this Bmp6 enhancer is due to site pleiotropy and this putative binding site is required for enhancer activity in multiple anatomical sites from the embryo to the adult.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rowley, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Square, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.13.491895</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Site pleiotropy of a stickleback tooth and fin enhancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.15.492011v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In situ cryo-electron tomography reveals the asymmetric architecture of mammalian sperm axonemes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.15.492011v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The flagella of mammalian sperm display non-planar, asymmetric beating, in contrast to the planar, symmetric beating of flagella from sea urchin sperm and unicellular organisms. The molecular basis of this difference is unclear. Here, we perform in situ cryo-electron tomography of mouse and human sperm axonemes, providing the highest resolution structural information to date. Our subtomogram averages reveal mammalian sperm- specific protein complexes within the outer microtubule doublets, the radial spokes and nexin-dynein regulatory complexes. The locations and structures of these complexes suggest potential roles in enhancing the mechanical strength of mammalian sperm axonemes and regulating dynein-based axonemal bending. Intriguingly, we find that each of the nine outer microtubule doublets is decorated with a distinct combination of sperm- specific complexes. We propose that this asymmetric distribution of proteins differentially regulates the sliding of each microtubule doublet and may underlie the asymmetric beating of mammalian sperm.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenan, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiozaki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skinner, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lishko, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agard, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vale, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.15.492011</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In situ cryo-electron tomography reveals the asymmetric architecture of mammalian sperm axonemes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.16.492224v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In-vivo detection of cyclic-di-AMP in Staphylococcus aureus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.16.492224v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cyclic-di-AMP (CDA) is a signaling molecule that controls various cellular functions including antibiotic tolerance and osmoregulation in Staphylococcus aureus. In this study, we developed a novel biosensor (bsuO P6-4) for in-vivo detection of CDA in S. aureus. Our study showed that bsuO P6-4 could detect a wide concentration range of CDA in both laboratory and clinical strains making it suitable for use in both basic and clinical research applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukkayyan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sander, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammond, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, L.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zubair-Nizami, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.16.492224</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In-vivo detection of cyclic-di-AMP in Staphylococcus aureus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.18.492195v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Borg tandem repeats undergo rapid evolution and are under strong selection to create new intrinsically disordered regions in proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.18.492195v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Borgs are huge, linear extrachromosomal elements associated with anaerobic methane-oxidizing archaea. Striking features of Borg genomes are pervasive tandem direct repeat (TR) regions. Here, we present six new Borg genomes and investigate the characteristics of tandem repeats in all ten complete Borg genomes. We find that TR regions are rapidly evolving, recently formed, arise independently and are virtually absent in host Methanoperedens genomes. Flanking partial repeats and A-enriched character constrain the TR formation mechanism. TRs can be in intergenic regions, where they might serve as regulatory RNAs, or in open reading frames (ORFs). TRs in ORFs are under very strong selective pressure, leading to perfect amino acid TRs (aaTRs) that are commonly intrinsically disordered regions. Proteins with aaTRs are often extracellular or membrane proteins, and functionally similar or homologous proteins often have aaTRs composed of the same amino acids. We propose that Borg aaTR-proteins functionally diversify Methanoperedens and all TRs are crucial for specific Borg-host associations and possibly co-speciation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schoelmerich, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachdeva, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waldburger, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West-Roberts, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.18.492195</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Borg tandem repeats undergo rapid evolution and are under strong selection to create new intrinsically disordered regions in proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.18.492542v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chemoproteomics-Enabled Discovery of a Covalent Molecular Glue Degrader Targeting NF-κB 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.18.492542v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Targeted protein degradation using heterobifunctional Proteolysis-Targeting Chimeras (PROTACs) or molecular glues has arisen as a powerful therapeutic modality for degrading disease targets. While PROTAC design is becoming more modular and straightforward, the discovery of novel molecular glue degraders has been more challenging. While several recent studies have showcased phenotypic screening and counter-screening approaches to discover new molecular glue degraders, mechanistically elucidating the ternary complex induced by the small-molecule that led to the initial phenotype--i.e. identifying the degraded target and relevant components of the ubiquitin-proteasome system--has remained cumbersome and laborious. To overcome these obstacles, we have coupled the screening of a covalent ligand library for anti-proliferative effects in leukemia cells with quantitative proteomic and chemoproteomic approaches to rapidly discover both novel covalent molecular glue degraders and their associated ternary complex components and anti-proliferative mechanisms. We have identified a cysteine-reactive covalent ligand EN450 that impairs leukemia cell viability in a NEDDylation and proteasome-dependent manner. Chemoproteomic profiling revealed covalent interaction of EN450 with an allosteric C111 in the E2 ubiquitin ligase UBE2D. Follow-up quantitative proteomic profiling revealed the proteasome-mediated degradation of the oncogenic transcription factor NFKB1 as a putative degradation target. Subsequent validation studies demonstrated that EN450 induced the ternary complex formation between UBE2D and NFKB1 and that both UBE2D and NFKB1 were important for the anti-proliferative mechanisms of EN450. Our study thus puts forth the discovery of a novel molecular glue degrader that uniquely induced the proximity of an E2 ligase with a transcription factor to induce its degradation and anti-proliferative effects in cancer cells. Taken more broadly, our study showcases a rapid and modular approach for discovering novel covalent molecular glue degraders and their respective ternary complex components in an unbiased fashion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>King, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dovala, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKenna, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tallarico, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schirle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomura, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.18.492542</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chemoproteomics-Enabled Discovery of a Covalent Molecular Glue Degrader Targeting NF-κB]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.23.493093v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Self-assembly and structure of a clathrin-independent AP-1:Arf1 tubular membrane coat 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.23.493093v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The AP adaptor complexes are best known for forming the inner layer of clathrin coats on spherical vesicles. AP complexes also have many clathrin-independent roles in tubulovesicular membrane traffic, whose structural and mechanistic basis has been a mystery. HIV-1 Nef hijacks the AP-1 complex to sequester MHC-I internally, evading immune detection. We found that AP-1:Arf1:Nef:MHC-I forms a coat on tubulated membranes in the absence of clathrin, and determined its structure by cryo-ET. The coat assembles both laterally and axially via an Arf1 dimer interface not seen before. Nef recruits MHC-I, but is not essential for the underlying AP-1:Arf1 lattice. Consistent with a role for AP-1:Arf1 coated tubules as intermediates in clathrin coated vesicle formation, AP-1 positive tubules are enriched in cells upon clathrin knockdown, with or without Nef. Nef localizes preferentially to AP-1 tubules in cells, explaining how Nef can sequester MHC-I. The coat contact residues are conserved across Arf isoforms and across the Arf-dependent AP adaptors AP-1, 3, and 4. These findings reveal that AP complexes can self-assemble with Arf1 into tubular coats in the absence of clathrin or other scaffolding factors. The AP-1:Arf1 coat defines the structural basis of a broader class of tubulovesicular membrane coats, as an intermediate in clathrin vesicle formation from internal membranes, and as a MHC-I sequestration mechanism in HIV-1 infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hooy, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwamoto, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tudorica, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurley, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.23.493093</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Self-assembly and structure of a clathrin-independent AP-1:Arf1 tubular membrane coat]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.25.493489v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
G protein-coupled receptor 151 regulates glucose metabolism and hepatic gluconeogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.25.493489v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human genetics has been instrumental in identification of genetic variants linked to type 2 diabetes (T2D). Recently a rare, putative loss-of-function mutation in the orphan G-protein coupled receptor 151 (GPR151) was found to be associated with lower odds ratio for T2D, but the mechanism behind this association has remained elusive. Here for the first time we show that Gpr151 is a fasting- and glucagon-responsive hepatic gene which regulates hepatic gluconeogenesis. Gpr151 ablation in mice leads to suppression of hepatic gluconeogenesis genes and reduced hepatic glucose production in response to pyruvate. Importantly, the restoration of hepatic Gpr151 levels in the Gpr151 knockout mice reverses the reduced hepatic glucose production. Our findings establish a previously unknown role of Gpr151 in the liver and provides an explanation to the lowered T2D risk in individuals with nonsynonymous mutations in GPR151. This study highlights the therapeutic potential of targeting GPR151 for treatment of metabolic disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bielczyk-Maczynska, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zushin, P.-J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnurr, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nallagatla, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sangwung, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornn, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stahl, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svensson, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knowles, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.25.493489</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[G protein-coupled receptor 151 regulates glucose metabolism and hepatic gluconeogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.26.493632v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DLPFC-tDCS unable to modulate mind-wandering propensity nor underlying functional or effective brain connectivity. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.26.493632v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is conflicting evidence over the ability to modulate mind-wandering propensity with anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC-tDCS). Here, 20 participants received 20-minutes of anodal and sham DLPFC-tDCS while in the MRI scanner, in two separate sessions (counterbalanced). In each session, they completed two runs of a sustained attention to response task (before and during tDCS), which included probes recording subjective responses of mind-wandering. We assessed the effects of tDCS on behavioural responses as well as functional and effective dynamics, via dynamic functional network connectivity (dFNC) and dynamic causal modelling analyses over regions of the default mode, salience and executive control networks. Behavioural results provided substantial evidence in support of no effect of tDCS on task performance nor mind-wandering propensity. Similarly, we found no effect of tDCS on frequency (how often) or dwell time (time spent) of underlying brain states nor effective connectivity. Overall, our results suggest that DLPFC-tDCS is unable to modulate mind-wandering propensity or influence underlying brain function. This expands previous behavioural replication failures in suggesting that DLPFC-tDCS may not lead to even subtle (i.e., under a behavioural threshold) changes in brain activity during self-generated cognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Coulborn, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Espejo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.26.493632</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DLPFC-tDCS unable to modulate mind-wandering propensity nor underlying functional or effective brain connectivity.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.27.493625v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Empirical Bayes Method for Differential Expression Analysis of Single Cells with Deep Generative Models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.27.493625v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWDetecting differentially expressed genes is important for characterizing subpopulations of cells. In scRNA-seq data, however, nuisance variation due to technical factors like sequencing depth and RNA capture efficiency obscures the underlying biological signal. Deep generative models have been extensively applied to scRNA-seq data, with a special focus on embedding cells into a low-dimensional latent space and correcting for batch effects. However, little attention has been given to the problem of utilizing the uncertainty from the deep generative model for differential expression. Furthermore, the existing approaches do not allow controlling for the effect size or the false discovery rate. Here, we present lvm-DE, a generic Bayesian approach for performing differential expression from using a fitted deep generative model, while controlling the false discovery rate. We apply the lvm-DE framework to scVI and scSphere, two deep generative models. The resulting approaches outperform the state-of-the-art methods at estimating the log fold change in gene expression levels, as well as detecting differentially expressed genes between subpopulations of cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boyeau, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gayoso, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.27.493625</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Empirical Bayes Method for Differential Expression Analysis of Single Cells with Deep Generative Models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.27.493727v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionary rescue is promoted in compact cellular populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.27.493727v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutation-mediated drug resistance is one of the primary causes for the failure of modern antibiotic or chemotherapeutic treatment. Yet, in the absence of treatment many drug resistance mutations are associated with a fitness cost and therefore subject to purifying selection. While, in principle, resistant subclones can escape purifying selection via subsequent compensatory mutations, current models predict such evolutionary rescue events to be exceedingly unlikely. Here, we show that the probability of evolutionary rescue, and the resulting long-term persistence of drug resistant subclones, is dramatically increased in dense microbial populations via an inflation-selection balance that stabilizes the less-fit intermediate state. Tracking the entire evolutionary trajectory of fluorescence-augmented "synthetic mutations" in expanding yeast colonies, we trace the origin of this balance to the opposing forces of radial population growth and a clone-width-dependent weakening of selection pressures, inherent to crowded populations. Additionally conducting agent-based simulations of tumor growth, we corroborate the fundamental nature of the observed effects and demonstrate the potential impact on drug resistance evolution in cancer. The described phenomena should be considered when predicting the evolutionary dynamics of any sufficiently dense cellular populations, including pathogenic microbial biofilms and solid tumors, and their response to therapeutic interventions. Our experimental approach could be extended to systematically study rates of specific evolutionary trajectories, giving quantitative access to the evolution of complex adaptations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aif, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Appold, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kampman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallatschek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kayser, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.27.493727</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionary rescue is promoted in compact cellular populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.27.493774v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CELL-E: Biological zero-shot text-to-image synthesis for protein localization prediction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.27.493774v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurately predicting cellular activities of proteins based on their primary amino acid sequences would greatly improve our understanding of the proteome. In this paper, we present CELL-E, a text-to-image transformer architecture that generates a 2D probability density map of protein distribution within cells. Given a amino acid sequence and a reference image for cell or nucleus morphology, CELL-E offers a more direct representation of protein localization, as opposed to previous in silico methods that rely on pre-defined, discrete class annotations of protein localization to subcellular compartments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khwaja, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.27.493774</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CELL-E: Biological zero-shot text-to-image synthesis for protein localization prediction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.28.493842v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Charting a narrow course for direct electron uptake-facilitated electromicrobial production 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.28.493842v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Electromicrobial production (EMP) processes based on CO2-fixing microbes that directly accept electrons from a cathode have received significant attention in the past decade. However, fundamental questions about the performance limits and viability of this strategy remain unanswered. Here, we sought to determine what would be necessary for such a system to compete with alternative sustainable production technologies based on H2-mediated EMP and traditional bioprocessing with crop feedstocks. Using global warming potential as the metric for comparison, we show that each EMP process can outperform sugarcane-based sucrose production. Following a stoichiometric and energetic analysis, direct electron uptake-based EMP would need to achieve a current density >48 mA/cm2 to reach parity with the H2- mediated system. Because this is currently only practical with a gas diffusion electrode (GDE) architecture, we developed a physical model of the proposed bio-GDE and used it to determine the conditions that a microbial catalyst would experience in a reactor. Our analysis demonstrates that unavoidable inefficiencies in the reactor (e.g., kinetic overpotentials and Ohmic losses) require additional energy input, increasing the breakeven current density to [~]91 mA/cm2. At this current density, the microbial catalyst would need to withstand a pH >10.4 and a total salinity >18.8%. Because currently-known electroautotrophs are not adapted to such extreme conditions, we discuss potential improvements to reactor design that may alleviate these challenges, and consider the implications these results have on the engineerability and feasibility of direct electron uptake-based EMP.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abel, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilzinger, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.28.493842</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Charting a narrow course for direct electron uptake-facilitated electromicrobial production]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.30.494007v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping the temporal transcriptional landscape of human white and brown adipogenesis using single-nuclei RNA-seq 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.30.494007v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adipogenesis is key to maintaining organism-wide energy balance and healthy metabolic phenotype, making it critical to thoroughly comprehend its molecular regulation in humans. By single-nuclei RNA-sequencing (snRNA-seq) of over 20,000 differentiating white and brown preadipocytes, we constructed a high-resolution temporal transcriptional landscape of human white and brown adipogenesis. White and brown preadipocytes were isolated from a single individuals neck region, thereby eliminating inter-subject variability across two distinct lineages. These preadipocytes were also immortalized to allow for controlled, in vitro differentiation, allowing sampling of distinct cellular states across the spectrum of adipogenic progression. Pseudotemporal cellular ordering revealed the dynamics of ECM remodeling during early adipogenesis, and lipogenic/thermogenic response during late white/brown adipogenesis. Comparison with adipogenic regulation in murine models revealed several targets for potential adipogenic/thermogenic drivers in humans. Key adipogenic and lipogenic markers revealed in our analysis were applied to analyze publicly available scRNA-seq datasets; these confirmed unique cell maturation features in recently discovered murine preadipocytes, and revealed inhibition of adipogenic expansion in humans with obesity. Overall, our study presents a comprehensive molecular description of both white and brown adipogenesis in humans and provides an important resource for future studies of adipose tissue development and function in both health and metabolic disease state.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gupta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamsi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patti, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tseng, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streets, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.30.494007</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping the temporal transcriptional landscape of human white and brown adipogenesis using single-nuclei RNA-seq]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.02.494578v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lis1 binding regulates force-induced detachment of cytoplasmic dynein from microtubules 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.02.494578v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cytoplasmic dynein-1 (dynein) is an AAA+ motor that transports intracellular cargos towards the microtubule minus end. Lissencephaly-1 (Lis1) binds to the AAA+ ring and stalk of dyneins motor domain and promotes the assembly of active dynein complexes. Recent studies showed that Lis1 slows motility when it remains bound to dynein, but the underlying mechanism remained unclear. Using single-molecule and optical trapping assays, we investigated how Lis1 binding affects the motility and force generation of yeast dynein in vitro. We showed that Lis1 does not slow dynein motility by serving as a roadblock or tethering dynein to microtubules. Lis1 binding also does not affect the forces that stall dynein movement, but it induces prolonged stalls and reduces the asymmetry in the force-induced detachment of dynein from microtubules. The mutagenesis of the Lis1 binding sites on dyneins stalk partially recovers this asymmetry but does not restore dynein velocity. These results suggest that Lis1s interaction with the AAA+ ring is sufficient to result in slower movement and that Lis1s interaction with dyneins stalk slows force-induced detachment of dynein from microtubules.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kusakci, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Htet, Z. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillies, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reck-Peterson, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yildiz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.02.494578</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lis1 binding regulates force-induced detachment of cytoplasmic dynein from microtubules]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.03.494754v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dose-dependent nuclear delivery and transcriptional repression with a cell-penetrant MeCP2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.03.494754v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Methyl-CpG-binding-protein 2 (MeCP2) is a nuclear protein expressed in all cell types, especially neurons1. Mutations in the MECP2 gene cause Rett syndrome (RTT), an incurable neurological disorder that disproportionately affects young girls2. Strategies to restore MeCP2 expression phenotypically reverse RTT-like symptoms in male and female MeCP2-deficient mice3-5, suggesting that direct nuclear delivery of functional MeCP2 could restore MeCP2 activity. We report that ZF-tMeCP2, a conjugate of MeCP2({Delta}aa13-71, 313-484)6 and the cell-permeant mini-protein ZF5.37-11, both binds DNA in a methylation-dependent manner and reaches the nucleus of model cell lines intact at concentrations above 700 nM. When delivered to live cells, ZF-tMeCP2 engages the NCoR/SMRT co-repressor complex and selectively represses transcription from methylated promoters. Efficient nuclear delivery of ZF-tMeCP2 relies on a unique endosomal escape portal provided by HOPS-dependent endosomal fusion. The Tat conjugate of MeCP2 (Tat-tMeCP2), evaluated for comparison, is degraded within the nucleus, is not selective for methylated promoters, and trafficks in a HOPS-independent manner. These results support the feasibility of a HOPS-dependent portal for delivering functional macromolecules to the cell interior using the cell-penetrant mini-protein ZF5.3. Such a strategy could broaden the impact of multiple families of protein-derived therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zoltek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mozumdar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schepartz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.03.494754</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dose-dependent nuclear delivery and transcriptional repression with a cell-penetrant MeCP2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.05.494577v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Emergent Programmable Behavior and Chaos in Dynamically Driven Active Filaments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.05.494577v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWHow the behavior of single cells emerges from their constituent sub-cellular biochemical and physical parts is an outstanding challenge at the intersection of biology and physics. A remarkable example of single-cell behavior is seen in the ciliate Lacrymaria olor, which hunts by striking its prey via rapid movements and protrusions of a slender neck, many times the size of the original cell body. This dynamics of the cell neck is powered by active injection of energy into this slender filamentous structure via a coat of cilia across its length and specialized cilia at the tip. How a cell can program this dynamical active filament to produce desirable behaviors like search and homing to a target remains unknown. By constructing a coupled active-elastic and hydrodynamic model of a slender filament with activity at the tip, here we uncover how cell behavior (filament shape dynamics) can be controlled via activity dynamics. Our model captures two key features of this system - dynamic activity patterns (extension and compression cycles) and active stresses that are uniquely aligned with the filament geometry - leading to a so-called "follower force" constraint. We show that active filaments under deterministic, time-varying follower forces display rich behaviors including periodic and aperiodic shape dynamics over long times. We further show that aperiodic dynamics occur due to a transition to chaos in regions of a biologically accessible parameter space. By further dissecting the non-linear dynamics of this active filament system, we discover a simple iterative map of filament shape that predicts long-term behavior. Lastly, using these iterative maps as a design tool, we demonstrate examples of how a cell could "program" filament behaviors by using frequency and amplitude modulated activity patterns. Overall, our results serve as a framework to mechanistically understand behavior in single cells such as L. olor and present a novel chaotic dynamical system in active elastohydrodynamics. Our work also offers a direct framework for designing programmable active matter systems using filament geometries.

Significance statementSingle-celled protozoa display remarkable animal-like behaviors without the aid of neurons. Mechanistically understanding how this dynamic behavior emerges from underlying physical and biochemical components is an outstanding challenge. In this work, using an active filament model, we uncover the fundamental non-linear dynamics and non-variational mechanics that underlie the complex behaviors of single cells like Lacrymaria olor. In doing so we discover a novel route to chaos in active elastohydrodynamic systems and the first-ever description of how chaos can drive single-cell behaviors. Lastly, we present a framework for how filament behaviors can be "programmed" using dynamic, modulated activity patterns. Overall our work provides mechanistic insights into single-cell behaviors and offers a new framework for the design of filamentous active matter systems to achieve diverse functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krishnamurthy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prakash, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.05.494577</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Emergent Programmable Behavior and Chaos in Dynamically Driven Active Filaments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.08.495392v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A phage weaponizes a satellite recombinase to subvert viral restriction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.08.495392v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria can acquire mobile genetic elements (MGEs) to combat infection by viruses (phages). Satellite viruses, including the PLEs (phage-inducible chromosomal island-like elements) in epidemic Vibrio cholerae, are MGEs that restrict phage replication to the benefit of their host bacterium. PLEs parasitize the lytic phage ICP1, unleashing multiple mechanisms to restrict phage replication and promote their own spread. In the arms race against PLE, ICP1 uses nucleases, including CRISPR-Cas, to destroy PLEs genome during infection. However, through an unknown CRISPR-independent mechanism, specific ICP1 isolates subvert restriction by PLE. Here, we discover ICP1-encoded Adi that counteracts PLE by exploiting the PLEs large serine recombinase (LSR), which normally mobilizes PLE in response to ICP1 infection. Unlike previously characterized ICP1-encoded anti-PLE mechanisms, Adi is not a nuclease itself but instead appears to modulate the activity of the LSR to promote destructive nuclease activity of the LSRs specific attachment site, attP. The PLE LSR, its catalytic activity, and attP are additionally sufficient to sensitize a PLE encoding a resistant variant of the recombination module to Adi activity. This work highlights a unique type of adaptation arising from inter-genome conflicts, in which the intended activity of a protein can be weaponized to overcome the antagonizing genome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Netter, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angermeyer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seed, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.08.495392</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A phage weaponizes a satellite recombinase to subvert viral restriction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.10.495573v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human sperm TMEM95 binds eggs and facilitates membrane fusion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.10.495573v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tmem95 encodes a sperm acrosomal membrane protein, whose knockout has a male-specific sterility phenotype in mice. How TMEM95 plays a role in membrane fusion of sperm and eggs has remained elusive. Here, we utilize a sperm penetration assay as a model system to investigate the function of human TMEM95. We show that human TMEM95 binds to hamster egg membranes, providing evidence for a TMEM95 receptor on eggs. Using X-ray crystallography, we reveal an evolutionarily conserved, positively charged region of TMEM95 as a putative receptor-binding surface. Amino-acid substitutions within this region of TMEM95 ablate egg-binding activity. We identify monoclonal antibodies against TMEM95 that reduce the number of human sperm fused with hamster eggs in sperm penetration assays. Strikingly, these antibodies do not block binding of sperm to eggs. Taken together, these results provide strong evidence for a specific, receptor-mediated interaction of sperm TMEM95 with eggs and suggest that this interaction may have a role in facilitating membrane fusion.

Significance statementMembrane fusion of sperm and eggs is pivotal in sexual reproduction. Tmem95 knockout mice show male-specific sterility, but it was unknown how sperm TMEM95 facilitates membrane fusion with eggs. We show here that human TMEM95 binds eggs. Our crystal structure of TMEM95 suggests a region where this binding may occur. We develop monoclonal antibodies against TMEM95 that impair sperm-egg fusion but do not block sperm-egg binding. Thus, we propose that there is a receptor-mediated interaction of sperm TMEM95 with eggs, and that this interaction may have a direct role in membrane fusion. Our work suggests avenues for the identification of the TMEM95 egg receptor and may enable the development of infertility treatments and contraceptives for humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skinner, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanyal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lishko, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ikawa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.10.495573</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human sperm TMEM95 binds eggs and facilitates membrane fusion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.10.495582v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microfluidics-free single-cell genomics with templated emulsification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.10.495582v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell RNA sequencing is now a standard method used to reveal the molecular details of cellular heterogeneity, but current approaches have limitations on speed, scale, and ease of use that stem from the complex microfluidic devices or fluid handling steps required for sample processing. We, therefore, developed a method that does not require specialized microfluidic devices, expertise, or hardware. Our approach is based on particle-templated emulsification, which allows single-cell encapsulation and barcoding of cDNA in uniform droplet emulsions with only a vortexer. PIP-seq accommodates a wide range of emulsification formats, including microwell plates and large-volume conical tubes, enabling thousands of samples or millions of cells to be processed in minutes. We demonstrate that PIP-seq produces high-purity transcriptomes in mouse-human mixing studies, is compatible with multi-omics measurements, and can accurately characterize cell types in human breast tissue when compared to a commercial microfluidic platform. Single-cell transcriptional profiling of mixed phenotype acute leukemia using PIP-seq revealed the emergence of heterogeneity within chemotherapy-resistant cell subsets that were hidden by standard immunophenotyping. PIP-seq is a simple, flexible, and scalable next-generation workflow that extends single-cell sequencing to new applications, including screening, diagnostics, and disease monitoring.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Clark, I. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontanez, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meltzer, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayford, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>May-Zhang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Amato, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hettige, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delley, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weisgerber, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Replogle, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jost, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phong, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, V. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peretz, C. A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karlon, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gartner, Z. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abate, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.10.495582</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microfluidics-free single-cell genomics with templated emulsification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.12.495841v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure of SARS-CoV-2 M protein in lipid nanodiscs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.12.495841v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 encodes four structural proteins incorporated into virions, spike (S), envelope (E), nucleocapsid (N), and membrane (M). M plays an essential role in viral assembly by organizing other structural proteins through physical interactions and directing them to sites of viral budding. As the most abundant protein in the viral envelope and a target of patient antibodies, M is a compelling target for vaccines and therapeutics. Still, the structure of M and molecular basis for its role in virion formation are unknown. Here, we present the cryo-EM structure of SARS-CoV-2 M in lipid nanodiscs to 3.5 [A] resolution. M forms a 50 kDa homodimer that is structurally related to the SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a viroporin, suggesting a shared ancestral origin. Structural comparisons reveal how intersubunit gaps create a small, enclosed pocket in M and large open cavity in ORF3a, consistent with a structural role and ion channel activity, respectively. M displays a strikingly electropositive cytosolic surface that may be important for interactions with N, S, and viral RNA. Molecular dynamics simulations show a high degree of structural rigidity and support a role for M homodimers in scaffolding viral assembly. Together, these results provide insight into roles for M in coronavirus assembly and structure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dolan, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kern, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotecha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voth, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brohawn, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.12.495841</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure of SARS-CoV-2 M protein in lipid nanodiscs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.14.495869v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CellScape: Protein structure visualization with vector graphics cartoons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.14.495869v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationIllustrative renderings of proteins are useful aids for scientific communication and education. Nevertheless, few software packages exist to automate the generation of these visualizations.

ResultsWe introduce CellScape, a tool designed to generate 2D molecular cartoons from atomic coordinates and combine them into larger cellular scenes. These illustrations can outline protein regions in different levels of detail. Unlike most molecular visualization tools which use raster image formats, these illustrations are represented as vector graphics, making them easily editable and composable with other graphics.

Availability and ImplementationCellScape is implemented in Python 3 and freely available at https://github.com/jordisr/cellscape. It can be run as a command-line tool or interactively in a Jupyter notebook.

Contactjordisr@berkeley.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Silvestre-Ryan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fletcher, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.14.495869</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CellScape: Protein structure visualization with vector graphics cartoons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.16.496473v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Chlamydomonas Genome Project, version 6: reference assemblies for mating type plus and minus strains reveal extensive structural mutation in the laboratory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.16.496473v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Five versions of the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii reference genome have been produced over the last two decades. Here we present version 6, bringing significant advances in assembly quality and structural annotations. PacBio-based chromosome-level assemblies for two laboratory strains, CC-503 and CC-4532, provide resources for the plus and minus mating type alleles. We corrected major misassemblies in previous versions and validated our assemblies via linkage analyses. Contiguity increased over ten-fold and >80% of filled gaps are within genes. We used Iso-Seq and deep RNA-seq datasets to improve structural annotations, and updated gene symbols and textual annotation of functionally characterized genes via extensive curation. We discovered that the cell wall-less classical reference strain CC-503 exhibits genomic instability potentially caused by deletion of RECQ3 helicase, with major structural mutations identified that affect >100 genes. We therefore present the CC-4532 assembly as the primary reference, although this strain also carries unique structural mutations and is experiencing rapid proliferation of a Gypsy retrotransposon. We expect all laboratory strains to harbor gene-disrupting mutations, which should be considered when interpreting and comparing experimental results across laboratories and over time. Collectively, the resources presented here herald a new era of Chlamydomonas genomics and will provide the foundation for continued research in this important reference.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Craig, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallaher, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salomé, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blaby-Haas, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purvine, S. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Donnell, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barry, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimwood, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strenkert, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kropat, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daum, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshinaga, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodstein, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vallon, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmutz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merchant, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.16.496473</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Chlamydomonas Genome Project, version 6: reference assemblies for mating type plus and minus strains reveal extensive structural mutation in the laboratory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.17.496540v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Estimating population split times and migration rates from historical effective population sizes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.17.496540v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The estimation of effective population sizes (Ne) through time is of fundamental interest in population genetics, but the interpretation of Ne as the effective number of breeding individuals in the population is challenged by the effect of population structure. In fact, variation in Ne reported in many studies may be a consequence of changes in migration rates between populations rather than changes in actual population size. We address this long-standing problem here by constructing joint models of population size changes, migration, and divergence that can adjust temporal estimates of Ne and estimate the actual Ne of a local deme connected to another population through migration. We also develop a method for estimating divergence times and migration rates taking into account complex scenarios of changing population sizes. We apply the method to previously published data from humans, and show that, when taking migration and changes in Ne into account, the estimated divergence between the San and Dinka populations is approximately 108 kya, and not 255 kya as reported in a previous study. Using simulations, we demonstrate that the previously reported and surprisingly old estimates of divergence between San and Dinka is in fact caused by a quantifiable estimation bias due to changes in Ne through time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shchur, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshihara Caldeira Brandt, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.17.496540</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Estimating population split times and migration rates from historical effective population sizes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.17.496622v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Timing and causes of the evolution of the germline mutation spectrum in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.17.496622v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent studies have suggested that the human germline mutation rate and spectrum evolve rapidly. Variation in generation time has been linked to these changes, though its contribution remains unclear. We develop a framework to characterize temporal changes in polymorphisms within and between populations, while controlling for the effects of natural selection and biased gene conversion. Application to the 1000 Genomes Project dataset reveals multiple independent changes that arose after the split of continental groups, including a previously reported, transient elevation in TCC>TTC mutations in Europeans and novel signals of divergence in C>G and T>A mutation rates among population samples. We also find a significant difference between groups sampled in and outside of Africa, in old T>C polymorphisms that predate the out-of-Africa migration. This surprising signal is driven by TpG>CpG mutations, and stems in part from mis-polarized CpG transitions, which are more likely to undergo recurrent mutations. Finally, by relating the mutation spectrum of polymorphisms to parental age effects on de novo mutations, we show that plausible changes in the generation time cannot explain the patterns observed for different mutation types jointly. Thus, other factors--genetic modifiers or environmental exposures--must have had a non-negligible impact on the human mutation landscape.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Przeworski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moorjani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.17.496622</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Timing and causes of the evolution of the germline mutation spectrum in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.20.496907v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure of the GOLD-domain seven-transmembrane helix protein family member TMEM87A 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.20.496907v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
TMEM87s are eukaryotic transmembrane proteins with two members (TMEM87A and TMEM87B) in humans. TMEM87s have proposed roles in protein transport to and from the Golgi, as mechanosensitive ion channels, and in developmental signaling. TMEM87 disruption has been implicated in cancers and developmental disorders. To better understand TMEM87 structure and function, we determined a cryo-EM structure of human TMEM87A in lipid nanodiscs. TMEM87A consists of a Golgi-dynamics (GOLD) domain atop a membrane spanning seven-transmembrane helix domain with a large cavity open to solution and the membrane outer leaflet. Structural and functional analyses suggest TMEM87A may not function as an ion channel or G-protein coupled receptor. We find TMEM87A shares its characteristic domain arrangement with seven other proteins in humans; three that had been identified as evolutionary related (TMEM87B, GPR107, and GPR108) and four previously unrecognized homologs (GPR180, TMEM145, TMEM181, and WLS)). Among these structurally related GOLD domain seven-transmembrane helix (GOST) proteins, WLS is best characterized as a membrane trafficking and secretion chaperone for lipidated Wnt signaling proteins. We find key structural determinants for WLS function are conserved in TMEM87A. We propose TMEM87A and structurally homologous GOST proteins could serve a common role in trafficking membrane-associated cargo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hoel, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brohawn, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.20.496907</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure of the GOLD-domain seven-transmembrane helix protein family member TMEM87A]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.20.496911v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nutrient and moisture limitation reveal keystone metabolites that link switchgrass rhizosphere metabolome and microbiome dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.20.496911v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plants exude large quantities of rhizosphere metabolites that can modulate composition and activity of microbial communities in response to environmental stress. While rhizodeposition dynamics have been associated with rhizosphere microbiome succession, and may be particularly impactful in stressful conditions, specific evidence of these connections has rarely been documented. Here, we grew the bioenergy crop switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) in a marginal soil, under nutrient limited, moisture limited, +nitrogen (N), and +phosphorus (P) conditions, to identify links between rhizosphere chemistry, microbiome dynamics, and abiotic stressors. To characterize links between rhizosphere microbial communities and metabolites, we used 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and LC-MS/MS-based metabolomics. We measured significant changes in rhizosphere metabolite profiles in response to abiotic stress and linked them to changes in microbial communities using network analysis. N-limitation amplified the abundance of aromatic acids, pentoses, and their derivatives in the rhizosphere, and their enhanced availability was linked to the abundance of diverse bacterial lineages from Acidobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, Planctomycetes, and Alphaproteobacteria. Conversely, N-amended conditions enhanced the availability of N-rich rhizosphere compounds, which coincided with proliferation of Actinobacteria. Treatments with contrasting N availability differed greatly in the abundance of potential keystone metabolites; serotonin, ectoine, and acetylcholine were particularly abundant in N-replete soils, while chlorogenic, cinnamic, and glucuronic acids were found in N-limited soils. Serotonin, the keystone metabolite we identified with the largest number of links to microbial taxa, significantly affected root architecture and growth of rhizosphere microorganisms, highlighting its potential to shape microbial community and mediate rhizosphere plant-microbe interactions.

SignificancePlants and microorganisms release metabolites that mediate rhizosphere host-microbe interactions and modulate plant adaptation to environmental stresses. However, the molecular mechanisms that underpin rhizosphere metabolite-microbiome dynamics, their functional relationships, and the biological role of plant- or microbial-produced soil metabolites remain largely unknown. Here, we found the abundances of specific classes of rhizosphere soil metabolites were responsive to abiotic stressors, and also connected to specific shifts in the rhizosphere microbial community and plant phenotypes. We propose a suite of understudied rhizosphere compounds as keystone metabolites that may structure the rhizosphere microbiome and influence plant metabolism in response to nutrient availability. These links between rhizosphere metabolites and microbial communities point to research avenues where we might leverage plant-microbe interactions to engineer enhanced rhizosphere microbiome function, plant and ecosystem health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baker, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhalnina, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ceja-Navarro, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sasse, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowen, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fossum, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chew, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pett-Ridge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Northen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firestone, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.20.496911</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nutrient and moisture limitation reveal keystone metabolites that link switchgrass rhizosphere metabolome and microbiome dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.21.497097v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Linking microenvironment modification to species interactions and demography in an alpine plant community 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.21.497097v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Individual plants can modify the microenvironment within their spatial neighborhood. However, the consequences of microenvironment modification for demography and species interactions remain unclear at the community scale. In a study of co-occurring alpine plants, we (1) determined the extent of species-specific microclimate modification by comparing temperature and soil moisture between vegetated and non-vegetated microsites for several focal species. We (2) determined how vital rates (survival, growth, fecundity) of all species varied in response to aboveground and belowground vegetative overlap with inter- and intraspecific neighbors as proxies for microenvironment modification. For (1), surface temperatures were buffered (lower maximums and higher minimums) and soil moisture was higher below the canopies of most species compared to non-vegetated areas. For (2), vegetative overlap predicted most vital rates, although the effect varied depending on whether aboveground or belowground overlap was considered. Vital rate response to microenvironment-modification proxies (vegetative overlap) was also frequently context dependent with respect to plant size and macroclimate. Microenvironment modification and spatial overlapping of individuals are key drivers of demography and species interactions in this alpine community.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ray, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapas, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Opedal, O. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blonder, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.21.497097</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Linking microenvironment modification to species interactions and demography in an alpine plant community]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.21.497102v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Trajectories for the evolution of bacterial CO2-concentrating mechanisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.21.497102v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cyanobacteria rely on CO2 concentrating mechanisms (CCMs) that depend on {approx}15 genes to produce two protein complexes: an inorganic carbon (Ci) transporter and a 100+ nm carboxysome compartment that encapsulates rubisco with a carbonic anhydrase (CA) enzyme. Mutations disrupting CCM components prohibit growth in todays atmosphere (0.04% CO2), indicating that CCMs evolved to cope with declining environmental CO2. Indeed, geochemical data and models indicate that atmospheric CO2 has been generally decreasing from high concentrations over the last {approx}3.5 billion years. We used a synthetic reconstitution of a bacterial CCM in E. coli to study the co-evolution of CCMs with atmospheric CO2. We constructed strains expressing putative ancestors of modern CCMs -- strains lacking one or more CCM components -- and evaluated their growth in a variety of CO2 concentrations. Partial forms expressing CA or Ci uptake genes grew better than controls in intermediate CO2 levels ({approx}1%); we observed similar phenotypes in genetic studies of two autotrophic bacteria, H. neapolitanus and C. necator. To explain how partial CCMs improve growth, we advance a model of co-limitation of autotrophic growth by CO2 and HCO3-, as both are required to produce biomass. Our model and results delineated a viable trajectory for bacterial CCM evolution where decreasing atmospheric CO2 induces an HCO3- deficiency that is alleviated by acquisition of CAs or Ci uptake genes, thereby enabling the emergence of a modern CCM. This work underscores the importance of considering physiology and environmental context when studying the evolution of biological complexity.

SignificanceThe greenhouse gas content of the ancient atmosphere is estimated using models and measurements of geochemical proxies. Some inferred high ancient CO2 levels using models of biological CO2 fixation to interpret the C isotopes found in preserved organic matter. Others argued that elevated CO2 could reconcile a faint young Sun with evidence for liquid water on Earth. We took a complementary "synthetic biological" approach to understanding the composition of the ancient atmosphere by studying present-day bacteria engineered to resemble ancient autotrophs. By showing that it is simpler to rationalize the emergence of modern bacterial autotrophs if CO2 was once high, these investigations provided independent evidence for the view that CO2 concentrations were significantly elevated in the atmosphere of early Earth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Flamholz, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dugan, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panich, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desmarais, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oltrogge, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, W. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singer, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.21.497102</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Trajectories for the evolution of bacterial CO2-concentrating mechanisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.21.497109v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
VPS13A and VPS13C influence lipid droplet abundance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.21.497109v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lipid transfer proteins mediate the exchange of lipids between closely apposed membranes at organelle contact sites and play key roles in lipid metabolism, membrane homeostasis, and cellular signaling. A recently discovered novel family of lipid transfer proteins, which includes the VPS13 proteins (VPS13A-D), adopt a rod-like bridge conformation with an extended hydrophobic groove that enables the bulk transfer of membrane lipids for membrane growth. Loss of function mutations in VPS13A and VPS13C cause chorea acanthocytosis and Parkinsons disease, respectively. VPS13A and VPS13C localize to multiple organelle contact sites, including endoplasmic reticulum (ER) - lipid droplet (LD) contact sites, but the functional roles of these proteins in LD regulation remains mostly unexplored. Here, we employ CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing to generate VPS13A and VPS13C knockout cell lines in U-2 OS cells via deletion of exon 2 and introduction of an early frameshift. Analysis of LD content in these cell lines revealed that loss of either VPS13A or VPS13C results in reduced LD abundance under oleate-stimulated conditions. These data implicate VPS13A and VPS13C in LD regulation and raise the intriguing possibility that VPS13A and VPS13C-mediated lipid transfer facilitates LD biogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markmiller, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, H.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granneman, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olzmann, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferro-Novick, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.21.497109</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[VPS13A and VPS13C influence lipid droplet abundance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.22.497258v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of Carbon Isotope Fractionation in Cyanobacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.22.497258v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The history of Earths carbon cycle reflects trends in atmospheric composition convolved with the evolution of photosynthesis. Fortunately, key parts of the carbon cycle have been recorded in the carbon isotope ratios of sedimentary rocks. The dominant model used to interpret this record as a proxy for ancient atmospheric CO2 is based on carbon isotope fractionations of modern photoautotrophs, and longstanding questions remain about how their evolution might have impacted the record. We tested the intersection of environment and evolution by measuring both biomass ({varepsilon}p) and enzymatic ({varepsilon}Rubisco) carbon isotope fractionations of a cyanobacterial strain (Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942) solely expressing a putative ancestral Form 1B rubisco dating to >>1 Ga. This strain, nicknamed ANC, grows in ambient pCO2 and displays larger {varepsilon}p values than WT, despite having a much smaller {varepsilon}Rubisco (17.23 {+/-} 0.61{per thousand} vs. 25.18 {+/-} 0.31{per thousand} respectively). Measuring both enzymatic and biomass fractionation revealed a surprising result--ANC {varepsilon}p exceeded ANC {varepsilon}Rubisco in all conditions tested, contradicting prevailing models of cyanobacterial carbon isotope fractionation. However, these models were corrected by accounting for cyanobacterial physiology, notably the CO2 concentrating mechanism (CCM). Our model suggested that additional fractionating processes like powered inorganic carbon uptake systems contribute to {varepsilon}p, and this effect is exacerbated in ANC. Understanding the evolution of rubisco and the CCM is therefore critical for interpreting the carbon isotope record. Large fluctuations in that record may reflect the evolving efficiency of carbon fixing metabolisms in addition to changes in atmospheric CO2.

Significance StatementEarth scientists rely on chemical fossils like the carbon isotope record to derive ancient atmospheric CO2 concentrations, but interpretation of this record is calibrated using modern organisms. We tested this assumption by measuring the carbon isotope fractionation of a reconstructed ancestral rubisco enzyme (>1 billion years old) in vivo and in vitro. Our results contradicted prevailing models of carbon flow in Cyanobacteria, but our data could be rationalized if light-driven uptake of CO2 is taken into account. Our study showed that the carbon isotope record tracks both the evolution of photosynthesis physiology as well as changes in atmospheric CO2, highlighting the value of considering both evolution and physiology for comparative biological approaches to understanding Earths history.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, R. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichols, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flamholz, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banda, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eiler, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, W. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.22.497258</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of Carbon Isotope Fractionation in Cyanobacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.23.497432v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
To share or not to share? iEEG evidence for state-dependent inequity encoding in the human OFC 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.23.497432v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Social decision-making requires the integration of reward valuation and social cognition systems, both dependent on the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). How these two OFC functions interact is largely unknown. We recorded intracranial activity from the OFC of ten patients making choices in the context of different types of inequity (disadvantageous vs. advantageous). We found that high-frequency activity (70-150 HZ) encoded the amount of self-reward, consistent with previous reports. We also observed novel evidence for encoding in human OFC of the social counterparts reward as well as the type of inequity being experienced. Additionally, we find social context modulates reward encoding: depending on inequity type, reward encoding was switched on and off rapidly within electrodes, across trials. These results provide direct evidence for explicit encoding of self- and other- rewards in the human OFC, and for rapid and reversible changes in encoding schemes driven by socially relevant contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marciano, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staveland, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.23.497432</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[To share or not to share? iEEG evidence for state-dependent inequity encoding in the human OFC]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.24.496392v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel meiotic protein required for homolog pairing and regulation of synapsis in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.24.496392v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Interactions between chromosomes and LINC (Linker of Nucleoskeleton and Cytoskeleton) complexes in the nuclear envelope (NE) promote homolog pairing and synapsis during meiosis. By tethering chromosomes to cytoskeletal motors, these connections lead to rapid, processive chromosome movements along the NE. This activity is usually mediated by telomeres, but in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans special chromosome regions called "Pairing Centers" (PCs) have acquired this meiotic function. Through a genetic screen for mutations that cause meiotic nondisjunction, we discovered an uncharacterized meiosis-specific NE protein, MJL-1 (MAJIN-Like-1) that is essential for interactions between PCs and LINC complexes. MJL-1 colocalizes with PCs and LINC complexes during pairing and synapsis. Mutations in MJL-1 disrupt these interactions and eliminate active chromosome movements. mjl-1 mutants display promiscuous nonhomologous synapsis, reduced clustering of PCs, and severely impaired homolog pairing. MJL-1 likely interacts directly with SUN-1 and DNA-binding proteins to connect PCs to the LINC complex. Similarities in the molecular architecture of chromosome-LINC complex attachments between C. elegans and other organisms suggest that these connections may play previously unrecognized roles during meiosis across eukaryotes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dernburg, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.24.496392</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel meiotic protein required for homolog pairing and regulation of synapsis in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.26.497659v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A moonlighting function of a chitin polysaccharide monooxygenase, CWR-1, in allorecognition in Neurospora crassa 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.26.497659v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Organisms require the ability to differentiate themselves from organisms of different or even the same species. Allorecognition processes in filamentous fungi are essential to ensure identity of an interconnected syncytial colony to protect it from exploitation and disease. Neurospora crassa has three cell fusion checkpoints controlling formation of an interconnected mycelial network. The locus that controls the second checkpoint, which allows for cell wall dissolution and subsequent fusion between cells/hyphae, cwr, encodes two linked genes, cwr-1 and cwr-2. Previously, it was shown that cwr-1 and cwr-2 show severe linkage disequilibrium with six different haplogroups present in N. crassa populations. Isolates from an identical cwr haplogroup show robust fusion, while somatic cell fusion between isolates of different haplogroups is significantly blocked in cell wall dissolution. The cwr-1 gene encodes a putative polysaccharide monooxygenase (PMO). Herein we confirm that CWR-1 is a C1-oxidizing chitin PMO. We show that the PMO domain of CWR-1 was sufficient for checkpoint function and cell fusion blockage; however, through analysis of active-site, histidine-brace mutants, the catalytic activity of CWR-1 was ruled out as a major factor for allorecognition. Swapping a portion of the PMO domain (V86 to T130) did not switch cwr haplogroup specificity, but rather cells containing this chimera exhibited a novel haplogroup specificity. Allorecognition to mediate cell fusion blockage is likely occurring through a protein-protein interaction between CWR-1 with CWR-2. These data highlight a moonlighting role in allorecognition of the CWR1 PMO domain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Glass, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Detomasi, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rico Ramirez, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sayler, R. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goncalves, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marletta, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.26.497659</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A moonlighting function of a chitin polysaccharide monooxygenase, CWR-1, in allorecognition in Neurospora crassa]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.27.497842v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Induced CD45 Proximity Potentiates Natural Killer Cell Receptor Antagonism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.27.497842v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Natural Killer (NK) cells are a major subset of innate immune cells that are essential for host defense against pathogens and cancer. Two main classes of inhibitory NK receptors (NKR), KIR and CD94/NKG2A, play a key role in suppressing NK activity upon engagement with tumor cells or virus infected cells, limiting their antitumor and antiviral activity. Here, we find that single-chain mouse NKR antagonists linked to a VHH that binds the cell surface phosphatase CD45 potentiate NK and T activity to a greater extent than NKR blocking antibodies alone in vitro. We also uncovered crosstalk between mouse NKG2A and Ly49 that collectively inhibit NK cell activation, such that CD45-NKG2A and CD45-Ly49 bispecific molecules show synergistic effects in their ability to enhance NK cell activation. The basis of the activity enhancement by CD45 ligation may reflect greater antagonism of inhibitory signaling from engagement of MHC I on target cells, combined with other mechanisms, including avidity effects, tonic signaling, antagonism of weak inhibition from engagement of MHC I on non-target cells and possibly CD45 segregation within the NK cell-target cell synapse. These engineered ligands uncover a mechanism for enhancing the activity of mouse NK and T cells that merits evaluation in the context of human NKR antagonist cancer immunotherapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ren, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picton, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raulet, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.27.497842</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Induced CD45 Proximity Potentiates Natural Killer Cell Receptor Antagonism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.28.498039v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis for FLCN RagC GAP activation in MiT-TFE substrate-selective mTORC1 regulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.28.498039v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
mTORC1 regulates cell growth and catabolism in response to fluctuations in nutrients through phosphorylation of key substrates. The tumor suppressor FLCN is a RagC GTPase activating protein (GAP) that regulates mTORC1 phosphorylation of TFEB, controlling lysosome biogenesis and autophagy. Here, we determined the cryo-EM structure of the active FLCN complex (AFC) containing FLCN, FNIP2, the N-terminal tail of SLC38A9, the RagAGDP:RagCGDP.BeFx- GTPase dimer, and the Ragulator scaffold. Relative to the inactive lysosomal FLCN complex (LFC) structure, FLCN reorients by 90{degrees}, breaks its contacts with RagA, and makes new contacts with RagC that position its Arg164 finger for catalysis. Disruption of the AFC-specific interfaces of FLCN and FNIP2 with RagC eliminated GAP activity in vitro and led to nuclear retention of TFE3, with no effect on mTORC1 phosphorylation of S6K or 4E-BP1. The structure thus provides a roadmap to discover TFEB-selective mTORC1 antagonists.

One-Sentence SummaryThe cryo-EM structure of the active FLCN RagC GAP complex provides a structural basis for TFEB/TFE3 substrate-selective targeting of mTORC1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jansen, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peruzzo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fromm, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yokom, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zoncu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurley, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.28.498039</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis for FLCN RagC GAP activation in MiT-TFE substrate-selective mTORC1 regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.30.498294v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early phyllosphere microbial associations impact plant reproductive success 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.30.498294v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIThe above-ground plant microbiome (the phyllosphere) is increasingly recognized as an important component of plant health. We hypothesized that phyllosphere interactions may be disrupted in a greenhouse setting, where microbial dispersal is limited, and that adding a microbial amendment might yield important benefits to the host plant.
C_LIO_LIUsing a newly developed synthetic phyllosphere microbiome for Tomato, we tested this hypothesis across multiple trials by manipulating microbial colonization of leaves and measuring subsequent plant growth and reproductive success, comparing results from plants grown in both greenhouse and field settings.
C_LIO_LIWe confirmed that greenhouse-grown plants have a depauperate phyllosphere microbiome and that the addition of the synthetic microbial community was responsible for a clear and repeatable increase in fruit production in this setting. We further show that this effect is synergistic with the addition of micronutrient-based soil amendments, with important implications for agriculture.
C_LIO_LIThese results suggest that greenhouse environments have poor phyllosphere microbiome establishment, with negative impacts on the plant. The results also implicate the phyllosphere microbiome as a key component of plant fitness, emphasizing that these communities have a clear role to play in the ecology and evolution of plant communities.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mehlferber, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCue, K. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debray, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaulbach, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrel, J. E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khanna, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koskella, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.30.498294</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early phyllosphere microbial associations impact plant reproductive success]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.01.498377v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HT-SIP: A semi-automated Stable Isotope Probing pipeline identifies interactions in the hyphosphere of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.01.498377v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundLinking the identity of wild microbes with their ecophysiological traits and environmental functions is a key ambition for microbial ecologists. Of many techniques that strive to meet this goal, Stable Isotope Probing--SIP--remains the most comprehensive for studying whole microbial communities in situ. In DNA-SIP, active microorganisms that take up an isotopically heavy substrate build heavier DNA, which can be partitioned by density into multiple fractions and sequenced. However, SIP is relatively low throughput and requires significant hands-on labor. We designed and tested a semi-automated DNA-SIP pipeline to support well-replicated, temporally-resolved amplicon or metagenomics experiments that enable studies of dynamic microbial communities over space and time. To test this pipeline, we assembled SIP-metagenome assembled genomes (MAGs) from the hyphosphere zone surrounding arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), in combination with a 13CO2 plant labelling study.

ResultsOur semi-automated pipeline for DNA fractionation, cleanup, and nucleic acid quantification of SIP density gradients requires six times less hands-on labor compared to manual SIP and allows 16 samples to be processed simultaneously. Automated density fractionation increased the reproducibility of SIP gradients and reduced variation compared to manual fractionation, and we show adding a non-ionic detergent to the gradient buffer improved SIP DNA recovery. We then tested this pipeline on samples from a highly-constrained soil microhabitat with significant ecological importance, the AMF fungal hyphosphere. Processing via our quantitative SIP pipeline confirmed the AMF Rhizophagus intraradices and its associated microbiome were highly 13C enriched, even though the soils overall enrichment was only 1.8 atom% 13C. We assembled 212 13C-enriched hyphosphere MAGs, and the hyphosphere taxa that assimilated the most AMF-derived 13C (range 10-33 atom%) were from the phlya Myxococcota, Fibrobacterota, Verrucomicrobiota, and the ammonia oxidizing archaeon genus Nitrososphaeara.

ConclusionsOur semi-automated SIP approach decreases operator time and errors and improves reproducibility by targeting the most labor-intensive steps of SIP--fraction collection and cleanup. Here, we illustrate this approach in a unique and understudied soil microhabitat--generating MAGs of active microbes living in the AMF hyphosphere (without plant roots). Their phylogenetic composition and gene content suggest predation, decomposition, and ammonia oxidation may be key processes in hyphosphere nutrient cycling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nuccio, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blazewicz, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lafler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kakouridis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimbrel, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wollard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vyshenska, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomatsu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hestrin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malmstrom, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firestone, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pett-Ridge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.01.498377</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HT-SIP: A semi-automated Stable Isotope Probing pipeline identifies interactions in the hyphosphere of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.01.498451v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Competing constraints shape the non-equilibrium limits of cellular decision making 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.01.498451v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene regulation is central to cellular function. Yet, despite decades of work, we lack quantitative models that can predict how transcriptional control emerges from molecular interactions at the gene locus. Thermodynamic models of transcription, which assume that gene circuits operate at equilibrium, have previously been employed with considerable success in the context of bacterial systems. However, the presence of ATP-dependent processes within the eukaryotic transcriptional cycle suggests that equilibrium models may be insufficient to capture how eukaryotic gene circuits sense and respond to input transcription factor concentrations. Here, we employ simple kinetic models of transcription to investigate how energy dissipation within the transcriptional cycle impacts the rate at which genes transmit information and drive cellular decisions. We find that biologically plausible levels of energy input can lead to significant gains in how rapidly gene loci transmit information, but discover that the regulatory mechanisms underlying these gains change depending on the level of interference from non-cognate activator binding. When interference is low, information is maximized by harnessing energy to push the sensitivity of the transcriptional response to input transcription factors beyond its equilibrium limits. Conversely, when interference is high, conditions favor genes that harness energy to increase transcriptional specificity by proofreading activator identity. Our analysis further reveals that equilibrium gene regulatory mechanisms break down as transcriptional interference increases, suggesting that energy dissipation may be indispensable in systems where non-cognate factor interference is sufficiently large.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lammers, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flamholz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.01.498451</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Competing constraints shape the non-equilibrium limits of cellular decision making]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.01.498516v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cerebral perfusion in post-stroke aphasia and its relation to residual language abilities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.01.498516v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stroke alters blood flow to the brain resulting in damaged tissue and cell death. Moreover, the disruption of cerebral blood flow (perfusion) can be observed in areas surrounding and distal to the lesion. These structurally preserved but sub-optimally perfused regions may also affect recovery. Thus, to better understand aphasia recovery the relationship between cerebral perfusion and language needs to be systematically examined. In the current study, we aimed to evaluate 1) how stroke affects perfusion outside of lesioned areas in chronic aphasia, and 2) how perfusion in specific cortical areas and perilesional tissue relates to language outcomes in aphasia. We analyzed perfusion data from a large sample of participants with chronic aphasia due to left hemisphere stroke (n=43) and age-matched healthy controls (n=25). We used anatomically-defined regions of interest that covered the frontal, parietal, and temporal areas of the perisylvian cortex in both hemispheres, areas typically known to support language, along with several control regions not implicated in language processing. For the aphasia group we also looked at three regions of interest in the perilesional tissue. We compared perfusion levels between the two groups and investigated the relationship between perfusion levels and language subtest scores while controlling for demographic and lesion variables. First, we observed that perfusion levels outside the lesioned areas were significantly reduced in frontal and parietal regions in the left hemisphere in people with aphasia compared to the control group, while no differences were observed for the right hemisphere regions. Second, we found that perfusion in the left temporal lobe (and most strongly in the posterior part of both superior and middle temporal gyri) and inferior parietal areas (supramarginal gyrus) was significantly related to residual expressive and receptive language abilities. In contrast, perfusion in the frontal regions did not show such a relationship; no relationship with language was also observed for perfusion levels in control areas and all right hemisphere regions. Third, perilesional perfusion was only marginally related to language production abilities. Cumulatively, the current findings demonstrate that blood flow is reduced beyond the lesion site in chronic aphasia and that hypoperfused neural tissue in critical temporoparietal language areas has a negative impact on behavioral outcomes. These results, using perfusion imaging, underscore the critical and general role that left hemisphere posterior temporal regions play in various expressive and receptive language abilities. Overall, the study highlights the importance of exploring perfusion measures in stroke.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ivanova, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pappas, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inglis, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pracar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herron, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldo, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kayser, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Esposito, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dronkers, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.01.498516</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cerebral perfusion in post-stroke aphasia and its relation to residual language abilities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.03.498618v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping protein-DNA interactions with DiMeLo-seq 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.03.498618v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We recently developed Directed Methylation with Long-read sequencing (DiMeLo-seq) to map protein-DNA interactions genome wide. DiMeLo-seq is capable of mapping multiple interaction sites on single DNA molecules, profiling protein binding in the context of endogenous DNA methylation, identifying haplotype specific protein-DNA interactions, and mapping protein-DNA interactions in repetitive regions of the genome that are difficult to study with short-read methods. With DiMeLo-seq, adenines in the vicinity of a protein of interest are methylated in situ by tethering the Hia5 methyltransferase to an antibody using protein A. Protein-DNA interactions are then detected by direct readout of adenine methylation with long-read, single-molecule, DNA sequencing platforms such as Nanopore sequencing. Here, we present a detailed protocol and practical guidance for performing DiMeLo-seq. This protocol can be run on nuclei from fresh, lightly fixed, or frozen cells. The protocol requires 1-2 days for performing in situ targeted methylation, 1-5 days for library preparation depending on desired fragment length, and 1-3 days for Nanopore sequencing depending on desired sequencing depth. The protocol requires basic molecular biology skills and equipment, as well as access to a Nanopore sequencer. We also provide a Python package, dimelo, for analysis of DiMeLo-seq data.

Key papersAltemose, N., Maslan, A., Smith, O.K., Sundararajan, K., Brown, R.R., Mishra, R., Detweiler, A.M., Neff, N., Miga, K.H., Straight, A.F. and Streets, A., 2022. DiMeLo-seq: a long-read, single-molecule method for mapping protein-DNA interactions genome wide. Nature Methods, pp.1-13. (https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-022-01475-6)
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maslan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altemose, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcus, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brennan, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundararajan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karpen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Straight, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streets, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.03.498618</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping protein-DNA interactions with DiMeLo-seq]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.04.498659v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A parasitic fungus employs mutated eIF4A to survive on rocaglate-synthesizing Aglaia plants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.04.498659v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plants often generate secondary metabolites as defense mechanisms against parasites. Although some fungi may potentially overcome the barrier of antimicrobial compounds, only a limited number of examples and molecular mechanisms of resistance have been reported. Here, we found an Aglaia plant-parasitizing fungus that overcomes the toxicity of rocalgates, which are translation inhibitors synthesized by the plant, through an amino acid substitution in a translation initiation factor (eIF). De novo transcriptome assembly revealed that the fungus belongs to Ophiocordyceps genus and its eIF4A, a molecular target of rocaglates, contains a amino acid substitution critical for rocaglate binding. Ribosome profiling harnessing a cucumber-infecting fungus, Colletotrichum orbiculare, demonstrated that the translational inhibitory effects of rocaglates were largely attenuated by the mutation found in the Aglaia parasite. The engineered Colletotrichum orbiculare showed a survival advantage on cucumber plants with rocaglates. Our study exemplifies a plant-fungus tug-of-war centered on secondary metabolites produced by host plants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumakura, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muller, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shichino, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nishimoto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mito, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingolia, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shirasu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ito, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwasaki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.04.498659</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A parasitic fungus employs mutated eIF4A to survive on rocaglate-synthesizing Aglaia plants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.09.499448v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Murine gammaherpesvirus 68 ORF45 stimulates B2 retrotransposon and pre-tRNA activation in a manner dependent on mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.09.499448v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA polymerase III (RNAPIII) transcribes a variety of noncoding RNAs, including transfer RNA (tRNA) and the B2 family of short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs). B2 SINEs are noncoding retrotransposons that possess tRNA-like promoters and are normally silenced in healthy somatic tissue. Infection with the murine gammaherpesvirus MHV68 induces transcription of both SINEs and tRNAs, in part through the activity of the viral protein kinase encoded by ORF36. Here, we identify the conserved MHV68 tegument protein ORF45 as an additional activator of these RNAPIII loci. MHV68 ORF45 and ORF36 form a complex, resulting in an additive induction RNAPIII and increased ORF45 expression. ORF45-induced RNAPIII transcription is dependent on its activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, which in turn increases the abundance of the RNAPIII transcription factor Brf1. Other viral and non-viral activators of MAPK/ERK signaling also increase the levels of Brf1 protein, B2 SINE RNA and tRNA, suggesting that this is a common strategy to increase RNAPIII activity.

ImportanceGammaherpesviral infection alters the gene expression landscape of a host cell, including through induction of non-coding RNAs transcribed by RNA polymerase III (RNAPIII). Among these are a class of repetitive genes known as retrotransposons, which are normally silenced elements that can copy and spread throughout the genome, and transfer RNAs (tRNAs), which are fundamental components of protein translation machinery. How these loci are activated during infection is not well understood. Here, we identify ORF45 from the model murine gammaherpesvirus MHV68 as a novel activator of RNAPIII transcription. To do so, it engages the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway, which is a central regulator of cellular response to environmental stimuli. Activation of this pathway leads to upregulation of a key factor required for RNAPIII activity, Brf1. These findings expand our understanding of the regulation and dysregulation of RNAPIII transcription and highlight how viral co-option of key signaling pathways can impact host gene expression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaunsinger, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.09.499448</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Murine gammaherpesvirus 68 ORF45 stimulates B2 retrotransposon and pre-tRNA activation in a manner dependent on mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.12.499634v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis for ATG9A recruitment to the ULK1 complex in mitophagy initiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.12.499634v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The assembly of the autophagy initiation machinery nucleates autophagosome biogenesis, including in the PINK1- and Parkin-dependent mitophagy pathway implicated in Parkinsons disease. The structural interaction between the sole transmembrane autophagy protein, ATG9A, and components of the ULK1 complex is one of the major missing links needed to complete a structural map of autophagy initiation. We determined the 2.4 [A] x-ray crystallographic structure of the ternary structure of ATG9A C-terminal tail bound to the ATG13:ATG101 HORMA dimer, which is part of the ULK1 complex. We term the interacting portion of the extreme C-terminal part of the ATG9A tail the "HORMA dimer interacting region" (HDIR). This structure shows that the HDIR binds to the HORMA domain of ATG101 by {beta}-sheet complementation such that the ATG9A tail resides in a deep cleft at the ATG13:ATG101 interface. Disruption of this complex in cells impairs damage induced PINK1/Parkin mitophagy mediated by the cargo receptor NDP52.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ren, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buffalo, C. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazarou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yokom, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurley, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.12.499634</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis for ATG9A recruitment to the ULK1 complex in mitophagy initiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.14.500122v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular recording of calcium signaling via calcium-dependent protein proximity labeling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.14.500122v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Calcium ions serve as key intracellular signals. Local, transient increases in calcium concentrations can activate calcium sensor proteins that in turn trigger downstream effectors. In neurons, calcium transients play a central role in regulating neurotransmitter release and synaptic plasticity. However, it is challenging to capture the molecular events associated with these localized and ephemeral calcium signals. Here we present an engineered biotin ligase that combines the power of genetically encoded calcium indicators with protein proximity labeling. The enzyme, Cal-ID, biotinylates nearby proteins within minutes in response to elevated local calcium levels. The biotinylated proteins can be identified via mass spectrometry and visualized using microscopy. In neurons, Cal-ID labeling is triggered by neuronal activity, leading to prominent protein biotinylation that enables transcription-independent activity mapping in the brain. Cal-ID produces a biochemical record of calcium signaling and neuronal activity with high spatial resolution and molecular specificity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yong, A. J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jan, Y.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingolia, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.14.500122</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular recording of calcium signaling via calcium-dependent protein proximity labeling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.15.499945v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rare Ribosomal RNA Sequences from Archaea Stabilize the Bacterial Ribosome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.15.499945v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ribosomes serve as the universally conserved translators of the genetic code into proteins and must support life across temperatures ranging from below freezing to above the boiling point of water. Ribosomes are capable of functioning across this wide range of temperatures even though the catalytic site for peptide bond formation, the peptidyl transferase center, is nearly universally conserved. Peptide bond formation by the ribosome requires correct positioning of the 3 s-end of the aminoacylated tRNA (aa-tRNA) substrate, which is aided by an RNA hairpin in the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) of the large subunit, termed the A loop. Here we find that Thermoproteota, a phylum of thermophilic Archaea, substitute cytidine for uridine at large subunit rRNA positions 2554 and 2555 (Escherichia coli numbering) in the A loop, immediately adjacent to the binding site for the 3'-end of A-site tRNA. We show by cryo-EM that E. coli ribosomes with uridine to cytidine mutations at these positions retain the proper fold and post-transcriptional modification of the A loop. Additionally, these mutations do not exert a dominant negative effect on cellular growth, protect the large ribosomal subunit from thermal denaturation, and increase the mutational robustness of nucleotides in the peptidyl transferase center. This work identifies sequence variation in the peptidyl transferase center of the archaeal ribosome that likely confers stabilization of the ribosome at high temperatures and develops a stable mutant bacterial ribosome that can act as a scaffold for future ribosome engineering efforts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nissley, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penev, P. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, Z. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cate, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.15.499945</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rare Ribosomal RNA Sequences from Archaea Stabilize the Bacterial Ribosome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.15.500120v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic functional interrogation of SARS-CoV-2 host factors using Perturb-seq 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.15.500120v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genomic and proteomic screens have identified numerous host factors of SARS-CoV-2, but efficient delineation of their molecular roles during infection remains a challenge. Here we use Perturb-seq, combining genetic perturbations with a single-cell readout, to investigate how inactivation of host factors changes the course of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the host response in human lung epithelial cells. Our high-dimensional data resolve complex phenotypes such as shifts in the stages of infection and modulations of the interferon response. However, only a small percentage of host factors showed such phenotypes upon perturbation. We further identified the NF-{kappa}B inhibitor I{kappa}B (NFKBIA), as well as the translation factors EIF4E2 and EIF4H as strong host dependency factors acting early in infection. Overall, our study provides massively parallel functional characterization of host factors of SARS-CoV-2 and quantitatively defines their roles both in virus-infected and bystander cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sunshine, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puschnik, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Replogle, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurie, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zha, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nunez, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byrum, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMorrow, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frieman, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winkler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, O. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonetti, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeRisi, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hein, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.15.500120</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic functional interrogation of SARS-CoV-2 host factors using Perturb-seq]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.18.500538v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Variable impact of geochemical gradients on the functional potential of bacteria, archaea, and phages from the permanently stratified Lac Pavin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.18.500538v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Permanently stratified lakes contain diverse microbial communities that vary with depth, and so serve as useful models for studying the relationships between microbial community structure and geochemistry. Recent work has shown that these lakes can also harbor numerous bacteria and archaea from novel lineages, including those from the Candidate Phyla Radiation (CPR). However, the extent to which geochemical stratification differentially impacts carbon metabolism and overall genetic potential in CPR bacteria compared to other organisms is not well defined. Here, we determine the distribution of microbial lineages along an oxygen gradient in Lac Pavin, a deep, stratified lake in central France, and examine the influence of this gradient on their metabolism. Genome-based analyses revealed an enrichment of distinct C1 and CO2 fixation pathways in the oxic lake interface and anoxic zone/sediments, suggesting that oxygen likely plays a role in structuring metabolic strategies in non-CPR bacteria and archaea. Notably, we find that oxidation of methane and its byproducts is largely spatially separated from methane production, which is mediated by diverse communities of sediment methanogens that vary on the centimeter scale. In contrast, we detected evidence for RuBisCO throughout the water column and sediments, including form II/III and form III-related enzymes encoded by CPR bacteria in the water column and DPANN archaea in the sediments. Overall, CPR bacteria and phages did not show strong signals of gene content differentiation by depth, despite the fact that distinct species groups populate different lake and sediment compartments. Thus, environmental gradients in Lac Pavin probably select for the capacities of CPR bacteria and phages to a lesser extent than other bacteria and archaea, possibly because selection on the former groups is indirect and depends on host characteristics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bardot, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Jeune, A.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colombet, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perriere, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Billard, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castelle, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehours, A.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.18.500538</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Variable impact of geochemical gradients on the functional potential of bacteria, archaea, and phages from the permanently stratified Lac Pavin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.19.500665v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cas9+ conditionally immortalized neutrophil progenitors as a tool for genome wide CRISPR screening for neutrophil differentiation and function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.19.500665v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neutrophils are short-lived cells of the innate immune system that play numerous roles in defense against infection, regulation of immune responses, tissue damage and repair, autoimmunity, and other non-communicable diseases. Understanding neutrophil function at a mechanistic level has been hampered by the difficulty of working with primary neutrophils, which die rapidly upon isolation, and the relative paucity of neutrophil cell lines. Murine neutrophil progenitors that are immortalized with estrogen-regulated expression of Hoxb8 differentiate into neutrophils upon withdrawal of estrogen and facilitate the quantitative production of neutrophils in vitro. Here we report the creation of a Cas9+ER-Hoxb8 neutrophil progenitor cell line that enables both forward and reverse genetic analysis of neutrophils for the first time. By editing progenitors via transduction with sgRNAs, and then withdrawing estrogen, Cas9 edited neutrophils are produced with high efficiency. Importantly, neutrophil differentiation of edited progenitors occurs both in vitro in cell culture and when transferred into murine recipients. To demonstrate the utility of Cas9+ER-Hoxb8 progenitors for forward genetics, we performed a pooled CRISPR screen to identify factors required for survival during neutrophil differentiation. This screen identified hundreds of genes both negatively and positively selected under differentiation conditions. One of the top hits from this screen was Cebpe, a transcription factor known to be required for neutrophil differentiation from pre-neutrophils to immature neutrophils. Using the progenitor cell line, we also confirmed that Cepbe is required for neutrophil differentiation in vivo, validating the utility of this cell line both for screening and for studying in vivo phenotypes. The genome-wide screen also identified all components of the WASH complex as being required for neutrophil differentiation, a finding that extends the known role of WASH in hematopoietic stem cell differentiation to later stages of neutrophil development. Taken together, we demonstrate that Cas9+ER-Hoxb8 immortalized neutrophils can be used to study neutrophil function both in vitro and in vivo. This new resource will enable the analysis of the role of neutrophils in numerous disease states using genetics for the first time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jong, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ching, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garelis, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zilinskas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyenla, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rawal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luckie, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shallow, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barton, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.19.500665</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cas9+ conditionally immortalized neutrophil progenitors as a tool for genome wide CRISPR screening for neutrophil differentiation and function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.19.500685v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GO Bench: Shared-hub for Universal Benchmarking of Machine Learning-Based Protein Functional Annotations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.19.500685v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationGene annotation is the problem of mapping proteins to their functions represented as Gene Ontology terms, typically inferred based on the primary sequences. Gene annotation is a multi-label multi-class classification problem, which has generated growing interest for its uses in the characterization of millions of proteins with unknown functions. However, there is no standard GO dataset used for benchmarking the newly developed new machine learning models within the bioinformatics community. Thus, the significance of improvements for these models remains unclear.

SummaryThe Gene Benchmarking database is the first effort to provide an easy-to-use and configurable hub for the learning and evaluation of gene annotation models. It provides easy access to pre-specified datasets and takes the non-trivial steps of preprocessing and filtering all data according to custom presets using a web interface. The GO bench web application can also be used to evaluate and display any trained model on leaderboards for annotation tasks.

Availability and ImplementationThe GO Benchmarking dataset is freely available at llp.berkeley.edu/GO_bench/dataset_form, and code is available at http://github.com/amdson/GO_pipeline.

Contactamdickson@berkeley.edu

Supplementary informationSupplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dickson, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asgari, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McHardy, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mofrad, M. R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.19.500685</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GO Bench: Shared-hub for Universal Benchmarking of Machine Learning-Based Protein Functional Annotations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500818v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Superficial white matter across the lifespan: volume, thickness, change, and relationship with cortical features 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500818v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Superficial white matter (SWM) represents a significantly understudied part of the human brain, despite comprising a large portion of brain volume and making up a majority of cortical structural connections. Using multiple, high-quality, datasets with large sample sizes (N=2421, age range 5-100) in combination with methodological advances in tractography, we quantified features of SWM volume and thickness across the brain and across the lifespan. We address four questions: (1) How does U-fiber volume change with age? (2) What does U-fiber thickness look like across the brain? (3) How does SWM thickness change with age? (4) Are there relationships between SWM thickness and cortical features? Our main findings are that (1) SWM volume shows unique volumetric trajectories with age that are distinct from gray matter and other white matter trajectories; (2) SWM thickness varies across the brain, with patterns robust across individuals and across the population at the region-level and vertex-level; (3) SWM shows nonlinear changes across the lifespan that vary across regions; and (4) SWM thickness is associated with cortical thickness and curvature. For the first time, we show that SWM volume follows a similar trend as overall white matter volume, peaking at a similar time in adolescence, leveling off throughout adulthood, and decreasing with age thereafter. Notably, the relative fraction of total brain volume of SWM continuously increases with age, and consequently takes up a larger proportion of total white matter volume, unlike the other tissue types that decrease with respect to total brain volume. This study represents the first characterization of SWM features across the lifespan and provides the background for characterizing normal aging and insight into the mechanisms associated with SWM development and decline.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schilling, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Archer, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rheault, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyu, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, L. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bunge, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gore, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landman, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.20.500818</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Superficial white matter across the lifespan: volume, thickness, change, and relationship with cortical features]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.21.500061v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A dolabralexin-deficient mutant provides insight into specialized diterpenoid metabolism in maize (Zea mays). 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.21.500061v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Two major groups of maize (Zea mays) specialized metabolites, termed kauralexins and dolabralexins, serve as known or predicted diterpenoid defenses against pathogens, herbivores, and other environmental stressors. To consider physiological roles of the recently discovered dolabralexin pathway, we examined dolabralexin structural diversity, tissue-specificity, and stress-elicited production in a defined biosynthetic pathway mutant. Metabolomics analyses support a larger number of dolabralexin pathway products than previously known. We identified dolabradienol as a previously undetected pathway metabolite and characterized its enzymatic production. Transcript and metabolite profiling showed that dolabralexin biosynthesis and accumulation predominantly occurs in primary roots and shows quantitative variation across genetically diverse inbred lines. Generation and analysis of CRISPR-Cas9-derived loss-of- function Kaurene Synthase-Like 4 (Zmksl4) mutants demonstrated dolabralexin production deficiency, thus supporting ZmKSL4 as the diterpene synthase responsible for the conversion of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate precursors into dolabradiene and downstream pathway products. Zmksl4 mutants further display altered root-to-shoot ratios and root architecture in response to water deficit, consistent with an interactive role of maize dolabralexins in plant vigor during abiotic stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Murphy, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dowd, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khalil, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Char, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Endelman, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Topp, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmelz, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zerbe, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.21.500061</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A dolabralexin-deficient mutant provides insight into specialized diterpenoid metabolism in maize (Zea mays).]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.21.500962v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Flexible selection of task-relevant features through across-area population gating 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.21.500962v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brains can gracefully weed out irrelevant stimuli to guide behavior. This feat is believed to rely on a progressive selection of task-relevant stimuli across the cortical hierarchy, but the specific across-area interactions enabling stimulus selection are still unclear. Here, we propose that population gating, occurring within A1 but controlled by top-down inputs from mPFC, can support across-area stimulus selection. Examining single-unit activity recorded while rats performed an auditory context-dependent task, we found that A1 encoded relevant and irrelevant stimuli along a common dimension of its neural space. Yet, the relevant stimulus encoding was enhanced along an extra dimension. In turn, mPFC encoded only the stimulus relevant to the ongoing context. To identify candidate mechanisms for stimulus selection within A1, we reverse-engineered low-rank RNNs trained on a similar task. Our analyses predicted that two context-modulated neural populations gated their preferred stimulus in opposite contexts, which we confirmed in further analyses of A1. Finally, we show in a two-region RNN how population gating within A1 could be controlled by top-down inputs from PFC, enabling flexible across-area communication despite fixed inter-areal connectivity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barbosa, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Proville, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodgers, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostojic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boubenec, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.21.500962</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Flexible selection of task-relevant features through across-area population gating]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.22.501176v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cortical surface electrical potentials are composed of multiple bandlimited frequency components, including high-gamma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.22.501176v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A common challenge in neuroscience is how to decompose noisy, multi-source signals measured in experiments into biophysically interpretable components. Analysis of cortical surface electrical potentials (CSEPs) measured using electrocorticography arrays (ECoG) typifies this problem. We hypothesized that high frequency (70-1,000 Hz) CSEPs are composed of broadband (i.e., power-law) and bandlimited components with potentially differing biophysical origins. In particular, the high-gamma band (70-150 Hz) has been shown to be highly predictive for encoding and decoding behaviors and stimuli. Despite its demonstrated importance, whether high-gamma is composed of a bandlimited signal is poorly understood. To address this gap, we recorded CSEPs from rat auditory cortex and demonstrate that the evoked CSEPs are composed of multiple distinct frequency components, including high-gamma. We then show, using a novel robust regression method, that at fast timescales and on single trials during speech production, human high-gamma amplitude cannot be explained by a modulating power-law component; thus, high-gamma is band-limited. Furthermore, we show that the power-law component is less predictive of produced speech compared to the raw high-gamma amplitude. Finally, we show that the largest variance component of human ECoG signals is low-frequency and band-limited, not broadband. Together these results demonstrate that there are multiple, band-limited components of high frequency power in cortical surface electrical potentials, including the high-gamma band, which may have different biophysical origins.

Significance StatementElectrocortigraphy (ECoG) records cortical surface electrical potentials (CSEPs). ECoG is utilized in both humans and animal models to understand distributed cortical processing and for brain machine interfaces. The spectral structure of evoked CSEPs is greatly debated. To address this issue, we recorded from rat auditory cortex using {micro}ECoG and human ventral sensory-motor cortex during speech production with high-density ECoG. Using novel analytic approaches, we found that evoked CSEPs are composed of multiple band-limited components, including high-gamma. These results contrast with the dominant thinking in the field that the high-frequency power in ECoG is broadband. Our results raise the possibility that distinct frequency components of ECoG are biomarkers of processing in different cortical layers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Livezey, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Usovich, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dougherty, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouchard, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.22.501176</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cortical surface electrical potentials are composed of multiple bandlimited frequency components, including high-gamma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.23.501237v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Wireless Measurements Using Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy to Monitor Fracture Healing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.23.501237v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is an unmet need for improved, clinically relevant methods to longitudinally quantify bone healing during fracture care. Here we develop a smart bone plate to wirelessly monitor healing utilizing electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to provide real-time data on tissue com-position within the fracture callus. To validate our technology, we created a 1-mm rabbit tibial defect and fixed the bone with a standard veterinary plate modified with a custom-designed housing that included two impedance sensors capable of wireless transmission. Impedance magnitude and phase measurements were transmitted every 48-hours for up to 10-weeks. Bone healing was assessed by X-ray, CT, and histomorphometry. Our results indicated the sensors successfully incorporated into the fracture callus and did not impede repair. Electrical impedance, resistance, and reactance increased steadily from weeks 3 to 7--corresponding to the transition from hematoma to cartilage to bone within the fracture gap--then plateaued as the bone began to consolidate. These three electrical readings significantly correlated with traditional measurements of bone healing and successfully distinguished between union and not healed fractures, with the strongest relationship found with impedance magnitude. These results suggest that our EIS smart bone plate can provide continuous and highly sensitive quantitative tissue measurements throughout the course of fracture healing to better guide personalized clinical care.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fukase, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duke, V. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stake, I. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marmor, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maharbiz, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehrhart, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahney, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herfat, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.23.501237</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Wireless Measurements Using Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy to Monitor Fracture Healing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.30.502157v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The ENCODE Imputation Challenge: A critical assessment of methods for cross-cell type imputation of epigenomic profiles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.30.502157v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Functional genomics experiments are invaluable for understanding mechanisms of gene regulation. However, comprehensively performing all such experiments, even across a fixed set of sample and assay types, is often infeasible in practice. A promising alternative to performing experiments exhaustively is to, instead, perform a core set of experiments and subsequently use machine learning methods to impute the remaining experiments. However, questions remain as to the quality of the imputations, the best approaches for performing imputations, and even what performance measures meaningfully evaluate performance of such models. In this work, we address these questions by comprehensively analyzing imputations from 23 imputation models submitted to the ENCODE Imputation Challenge. We find that measuring the quality of imputations is significantly more challenging than reported in the literature, and is confounded by three factors: major distributional shifts that arise because of differences in data collection and processing over time, the amount of available data per cell type, and redundancy among performance measures. Our systematic analyses suggest several steps that are necessary, but also simple, for fairly evaluating the performance of such models, as well as promising directions for more robust research in this area.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schreiber, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boix, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. w.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawkins-Hooker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoelkopf, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schweikert, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rojas Carulla, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canakoglu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guzzo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nanni, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masseroli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carman, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinoli, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yip, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spence, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batra, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahony, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adrian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandstrom, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrell, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halow, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Epstein, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strattan, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kellis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noble, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kundaje, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.30.502157</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The ENCODE Imputation Challenge: A critical assessment of methods for cross-cell type imputation of epigenomic profiles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.31.502239v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis for assembly and lipid-mediated gating of LRRC8A:C volume-regulated anion channels 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.31.502239v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 8 (LRRC8) family members form volume regulated anion channels activated by hypoosmotic cell swelling. LRRC8 channels are ubiquitously expressed in vertebrate cells as heteromeric assemblies of LRRC8A (Swell1) and LRRC8B-E subunits. Channels of different subunit composition have distinct properties that explain the functional diversity of LRRC8 currents implicated in a broad range of physiology. However, the basis for heteromeric LRRC8 channel assembly and function is unknown. Here, we leverage a fiducial-tagging strategy to determine single-particle cryo-electron microscopy structures of heterohexameric LRRC8A:C channels in detergent micelles and lipid nanodiscs in three conformations. LRRC8A:C channels show pronounced changes in channel architecture compared to homomeric channels due to heterotypic cytoplasmic LRR interactions that displace LRRs and the LRRC8C subunit away from the conduction axis and poise the channel for activation. The structures and associated functional studies further reveal that lipids embedded in the channel pore block ion conduction in the closed state. Together, our results provide insight into determinants for heteromeric LRRC8 channel assembly, activity, and gating by lipids.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kern, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bleier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kossiakoff, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isacoff, E. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brohawn, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.31.502239</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis for assembly and lipid-mediated gating of LRRC8A:C volume-regulated anion channels]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.02.502100v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NF-κB inhibitor alpha has a cross-variant role during SARS-CoV-2 infection in ACE2-overexpressing human airway organoids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.02.502100v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As SARS-CoV-2 continues to spread worldwide, tractable primary airway cell models that accurately recapitulate the cell-intrinsic response to arising viral variants are needed. Here we describe an adult stem cell-derived human airway organoid model overexpressing the ACE2 receptor that supports robust viral replication while maintaining 3D architecture and cellular diversity of the airway epithelium. ACE2-OE organoids were infected with SARS-CoV-2 variants and subjected to single-cell RNA-sequencing. NF-{kappa}B inhibitor alpha was consistently upregulated in infected epithelial cells, and its mRNA expression positively correlated with infection levels. Confocal microscopy showed more I{kappa}B expression in infected than bystander cells, but found concurrent nuclear translocation of NF-{kappa}B that I{kappa}B usually prevents. Overexpressing a nondegradable I{kappa}B mutant reduced NF-{kappa}B translocation and increased viral infection. These data demonstrate the functionality of ACE2-OE organoids in SARS-CoV-2 research and identify an incomplete NF-{kappa}B feedback loop as a rheostat of viral infection that may promote inflammation and severe disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Simoneau, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, P.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, G. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khalid, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyers, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayashi, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taha, T. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leon, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashuach, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontaine, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joehnk, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walcott, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasudevan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maishan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schultz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roose, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthay, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sil, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arjomandi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ott, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.02.502100</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NF-κB inhibitor alpha has a cross-variant role during SARS-CoV-2 infection in ACE2-overexpressing human airway organoids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.02.502262v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Addictions may be driven by competition-induced microbiome dysbiosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.02.502262v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent studies revealed mechanisms by which the microbiome affects its hosts brain, behavior and wellbeing, and that dysbiosis - persistent microbiome-imbalance - is associated with the onset and progress of various chronic diseases, including addictive behaviors. Yet, understanding of the ecological and evolutionary processes that shape the host-microbiome ecosystem and affect the host state, is still limited. Here we propose that competition dynamics within the microbiome, associated with host-microbiome mutual regulation, may promote dysbiosis and aggravate addictive behaviors. We constructed a mathematical framework, modeling the dynamics of the host-microbiome ecosystem in response to alterations. We find that when this ecosystem is exposed to substantial perturbations, the microbiome may shift towards a composition that reinforces the new host state. Such positive feedback loop augments post-perturbation imbalances, hindering attempts to return to the initial equilibrium, thus promoting relapse episodes and prolonged addictions. We also find that the initial microbiome composition is a key factor: a diverse microbiome enhances the ecosystems resilience, whereas lower microbiome diversity is more prone to reach dysbiosis, exacerbating addictions. This framework provides novel evolutionary and ecological perspectives on host-microbiome interactions and their implications for host behavior and health, while offering verifiable predictions with potential relevance to clinical treatments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lewin-Epstein, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaques, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldman, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadany, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.02.502262</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Addictions may be driven by competition-induced microbiome dysbiosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.02.502469v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Representation of sustained visual experience by time-invariant distributed neural patterns 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.02.502469v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Instances of sustained stationary sensory input are ubiquitous. However, previous work focused almost exclusively on the transient onset responses. This presents a critical challenge for neural theories of consciousness, which should account for the full temporal extent of experience. Here we use intracranial recordings from human patients viewing diverse images in multiple durations. In sensory regions, we reveal that despite dramatic changes in activation magnitude, the distributed representation of categories and exemplars remains sustained and stable. In contrast, in frontoparietal regions we find transient content representation at stimulus onset. Our results highlight the connection between the anatomical and temporal correlates of experience. To the extent perception is sustained, it may rely on sensory representations, and to the extent it is discrete, centered on perceptual updating, it may rely on frontoparietal representations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vishne, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerber, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deouell, L. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.02.502469</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Representation of sustained visual experience by time-invariant distributed neural patterns]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.05.502992v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-areal neural dynamics encode human decision making 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.05.502992v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Value-based decision-making involves multiple cortical and subcortical brain areas, but the distributed nature of neurophysiological activity underlying economic choices in the human brain remains largely unexplored. Here, we use intracranial recordings from neurosurgical patients to show that risky choices are reflected in high frequency activity distributed across multiple prefrontal and subcortical brain regions, whereas reward-related computations are less widely represented and more modular. State space modeling reveals sub-second neural dynamics underlying choices during deliberation and allows high-accuracy trial-by-trial decoding of subjects choices robustly across patients despite differences in anatomical coverage. These results shed light into the neural basis of choice across brain areas and open the door to new intracranial approaches for brain state decoding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Overton, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moxon, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stickle, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.05.502992</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-areal neural dynamics encode human decision making]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.11.503542v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A common mechanism of Sec61 translocon inhibition by small molecules 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.11.503542v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Sec61 complex forms a protein-conducting channel in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane that is required for secretion of soluble proteins and production of many membrane proteins. Several natural and synthetic small molecules specifically inhibit the Sec61 channel, generating cellular effects that are potentially useful for therapeutic purposes, but their inhibitory mechanisms remain unclear. Here we present near-atomic-resolution structures of the human Sec61 channel inhibited by a comprehensive panel of structurally distinct small molecules-- cotransin, decatransin, apratoxin F, ipomoeassin F, mycolactone, cyclotriazadisulfonamide (CADA) and eeyarestatin I (ESI). Remarkably, all inhibitors bind to a common lipid-exposed pocket formed by the partially open lateral gate and plug domain of the channel. Mutations conferring resistance to the inhibitors are clustered at this binding pocket. The structures indicate that Sec61 inhibitors stabilize the plug domain of Sec61 in a closed state, thereby preventing the protein-translocation pore from opening. Our study reveals molecular interactions between Sec61 and its inhibitors in atomic detail and offers the structural framework for further pharmacological studies and drug design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Itskanov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Junne, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherriff, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanchard, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, W. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forsyth, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoepfner, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spiess, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.11.503542</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A common mechanism of Sec61 translocon inhibition by small molecules]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.12.503709v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep generative modeling of transcriptional dynamics for RNA velocity analysis in single cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.12.503709v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA velocity has been rapidly adopted to guide the interpretation of transcriptional dynamics in snapshot single-cell transcriptomics data. Current approaches for estimating and analyzing RNA velocity can empirically reveal complex dynamics but lack effective strategies for quantifying the uncertainty of the estimate and its overall applicability to the system of interest. Here, we present veloVI (velocity variational inference), a deep generative modeling framework for estimating RNA velocity. veloVI learns a gene-specific dynamical model of RNA metabolism and provides a transcriptome-wide quantification of velocity uncertainty. We show in a series of examples that veloVI compares favorably to previous approaches for inferring RNA velocity with improvements in fit to the data, consistency across transcriptionally similar cells, and stability across preprocessing pipelines for quantifying RNA abundance. Further, we demonstrate that properties unique to veloVI, such as posterior velocity uncertainty, can be used to assess the appropriateness of analysis with velocity to the data at hand. Finally, we highlight veloVI as a flexible framework for modeling transcriptional dynamics by adapting the underlying dynamical model to use time-dependent transcription rates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gayoso, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiler, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lotfollahi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streets, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theis, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.12.503709</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep generative modeling of transcriptional dynamics for RNA velocity analysis in single cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.12.503803v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cantilever-based in vivo measurements in the early Drosophila embryo reveal adiabatic elastic response on developmentally relevant time scales 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.12.503803v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In order to understand morphogenesis, it is necessary to know the material properties or forces shaping the living tissue. In spite of this need, very few in vivo measurements are currently available. Here, using the early Drosophila embryo as a model, we describe a novel cantilever-based technique which allows for the simultaneous quantification of applied force and tissue displacement in a living embryo. By analyzing data from a series of experiments in which embryonic epithelium is subjected to developmentally relevant perturbations, we conclude that the response to applied force is adiabatic and is dominated by elastic forces and geometric constraints, or system size effects. Crucially, computational modeling of the experimental data indicated that the apical surface of the epithelium must be softer than the basal surface, a result which we confirmed experimentally. Further, we used the combination of experimental data and comprehensive computational model to estimate the elastic modulus of the apical surface and set a lower bound on the elastic modulus of the basal surface. More generally, our investigations revealed important general features that we believe should be more widely addressed when quantitatively modeling tissue mechanics in any system. Specifically, different compartments of the same cell can have very different mechanical properties; when they do, they can contribute differently to different mechanical stimuli and cannot be merely averaged together. Additionally, tissue geometry can play a substantial role in mechanical response, and cannot be neglected.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cheikh, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tchoufag, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dean, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhaduri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandadapu, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doubrovinski, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.12.503803</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cantilever-based in vivo measurements in the early Drosophila embryo reveal adiabatic elastic response on developmentally relevant time scales]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.14.503889v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cellular Mechanisms Underlying Embryonic Retinal Waves 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.14.503889v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spontaneous activity is a hallmark of developing neural systems. In the retina, spontaneous activity comes in the form of retinal waves, comprised of three stages persisting from embryonic day 16 (E16) to eye opening at postnatal day 14 (P14). Though postnatal retinal waves have been well characterized, little is known about the spatiotemporal properties or the mechanisms mediating embryonic retinal waves, designated Stage 1 waves. Using a custom-built macroscope to record spontaneous calcium transients from whole embryonic retinas, we show that Stage 1 waves are initiated at several locations across the retina and propagate across finite regions of a broad range of areas. A gap junction antagonist, meclofenamic acid, reduced the frequency and size of Stage 1 waves but did not abolish them. The general nAChR antagonist, hexamethonium blocked Stage 1 waves, while they persisted in the presence of 4{beta}2 nAChR antagonist dihydro-{beta}-erythroidine, indicating that the spatiotemporal properties of Stage 1 waves are mediated by a complex circuitry involving subtypes of nAChRs and gap junctions. Stage 1 waves in mice lacking the {beta}2 subunit of the nAChRs ({beta}2-nAChR-KO) were reduced, but in contrast to WT mice, they persisted in the hexamethonium and were completely blocked by meclofenamic acid. To assay the impact of Stage 1 waves on retinal development, we compared the spatial distribution of a subtype of retinal ganglion cells, intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) in WT and {beta}2-nAChR-KO mice. We found that the developmental decrease of ipRGC density is preserved between WT and {beta}2-nAChR-KO mice, indicating that processes regulating ipRGC distribution are not influenced by spontaneous activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Voufo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feller, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiriac, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.14.503889</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cellular Mechanisms Underlying Embryonic Retinal Waves]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.16.504148v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Leaf side determines the relative importance of dispersal versus host filtering in the phyllosphere microbiome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.16.504148v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Leaf surface-associated bacterial communities play a significant role in plant health and have therefore been the focus of increasing interest. Despite this, we currently lack a predictive understanding of how leaf-associated bacterial communities are structured within and across hosts, including how leaf traits shape this variation and how community assembly processes may differ across distinct microbial habitats on a leaf. In this study, we characterize the composition of bacterial phyllosphere communities from the upper and lower leaf surfaces of 66 plants across 24 species grown at a common site using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. By comparing leaves that vary in pH and stomatal densities and analyzing the leaf surfaces separately, we were able to test the key factors shaping the phyllosphere across host plant species from diverse geographical origins. We found a surprisingly large shared/core microbiome across species, as well as a strong effect of plant species and native origin in shaping composition. Importantly, we found the lower leaf side, where pH values are generally lower and stomatal densities higher, to have lower taxonomic richness relative to the upper leaf side. While the upper leaf side community appears to be more strongly influenced by dispersal effects, the lower leaf appears to be more strongly influenced by plant host filtering effects, as supported by higher relative abundance of shared core taxa and higher signatures of endemism. This work highlights important differences in community assembly processes across the upper and lower leaf microbiomes and underscores the importance of considering differences among habitats within a host when explaining microbial community assembly and composition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smets, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chock, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanderburgh, C. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kau, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindow, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fierer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koskella, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.16.504148</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Leaf side determines the relative importance of dispersal versus host filtering in the phyllosphere microbiome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.16.504201v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dodecaploid Xenopus longipes provides insight into the emergence of size scaling relationships during development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.16.504201v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome and cell size are strongly correlated across species1-6 and influence physiological traits like developmental rate7-12. Although size scaling features such as the nuclear-cytoplasmic (N/C) ratio are precisely maintained in adult tissues13, it is unclear when during embryonic development size scaling relationships are established. Frogs of the genus Xenopus provide a model to investigate this question, since 29 extant Xenopus species vary in ploidy from 2 to 12 copies (n) of the genome, ranging from 20 to 108 chromosomes14,15. The most widely studied species, X. laevis (4n=36) and X. tropicalis (2n=20), scale at all levels from body size to cellular and subcellular16. Paradoxically, the rare, critically endangered dodecaploid (2n=108) X. longipes is a small frog15,17. We observed that despite some morphological differences, X. longipes and X. laevis embryogenesis occurred with similar timing, with genome to cell size scaling emerging at the swimming tadpole stage. Across the three species, cell size was determined primarily by egg size, while nuclear size correlated with genome size during embryogenesis, resulting in different nuclear-cytoplasmic ratios at the mid-blastula transition. At the subcellular level, nuclear size correlated more strongly with genome size, whereas mitotic spindle size scaled with cell size. Our cross-species study indicates that scaling of cell size to ploidy is not due to abrupt changes in cell division timing, that different size scaling regimes occur during embryogenesis, and that the developmental program of Xenopus is remarkably consistent across a wide range of genome and egg sizes.

ONE SENTENCE SUMMARYComparison of size metrics in embryos from different ploidy Xenopus species, including the dodecaploid X. longipes, reveals distinct size scaling regimes during development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miller, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cadart, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heald, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.16.504201</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dodecaploid Xenopus longipes provides insight into the emergence of size scaling relationships during development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.18.504374v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Methylglyoxal-derived hydroimidazolone, MG-H1, increases food intake by altering tyramine signaling via the GATA transcription factor ELT-3 in Caenorhabditis elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.18.504374v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Maillard reaction, a chemical reaction between amino acids and sugars, is exploited to produce flavorful food almost everywhere, from the baking industry to our everyday life. However, the Maillard reaction also takes place in all cells, from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, leading to the formation of Advanced Glycation End-products (AGEs). AGEs are a heterogeneous group of compounds resulting from the irreversible reaction between biomolecules and -dicarbonyls (-DCs), including methylglyoxal (MGO), an unavoidable byproduct of anaerobic glycolysis and lipid peroxidation. We previously demonstrated that Caenorhabditis elegans mutants lacking the glod-4 glyoxalase enzyme displayed enhanced accumulation of -DCs, reduced lifespan, increased neuronal damage, and touch hypersensitivity. Here, we demonstrate that glod-4 mutation increased food intake and identify that MGO-derived hydroimidazolone, MG-H1, is a mediator of the observed increase in food intake. RNA-seq analysis in glod-4 knockdown worms identified upregulation of several neurotransmitters and feeding genes. Suppressor screening of the overfeeding phenotype identified the tdc-1-tyramine-tyra-2/ser-2 signaling as an essential pathway mediating AGEs (MG-H1) induced feeding in glod-4 mutants. We also identified the elt-3 GATA transcription factor as an essential upstream factor for increased feeding upon accumulation of AGEs by partially regulating the expression of tdc-1 and tyra-2 genes. Further, the lack of either tdc-1 or tyra-2/ser-2 receptors suppresses the reduced lifespan and rescues neuronal damage observed in glod-4 mutants. Thus, in C. elegans, we identified an elt-3 regulated tyramine-dependent pathway mediating the toxic effects of MGO and associated AGEs. Understanding this signaling pathway is essential to modulate hedonistic overfeeding behavior observed in modern AGEs rich diets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Muthaiyan Shanmugam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaudhuri, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sellegounder, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahu, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chamoli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodge, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lithgow, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarpong, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapahi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.18.504374</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Methylglyoxal-derived hydroimidazolone, MG-H1, increases food intake by altering tyramine signaling via the GATA transcription factor ELT-3 in Caenorhabditis elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.19.504580v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Within-host adaptation alters priority effects within the phyllosphere microbiome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.19.504580v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To predict microbiome composition and function over time, it is essential to understand how evolution alters priority effects between resident and invading species. In an experimental evolution study on tomato plants, an early-colonizing bacterial species rapidly evolved to invade a new niche, altering its ecological interactions with other members of the plant microbiome, as well as its effect on the host. Prevailing models have assumed that adaptation primarily improves the efficiency of resident species within their existing niches, yet we conclude that host habitats can offer alternative evolutionary opportunities, complicating the application of existing theory to the community ecology of microbiomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Debray, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conover, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dewald-Wang, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koskella, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.19.504580</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Within-host adaptation alters priority effects within the phyllosphere microbiome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.20.504671v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineering Pseudomonas putida KT2440 for chain length tailored free fatty acid and oleochemical production 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.20.504671v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite advances in understanding the metabolism of Pseudomonas putida KT2440, a promising bacterial host for producing valuable chemicals from plant-derived feedstocks, a strain capable of producing free fatty acid-derived chemicals has not been developed. Guided by functional genomics, we engineered P. putida to produce medium- and long-chain free fatty acids (FFAs) to titers of up to 670 mg/L, paving the road for the production of high-value oleochemicals and biofuels from cheap feedstocks, such as plant biomass, using this host. Additionally, by taking advantage of the varying substrate preferences of paralogous native fatty acyl-CoA ligases, we employed a strategy to control FFA chain length that resulted in a P. putida strain specialized in producing medium-chain FFAs. Finally, we demonstrate the production of oleochemicals in these strains by synthesizing medium-chain fatty acid methyl esters, compounds useful as biodiesel blending agents, in various media including sorghum hydrolysate at titers greater than 300 mg/L.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Valencia, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Incha, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehling, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oka, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blank, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gladden, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keasling, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.20.504671</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineering Pseudomonas putida KT2440 for chain length tailored free fatty acid and oleochemical production]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.22.504706v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA language models are powerful zero-shot predictors of non-coding variant effects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.22.504706v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The expanding catalog of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) provides biological insights across a variety of species, but identifying the causal variants behind these associations remains a significant challenge. Experimental validation is both labor-intensive and costly, highlighting the need for accurate, scalable computational methods to predict the effects of genetic variants across the entire genome. Inspired by recent progress in natural language processing, unsupervised pre-training on large protein sequence databases has proven successful in extracting complex information related to proteins. These models showcase their ability to learn variant effects in coding regions using an unsupervised approach. Expanding on this idea, we here introduce the Genomic Pre-trained Network (GPN), a model designed to learn genome-wide variant effects through unsupervised pre-training on genomic DNA sequences. Our model also successfully learns gene structure and DNA motifs without any supervision. To demonstrate its utility, we train GPN on unaligned reference genomes of Arabidopsis thaliana and seven related species within the Brassicales order, and evaluate its ability to predict the functional impact of genetic variants in Arabidopsis thaliana by utilizing allele frequencies from the 1001 Genomes Project and a comprehensive database of GWAS. Notably, GPN outperforms predictors based on popular conservation scores such as phyloP and phastCons. Our predictions for Arabidopsis thaliana can be visualized as sequence logos in the UCSC Genome Browser (https://genome.ucsc.edu/s/gbenegas/gpn-arabidopsis). We provide code (https://github.com/songlab-cal/gpn) to train GPN for any given species using its DNA sequence alone, enabling unsupervised prediction of variant effects across the entire genome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benegas, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batra, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.22.504706</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA language models are powerful zero-shot predictors of non-coding variant effects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.23.504566v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Murine cytomegalovirus downregulates ERAAP and induces an unconventional T cell response to self 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.23.504566v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase associated with antigen presentation (ERAAP) plays a crucial role in shaping the peptide-MHC I repertoire and maintaining immune surveillance. While murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) has multiple strategies for manipulating the antigen processing pathway to evade immune responses, the host has also developed ways to counter viral immune evasion. In this study, we found that MCMV modulates ERAAP and induces an IFN-{gamma} producing CD8+ T cell effector response that targets uninfected ERAAP deficient cells. We also observed that ERAAP downregulation during infection led to presentation of the self-peptide FL9 on non-classical Qa-1b, thereby eliciting Qa-1b restricted QFL T cells to proliferate in the liver and spleen of infected mice. QFL T cells upregulated effector markers upon MCMV infection and were sufficient to reduce viral load after transfer to immunodeficient mice. Our study highlights the consequences of ERAAP dysfunction during viral infection and provides potential targets for antiviral therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Geiger, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manoharan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coombs, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, C.-s.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shastri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robey, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coscoy, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.23.504566</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Murine cytomegalovirus downregulates ERAAP and induces an unconventional T cell response to self]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.23.505029v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exploring masses and internal mass distributions of single carboxysomes in free solution using fluorescence and interferometric scattering in an anti-Brownian trap 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.23.505029v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Carboxysomes are self-assembled bacterial microcompartments that facilitate carbon assimilation by co-localizing the enzymes of CO2 fixation within a protein shell. These microcompartments can be highly heterogeneous in their composition and filling, so measuring the mass and loading of an individual carboxysome would allow for better characterization of its assembly and function. To enable detailed and extended characterizations of single nanoparticles in solution, we recently demonstrated an improved Interferometric Scattering Anti-Brownian ELectrokinetic (ISABEL) trap, which tracks the position of a single nanoparticle via its scattering of a near-infrared beam and applies feedback to counteract its Brownian motion. Importantly, the scattering signal can be related to the mass of nanoscale proteinaceous objects, whose refractive indices are well-characterized. We calibrate single-particle scattering cross-section measurements in the ISABEL trap and determine individual carboxysome masses in the 50-400 MDa range by analyzing their scattering cross-sections with a core-shell model. We further investigate carboxysome loading by combining mass measurements with simultaneous fluorescence reporting from labeled internal components. This method may be extended to other biological objects, such as viruses or extracellular vesicles, and can be combined with orthogonal fluorescence reporters to achieve precise physical and chemical characterization of individual nanoscale biological objects.

TOC Graphic

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=103 SRC="FIGDIR/small/505029v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (21K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@18e9f99org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@900912org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@4398baorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1dff103_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lavania, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carpenter, W. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oltrogge, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borden, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moerner, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.23.505029</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exploring masses and internal mass distributions of single carboxysomes in free solution using fluorescence and interferometric scattering in an anti-Brownian trap]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.24.505004v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell type-programmable genome editing with enveloped delivery vehicles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.24.505004v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Viruses and virally-derived particles have the intrinsic capacity to deliver molecules to cells, but the difficulty of readily altering cell-type selectivity has hindered their use for therapeutic delivery. Here we show that cell surface marker recognition by antibody fragments displayed on membrane-derived particles encapsulating CRISPR-Cas9 protein and guide RNA can target genome editing tools to specific cells. These Cas9-packaging enveloped delivery vehicles (Cas9-EDVs), programmed with different displayed antibody fragments, confer genome editing in target cells over bystander cells in mixed cell populations both ex vivo and in vivo.

This strategy enabled the generation of genome-edited chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells in humanized mice, establishing a new programmable delivery modality with widespread therapeutic utility.

One-Sentence SummaryCell-specific molecular delivery with enveloped delivery vehicles (EDVs) enables genome editing ex vivo and in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hamilton, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandoval Espinoza, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.24.505004</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell type-programmable genome editing with enveloped delivery vehicles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.25.505243v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stimulation of the catalytic activity of the tyrosine kinase Btk by the adaptor protein Grb2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.25.505243v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Tec-family kinase Btk contains a lipid-binding Pleckstrin homology and Tec homology (PH-TH) module connected by a proline-rich linker to a "Src module", an SH2-SH3-kinase unit also found in Src-family kinases and Abl. We showed previously that Btk is activated by PH-TH dimerization, which is triggered on membranes by the phosphatidyl inositol phosphate PIP3, or in solution by hexakisinositol phosphate (IP6) (Wang et al. 2015, https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.06074). We now report that the ubiquitous adaptor protein growth-factor-receptor-bound protein 2 (Grb2) binds to and substantially increases the activity of PIP3-bound Btk on membranes. Using reconstitution on supported-lipid bilayers, we find that Grb2 can be recruited to membrane-bound Btk through interaction with the proline-rich linker in Btk. This interaction requires intact Grb2, containing both SH3 domains and the SH2 domain, but does not require that the SH2 domain be able to bind phosphorylated tyrosine residues - thus Grb2 bound to Btk is free to interact with scaffold proteins via the SH2 domain. We show that the Grb2-Btk interaction recruits Btk to scaffold-mediated signaling clusters in reconstituted membranes. Our findings indicate that PIP3-mediated dimerization of Btk does not fully activate Btk, and that Btk adopts an autoinhibited state at the membrane that is released by Grb2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nocka, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groves, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuriyan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.25.505243</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stimulation of the catalytic activity of the tyrosine kinase Btk by the adaptor protein Grb2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.25.505338v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dosage differences in 12-OXOPHYTODIENOATE REDUCTASE genes modulate wheat primary root growth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.25.505338v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Wheat is an essential crop for global food security and is well adapted to a wide variety of soils1. However, the gene networks regulating different root architectures remain poorly understood. We report here the identification of a cluster of a monocot-specific 12-OXOPHYTODIENOATE REDUCTASE genes from subfamily III (OPRIII) that modulate key differences in wheat root architecture associated with grain yield under water-limited conditions. Wheat plants with a loss-of-function mutation in OPRIII showed longer seminal roots, whereas plants with increased OPRIII dosage or transgenic over-expression showed reduced seminal root growth, precocious development of lateral roots and increased jasmonic acid (JA). A JA-biosynthesis inhibitor eliminated the root differences, confirming a JA-mediated mechanism. Multiple transcriptome analysis of transgenic and wild-type lines revealed significant enriched JA-biosynthetic and reactive oxygen species (ROS) pathways that paralleled changes in ROS distribution. The OPRIII genes provide a useful entry point to engineer root architecture in wheat and other cereals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gabay, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moriconi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burguener, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howell, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lukaszewski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staskawicz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, M.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fahima, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ke, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dehesh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, G.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gou, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santa Maria, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubcovsky, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.25.505338</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dosage differences in 12-OXOPHYTODIENOATE REDUCTASE genes modulate wheat primary root growth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.27.505556v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parallel CRISPR-Cas9 screens reveal mechanisms of PLIN2 and lipid droplet regulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.27.505556v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lipid droplets (LDs) are lipid storage organelles that consist of a central core of neutral lipids surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer decorated with a unique set of integral and peripheral proteins. Invariably, at least one member of the perilipin family of proteins (PLIN1-5) associates with LDs in all cell types. Despite key roles of PLIN2 in governing hepatic lipid metabolism, the mechanisms that regulate PLIN2 levels remain incompletely understood. Here, we develop a set of genome-edited PLIN2 reporter cell lines that facilitate the analysis of genes that regulate PLIN2 and LD abundance. Leveraging these reporter cells in a series of CRISPR-Cas9 loss-of-function screens, we generate a comprehensive inventory of genes that influence PLIN2 levels under different metabolic conditions. Moreover, we uncouple their effects on PLIN2 expression and post-translational stability. Identified genetic modifiers include canonical genes that control LD metabolism (e.g., ACSL3, DGAT2, PNPLA2, ABHD5) as well as genes with less characterized roles in PLIN2 and LD regulation such as ubiquitination machinery (e.g., MARCH6, UBE2J2), transcription regulators (e.g., HNF4A, HDAC3), mitochondrial pathways (e.g., electron transport chain and mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis), and others. These CRISPR screens, and several published screens that focus on different aspects of lipid metabolism, provide the foundation for CRISPRlipid (http://crisprlipid.org), a versatile, online data commons for lipid-related functional genomics data. Together, our study uncovers new mechanisms of PLIN2 regulation and provides an extensive, phenotype-rich resource for the exploration of LD biology and lipid metabolism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roberts, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deol, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lange, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leto, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathiowetz, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevenson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hashemi, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgens, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Easter, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heydari, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nalls, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassik, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kampmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopito, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faghri, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olzmann, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.27.505556</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parallel CRISPR-Cas9 screens reveal mechanisms of PLIN2 and lipid droplet regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.29.505745v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Environmentally robust cis-regulatory changes underlie rapid climatic adaptation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.29.505745v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Changes in gene expression are proposed to play a major role in adaptive evolution. While it is known that gene expression is highly sensitive to the environment, very few studies have determined the influence of genetic and environmental effects on adaptive gene regulation in natural populations. Here, we utilize allele-specific expression to characterize cis and trans gene regulatory divergence in temperate and tropical house mice in two metabolic tissues under two thermal conditions. First, we show that gene expression divergence is pervasive between populations and across thermal conditions, with roughly 5-10% of genes exhibiting genotype-by-environment interactions. Second, we found that most expression divergence was due to cis-regulatory changes that were stable across temperatures. In contrast, patterns of expression plasticity were largely attributable to trans-effects, which showed greater sensitivity to temperature. Nonetheless, we discovered a small subset of temperature-dependent cis-regulatory changes, thereby identifying loci underlying expression plasticity. Finally, we performed scans for selection in wild house mice to identify genomic signatures of rapid adaptation. Genomic outliers were enriched in genes with evidence for cis-regulatory divergence. Notably, these genes were associated with phenotypes that affected body weight and metabolism, suggesting that cis-regulatory changes are a possible mechanism for adaptive body size evolution between populations. Our results show that gene expression plasticity, largely controlled in trans, may facilitate the colonization of new environments, but that evolved changes in gene expression are largely controlled in cis, illustrating the genetic and non-genetic mechanisms underlying the establishment of populations in new environments.

Significance StatementGene expression variation is shaped by both genetic and environmental effects, yet these two factors are rarely considered together in the context of adaptive evolution. We studied environmental influences on gene regulatory evolution in temperate and tropical house mice in cold and warm laboratory environments. We discovered that genetic effects in the form of cis-regulatory divergence were pervasive and largely insensitive to the environment. Many of these genetic effects are under selection and are associated with genes that affect body size, suggesting cis-regulatory changes as a possible mechanism for adaptive body size evolution. We also discovered many trans-effects controlling expression plasticity, demonstrating the importance of both genetic and non-genetic changes associated with adaptation over short timescales (a few hundred generations).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ballinger, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mack, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durkin, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riddell, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nachman, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.29.505745</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Environmentally robust cis-regulatory changes underlie rapid climatic adaptation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.29.505759v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
X chromosome dosage drives statin-induced dysglycemia and mitochondrial dysfunction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.29.505759v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Statin drugs lower blood cholesterol levels for cardiovascular disease prevention. Women are more likely than men to experience adverse statin effects, particularly new-onset diabetes (NOD) and muscle weakness. We determined that female mice are more susceptible than males to glucose intolerance, fasting hyperglycemia, and muscle weakness after short-term statin treatment. Lipidomic, transcriptomic, and biochemical analyses identified reduced docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels, and impaired redox tone and mitochondrial respiration specifically in statin-treated female mice. Statin adverse effects could be prevented in females by complementation with a source of DHA. Statin adverse effects segregated with XX chromosome complement, and specifically dosage of the Kdm5c gene, which regulates fatty acid gene expression and has differential expression levels in females and males. In humans, we found that women experience more severe reductions than men in DHA levels after short-term statin administration, and that DHA reduction was correlated with increases in fasting glucose levels. Furthermore, induced pluripotent stem cells derived from women, but not men, who developed NOD exhibited impaired mitochondrial function when treated with statin. Overall, our studies identify biochemical mechanisms, biomarkers, and a genetic risk factor for susceptibility to statin adverse effects, and point to DHA supplementation as a preventive co-therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munier, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vergnes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiese, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Link, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbasi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ronquillo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuang, Y.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oni-Orisan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iribarren, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McPhaul, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomura, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knowles, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krauss, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medina, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reue, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.29.505759</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[X chromosome dosage drives statin-induced dysglycemia and mitochondrial dysfunction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.29.505771v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rejection of inappropriate synaptic partners mediated by transcellular FLRT2-UNC5 signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.29.505771v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During nervous system development, neurons choose synaptic partners with remarkable specificity; however, the cell-cell recognition mechanisms governing rejection of inappropriate partners remain enigmatic. Here we show that mouse retinal neurons avoid inappropriate partners using the FLRT2-UNC5 receptor-ligand system. Within the inner plexiform layer (IPL), FLRT2 is expressed by direction-selective (DS) circuit neurons, whereas UNC5C/D are expressed by non-DS neurons projecting to adjacent IPL sublayers. In vivo gain- and loss-of-function experiments demonstrate that FLRT2-UNC5 binding eliminates growing DS dendrites that have strayed from the DS circuit IPL sublayers. Abrogation of FLRT2-UNC5 binding allows mistargeted arbors to persist, elaborate, and acquire synapses from inappropriate partners. Conversely, UNC5C misexpression within DS circuit sublayers inhibits dendrite growth and drives arbors into adjacent sublayers. Mechanistically, UNC5s promote dendrite elimination by interfering with FLRT2-mediated adhesion. Based on their broad expression, FLRT-UNC5 recognition is poised to exert widespread effects upon synaptic partner choices across the nervous system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Prigge, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dembla, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Quessny, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozlowski, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paisley, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Della Santina, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kay, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.29.505771</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rejection of inappropriate synaptic partners mediated by transcellular FLRT2-UNC5 signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.30.505732v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coenzyme A governs proinflammatory macrophage metabolism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.30.505732v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Toll-like receptor (TLR)-dependent macrophage responses rely on acute increases in oxidative mitochondrial glucose metabolism that epigenetically support rapid proinflammatory transcriptional programming via histone acetylation. Subsequent suppression of oxidative metabolism restrains this metabolic-epigenetic support of proinflammatory gene transcription to enforce tolerance, an immunosuppressed state of innate immune memory. Identifying biology that promotes or counters these metabolic-epigenetic changes will inform therapeutic approaches to influence proinflammatory, antimicrobial, and immunosuppressed myeloid cellular states. Here, we demonstrate that Coenzyme A (CoA) is a "metabolic adjuvant", as supplying exogenous CoA to macrophages both enhances the magnitude of TLR-driven proinflammatory and antimicrobial responses, and reverse tolerance, via promotion of oxidative metabolism. Extracellular CoA, which we isotopically trace to show its direct uptake by macrophages, works synergistically with tonic TLR signaling, which we demonstrate is a critical regulator of nutrient uptake, metabolism, histone acetylation, and gene expression in macrophages. Together, TLR signaling and exogenous CoA promote mitochondrial glucose oxidation, acetyl-CoA production, and TLR target gene-specific histone acetylation, enhancing metabolic-epigenetic support of proinflammatory transcriptional programming. Exogenous CoA unlocks tumor-associated macrophage (TAM)-dependent TLR agonist anti-tumor activity in an in vivo breast cancer model, and promotes macrophage restriction of the intracellular bacterial pathogen Legionella pneumophila in vitro via an Irg1-dependent antimicrobial state of CoA-augmented itaconate biosynthesis. Our findings demonstrate direct acquisition of intact extracellular CoA, and the ability of this exogenously supplemented metabolic cofactor to augment a key oxidative metabolic-epigenetic pathway supporting proinflammatory and antimicrobial macrophage phenotypes. This may inform host-targeted metabolic adjuvant therapies to reverse myeloid immunosuppression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Timblin, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tharp, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoeve, J. t.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baydemir, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khantwal, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farahzad, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominguez-Andres, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vance, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weaver, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.30.505732</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coenzyme A governs proinflammatory macrophage metabolism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.30.505955v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Negative allosteric modulation of the glucagon receptor by RAMP2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.30.505955v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMPs) modulate the activity of many Family B heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptors (GPCRs). The glucagon receptor (GCGR), a Family B GPCR responsible for maintenance of proper blood sugar levels, interacts with RAMP2, though the purpose and consequence of this interaction is poorly understood. Using a series of biochemical and cell-based assays, we show that RAMP2 interacts with and broadly inhibits GCGR-induced downstream signaling. Hydrogen-deuterium exchange monitored by mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) demonstrates that RAMP2 enhances local flexibility in select locations in and near the receptor extracellular domain (ECD) as well as at a key region in the 6th transmembrane helix, while single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer (smFRET) experiments show that this RAMP2-induced ECD disorder results in inhibition of active and intermediate states of the intracellular face of the receptor. Using cryo-electron microscopy (cryoEM), we determined the structure of the GCGR-Gs complex at 2.9 [A] resolution in the presence of RAMP2. RAMP2 apparently does not interact with GCGR in an ordered manner, yet the ECD of GCGR is indeed largely disordered in the presence of RAMP2. This disorder is accompanied by rearrangements of several key areas of the receptor, resulting in the formation of a likely unproductive complex. Together, our studies suggest that RAMP2 acts as a negative allosteric modulator of GCGR by enhancing conformational sampling of the ECD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krishna Kumar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Brien, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habrian, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Latorraca, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuneew, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montabana, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marqusee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilger, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isacoff, E. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathiesen, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobilka, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.30.505955</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Negative allosteric modulation of the glucagon receptor by RAMP2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.31.506130v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic Engineering of Virus-Like Particles to Identify Self-Assembly Rules for Shifting Particle Size 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.31.506130v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Virus-like particles (VLPs) are promising scaffolds for biomaterials as well as diagnostic and therapeutic applications. However, there are some key challenges to be solved, such as the ability to engineer alternate sizes for varied use cases. To this end, we created a library of MS2 VLP variants at two key residues in the coat protein which have been implicated as important to controlling VLP size and geometry. By adapting a method for systematic mutagenesis coupled with size-based selections and high-throughput sequencing as a readout, we developed a quantitative assessment of two residues in MS2 coat protein that govern the size shift in MS2 VLPs. We then applied the strategy to the equivalent residues in Q{beta} VLPs, an MS2 homolog, and demonstrate that the analogous pair of residues are also able to impact VLP size and shape. These results underscore the power of fitness landscapes in identifying critical features for assembly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ikwuagwu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mills, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tullman-Ercek, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.31.506130</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic Engineering of Virus-Like Particles to Identify Self-Assembly Rules for Shifting Particle Size]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.01.506213v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ventral temporal and posteromedial sulcal morphology in autism spectrum disorder 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.01.506213v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Two recent parallel research tracks link tertiary sulcal morphology--sulci that emerge last in gestation and continue to develop after birth--with functional features of the cerebral cortex and cognition, respectively. The first track identified a relationship between the mid-fusiform sulcus (MFS) in ventral temporal cortex (VTC) and cognition in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The second track identified a new tertiary sulcus, the inframarginal sulcus (IFRMS), that serves as a tripartite landmark within the posteromedial cortex (PMC). As VTC and PMC are structurally and functionally different in individuals with ASD compared to neurotypical controls (NTs), here, we integrated these two tracks with a twofold approach. First, we tested if there are morphological differences in VTC and PMC sulci between 50 NTs and 50 individuals with ASD. Second, we tested if tertiary sulcal morphology was linked to cognition in ASD individuals. Our twofold approach replicates and extends recent findings in five ways. First, in terms of replication, the standard deviation (STD) of MFS cortical thickness (CT) was increased in ASDs compared to NTs. Second, MFS length was shorter in ASDs compared to NTs. Third, the CT STD effect extended to other VTC and PMC sulci. Fourth, a subset of VTC and PMC morphological features were correlated between regions in ASD. Fifth, IFRMS depth was negatively associated with ADOS-GS score. These results empirically support a relationship between later-developing, tertiary sulci and ASD, providing a novel framework to study the relationship between brain structure and cognition in additional neurodevelopmental disorders in future studies.

Lay SummaryWe observed that some, but not all, morphological features of later-developing tertiary indentations (sulci) in the cerebral cortex differed significantly between neurotypical controls and individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In ASD, a subset of sulcal morphological features also correlated between brain areas and one feature reflected differences in cognition. Thus, studying these structures provides insight into how individual variability in structure is related to individual variability in cognition in ASD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benitez, J. A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kannan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hastings, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willbrand, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.01.506213</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ventral temporal and posteromedial sulcal morphology in autism spectrum disorder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.02.506401v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improved Genome Editing by an Engineered CRISPR-Cas12a 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.02.506401v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas12a is an RNA-guided, programmable genome editing enzyme found within bacterial adaptive immune pathways. Unlike CRISPR-Cas9, Cas12a uses only a single catalytic site to both cleave target double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) (cis-activity) and indiscriminately degrade single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) (trans-activity). To investigate how the relative potency of cis- versus trans-DNase activity affects Cas12a-mediated genome editing, we first used structure-guided engineering to generate variants of Lachnospiraceae bacterium Cas12a (LbCas12a) that selectively disrupt trans-activity. The resulting engineered mutant with the biggest differential between cis- and trans-DNase activity in vitro showed minimal genome editing activity in human cells, motivating a second set of experiments using directed evolution to generate additional mutants with robust genome editing activity. Notably, these engineered and evolved mutants had enhanced ability to induce homology-directed repair (HDR) editing by 2-18-fold depending on the genomic locus. Finally, we found that a site-specific reversion mutation produced improved Cas12a (iCas12a) variants with superior genome editing efficiency at genomic sites that are difficult to edit using wild-type Cas12a. This strategy of coupled rational engineering and directed evolution establishes a pipeline for creating improved genome editing tools by combining structural insights with randomization and selection. The availability of experimental and predicted structures of other CRISPR-Cas enzymes will enable this strategy to be applied to improve the efficacy of other genome editing proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ma, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stahl, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adler, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.02.506401</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improved Genome Editing by an Engineered CRISPR-Cas12a]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.05.506423v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chorography and conformational dynamism of the Soluble Human Fibrinogen in solution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.05.506423v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fibrinogen is a soluble, multi-subunit and multi-domain dimeric protein, which, upon its proteolytic cleavage by thrombin, is converted to insoluble fibrin initiating polymerization that substantially contributes to clot growth. The consentaneous structural view of the soluble form of fibrinogen is relatively straight and rigid-like. However, fibrinogen contains numerous, transiently-accessible "cryptic" epitopes for hemostatic and immunologic proteins, suggesting that fibrinogen exhibits conformational flexibility, which may play functional roles in its temporal and spatial interactions. Hitherto, there has been limited information on the solution structure and internal flexibility of soluble fibrinogen. Here, utilizing an integrative, biophysical approach involving temperature-dependent hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry, small angle X-ray scattering, and negative stain electron microscopy, we present a holistic, conformationally dynamic model of human fibrinogen in solution. Our data reveal a high degree of internal flexibility, accommodated by four major and distinct flexible sites along the central axis of the protein. We propose that the fibrinogen structure in solution consists of a complex, conformational landscape with multiple local minima, rather than a single, rigid topology. This is further supported by the location of numerous point mutations that are linked to dysfibrinogenemia, and post-translational modifications, residing near fibrinogen flexions. This work provides a molecular basis for the structural "dynamism" of fibrinogen that is expected to influence the broad swath of functionally diverse macromolecular interactions and fine-tune the structural and mechanical properties of blood clots.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudson, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Offenbacher, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iavarone, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popovic, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manandhar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinelo, J. E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.05.506423</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chorography and conformational dynamism of the Soluble Human Fibrinogen in solution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.07.507027v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterizing Cone Spectral Classification by Optoretinography 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.07.507027v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Light propagation in photoreceptor outer segments is affected by photopigment absorption and the phototransduction amplification cascade. Photopigment absorption has been studied using retinal densitometry, while recently, optoretinography (ORG) has provided an avenue to probe changes in outer segment optical path length due to phototransduction. With adaptive optics (AO), both densitometry and ORG have been used for cone spectral classification, based on the differential bleaching signatures of the three cone types. Here, we characterize cone classification by ORG, implemented in an AO line-scan OCT and compare it against densitometry. The cone mosaics of five color normal subjects were classified using ORG showing high probability ([~]0.99), low error (<0.22%), high test-retest reliability ([~]97%) and short imaging durations (< 1 hour). Of these, the cone spectral assignments in two subjects were compared against AOSLO densitometry. High agreement (mean: 91%) was observed between the two modalities in these 2 subjects, with measurements conducted 6-7 years apart. Overall, ORG benefits from higher sensitivity and dynamic range to probe cone photopigments compared to densitometry, and thus provides greater fidelity for cone spectral classification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pandiyan, V. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schleufer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slezak, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upadhyay, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roorda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabesan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.07.507027</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterizing Cone Spectral Classification by Optoretinography]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.08.507185v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The evolution of host resistance to a virus is determined by resources, historical contingency, and time scale 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.08.507185v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hosts can often evolve resistance to parasites (and other stressors), but such resistance is generally thought to be constrained by trade-offs with other traits. These trade-offs determine the hosts optimal resistance strategy and whether resistance cycles, diversifies, and/or is maintained in the absence of parasite. However, trade-offs are often inconsistently measured across experiments and can depend on environmental conditions. Here, we extend a selection experiment evolving resistance to viral infection under variable resource quality in the Plodia interpunctella model system to explore the evolutionary conditions leading to an incongruent earlier measurement of costless resistance. We find that environmental resource quality, historical contingency, and the time scale of selection all affect trade-offs in our long-term selection experiment. Specifically, populations selected for resistance with the dual stressor of low resource quality are slowed, but not prevented, from evolving resistance. Second, variation in starting populations or early sampled adaptations led to contingency towards context-dependent resistance. Finally, some costs to resistance observed at early time points were compensated over longer evolutionary time scales. Our work therefore informs perspectives for the predictability of adaptation and how variation in specific evolutionary conditions can alter the evolutionary trajectories of a population towards costly or costless resistance strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Visher, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahjoub, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soufi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pascual, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoang, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartlett, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meaden, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boots, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.08.507185</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The evolution of host resistance to a virus is determined by resources, historical contingency, and time scale]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.09.507218v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stimulating microtubule growth is not the essential function of the microtubule polymerase Stu2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.09.507218v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ch-TOG family proteins, including the budding yeast Stu2, are essential for spindle formation and chromosome segregation. Such functions depend on an array of activities ranging from microtubule nucleation, polymerization and depolymerization, to conferring tension sensitivity to kinetochores. This functional diversity makes it challenging to dissect these various functions and understand their relative importance. Here, we developed separation-of-function mutants and used artificial tethering tools to elucidate several important mechanistic insights into Stu2s essential role. We show that Stu2s microtubule polymerization activity depends on its basic linker region but is surprisingly dispensable for viability; that in fact, Stu2 carries out an essential kinetochore-associated function; and finally, that Stu2s precise location within the kinetochore is critical for its function, suggesting a spatial separation mode of action may underlie its ability to confer tension sensitivity. Our findings highlight the significance of Stu2s kinetochore role and provide insights into the molecular mechanisms by which it performs its various functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carrier, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torvi, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gangadharan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geyer, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rice, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lagesse, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.09.507218</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stimulating microtubule growth is not the essential function of the microtubule polymerase Stu2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.10.507427v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ceramide-1-phosphate transfer protein enhances lipid transport by disrupting hydrophobic lipid-membrane contacts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.10.507427v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular distributions of the sphingolipid ceramide-1-phosphate (C1P) impact essential biological processes. C1P levels are spatiotemporally regulated by ceramide-1-phosphate transfer protein (CPTP), which efficiently shuttles C1P between organelle membranes. Yet, how CPTP rapidly extracts and inserts C1P into a membrane remains unknown. Here, we devise a multiscale simulation approach to elucidate biophysical details of CPTP-mediated C1P transport. We find that CPTP binds a membrane poised to extract and insert C1P and that membrane binding promotes conformational changes in CPTP that facilitate C1P uptake and release. By significantly disrupting a lipids local hydrophobic environment in the membrane, CPTP lowers the activation free energy barrier for passive C1P desorption and enhances C1P extraction from the membrane. Upon uptake of C1P, further conformational changes may aid membrane unbinding in a manner reminiscent of the electrostatic switching mechanism used by other lipid transfer proteins. Insertion of C1P into an acceptor membrane, eased by a decrease in membrane order by CPTP, restarts the transfer cycle. Most notably, we provide molecular evidence for CPTPs ability to catalyze C1P extraction by breaking hydrophobic C1P-membrane contacts with compensatory hydrophobic lipid-protein contacts. Our work, thus, provides biophysical insights into how CPTP efficiently traffics C1P between membranes to maintain sphingolipid homeostasis and, additionally, presents a simulation method aptly suited for uncovering the catalytic mechanisms of other lipid transfer proteins.

Author summaryCritical cellular processes require spatiotemporal regulation of sphingolipid levels among organelle membranes. Programmed cell death and inflammation, for example, are impacted by the distribution of ceramide-1-phosphate (C1P). C1P levels are specifically altered by ceramide-1-phosphate transfer protein (CPTP), which mediates C1P intermembrane transport. Using a multiscale simulation approach tailored to studying lipid transport, we elucidate key steps in the molecular mechanism used by CPTP to rapidly transport C1P between membranes: Through conformational changes that are coupled to membrane binding, CPTP significantly disrupts C1Ps local hydrophobic environment in a membrane and catalyzes its extraction. Since this catalytic mechanism is biophysically related to that of passive lipid transport, it may be ubiquitously used by lipid transport proteins to rapidly traffic lipids between membranes and ensure membrane homeostasis. Our multiscale simulation approach offers a framework to test this hypothesis and, thus, further our molecular knowledge of how lipid transfer proteins function to regulate cellular lipid distributions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rogers, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geissler, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.10.507427</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ceramide-1-phosphate transfer protein enhances lipid transport by disrupting hydrophobic lipid-membrane contacts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.13.512165v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Treatment of prostate cancer with CD46 targeted 225Ac alpha particle radioimmunotherapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.13.512165v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Radiopharmaceutical therapy is changing the standard of care in prostate cancer (PCa) and other malignancies. We previously reported high CD46 expression in PCa and developed an antibody-drug conjugate and immunoPET agent based on the YS5 antibody, which targets a tumor-selective CD46 epitope. Here, we present the preparation, preclinical efficacy, and toxicity evaluation of [225Ac]DOTA-YS5, a radioimmunotherapy agent based on the YS5 antibody. Our radiolabeled antibody retains binding efficacy and shows a high tumor to background ratio in PCa xenografts. Furthermore, we show that radiolabeled antibody was able to suppress the growth of cell-derived and patient-derived xenografts, including PSMA-positive and deficient models. Nephrotoxicity, not seen at low radioactive doses, is evident at higher radioactivity dose levels, likely due to redistribution of daughter isotope 213Bi. Overall, this preclinical study confirms that [225Ac]DOTA-YS5 is a highly effective treatment and suggests feasibility for clinical translation of CD46 targeted radioligand therapy in PCa.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bidkar, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bobba, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bidlingmaier, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egusa, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peter, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meher, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wadhwa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhrona, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckford-Vera, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aggarwal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VanBrocklin, H. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flavell, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.13.512165</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Treatment of prostate cancer with CD46 targeted 225Ac alpha particle radioimmunotherapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.01.518724v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The complete sequence of a human Y chromosome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.01.518724v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human Y chromosome has been notoriously difficult to sequence and assemble because of its complex repeat structure including long palindromes, tandem repeats, and segmental duplications1-3. As a result, more than half of the Y chromosome is missing from the GRCh38 reference sequence and it remains the last human chromosome to be finished4, 5. Here, the Telomere-to-Telomere (T2T) consortium presents the complete 62,460,029 base pair sequence of a human Y chromosome from the HG002 genome (T2T-Y) that corrects multiple errors in GRCh38-Y and adds over 30 million base pairs of sequence to the reference, revealing the complete ampliconic structures of TSPY, DAZ, and RBMY gene families; 41 additional protein-coding genes, mostly from the TSPY family; and an alternating pattern of human satellite 1 and 3 blocks in the heterochromatic Yq12 region. We have combined T2T-Y with a prior assembly of the CHM13 genome4 and mapped available population variation, clinical variants, and functional genomics data to produce a complete and comprehensive reference sequence for all 24 human chromosomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rhie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nurk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cechova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoyt, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altemose, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hook, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koren, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rautiainen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandrov, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bzikadze, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, N.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chin, C.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diekhans, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flicek, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Formenti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fungtammasan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia Giron, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrison, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gershman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grady, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guarracino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haggerty, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halabian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartley, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvey, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haukness, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heinz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hourlier, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubley, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunt, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kesharwani, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logsdon, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makalowski,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.01.518724</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The complete sequence of a human Y chromosome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.21.521328v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CherryML: Scalable Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Phylogenetic Models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.21.521328v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phylogenetic models of molecular evolution are central to diverse problems in biology, but maximum likelihood estimation of model parameters is a computationally expensive task, in some cases prohibitively so. To address this challenge, we here introduce CherryML, a broadly applicable method that achieves several orders of magnitude speedup. We demonstrate its utility by applying it to estimate a general 400 x 400 rate matrix for amino acid co-evolution at protein contact sites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Prillo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyeau, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, P.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.21.521328</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CherryML: Scalable Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Phylogenetic Models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.22.521263v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FAZ assembly in bloodstream form Trypanosoma brucei requires kinesin KIN-E 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.22.521263v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Trypanosoma brucei, the causative agent of African sleeping sickness, uses its flagellum for movement, cell division, and signaling. The flagellum is anchored to the cell body membrane via the flagellar attachment zone (FAZ), a complex of proteins, filaments, and microtubules that spans two membranes with elements on both flagellum and cell body sides. How FAZ components are carried into place to form this complex is poorly understood. Here, we show that the trypanosome-specific kinesin KIN-E is required for building the FAZ in bloodstream-form parasites. KIN-E is localized along the flagellum with a concentration at its distal tip. Depletion of KIN-E by RNAi rapidly inhibits flagellum attachment and leads to cell death. A detailed analysis reveals that KIN-E depletion phenotypes include failure in cytokinesis completion, kinetoplast DNA mis-segregation, and transport vesicle accumulation. Together with previously published results in procyclic form parasites, these data suggest KIN-E plays a critical role in FAZ assembly in T. brucei.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Albisetti, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglas, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welch, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.22.521263</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FAZ assembly in bloodstream form Trypanosoma brucei requires kinesin KIN-E]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.22.521453v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A central helical fulcrum in eIF2B coordinates allosteric regulation of Integrated Stress Response signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.22.521453v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Integrated Stress Response (ISR) enables cells to survive a variety of acute stresses, but chronic activation of the ISR underlies age-related diseases. ISR signaling down-regulates translation and activates expression of stress-responsive factors that promote return to homeostasis, and is initiated by inhibition of the decameric guanine nucleotide exchange factor eIF2B. Conformational and assembly transitions regulate eIF2B activity, but the allosteric mechanisms controlling these dynamic transitions are unknown. Using hydrogen deuterium exchange-mass spectrometry and cryo-EM, we identified a single alpha-helix whose orientation allosterically controls eIF2B conformation and assembly. Biochemical and signaling assays show that this "Switch-Helix" controls eIF2B activity and signaling in cells. In sum, the Switch-Helix acts as a fulcrum of eIF2B conformational regulation and is a highly conserved actuator of ISR signal transduction. This work uncovers a novel allosteric mechanism and unlocks new therapeutic possibilities for ISR-linked diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lawrence, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoemaker, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sangwan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anand, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marqusee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walter, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.22.521453</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A central helical fulcrum in eIF2B coordinates allosteric regulation of Integrated Stress Response signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.28.522160v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Warburg Effect is the result of faster ATP production by glycolysis than respiration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.28.522160v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells metabolize glucose to organism-specific byproducts instead of fully oxidizing it to carbon dioxide and water-a phenomenon referred to as the Warburg Effect. The benefit to a cell has been unclear, given that partial metabolism of glucose yields an order of magnitude less ATP per molecule of glucose than complete oxidation. We show that glycolysis produces ATP faster per gram of pathway protein than respiration in E. coli, S. cerevisiae, and mammalian cells. A simple mathematical model that uses yield, rate, and proteome occupancy of glycolysis and respiration as the only parameters accurately predicts absolute rates of glycolysis and respiration in all three organisms under diverse conditions. Our study suggests that the Warburg Effect is a consequence of the optimization of the rate of energy generation under the constraint of finite proteome space.

One-Sentence SummaryThe Warburg Effect is a manifestation by which cells across kingdoms of life optimize the rate of energy production.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kukurugya, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Titov, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.28.522160</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Warburg Effect is the result of faster ATP production by glycolysis than respiration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.03.522679v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effect of Nivolumab therapy on Metastatic Lung Cancer in Human Microbiome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.03.522679v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nivolumab, a type of immunotherapy, has enhanced the 5-year survival of patients with renal cell cancer, melanoma, and lung cancer which is now mechanistically understood. However, relatively sparse information assesses its relationship with shaping the gut microbiome. We aimed to assess the degree to which nivolumab treatment contributes to alterations in the species composition of the colon in lung cancer patients undergoing nivolumab treatment. Our pilot study utilized stool samples of five lung cancer patients at Inland Hematology Oncology (IHO) before administration of nivolumab and three months after initiation of treatment. 16S and ITS rRNA sequence analysis were used to assess alterations in species abundance and richness of the colon. After sequencing, statistical analysis, specifically a paired t-test, was performed to assess if any significant differences in any microbial species were observed before and after immunotherapy treatment. Although different proportions of microorganisms existed at baseline prior to treatment for each patient, a significant reduction in the Megasphaera elsdenii population was observed (p=.0488; n=4), when comparing before and after treatment. Our findings differ from that of Huang et. al (2022), who has recently posited that a positive association exists between Megasphaera elsdenii and the survival of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas. Our conclusions suggest that different cancers may elicit differential effects on Megasphaera elsdenii in the gut microbiome.

ImportanceNivolumab is a relatively new form of cancer therapy called immunotherapy, which enables the body to use its own immune system to effectively fight cancer. Due to advances in microbial sequencing in 16S rRNA, this project explores differences in the abundance of microbial communities before and three months of treatment in patients who have advanced on chemotherapy. Our findings suggest that reduction of Megasphaera elsdenii, a metabolically active bacterium, is associated with positive outcomes, which differs from findings from other literature. Our project advocates for a more robust profiling of the microbiome during lung cancer treatment, and immunotherapy, in particular, to establish a more substantive profile of the changing gut in the midst of treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kubba, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borneman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pai, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.03.522679</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effect of Nivolumab therapy on Metastatic Lung Cancer in Human Microbiome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.04.521570v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Altered hierarchical auditory predictive processing after lesions to the orbitofrontal cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.04.521570v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is classically linked to inhibitory control, emotion regulation and reward processing. Recent perspectives propose that the OFC also generates predictions about perceptual events, actions, and their outcomes. We tested the role of the OFC in detecting violations of prediction at two levels of abstraction (i.e., hierarchical predictive processing) by studying the event-related potentials (ERPs) of patients with focal OFC lesions (n = 12) and healthy controls (n = 14) while they detected deviant sequences of tones in a Local-Global paradigm. The structural regularities of the tones were controlled at two hierarchical levels by rules defined at a local (i.e., between tones within sequences) and at a global (i.e., between sequences) level. In OFC patients, ERPs elicited by standard tones were unaffected at both local and global levels compared to controls. However, patients showed an attenuated mismatch negativity (MMN) and P3a to local prediction violation, as well as a diminished MMN followed by a delayed P3a to the combined local and global level prediction violation. The subsequent P3b component to conditions involving violations of prediction at the level of global rules was preserved in the OFC group. Comparable effects were absent in patients with lesions restricted to the lateral PFC, which lends a degree of anatomical specificity to the altered predictive processing resulting from OFC lesion. Overall, the altered magnitudes and time courses of MMN/P3a responses after lesions to the OFC indicate that the neural correlates of detection of auditory regularity violation is impacted at two hierarchical levels of rule abstraction.

HighlightsO_LIOrbitofrontal lesions reduce auditory MMN to unpredicted tones at the local level (between tones within sequences) of the rule hierarchy in the Local-Global paradigm.
C_LIO_LIOrbitofrontal lesions also impact combined local and global (between sequences) level auditory deviance response, as manifested by diminished and delayed MMN and delayed P3a.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Asko, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blenkmann, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leske, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foldal, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Llorens, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Funderud, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meling, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Endestad, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solbakk, A.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.04.521570</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Altered hierarchical auditory predictive processing after lesions to the orbitofrontal cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.05.522875v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Critical assessment of E. coli genome-scale metabolic model with high-throughput mutant fitness data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.05.522875v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The E. coli genome-scale metabolic model (GEM) is a gold standard for the simulation of cellular metabolism. Experimental validation of model predictions is essential to pinpoint model uncertainty and ensure continued development of accurate models. Here we assessed the accuracy of the E. coli GEM using published mutant fitness data for the growth of gene knockout mutants across thousands of genes and 25 different carbon sources. We explored the progress of the E. coli GEM versions over time and further investigated errors in the latest version of the model (iML1515). We observed that model size is increasing while prediction accuracy is decreasing. We identified several adjustments that improve model accuracy - the addition of vitamins/cofactors and re-assignment of reaction reversibility and isoenzyme gene to reaction mapping. Furthermore, we applied a machine learning approach which identified hydrogen ion exchange and central metabolism branch points as important determinants of model accuracy. Continued integration of experimental data to validate GEMs will improve predictive modeling of the mapping from genotype to metabolic phenotype in E. coli and beyond.

Synopsis O_FIG_DISPLAY_L [Figure 1] M_FIG_DISPLAY C_FIG_DISPLAY

E. coli genome-scale metabolic model flux balance analysis (FBA) prediction accuracy was quantified with published experimental data assaying gene knockout mutant growth across different carbon sources. Insights into model development trends and sources of inaccuracy were revealed. O_LIModel representational power (size) has been increasing over time, while accuracy has been decreasing.
C_LIO_LIAdding vitamins/cofactors to the model environment and re-assigning reaction reversibility and isoenzyme gene-to-reaction mapping improves correspondence between model predictions and experimental data.
C_LIO_LIMachine learning reveals hydrogen ion exchange and central metabolism branch points as important features in the determination of model accuracy.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bernstein, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akkas, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.05.522875</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Critical assessment of E. coli genome-scale metabolic model with high-throughput mutant fitness data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.01.526623v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Crystal Structures of Inhibitor-Bound Main Protease from Delta- and Gamma-Coronaviruses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.01.526623v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
With the spread of SARS-CoV-2 throughout the globe to cause the COVID-19 pandemic, the threat of zoonotic transmissions of coronaviruses (CoV) has become even more evident. As human infections have been caused by alpha- and beta-CoVs, structural characterization and inhibitor design mostly focused on these two genera. However, viruses from the delta and gamma genera also infect mammals and pose potential zoonotic transmission threat. Here, we determined the inhibitor-bound crystal structures of the main protease (Mpro) from the delta-CoV porcine HKU15 and gamma-CoV SW1 from beluga whale. Comparison with the apo structure of SW1 Mpro, which we also present here, enabled identifying structural arrangements upon inhibitor binding at the active site. The binding modes and interactions of two covalent inhibitors, PF-00835231 (lufotrelvir) bound to HKU15 and GC376 bound to SW1 Mpro, reveal features that may be leveraged to target diverse coronaviruses and toward structure-based design of pan-CoV inhibitors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zvornicanin, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaqra, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Q. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ornelas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moghe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knapp, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moquin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dovala, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiffer, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurt Yilmaz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.01.526623</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Crystal Structures of Inhibitor-Bound Main Protease from Delta- and Gamma-Coronaviruses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.02.526656v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
OH 89: A newly described ~1.8-million-year-old hominid clavicle from Olduvai Gorge 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.02.526656v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectivesHere, we describe the morphology and geologic context of OH 89, a [~]1.8million-year-old partial hominid clavicle from Olduvai (Oldupai) Gorge, Tanzania. We compare the morphology and clavicular curvature of OH 89 to modern humans, extant apes, and a sample of other hominid fossil clavicles.

Materials and MethodsComparative samples include 25 modern human clavicles, 30 Gorilla, 31 Pan, 7 Papio, and five hominid clavicles. Length regression on midshaft size using the extant comparative samples is used to estimate the total length of OH 89. A set of 9 linear measurements are taken from each individual. We also describe a new methodology for measuring clavicular curvature using measurements of sternal and acromial curvature, from which an overall curvature measurement is calculated. A principal component analysis (PCA) and a t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (tSNE) analysis are used to compare the morphology of OH 89 with the extant and fossil comparative samples.

ResultsOur new method of measuring clavicular curvature successfully separates the different genera of the extant clavicles. The length estimate and sternal and acromial curve measurements for OH 89 falls within the larger male humans. The PCA shows OH 89 and most of the fossil hominids falling between the modern human and Pan groups, while the t-SNE suggests that OH 89, KSD-VP-1/1, KNM-ER 1808, and OH 48 are more similar to each other than to any of the other groups. This analysis also plots KNM-WT 15000 with the modern humans and Krapina 158 with the Pan individuals.

DiscussionThe OH 89 clavicle derives from an individual of unknown hominid species with a shoulder breadth similar to that of a large human male. The curvature of OH 89 is relatively human-like relative to its length. Our new methodology for measuring clavicular curvature, combined with the utilization of t-SNE analyses and comparison of t-SNE results to PCA results, provides greater separation of genera than previously used methods, and wider use of t-SNE may be useful in paleoanthropological work.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Taylor, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masao, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Njau, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Songita, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hlusko, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.02.526656</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[OH 89: A newly described ~1.8-million-year-old hominid clavicle from Olduvai Gorge]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.15.532757v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cysteine: an ancestral Cu binding ligand in green algae? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.15.532757v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Growth of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii in zinc (Zn) limited medium leads to disruption of copper (Cu) homeostasis, resulting in up to 40-fold Cu over-accumulation relative to its typical Cu quota. We show that Chlamydomonas controls its Cu quota by balancing Cu import and export, which is disrupted in a Zn deficient cell, thus establishing a mechanistic connection between Cu and Zn homeostasis. Transcriptomics, proteomics and elemental profiling revealed that Zn-limited Chlamydomonas cells up-regulate a subset of genes encoding "first responder" proteins involved in sulfur (S) assimilation and consequently accumulate more intracellular S, which is incorporated into L-cysteine, {gamma}-glutamylcysteine and homocysteine. Most prominently, in the absence of Zn, free L-cysteine is increased ~80-fold, corresponding to ~ 2.8 x 109 molecules/cell. Interestingly, classic S-containing metal binding ligands like glutathione and phytochelatins do not increase. X-ray fluorescence microscopy showed foci of S accumulation in Zn-limited cells that co-localize with Cu, phosphorus and calcium, consistent with Cu-thiol complexes in the acidocalcisome, the site of Cu(I) accumulation. Notably, cells that have been previously starved for Cu do not accumulate S or Cys, causally connecting cysteine synthesis with Cu accumulation. We suggest that cysteine is an in vivo Cu(I) ligand, perhaps ancestral, that buffers cytosolic Cu.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Strenkert, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmollinger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofmann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holbrook, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purvine, S. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicora, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipton, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Northen, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clemens, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merchant, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.15.532757</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cysteine: an ancestral Cu binding ligand in green algae?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/202564v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Generation and Propagation of the Human Alpha Rhythm 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/202564v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionThe alpha rhythm (7-13 Hz) is the longest studied brain oscillation and has been theorized to play a key role in cognition. Still, substantial uncertainty remains over its physiology. In this study, we used micro and macro electrodes in patients undergoing surgery for epilepsy to measure the intracortical and thalamic generators of the human alpha rhythm. We first found that alpha propagates from higher-order anterosuperior cortex towards the lower-order occipital poles, consistent with alpha effecting top-down processing. This cortical alpha drives thalamic alpha, reversing prevailing theories of a thalamic alpha pacemaker. Finally, alpha is dominated by currents and firing in supragranular cortex, contravening the popular conception of alpha as an infragranular rhythm. Together, these results demonstrate that the alpha rhythm reflects short-range supragranular feedback which propagates from higher-order to lower order cortex and cortex to thalamus. These physiological insights explain how alpha could mediate feedback throughout the thalamocortical system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Halgren, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devinsky, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doyle, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastuji, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rey, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mak-McCully, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chauvel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulbert, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fabo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wittner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heit, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eskandar, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cash, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/202564</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Generation and Propagation of the Human Alpha Rhythm]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/204479v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A population phylogenetic view of mitochondrial heteroplasmy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/204479v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mitochondrion has recently emerged as an active player in a myriad of cellular processes. Additionally, it was recently shown that more than 200 diseases are known to be linked to variants in mitochondrial DNA or in nuclear genes interacting with mitochondria. This has reinvigorated interest in its biology and population genetics. Mitochondrial heteroplasmy, or genotypic variation of mitochondria within an individual, is now understood to be common in humans and important in human health. However, it is still not possible to make quantitative predictions about the inheritance of heteroplasmy and its proliferation within the body, partly due to the lack of an appropriate model. Here, we present a population-genetic framework for modeling mitochondrial heteroplasmy as a process that occurs on an ontogenetic phylogeny, with genetic drift and mutation changing heteroplasmy frequencies during the various developmental processes represented in the phylogeny. Using this framework, we develop a Bayesian inference method for inferring rates of mitochondrial genetic drift and mutation at different stages of human life. Applying the method to previously published heteroplasmy frequency data, we demonstrate a severe effective germline bottleneck comprised of the cumulative genetic drift occurring between the divergence of germline and somatic cells in the mother and the separation of germ layers in the offspring. Additionally, we find that the two somatic tissues we analyze here undergo tissue-specific bottlenecks during embryogenesis, less severe than the effective germline bottleneck, and that these somatic tissues experience little additional genetic drift during adulthood. We conclude with a discussion of possible extensions of the ontogenetic phylogeny framework and its possible applications to other ontogenetic processes in addition to mitochondrial heteroplasmy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wilton, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaidi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/204479</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A population phylogenetic view of mitochondrial heteroplasmy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/208041v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Programmable RNA recognition using a CRISPR-associated Argonaute 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/208041v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Argonaute proteins (Agos) are present in all domains of life. While the physiological function of eukaryotic Agos in regulating gene expression is well documented, the biological roles of many of their prokaryotic counterparts remain enigmatic. In some bacteria, Agos are associated with CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) loci and use non-canonical 5-hydroxyled guide RNAs (gRNAs) for nucleic acid targeting. Here we show that using 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) as the 5 nucleotide of gRNAs stabilizes in vitro reconstituted CRISPR-associated Marinitoga piezophila Argonaute-gRNA complexes (MpAgo RNPs) and significantly improves their specificity and affinity for RNA targets. Using reconstituted MpAgo RNPs with 5-BrdU modified gRNAs, we mapped the seed region of the gRNA, and identified the nucleotides of the gRNA that play the most significant role in targeting specificity. We also show that these MpAgo RNPs can be programmed to distinguish between substrates that differ by a single nucleotide, using permutations at the 6th and 7th positions in the gRNA. Using these specificity features, we employed MpAgo RNPs to detect specific Adenosine to Inosine edited RNAs in a complex mixture. These findings broaden our mechanistic understanding of the interactions of Argonautes with guide and substrate RNAs, and demonstrate that MpAgo RNPs with 5-BrdU modified gRNAs can be used as a highly-specific RNA-targeting platform to probe RNA biology.nnSIGNIFICANCEArgonaute proteins are present in bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes. They play an important role in a wide range of biological processes, from transcriptional and translational gene expression regulation to defense against viruses and silencing of mobile genetic elements. Here we present mechanistic insights into the interactions of the CRISPR-associated Marinitoga piezophila Argonaute (MpAgo) with its guide RNA (gRNA) and RNA substrates. By modifying the 5-nucleotide of the gRNA, we demonstrate that MpAgo-gRNA complexes (RNPs) are easily programmable, have high affinity to fully complementary RNA substrates, and can discriminate by over 300 fold between substrates that differ by only a single nucleotide. These MpAgo RNPs should be useful for probing endogenous RNAs in living cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lapinaite, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cate, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/208041</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Programmable RNA recognition using a CRISPR-associated Argonaute]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/208710v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic and Selective Low-Complexity Domain Interactions Revealed by Live-Cell Single-Molecule Imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/208710v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many eukaryotic transcription factors (TFs) contain intrinsically disordered low-complexity domains (LCDs) but how they perform transactivation functions remains unclear. Recent studies report that TF-LCDs can undergo hydrogel formation or liquid-liquid phase separation in vitro. Here, live-cell single-molecule imaging reveals that TF-LCDs form local high concentration interaction hubs at synthetic and endogenous genomic loci. TF-LCD hubs stabilize DNA binding, recruit RNA polymerase II (Pol II) and activate transcription. LCD-LCD interactions within hubs are highly dynamic, display selectivity with binding partners, and are differentially sensitive to disruption by hexanediols. These findings suggest that under physiological conditions, rapid reversible and multivalent LCD-LCD interactions occur between TFs and the Pol II machinery, which underpins a central mechanism for transactivation and plays a key role in gene expression and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dugast-Darzacq, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dailey, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banala, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darzacq, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/208710</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic and Selective Low-Complexity Domain Interactions Revealed by Live-Cell Single-Molecule Imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/208801v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Massive Factorial Design Untangles Coding Sequences Determinants Of Translation Efficacy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/208801v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Comparative analyses of natural sequences or variant libraries are often used to infer mechanisms of expression, activity and evolution. Contingent selective histories and small sample sizes can profoundly bias such approaches. Both limitations can be lifted using precise design of large-scale DNA synthesis. Here, we precisely design 5 E. coli genomes worth of synthetic DNA to untangle the relative contributions of 8 interlaced sequence properties described independently as major determinants of translation in Escherichia coli. To expose hierarchical effects, we engineer an inducible translational coupling device enabling epigenetic disruption of mRNA secondary structures. We find that properties commonly believed to modulate translation generally explain less than a third of the variation in protein production. We describe dominant effects of mRNA structures over codon composition on both initiation and elongation, and previously uncharacterized relationships among factors controlling translation. These results advance our understanding of translation efficiency and expose critical design challenges.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cambray, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guimaraes, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/208801</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Massive Factorial Design Untangles Coding Sequences Determinants Of Translation Efficacy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/209098v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Massive Phenotypic Measurements Reveal Complex Physiological Consequences Of Differential Translation Efficacies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/209098v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPCAPBSTRACTC_SCPCAPControl of protein biosynthesis is at the heart of resource allocation and cell adaptation to fluctuating environments. One genes translation often occurs at the expense of anothers, resulting in global energetic and fitness trade-offs during differential expression of various functions. Patterns of ribosome utilization--as controlled by initiation, elongation and release rates--are central to this balance. To disentangle their respective determinants and physiological impacts, we complemented measurements of protein production with highly parallelized quantifications of transcripts abundance and decay, ribosome loading and cellular growth rate for 244,000 precisely designed sequence variants of an otherwise standard reporter. We find highly constrained, non-monotonic relationships between measured phenotypes. We show that fitness defects derive either from protein overproduction, with efficient translation initiation and heavy ribosome flows; or from unproductive ribosome sequestration by highly structured, slowly initiated and overly stabilized transcripts. These observations demonstrate physiological impacts of key sequence features in natural and designed transcripts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arkin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cambray, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/209098</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Massive Phenotypic Measurements Reveal Complex Physiological Consequences Of Differential Translation Efficacies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/209163v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synergism between a simple sugar and a small intrinsically disordered protein mitigate the lethal stresses of severe water loss 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/209163v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anhydrobiotes are rare microbes, plants and animals that tolerate severe water loss. Understanding the molecular basis for their desiccation tolerance may provide novel insights into stress biology and critical tools for engineering drought-tolerant crops. Using the anhydrobiote, budding yeast, we show that trehalose and Hsp12, a small intrinsically disordered protein (sIDP) of the hydrophilin family, synergize to mitigate completely the inviability caused by the lethal stresses of desiccation. We show that these two molecules help to stabilize the activity and prevent aggregation of model proteins both in vivo and in vitro. We also identify a novel role for Hsp12 as a membrane remodeler, a protective feature not shared by another yeast hydrophilin, suggesting that sIDPs have distinct biological functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camdere, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koshland, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tapia, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/209163</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synergism between a simple sugar and a small intrinsically disordered protein mitigate the lethal stresses of severe water loss]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/209874v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Simultaneous CRISPR/Cas9-mediated editing of cassava eIF4E isoforms nCBP-1 and nCBP-2 confers elevated resistance to cassava brown streak disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/209874v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) is a major constraint on cassava yields in East and Central Africa and threatens production in West Africa. CBSD is caused by two species of positive sense RNA viruses belonging to the family Potyviridae, genus Ipomovirus: Cassava brown streak virus (CBSV) and Ugandan cassava brown streak virus (UCBSV). Diseases caused by the family Potyviridae require the interaction of viral genome-linked protein (VPg) and host eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) isoforms. Cassava encodes five eIF4E proteins: eIF4E, eIF(iso)4E-1, eIF(iso)4E-2, novel cap-binding protein-1 (nCBP-1), and nCBP-2. Protein-protein interaction experiments consistently found that VPg proteins associate with cassava nCBPs. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing was employed to generate ncbp-1, ncbp-2, and ncbp-1/ncbp-2 mutants in cassava cultivar 60444. Challenge with CBSV showed that ncbp-1/ncbp-2 mutants displayed delayed and attenuated CBSD aerial symptoms, as well as reduced severity and incidence of storage root necrosis. Suppressed disease symptoms were correlated with reduced virus titer in storage roots relative to wild-type controls. Our results demonstrate the ability to modify multiple genes simultaneously in cassava to achieve tolerance to CBSD. Future studies will investigate the contribution of remaining eIF4E isoforms on CBSD and translate this knowledge into an optimized strategy for protecting cassava from disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gomez, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Z.-J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moll, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luebbert, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chauhan, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vijayaraghavan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renninger, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beyene, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrington, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staskawicz, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bart, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/209874</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Simultaneous CRISPR/Cas9-mediated editing of cassava eIF4E isoforms nCBP-1 and nCBP-2 confers elevated resistance to cassava brown streak disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/210450v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of Spatial Heterogeneity on Transmission Potential in Vectorial-Contact Networks: A Comparison of Three Aedes aegypti Control Strategies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/210450v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dengue, chikungunya and zika are all transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito. Despite the strong influence of host spatial distribution and movement patterns on the ability of mosquito vectors to transmit pathogens, there is little understanding how these complex interactions modify the spread of disease in spatially heterogeneous populations. In light of present fears of a worldwide zika epidemic, and failures to eradicate dengue and chikungunya; there is a pressing need to get a better picture of how high-resolution details such as human movement in a small landscape, modify the patterns of transmission of these diseases and how different mosquito-control interventions could be affected by these movements.nnIn this work we use a computational agent-based model (ABM) to simulate mosquito-human interactions in two different levels of spatial heterogeneity, with human movement, and in the presence of three mosquito-control interventions (spatial spraying, the release of Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes and release of insects with dominant lethal gene). To analyse the results from each of these experiments we examined mosquito population dynamics and host to host contact networks that emerged from the distribution of consecutive bites across humans. We then compared results across experiments to understand the differential effectiveness of different interventions in both the presence and absence of spatial heterogeneities, and analysed network measures of epidemiological relevance (degree probability distributions, mean path length, network density and small-worldness).nnFrom our experiments we conclude that spatial heterogeneity greatly influences how a pathogen may spread in a host population when mediated by a mosquito vector, and that these important heterogeneities also strongly affect effectiveness of interventions. Finally, we demonstrate that these host to host vectorial-contact networks can provide operationally important information to inform selection of optimal vector-control strategies.nnAuthor SummaryMosquito-borne diseases transmission patterns arise from the complex interactions between hosts and vector. Because these interactions are influenced by host and vector behaviour, spatial constraints, and other factors they are amongst the most difficult to understand. In this work, we use our computational agent-based model: SoNA3BS; to simulate two spatially different settings in the presence and absence of three different mosquito-control interventions: fogging, the release of Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes and the release of insects with dominant lethal gene. Throughout these simulations, we record mosquito population dynamics and mosquito bites on persons. We then compare mosquito population dynamics to the vectorial-contact networks (that emerge from subsequent mosquito bites between humans) and, after performing these comparisons, we proceeded to show that even when mosquito population sizes are almost equal in both spatial settings, the resulting vectorial-contact networks are radically different. This has profound implications in our understanding of how mosquito-borne diseases spread in human populations and is relevant to the effective use of resources allocated to stop these pathogens from causing more harm in human populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sanchez C., H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vallejo, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/210450</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of Spatial Heterogeneity on Transmission Potential in Vectorial-Contact Networks: A Comparison of Three Aedes aegypti Control Strategies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/210492v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Combinatorial Drug Discovery in Nanoliter Droplets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/210492v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Combinatorial drug treatment strategies perturb biological networks synergistically to achieve therapeutic effects and represent major opportunities to develop advanced treatments across a variety of human disease areas. However, the discovery of new combinatorial treatments is challenged by the sheer scale of combinatorial chemical space. Here we report a high-throughput system for nanoliter-scale phenotypic screening that stabilizes a chemical library in nanoliter droplet emulsions and automates the formulation of chemical combinations en mass using parallel droplet processing. We apply this system to predict synergy between more than 4,000 investigational and approved drugs and a panel of 10 antibiotics against E. coli, a model Gram-negative pathogen. We found a range of drugs not previously indicated for infectious disease that synergize with antibiotics. Our validated hits include drugs that synergize with the antibiotics vancomycin, erythromycin, and novobiocin, which are used against Gram-positive bacteria but are not effective by themselves to resolve Gram-negative infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kulesa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kehe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurtado, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tawde, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blainey, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/210492</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Combinatorial Drug Discovery in Nanoliter Droplets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/210955v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionary dynamics of bacteria in the gut microbiome within and across hosts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/210955v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gut microbiota are shaped by a combination of ecological and evolutionary forces. While the ecological dynamics have been extensively studied, much less is known about how species of gut bacteria evolve over time. Here we introduce a model-based framework for quantifying evolutionary dynamics within and across hosts using a panel of metagenomic samples. We use this approach to study evolution in [~]30 prevalent species in the human gut. Although the patterns of between-host diversity are consistent with quasi-sexual evolution and purifying selection on long timescales, we identify new genealogical signatures that challenge standard population genetic models of these processes. Within hosts, we find that genetic differences that accumulate over [~]6 month timescales are only rarely attributable to replacement by distantly related strains. Instead, the resident strains more commonly acquire a smaller number of putative evolutionary changes, in which nucleotide variants or gene gains or losses rapidly sweep to high frequency. By comparing these mutations with the typical between-host differences, we find evidence that some sweeps are seeded by recombination, in addition to new mutations. However, comparisons of adult twins suggest that replacement eventually overwhelms evolution over multi-decade timescales, hinting at fundamental limits to the extent of local adaptation. Together, our results suggest that gut bacteria can evolve on human-relevant timescales, and they highlight the connections between these short-term evolutionary dynamics and longer-term evolution across hosts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garud, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Good, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallatschek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/210955</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionary dynamics of bacteria in the gut microbiome within and across hosts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/211557v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The effect of strong purifying selection on genetic diversity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/211557v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Purifying selection reduces genetic diversity, both at sites under direct selection and at linked neutral sites. This process, known as background selection, is thought to play an important role in shaping genomic diversity in natural populations. Yet despite its importance, the effects of background selection are not fully understood. Previous theoretical analyses of this process have taken a backwards-time approach based on the structured coalescent. While they provide some insight, these methods are either limited to very small samples or are computationally prohibitive. Here, we present a new forward-time analysis of the trajectories of both neutral and deleterious mutations at a nonrecombining locus. We find that strong purifying selection leads to remarkably rich dynamics: neutral mutations can exhibit sweep-like behavior, and deleterious mutations can reach substantial frequencies even when they are guaranteed to eventually go extinct. Our analysis of these dynamics allows us to calculate analytical expressions for the full site frequency spectrum. We find that whenever background selection is strong enough to lead to a reduction in genetic diversity, it also results in substantial distortions to the site frequency spectrum, which can mimic the effects of population expansions or positive selection. Because these distortions are most pronounced in the low and high frequency ends of the spectrum, they become particularly important in larger samples, but may have small effects in smaller samples. We also apply our forward-time framework to calculate other quantities, such as the ultimate fates of polymorphisms or the fitnesses of their ancestral backgrounds.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cvijovic, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Good, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desai, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/211557</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The effect of strong purifying selection on genetic diversity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/211649v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stable isotope informed genome-resolved metagenomics reveals that Saccharibacteria utilize microbially processed plant derived carbon 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/211649v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe transformation of plant photosynthate into soil organic carbon and its recycling to CO2 by soil microorganisms is one of the central components of the terrestrial carbon cycle. There are currently large knowledge gaps related to which soil-associated microorganisms take up plant carbon in the rhizosphere and the fate of that carbon.nnResultsWe conducted an experiment in which common wild oats (Avena fatua) were grown in a 13CO2 atmosphere and the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil was sampled for genomic analyses. Density gradient centrifugation of DNA extracted from soil samples enabled distinction of microbes that did and did not incorporate the 13C into their DNA. A 1.45 Mbp genome of a Saccharibacteria (TM7) was identified and, despite the microbial complexity of rhizosphere soil, curated to completion. The genome lacks many biosynthetic pathways, including genes required to synthesize DNA de novo. Rather, it requires externally-derived nucleotides for DNA and RNA synthesis. Given this, we conclude that rhizosphere-associated Saccharibacteria recycle DNA from bacteria that live off plant exudates and/or phage that acquired 13C because they preyed upon these bacteria and/or directly from the labelled plant DNA. Isotopic labeling indicates that the population was replicating during the six-week period of plant growth. Interestingly, the genome is ~30% larger than other complete Saccharibacteria genomes from non-soil environments, largely due to more genes for complex carbon utilization and amino acid metabolism. Given the ability to degrade cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, starch and 1,3-{beta}-glucan, we predict that this Saccharibacteria generates energy by fermentation of soil necromass and plant root exudates to acetate or lactate. The genome encodes a linear electron transport chain featuring a terminal oxidase, suggesting that this Saccharibacteria may respire aerobically. The genome encodes a hydrolase that could breakdown salicylic acid, a plant defense signaling molecule, and genes to make a variety of isoprenoids, including the plant hormone zeatin.nnConclusionsRhizosphere Saccharibacteria likely depend on other bacteria for basic cellular building blocks. We propose that isotopically labeled CO2 is incorporated into plant-derived carbon and then into the DNA of rhizosphere organisms capable of nucleotide synthesis, and the nucleotides are recycled into Saccharibacterial genomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Starr, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blazewicz, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Probst, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herman, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firestone, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/211649</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stable isotope informed genome-resolved metagenomics reveals that Saccharibacteria utilize microbially processed plant derived carbon]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/211789v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The ancestral animal genetic toolkit revealed by diverse choanoflagellate transcriptomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/211789v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The changes in gene content that preceded the origin of animals can be reconstructed by comparison with their sister group, the choanoflagellates. However, only two choanoflagellate genomes are currently available, providing poor coverage of their diversity. We sequenced transcriptomes of 19 additional choanoflagellate species to produce a comprehensive reconstruction of the gains and losses that shaped the ancestral animal gene repertoire. We find roughly 1,700 gene families with origins on the animal stem lineage, of which only a core set of 36 are conserved across animals. We find more than 350 gene families that were previously thought to be animal-specific actually evolved before the animal-choanoflagellate divergence, including Notch and Delta, Toll-like receptors, and glycosaminoglycan hydrolases that regulate animal extracellular matrix (ECM). In the choanoflagellate Salpingoeca helianthica, we show that a glycosaminoglycan hydrolase modulates rosette colony size, suggesting a link between ECM regulation and morphogenesis in choanoflagellates and animals.nnData AvailabilityRaw sequencing reads: NCBI BioProject PRJNA419411 (19 choanoflagellate transcriptomes), PRJNA420352 (S. rosetta polyA selection test)nnTranscriptome assemblies, annotations, and gene families: https://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.5686984nnProtocols: https://dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.kwscxee
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Richter, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fozouni, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/211789</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The ancestral animal genetic toolkit revealed by diverse choanoflagellate transcriptomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/211797v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lessons from simple marine models on the bacterial regulation of eukaryotic development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/211797v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Molecular cues from environmental bacteria influence important developmental decisions in diverse marine eukaryotes. Yet, relatively little is understood about the mechanisms underlying these interactions, in part because marine ecosystems are dynamic and complex. With the help of simple model systems, including the choanoflagellate Salpingoeca rosetta, we have begun to uncover the bacterial cues that shape eukaryotic development in the ocean. Here, we review how diverse bacterial cues - from lipids to macromolecules - regulate development in marine eukaryotes. It is becoming clear that there are networks of chemical information circulating in the ocean, with both eukaryotes and bacteria acting as nodes; one eukaryote can precisely respond to cues from several diverse environmental bacteria, and a single environmental bacterium can regulate the development of different eukaryotes.nnHighlightsO_LICues from environmental bacteria influence the development of many marine eukaryotesnC_LIO_LIThe molecular cues produced by environmental bacteria are structurally diversenC_LIO_LIEukaryotes can respond to many different environmental bacterianC_LIO_LISome environmental bacteria act as "information hubs" for diverse eukaryotesnC_LIO_LIExperimentally tractable systems, like the choanoflagellate S. rosetta, promise to reveal molecular mechanisms underlying these interactionsnC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Woznica, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/211797</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lessons from simple marine models on the bacterial regulation of eukaryotic development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/212316v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inferring the evolutionary reduction of corm lobation in Isoe&#x0308;tes using Bayesian model-averaged ancestral state reconstruction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/212316v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inferring the evolution of characters in Isoetes has been problematic, as these plants are morphologically conservative and yet highly variable and homoplasious within that conserved base morphology. However, molecular phylogenies have given us a valuable tool to test hypothesis of character evolution within the genus. One such hypothesis is that extant Isoetes have undergone a morphological reduction from larger arborescent lycophyte ancestors. In this work we examine the reduction in lobe numbers on the underground trunk, or corm, over evolutionary time. Using reversible-jump MCMC and Bayesian inference, our results support the hypothesis of a directional reduction in lobe number in Isoetes, with the best-supported model of character evolution being one of irreversible reduction. Furthermore, the most probable ancestral corm lobe number of extant Isoetes is three, and a reduction to two lobes has occurred at least six times. From our results, we can infer that corm lobation, like many other traits in Isoetes, shows a degree of homoplasy, yet also shows ongoing evolutionary reduction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Freund, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freyman, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothfels, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/212316</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inferring the evolutionary reduction of corm lobation in Isoe&#x0308;tes using Bayesian model-averaged ancestral state reconstruction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/214668v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Population Differentiation at the HLA Genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/214668v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Balancing selection is defined as a class of selective regimes that maintain polymorphism above what is expected under neutrality. Theory predicts that balancing selection reduces population differentiation, as measured by FST. However, balancing selection regimes in which different sets of alleles are maintained in different populations could increase population differentiation. To tackle this issue, we investigated population differentiation at the HLA genes, which constitute the most striking example of balancing selection in humans. We found that population differentiation of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at the HLA genes is on average lower than that of SNPs in other genomic regions. However, this result depends on accounting for the differences in allele frequency between selected and putatively neutral sites. Our finding of reduced differentiation at SNPs within HLA genes suggests a predominant role of shared selective pressures among populations at a global scale. However, in pairs of closely related populations, where genome-wide differentiation is low, differentiation at HLA is higher than in other genomic regions. This pattern was reproduced in simulations of overdominant selection. We conclude that population differentiation at the HLA genes is generally lower than genome-wide, but it may be higher for recently diverged population pairs, and that this pattern can be explained by a simple overdominance regime.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brandt, D. Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cesar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goudet, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/214668</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Population Differentiation at the HLA Genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/214775v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-invasive measurement of mRNA decay reveals translation initiation as the major determinant of mRNA stability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/214775v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cytoplasmic abundance of mRNAs is strictly controlled through a balance of production and degradation. Whereas the control of mRNA synthesis through transcription has been well characterized, less is known about the regulation of mRNA turnover, and a consensus model explaining the wide variations in mRNA decay rates remains elusive. Here, we combine non-invasive transcriptome-wide mRNA production and stability measurements with selective and acute perturbations to demonstrate that mRNA degradation is tightly coupled to the regulation of translation, and that a competition between translation initiation and mRNA decay -but not codon optimality or elongation- is the major determinant of mRNA stability in yeast. Our refined measurements also reveal a remarkably dynamic transcriptome with an average mRNA half-life of only 4.8 minutes - much shorter than previously thought. Furthermore, global mRNA destabilization by inhibition of translation initiation induces a dose-dependent formation of processing bodies in which mRNAs can decay over time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chan, L. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mugler, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heinrich, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vallotton, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weis, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/214775</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-invasive measurement of mRNA decay reveals translation initiation as the major determinant of mRNA stability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/215178v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spontaneous eye blink rate and dopamine synthesis capacity: Preliminary evidence for an absence of positive correlation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/215178v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dopamine is central to a number of cognitive functions and brain disorders. Given the cost of neurochemical imaging in humans, behavioral proxy measures of dopamine have gained in popularity in the past decade, such as spontaneous eye blink rate (sEBR). Increased sEBR is commonly associated with increased dopamine function based on pharmacological evidence and patient studies. Yet, this hypothesis has not been validated using in vivo measures of dopamine function in humans. In order to fill this gap, we measured sEBR and striatal dopamine synthesis capacity using [18F]DOPA PET in 20 participants (9 healthy individuals and 11 pathological gamblers). Our results, based on frequentist and Bayesian statistics, as well as region-of-interest and voxel-wise analyses, argue against a positive relationship between sEBR and striatal dopamine synthesis capacity. They show that, if anything, the evidence is in favor of a negative relationship. These results, which complement findings from a recent study that failed to observe a relationship between sEBR and dopamine D2 receptor availability, suggest that caution and nuance are warranted when interpreting sEBR in terms of a proxy measure of striatal dopamine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sescousse, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ligneul, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Holst, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janssen, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Boer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janssen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berry, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jagust, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cools, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/215178</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spontaneous eye blink rate and dopamine synthesis capacity: Preliminary evidence for an absence of positive correlation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/215699v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prefrontal cortex regulates amygdala response to threat in trait anxiety 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/215699v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundHighly co-morbid mood and anxiety disorders are associated with aberrant fronto-limbic signalling during emotional processing. Animal models suggest that hypoactive prefrontal cortex weakens top-down control of limbic structures, causing heightened limbic and behavioural reactivity to negative information. Here we tested for this causal mechanism in human trait anxiety. We reasoned that if dorsolateral prefrontal cortex controls amygdala response to affective information, then stimulation of that brain region should reduce the hyperactive amygdala threat responsivity seen in trait anxiety.nnMethodsUsing a within-subjects design, sixteen high-trait anxious females received active and sham transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, in counterbalanced order, with sessions timed to be at least one month apart. Each session was followed immediately by a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scan during which participants performed an attentional task with threat-related distractors.nnResultsAs predicted, compared to sham stimulation, active prefrontal cortex stimulation reduced amygdala threat reactivity and simultaneously increased activity in cortical regions associated with attentional control and improved task accuracy.nnConclusionsThese results demonstrate a causal role for impoverished frontal regulation of amygdaloid function in attentional capture by threat in trait anxiety. The finding that prefrontal stimulation reduces amygdala threat reactivity acutely indicates a neurocognitive mechanism that could contribute to tDCS treatment effects in affective disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ironside, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Browning, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ansari, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvey, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sekyi-Djan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishop, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harmer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Shea, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/215699</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prefrontal cortex regulates amygdala response to threat in trait anxiety]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/216135v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiplexed temporally focused light shaping for high-resolutionmulti-cell targeting 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/216135v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Patterning light at the single-cell level over multiple neurons in the brain is crucial for optogenetic photostimulation that can recapitulate natural activity patterns and, thereby, determine the role of specific components of brain activity in behavior. To this end we have developed a method for projecting three-dimensional, 2-photon excitation patterns that are confined to many individual neurons. The new versatile optical scheme generates multiple extended excitation spots in a large volume with micrometric lateral and axial resolution. Two-dimensional temporally focused shapes are multiplexed several times over selected positions, thanks to the precise spatial phase modulation of the pulsed beam. This permits, under multiple configurations, the generation of tens of axially confined spots in an extended volume, spanning a range in depth of up to 500 m. We demonstrate the potential of the approach by performing multi-cell volumetric excitation of photoactivatable GCaMP in the central nervous system of Drosophila larvae, a challenging structure with densely arrayed and small diameter neurons, and by photoconverting the fluorescent protein Kaede in zebrafish larvae. Our technique paves the way for the optogenetic manipulation of a large number of neurons in intact circuits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Accanto, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanese, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ronzitti, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molinier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newman, Z. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyart, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isacoff, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papagiakoumou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emiliani, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/216135</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiplexed temporally focused light shaping for high-resolutionmulti-cell targeting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/217240v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microbiome-by-ethanol interactions impact Drosophila melanogaster fitness and physiology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/217240v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ethanol is one of the worlds most abused drugs yet the impacts of chronic ethanol consumption are debated. Ethanol is a prevalent component in the diets of diverse animals and can act as a nutritional source, behavior modulator, and a toxin. The source of ethanol is microbes, which can both produce and degrade ethanol, and the gut microbiome has been associated with differential health outcomes in chronic alcoholism. To disentangle the various and potentially interacting roles of bacteria and ethanol on host health, we developed a model for chronic ethanol ingestion in the adult fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, which naturally consumes a diet between 0 and 5% ethanol. We took advantage of the tractability of the fly microbiome, which can be experimentally removed to separate the direct and indirect effects of commensal microbes. We found that moderate to heavy ethanol ingestion decreased lifespan and reproduction, without causing inebriation. These effects were more pronounced in flies lacking a microbiome, but could not be explained by simple bacterial degradation of ethanol. However, moderate ethanol ingestion increased reproduction in bacterially-colonized flies, relative to bacteria-free flies. Ethanol decreased intestinal stem cell turnover in bacterially-colonized flies and decreased intestinal barrier failure and increased fat content in all flies, regardless of microbiome status. Analysis of host gene expression finds that ethanol triggers the innate immune response, but only in flies colonized with bacteria. Taken together we show that, chronic ethanol ingestion negatively impacts fly health in a microbiome-dependent manner.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chandler, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Innocent, L. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisen, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ludington, W. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/217240</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microbiome-by-ethanol interactions impact Drosophila melanogaster fitness and physiology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/218164v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Anti-phage islands force their target phage to directly mediate island excision and spread 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/218164v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To defend against their adversaries, bacteria and phage engage in cycles of adaptation and counter-adaptation that shape their mutual evolution1-3. Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of the diarrheal disease cholera, is antagonized by phages in the environment as well as in human hosts4,5. The lytic phage ICP1 has been recovered from cholera patient stool and water samples over at least 12 years in Bangladesh6-8 and is consequently considered a persistent predator of epidemic V. cholerae in this region. In previous work, we demonstrated that mobile genetic elements called phage-inducible chromosomal island-like elements (PLEs) protect V. cholerae from ICP1 infection7,9. PLEs initiate their anti-phage response by excising from the chromosome, however, the mechanism and molecular specificity underlying this response are not known. Here, we show that PLE 1 encodes a large serine recombinase, Int, that exploits an ICP1-specific protein, PexA, as a recombination directionality factor (RDF) to sense and excise in response to ICP1 infection. We validate the functionality and specificity of this unique recombination system, in which the recombinase and RDF are encoded in separate genomes. Additionally, we show that PexA is also hijacked to trigger excision in PLEs found in V. cholerae isolates recovered decades ago. Our results uncover an aspect of the molecular specificity underlying the longstanding conflict between a single predatory phage and V. cholerae PLE and contribute to our understanding of the molecular arms race that drives long-term evolution between combatting phage and their bacterial hosts in nature.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McKitterick, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seed, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/218164</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Anti-phage islands force their target phage to directly mediate island excision and spread]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/219170v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex differences in the genetic architecture of obsessive-compulsive disorder 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/219170v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), a highly heritable complex phenotype, demonstrates sexual dimorphism in age of onset and clinical presentation, suggesting a possible sex difference in underlying genetic architecture. We present the first genome-wide characterization of the sex-specific genetic architecture of OCD, utilizing the largest set of OCD cases and controls available from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. We assessed evidence for several mechanisms that may contribute to sexual-dimorphism including a sexually dimorphic liability threshold, the presence of individual sex-specific risk variants on the autosomes and the X chromosome, genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity, and sex-specific pleiotropic effects. We observed a strong genetic correlation between male and female OCD and no evidence for a sexually dimorphic liability threshold model. While we did not detect any sex-specific genome-wide associations, we observed that the SNPs with sexually dimorphic effects showed an enrichment of regulatory variants influencing expression of genes in immune tissues. Furthermore, top sex-specific genome-wide associations were enriched for regulatory variants in different tissues, suggesting evidence for potential sex difference in the biology underlying risk for OCD. These findings suggest that future studies with larger sample sizes hold great promise for the identification of sex-specific risk factors for OCD, significantly advancing our understanding of the differences in the genetic basis of sexually dimorphic neuropsychiatric traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khramtsova, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heldman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Derks, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>TS/OCD Psychiatric Genomics Disorders Workgroup,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stranger, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/219170</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex differences in the genetic architecture of obsessive-compulsive disorder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/220319v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Suboptimal eye movements for seeing fine details 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/220319v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human eyes are never stable, even during attempts of maintaining gaze on a visual target. Considering transient response characteristics of retinal ganglion cells, a certain amount of motion of the eyes is required to efficiently encode information and to prevent neural adaptation. However, excessive motion of the eyes leads to insufficient exposure to the stimuli which creates blur and reduces visual acuity. Normal miniature eye movements fall in between these extremes but it is unclear if they are optimally tuned for seeing fine spatial details. We used a state-of-the-art retinal imaging technique with eye tracking to address this question. We sought to determine the optimal gain (stimulus/eye motion ratio) that corresponds to maximum performance in an orientation discrimination task performed at the fovea. We found that miniature eye movements are tuned, but may not be optimal, for seeing fine spatial details.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Agaoglu, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheehy, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiruveedhula, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roorda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, S. T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/220319</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Suboptimal eye movements for seeing fine details]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/220731v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Origin and evolution of the nuclear auxin response system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/220731v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The small signaling molecule auxin controls numerous developmental processes in land plants, acting mostly by regulating gene expression. Auxin response proteins are represented by large families of diverse functions, but neither their origin nor their evolution is understood. Here we use a deep phylogenomics approach to reconstruct both the origin and the evolutionary trajectory of all nuclear auxin response protein families. We found that, while all subdomains are ancient, a complete auxin response mechanism is limited to land plants. Functional phylogenomics predicts defined steps in the evolution of response system properties, and comparative transcriptomics across six ancient lineages revealed how these innovations shaped a sophisticated response mechanism. Genetic analysis in a basal land plant revealed unexpected contributions of ancient non-canonical proteins in auxin response as well as auxin-unrelated function of core transcription factors. Our study provides a functional evolutionary framework for understanding diverse functions of the auxin signal.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mutte, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kato, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothfels, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melkonian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, G. K.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weijers, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/220731</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Origin and evolution of the nuclear auxin response system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/220913v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The polygenic basis of an ancient divergence in yeast thermotolerance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/220913v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Some of the most unique and compelling survival strategies in the natural world are fixed in isolated species. To date, molecular insight into these ancient adaptations has been limited, as classic experimental genetics has focused on interfertile individuals in populations. Here we use a new mapping approach, which screens mutants in a sterile interspecific hybrid, to identify eight housekeeping genes that underlie the growth advantage of Saccharomyces cerevisiae over its distant relative S. paradoxus at high temperature. Pro-thermotolerance alleles at these mapped loci were required for the adaptive trait in S. cerevisiae and sufficient for its partial reconstruction in S. paradoxus. The emerging picture is one in which S. cerevisiae improved the heat resistance of multiple components of the fundamental growth machinery in response to selective pressure. This study lays the groundwork for the mapping of genotype to phenotype in clades of sister species across Eukarya.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weiss, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roop, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hackley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chuong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grigoriev, I. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skerker, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brem, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/220913</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The polygenic basis of an ancient divergence in yeast thermotolerance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/221689v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Flex ddG: Rosetta ensemble-based estimation of changes in protein-protein binding affinity upon mutation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/221689v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Computationally modeling changes in binding free energies upon mutation (interface {Delta}{Delta}G) allows large-scale prediction and perturbation of protein-protein interactions. Additionally, methods that consider and sample relevant conformational plasticity should be able to achieve higher prediction accuracy over methods that do not. To test this hypothesis, we developed a method within the Rosetta macromolecular modeling suite (flex ddG) that samples conformational diversity using "backrub" to generate an ensemble of models, then applying torsion minimization, side chain repacking and averaging across this ensemble to estimate interface {Delta}{Delta}G values. We tested our method on a curated benchmark set of 1240 mutants, and found the method outperformed existing methods that sampled conformational space to a lesser degree. We observed considerable improvements with flex ddG over existing methods on the subset of small side chain to large side chain mutations, as well as for multiple simultaneous non-alanine mutations, stabilizing mutations, and mutations in antibody-antigen interfaces. Finally, we applied a generalized additive model (GAM) approach to the Rosetta energy function; the resulting non-linear reweighting model improved agreement with experimentally determined interface DDG values, but also highlights the necessity of future energy function improvements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barlow, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O Conchuir, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suresh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heinonen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kortemme, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/221689</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Flex ddG: Rosetta ensemble-based estimation of changes in protein-protein binding affinity upon mutation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/224022v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanochemical Coupling and Bi-Phasic Force-Velocity Dependence in the Ultra-Fast Ring ATPase SpoIIIE 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/224022v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multi-subunit ring-shaped ATPases are molecular motors that harness chemical free energy to perform vital mechanical tasks such as polypeptide translocation, DNA unwinding, and chromosome segregation. Previously we reported the intersubunit coordination and stepping behavior of the hexameric ring-shaped ATPase SpoIIIE (Liu et al., 2015). Here we use optical tweezers to characterize the motors mechanochemistry. Analysis of the motor response to external force at various nucleotide concentrations identifies phosphate release as the likely force-generating step. Analysis of SpoIIIE pausing indicates that pauses are off-pathway events. Characterization of SpoIIIE slipping behavior reveals that individual motor subunits engage DNA upon ATP binding. Furthermore, we find that SpolIIEs velocity exhibits an intriguing bi-phasic dependence on force. We hypothesize that this behavior is an adaptation of ultra-fast motors tasked with translocating DNA from which they must also remove DNA-bound protein roadblocks. Based on these results, we formulate a comprehensive mechanochemical model for SpoIIIE.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chistol, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustamante, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/224022</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanochemical Coupling and Bi-Phasic Force-Velocity Dependence in the Ultra-Fast Ring ATPase SpoIIIE]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/226936v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid evolution of gained essential developmental functions of a young gene via interactions with other essential genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/226936v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
New genes originated relatively recently and are only present in a subset of species in a phylogeny. Accumulated evidence suggests that new genes, like old genes that are conserved across species, can also take on important functions and be essential for the survival and reproductive success of organisms. While there are detailed analyses of the mechanisms underlying gained fertility functions by new genes, how new genes rapidly became essential for viability remains unclear. We focused on a young retro-duplicated gene (CG7804, which we named Cocoon) in Drosophila that originated three million years ago. We found that, unlike its evolutionarily conserved and broadly expressed parental gene, Cocoon has evolved rapidly under positive selection since its birth and accumulates many amino acid divergences at functional sites from the parental gene. Despite its young age, Cocoon is essential for the survival of D. melanogaster at multiple developmental stages, including the critical embryonic stage, and its expression is essential in different tissues from its parental gene. Functional genomic analyses found that Cocoon gained multiple DNA binding targets, which regulates the expression of genes that have other essential functions and/or have multiple gene-gene interactions. Our observations suggest that Cocoon acquired essential function to survival through forming interactions that have large impacts on the gene interaction network. Our study is an important step towards deciphering the evolutionary trajectory by which new genes functionally diverge from the parental gene and become essential.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y. C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ventura, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rice, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, D.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/226936</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid evolution of gained essential developmental functions of a young gene via interactions with other essential genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/226993v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas12a target binding unleashes single-stranded DNase activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/226993v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas12a (Cpf1) proteins are RNA-guided DNA targeting enzymes that bind and cut DNA as components of bacterial adaptive immune systems. Like CRISPR-Cas9, Cas12a can be used as a powerful genome editing tool based on its ability to induce genetic changes in cells at sites of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) cuts. Here we show that RNA-guided DNA binding unleashes robust, non-specific single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) cleavage activity in Cas12a sufficient to completely degrade both linear and circular ssDNA molecules within minutes. This activity, catalyzed by the same active site responsible for site-specific dsDNA cutting, indiscriminately shreds ssDNA with rapid multiple-turnover cleavage kinetics. Activation of ssDNA cutting requires faithful recognition of a DNA target sequence matching the 20-nucleotide guide RNA sequence with specificity sufficient to distinguish between closely related viral serotypes. We find that target-dependent ssDNA degradation, not observed for CRISPR-Cas9 enzymes, is a fundamental property of type V CRISPR-Cas12 proteins, revealing a fascinating parallel with the RNA-triggered general RNase activity of the type VI CRISPR-Cas13 enzymes.nnOne Sentence SummaryCas12a (Cpf1) and related type V CRISPR interference proteins possess non-specific, single-stranded DNase activity upon activation by guide RNA-dependent DNA binding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrington, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/226993</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CRISPR-Cas12a target binding unleashes single-stranded DNase activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/227660v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Model-based detection and analysis of introgressed Neanderthal ancestry in modern humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/227660v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic evidence has revealed that the ancestors of modern human populations outside of Africa and their hominin sister groups, notably the Neanderthals, exchanged genetic material in the past. The distribution of these introgressed sequence-tracts along modern-day human genomes provides insight into the ancient structure and migration patterns of these archaic populations. Furthermore, it facilitates studying the selective processes that lead to the accumulation or depletion of introgressed genetic variation. Recent studies have developed methods to localize these introgressed regions, reporting long regions that are depleted of Neanderthal introgression and enriched in genes, suggesting negative selection against the Neanderthal variants. On the other hand, enriched Neanderthal ancestry in hair- and skin-related genes suggests that some introgressed variants facilitated adaptation to new environments. Here, we present a model-based method called diCal-admix and apply it to detect tracts of Neanderthal introgression in modern humans. We demonstrate its efficiency and accuracy through extensive simulations. We use our method to detect introgressed regions in modern human individuals from the 1000 Genomes Project, using a high coverage genome from a Neanderthal individual from the Altai mountains as reference. Our introgression detection results and findings concerning their functional implications are largely concordant with previous studies, and are consistent with weak selection against Neanderthal ancestry. We find some evidence that selection against Neanderthal ancestry was due to higher genetic load in Neanderthals, resulting from small effective population size, rather than Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibilities. Finally, we investigate the role of the X-chromosome in the divergence between Neanderthals and modern humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steinrücken, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spence, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamm, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wieczorek, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/227660</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Model-based detection and analysis of introgressed Neanderthal ancestry in modern humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/228619v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accurate Determination of Bacterial Abundances in Human Metagenomes Using Full-length 16S Sequencing Reads 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/228619v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA sequencing of PCR-amplified marker genes, especially but not limited to the 16S rRNA gene, is perhaps the most common approach for profiling microbial communities. Due to technological constraints of commonly available DNA sequencing, these approaches usually take the form of short reads sequenced from a narrow, targeted variable region, with a corresponding loss of taxonomic resolution relative to the full length marker gene. We use Pacific Biosciences single-molecule, real-time circular consensus sequencing to sequence amplicons spanning the entire length of the 16S rRNA gene. However, this sequencing technology suffers from high sequencing error rate that needs to be addressed in order to take full advantage of the longer sequence. Here, we present a method to model the sequencing error process using a generalized pair hidden Markov chain model and estimate bacterial abundances in microbial samples. We demonstrate, with simulated and real data, that our model and its associated estimation procedure are able to give accurate estimates at the species (or subspecies) level, and is more flexible than existing methods like SImple Non-Bayesian TAXonomy (SINTAX).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Perraudeau, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudoit, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bullard, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/228619</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accurate Determination of Bacterial Abundances in Human Metagenomes Using Full-length 16S Sequencing Reads]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/229245v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Three-way clustering of multi-tissue multi-individual gene expression data using constrained tensor decomposition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/229245v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The advent of next generation sequencing methods has led to an increasing availability of large, multi-tissue datasets which contain gene expression measurements across different tissues and individuals. In this setting, variation in expression levels arises due to contributions specific to genes, tissues, individuals, and interactions thereof. Classical clustering methods are illsuited to explore these three-way interactions, and struggle to fully extract the insights into transcriptome complexity and regulation contained in the data. Thus, to exploit the multi-mode structure of the data, new methods are required. To this end, we propose a new method, called MultiCluster, based on constrained tensor decomposition which permits the investigation of transcriptome variation across individuals and tissues simultaneously. Through simulation and application to the GTEx RNA-seq data, we show that our tensor decomposition identifies three-way clusters with higher accuracy, while being 11x faster, than the competing Bayesian method. For several age-, race-, or gender-related genes, the tensor projection approach achieves increased significance over single-tissue analysis by two orders of magnitude. Our analysis finds gene modules consistent with existing knowledge while further detecting novel candidate genes exhibiting either tissue-, individual-, or tissue-by-individual specificity. These identified genes and gene modules offer bases for future study, and the uncovered multi-way specificities provide a finer, more nuanced snapshot of transcriptome variation than previously possible.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/229245</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Three-way clustering of multi-tissue multi-individual gene expression data using constrained tensor decomposition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/230912v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrated analysis of anatomical and electrophysiological human intracranial data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/230912v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The exquisite spatiotemporal precision of human intracranial EEG recordings (iEEG) permits characterizing neural processing with a level of detail that is inaccessible to scalp-EEG, MEG, or fMRI. However, the same qualities that make iEEG an exceptionally powerful tool also present unique challenges. Until now, the fusion of anatomical data (MRI and CT images) with the electrophysiological data and its subsequent analysis has relied on technologically and conceptually challenging combinations of software. Here, we describe a comprehensive protocol that addresses the complexities associated with human iEEG, providing complete transparency and flexibility in the evolution of raw data into illustrative representations. The protocol is directly integrated with an open source toolbox for electrophysiological data analysis (FieldTrip). This allows iEEG researchers to build on a continuously growing body of scriptable and reproducible analysis methods that, over the past decade, have been developed and employed by a large research community. We demonstrate the protocol for an example complex iEEG data set to provide an intuitive and rapid approach to dealing with both neuroanatomical information and large electrophysiological data sets. We explain how the protocol can be largely automated, taking under an hour to complete, and readily adjusted to iEEG data sets with other characteristics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stolk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Meij, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dewar, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piantoni, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoffelen, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oostenveld, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/230912</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrated analysis of anatomical and electrophysiological human intracranial data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/231506v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reconciling persistent and dynamic hypotheses of working memory coding in prefrontal cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/231506v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Competing accounts propose that working memory (WM) is subserved either by persistent activity in single neurons or by dynamic (time-varying) activity across a neural population. Here we compare these hypotheses across four regions of prefrontal cortex (PFC) in a spatial WM task, where an intervening distractor indicated the reward available for a correct saccade. WM representations were strongest in ventrolateral PFC (VLPFC) neurons with higher intrinsic temporal stability (time-constant). At the population-level, although a stable mnemonic state was reached during the delay, this tuning geometry was reversed relative to cue-period selectivity, and was disrupted by the distractor. Single-neuron analysis revealed many neurons switched to coding reward, rather than maintaining task-relevant spatial selectivity until saccade. These results imply WM is fulfilled by dynamic, population-level activity within high time-constant neurons. Rather than persistent activity supporting stable mnemonic representations that bridge distraction, PFC neurons may stabilise a dynamic population-level process that supports WM.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cavanagh, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Towers, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallis, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunt, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennerley, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/231506</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reconciling persistent and dynamic hypotheses of working memory coding in prefrontal cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/232140v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A fungal pathogen that robustly manipulates the behavior of Drosophila melanogaster in the laboratory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/232140v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many microbes induce striking behavioral changes in their animal hosts, but how they achieve this is poorly understood, especially at the molecular level. Mechanistic understanding has been largely constrained by the lack of a model system with advanced tools for molecular manipulation. We recently discovered a strain of the behavior-manipulating fungal pathogen Entomophthora muscae infecting wild Drosophila, and established methods to infect D. melanogaster in the lab. Lab-infected flies manifest the moribund behaviors characteristic of E. muscae infection: hours before death, they climb upward, extend their proboscides and affix in place, then raise their wings, clearing a path for infectious spores to launch from their abdomens. We found that E. muscae invades the fly nervous system, suggesting a direct means by which the fungus could induce behavioral changes. Given the vast molecular toolkit available for D. melanogaster, we believe this new system will enable rapid progress in understanding the mechanistic basis of E. muscaes behavioral manipulation in the fly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Elya, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lok, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spencer, Q. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCausland, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisen, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/232140</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A fungal pathogen that robustly manipulates the behavior of Drosophila melanogaster in the laboratory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/232181v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pivotal roles of PCNA loading and unloading on heterochromatin function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/232181v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, heterochromatin structures required for transcriptional silencing of the HML and HMR loci are duplicated in coordination with passing DNA replication forks. Despite major reorganization of chromatin structure, the heterochromatic, transcriptionally-silent states of HML and HMR are successfully maintained throughout S-phase. Mutations of specific components of the replisome diminish the capacity to maintain silencing of HML and HMR through replication. Similarly, mutations in histone chaperones involved in replication-coupled nucleosome assembly reduce gene silencing. Bridging these observations, we determined that the PCNA unloading activity of Elg1 was important for coordinating DNA replication forks with the process of replication-coupled nucleosome assembly to maintain silencing of HML and HMR through S-phase. Collectively these data identified a mechanism by which chromatin reassembly is coordinated with DNA replication to maintain silencing through S-phase.nnSIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTDNA replication poses a unique logistical challenge for the cell in that structural features of chromatin and their regulatory functions must be carefully coordinated with passage of replication machinery so faithful duplication of both the genome and its chromatin structures may be achieved. Nucleosome assembly is fundamental to reestablishment of chromatin in the wake of DNA replication, and here a mechanism by which nucleosome assembly is coordinated with DNA replication to maintain silenced chromatin is described.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Janke, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kupiec, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rine, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/232181</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pivotal roles of PCNA loading and unloading on heterochromatin function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/232843v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
On negative heritability and negative estimates of heritability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/232843v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWWe consider the problem of interpreting negative maximum likelihood estimates of heritability that sometimes arise from popular statistical models of additive genetic variation. These may result from random noise acting on estimates of genuinely positive heritability, but we argue that they may also arise from misspecification of the standard additive mechanism that is supposed to justify the statistical procedure. Researchers should be open to the possibility that negative heritability estimates could reflect a real physical feature of the biological process from which the data were sampled.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steinsaltz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahl, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wachter, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/232843</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[On negative heritability and negative estimates of heritability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/233908v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Geometry of the sample frequency spectrum and the perils of demographic inference 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/233908v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The sample frequency spectrum (SFS), which describes the distribution of mutant alleles in a sample of DNA sequences, is a widely used summary statistic in population genetics. The expected SFS has a strong dependence on the historical population demography and this property is exploited by popular statistical methods to infer complex demographic histories from DNA sequence data. Most, if not all, of these inference methods exhibit pathological behavior, however. Specifically, they often display runaway behavior in optimization, where the inferred population sizes and epoch durations can degenerate to 0 or diverge to infinity, and show undesirable sensitivity of the inferred demography to perturbations in the data. The goal of this paper is to provide theoretical insights into why such problems arise. To this end, we characterize the geometry of the expected SFS for piecewise-constant demographic histories and use our results to show that the aforementioned pathological behavior of popular inference methods is intrinsic to the geometry of the expected SFS. We provide explicit descriptions and visualizations for a toy model with sample size 4, and generalize our intuition to arbitrary sample sizes n using tools from convex and algebraic geometry. We also develop a universal characterization result which shows that the expected SFS of a sample of size n under an arbitrary population history can be recapitulated by a piecewise-constant demography with only{kappa} n epochs, where{kappa} n is between n/2 and 2n - 1. The set of expected SFS for piecewise-constant demographies with fewer than{kappa} n epochs is open and non-convex, which causes the above phenomena for inference from data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhaskar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/233908</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Geometry of the sample frequency spectrum and the perils of demographic inference]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/234724v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The tortoise and the hare: interactions between reinforcement learning and working memory. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/234724v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Learning to make rewarding choices in response to stimuli depends on a slow but steady process, reinforcement learning, and a fast and flexible, but capacity limited process, working memory. Using both systems in parallel, with their contributions weighted based on performance, should allow us to leverage the best of each system: rapid early learning, supplemented by long term robust acquisition. However, this assumes that using one process does not interfere with the other. We use computational modeling to investigate the interactions between the two processes in a behavioral experiment, and show that working memory interferes with reinforcement learning. Previous research showed that neural representations of reward prediction errors, a key marker of reinforcement learning, were blunted when working memory was used for learning. We thus predicted that arbitrating in favor of working memory to learn faster in simple problems would weaken the reinforcement learning process. We tested this by measuring performance in a delayed testing phase where the use of working memory was impossible, and thus subject choices depended on reinforcement learning. Counter-intuitively, but confirming our predictions, we observed that associations learned most easily were retained worse than associations learned slower: using working memory to learn quickly came at the cost of long-term retention. Computational modeling confirmed that this could only be accounted for by working memory interference in reinforcement learning computations. These results further our understanding of how multiple systems contribute in parallel to human learning, and may have important applications for education and computational psychiatry.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Collins, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/234724</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The tortoise and the hare: interactions between reinforcement learning and working memory.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/235382v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Performance Assessment and Selection of Normalization Procedures for Single-Cell RNA-Seq 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/235382v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Systematic measurement biases make data normalization an essential preprocessing step in single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis. There may be multiple, competing considerations behind the assessment of normalization performance, some of them study-specific. Because normalization can have a large impact on downstream results (e.g., clustering and differential expression), it is critically important that practitioners assess the performance of competing methods.nnWe have developed scone -- a flexible framework for assessing normalization performance based on a comprehensive panel of data-driven metrics. Through graphical summaries and quantitative reports, scone summarizes performance trade-offs and ranks large numbers of normalization methods by aggregate panel performance. The method is implemented in the open-source Bioconductor R software package scone. We demonstrate the effectiveness of scone on a collection of scRNA-seq datasets, generated with different protocols, including Fluidigm C1 and 10x platforms. We show that top-performing normalization methods lead to better agreement with independent validation data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cole, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Risso, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeTomaso, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purdom, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudoit, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/235382</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Performance Assessment and Selection of Normalization Procedures for Single-Cell RNA-Seq]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/236265v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A general method to predict the effect of single amino acid substitutions on enzyme catalytic activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/236265v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over the past thirty years, site-directed mutagenesis has become established as one of the most powerful techniques to probe enzyme reaction mechanisms1-3. Substitutions of active site residues are most likely to yield significant perturbations in kinetic parameters, but there are many examples of profound changes in these values elicited by remote mutations4-6. Ortholog comparisons of extant sequences show that many mutations do not have profound influence on enzyme function. As the number of potential single natural amino acid substitutions that can be introduced in a protein of N amino acids in length by directed mutation is very large (19 * N), it would be useful to have a method to predict which amino acid substitutions are more likely to introduce significant changes in kinetic parameters in order to design meaningful probes into enzyme function. What is especially desirable is the identification of critical residues that do not contact the substrate directly, and may be remote from the active site.nnWe collected literature data reflecting the effects of 2,804 mutations on kinetic properties for 12 enzymes. These data along with characteristic predictors were used in a machine-learning scheme to train a classifier to predict the effect of mutation. Use of this algorithm allows one to predict with a 2.5-fold increase in precision, if a given mutation, made anywhere in the enzyme, will cause a decrease in kcat/Km value of [&ge;] 95%. The improved precision allows the experimentalist to reduce the number of mutations necessary to probe the enzyme reaction mechanism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, C. L. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shatsky, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirsch, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/236265</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A general method to predict the effect of single amino acid substitutions on enzyme catalytic activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/237503v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantifying biases in test-negative studies of vaccine effectiveness 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/237503v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Test-negative designs have become commonplace in assessments of seasonal influenza vaccine effectiveness. Vaccine effectiveness is measured from the exposure odds ratio (OR) of vaccination among individuals seeking treatment for acute respiratory illness and receiving a laboratory test for influenza infection. This approach is widely believed to correct for differential healthcare-seeking behavior among vaccinated and unvaccinated persons. However, the relation of the measured OR to true vaccine effectiveness is poorly understood. We derive the OR under circumstances of real-world test-negative studies. The OR recovers the true vaccine direct effect when two conditions are met: (1) that individuals vaccination decisions are uncorrelated with exposure or susceptibility to infection, and (2) that vaccination confers "all-or-nothing" protection (whereby certain individuals have no protection while others are perfectly protected). Biased effect size estimates arise if either condition is unmet. Such bias may suggest misleading associations of the OR with time since vaccination or the force of infection of influenza. The test-negative design may also fail to correct for differential healthcare-seeking behavior among vaccinated and unvaccinated persons without stringent criteria for enrollment and testing. Our findings demonstrate a need to reassess how data from test-negative studies are interpreted for policy decisions conventionally based on causal inferences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lewnard, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tedijanto, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowling, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipsitch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/237503</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantifying biases in test-negative studies of vaccine effectiveness]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/240069v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
50 Hz volumetric functional imaging with continuously adjustable depth of focus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/240069v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding how neural circuits control behavior requires monitoring a large population of neurons with high spatial resolution and volume rate. Here we report an axicon-based Bessel beam module with continuously adjustable depth of focus (CADoF), which turns frame rate into volume rate by extending the excitation focus in axial direction while maintaining high lateral resolutions. Cost-effective and compact, this CADoF Bessel module can be easily integrated into existing two-photon fluorescence microscopes. Simply translating one of the relay lenses along its optical axis enabled continuous adjustment of the focal length. We used this module to simultaneously monitor activity of spinal projection neurons extending over 60 m depth in larval zebrafish at 50 Hz volume rate with adjustable imaging thickness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taminoto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koyama, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/240069</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[50 Hz volumetric functional imaging with continuously adjustable depth of focus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/241448v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synchronous diversification of Sulawesi’s iconic artiodactyls driven by recent geological events 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/241448v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The high degree of endemism on Sulawesi has previously been suggested to have vicariant origins, dating back 40 Myr ago. Recent studies, however, suggest that much of Sulawesis fauna assembled over the last 15 Myr. Here, we test the hypothesis that recent uplift of previously submerged portions of land on Sulawesi promoted diversification, and that much of the its faunal assemblage is much younger than the island itself. To do so, we combined palaeogeographical reconstructions with genetic and morphometric data sets derived from Sulawesis three largest mammals: the Babirusa, Anoa, and Sulawesi warty pig. Our results indicate that although these species most likely colonized the area that is now Sulawesi at different times (14 Myr ago to 2-3 Myr ago), they experienced an almost synchronous expansion from the central part of the island. Geological reconstructions indicate that this area was above sea level for most of the last 4 Myr, unlike most parts of the island. We conclude that recent emergence of land on Sulawesi (~1-2 Myr) may have allowed species to expand synchronously. Altogether, our results indicates that the establishment of the highly endemic faunal assemblage on Sulawesi was driven by geological events over the last few million years.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Frantz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudzinski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mansyursyah Surya Nugraha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hulme-Beaman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linderholm, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnett, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vega, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irving-Pease, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haile, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leus, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shephard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillyer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillemot, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van den Hurk, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogle, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atofanei, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johansson, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mustari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohamad, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damayanti, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiryadi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obbles, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Day, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yasin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meker, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGuire, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Rintelen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Searle, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitchener, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macdonald, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galbusera, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/241448</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synchronous diversification of Sulawesi’s iconic artiodactyls driven by recent geological events]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/241521v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of an arabinopyranosyltransferase from Physcomitrella patens involved in the synthesis of the hemicellulose xyloglucan 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/241521v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The hemicellulose xyloglucan consists of a backbone of a {beta}-1,4 glucan substituted with xylosyl moieties and many other, diverse sidechains that are important for its proper function. Many, but not all glycosyltransferases involved in the biosynthesis of xyloglucan have been identified. Here, we report the identification of an hitherto elusive xyloglucan:arabinopyranosyltransferase. This glycosyltransferase was isolated from the moss Physcomitrella patens, where it acts as a Xyloglucan "D"-side-chain Transferase (XDT). Heterologous expression of XDT in the Arabidopsis thaliana double mutant mur3.1 xlt2, where xyloglucan consists of a xylosylated glucan without further glycosyl substituents, results in the production of the arabinopyranose-containing "D" side chain as characterized by oligosaccharide mass profiling, glycosidic linkage analysis, and NMR analysis. In addition, expression of a related Physcomitrella glycosyltransferase hortholog of XLT2 leads to the production of the galactose-containing "L" side chain. The presence of the "D" and "L" xyloglucan side chains in PpXDT mur3.1 xlt2 and PpXLT2 mur3.1 xlt2 transgenic plants, respectively, rescue the dwarfed phenotype of untransformed mur3.1 xlt2 mutants to nearly wild-type height. Expression of PpXDT and PpXLT2 in the Arabidopsis mur3.1 xlt2 mutant also enhanced root growth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dama, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pauly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/241521</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of an arabinopyranosyltransferase from Physcomitrella patens involved in the synthesis of the hemicellulose xyloglucan]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/242594v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Uncovering temporal structure in hippocampal output patterns 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/242594v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The place cell activity of hippocampal pyramidal cells has been described as the cognitive map substrate of spatial memory. Replay is observed during hippocampal sharp-wave ripple-associated population burst events and is critical for consolidation and recall-guided behaviors. To present, population burst event (PBE) activity has been analyzed as a phenomenon subordinate to the place code. Here, we use hidden Markov models to study PBEs observed during exploration of both linear mazes and open fields. We demonstrate that estimated models are consistent with temporal replay sequences and that the latent states correspond to a spatial map of the environment. Moreover, we demonstrate the identification of hippocampal replay without recourse to the place code, using only PBE model congruence. These results suggest that downstream regions may rely on PBEs to form a substrate for memory. Additionally, by forming models independent of animal behavior, we lay the groundwork for studies of non-spatial memory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maboudi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ackermann, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfeiffer, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diba, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kemere, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/242594</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Uncovering temporal structure in hippocampal output patterns]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/243352v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Observing the Cell in Its Native State: Imaging Subcellular Dynamics in Multicellular Organisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/243352v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
True physiological imaging of subcellular dynamics requires studying cells within their parent organisms, where all the environmental cues that drive gene expression, and hence the phenotypes we actually observe, are present. A complete understanding also requires volumetric imaging of the cell and its surroundings at high spatiotemporal resolution without inducing undue stress on either. We combined lattice light sheet microscopy with two-channel adaptive optics to achieve, across large multicellular volumes, noninvasive aberration-free imaging of subcellular processes, including endocytosis, organelle remodeling during mitosis, and the migration of axons, immune cells, and metastatic cancer cells in vivo. The technology reveals the phenotypic diversity within cells across different organisms and developmental stages, and may offer insights into how cells harness their intrinsic variability to adapt to different physiological environments.nnOne Sentence SummaryCombining lattice light sheet microscopy with adaptive optics enables high speed, high resolution in vivo 3D imaging of dynamic processes inside cells under physiological conditions within their parent organisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, T.-l.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upadhyayula, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milkie, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swinburne, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosaliganti, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collin, Z. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiscock, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shea, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohrman, A. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medwig, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dambournet, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forster, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cunniff, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yashiro, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scholpp, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyerowitz, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hockemeyer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drubin, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matus, D. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koyama, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Megason, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirchhausen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betzig, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/243352</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Observing the Cell in Its Native State: Imaging Subcellular Dynamics in Multicellular Organisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/243428v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial gradient in activity within the insula reflects dissociable neural mechanisms underlying context-dependent advantageous and disadvantageous inequity aversion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/243428v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humans are capable of integrating social contextual information into decision-making processes to adjust their attitudes towards inequity. This context-dependency emerges both when individual is better off (i.e. advantageous inequity) and worse off (i.e. disadvantageous inequity) than others. It is not clear however, whether the context-dependent processing of advantageous and disadvantageous inequity rely on dissociable or shared neural mechanisms. Here, by combining an interpersonal interactive game that gave rise to interpersonal guilt and different versions of the dictator games that enabled us to characterize individual weights on aversion to advantageous and disadvantageous inequity, we investigated the neural mechanisms underlying the two forms of inequity aversion in the interpersonal guilt context. In each round, participants played a dot-estimation task with an anonymous co-player. The co-players received pain stimulation with 50% probability when anyone responded incorrectly. At the end of each round, participants completed a dictator game, which determined payoffs of him/herself and the co-player. Both computational model-based and model-free analyses demonstrated that when inflicting pain upon co-players (i.e., the guilt context), participants cared more about advantageous inequity and became less sensitive to disadvantageous inequity, compared with other social contexts. The contextual effects on two forms of inequity aversion are uncorrelated with each other at the behavioral level. Neuroimaging results revealed that the context-dependent representation of inequity aversion exhibited a spatial gradient in activity within the insula, with anterior parts predominantly involved in the aversion to advantageous inequity and posterior parts predominantly involved in the aversion to disadvantageous inequity. The dissociable mechanisms underlying the two forms of inequity aversion are further supported by the involvement of right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex in advantageous inequity processing, and the involvement of right amygdala and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex in disadvantageous inequity processing. These results extended our understanding of decision-making processes involving inequity and the social functions of inequity aversion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blue, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/243428</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial gradient in activity within the insula reflects dissociable neural mechanisms underlying context-dependent advantageous and disadvantageous inequity aversion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/245134v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Visualization of PRC2-Dinucleosome Interactions Leading to Epigenetic Repression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/245134v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epigenetic regulation is mediated by protein complexes that couple recognition of chromatin marks to activity or recruitment of chromatin-modifying enzymes. Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), a gene silencer that methylates lysine 27 of histone H3, is stimulated upon recognition of its own catalytic product, and has been shown to be more active on dinucleosomes than H3 tails or single nucleosomes. These properties likely facilitate local H3K27me2/3 spreading causing heterochromatin formation and gene repression. Here, cryo-EM reconstructions of human PRC2 bound to dinucleosomes show how a single PRC2, interacting with nucleosomal DNA, precisely positions the H3 tails to recognize a H3K27me3 mark in one nucleosome and is stimulated to modify a neighboring nucleosome. The geometry of the PRC2-DNA interactions allow PRC2 to tolerate different dinucleosome geometries due to varying lengths of the linker DNA. Our structures are the first to illustrate how an epigenetic regulator engages with a complex chromatin substrate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Poepsel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasinath, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogales, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/245134</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Visualization of PRC2-Dinucleosome Interactions Leading to Epigenetic Repression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/245365v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantum chemistry reveals the thermodynamic principles of redoxbiochemistry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/245365v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Thermodynamics dictates the structure and function of metabolism. Redox reactions drive cellular energy and material flow. Hence, accurately quantifying the thermodynamics of redox reactions should reveal key design principles that shape cellular metabolism. However, only a limited number of redox potentials have been measured experimentally, and mostly with inconsistent, poorly-reported experimental setups. Here, we develop a quantum chemistry approach for the calculation of redox potentials of biochemical reactions. We demonstrate that our method predicts experimentally measured potentials with unparalleled accuracy. We calculate the reduction potentials of all redox pairs that can be generated from biochemically relevant compounds and highlight fundamental thermodynamic trends that define cellular redox biochemistry. We further use the calculated potentials to address the question of why NAD/NADP are used as the primary cellular electron carriers, demonstrating how their physiological redox range specifically fits the reactions of central metabolism and minimizes the concentration of reactive carbonyls. The use of quantum chemistry tools, as demonstrated in this study, can revolutionize our understanding of key biochemical phenomena by enabling fast and accurate calculation of large datasets of thermodynamic values.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jinich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flamholz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Lengeling, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cotton, C. A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noor, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aspuru-Guzik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Even, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/245365</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantum chemistry reveals the thermodynamic principles of redoxbiochemistry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/247593v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loop Assembly: a simple and open system for recursive fabrication of DNA circuits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/247593v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High efficiency methods for DNA assembly are based on sequence overlap between fragments or Type IIS restriction endonuclease cleavage and ligation. These have enabled routine assembly of synthetic DNAs of increased size and complexity. However, these techniques require customisation, elaborate vector sets and serial manipulations for the different stages of assembly. We present Loop assembly, based on a recursive approach to DNA fabrication. Alternate use of two Type IIS restriction endonucleases and corresponding vector sets allows efficient and parallel assembly of large DNA circuits. Plasmids containing standard Level 0 parts can be assembled into circuits containing 1, 4, 16 or more genes by looping between the two vector sets. The vectors also contain modular sites for hybrid assembly using sequence overlap methods. Loop assembly provides a simple generalised solution for DNA construction with standardised parts. The cloning system is provided under an OpenMTA license for unrestricted sharing and open access.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pollak, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cerda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delmans, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alamos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moyano, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patron, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Federici, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haseloff, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/247593</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loop Assembly: a simple and open system for recursive fabrication of DNA circuits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/248278v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Baculovirus AC102 is a nucleocapsid protein that is crucial for nuclear actin polymerization and nucleocapsid morphogensis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/248278v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The baculovirus Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV), the type species of alphabaculoviruses, is an enveloped DNA virus that infects lepidopteran insects and is commonly known as a vector for protein expression and cell transduction. AcMNPV belongs to a diverse group of viral and bacterial pathogens that target the host cell actin cytoskeleton during infection. AcMNPV is unusual, however, in that it absolutely requires actin translocation into the nucleus early in infection, and actin polymerization within the nucleus late in infection coincident with viral replication. Of the six viral factors that are sufficient, when coexpressed, to induce the nuclear localization of actin, only AC102 is essential for viral replication and the nuclear accumulation of actin. We therefore sought to better understand the role of AC102 in actin mobilization in the nucleus early and late in infection. Although AC102 was thought to function early in infection, we found that AC102 is predominantly expressed as a late protein. In addition, we observed that AC102 is required for F-actin assembly in the nucleus during late infection, as well as for proper formation of viral replication structures and nucleocapsid morphogenesis. Finally, we found that AC102 is a nucleocapsid protein and a newly recognized member of a complex consisting of the viral proteins EC27, C42, and the actin polymerization protein P78/83. Taken together, our findings suggest that AC102 is necessary for nucleocapsid morphogenesis and actin assembly during late infection through its role as a component of the P78/83-C42-EC27-AC102 protein complex.nnIMPORTANCEThe baculovirus Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) is an important biotechnological tool for protein expression and cell transduction, and related nucleopolyhedroviruses are also employed as environmentally benign insecticides. One impact of our work is to better understand the fundamental mechanisms through which AcMNPV exploits the cellular machinery of the host for replication, which may aid in the development of improved baculovirus-based research and industrial tools. Moreover, AcMNPVs ability to mobilize the host actin cytoskeleton within the cells nucleus during infection makes it a powerful cell biological tool. It is becoming increasingly clear that actin plays important roles in the cells nucleus, yet the regulation and function of nuclear actin is poorly understood. Our work to better understand how AcMNPV relocalizes and polymerizes actin within the nucleus may reveal fundamental mechanisms that govern nuclear actin regulation and function, even in the absence of viral infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hepp, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borgo, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ticau, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohkawa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welch, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/248278</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Baculovirus AC102 is a nucleocapsid protein that is crucial for nuclear actin polymerization and nucleocapsid morphogensis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/249516v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Homologous recombination and transposon propagation shapes the population structure of an organism from the deep subsurface with minimal metabolism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/249516v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DPANN archaea are primarily known based on genomes from metagenomes and single cells. We reconstructed a complete population genome for Candidatus "Forterrea", a Diapherotrite with a predicted symbiotic lifestyle probably centered around nucleotide metabolism and RuBisCO. Genome-wide analysis of sequence variation provided insights into the processes that shape its population structure in the deep subsurface. The genome contains many transposons, yet reconstruction of a complete genome from a short-read insert dataset was possible because most occurred only in some individuals. Accuracy of the final reconstruction could be verified because the genome displays the pattern of cumulative GC skew known for some archaea but more typically associated with bacteria. Sequence variation is highly localized, and most pronounced around transposons and relatively close to the origin of replication. Patterns of variation are best explained by homologous recombination, a process previously not described for DPANN archaea.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Probst, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/249516</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Homologous recombination and transposon propagation shapes the population structure of an organism from the deep subsurface with minimal metabolism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/250126v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Observation weights to unlock bulk RNA-seq tools for zero inflation and single-cell applications 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/250126v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dropout events in single-cell transcriptome sequencing (scRNA-seq) cause many transcripts to go undetected and induce an excess of zero read counts, leading to power issues in differential expression (DE) analysis. This has triggered the development of bespoke scRNA-seq DE methods to cope with zero inflation. Recent evaluations, however, have shown that dedicated scRNA-seq tools provide no advantage compared to traditional bulk RNA-seq tools. We introduce a weighting strategy, based on a zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB) model, that identifies excess zero counts and generates gene and cell-specific weights to unlock bulk RNA-seq DE pipelines for zero-inflated data, boosting performance for scRNA-seq.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Van den Berge, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perraudeau, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soneson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Love, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Risso, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vert, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudoit, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clement, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/250126</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Observation weights to unlock bulk RNA-seq tools for zero inflation and single-cell applications]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/250241v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exploiting regulatory heterogeneity to systematically identify enhancers with high accuracy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/250241v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying functional enhancers elements in metazoan systems is a major challenge. For example, large-scale validation of enhancers predicted by ENCODE reveal false positive rates of at least 70%. Here we use the pregrastrula patterning network of Drosophila melanogaster to demonstrate that loss in accuracy in held out data results from heterogeneity of functional signatures in enhancer elements. We show that two classes of enhancer are active during early Drosophila embryogenesis and that by focusing on a single, relatively homogeneous class of elements, over 98% prediction accuracy can be achieved in a balanced, completely held-out test set. The class of well predicted elements is composed predominantly of enhancers driving multi-stage, segmentation patterns, which we designate segmentation driving enhancers (SDE). Prediction is driven by the DNA occupancy of early developmental transcription factors, with almost no additional power derived from histone modifications. We further show that improved accuracy is not a property of a particular prediction method: after conditioning on the SDE set, naive Bayes and logistic regression perform as well as more sophisticated tools. Applying this method to a genome-wide scan, we predict 1,640 SDEs that cover 1.6% of the genome, 916 of which are novel. An analysis of 32 novel SDEs using wholemount embryonic imaging of stably integrated reporter constructs chosen throughout our prediction rank-list showed >90% drove expression patterns. We achieved 86.7% precision on a genome-wide scan, with an estimated recall of at least 98%, indicating high accuracy and completeness in annotating this class of functional elements.nnSignificance StatementWe demonstrate a high accuracy method for predicting enhancers genome wide with > 85% precision as validated by transgenic reporter assays in Drosophila embryos. This is the first time such accuracy has been achieved in a metazoan system, allowing us to predict with high-confidence 1640 enhancers, 916 of which are novel. The predicted enhancers are demarcated by heterogeneous collections of epigenetic marks; many strong enhancers are free from classical indicators of activity, including H3K27ac, but are bound by key transcription factors. H3K27ac, often used as a one-dimensional predictor of enhancer activity, is an uninformative parameter in our data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arbel, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, W. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammonds, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiszmann, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keranen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henriquez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solari, O. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bickel, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biggin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celniker, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/250241</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exploiting regulatory heterogeneity to systematically identify enhancers with high accuracy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/250373v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Size-dependent segregation controls macrophage phagocytosis of antibody-opsonized targets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/250373v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Macrophages protect the body from damage and disease by targeting antibody-opsonized cells for phagocytosis. Though antibodies can be raised against antigens with diverse structures, shapes, and sizes, it is unclear why some are more effective at triggering antibody-dependent phagocytosis than others. Here we quantitatively define an antigen height threshold that regulates phagocytosis of both engineered and cancer-specific antigens by macrophages. Using a reconstituted model of antibody-opsonized target cells, we find that phagocytosis is dramatically impaired for antigens that position antibodies >10 nm from the target surface. Increasing antigen height allows for co-localization of Fc receptors and the inhibitory phosphatase CD45 at the cell-cell interface, which reduces Fc receptor phosphorylation, and inhibits phagocytosis. Our work shows that close contact between macrophage and target cell is a requirement for efficient phagocytosis, suggesting that therapeutic antibodies should target short antigens in order to trigger Fc receptor activation through size-dependent physical segregation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bakalar, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joffe, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmid, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Son, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Podolski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fletcher, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/250373</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Size-dependent segregation controls macrophage phagocytosis of antibody-opsonized targets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/250753v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fine-tuning of substrate preferences of the Src-family kinase Lck revealed through a high-throughput specificity screen 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/250753v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To obtain a comprehensive map of the intrinsic specificities of tyrosine kinase domains, we developed a high-throughput method that uses bacterial surface-display and next-generation sequencing to analyze the specificity of any tyrosine kinase against a library of thousands of peptides derived from human tyrosine phosphorylation sites. Using this approach, we identified a difference in the electrostatic recognition of substrates between the cytoplasmic Src-family tyrosine kinases Lck and c-Src. This divergence likely reflects the specialization of Lck to act in concert with the tyrosine kinase ZAP-70 in T cell receptor signaling. The current understanding of substrate recognition by tyrosine kinases emphasizes the role of localization by non-catalytic domains, but our results point to the importance of direct recognition at the kinase active site in fine-tuning specificity. Our method provides a simple approach that leverages next-generation sequencing to readily map the specificity of any tyrosine kinase at the proteome level.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shah, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Löbel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuriyan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/250753</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fine-tuning of substrate preferences of the Src-family kinase Lck revealed through a high-throughput specificity screen]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/254797v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Juicebox Assembly Tools module facilitates de novo assembly of mammalian genomes with chromosome-length scaffolds for under $1000 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/254797v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hi-C contact maps are valuable for genome assembly (Lieberman-Aiden, van Berkum et al. 2009; Burton et al. 2013; Dudchenko et al. 2017). Recently, we developed Juicebox, a system for the visual exploration of Hi-C data (Durand, Robinson et al. 2016), and 3D-DNA, an automated pipeline for using Hi-C data to assemble genomes (Dudchenko et al. 2017). Here, we introduce "Assembly Tools," a new module for Juicebox, which provides a point-and-click interface for using Hi-C heatmaps to identify and correct errors in a genome assembly. Together, 3D-DNA and the Juicebox Assembly Tools greatly reduce the cost of accurately assembling complex eukaryotic genomes. To illustrate, we generated de novo assemblies with chromosome-length scaffolds for three mammals: the wombat, Vombatus ursinus (3.3Gb), the Virginia opossum, Didelphis virginiana (3.3Gb), and the raccoon, Procyon lotor (2.5Gb). The only inputs for each assembly were Illumina reads from a short insert DNA-Seq library (300 million Illumina reads, maximum length 2x150 bases) and an in situ Hi-C library (100 million Illumina reads, maximum read length 2x150 bases), which cost <$1000.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dudchenko, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamim, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durand, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musial, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mostofa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glenn St Hilaire, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stamenova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoeger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nyquist, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korchina, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pletch, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flanagan, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomaszewicz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McAloose, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez Estrada, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novak, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omer, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aiden, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/254797</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Juicebox Assembly Tools module facilitates de novo assembly of mammalian genomes with chromosome-length scaffolds for under $1000]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/254979v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spindle assembly in egg extracts of the Marsabit clawed frog, Xenopus borealis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/254979v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Egg extracts of the African clawed frog Xenopus laevis have provided a cell-free system instrumental in elucidating events of the cell cycle, including mechanisms of spindle assembly. Comparison with extracts from the diploid Western clawed frog, Xenopus tropicalis, which is smaller at the organism, cellular and subcellular levels, has enabled the identification of spindle size scaling factors. We set out to characterize the Marsabit clawed frog, Xenopus borealis, which is intermediate in size between the two species, but more recently diverged in evolution from X. laevis than X. tropicalis. X. borealis eggs were slightly smaller than those of X. laevis, and slightly smaller spindles were assembled in egg extracts. Interestingly, microtubule distribution across the length of the X. borealis spindles differed from both X. laevis and X. tropicalis. Extract mixing experiments revealed common scaling phenomena among Xenopus species, while characterization of spindle factors katanin, TPX2, and Ran indicate that X. borealis spindles possess both X. laevis and X. tropicalis features. Thus, X. borealis egg extract provides a third in vitro system to investigate interspecies scaling and spindle morphometric variation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kitaoka, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heald, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibeaux, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/254979</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spindle assembly in egg extracts of the Marsabit clawed frog, Xenopus borealis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/255018v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MicroPheno: Predicting environments and host phenotypes from 16S rRNA gene sequencing using a k-mer based representation of shallow sub-samples 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/255018v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationMicrobial communities play important roles in the function and maintenance of various biosystems, ranging from the human body to the environment. A major challenge in microbiome research is the classification of microbial communities of different environments or host phenotypes. The most common and cost-effective approach for such studies to date is 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Recent falls in sequencing costs have increased the demand for simple, efficient, and accurate methods for rapid detection or diagnosis with proved applications in medicine, agriculture, and forensic science. We describe a reference- and alignment-free approach for predicting environments and host phenotypes from 16S rRNA gene sequencing based on k-mer representations that benefits from a bootstrapping framework for investigating the sufficiency of shallow sub-samples. Deep learning methods as well as classical approaches were explored for predicting environments and host phenotypes.nnResultsk-mer distribution of shallow sub-samples outperformed the computationally costly Operational Taxonomic Unit (OTU) features in the tasks of body-site identification and Crohn's disease prediction. Aside from being more accurate, using k-mer features in shallow sub-samples allows (i) skipping computationally costly sequence alignments required in OTU-picking, and (ii) provided a proof of concept for the sufficiency of shallow and short-length 16S rRNA sequencing for phenotype prediction. In addition, k-mer features predicted representative 16S rRNA gene sequences of 18 ecological environments, and 5 organismal environments with high macro-F1 scores of 0.88 and 0.87. For large datasets, deep learning outperformed classical methods such as Random Forest and SVM.nnAvailabilityThe software and datasets are available at https://llp.berkeley.edu/micropheno.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Asgari, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garakani, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McHardy, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mofrad, M. R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/255018</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MicroPheno: Predicting environments and host phenotypes from 16S rRNA gene sequencing using a k-mer based representation of shallow sub-samples]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/258566v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of transcriptional signatures for cell types from single-cell RNA-Seq 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/258566v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell RNA-Seq makes it possible to characterize the transcriptomes of cell types and identify their transcriptional signatures via differential analysis. We present a fast and accurate method for discriminating cell types that takes advantage of the large numbers of cells that are assayed. When applied to transcript compatibility counts obtained via pseudoalignment, our approach provides a quantification-free analysis of 3 single-cell RNA-Seq that can identify previously undetectable marker genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ntranos, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melsted, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pachter, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/258566</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of transcriptional signatures for cell types from single-cell RNA-Seq]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/259499v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Convergent evolution of gene expression in two high-toothed stickleback populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/259499v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Changes in developmental gene regulatory networks enable evolved changes in morphology. These changes can be in cis regulatory elements that act in an allele-specific manner, or changes to the overall trans regulatory environment that interacts with cis regulatory sequences. Here we address several questions about the evolution of gene expression accompanying a convergently evolved constructive morphological trait, increases in tooth number in two independently derived freshwater populations of threespine stickleback fish (Gasterosteus aculeatus). Are convergently evolved cis and/or trans changes in gene expression associated with convergently evolved morphological evolution? Do cis or trans regulatory changes contribute more to the evolutionary gain of a morphological trait? Transcriptome data from dental tissue of ancestral low-toothed and two independently derived high-toothed stickleback populations revealed significantly shared gene expression changes that have convergently evolved in the two high-toothed populations. Comparing cis and trans regulatory changes using phased gene expression data from F1 hybrids, we found that trans regulatory changes were predominant and more likely to be shared among both high-toothed populations. In contrast, while cis regulatory changes have evolved in both high-toothed populations, overall these changes were distinct and not shared among high-toothed populations. Together these data suggest that a convergently evolved trait can occur through genetically distinct regulatory changes that converge on similar trans regulatory environments.nnAuthor SummaryConvergent evolution, where a similar trait evolves in different lineages, provides an opportunity to study the repeatability of evolution. Convergent morphological evolution has been well studied at multiple evolutionary time scales ranging from ancient, to recent, such as the gain in tooth number in freshwater stickleback fish. However, much less is known about the accompanying evolved changes in gene regulation during convergent evolution. Here we compared evolved changes in gene expression in dental tissue of ancestral low-toothed marine fish to fish from two independently derived high-toothed freshwater populations. We also partitioned gene expression changes into those affecting a genes regulatory elements (cis), and those affecting the overall regulatory environment (trans). Both freshwater populations have evolved similar gene expression changes, including a gain of expression of putative dental genes. These similar gene expression changes are due mainly to shared changes to the trans regulatory environment, while the cis changes are largely population specific. Thus, during convergent evolution, overall similar and perhaps predictable transcriptome changes can evolve despite largely different underlying genetic bases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hart, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellis, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisen, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/259499</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Convergent evolution of gene expression in two high-toothed stickleback populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/264721v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
mRNA expression-mediated gene repression in human cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/264721v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We recently described an unconventional mode of gene regulation in budding yeast by which transcriptional and translational interference were used in an integrated manner to down-regulate protein expression. Developmentally timed transcriptional interference inhibited production of a well translated mRNA isoform and resulted in the production of an mRNA isoform containing inhibitory upstream open reading frames (uORFs) that blocked translation of the ORF. Transcriptional interference and uORF-based translational repression are established mechanisms outside of yeast, but whether this type of integrated regulation was conserved was unknown. Here we find that, indeed, a similar type of regulation occurs at the locus for the human oncogene MDM2. We observe evidence of transcriptional interference between the two MDM2 promoters, which produce a poorly translated distal promoter-derived uORF-containing mRNA isoform and a well-translated proximal promoter-derived transcript. Down-regulation of distal promoter activity markedly up-regulates proximal promoter-driven expression and results in local reduction of histone H3K36 trimethylation. Moreover, we observe that this transcript toggling between the two MDM2 isoforms naturally occurs during human embryonic stem cell differentiation programs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hollerer, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barker, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jorgensen, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tresenrider, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dugast-Darzacq, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darzacq, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, L. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ünal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brar, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/264721</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[mRNA expression-mediated gene repression in human cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/265116v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MethCP: Differentially Methylated Region Detection with Change Point Models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/265116v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Abstract.Whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) provides a precise measure of methylation across the genome, yet presents a challenge in identifying regions that are differentially methylated (DMRs) between different conditions. A number of methods have been proposed which mainly focusing on the setting of two-group comparison. We develop a DMR detecting method MethCP for WGBS data, which is applicable for a wide range of experimental designs beyond the two-group comparisons, such as time-course data. MethCP identifies DMRs based on change point detection, which naturally segments the genome and provides region-level differential analysis. For simple two-group comparison, we show that our method outperforms developed methods in accurately detecting the complete DM region on a simulated dataset and an Arabidopsis dataset. Moreover, we show that MethCP is capable of detecting wide regions with small effect sizes, which can be common in some settings but existing techniques are poor in detecting such DMRs. We also demonstrate the use of MethCP for time-course data on another dataset following methylation throughout seed germination in Arabidopsis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gong, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purdom, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/265116</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MethCP: Differentially Methylated Region Detection with Change Point Models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/266387v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Selective activation of alternative MYC core promoters by Wnt-responsive enhancers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/266387v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In Metazoans, transcription of most genes is driven through the use of multiple alternative promoters. Although the precise spatio-temporal regulation of alternative promoters is important for proper gene expression, the mechanism that mediates their differential utilization remains unclear. Here, we investigate how the two alternative promoters (P1, P2) that drive MYC expression are regulated. We find that P1 and P2 can be differentially regulated across cell-types, and that their selective usage is largely mediated by distal regulatory sequences. Moreover, we show that in the colon carcinoma cell line HCT-116, Wnt-responsive enhancers preferentially upregulate transcription from the P1 promoter using both transgenic reporter assays and in the context of the endogenous Myc locus upon Wnt induction. In addition, multiple enhancer deletions using CRISPR/Cas9 corroborate the regulatory specificity of P1. Finally, we show that preferential activation between Wnt-responsive enhancers and the P1 promoter is influenced by distinct core promoter elements present in the two MYC promoters. Taken together, our results provide new insights into how enhancers can specifically target alternative promoters and suggest that formation of these selective interactions could allow more diverse combinatorial regulation of transcription initiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bardales, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wieser, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawaji, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murakawa, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darzacq, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/266387</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Selective activation of alternative MYC core promoters by Wnt-responsive enhancers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/267211v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Likelihood-Free Inference Framework for Population Genetic Data using Exchangeable Neural Networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/267211v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An explosion of high-throughput DNA sequencing in the past decade has led to a surge of interest in population-scale inference with whole-genome data. Recent work in population genetics has centered on designing inference methods for relatively simple model classes, and few scalable general-purpose inference techniques exist for more realistic, complex models. To achieve this, two inferential challenges need to be addressed: (1) population data are exchangeable, calling for methods that efficiently exploit the symmetries of the data, and (2) computing likelihoods is intractable as it requires integrating over a set of correlated, extremely high-dimensional latent variables. These challenges are traditionally tackled by likelihood-free methods that use scientific simulators to generate datasets and reduce them to hand-designed, permutation-invariant summary statistics, often leading to inaccurate inference. In this work, we develop an exchangeable neural network that performs summary statistic-free, likelihood-free inference. Our frame-work can be applied in a black-box fashion across a variety of simulation-based tasks, both within and outside biology. We demonstrate the power of our approach on the recombination hotspot testing problem, outperforming the state-of-the-art.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrone, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spence, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathieson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/267211</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Likelihood-Free Inference Framework for Population Genetic Data using Exchangeable Neural Networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/267286v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Collective motion conceals fitness differences in crowded cellular populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/267286v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many cellular populations are tightly-packed, for example microbial colonies and biofilms [39, 10, 41], or tissues and tumors in multi-cellular organisms [11, 29]. Movement of one cell inside such crowded assemblages requires movement of others, so that cell displacements are correlated over many cell diameters [28, 6, 31]. Whenever movement is important for survival or growth [15, 34, 38, 9], such correlated rearrangements could couple the evolutionary fate of different lineages. Yet, little is known about the interplay between mechanical stresses and evolution in dense cellular populations. Here, by tracking deleterious mutations at the expanding edge of yeast colonies, we show that crowding-induced collective motion prevents costly mutations from being weeded out rapidly. Joint pushing by neighboring cells generates correlated movements that suppress the differential displacements required for selection to act. Such mechanical screening of fitness differences allows the mutants to leave more descendants than expected under non-mechanical models, thereby increasing their chance for evolutionary rescue [2, 5]. Our work suggests that mechanical interactions generally influence evolutionary outcomes in crowded cellular populations, which has to be considered when modeling drug resistance or cancer evolution [1, 22, 34, 30, 36, 42].
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kayser, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreck, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gralka, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fusco, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallatschek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/267286</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Collective motion conceals fitness differences in crowded cellular populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/268409v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TRPV4 is the temperature-sensitive ion channel of human sperm 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/268409v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ion channels control sperm fertilizing ability by triggering hyperactivated motility, which is regulated by membrane potential, intracellular pH, and cytosolic calcium. Previous studies unraveled three essential ion channels that regulate these parameters: 1) the Ca2+ channel CatSper, 2) the K+ channel KSper, and 3) the H+ channel Hv1. However, the molecular identity of an additional sperm Na+ conductance that mediates initial membrane depolarization and, thus, triggers downstream signaling events is yet to be defined. Here, we functionally characterize DSper, the Depolarizing Channel of Sperm, as the temperature-activated channel TRPV4. It is functionally expressed at both mRNA and protein levels, while other temperature-sensitive TRPV channels are not functional in human sperm. DSper currents are activated by warm temperatures and mediate cation conductance, that shares a pharmacological profile reminiscent of TRPV4. Together, these results suggest that TRPV4 activation triggers initial membrane depolarization, facilitating both CatSper and Hv1 gating and, consequently, sperm hyperactivation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mundt, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spehr, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lishko, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/268409</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TRPV4 is the temperature-sensitive ion channel of human sperm]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/269258v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multimodal on-axis platform for all-optical electrophysiology with near-infrared probes in human stem-cell-derived cardiomyocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/269258v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Combined optogenetic stimulation and optical imaging permits scalable, high-throughput probing of cellular electrophysiology and optimization of stem-cell derived excitable cells, such as neurons and muscle cells. We report a new "on-axis" configuration of OptoDyCE, our all-optical platform for studying human induced pluripotent stem-cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) and other cell types, optically driven by Channelrhodopsin2 (ChR2). This solid-state system integrates optogenetic stimulation with temporally-multiplexed simultaneous recording of membrane voltage (Vm) and intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) dynamics using a single photodetector. We demonstrate the capacity for combining multiple spectrally-compatible actuators and sensors, including newer high-performance near-infrared (NIR) voltage probes BeRST1 and Di-4-ANBDQBS, to record complex spatiotemporal responses of hiPSC-CMs to drugs in a high-throughput manner.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Klimas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortiz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boggess, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Entcheva, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/269258</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multimodal on-axis platform for all-optical electrophysiology with near-infrared probes in human stem-cell-derived cardiomyocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/270108v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Integrin-Independent Kaposi’s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Infection Mechanism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/270108v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Host receptor usage by KSHV has been best studied using primary microvascular endothelial and fibroblast cells, although the virus infects a wide variety of cell types in culture and in natural infections. In these two infection models, KSHV adheres to the cell though heparan sulfate (HS) binding, then interacts with a complex of EphA2, xct, and integrins 3{beta}1, V{beta}3, V{beta}5 to catalyze viral entry. We dissected this receptor complex at the genetic level with CRISPR-Cas9 to precisely determine receptor usage in two epithelial cell lines. Surprisingly, we discovered an infection mechanism that requires HS and EphA2 but is independent of V- and {beta}1-family integrin expression. Furthermore, infection appears to be independent of the EphA2 intracellular domain. We also demonstrated while two other endogenous Eph receptors were dispensable for KSHV infection, transduced EphA4 and EphA5 significantly enhanced infection of cells lacking EphA2.nnIMPORTANCEOur data reveals an integrin-independent route of KSHV infection and suggests that multiple Eph receptors besides EphA2 can promote and regulate infection. Since integrins and Eph receptors are large protein families with diverse expression patterns across cells and tissues, we propose that KSHV may engage with several proteins from both families in different combinations to negotiate successful entry into diverse cell types.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>TerBush, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hafkamp, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartenian, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaunsinger, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coscoy, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/270108</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Integrin-Independent Kaposi’s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Infection Mechanism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/270272v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Serial Dependence in Position Perception Occurs at the Time of Perception 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/270272v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Observers perceive objects in the world as stable over space and time, even though the visual experience of those objects is often discontinuous and distorted due to masking, occlusion, camouflage, noise, etc. How are we able to easily and quickly achieve stable perception in spite of this constantly changing visual input? It was previously shown that observers experience serial dependence in the perception of features and objects, an effect that extends up to 15 seconds back in time. Here, we asked whether the visual system utilizes an objects prior physical location to inform future position assignments in order to maximize location stability of an object over time. To test this, we presented subjects with small targets at random angular locations relative to central fixation in the peripheral visual field. Subjects reported the perceived location of the target on each trial by adjusting a cursors position to match its location. Subjects made consistent errors when reporting the perceived position of the target on the current trial, mislocalizing it toward the position of the target in the preceding two trials (Experiment 1). This pull in position perception occurred even when a response was not required on the previous trial (Experiment 2). In addition, we show that serial dependence in perceived position occurs immediately after stimulus presentation, and is a fast stabilization mechanism that does not require a delay (Experiment 3). This indicates that serial dependence occurs for position representations and facilitates the stable perception of objects in space. Taken together with previous work, our results show that serial dependence occurs at many stages of visual processing, from initial position assignment to object categorization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Manassi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liberman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosovicheva, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitney, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/270272</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Serial Dependence in Position Perception Occurs at the Time of Perception]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/273516v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep mutational analysis reveals functional trade-offs in the sequences of EGFR autophosphorylation sites 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/273516v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Upon activation, the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) phosphorylates tyrosine residues in its cytoplasmic tail, which triggers the binding of Src Homology 2 (SH2) and Phosphotyrosine Binding (PTB) domains and initiates downstream signaling. The sequences flanking the tyrosine residues (referred to as phosphosites) must be compatible with phosphorylation by the EGFR kinase domain and the recruitment of adapter proteins, while minimizing phosphorylation that would reduce the fidelity of signal transmission. In order to understand how phosphosite sequences encode these functions within a small set of residues, we carried out high-throughput mutational analysis of three phosphosite sequences in the EGFR tail. We used bacterial surface-display of peptides, coupled with deep sequencing, to monitor phosphorylation efficiency and the binding of the SH2 and PTB domains of the adapter proteins Grb2 and Shc1, respectively. We found that the sequences of phosphosites in the EGFR tail are restricted to a subset of the range of sequences that can be phosphorylated efficiently by EGFR. Although efficient phosphorylation by EGFR can occur with either acidic or large hydrophobic residues at the -1 position with respect to the tyrosine, hydrophobic residues are generally excluded from this position in tail sequences. The mutational data suggest that this restriction results in weaker binding to adapter proteins, but also disfavors phosphorylation by the cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases c-Src and c-Abl. Our results show how EGFR-family phosphosites achieve a trade-off between minimizing off-pathway phosphorylation while maintaining the ability to recruit the diverse complement of effectors required for downstream pathway activation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cantor, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuriyan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/273516</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep mutational analysis reveals functional trade-offs in the sequences of EGFR autophosphorylation sites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/273839v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The ecology of the Drosophila-yeast mutualism in wineries 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/273839v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, is preferentially found on fermenting fruits. The yeasts that dominate the microbial communities of these substrates are the primary food source for developing D. melanogaster larvae, and adult flies manifest a strong olfactory system-mediated attraction for the volatile compounds produced by these yeasts during fermentation. Although most work on this interaction has focused on the standard laboratory yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a wide variety of other yeasts naturally ferment fallen fruit. Here we address the open question of whether D. melanogaster preferentially associates with distinct yeasts in different, closely-related environments. We characterized the spatial and temporal dynamics of Drosophila-associated fungi in Northern California wineries that use organic grapes and natural fermentation using high-throughput, short-amplicon sequencing. We found that there is nonrandom structure in the fungal communities that are vectored by flies both between and within vineyards. Within wineries, the fungal communities associated with flies in cellars, fermentation tanks, and pomace piles are distinguished by varying abundances of a small number of yeast species. To investigate the origins of this structure, we assayed Drosophila attraction to, oviposition on, larval development in, and longevity when consuming the yeasts that distinguish vineyard microhabitats from each other. We found that wild fly lines did not respond differentially to the yeast species that distinguish winery habitats in habitat specific manner. Instead, this subset of yeast shares traits that make them attractive to and ensure their close association with Drosophila.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Quan, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisen, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/273839</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The ecology of the Drosophila-yeast mutualism in wineries]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/274530v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Atlastins mediate selective autophagy of the endoplasmic reticulum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/274530v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The selective lysosomal degradation (autophagy) of entire organelles is required for cellular homeostasis, and its dysregulation is involved in degenerative disorders such as Parkinsons Disease. While autophagy of mitochondria (mitophagy) is becoming better understood, other forms of organelle autophagy are relatively unexplored. Here we develope multiple quantitative assays to measure organelle autophagy using flow cytometry, microscopy, and Western blotting. Focusing on autophagy of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER-phagy), we show that these assays allow facile measurement of ER-phagy, and that ER-phagy is inhibited by knockdown of either core autophagy components or the recently reported FAM134B ER-phagy receptor. Using these assays, we further identify that Atlastins, the ER-resident GTPases involved in ER membrane morphology, are key positive effectors of ER-phagy. Atlastin-depleted cells have decreased ER-phagy under starvation conditions, and Atlastins role in ER-phagy requires both a functional GTPase domain and proper ER localization. The three Atlastin family members functionally compensate for one another during ER-phagy and may form heteromeric complexes with one another. We also find that Atlastins act downstream of the FAM134B ER-phagy receptor. We propose that during ER-phagy, Atlastins remodel ER membrane to separate pieces of FAM134B-marked ER for efficient autophagosomal engulfment. Human mutations in Atlastins led to hereditary spastic paraplegia, and our results suggest that this disease may be linked to deficiencies in ER-phagy rather than ER morphology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lingeman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/274530</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Atlastins mediate selective autophagy of the endoplasmic reticulum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/275669v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In vitro transcribed guide RNAs trigger an innate immune response via the RIG-I pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/275669v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing is revolutionizing fundamental research and has great potential for the treatment of many diseases. While editing of immortalized cell lines has become relatively easy, editing of therapeutically relevant primary cells and tissues can remain challenging. One recent advancement is the delivery of a Cas9 protein and an in vitro transcribed (IVT) guide RNA (gRNA) as a precomplexed ribonucleoprotein (RNP). This approach allows editing of primary cells such as T cells and hematopoietic stem cells, but the consequences beyond genome editing of introducing foreign Cas9 RNPs into mammalian cells are not fully understood. Here we show that the IVT gRNAs commonly used by many laboratories for RNP editing trigger a potent innate immune response that can be several thousand times stronger than benchmark immune stimulating ligands. IVT gRNAs are recognized in the cytosol through the RIG-I pathway but not the MDA5 pathway, thereby triggering a type I interferon response. Removal of the 5-triphosphate from gRNAs ameliorates inflammatory signaling and prevents the loss of viability associated with genome editing in hematopoietic stem cells. The potential for Cas9 RNP editing to induce a potent antiviral response indicates that care must be taken when designing therapeutic strategies to edit primary cells.nnAbbreviations
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weinert, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zelin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pestal, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corn, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/275669</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In vitro transcribed guide RNAs trigger an innate immune response via the RIG-I pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/277160v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A streamlined method for transposon mutagenesis of Rickettsia parkeri yields numerous mutations that impact infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/277160v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The rickettsiae are obligate intracellular alphaproteobacteria that exhibit a complex infectious life cycle in both arthropod and mammalian hosts. As obligate intracellular bacteria, Rickettsia are highly adapted to living inside a variety of host cells, including vascular endothelial cells during mammalian infection. Although it is assumed that the rickettsiae produce numerous virulence factors that usurp or disrupt various host cell pathways, they have been challenging to genetically manipulate to identify the key bacterial factors that contribute to infection. Motivated to overcome this challenge, we sought to expand the repertoire of available rickettsial loss-of-function mutants, using an improved mariner-based transposon mutagenesis scheme. Here, we present the isolation of over 100 transposon mutants in the spotted fever group species Rickettsia parkeri. These mutants targeted genes implicated in a variety of pathways, including bacterial replication and metabolism, hypothetical proteins, the type IV secretion system, as well as factors with previously established roles in host cell interactions and pathogenesis. Given the need to identify critical virulence factors, forward genetic screens such as this will provide an excellent platform to more directly investigate rickettsial biology and pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lamason, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kafai, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welch, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/277160</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A streamlined method for transposon mutagenesis of Rickettsia parkeri yields numerous mutations that impact infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/279570v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Capturing diverse microbial sequence with comprehensive and scalable probe design 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/279570v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metagenomic sequencing has the potential to transform microbial detection and characteri zation, but new tools are needed to improve its sensitivity. We developed CATCH (Compact Aggregation of Targets for Comprehensive Hybridization), a computational method to enhance nucleic acid capture for enrichment of diverse microbial taxa. CATCH designs compact probe sets that achieve full coverage of known sequence diversity and that scale well with this diversity. To illustrate applications of CATCH, we focused on capturing viral genomes. We designed, synthesized, and validated multiple probe sets, including one that targets whole genomes of the 356 viral species known to infect humans. Capture with these probe sets enriched unique viral content on average 18x and allowed us to assemble genomes that we could not otherwise recover, while accurately preserving within-sample diversity. We used this approach to recover genomes from the 2018 Lassa fever outbreak in Nigeria and to improve detection of viral infections in samples with unknown content. Together, this work demonstrates a path toward more sensitive, cost-effective metagenomic sequencing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Siddle, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metsky, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gladden-Young, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brehio, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldfarb, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piantadosi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wohl, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tully, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hennigan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbosa-Lima, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vieira, Y. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, K. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parham, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Odia, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eromon, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Folarin, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goba, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon-Loriere, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hensley, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balmaseda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Runstadler, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smole, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bozza, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Souza, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isern, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorenzana, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gehrke, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosch, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebel, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Happi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gnirke,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/279570</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Capturing diverse microbial sequence with comprehensive and scalable probe design]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/280545v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
clusterExperiment and RSEC: A Bioconductor package and framework for clustering of single-cell and other large gene expression datasets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/280545v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clustering of genes and/or samples is a common task in gene expression analysis. The goals in clustering can vary, but an important scenario is that of finding biologically meaningful subtypes within the samples. This is an application that is particularly appropriate when there are large numbers of samples, as in many human disease studies. With the increasing popularity of single-cell transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq), many more controlled experiments on model organisms are similarly creating large gene expression datasets with the goal of detecting previously unknown heterogeneity within cells.nnIt is common in the detection of novel subtypes to run many clustering algorithms, as well as rely on subsampling and ensemble methods to improve robustness. We introduce a Bioconductor R package, clusterExperiment, that implements a general and flexible strategy we entitle Resampling-based Sequential Ensemble Clustering (RSEC). RSEC enables the user to easily create multiple, competing clusterings of the data based on different techniques and associated tuning parameters, including easy integration of resampling and sequential clustering, and then provides methods for consolidating the multiple clusterings into a final consensus clustering. The package is modular and allows the user to separately apply the individual components of the RSEC procedure, i.e., apply multiple clustering algorithms, create a consensus clustering or choose tuning parameters, and merge clusters. Additionally, clusterExperimentprovides a variety of visualization tools for the clustering process, as well as methods for the identification of possible cluster signatures or biomarkers.nnThe package clusterExperimentis publicly available through the Bioconductor Project, with a detailed manual (vignette) as well as well documented help pages for each function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Risso, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purvis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fletcher, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudoit, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purdom, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/280545</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[clusterExperiment and RSEC: A Bioconductor package and framework for clustering of single-cell and other large gene expression datasets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/283119v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial summation in the human fovea: the effect of optical aberrations and fixational eye movements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/283119v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Psychophysical inferences about the neural mechanisms supporting spatial vision can be undermined by uncertainties introduced by optical aberrations and fixational eye movements, particularly in fovea where the neuronal grain of the visual system is fine. We examined the effect of these pre-neural factors on photopic spatial summation in the human fovea using a custom adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscope that provided control over optical aberrations and retinal stimulus motion. Consistent with previous results, Riccos area of complete summation encompassed multiple photoreceptors when measured with ordinary amounts of ocular aberrations and retinal stimulus motion. When both factors were minimized experimentally, summation areas were essentially unchanged, suggesting that foveal spatial summation is limited by post-receptoral neural pooling. We compared our behavioral data to predictions generated with a physiologically-inspired front-end model of the visual system, and were able to capture the shape of the summation curves obtained with and without pre-retinal factors using a single post-receptoral summing filter of fixed spatial extent. Given our data and modeling, neurons in the magnocellular visual pathway, such as parasol ganglion cells, provide a candidate neural correlate of Riccos area in the central fovea.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tuten, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiruveedhula, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roorda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cottaris, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brainard, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, J. I. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/283119</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial summation in the human fovea: the effect of optical aberrations and fixational eye movements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/283812v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide fitness assessment during diurnal growth reveals an expanded role of the cyanobacterial circadian clock protein KaiA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/283812v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The recurrent pattern of light and darkness generated by Earths axial rotation has profoundly influenced the evolution of organisms, selecting for both biological mechanisms that respond acutely to environmental changes and circadian clocks that program physiology in anticipation of daily variations. The necessity to integrate environmental responsiveness and circadian programming is exemplified in photosynthetic organisms such as cyanobacteria, which depend on light-driven photochemical processes. The cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 is an excellent model system for dissecting these entwined mechanisms. Its core circadian oscillator, consisting of three proteins KaiA, KaiB, and KaiC, transmits time-of-day signals to clock-output proteins, which reciprocally regulate global transcription. Research performed under constant light facilitates analysis of intrinsic cycles separately from direct environmental responses, but does not provide insight into how these regulatory systems are integrated during light-dark cycles. Thus, we sought to identify genes that are specifically necessary in a day-night environment. We screened a dense bar-coded transposon library in both continuous light and daily cycling conditions and compared the fitness consequences of loss of each nonessential gene in the genome. Although the clock itself is not essential for viability in light-dark cycles, the most detrimental mutations revealed by the screen were those that disrupt KaiA. The screen broadened our understanding of light-dark survival in photosynthetic organisms, identified unforeseen clock-protein interaction dynamics, and reinforced the role of the clock as a negative regulator of a night-time metabolic program that is essential for S. elongatus to survive in the dark.nnSignificanceUnderstanding how photosynthetic bacteria respond to and anticipate natural light-dark cycles is necessary for predictive modeling, bioengineering, and elucidating metabolic strategies for diurnal growth. Here, we identify the genetic components that are important specifically under light-dark cycling conditions and determine how a properly functioning circadian clock prepares metabolism for darkness, a starvation period for photoautotrophs. This study establishes that the core circadian clock protein KaiA is necessary to enable rhythmic de-repression of a night-time circadian program.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Welkie, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, Y.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diamond, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rifkin, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LiWang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golden, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/283812</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide fitness assessment during diurnal growth reveals an expanded role of the cyanobacterial circadian clock protein KaiA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/284471v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NRG1 is required for the function of the TIR-NLR immune receptors Roq1 and RPP1 in Nicotiana benthamiana 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/284471v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The plant immune system involves a large family of nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) intracellular immune receptors. These immune receptors often function to directly or indirectly mediate the perception of specific pathogen effector proteins secreted into the cell. Activation of these immune receptors typically results in activation of the immune system and subsequent suppression of pathogen proliferation. Although many examples of NLR receptors are known, a mechanistic understanding of how receptor activation ultimately leads to an immune response is not well understood. A subset of the NLR proteins contain a TIR domain at their N terminus (TNL). One such TNL, the N gene, was previously shown to depend on a non-TIR NLR protein, N requirement gene 1 (NRG1) for immune function. We tested additional NLR proteins in Nicotiana benthamiana for dependency on NRG1. We found that two additional TIR-NLR proteins, Roq1 and RPP1, also require NRG1 but that two coiled-coil NLR proteins, Bs2 and Rps2, do not. This finding suggests that NRG1 may be a conserved component of TNL signaling pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Staskawicz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schultink, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, M.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/284471</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NRG1 is required for the function of the TIR-NLR immune receptors Roq1 and RPP1 in Nicotiana benthamiana]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/285718v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Orbitofrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus represent the magnitude of event saliency 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/285718v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Two primary functions attributed to the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex network are retaining the temporal and spatial associations of events and detecting deviant events. It is, however, unclear how these two functions converge onto one mechanism. Here, we tested whether increased activity with perceiving salient events is a deviant detection signal or contains information about the event associations by reflecting the magnitude of deviance (i.e., event saliency). We also tested how the deviant detection signal is affected by the degree of anticipation. We studied regional neural activity when people watched a movie that had varying saliency of a novel or an anticipated flow of salient events. Using intracranial electroencephalography from ten patients, we observed that high-frequency activity (50-150 Hz) in the hippocampus, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dorsolateral PFC), and medial orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) tracked event saliency. We also observed that medial OFC activity was stronger when the salient events were anticipated than when they were novel. These results suggest that dorsolateral PFC and medial OFC, as well as the hippocampus, signify the saliency magnitude of events, reflecting the hierarchical structure of event associations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jafarpour, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/285718</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Orbitofrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus represent the magnitude of event saliency]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/287268v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Efficiently inferring the demographic history of many populations with allele count data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/287268v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The sample frequency spectrum (SFS), or histogram of allele counts, is an important summary statistic in evolutionary biology, and is often used to infer the history of population size changes, migrations, and other demographic events affecting a set of populations. The expected multipopulation SFS under a given demographic model can be efficiently computed when the populations in the model are related by a tree, scaling to hundreds of populations. Admixture, back-migration, and introgression are common natural processes that violate the assumption of a tree-like population history, however, and until now the expected SFS could be computed for only a handful of populations when the demographic history is not a tree. In this article, we present a new method for efficiently computing the expected SFS and linear functionals of it, for demographies described by general directed acyclic graphs. This method can scale to more populations than previously possible for complex demographic histories including admixture. We apply our method to an 8-population SFS to estimate the timing and strength of a proposed "basal Eurasian" admixture event in human history. We implement and release our method in a new open-source software package momi2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kamm, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terhorst, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durbin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/287268</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Efficiently inferring the demographic history of many populations with allele count data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/290122v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Asymmetrically Positioned Flagellar Control Units Regulate Human Sperm Rotation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/290122v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability of sperm to fertilize an egg is controlled by ion channels, one of which is the pH-dependent calcium channel of sperm CatSper. For CatSper to be fully activated, the cytoplasmic pH must be alkaline, which is accomplished by either proton transporters, or a faster mechanism, such as the voltage-gated proton channel Hv1. To ensure effective regulation, these channels and regulatory proteins must be tightly compartmentalized. Here, we characterize human sperm nanodomains that are comprised of Hv1, CatSper and regulatory protein ABHD2. Super-resolution microscopy revealed that Hv1 forms asymmetrically positioned bilaterally distributed longitudinal lines that span the entire length of the sperm tail. Such a distribution provides a direct structural basis for the selective activation of CatSper, and subsequent flagellar rotation along the long axis that, together with hyperactivated motility, enhances sperm fertility. Indeed, Hv1 inhibition leads to a decrease in sperm rotation. Thus, sperm ion channels are organized in distinct regulatory nanodomains that control hyperactivated motility and rotation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenny, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mannowetz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mansell, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wojcik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendoza, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zucker, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lishko, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/290122</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Asymmetrically Positioned Flagellar Control Units Regulate Human Sperm Rotation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/291195v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Probing the Acyl Carrier Protein-Enzyme Interactions within Terminal Alkyne Biosynthetic Machinery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/291195v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The alkyne functionality has attracted much interest due to its diverse chemical and biological applications. We recently elucidated an acyl carrier protein (ACP)-dependent alkyne biosynthetic pathway, however, little is known about ACP interactions with the alkyne biosynthetic enzymes, an acyl-ACP ligase (JamA) and a membrane-bound bi-functional desaturase/acetylenase (JamB). Here, we showed that JamB has a more stringent interaction with ACP than JamA. In addition, site directed mutagenesis of a non-cognate ACP significantly improved its compatibility with JamB, suggesting a possible electrostatic interaction at the ACP-JamB interface. Finally, error-prone PCR and screening of a second non-cognate ACP identified hot spots on the ACP that are important for interacting with JamB and yielded mutants which were better recognized by JamB. Our data thus not only provide insights into the ACP interactions in alkyne biosynthesis, but it also potentially aids in future combinatorial biosynthesis of alkyne-tagged metabolites for chemical and biological applications.nnTopical HeadingBiomolecular Engineering, Bioengineering, Biochemicals, Biofuels, and Food
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Su, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/291195</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Probing the Acyl Carrier Protein-Enzyme Interactions within Terminal Alkyne Biosynthetic Machinery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/291617v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Geometry-dependent instabilities in electrically excitable tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/291617v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Little is known about how individual cells sense the macroscopic geometry of their tissue environment. Here we explore whether long-range electrical signaling can convey information on tissue geometry to influence electrical dynamics of individual cells. First, we studied an engineered electrically excitable cell line where all voltage-gated channels were well characterized. Cells grown in patterned islands of different shapes showed remarkably diverse firing patterns under otherwise identical conditions, including regular spiking, period-doubling alternans, and arrhythmic firing. A Hodgkin-Huxley numerical model quantitatively reproduced these effects, showing how the macroscopic geometry affected the single-cell electrophysiology via the influence of gap junction-mediated electrical coupling. Qualitatively similar geometry dependent dynamics were experimentally observed in human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes. The cardiac results urge caution in translating observations of arrhythmia in vitro to predictions in vivo where the tissue geometry is very different. We present simulation results and scaling arguments which explore how to extrapolate electrophysiological measurements between tissues with different geometries and different gap junction couplings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McNamara, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dodson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandstede, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/291617</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Geometry-dependent instabilities in electrically excitable tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/291989v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Using a System’s Equilibrium Behavior to Reduce Its Energy Dissipation in Non-Equilibrium Processes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/291989v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells must operate far from equilibrium1, utilizing and dissipating energy continuously to maintain their organization and to avoid stasis and death. However, they must also avoid unnecessary waste of energy2. Recent studies have revealed that molecular machines are extremely efficient thermodynamically when compared to their macroscopic counterparts3,4. There are also tantalizing hints of molecular machines conserving energy while operating out of equilibrium5,6. However, the principles governing the efficient out-of-equilibrium operation of molecular machines remain a mystery. A theoretical framework has been recently formulated in which a generalized friction coefficient quantifies the energetic efficiency in non-equilibrium processes7,8. Moreover, it posits that to minimize energy dissipation, external control should drive the system along the reaction coordinate with a speed inversely proportional to the square root of that friction coefficient. Here, we test and validate the predictions of this theory by probing the non-equilibrium energetic efficiency of a single DNA hairpin subjected to unfolding and refolding protocols using a dual-trap optical tweezers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tafoya, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Large, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustamante, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivak, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/291989</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Using a System’s Equilibrium Behavior to Reduce Its Energy Dissipation in Non-Equilibrium Processes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/292037v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bayesian Inference for a Generative Model of Transcriptome Profiles from Single-cell RNA Sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/292037v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcriptome profiles of individual cells reflect true and often unexplored biological diversity, but are also affected by noise of biological and technical nature. This raises the need to explicitly model the resulting uncertainty and take it into account in any downstream analysis, such as dimensionality reduction, clustering, and differential expression. Here, we introduce Single-cell Variational Inference (scVI), a scalable framework for probabilistic representation and analysis of gene expression in single cells. Our model uses variational inference, stochastic optimization and deep neural networks to approximate the parameters that govern the distribution of expression values of each gene in every cell, using a non-linear mapping between the observations and a low-dimensional latent space.nnBy doing so, scVI pools information between similar cells or genes while taking nuisance factors of variation such as batch effects and limited sensitivity into account. To evaluate scVI, we conducted a comprehensive comparative analysis to existing methods for distributional modeling and dimensionality reduction, all of which rely on generalized linear models. We first show that scVI scales to over one million cells, whereas competing algorithms can process at most tens of thousands of cells. Next, we show that scVI fits unseen data more closely and can impute missing data more accurately, both indicative of a better generalization capacity. We then utilize scVI to conduct a set of fundamental analysis tasks - including batch correction, visualization, clustering and differential expression - and demonstrate its accuracy in comparison to the state-of-the-art tools in each task. scVI is publicly available, and can be readily used as a principled and inclusive solution for multiple tasks of single-cell RNA sequencing data analysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lopez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/292037</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bayesian Inference for a Generative Model of Transcriptome Profiles from Single-cell RNA Sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/292581v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Genomic Formation of South and Central Asia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/292581v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The genetic formation of Central and South Asian populations has been unclear because of an absence of ancient DNA. To address this gap, we generated genome-wide data from 362 ancient individuals, including the first from eastern Iran, Turan (Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and Tajikistan), Bronze Age Kazakhstan, and South Asia. Our data reveal a complex set of genetic sources that ultimately combined to form the ancestry of South Asians today. We document a southward spread of genetic ancestry from the Eurasian Steppe, correlating with the archaeologically known expansion of pastoralist sites from the Steppe to Turan in the Middle Bronze Age (2300-1500 BCE). These Steppe communities mixed genetically with peoples of the Bactria Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC) whom they encountered in Turan (primarily descendants of earlier agriculturalists of Iran), but there is no evidence that the main BMAC population contributed genetically to later South Asians. Instead, Steppe communities integrated farther south throughout the 2nd millennium BCE, and we show that they mixed with a more southern population that we document at multiple sites as outlier individuals exhibiting a distinctive mixture of ancestry related to Iranian agriculturalists and South Asian hunter-gathers. We call this group Indus Periphery because they were found at sites in cultural contact with the Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) and along its northern fringe, and also because they were genetically similar to post-IVC groups in the Swat Valley of Pakistan. By co-analyzing ancient DNA and genomic data from diverse present-day South Asians, we show that Indus Periphery-related people are the single most important source of ancestry in South Asia--consistent with the idea that the Indus Periphery individuals are providing us with the first direct look at the ancestry of peoples of the IVC--and we develop a model for the formation of present-day South Asians in terms of the temporally and geographically proximate sources of Indus Periphery-related, Steppe, and local South Asian hunter-gatherer-related ancestry. Our results show how ancestry from the Steppe genetically linked Europe and South Asia in the Bronze Age, and identifies the populations that almost certainly were responsible for spreading Indo-European languages across much of Eurasia.nnOne Sentence SummaryGenome wide ancient DNA from 357 individuals from Central and South Asia sheds new light on the spread of Indo-European languages and parallels between the genetic history of two sub-continents, Europe and South Asia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Narasimhan, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moorjani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazaridis, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mark, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallick, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohland, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernardos, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakatsuka, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olalde, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coppa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallory, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moiseyev, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olivieri, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adamski, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broomandkhoshbacht, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Candilio, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheronet, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Culleton, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferry, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamarra, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaudio, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hajdinjak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harney, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harper, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keating, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawson, A.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oppenheimer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rai, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sirak, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewardson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akhatov, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagashev, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baitanayev, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonora, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chikisheva, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/292581</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Genomic Formation of South and Central Asia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/292821v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Directional selection limits ecological diversification and promotes ecological tinkering during the competition for substitutable resources 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/292821v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial communities can evade competitive exclusion by diversifying into distinct ecological niches. This spontaneous diversification often occurs amid a backdrop of directional selection on other microbial traits, where competitive exclusion would normally apply. Yet despite their empirical relevance, little is known about how diversification and directional selection combine to determine the ecological and evolutionary dynamics within a community. To address this gap, we introduce a simple, empirically motivated model of eco-evolutionary feedback based on the competition for substitutable resources. Individuals acquire heritable mutations that alter resource uptake rates, either by shifting metabolic effort between resources or by increasing overall fitness. While these constitutively beneficial mutations are trivially favored to invade, we show that the accumulated fitness differences can dramatically influence the ecological structure and evolutionary dynamics that emerge within the community. Competition between ecological diversification and ongoing fitness evolution leads to a state of diversification-selection balance, in which the number of extant ecotypes can be pinned below the maximum capacity of the ecosystem, while the ecotype frequencies and genealogies are constantly in flux. Interestingly, we find that fitness differences generate emergent selection pressures to shift metabolic effort toward resources with lower effective competition, even in saturated ecosystems. We argue that similar dynamical features should emerge in a wide range of models with a mixture of directional and diversifying selection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Good, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallatschek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/292821</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Directional selection limits ecological diversification and promotes ecological tinkering during the competition for substitutable resources]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/294421v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microbial diversity and metabolic potential in cyanotoxin producing cyanobacterial mats throughout a river network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/294421v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial mats formed by Cyanobacteria of the genus Phormidium produce the neurotoxin anatoxin-a that has been linked to animal deaths. Blooms of planktonic Cyanobacteria have long been of concern in lakes, but recognition of potential harmful impacts of riverine benthic cyanobacterial mats is more recent. Consequently little is known about the diversity of the biosynthetic capacities of cyanobacterial species and associated microbes in mats throughout river networks. Here we performed metagenomic sequencing for 22 Phormidium-dominated microbial mats collected across the Eel River network in Northern California to investigate cyanobacterial and co-occurring microbial assemblage diversity, probe their metabolic potential and evaluate their capacities for toxin production. We genomically defined four Cyanobacterial species clusters that occur throughout the river network, three of which have not been described previously. From the genomes of seven strains from one species group we describe the first anatoxin-a operon from the genus Phormidium. Community composition within the mat appears to be associated with the presence of Cyanobacteria capable of producing anatoxin-a. Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, and novel Verrucomicrobia dominated the microbial assemblages. Interestingly, some mats also contained organisms from candidate phyla such as Canditatus Kapabacteria, as well as Absconditabacteria (SR1), Parcubacteria (OD1) and Peregrinibacteria (PER) within the Candidate Phyla Radiation. Oxygenic photosynthesis and carbon respiration were the most common metabolisms detected in mats but other metabolic capacities include aerobic anoxygenic photosynthesis, sulfur compound oxidation and breakdown of urea. The results reveal the diversity of metabolisms fueling the growth of mats, and a relationship between microbial assemblage composition and the distribution of anatoxin-a producing cyanobacteria within freshwater Phormidium mats in river networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bouma-Gregson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olm, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Probst, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anantharaman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Power, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/294421</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microbial diversity and metabolic potential in cyanotoxin producing cyanobacterial mats throughout a river network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/294769v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CagY-dependent regulation of type IV secretion in Helicobacter pylori is associated with alterations in integrin binding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/294769v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Strains of Helicobacter pylori that cause ulcer or gastric cancer typically express a type IV secretion system (T4SS) encoded by the cag pathogenicity island (PAI). CagY is an ortholog of VirB10 that, unlike other VirB10 orthologs, has a large middle repeat region (MRR) with extensive repetitive sequence motifs, which undergo CD4+ T cell-dependent recombination during infection of mice. Recombination in the CagY MRR reduces T4SS function, diminishes the host inflammatory response, and enables the bacteria to colonize at a higher density. Since CagY is known to bind human 5{beta}1 integrin, we tested the hypothesis that recombination in the CagY MRR regulates T4SS function by modulating binding to 5{beta}1 integrin. Using a cell-free microfluidic assay, we found that H. pylori binding to 5{beta}1 integrin under shear flow is dependent on the CagY MRR, but independent of the presence of the T4SS pili, which are only formed when H. pylori is in contact with host cells. Similarly, expression of CagY in the absence of other T4SS genes was necessary and sufficient for whole bacterial cell binding to 5{beta}1 integrin. Bacteria with variant cagY alleles that reduced T4SS function showed comparable reduction in binding to 5{beta}1 integrin, though CagY was still expressed on the bacterial surface. We speculate that cagY-dependent modulation of H. pylori T4SS function is mediated by alterations in binding to 5{beta}1 integrin, which in turn regulates the host inflammatory response so as to maximize persistent infection.nnIMPORTANCEInfection with H. pylori can cause peptic ulcers, and is the most important risk factor for gastric cancer, the third most common cause of cancer death worldwide. The major H. pylori virulence factor that determines whether infection causes disease or asymptomatic colonization is the type IV secretion system (T4SS), a sort of molecular syringe that injects bacterial products into gastric epithelial cells and alters host cell physiology. We previously showed that recombination in CagY, an essential T4SS component, modulates the function of the T4SS. Here we found that these recombination events produce parallel changes in specific binding to 5{beta}1 integrin, a host cell receptor that is essential for T4SS-dependent translocation of bacterial effectors. We propose that CagY-dependent binding to 5{beta}1 integrin acts like a molecular rheostat that alters T4SS function and modulates the host immune response to promote persistent infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Skoog, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morikis, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaddy, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solnick, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/294769</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CagY-dependent regulation of type IV secretion in Helicobacter pylori is associated with alterations in integrin binding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/298778v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Telomere length set point regulation in human pluripotent stem cells critically depends on the shelterin protein TPP1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/298778v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Telomere maintenance is essential for the long-term proliferation of human pluripotent stem cells, while their telomere length set point determines the proliferative capacity of their differentiated progeny. The shelterin protein TPP1 is required for telomere stability and elongation, but its role in set point establishment remains elusive. Here, we characterize the contribution of TPP1 isoforms and residues outside the TEL patch, TPP1s telomerase interaction domain, to telomere length control. We demonstrate that TPP1L, the longer minor isoform of TPP1, can partially compensate for loss of the more abundant shorter isoform, TPP1S. Both TPP1S knockout and complete TPP1 knockout cell lines (TPP1 KO) show telomere shortening. However, TPP1S KO cells are able to stabilize short telomeres while TPP1 KO cells do not and die. We compare these phenotypes with that of TPP1L104A/L104A mutant cells that like the TPP1S KO have short stable telomeres. In contrast to TPP1S KO, TPP1L104A/L104A cells respond to increased telomerase. However, TPP1L104A/L104As sensitivity to shelterin-mediated feedback is altered, revealing TPP1L104A/L104A as a new type of shelterin mutant with aberrant set point regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boyle, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hennick, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regalado, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hockemeyer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/298778</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Telomere length set point regulation in human pluripotent stem cells critically depends on the shelterin protein TPP1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/299453v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial soft sweeps: patterns of adaptation in populations with long-range dispersal 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/299453v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adaptation in extended populations often occurs through multiple independent mutations responding in parallel to a common selection pressure. As the mutations spread concurrently through the population, they leave behind characteristic patterns of polymorphism near selected loci--so-called soft sweeps--which remain visible after adaptation is complete. These patterns are well-understood in two limits of the spreading dynamics of beneficial mutations: the panmictic case with complete absence of spatial structure, and spreading via short-ranged or diffusive dispersal events, which tessellates space into distinct compact regions each descended from a unique mutation. However, spreading behaviour in most natural populations is not exclusively panmictic or diffusive, but incorporates both short-range and long-range dispersal events. Here, we characterize the spatial patterns of soft sweeps driven by dispersal events whose jump distances are broadly distributed, using lattice-based simulations and scaling arguments. We find that mutant clones adopt a distinctive structure consisting of compact cores surrounded by fragmented "haloes" which mingle with haloes from other clones. As long-range dispersal becomes more prominent, the progression from diffusive to panmictic behaviour is marked by two transitions separating regimes with differing relative sizes of halo to core. We analyze the implications of the core-halo structure for the statistics of soft sweep detection in small genomic samples from the population, and find opposing effects of long-range dispersal on the expected diversity in global samples compared to local samples from geographic subregions of the range. We also discuss consequences of the standing genetic variation induced by the soft sweep on future adaptation and mixing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paulose, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hermisson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallatschek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/299453</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial soft sweeps: patterns of adaptation in populations with long-range dispersal]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/299859v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parameterizing neural power spectra 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/299859v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Electrophysiological signals across species and recording scales exhibit both periodic and aperiodic features. Periodic oscillations have been widely studied and linked to numerous physiological, cognitive, behavioral, and disease states, while the aperiodic "background" 1/f component of neural power spectra has received far less attention. Most analyses of oscillations are conducted on a priori, canonically-defined frequency bands without consideration of the underlying aperiodic structure, or verification that a periodic signal even exists in addition to the aperiodic signal. This is problematic, as recent evidence shows that the aperiodic signal is dynamic, changing with age, task demands, and cognitive state. It has also been linked to the relative excitation/inhibition of the underlying neuronal population. This means that standard analytic approaches easily conflate changes in the periodic and aperiodic signals with one another because the aperiodic parameters--along with oscillation center frequency, power, and bandwidth--are all dynamic in physiologically meaningful, but likely different, ways. In order to overcome the limitations of traditional narrowband analyses and to reduce the potentially deleterious effects of conflating these features, we introduce a novel algorithm for automatic parameterization of neural power spectral densities (PSDs) as a combination of the aperiodic signal and putative periodic oscillations. Notably, this algorithm requires no a priori specification of band limits and accounts for potentially-overlapping oscillations while minimizing the degree to which they are confounded with one another. This algorithm is amenable to large-scale data exploration and analysis, providing researchers with a tool to quickly and accurately parameterize neural power spectra.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donoghue, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varma, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sebastian, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noto, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shestyuk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voytek, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/299859</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parameterizing neural power spectra]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/301127v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Trypanosomes have divergent kinesin-2 proteins that function differentially in IFT, cell division, and motility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/301127v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Trypanosoma brucei, the causative agent of African sleeping sickness, has a flagellum that is crucial for motility, pathogenicity, and viability. In most eukaryotes, the intraflagellar transport (IFT) machinery drives flagellum biogenesis, and anterograde IFT requires kinesin-2 motor proteins. In this study, we investigated the function of the two T. brucei kinesin-2 proteins, TbKin2a and TbKin2b, in bloodstream form trypanosomes. We found that compared to other kinesin-2 proteins, TbKin2a and TbKin2b show greater variation in neck, stalk, and tail domain sequences. Both kinesins contributed additively to flagellar lengthening. Surprisingly, silencing TbKin2a inhibited cell proliferation, cytokinesis and motility, whereas silencing TbKin2b did not. TbKin2a was localized on the flagellum and colocalized with IFT components near the basal body, consistent with it performing a role in IFT. TbKin2a was also detected on the flagellar attachment zone, a specialized structure in trypanosome cells that connects the flagellum to the cell body. Our results indicate that kinesin-2 proteins in trypanosomes play conserved roles in IFT and exhibit a specialized localization, emphasizing the evolutionary flexibility of motor protein function in an organism with a large complement of kinesins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Douglas, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haltiwanger, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeng, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mancuso, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cande, W. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welch, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/301127</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Trypanosomes have divergent kinesin-2 proteins that function differentially in IFT, cell division, and motility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/301176v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Controlled cycling and quiescence enables homology directed repair in engraftment-enriched adult hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/301176v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are the source of all blood components, and genetic defects in these cells are causative of disorders ranging from severe combined immunodeficiency to sickle cell disease. However, genome editing of long-term repopulating HSCs to correct mutated alleles has been challenging. HSCs have the ability to either be quiescent or cycle, with the former linked to stemness and the latter involved in differentiation. Here we investigate the link between cell cycle status and genome editing outcomes at the causative codon for sickle cell disease in adult human CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). We show that quiescent HSPCs that are immunophenotypically enriched for engrafting stem cells predominantly repair Cas9-induced double strand breaks (DSBs) through an error-prone non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) pathway and exhibit almost no homology directed repair (HDR). By contrast, non-quiescent cycling stem-enriched cells repair Cas9 DSBs through both error-prone NHEJ and fidelitous HDR. Pre-treating bulk CD34+ HSPCs with a combination of mTOR and GSK-3 inhibitors to induce quiescence results in complete loss of HDR in all cell subtypes. We used these compounds, which were initially developed to maintain HSCs in culture, to create a new strategy for editing adult human HSCs. CD34+ HSPCs are edited, allowed to briefly cycle to accumulate HDR alleles, and then placed back in quiescence to maintain stemness, resulting in 6-fold increase in HDR/NHEJ ratio in quiescent, stem-enriched cells. Our results reveal the fundamental tension between quiescence and editing in human HSPCs and suggests strategies to manipulate HSCs during therapeutic genome editing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyman, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeWitt, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bray, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/301176</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Controlled cycling and quiescence enables homology directed repair in engraftment-enriched adult hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/301887v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Retracing the Hawaiian silversword radiation despite phylogenetic, biogeographic, and paleogeographic uncertainty 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/301887v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Hawaiian silversword alliance (Asteraceae) is an iconic adaptive radiation of 33 species. However, like many island plant lineages, no fossils have been assigned to the clade. As a result, the clades age and diversification rate are not known precisely, making it difficult to test biogeographic hypotheses about the radiation. In lieu of fossils, paleo-geographically structured biogeographic processes may inform species divergence times; for example, an island must first exist for a clade to radiate upon it. We date the silversword clade and test biogeographic hypotheses about its radiation across the Hawaiian Archipelago by modeling interactions between species relationships, molecular evolution, biogeographic scenarios, divergence times, and island origination times using the Bayesian phylogenetic framework, RevBayes. The ancestor of living silverswords most likely colonized the modern Hawaiian Islands once from the mainland approximately 5.1 Ma, with early surviving silversword lineages first appearing approximately 3.5 Ma. In testing the progression rule of island biogeography, we found strong positive evidence of the dispersal process preferring old-to-young directionality, but strong negative evidence for speciation occurring on islands during their young growth phase. This work serves as a general example for how diversification studies benefit from incorporating biogeographic and paleogeographic components.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Landis, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freyman, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldwin, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/301887</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Retracing the Hawaiian silversword radiation despite phylogenetic, biogeographic, and paleogeographic uncertainty]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/303545v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Design and analysis of a Proportional-Integral-Derivative controller with biological molecules 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/303545v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability of cells to regulate their function through feedback control is a fundamental underpinning of life. The capability to engineer de novo feedback control with biological molecules is ushering in an era of robust functionality for many applications in biotechnology and medicine. To fulfill their potential, feedback control strategies implemented with biological molecules need to be generalizable, modular and operationally predictable. Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) control fulfills this role for technological systems and is a commonly used strategy in engineering. Integral feedback control allows a system to return to an invariant steady-state value after step disturbances, hence enabling its robust operation. Proportional and derivative feedback control used with integral control help sculpt the dynamics of the return to steady-state following perturbation. Recently, a biomolecular implementation of integral control was proposed based on an antithetic motif in which two molecules interact stoichiometrically to annihilate each others function. In this work, we report how proportional and derivative implementations can be layered on top of this integral architecture to achieve a biochemical PID control design. We illustrate through computational and analytical treatments that the addition of proportional and derivative control improves performance, and discuss practical biomolecular implementations of these control strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chevalier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Schiavon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Samad, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/303545</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Design and analysis of a Proportional-Integral-Derivative controller with biological molecules]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/306480v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Myelinated inhibitory axons in human neocortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/306480v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Numerous myelinated axons traverse the human neocortex. In a previous paper (Micheva et al., 2016) we showed that in mouse many of these axons belong to local inhibitory neurons, the parvalbumin-positive basket cells. Here, using samples of neurosurgically-excised cortex, we confirm the presence of myelinated inhibitory axons in all layers of human neocortex. As in mouse, these axons have distinctive features, including high neurofilament content, short nodes of Ranvier, and high content of myelin basic protein in their myelin sheath. We further show that, consistent with the known high-energy demands of parvalbumin interneurons, the inhibitory myelinated axons have more mitochondria, as well more 2,3-cyclic nucleotide 3-phosphodiesterase (a protein enriched in the myelin cytoplasmic channels thought to provide access for trophic support from oligodendrocytes). The distinctive features of myelinated inhibitory axons in human cortical grey matter may have important implications for neurological disorders that involve pathologies of myelinated axons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Micheva, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nana, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seeley, W. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ting, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cobbs, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberg, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madison, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/306480</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Myelinated inhibitory axons in human neocortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/308460v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Isonitrile Formation by a Non-heme Iron(II)-dependent Oxidase/Decarboxylase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/308460v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The electron-rich isonitrile is an important functionality in bioactive natural products, but its biosynthesis has been restricted to the IsnA family of isonitrile synthases. We here provide the first structural and biochemical evidence of an alternative mechanism for isonitrile formation. ScoE, a putative non-heme iron(II)-dependent enzyme from Streptomyces coeruleorubidus, was shown to catalyze the conversion of (R)-3-((carboxymethyl)amino)butanoic acid to (R)-3-isocyanobutanoic acid through an oxidative decarboxylation mechanism. This work further provides a revised scheme for the biosynthesis of a unique class of isonitrile lipopeptides, members of which are critical for the virulence of pathogenic mycobacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harris, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Born, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khalaf, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drennan, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/308460</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Isonitrile Formation by a Non-heme Iron(II)-dependent Oxidase/Decarboxylase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/309419v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disturbance macroecology: integrating disturbance ecology and macroecology in different-age post-fire stands of a closed-cone pine forest as a case study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/309419v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Macroecological studies have generally restricted their scope to relatively steady-state systems, and as a result, how biodiversity and abundance metrics are expected to scale in disturbance-dependent ecosystems is unknown. We examine macroecological patterns in a fire-dependent forest of Bishop pine (Pinus muricata). We target two different-aged stands in a stand-replacing fire regime, one a characteristically mature stand with a diverse understory, and one more recently disturbed by a stand-replacing fire (17 years prior to measurement). We compare the stands using macroecological metrics of species richness, abundance and spatial distributions that are predicted by the Maximum Entropy Theory of Ecology (METE), an information-entropy based theory that has proven highly successful in predicting macroecological metrics across a wide variety of systems and taxa. Ecological patterns in the mature stand more closely match METE predictions than do data from the recently disturbed stand. This suggests METEs predictions are more robust in late-successional, slowly changing, or steady-state systems than those in rapid flux with respect to species composition, abundances, and organisms sizes. Our findings highlight the need for a macroecological theory that incorporates natural disturbance and other ecological perturbations into its predictive capabilities, because most natural systems are not in a steady state.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Newman, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilber, M. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopper, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moritz, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falk, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKenzie, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harte, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/309419</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disturbance macroecology: integrating disturbance ecology and macroecology in different-age post-fire stands of a closed-cone pine forest as a case study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/309856v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Claudin-4 Reconstituted in Unilamellar Vesicles is Sufficient to Form Tight Interfaces that Partition Membrane Proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/309856v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tight junctions have been hypothesized to act as molecular fences in the plasma membrane of epithelial cells, helping to form differentiated apical and basolateral domains. While this fence function is believed to arise from the interaction of four-pass transmembrane claudins, the complexity of tight junctions has made direct evidence of their role as a putative diffusion barrier difficult to obtain. Here we address this challenge by reconstituting claudin-4 into giant unilamellar vesicles using microfluidic jetting. We find that reconstituted claudin-4 is sufficient to form adhesive interfaces between unilamellar vesicles without accessory proteins present in vivo. By controlling the molecular composition of the inner and outer leaflets of jetted membranes, we show that claudin-4-mediated interfaces can drive partitioning of extracellular membrane proteins but not of inner or outer leaflet lipids. Our findings indicate that homotypic interactions of claudins and their small size can contribute to the polarization of epithelial cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Belardi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Son, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vahey, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fletcher, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/309856</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Claudin-4 Reconstituted in Unilamellar Vesicles is Sufficient to Form Tight Interfaces that Partition Membrane Proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/312108v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Redox fluctuations control the coupled cycling of iron and carbon in tropical forest soils 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/312108v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oscillating redox conditions are the norm in tropical soils; driven by an ample supply of reductants, high moisture, microbial oxygen consumption, and finely textured clays that limit diffusion. Yet the net result of variable soil redox regimes on iron-organic matter (Fe-OM) associations in tropical soils owing to changing climate is poorly understood. Using a 44-day redox incubation experiment with humid tropical soils from Puerto Rico, we examined patterns of Fe and C transformation under four redox regimes: static anoxic, flux 4-day (4d oxic, 4d anoxic), flux 8-day (8d oxic, 4d anoxic) and static anoxic. Prolonged anoxia promoted reductive dissolution of Fe-oxides and an increase in short-range ordered (SRO) Fe oxides. Preferential dissolution of this less-crystalline Fe pool was evident immediately following a shift in bulk redox status (oxic to anoxic), and coincided with increased dissolved organic carbon, presumably due to acidification or direct release of OM from dissolving Fe(III) mineral phases. Average nominal oxidation state of water-soluble carbon was lowest under persistent anoxic conditions, suggesting more reduced OC is microbially preserved under reducing conditions. Anoxic soil compounds had high H/C values (similar to lignin-like metabolites) whereas oxic soil compounds had higher O/C values, akin to tannin- and cellulose-like components. Cumulative respiration derived from native soil organic carbon was highest in static oxic soils. These results highlight the volatility of mineral-OM interactions in tropical soils, and suggest that short-term impacts of shifting soil O2 availability control exchanges of C between mineral-sorbed and aqueous pools, implying that the periodicity of low-redox moments may control the fate of C in wet tropical soils.nnO_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=121 SRC="FIGDIR/small/312108_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">nView larger version (23K):norg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@add07borg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@15269bforg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@19ca034org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1d9d793_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG Toc Art C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharyya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tfaily, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silver, W. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nico, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pett-Ridge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/312108</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Redox fluctuations control the coupled cycling of iron and carbon in tropical forest soils]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/312207v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optical alignment device for two-photon microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/312207v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Two-photon excitation fluorescence microscopy has revolutionized our understanding of brain structure and function through the high resolution and large penetration depth it offers. Investigating neural structures in vivo requires gaining optical access to the brain, which is typically achieved by replacing a part of the skull with one or several layers of cover glass windows. To compensate for the spherical aberrations caused by the presence of these layers of glass, collar-correction objectives are typically used. However, the efficiency of this correction has been shown to depend significantly on the tilt angle between the glass window surface and the optical axis of the imaging system. Here we expand these observations and characterize the effect of the tilt angle on the collected fluorescence signal with thicker windows (double cover glass) and compare these results with an objective devoid of collar-correction. Finally, we present a simple optical alignment device designed to rapidly minimize the tilt angle in vivo and align the optical axis of the microscope perpendicularly to the glass window, thereby significantly improving the imaging quality. The performance of the device is demonstrated in an in vivo setting and a tilt-correction procedure is described, enabling the accurate alignment (<0.2{degrees}) of the cover glass with the imaging plane in only few iterations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Galinanes, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchand, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turcotte, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pellat, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huber, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/312207</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optical alignment device for two-photon microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/312819v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential contributions of subthalamic beta rhythms and neural noise to Parkinson motor symptoms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/312819v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundExcessive beta oscillatory activity in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is linked to Parkinsons disease and associated motor symptoms. However, the relationship between beta activity and motor symptoms has been inconsistent, which may influence the efficacy of closed-loop deep brain stimulation.nnHypothesisWe hypothesized that this variability is due to the degree of neural noise in STN recordings. Recent evidence has shown that neural noise is influenced by multiple factors, such as development, aging and disease, and could confound measures of beta activity. In this work, we propose a model that disentangles beta oscillatory activity and neural noise in the STN power spectrum.nnMethodsWe investigated the impact of neural noise on estimations of beta activity and motor symptoms from data recorded bilaterally from the subthalamic nuclei of thirteen Parkinsonian patients.nnResultsResults showed that the relationship between beta oscillatory amplitude and motor symptoms (bradykinesia and rigidity) significantly improved when neural noise was removed from the estimation of beta activity.nnConclusionThese findings emphasize the importance of modeling neural components independently for understanding physiological processes associated with Parkinsons disease, and identifying better biomarkers for characterizing symptom severity. Subsequently, we predict that our findings can have a direct application for closed-loop deep brain stimulation on Parkinsons Disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iturrate, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavarriaga, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leeb, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobolewski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaldivar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peciu-Florianu, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pralong, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro-Jimenez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benninger, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vingerhoets, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millan, J. d. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/312819</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential contributions of subthalamic beta rhythms and neural noise to Parkinson motor symptoms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/313346v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analysis of 19 Highly Conserved Vibrio cholerae Bacteriophages Isolated from Environmental and Patient Sources Over a Twelve-Year Period 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/313346v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Vibrio cholerae biotype  El Tor is responsible for all current epidemic and endemic cholera outbreaks worldwide. These outbreaks are clonal and are hypothesized to originate from the coastal areas near the Bay of Bengal where the lytic bacteriophage ICP1 specifically preys upon these pathogenic outbreak strains. ICP1 has also been the dominant bacteriophage found in cholera patient stool since 2001. However, little is known about its genomic differences between ICP1 strains collected over time. Here we elucidate the pan-genome and phylogeny of ICP1 strains by aligning, annotating and analyzing the genomes of 19 distinct isolates collected between 2001 and 2012. Our results reveal that ICP1 isolates are highly conserved and possess a large core-genome as well as a smaller, somewhat flexible accessory-genome. Despite its overall conservation, ICP1 strains have managed to acquire a number of unknown genes as well as a CRISPR-Cas system, which is known to be critical for its ongoing struggle for co-evolutionary dominance over its host. This study describes a foundation on which to construct future molecular and bioinformatic studies of this V. cholerae-associated bacteriophages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Angermeyer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seed, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/313346</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analysis of 19 Highly Conserved Vibrio cholerae Bacteriophages Isolated from Environmental and Patient Sources Over a Twelve-Year Period]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/314377v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early transcriptional responses after dengue vaccination mirror the response to natural infection and predict neutralizing antibody titers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/314377v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundSeveral promising live attenuated virus (LAV) dengue vaccines are in development, but information about innate immune responses and early correlates of protection are lacking.nnMethodsWe characterized human genome-wide transcripts in whole blood from 10 volunteers at 11 time-points after immunization with the dengue virus type 3 (DENV-3) component of the NIH dengue vaccine candidate TV003 and from 30 hospitalized children with acute primary DENV-3 infection. We compared day-specific gene expression patterns with subsequent neutralizing antibody (NAb) titers.nnResultsThe transcriptional response to vaccination was largely confined to days 5-20 and was dominated by an interferon-associated signature and a cell cycle signature that peaked on days 8 and 14, respectively. Changes in transcript abundance were much greater in magnitude and scope in symptomatic natural infection than following vaccination (maximum fold-change >200 versus 21 post-vaccination; 3,210 versus 286 transcripts with significant fold-change), but shared gene modules were induced in the same sequence. The abundance of 131 transcripts on days 8 and 9 post-vaccination was strongly correlated with NAb titers measured 6 weeks post-vaccination.nnConclusionsLAV dengue vaccination elicits early transcriptional responses that mirror those found in symptomatic natural infection and provide candidate early markers of protection against DENV infection.nnClinical Trial Registration Number: NCT00831012 (available at clinicaltrials.gov)nnSummary: Interferon- and cell cycle-associated gene transcript abundance levels in the peripheral blood of dengue vaccine recipients on days 8 and 9 post-vaccination were associated with dengue neutralizing antibody titers on day 42, and mirrored responses in primary dengue infection, suggesting the possibility of predicting protective immunity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Popper, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strouts, F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindow, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montoya, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balmaseda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durbin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitehead, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirkpatrick, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Relman, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/314377</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early transcriptional responses after dengue vaccination mirror the response to natural infection and predict neutralizing antibody titers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/314674v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evidence of a Novel Vitivirus in Grapevine cv Riesling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/314674v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vitivirus are ssRNA(+) viruses in the family Betaflexiviridae (subfamily Trivirinae). There are currently ten ICTV recognized virus species in the genus; nevertheless, the extended use of NGS technologies is rapidly expanding their diversity and six more have been proposed recently. Here, we present the characterization of a novel virus from grapevines, which fits the genomic architecture and evolutionary constraints to be classifiable within the Vitivirus genus. The detected virus sequence is 7,607 nt long, including a typical genome organization of ORFs encoding a replicase (RP), a 22 kDa protein, a movement protein, a coat protein (CP) and a nucleic acid binding protein. Here, we present the characterization of a novel virus from grapevines. Phylogenetic analyses based on the predicted RP and CP protein unequivocally places the new virus within the Vitivirus genus. Multiple independent RNAseq data confirmed the presence of the detected virus in berries at diverse developmental stages. Additionally, we detected, confirmed, and assembled virus sequences from grapevine samples of distinct cultivars from America, Europe, Asia and Oceania, sharing 74.9%-97.9% nt identity, suggesting that the identified virus is widely distributed and diverse. We propose the name grapevine virus L (GVL) to the detected Vitivirus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Debat, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zavallo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Talquenca, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asurmendi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/314674</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evidence of a Novel Vitivirus in Grapevine cv Riesling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/315283v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Estrogen Signaling in Arcuate Kiss1 Neurons Suppresses a Sex-Dependent Circuit That Promotes Dense Strong Bones in Female Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/315283v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Central estrogen signaling coordinates energy expenditure, reproduction, and in concert with peripheral estrogen impacts skeletal homeostasis in female rodents. Here, we ablate estrogen receptor alpha (ER) in the medial basal hypothalamus and find a robust bone phenotype only in female mice that results in exceptionally strong trabecular and cortical bones, whose density surpasses other reported mouse models. Stereotaxic guided deletion of ER in the arcuate nucleus increases bone mass in both intact and estrogen-depleted females, confirming the central role of estrogen signaling in this sex-dependent bone phenotype. Loss of ER activity in kisspeptin (Kiss1)-expressing cells is sufficient to recapitulate the bone phenotype, identifying Kiss1 neurons as a critical node in this powerful neuroskeletal circuit. We propose that this newly identified female brain-to-bone pathway exists as a homeostatic regulator to divert calcium and energy stores from bone building when energetic demands are high. Our work reveals a previously unknown target for the treatment of age-related bone disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Herber, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krause, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayrer, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fields, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ford, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reid, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomura, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nissenson, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Correa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingraham, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/315283</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Estrogen Signaling in Arcuate Kiss1 Neurons Suppresses a Sex-Dependent Circuit That Promotes Dense Strong Bones in Female Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/315325v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis for selective stalling of human ribosome nascent chain complexes by a drug-like molecule 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/315325v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Small molecules that target the ribosome generally have a global impact on protein synthesis. However, the drug-like molecule PF-06446846 (PF846) binds the human ribosome and selectively blocks the translation of a small subset of proteins by an unknown mechanism. In high-resolution cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of human ribosome nascent chain complexes stalled by PF846, PF846 binds in the ribosome exit tunnel in a newly-identified and eukaryotic-specific pocket formed by the 28S ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and redirects the path of the nascent polypeptide chain. PF846 arrests the translating ribosome in the rotated state that precedes mRNA and tRNA translocation, with peptidyl-tRNA occupying a mixture of A/A and hybrid A/P sites, in which the tRNA 3-CCA end is improperly docked in the peptidyl transferase center. Using mRNA libraries, selections of PF846-dependent translation elongation stalling sequences reveal sequence preferences near the peptidyl transferase center, and uncover a newly-identified mechanism by which PF846 selectively blocks translation termination. These results illuminate how a small molecule selectively stalls the translation of the human ribosome, and provides a structural foundation for developing small molecules that inhibit the production of proteins of therapeutic interest.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McClure, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montabana, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liras, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dullea, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cate, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/315325</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis for selective stalling of human ribosome nascent chain complexes by a drug-like molecule]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/315333v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Highly Multiplexed Single-Cell RNA-seq for Defining Cell Population and Transcriptional Spaces 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/315333v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We describe a universal sample multiplexing method for single-cell RNA-seq in which cells are chemically labeled with identifying DNA oligonucleotides. Analysis of a 96-plex perturbation experiment revealed changes in cell population structure and transcriptional states that cannot be discerned from bulk measurements, establishing a cost effective means to survey cell populations from large experiments and clinical samples with the depth and resolution of single-cell RNA-seq.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gehring, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pachter, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/315333</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Highly Multiplexed Single-Cell RNA-seq for Defining Cell Population and Transcriptional Spaces]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/316299v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Orthogonal regulation of ferritin translation by human eIF3 and the iron response proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/316299v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A central problem in human biology remains the discovery of causal molecular links between mutations identified in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and their corresponding disease traits. This challenge is magnified for variants residing in non-coding regions of the genome. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the 5 untranslated region (5-UTR) of the ferritin light chain (FTL) gene that cause hyperferritinemia are thought to disrupt translation repression by altering iron regulatory protein (IRP) interactions with the FTL mRNA 5-UTR. Here, we show that human eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF3) acts as a distinct repressor of FTL mRNA translation, and eIF3-mediated FTL repression is disrupted by a subset of SNPs in FTL that cause hyperferritinemia. These results identify a direct role for eIF3-mediated translational control in a specific human disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pulos, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srole, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McSwiggen, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingolia, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cate, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/316299</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Orthogonal regulation of ferritin translation by human eIF3 and the iron response proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/317834v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional degradation: a mechanism of NLRP1 inflammasome activation by diverse pathogen enzymes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/317834v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inflammasomes are multi-protein platforms that initiate innate immunity by recruitment and activation of Caspase-1. The NLRP1B inflammasome is activated upon direct cleavage by the anthrax lethal toxin protease. However, the mechanism by which cleavage results in NLRP1B activation is unknown. Here we find that cleavage results in proteasome-mediated degradation of the N-terminal domains of NLRP1B, liberating a C-terminal fragment that is a potent Caspase-1 activator. Proteasome-mediated degradation of NLRP1B is both necessary and sufficient for NLRP1B activation. Consistent with our new  functional degradation model, we identify IpaH7.8, a Shigella flexneri ubiquitin ligase secreted effector, as an enzyme that induces NLRP1B degradation and activation. Our results provide a unified mechanism for NLRP1B activation by diverse pathogen-encoded enzymatic activities.nnOne Sentence SummaryTwo distinct pathogen enzymes activate an innate immune sensor called NLRP1B by a mechanism that requires proteasome-mediated degradation of NLRP1B.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sandstrom, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goers, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mu, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lesser, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vance, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/317834</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional degradation: a mechanism of NLRP1 inflammasome activation by diverse pathogen enzymes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/320929v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Site specific target binding controls RNA cleavage efficiency by the Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus endonuclease SOX 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/320929v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During lytic replication of Kaposis sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), the gene expression landscape of a cell is remodeled to evade the immune response and create an environment favorable to viral replication. A major driver of these gene expression changes is a virally encoded, messenger RNA (mRNA)-specific endonuclease termed SOX. SOX cleaves the majority of cytoplasmic mRNAs, but does so at specific internal sites loosely defined by a degenerate sequence motif. If and how RNA sequence directs SOX targeting remained unknown. To address these questions, we used recombinant, highly purified SOX endonuclease in a series of biochemical assays to reconstitute the cleavage reaction in vitro and gain significant insight into the biochemical mechanism of both SOX target recognition and endonucleolytic cleavage. Using this system, we determined that cut site specificity is preserved with purified SOX and a validated target RNA and thus does not require additional cellular cofactors. Furthermore, we showed that SOX displays robust, sequence-specific RNA binding to residues proximal to the cleavage site, which must be presented in a particular structural context. The strength of SOX binding dictates cleavage efficiency, providing an explanation for the breadth of target RNA susceptibility observed in cells.nnSignificance StatementKaposis sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is an oncogenic human virus that causes Kaposis sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, and multicentric Castleman disease. During viral replication, KSHV expresses an enzyme called SOX that cuts and inactivates the majority of cellular messenger RNAs, preventing their translation into proteins. Some mRNAs are efficiently cleaved by SOX, while others are poorly cleaved, but the mechanistic basis underlying this selectivity has remained largely unknown. Here, we reveal that the efficiency of RNA cleavage is heavily impacted by RNA sequences proximal to the cleavage site, which serve as a SOX binding platform. This helps explain both the range of RNA cleavage efficiency observed in SOX-expressing cells as well as the sequence specificity underlying SOX targeting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mendez, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogt, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohne, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaunsinger, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/320929</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Site specific target binding controls RNA cleavage efficiency by the Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus endonuclease SOX]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/320937v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A high-density carbon fiber neural recording array technology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/320937v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Abstract.Objective: Microwire and Utah-style neural recording arrays are the predominant devices used for cortical neural recording, but the implanted electrodes cause a significant adverse biological response and suffer from well-studied performance degradation. Recent work has demonstrated that carbon fiber electrodes do not elicit this same adverse response, but these existing designs are not practically scalable to hundreds or thousands of recording sites. We present technology that overcomes these issues while additionally providing fine electrode pitch for spatial oversampling.nnApproach: We present a 32-channel carbon fiber monofilament-based intracortical neural recording array fabricated through a combination of bulk silicon microfabrication processing and microassembly. This device represents the first truly two-dimensional carbon fiber neural recording array. The density, channel count, and size scale of this array are enabled by an out-of-plane microassembly technique in which individual fibers are inserted through metallized and isotropically conductive adhesive-filled holes in an oxide-passivated microfabricated silicon substrate.nnMain results: Five-micron diameter fibers are spaced at a pitch of 38 microns, four times denser than state of the art one-dimensional arrays. The fine diameter of the carbon fibers affords both minimal cross-section and nearly three orders of magnitude greater lateral compliance than standard tungsten microwires. Typical 1 kHz impedances are on the order of hundreds of kiloohms, and successful in vivo recording is demonstrated in the motor cortex of a rat. 22 total units are recorded on 20 channels, with unit SNR ranging from 0.85 to 4.2.nnSignificance: This is the highest density microwire-style electrode array to date, and this fabrication technique is scalable to a larger number of electrodes and allows for the potential future integration of microelectronics. Large-scale carbon fiber neural recording arrays are a promising technology for reducing the inflammatory response and increasing the information density, particularly in neural recording applications where microwire arrays are already used.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Massey, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santacruz, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pister, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmena, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maharbiz, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/320937</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A high-density carbon fiber neural recording array technology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/322719v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus ORF68 is a DNA binding protein required for viral genome cleavage and packaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/322719v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Herpesviral DNA packaging into nascent capsids requires multiple conserved viral proteins that coordinate genome encapsidation. Here, we investigated the role of the ORF68 protein of Kaposis sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), a protein required for viral DNA encapsidation whose function remains largely unresolved across the herpesviridae. We found that KSHV ORF68 is expressed with early kinetics and localizes predominantly to viral replication compartments, although it is dispensable for viral DNA replication and gene expression. However, in agreement with its proposed role in viral DNA packaging, KSHV-infected cells lacking ORF68 failed to cleave viral DNA concatemers, accumulated exclusively immature B-capsids, and released no infectious progeny virions. ORF68 has no predicted domains aside from a series of putative zinc finger motifs. However, in vitro biochemical analyses of purified ORF68 protein revealed that it robustly binds DNA and is associated with nuclease activity. These activities provide new insights into the role of KSHV ORF68 in viral genome encapsidation.nnImportanceKaposis sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the etiologic agent of Kaposis sarcoma and several B-cell cancers, causing significant morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised individuals. A critical step in the production of infectious viral progeny is the packaging of the newly replicated viral DNA genome into the capsid, which involves coordination between at least seven herpesviral proteins. While the majority of these packaging factors have been well studied in related herpesviruses, the role of the KSHV ORF68 protein and its homologs remains unresolved. Here, using a KSHV mutant lacking ORF68, we confirm its requirement for viral DNA processing and packaging in infected cells. Furthermore, we show that the purified ORF68 protein directly binds DNA and is associated with a metal-dependent cleavage activity on double stranded DNA in vitro. These activities suggest a novel role for ORF68 in herpesviral genome processing and encapsidation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gardner, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaunsinger, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/322719</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus ORF68 is a DNA binding protein required for viral genome cleavage and packaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/324368v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rampant cryptic sex chromosome drive in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/324368v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Theory predicts that selfish genetic elements that increase their transmission are prone to originate on sex chromosomes but create strong selective pressure to evolve suppressors due to reduced fertility and distorted population sex ratios. Here we show that recurrent genetic conflict over sex chromosome transmission appears to be an important evolutionary force that has shaped gene content evolution of sex chromosomes in Drosophila. We demonstrate that convergent acquisition and amplification of spermatid expressed gene families are common on Drosophila sex chromosomes, and especially on recently formed ones, and harbor characteristics typical of meiotic drivers. We carefully characterize one putative novel cryptic sex chromosome distortion system that arose independently several times in members of the Drosophila obscura group. Co-amplification of the S-Lap1/GAPsec gene pair on both the X and the Y chromosome occurred independently several times in members of the D. obscura group, where this normally autosomal gene pair is sex-linked due to a sex chromosome - autosome fusion. Investigation of gene expression and short RNA profiles at the S-Lap1/GAPsec system suggest that meiotic drive and suppression likely involves RNAi mechanisms. Our finding suggests that recurrent conflict over sex chromosome transmission has shaped widespread genomic and evolutionary patterns, including the epigenetic regulation of sex chromosomes, the distribution of sex-biased genes, and the evolution of hybrid sterility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bachtrog, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellison, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonard, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landeen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibilisco, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phadnis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/324368</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rampant cryptic sex chromosome drive in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/324632v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
When parasites are selected to kill the young 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/324632v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The impact of infectious disease is often very different in juveniles and adults, but theory has focused on the drivers of stage-dependent defense in hosts rather than the potential for stage-dependent virulence evolution. Stage-structure has the potential to be important to the evolution of pathogens because it exposes parasites to heterogeneous environments in terms of both host characteristics and transmission routes. We develop a stage-structured (juvenile-adult) epidemiological model and examine the evolutionary outcomes of stage-specific virulence under the classic assumption of a transmission-virulence trade-off. We show that selection on virulence against adults remains consistent with the classic theory. However, the evolution of juvenile virulence is sensitive to both demography and transmission pathway with higher virulence against juveniles being favored either when the transmission pathway is assortative (juveniles preferentially interact together) and the juvenile stage is short, or in contrast when the transmission pathway is disassortative and the juvenile stage is long. These results highlight the potentially profound effects of host stage-structure on determining parasite virulence in nature. This new perspective may have broad implications for both understanding and managing disease severity.

Impact summaryUnderstanding the evolution of parasite virulence remains one of the most important questions in evolutionary ecology. Virulence is often very different in young and old hosts, but previous theory has presumed that these differences are attributed to adaptation in host defense rather than parasite adaptation. However, stage-structure within host populations can expose parasites to heterogeneous environments, which may lead to differential selection on parasite virulence (stage-specific virulence). Surprisingly, no study has investigated the effects of hosts stage-structure on the evolution of stage-specific virulence. We present a theoretical analysis to examine when selection can favor higher virulence against juveniles (juvenile-virulence) versus adults (adult-virulence). Our key result is that higher juvenile-virulence is selected for either when the transmission is assortative within age classes and maturation is slow, or when the transmission is disassortative (occurring predominantly between-classes) and maturation is relatively fast. These at first sight contrasting outcomes can be understood as adaptation to the exploitation of the more available host stage. Although the data on assortativity in infectious disease systems is limited, empirical studies for the virulence of Great Island Virus in guillemots (Uria aalge) and for salmon louse in pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) are consistent with our predictions. Our work provides testable predictions for stage-specific virulence and presents a novel mechanism that may explain variation in virulence in nature. There are also management implications for conservation, public health, vaccination programs, and farming to understanding the drivers of stage dependent virulence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iritani, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Visher, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boots, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/324632</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[When parasites are selected to kill the young]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/324665v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Common Neural Code for Reward and Information Value 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/324665v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adaptive acquisition of information is critical for goal-directed behavior. Popular theories posit that information acquisition is driven by intrinsic motives (curiosity or exploration bonus) and mediated by valuation system. However, they are insufficient when agents need to evaluate instrumental benefit of new information in a forward-looking manner. We tested whether human brain computes value of information (VOI) on a scale common with more basic rewards to acquire information. In an fMRI task, subjects purchased information for choices on monetary lotteries. Behaviorally, subjective VOI was largely driven by instrumental benefit, as normatively predicted, but additionally affected by non-instrumental motive, particularly the utility of anticipation. Neurally, VOI was represented in striatum, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Cross-categorical decoding revealed that these regions use a common scale for VOI and another type of value, expected utility of the lotteries. These provide new insight on neurocognitive mechanism of forward-looking, value-based information acquisition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kobayashi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/324665</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Common Neural Code for Reward and Information Value]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/324673v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
De novo assembly of a young Drosophila Y chromosome using Single-Molecule sequencing and Chromatin Conformation capture 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/324673v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While short-read sequencing technology has resulted in a sharp increase in the number of species with genome assemblies, these assemblies are typically highly fragmented. Repeats pose the largest challenge for reference genome assembly, and pericentromeric regions and the repeat-rich Y chromosome are typically ignored from sequencing projects. Here, we assemble the genome of Drosophila miranda using long reads for contig formation, chromatin interaction maps for scaffolding and short reads, optical mapping and BAC clone sequencing for consensus validation. Our assembly recovers entire chromosomes and contains large fractions of repetitive DNA, including ~41.5 Mb of pericentromeric and telomeric regions, and >100Mb of the recently formed highly repetitive neo-Y chromosome. While Y chromosome evolution is typically characterized by global sequence loss and shrinkage, the neo-Y increased in size by almost 3-fold, due to the accumulation of repetitive sequences. Our high-quality assembly allows us to reconstruct the chromosomal events that have led to the unusual sex chromosome karyotype in D. miranda, including the independent de novo formation of a pair of sex chromosomes at two distinct time points, or the reversion of a former Y chromosome to an autosome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mahajan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nalley, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibilisco, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bachtrog, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/324673</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[De novo assembly of a young Drosophila Y chromosome using Single-Molecule sequencing and Chromatin Conformation capture]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/327098v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Overlooked roles of DNA damage and maternal age in generating human germline mutations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/327098v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although the textbook view is that most germline mutations arise from replication errors, when analyzing large de novo mutation datasets in humans, we find multiple lines of evidence that call that understanding into question. Notably, despite the drastic increase in the ratio of male to female germ cell divisions after the onset of spermatogenesis, even young fathers contribute three times more mutations than young mothers, and this ratio barely increases with parental ages. This surprising finding points to a substantial contribution of damage-induced mutations. Indeed, C to G transversions and CpG transitions, which together constitute one third of all mutations, show genomic distributions and sex-specific age dependencies indicative of doublestrand break repair and methylation-associated damage, respectively. Moreover, the data indicate that maternal age at conception influences the mutation rate both because of the accumulation of damage in oocytes and potentially through an influence on the number of postzygotic mutations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moorjani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amster, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Przeworski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/327098</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Overlooked roles of DNA damage and maternal age in generating human germline mutations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/328856v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hydrogen-based metabolism - An ancestral trait in lineages sibling to the Cyanobacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/328856v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The metabolic machinery from which microbial aerobic respiration evolved is tightly linked to the origins of oxygenic Cyanobacteria (Oxyphotobacteria). Even though the majority of Oxyphotobacteria are photoautotrophs and can use carbohydrates with oxygen (O2) as the electron acceptor, all are fermenters under dark anoxic conditions. Studies suggest that the ancestor of Oxyphotobacteria may have used hydrogen (H2) as an electron donor and that two types of NiFe hydrogenases are essential for its oxidation. Melainabacteria and Sericytochromatia, close phylogenetic neighbors to Oxyphotobacteria comprise fermentative and aerobic representatives, or organisms capable of both. Margulisbacteria (candidate divisions RBX-1 and ZB3) and Saganbacteria (candidate division WOR-1), a novel cluster of bacteria phylogenetically related to Melainabacteria, Sericytochromatia and Oxyphotobacteria may further constrain the metabolic platform in which oxygenic photosynthesis and aerobic respiration arose. Here, we predict the metabolisms of Margulisbacteria and Saganbacteria from new and published metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) and single amplified genomes (SAGs), and compare them to their phylogenetic neighbors. Sediment-associated Margulisbacteria are predicted to have a fermentation-based metabolism featuring a variety of hydrogenases, a nitrogenase for nitrogen (N2) fixation, and electron bifurcating complexes involved in cycling of ferredoxin and NAD(P)H. Overall, the genomic features suggest the capacity for metabolic fine-tuning under strictly anoxic conditions. In contrast, the genomes of Margulisbacteria from the ocean ecosystem encode an electron transport chain that supports aerobic growth. Similarly, some Saganbacteria genomes encode various hydrogenases, and others may have the ability to use O2 under certain conditions via a putative novel type of heme copper O2 reductase. Like Melainabacteria and Sericytochromatia, Margulisbacteria and Saganbacteria have diverse energy metabolisms capable of fermentation, and aerobic or anaerobic respiration. In summary, our findings support the hypothesis that the ancestor of these groups was an anaerobe in which fermentation and H2 metabolism were central metabolic features. Our genomic data also suggests that contemporary lineages sibling to the Oxyphotobacteria may have acquired the ability to use O2 as a terminal electron acceptor under certain environmental conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matheus Carnevali, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castelle, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kantor, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharon, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santini, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olm, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amano, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anantharaman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burstein, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becraft, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stepanauskas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woyke, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/328856</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hydrogen-based metabolism - An ancestral trait in lineages sibling to the Cyanobacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/332650v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Low fidelity assembly of influenza A virus promotes escape from host cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/332650v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Influenza viruses inhabit a wide range of host environments using a limited repertoire of protein components. Unlike viruses with stereotyped shapes, influenza produces virions with significant morphological variability even within clonal populations. Whether this tendency to form pleiomorphic virions is coupled to compositional heterogeneity and whether it affects replicative fitness remains unclear. Here we address these questions by developing live strains of influenza A virus amenable to rapid compositional characterization through quantitative, site-specific labeling of viral proteins. Using these strains, we find that influenza A produces virions with broad variations in size and composition from even single infected cells. The virus leverages this phenotypic variability to survive environmental challenges including temperature changes and anti-virals. Complimenting genetic adaptations that act over larger populations and longer times, this  low fidelity assembly of influenza A virus allows small populations to survive environments that fluctuate over individual replication cycles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vahey, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fletcher, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/332650</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Low fidelity assembly of influenza A virus promotes escape from host cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/334607v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tracing a proteins folding pathway over evolutionary time using ancestral sequence reconstruction and hydrogen exchange 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/334607v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The conformations populated during protein folding have been studied for decades; yet, their evolutionary importance remains largely unexplored. Ancestral sequence reconstruction allows access to proteins across evolutionary time, and new methods such as pulsed-labeling hydrogen exchange coupled with mass spectrometry allow determination of folding intermediate structures at near amino-acid resolution. Here, we combine these techniques to monitor the folding of the ribonuclease H family along the evolutionary lineages of T. thermophilus and E. coli RNase H. All homologs and ancestral proteins studied populate a similar folding intermediate despite being separated by billions of years of evolution. Even though this conformation is conserved, the pathway leading to it has diverged over evolutionary time, and rational mutations can alter this trajectory. Our results demonstrate that evolutionary processes can affect the energy landscape to preserve or alter specific features of a proteins folding pathway.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lim, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolin, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marqusee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/334607</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tracing a proteins folding pathway over evolutionary time using ancestral sequence reconstruction and hydrogen exchange]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/334722v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nucleotide-pair encoding of 16S rRNA sequences for host phenotype and biomarker detection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/334722v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying combinations of taxa distinctive for microbiome-associated diseases is considered key to the establishment of diagnosis and therapy options in precision medicine and imposes high demands on accuracy of microbiome analysis techniques. We propose subsequence based 16S rRNA data analysis, as a new paradigm for microbiome phenotype classification and biomarker detection. This method and software called DiTaxa substitutes standard OTU-clustering or sequence-level analysis by segmenting 16S rRNA reads into the most frequent variable-length subsequences. These subsequences are then used as data representation for downstream phenotype prediction, biomarker detection and taxonomic analysis. Our proposed sequence segmentation called nucleotide-pair encoding (NPE) is an unsupervised data-driven segmentation inspired by Byte-pair encoding, a data compression algorithm. The identified subsequences represent commonly occurring sequence portions, which we found to be distinctive for taxa at varying evolutionary distances and highly informative for predicting host phenotypes. We compared the performance of DiTaxa to the state-of-the-art methods in disease phenotype prediction and biomarker detection, using human-associated 16S rRNA samples for periodontal disease, rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel diseases, as well as a synthetic benchmark dataset. DiTaxa identified 17 out of 29 taxa with confirmed links to periodontitis (recall= 0.59), relative to 3 out of 29 taxa (recall= 0.10) by the state-of-the-art method. On synthetic benchmark data, DiTaxa obtained full precision and recall in biomarker detection, compared to 0.91 and 0.90, respectively. In addition, machine-learning classifiers trained to predict host disease phenotypes based on the NPE representation performed competitively to the state-of-the art using OTUs or k-mers. For the rheumatoid arthritis dataset, DiTaxa substantially outperformed OTU features with a macro-F1 score of 0.76 compared to 0.65. Due to the alignment- and reference free nature, DiTaxa can efficiently run on large datasets. The full analysis of a large 16S rRNA dataset of 1359 samples required {approx}1.5 hours on 20 cores, while the standard pipeline needed {approx}6.5 hours in the same setting.nnAvailabilityAn implementation of our method called DiTaxa is available under the Apache 2 licence at http://llp.berkeley.edu/ditaxa.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Asgari, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Münch, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lesker, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McHardy, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mofrad, M. R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/334722</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nucleotide-pair encoding of 16S rRNA sequences for host phenotype and biomarker detection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/335919v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Binary transcriptional control of pattern formation in development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/335919v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Predicting developmental outcomes from regulatory DNA sequence and transcription factor patterns remains an open challenge in physical biology. Using stripe 2 of the even-skipped gene in Drosophila embryos as a case study, we dissect the regulatory forces underpinning a key step along the developmental decision-making cascade: the generation of cytoplasmic mRNA patterns via the control of transcription in individual cells. Using live imaging and computational approaches, we found that the transcriptional burst frequency is modulated across the stripe to control the mRNA production rate. However, we discovered that bursting alone cannot quantitatively recapitulate the formation of the stripe, and that control of the window of time over which each nucleus transcribes even-skipped plays a critical role in stripe formation. Theoretical modeling revealed that these regulatory strategies--bursting and the time window--obey different kinds of regulatory logic, suggesting that the stripe is shaped by the interplay of two distinct underlying molecular processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lammers, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galstyan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reimer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medin, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiggins, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/335919</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Binary transcriptional control of pattern formation in development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/338087v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A geometric attractor mechanism for self-organization of entorhinal grid modules 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/338087v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Grid cells in the medial entorhinal cortex (mEC) respond when an animal occupies a periodic lattice of "grid fields" in the environment. The grids are organized in modules with spatial periods clustered around discrete values separated by constant ratios reported in the range 1.3-1.8. We propose a mechanism for dynamical self-organization in the mEC that can produce this modular structure. In attractor network models of grid formation, the period of a single module is set by the length scale of recurrent inhibition between neurons. We show that grid cells will instead form a hierarchy of discrete modules if a continuous increase in inhibition distance along the dorso-ventral axis of the mEC is accompanied by excitatory interactions along this axis. Moreover, constant scale ratios between successive modules arise through geometric relationships between triangular grids, whose lattice constants are separated by [Formula], or other ratios. We discuss how the interactions required by our model might be tested experimentally and realized by circuits in the mEC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balasubramanian, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/338087</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A geometric attractor mechanism for self-organization of entorhinal grid modules]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/342006v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Uneven distribution of cobamide biosynthesis and dependence in bacteria predicted by comparative genomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/342006v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The vitamin B12 family of cofactors known as cobamides are essential for a variety of microbial metabolisms. We used comparative genomics of 11,000 bacterial species to analyze the extent and distribution of cobamide production and use across bacteria. We find that 86% of bacteria in this data set have at least one of 15 cobamide-dependent enzyme families, yet only 37% are predicted to synthesize cobamides de novo. The distribution of cobamide biosynthesis varies at the phylum level, with 57% of Actinobacteria, 45% of Proteobacteria, and 30% of Firmicutes, and less than 1% of Bacteroidetes containing the complete biosynthetic pathway. Cobamide structure could be predicted for 58% of cobamide-producing species, based on the presence of signature lower ligand biosynthesis and attachment genes. Our predictions also revealed that 17% of bacteria that have partial biosynthetic pathways, yet have the potential to salvage cobamide precursors. These include a newly defined, experimentally verified category of bacteria lacking the first step in the biosynthesis pathway. These predictions highlight the importance of cobamide and cobamide precursor crossfeeding as examples of nutritional dependencies in bacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shelton, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seth, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mok, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haft, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taga, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/342006</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Uneven distribution of cobamide biosynthesis and dependence in bacteria predicted by comparative genomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/343111v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A robust method for transfection in choanoflagellates illuminates their cell biology and the ancestry of animal septins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/343111v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As the closest living relatives of animals, choanoflagellates offer unique insights into animal origins and core mechanisms underlying animal cell biology. However, unlike traditional model organisms, such as yeast, flies and worms, choanoflagellates have been refractory to DNA delivery methods for expressing foreign genes. Here we report the establishment of a robust method for expressing transgenes in the choanoflagellate Salpingoeca rosetta, overcoming barriers that have previously hampered DNA delivery and expression. To demonstrate how this method accelerates the study of S. rosetta cell biology, we engineered a panel of fluorescent protein markers that illuminate key features of choanoflagellate cells. We then investigated the localization of choanoflagellate septins, a family of GTP-binding cytoskeletal proteins that are hypothesized to regulate the multicellular rosette development in S. rosetta. Fluorescently tagged septins localized to the basal pole of S. rosetta single cells and rosettes in a pattern resembling septin localization in animal epithelia. The establishment of transfection in S. rosetta and its application to the study of septins represent critical advances in the growth of S. rosetta as an experimental model for investigating choanoflagellate cell biology, core mechanisms underlying animal cell biology, and the origin of animals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Booth, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Middleton, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/343111</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A robust method for transfection in choanoflagellates illuminates their cell biology and the ancestry of animal septins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/343202v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole-genome analysis of introgression between the spotted owl and barred owl (Strix occidentalis and Strix varia, respectively; Aves: Strigidae) in western North America 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/343202v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As the barred owl (Strix varia; Aves: Strigiformes: Strigidae) expands throughout western North America, hybridization between barred and spotted owls (Strix varia and S. occidentalis, respectively), if abundant, may lead to genetic swamping of the endangered spotted owl. We analyzed low-coverage, whole-genome sequence data from fifty-one barred and spotted owls to investigate recent introgression between these two species. Although we obtained genomic confirmation that these species can and do hybridize and backcross, we found no evidence of widespread introgression. Plumage characteristics of western S. varia that suggested admixture with S. occidentalis appear unrelated to S. occidentalis ancestry and may instead reflect local selection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hanna, Z. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumbacher, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowie, R. C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henderson, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wall, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/343202</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole-genome analysis of introgression between the spotted owl and barred owl (Strix occidentalis and Strix varia, respectively; Aves: Strigidae) in western North America]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/343434v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole-genome sequences suggest long term declines of spotted owl (Strix occidentalis) (Aves: Strigiformes: Strigidae) populations in California 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/343434v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We analyzed whole-genome data of four spotted owls (Strix occidentalis) to provide a broad-scale assessment of the genome-wide nucleotide diversity across S. occidentalis populations in California. We assumed that each of the four samples was representative of its population and we estimated effective population sizes through time for each corresponding population. Our estimates provided evidence of long-term population declines in all California S. occidentalis populations. We found no evidence of genetic differentiation between northern spotted owl (S. o. caurina) populations in the counties of Marin and Humboldt in California. We estimated greater differentiation between populations at the northern and southern extremes of the range of the California spotted owl (S. o. occidentalis) than between populations of S. o. occidentalis and S. o. caurina in northern California. The San Diego County S. o. occidentalis population was substantially diverged from the other three S. occidentalis populations. These whole-genome data support a pattern of isolation-by-distance across spotted owl populations in California, rather than elevated differentiation between currently recognized subspecies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hanna, Z. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumbacher, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowie, R. C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wall, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/343434</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole-genome sequences suggest long term declines of spotted owl (Strix occidentalis) (Aves: Strigiformes: Strigidae) populations in California]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/345843v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Probabilistic variable-length segmentation of protein sequences for discriminative motif mining (DiMotif)and sequence embedding (ProtVecX) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/345843v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In this paper, we present peptide-pair encoding (PPE), a general-purpose probabilistic segmentation of protein sequences into commonly occurring variable-length sub-sequences. The idea of PPE segmentation is inspired by the byte-pair encoding (BPE) text compression algorithm, which has recently gained popularity in subword neural machine translation. We modify this algorithm by adding a sampling framework allowing for multiple ways of segmenting a sequence. PPE segmentation steps can be learned over a large set of protein sequences (Swiss-Prot) or even a domain-specific dataset and then applied to a set of unseen sequences. This representation can be widely used as the input to any downstream machine learning tasks in protein bioinformatics. In particular, here, we introduce this representation through protein motif discovery and protein sequence embedding. (i) DiMotif: we present DiMotif as an alignment-free discriminative motif discovery method and evaluate the method for finding protein motifs in three different settings: (1) comparison of DiMotif with two existing approaches on 20 distinct motif discovery problems which are experimentally verified, (2) classification-based approach for the motifs extracted for integrins, integrin-binding proteins, and biofilm formation, and (3) in sequence pattern searching for nuclear localization signal. The DiMotif, in general, obtained high recall scores, while having a comparable F1 score with other methods in the discovery of experimentally verified motifs. Having high recall suggests that the DiMotif can be used for short-list creation for further experimental investigations on motifs. In the classification-based evaluation, the extracted motifs could reliably detect the integrins, integrin-binding, and biofilm formation-related proteins on a reserved set of sequences with high F1 scores. (ii) ProtVecX: we extend k-mer based protein vector (ProtVec) embedding to variable-length protein embedding using PPE sub-sequences. We show that the new method of embedding can marginally outperform ProtVec in enzyme prediction as well as toxin prediction tasks. In addition, we conclude that the embeddings are beneficial in protein classification tasks when they are combined with raw k-mer features.nnAvailabilityImplementations of our method will be available under the Apache 2 licence at http://llp.berkeley.edu/dimotif and http://llp.berkeley.edu/protvecx.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Asgari, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McHardy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mofrad, M. R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/345843</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Probabilistic variable-length segmentation of protein sequences for discriminative motif mining (DiMotif)and sequence embedding (ProtVecX)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/347617v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nominally non-responsive frontal and sensory cortical cells encode task-relevant variables via ensemble consensus-building 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/347617v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurons recorded in behaving animals often do not discernibly respond to sensory input and are not overtly task-modulated. These nominally non-responsive neurons are difficult to interpret and are typically neglected from analysis, confounding attempts to connect neural activity to perception and behavior. Here we describe a trial-by-trial, spike-timing-based algorithm to reveal the hidden coding capacities of these neurons in auditory and frontal cortex of behaving rats. Responsive and nominally non-responsive cells contained significant information about sensory stimuli and behavioral decisions, and network modeling indicated that nominally non-responsive cells are important for task performance. Sensory input was more accurately represented in frontal cortex than auditory cortex, via ensembles of nominally non-responsive cells coordinating the behavioral meaning of spike timings on correct but not error trials. This unbiased approach allows the contribution of all recorded neurons - particularly those without obvious task-modulation - to be assessed for behavioral relevance on single trials.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Insanally, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carcea, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Field, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodgers, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DePasquale, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeWeese, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albanna, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Froemke, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/347617</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nominally non-responsive frontal and sensory cortical cells encode task-relevant variables via ensemble consensus-building]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/347864v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A small single-domain protein folds through the same pathway on- and off- the ribosome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/347864v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In vivo, proteins fold and function in a complex environment where they are subject to many stresses that can modulate protein energy landscapes. One aspect of the environment pertinent to protein folding is the ribosome, since proteins have the opportunity to fold while still bound to the ribosome during translation. We use a combination of force and chemical denaturant (chemo-mechanical unfolding), as well as point mutations, to characterize the folding mechanism of the src SH3 domain both as a stalled ribosome nascent chain and free in solution. Our results indicate that src SH3 folds through the same pathway on and off the ribosome. Molecular simulations also indicate that the ribosome does not affect the folding pathway for this small protein. Taken together, we conclude that the ribosome does not alter the folding mechanism of this small protein, which appears to fold at the mouth of the ribosome as the protein emerges from the exit tunnel. These results, if general, suggest the ribosome may exert a bigger influence on the folding of multi-domain proteins or protein domains that can partially fold before the entire domain sequence is outside the ribosome exit tunnel.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guinn, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Best, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marqusee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/347864</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A small single-domain protein folds through the same pathway on- and off- the ribosome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/350488v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MGDrivE: A modular simulation framework for the spread of gene drives through spatially-explicit mosquito populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/350488v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Malaria, dengue, Zika, and other mosquito-borne diseases continue to pose a major global health burden through much of the world, despite the widespread distribution of insecticide-based tools and antimalarial drugs. The advent of CRISPR/Cas9-based gene editing and its demonstrated ability to streamline the development of gene drive systems has reignited interest in the application of this technology to the control of mosquitoes and the diseases they transmit. The versatility of this technology has also enabled a wide range of gene drive architectures to be realized, creating a need for their population-level and spatial dynamics to be explored. To this end, we present MGDrivE (Mosquito Gene Drive Explorer): a simulation framework designed to investigate the population dynamics of a variety of gene drive architectures and their spread through spatially-explicit mosquito populations. A key strength of the MGDrivE framework is its modularity: a) a genetic inheritance module accommodates the dynamics of gene drive systems displaying user-defined inheritance patterns, b) a population dynamic module accommodates the life history of a variety of mosquito disease vectors and insect agricultural pest species, and c) a landscape module accommodates the distribution of insect metapopulations connected by migration in space. Example MGDrivE simulations are presented to demonstrate the application of the framework to CRISPR/Cas9-based homing gene drive for: a) driving a disease-refractory gene into a population (i.e. population replacement), and b) disrupting a gene required for female fertility (i.e. population suppression), incorporating homing-resistant alleles in both cases. We compare MGDrivE with other genetic simulation packages, and conclude with a discussion of future directions in gene drive modeling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sanchez C., H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/350488</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MGDrivE: A modular simulation framework for the spread of gene drives through spatially-explicit mosquito populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/353649v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modulating long-range energetics via helix stabilization: a case study using T4 lysozyme 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/353649v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cooperative protein folding requires distant regions of a protein to interact and provide mutual stabilization. The mechanism of this long-distance coupling remains poorly understood. Here, we use T4 lysozyme (T4L*) as a model to investigate long-range communications across a globular protein. T4L* is composed of two structurally distinct subdomains, although it behaves in a two-state manner at equilibrium. The subdomains of T4L* are connected via two topological connections: the N-terminal helix that is structurally part of the C-terminal subdomain (the A-helix) and a long helix that spans both subdomains (the C-helix). To understand the role that the C-helix plays in cooperative folding, we analyzed a circularly permuted version of T4L* (CP13*), whose subdomains are connected only by the C-helix. We demonstrate that when isolated as individual fragments, both subdomains of CP13* can fold autonomously into marginally stable conformations. The energetics of the N-terminal subdomain depend on the formation of a salt bridge known to be important for stability in the full-length protein. We show that the energetic contribution of the salt bridge to the stability of the N-terminal fragment increases when the C-helix is stabilized, such as occurs upon folding of the C-terminal subdomain. These results suggest a model where long-range energetic coupling is mediated by helix stabilization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosemond, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamadani, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cate, J. H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marqusee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/353649</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modulating long-range energetics via helix stabilization: a case study using T4 lysozyme]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/353680v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Kluyveromyces marxianus as a robust synthetic biology platform host 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/353680v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Throughout history, the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has played a central role in human society due to its use in food production and more recently as a major industrial and model microorganism, because of the many genetic and genomic tools available to probe its biology. However S. cerevisiae has proven difficult to engineer to expand the carbon sources it can utilize, the products it can make, and the harsh conditions it can tolerate in industrial applications. Other yeasts that could solve many of these problems remain difficult to manipulate genetically. Here, we engineer the thermotolerant yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus to create a new synthetic biology platform. Using CRISPR-Cas9 mediated genome editing, we show that wild isolates of K. marxianus can be made heterothallic for sexual crossing. By breeding two of these mating-type engineered K. marxianus strains, we combined three complex traits- thermotolerance, lipid production, and facile transformation with exogenous DNA-into a single host. The ability to cross K. marxianus strains with relative ease, together with CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing, should enable engineering of K. marxianus isolates with promising lipid production at temperatures far exceeding those of other fungi under development for industrial applications. These results establish K. marxianus as a synthetic biology platform comparable to S. cerevisiae, with naturally more robust traits that hold potential for the industrial production of renewable chemicals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cernak, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estrela, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poddar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skerker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glynn, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furlan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donnelly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cate, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/353680</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Kluyveromyces marxianus as a robust synthetic biology platform host]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/357368v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scrublet: computational identification of cell doublets in single-cell transcriptomic data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/357368v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell RNA-sequencing has become a widely used, powerful approach for studying cell populations. However, these methods often generate multiplet artifacts, where two or more cells receive the same barcode, resulting in a hybrid transcriptome. In most experiments, multiplets account for several percent of transcriptomes and can confound downstream data analysis. Here, we present Scrublet (Single-Cell Remover of Doublets), a framework for predicting the impact of multiplets in a given analysis and identifying problematic multiplets. Scrublet avoids the need for expert knowledge or cell clustering by simulating multiplets from the data and building a nearest neighbor classifier. To demonstrate the utility of this approach, we test Scrublet on several datasets that include independent knowledge of cell multiplets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wolock, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/357368</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scrublet: computational identification of cell doublets in single-cell transcriptomic data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/357970v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differences in the path to exit the ribosome across the three domains of life 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/357970v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent advances in biological imaging have led to a surge of fine-resolution structures of the ribosome from diverse organisms. Comparing these structures, especially the exit tunnel, to characterize the key similarities and differences across species is essential for various important applications, such as designing antibiotic drugs and understanding the intricate details of translation dynamics. Here, we compile and compare 20 fine-resolution cryo-EM and X-ray crystallography structures of the ribosome recently obtained from all three domains of life (bacteria, archaea and eukarya). We first show that a hierarchical clustering of tunnel shapes closely reflects the species phylogeny. Then, by analyzing the ribosomal RNAs and proteins localized near the tunnel, we explain the observed geometric variations and show direct association between the conservations of the geometry, structure, and sequence. We find that the tunnel is more conserved in its upper part, from the polypeptide transferase center to the constriction site. In the lower part, tunnels are significantly narrower in eukaryotes than in bacteria, and we provide evidence for the existence of a second constriction site in eukaryotic tunnels. We also show that ribosomal RNA and protein sequences are more likely to be conserved closer to the tunnel, as is the presence of positively charged amino acids. Overall, our comparative analysis shows how the geometric and biophysical properties of the exit tunnel play an important role in ensuring proper transit of the nascent polypeptide chain, and may explain the differences observed in several co-translational processes across species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dao Duc, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batra, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cate, J. H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/357970</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differences in the path to exit the ribosome across the three domains of life]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/358572v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nanopore sequencing of long ribosomal DNA amplicons enables portable and simple biodiversity assessments with high phylogenetic resolution across broad taxonomic scale 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/358572v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundIn light of the current biodiversity crisis, DNA barcoding is developing into an essential tool to quantify state shifts in global ecosystems. Current barcoding protocols often rely on short amplicon sequences, which yield accurate identification of biological entities in a community, but provide limited phylogenetic resolution across broad taxonomic scales. However, the phylogenetic structure of communities is an essential component of biodiversity. Consequently, a barcoding approach is required that unites robust taxonomic assignment power and high phylogenetic utility. A possible solution is offered by sequencing long ribosomal DNA (rDNA) amplicons on the MinION platform (Oxford Nanopore Technologies).nnResultsUsing a dataset of various animal and plant species, with a focus on arthropods, we assemble a pipeline for long rDNA barcode analysis and introduce a new software (MiniBar) to demultiplex dual indexed nanopore reads. We find excellent phylogenetic and taxonomic resolution offered by long rDNA sequences across broad taxonomic scales. We highlight the simplicity of our approach by field barcoding with a miniaturized, mobile laboratory in a remote rainforest. We also test the utility of long rDNA amplicons for analysis of community diversity through metabarcoding and find that they recover highly skewed diversity estimates.nnConclusionsSequencing dual indexed, long rDNA amplicons on the MinION platform is a straightforward, cost effective, portable and universal approach for eukaryote DNA barcoding. Long rDNA amplicons scale up DNA barcoding by enabling the accurate recovery of taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity. However, bulk community analyses using long-read approaches may introduce biases and will require further exploration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krehenwinkel, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pomerantz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henderson, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swamy, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoobridge, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillespie, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prost, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/358572</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nanopore sequencing of long ribosomal DNA amplicons enables portable and simple biodiversity assessments with high phylogenetic resolution across broad taxonomic scale]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/362053v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fst between archaic and present-day samples 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/362053v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The increasing abundance of DNA sequences obtained from fossils calls for new population genetics theory that takes account of both the temporal and spatial separation of samples. Here we exploit the relationship between Wrights FST and average coalescence times to develop an analytic theory describing how FST depends on both the distance and time separating pairs of sampled genomes. We apply this theory to several simple models of population history. If there is a time series of samples, partial population replacement creates a discontinuity in pairwise FST values. The magnitude of the discontinuity depends on the extent of replacement. In stepping-stone models, pairwise FST values between archaic and present-day samples reflect both the spatial and temporal separation. At long distances, an isolation by distance pattern dominates. At short distances, the time separation dominates. Analytic predictions fit patterns generated by simulations. We illustrate our results with applications to archaic samples from European human populations. We compare present-day samples with a pair of archaic samples taken before and after a replacement event.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ortega-Del Vecchyo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slatkin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/362053</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fst between archaic and present-day samples]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/363606v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intrinsic rewards modulate sensorimotor adaptation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/363606v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent studies have demonstrated that task success signals can modulate behavioral changes during sensorimotor adaptation tasks, primarily through the engagement of explicit processes. In a series of reaching experiments with human participants, we explore a potential interaction between reward-based learning and implicit adaptation, using a method in which feedback is not contingent on task performance. We varied the size of the target to compare conditions in which visual feedback indicated an invariant angular error that either hit or missed the target. Hitting the target attenuated the behavioral changes from adaptation, an effect we attribute to the generation of an intrinsic reward signal. We evaluated two models, one in which reward and adaptation systems operate in parallel, and a second in which reward acts directly on the adaptation system. The results favor the latter, consistent with evidence showing communication, and possible overlap, between neural substrates underlying reward-based learning and sensorimotor adaptation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parvin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/363606</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intrinsic rewards modulate sensorimotor adaptation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/366039v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Smart bone plates can monitor fracture healing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/366039v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One Sentence SummaryElectrical impedance measurements using microscale sensors implanted in two mouse fracture models tracked longitudinal differences between individual mice with proper healing and mice experiencing poor healing, laying the groundwork for translation to the clinic through integration into fracture fixation implants (i.e. instrumented bone plates).nnAbstractThere are currently no standardized methods for monitoring fracture healing. While histological studies can clearly identify the tissues found in the four stages of repair, in practice surgeons rely on X-ray, which is only useful at later stages of healing after mineralization has occurred. As electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) has previously been used to distinguish tissue types during healing, we hypothesized that microscale sensors embedded in the fracture callus could track the changing tissue with high sensitivity. Using in vivo mouse fracture models, we present the first evidence that microscale instrumented implants provide a route for post-operative fracture monitoring. In this study, we implanted sensors in mouse long bone fractures fixed with either external fixators or bone plates. EIS measurements taken across two electrodes implanted in the fracture gap were able to track longitudinal differences between individual mice with proper healing and mice experiencing poor healing. We additionally present an equivalent circuit model that combines the EIS data in order to classify healing states of fractures. Lastly, we show that EIS measures are strongly correlated with standard {micro}CT measures of healing and that these correlations validate clinically-relevant operating frequencies for implementation of this technique. The data from these two models demonstrate that this technique can be translated to the clinic through integration into current fracture management strategies such as bone plating, providing physicians with quantitative information about the state of a fracture to guide clinical decision-making for patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marmor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herfat, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahney, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maharbiz, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/366039</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Smart bone plates can monitor fracture healing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/366617v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inversion and computational maturation of drug response using human stem cell derived cardiomyocytes in microphysiological systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/366617v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While cardiomyocytes differentiated from human induced pluripotent stems cells (hiPSCs) hold great promise for drug screening, the electrophys-iological properties of these cells can be variable and immature, producing results that are significantly different from their human adult counterparts. Here, we describe a computational framework to address this limitation, and show how in silico methods, applied to measurements on immature cardiomyocytes, can be used to both identify drug action and to predict its effect in mature cells. Our synthetic and experimental results indicate that optically obtained waveforms of voltage and calcium from microphysiological systems can be inverted into information on drug ion channel blockage, and then, through assuming functional invariance of proteins during maturation, this data can be used to predict drug induced changes in mature ventricular cells. Together, this pipeline of measurements and computational analysis could significantly improve the ability of hiPSC derived cardiomycocytes to predict dangerous drug side effects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tveito, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaeger, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huebsch, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charrez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wall, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Healy, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/366617</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inversion and computational maturation of drug response using human stem cell derived cardiomyocytes in microphysiological systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/366955v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Feasibility of Functional MRI at Ultralow Magnetic Field via Changes in Cerebral Blood Volume 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/366955v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We investigate the feasibility of performing functional MRI (fMRI) at ultralow field (ULF) with a Superconducting QUantum Interference Device (SQUID), as used for detecting magnetoencephalography (MEG) signals from the human head. While there is negligible magnetic susceptibility variation to produce blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) contrast at ULF, changes in cerebral blood volume (CBV) may be a sensitive mechanism for fMRI given the five-fold spread in spin-lattice relaxation time (T1) values across the constituents of the human brain. We undertook simulations of functional signal strength for a simplified brain model involving activation of a primary cortical region in a manner consistent with a blocked task experiment. Our simulations involve measured values of T1 at ULF and experimental parameters for the performance of an upgraded ULFMRI scanner. Under ideal experimental conditions we predict a functional signal-to-noise ratio of between 3.1 and 7.1 for an imaging time of 30 minutes, or between 1.5 and 3.5 for a blocked task experiment lasting 7.5 minutes. Our simulations suggest it may be feasible to perform fMRI using a ULFMRI system designed to perform MRI and MEG in situ.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Buckenmaier, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedersen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>SanGiorgio, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheffler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inglis, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/366955</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Feasibility of Functional MRI at Ultralow Magnetic Field via Changes in Cerebral Blood Volume]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/368274v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Apparent thinning of visual cortex during childhood is associated with myelination, not pruning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/368274v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microstructural mechanisms underlying apparent cortical thinning during childhood development are unknown. Using functional, quantitative, and diffusion magnetic resonance imaging in children and adults, we tested if tissue growth (lower T1 relaxation time and mean diffusivity (MD)) or pruning (higher T1 and MD) underlies cortical thinning in ventral temporal cortex (VTC). After age 5, T1 and MD decreased in mid and deep cortex of functionally-defined regions in lateral VTC, and in their adjacent white matter. T1 and MD decreases were (i) consistent with tissue growth related to myelin proliferation, which we verified with adult postmortem histology and (ii) correlated with apparent cortical thinning. Thus, contrary to prevailing theories, cortical tissue does not thin during childhood, it becomes more myelinated, shifting the gray-white matter boundary deeper into cortex. As tissue growth is prominent in regions with protracted functional development, our data suggest an intriguing hypothesis that functional development and myelination are interlinked.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Natu, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnett, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeska, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirilina, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaeger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiskopf, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grill-Spector, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/368274</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Apparent thinning of visual cortex during childhood is associated with myelination, not pruning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/372060v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FleN contributes to heterogeneous swimming at high temperatures in Pseudomonas syringae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/372060v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Motility is generally conserved among many animal and plant pathogens. Environmental conditions, however, significantly impact expression of the motile phenotype. In this study, we describe a novel heterogeneous motility phenotype in Pseudomonas syringae, where under normally suppressive incubation conditions (30{degrees}C) punctate colonies arise that are spatially isolated from the point of inoculation, giving rise to a motility pattern we term constellation swimming (CS). We demonstrate that this phenotype is reproducible, reversible, and dependent on a functioning flagellum. Mirroring the heterogeneous motility phenotype, we demonstrate the existence of a sub-population of cells under non-permissive conditions that express flagellin (fliC) at levels similar to cells incubated under permissive conditions using both quantitative single cell microscopy and flow cytometry. To understand the genetics underlying the CS phenotype, we selected for naturally arising mutants that exhibited a normal swimming phenotype at the warmer incubation temperature. Sequencing these mutants recovered several independent non-synonymous mutations within FleN (also known as FlhG) as well as mutations within the promoter region of FleQ, the master flagellum regulator in Pseudomonas. We further show that nutrient depletion is the likely underlying cause of CS, as reduced nutrients will stimulate both fliC expression and a normal swimming phenotype at 30 {degrees}C.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hockett, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindow, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/372060</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FleN contributes to heterogeneous swimming at high temperatures in Pseudomonas syringae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/373878v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Information-rich localization microscopy through machine learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/373878v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While current single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) methods often rely on the target-specific alteration of the point spread function (PSF) to encode the multidimensional contents of single fluorophores, we argue that the details of the PSF in an unmodified microscope already contain rich, multidimensional information. We introduce a data-driven approach in which artificial neural networks (ANNs) are trained to make a direct link between an experimental PSF image and its underlying parameters. To demonstrate this concept in real systems, we decipher in fixed cells both the colors and the axial positions of single molecules in regular SMLM data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/373878</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Information-rich localization microscopy through machine learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/374140v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cortical Column and Whole Brain Imaging of Neural Circuits with Molecular Contrast and Nanoscale Resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/374140v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Optical and electron microscopy have made tremendous inroads in understanding the complexity of the brain, but the former offers insufficient resolution to reveal subcellular details and the latter lacks the throughput and molecular contrast to visualize specific molecular constituents over mm-scale or larger dimensions. We combined expansion microscopy and lattice light sheet microscopy to image the nanoscale spatial relationships between proteins across the thickness of the mouse cortex or the entire Drosophila brain, including synaptic proteins at dendritic spines, myelination along axons, and presynaptic densities at dopaminergic neurons in every fly neuropil domain. The technology should enable statistically rich, large scale studies of neural development, sexual dimorphism, degree of stereotypy, and structural correlations to behavior or neural activity, all with molecular contrast.nnOne Sentence SummaryCombined expansion and lattice light sheet microscopy enables high speed, nanoscale molecular imaging of neural circuits over large volumes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asano, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upadhyayula, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pisarev, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milkie, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, T.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graves, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huynh, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogovic, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colonell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ott, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zugates, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tappan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosaliganti, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Megason, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippincott-Schwartz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hantman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirchhausen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saalfeld, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aso, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyden, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betzig, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/374140</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cortical Column and Whole Brain Imaging of Neural Circuits with Molecular Contrast and Nanoscale Resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/375410v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A method for genome editing in the anaerobic magnetotactic bacterium Desulfovibrio magneticus RS-1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/375410v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ABSTRACTMagnetosomes are complex bacterial organelles that serve as model systems for studying cell biology, biomineralization, and global iron cycling. Magnetosome biogenesis is primarily studied in two closely related Alphaproteobacterial Magnetospirillum spp. that form cubooctahedral-shaped magnetite crystals within a lipid membrane. However, chemically and structurally distinct magnetic particles have also been found in physiologically and phylogenetically diverse bacteria. Due to a lack of molecular genetic tools, the mechanistic diversity of magnetosome formation remains poorly understood. Desulfovibrio magneticus RS-1 is an anaerobic sulfate-reducing Deltaproteobacterium that forms bullet-shaped magnetite crystals. A recent forward genetic screen identified ten genes in the conserved magnetosome gene island of D. magneticus that are essential for its magnetic phenotype. However, this screen likely missed many interesting mutants with defects in crystal size, shape, and arrangement. Reverse genetics to target the remaining putative magnetosome genes using standard genetic methods of suicide vector integration has not been feasible due to low transconjugation efficiency. Here, we present a reverse genetic method for targeted mutagenesis in D. magneticus using a replicative plasmid. To test this method, we generated a mutant resistant to 5-fluorouracil by making a markerless deletion of the upp gene that encodes uracil phosphoribosyltransferase. We also used this method for targeted marker exchange mutagenesis by replacing kupM, a gene identified in our previous screen as a magnetosome formation factor, with a streptomycin resistance cassette. Overall, our results show that targeted mutagenesis using a replicative plasmid is effective in D. magneticus and may also be applied to other genetically recalcitrant bacteria.nnIMPORTANCEMagnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are a group of organisms that form small, intracellular magnetic crystals though a complex process involving lipid and protein scaffolds. These magnetic crystals and their lipid membrane, termed magnetosomes, are model systems for studying bacterial cell biology and biomineralization as well as potential platforms for biotechnological applications. Due to a lack of genetic tools and unculturable representatives, the mechanisms of magnetosome formation in phylogenetically deeply-branching MTB remain unknown. These MTB contain elongated bullet-/tooth-shaped magnetite and greigite crystals that likely form in a manner distinct from the cubooctahedral-shaped magnetite crystals of the genetically tractable Alphaproteobacteria MTB. Here, we present a method for genome editing in the anaerobic Deltaproteobacterium Desulfovibrio magneticus RS-1, the first cultured representative of the deeply-branching MTB. This marks a crucial step in developing D. magneticus as a model for studying diverse mechanisms of magnetic particle formation by MTB.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grant, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahn-Lee, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LeGault, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Komeili, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/375410</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A method for genome editing in the anaerobic magnetotactic bacterium Desulfovibrio magneticus RS-1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/377887v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human posterior parietal cortex responds to visual stimuli as early as peristriate occipital cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/377887v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Much of what is known about the timing of visual processing in the brain is inferred from intracranial studies in monkeys, with human data limited to mainly non-invasive methods with lower spatial resolution. Here, we estimated visual onset latencies from electrocorticographic (ECoG) recordings in a patient who was implanted with 112 sub-dural electrodes, distributed across the posterior cortex of the right hemisphere, for pre-surgical evaluation of intractable epilepsy. Functional MRI prior to surgery was used to determine boundaries of visual areas. The patient was presented with images of objects from several categories. Event Related Potentials (ERPs) were calculated across all categories excluding targets, and statistically reliable onset latencies were determined using a bootstrapping procedure over the single trial baseline activity in individual electrodes. The distribution of onset latencies broadly reflected the known hierarchy of visual areas, with the earliest cortical responses in primary visual cortex, and higher areas showing later responses. A clear exception to this pattern was robust, statistically reliable and spatially localized, very early responses on the bank of the posterior intra-parietal sulcus (IPS). The response in the IPS started nearly simultaneously with responses detected in peristriate visual areas, around 60 milliseconds post-stimulus onset. Our results support the notion of early visual processing in the posterior parietal lobe, not respecting traditional hierarchies, and give direct evidence for the upper limit of onset times of visual responses across the human cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Regev, T. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winawer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerber, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deouell, L. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/377887</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human posterior parietal cortex responds to visual stimuli as early as peristriate occipital cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/378620v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Benchmarking Time-Series Data Discretization on Inference Methods 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/378620v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The rapid development in quantitatively measuring DNA, RNA, and protein has generated a great interest in the development of reverse-engineering methods, that is, data-driven approaches to infer the network structure or dynamical model of the system. Many reverse-engineering methods require discrete quantitative data as input, while many experimental data are continuous. Some studies have started to reveal the impact that the choice of data discretization has on the performance of reverse-engineering methods. However, more comprehensive studies are still greatly needed to systematically and quantitatively understand the impact that discretization methods have on inference methods. Furthermore, there is an urgent need for systematic comparative methods that can help select between discretization methods. In this work, we consider 4 published intracellular networks inferred with their respective time-series datasets. We discretized the data using different discretization methods. Across all datasets, changing the data discretization to a more appropriate one improved the reverse-engineering methods performance. We observed no universal best discretization method across different time-series datasets. Thus, we propose DiscreeTest, a two-step evaluation metric for ranking discretization methods for time-series data. The underlying assumption of DiscreeTest is that an optimal discretization method should preserve the dynamic patterns observed in the original data across all variables. We used the same datasets and networks to show that DiscreeTest is able to identify an appropriate discretization among several candidate methods. To our knowledge, this is the first time that a method for benchmarking and selecting an appropriate discretization method for time-series data has been proposed.nnAvailabilityAll the datasets, reverse-engineering methods and source code used in this paper are available in Vera-Liconas lab Github repository: https://github.com/VeraLiconaResearchGroup/Benchmarking_TSDiscretizations
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jann, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vera-Licona, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/378620</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Benchmarking Time-Series Data Discretization on Inference Methods]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/380006v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An actuated neural probe architecture for reducing gliosis-induced recording degradation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/380006v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glial encapsulation of chronically implanted neural probes inhibits recording and stimulation, and this signal loss is a significant factor limiting the clinical viability of most neural implant topologies for decades-long implantation. We demonstrate a mechanical proof of concept for silicon shank-style neural probes intended to minimize gliosis near the recording sites. Compliant whiskers on the edges of the probe fold inward to minimize tissue damage during insertion. Once implanted to the target depth and retracted slightly, these whiskers splay outward. The splayed tips, on which recording sites could be patterned, extend beyond the typical 50-100 micron radius of a glial scar. The whiskers are micron-scale to minimize or avoid glial scarring. Electrically inactive devices with whiskers of varying widths and curvature were designed and monolithically fabricated from a five-micron silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer, and their mechanical functionality was demonstrated in a 0.6% agar brain phantom. Deflection was plotted versus deflection speed, and those that were most compliant actuated successfully. This probe requires no preparation for use beyond what is typical for a shank-style silicon probe.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Massey, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maharbiz, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/380006</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An actuated neural probe architecture for reducing gliosis-induced recording degradation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/381962v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Competition between mobile genetic elements drives optimization of a phage-encoded CRISPR-Cas system: Insights from a natural arms-race 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/381962v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas systems function as adaptive immune systems by acquiring nucleotide sequences called spacers that mediate sequence-specific defense against competitors. Uniquely, the phage ICP1 encodes a Type I-F CRISPR-Cas system that is deployed to target and overcome PLE, a mobile genetic element with anti-phage activity in Vibrio cholerae. Here, we exploit the arms race between ICP1 and PLE to examine spacer acquisition and interference under laboratory conditions to reconcile findings from wild populations. Natural ICP1 isolates encode multiple spacers directed against PLE, but we find that single spacers do not equally interfere with PLE mobilization. High-throughput sequencing to assay spacer acquisition reveals that ICP1 can also acquire spacers that target the V. cholerae chromosome. We find that targeting the V. cholerae chromosome proximal to PLE is sufficient to block PLE and propose a model in which indirect chromosomal spacers are able to circumvent PLE by Cas2-3-mediated processive degradation of the V. cholerae chromosome before PLE mobilization. Generally, laboratory acquired spacers are much more diverse than the subset of spacers maintained by ICP1 in nature, showing how evolutionary pressures can constrain CRISPR-Cas targeting in ways that are often not appreciated through in vitro analyses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McKitterick, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LeGault, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angermeyer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seed, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/381962</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Competition between mobile genetic elements drives optimization of a phage-encoded CRISPR-Cas system: Insights from a natural arms-race]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/382127v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Carbon monoxide, a retrograde messenger generated in post-synaptic mushroom body neurons evokes local dopamine release 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/382127v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dopaminergic neurons innervate extensive areas of the brain and release dopamine (DA) onto a wide range of target neurons. However, DA release is also precisely regulated, and in Drosophila, DA is released specifically onto mushroom body (MB) neurons, which have been coincidentally activated by cholinergic and glutamatergic inputs. The mechanism for this precise release has been unclear. Here we found that coincidentally activated MB neurons generate carbon monoxide (CO) which functions as a retrograde signal evoking local DA release from presynaptic terminals. CO production depends on activity of heme oxygenase in post-synaptic MB neurons, and CO-evoked DA release requires Ca2+ efflux through ryanodine receptors in DA terminals. CO is only produced in MB areas receiving coincident activation, and removal of CO using scavengers blocks DA release. We propose that DA neurons utilize two distinct modes of transmission to produce global and local DA signaling.nnSIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTDopamine (DA) is needed for various higher brain functions including memory formation. However, DA neurons form extensive synaptic connections, while memory formation requires highly specific and localized DA release. Here we identify a mechanism through which DA release from presynaptic terminals is controlled by postsynaptic activity. Postsynaptic neurons activated by cholinergic and glutamatergic inputs generate carbon monoxide, which acts as a retrograde messenger inducing presynaptic DA release. Released DA is required for memory-associated plasticity. Our work identifies a novel mechanism that restricts DA release to the specific postsynaptic sites that require DA during memory formation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ueno, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morstein, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ofusa, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naganos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzuki-Sawano, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minegishi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitagishi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horiuchi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saitoe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/382127</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Carbon monoxide, a retrograde messenger generated in post-synaptic mushroom body neurons evokes local dopamine release]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/383810v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Individual differences in dopamine are associated with reward discounting in clinical groups but not in healthy adults 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/383810v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Some people are more willing to make immediate, risky, or costly reward-focused choices than others, which has been hypothesized to be associated with individual differences in dopamine (DA) function. In two studies using PET imaging, one empirical (Study 1: N=144 males and females across 3 samples) and one meta-analytic (Study 2: N=307 across 12 samples), we sought to characterize associations between individual differences in DA and time, probability, and physical effort discounting in human adults. Study 1 demonstrated that individual differences in DA D2-like receptors were not associated with time or probability discounting of monetary rewards in healthy humans, and associations with physical effort discounting were inconsistent across adults of different ages. Meta-analytic results for temporal discounting corroborated our empirical finding for minimal effect of DA measures on discounting in healthy individuals, but suggested that associations between individual differences in DA and reward discounting depend on clinical features. Addictions were characterized by negative correlations between DA and discounting but other clinical conditions like Parkinsons Disease, obesity, and ADHD were characterized by positive correlations between DA and discounting. Together the results suggest that trait differences in discounting in healthy adults do not appear to be strongly associated with individual differences in D2-like receptors. The difference in meta-analytic correlation effects between healthy controls and individuals with psychopathology suggests that individual difference findings related to DA and reward discounting in clinical samples may not be reliably generalized to healthy controls, and vice-versa.nnSignificance StatementDecisions to forgo large rewards for smaller ones due to increasing time delays, uncertainty, or physical effort have been linked to differences in dopamine (DA) function, which is disrupted in some forms of psychopathology. It remains unclear whether alterations in DA function associated with psychopathology also extend to explaining associations between DA function and decision making in healthy individuals. We show that individual differences in dopamine D2 receptor availability are not consistently related to monetary discounting of time, probability, or physical effort in healthy individuals across a broad age range. By contrast, we suggest that psychopathology accounts for observed inconsistencies in the relationship between measures of dopamine function and reward discounting behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Castrellon, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seaman, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dang, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowan, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zald, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samanez-Larkin, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/383810</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Individual differences in dopamine are associated with reward discounting in clinical groups but not in healthy adults]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/384958v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
3D Tissue elongation via ECM stiffness-cued junctional remodeling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/384958v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Organs are sculpted by extracellular as well as cell-intrinsic forces, but how collective cell dynamics are orchestrated in response to microenvironmental cues is poorly understood. Here we apply advanced image analysis to reveal ECM-responsive cell behaviors that drive elongation of the Drosophila follicle, a model 3D system in which basement membrane stiffness instructs tissue morphogenesis. Through in toto morphometric analyses of WT and  round egg mutants, we find that neither changes in average cell shape nor oriented cell division are required for appropriate organ shape. Instead, a major element is a reorientation of elongated cells at the follicle anterior. Polarized reorientation is regulated by mechanical cues from the basement membrane, which are transduced by the Src tyrosine kinase to alter junctional E-cadherin trafficking. This mechanosensitive cellular behavior represents a conserved mechanism that can elongate  edgeless tubular epithelia in a process distinct from those that elongate bounded, planar epithelia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, D.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crest, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streichan, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bilder, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/384958</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[3D Tissue elongation via ECM stiffness-cued junctional remodeling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/384982v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Condensin controls mitotic chromosome stiffness and stability without forming a structurally contiguous scaffold 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/384982v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During cell division, chromosomes must be folded into their compact mitotic form to ensure their segregation. This process is thought to be largely controlled by the action of condensin SMC protein complexes on chromatin fibers. However, how condensins organize metaphase chromosomes is not understood. We have combined micromanipulation of single human mitotic chromosomes, sub-nanonewton force measurement, siRNA interference of condensin subunit expression, and fluorescence microscopy, to analyze the role of condensin in large-scale chromosome organization. Condensin depletion leads to a dramatic (~10 fold) reduction in chromosome elastic stiffness relative to the native, non-depleted case. We also find that prolonged metaphase stalling of cells leads to overloading of chromosomes with condensin, with abnormally high chromosome stiffness. These results demonstrate that condensin is a main element controlling the stiffness of mitotic chromosomes. Isolated, slightly stretched chromosomes display a discontinuous condensing staining pattern, suggesting that condensins organize mitotic chromosomes by forming isolated compaction centers that do not form a continuous scaffold.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marko, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biggs, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hornick, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/384982</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Condensin controls mitotic chromosome stiffness and stability without forming a structurally contiguous scaffold]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/385153v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MEMS-Actuated Carbon Fiber Microelectrode for Neural Recording 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/385153v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microwire and microelectrode arrays used for cortical neural recording typically consist of tens to hundreds of recording sites, but often only a fraction of these sites are in close enough proximity to firing neurons to record single-unit activity. Recent work has demonstrated precise, depth-controllable mechanisms for the insertion of single neural recording electrodes, but these methods are mostly only capable of inserting electrodes which elicit adverse biological response. We present an electrostatic-based actuator capable of inserting individual carbon fiber microelectrodes which elicit minimal to no adverse biological response. The device is shown to insert a carbon fiber recording electrode into an agar brain phantom and can record an artificial neural signal in saline. This technique provides a platform generalizable to many microwire-style recording electrodes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zoll, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schindler, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Massey, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drew, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maharbiz, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pister, K. S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/385153</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MEMS-Actuated Carbon Fiber Microelectrode for Neural Recording]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/386292v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lateral gene transfer shapes the distribution of RuBisCO among Candidate Phyla Radiation bacteria and DPANN archaea 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/386292v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO) is considered to be the most abundant enzyme on Earth. Despite this, its full diversity and distribution across the domains of life remain to be determined. Here, we leverage a large set of bacterial, archaeal, and viral genomes recovered from the environment to expand our understanding of existing RuBisCO diversity and the evolutionary processes responsible for its distribution. Specifically, we report a new type of RuBisCO present in Candidate Phyla Radiation (CPR) bacteria that is related to the archaeal Form III enzyme and contains the amino acid residues necessary for catalytic activity. Genome-level metabolic analyses supported the inference that these RuBisCO function in a nucleotide-based, CO2-incorporating pathway. Importantly, some Gottesmanbacteria (CPR) also encode a phosphoribulokinase that may augment carbon metabolism through a partial Calvin-Benson-Bassham Cycle. Based on the scattered distribution of RuBisCO and its discordant evolutionary history, we conclude that this enzyme has been extensively laterally transferred across the CPR bacteria and DPANN archaea. We also report RuBisCO-like proteins in phage genomes from diverse environments. These sequences cluster with proteins in the Beckwithbacteria (CPR), implicating phage as a possible mechanism of RuBisCO transfer. Finally, we synthesize our metabolic and evolutionary analyses to suggest that lateral gene transfer of RuBisCO may have facilitated major shifts in carbon metabolism in several important bacterial and archaeal lineages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castelle, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dupont, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/386292</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lateral gene transfer shapes the distribution of RuBisCO among Candidate Phyla Radiation bacteria and DPANN archaea]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/386896v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AICM: A Genuine Framework for Correcting Inconsistency Between Large Pharmacogenomics Datasets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/386896v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The inconsistency of open pharmacogenomics datasets produced by different studies limits the usage of pharmacogenomics in biomarker discovery. Investigation of multiple pharmacogenomics datasets confirmed that the pairwise sensitivity data correlation between drugs, or rows, across different studies (drug-wise) is relatively low, while the pairwise sensitivity data correlation between cell-lines, or columns, across different studies (cell-wise) is considerably strong. This common interesting observation across multiple pharmacogenomics datasets suggests the existence of subtle consistency among the different studies (i.e., strong cell-wise correlation). However, significant noises are also shown (i.e., weak drug-wise correlation) and have prevented researchers from comfortably using the data directly. Motivated by this observation, we propose a novel framework for addressing the inconsistency between large-scale pharmacogenomics data sets. Our method can significantly boost the drug-wise correlation and can be easily applied to re-summarized and normalized datasets proposed by others. We also investigate our algorithm based on many different criteria to demonstrate that the corrected datasets are not only consistent, but also biologically meaningful. Eventually, we propose to extend our main algorithm into a framework, so that in the future when more data-sets become publicly available, our framework can hopefully offer a "ground-truth" guidance for references.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hu, Z. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newbury, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/386896</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AICM: A Genuine Framework for Correcting Inconsistency Between Large Pharmacogenomics Datasets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/387365v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Data-adaptive pipeline for filtering and normalizing metabolomics data. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/387365v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionUntargeted metabolomics datasets contain large proportions of uninformative features and are affected by a variety of nuisance technical effects that can bias subsequent statistical analyses. Thus, there is a need for versatile and data-adaptive methods for filtering and normalizing data prior to investigating the underlying biological phenomena.nnObjectivesHere, we propose and evaluate a data-adaptive pipeline for metabolomics data that are generated by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry platforms.nnMethodsOur data-adaptive pipeline includes novel methods for filtering features based on blank samples, proportions of missing values, and estimated intra-class correlation coefficients. It also incorporates a variant of k-nearest-neighbor imputation of missing values. Finally, we adapted an RNA-Seq approach and R package, scone, to select an appropriate normalization scheme for removing unwanted variation from metabolomics datasets.nnResultsUsing two metabolomics datasets that were generated in our laboratory from samples of human blood serum and neonatal blood spots, we compared our data-adaptive pipeline with a traditional filtering and normalization scheme. The data-adaptive approach outperformed the traditional pipeline in almost all metrics related to removal of unwanted variation and maintenance of biologically relevant signatures. The R code for running the data-adaptive pipeline is provided with an example dataset at https://github.com/courtneyschiffman/Data-adaptive-metabolomics.nnConclusionOur proposed data-adaptive pipeline is intuitive and effectively reduces technical noise from untargeted metabolomics datasets. It is particularly relevant for interrogation of biological phenomena in data derived from complex matrices associated with biospecimens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schiffman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrick, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perttula, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yano, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlsson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitehead, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metayer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edmands, W. M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rappaport, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudoit, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/387365</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Data-adaptive pipeline for filtering and normalizing metabolomics data.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/387399v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dub-seq: dual-barcoded shotgun expression library sequencing for high-throughput characterization of functional traits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/387399v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A major challenge in genomics is the knowledge gap between sequence and its encoded function. Gain-of-function methods based on gene overexpression are attractive avenues for phenotype-based functional screens, but are not easily applied in high-throughput across many experimental conditions. Here, we present Dual Barcoded Shotgun Expression Library Sequencing (Dub-seq), a method that greatly increases the throughput of genome-wide overexpression assays. In Dub-seq, a shotgun expression library is cloned between dual random DNA barcodes and the precise breakpoints of DNA fragments are associated to the barcode sequences prior to performing assays. To assess the fitness of individual strains carrying these plasmids, we use DNA barcode sequencing (BarSeq), which is amenable to large-scale sample multiplexing. As a demonstration of this approach, we constructed a Dub-seq library with total Escherichia coli genomic DNA, performed 155 genome-wide fitness assays in 52 experimental conditions, and identified 813 genes with high-confidence overexpression phenotypes across 4,151 genes assayed. We show that Dub-seq data is reproducible, accurately recapitulates known biology, and identifies hundreds of novel gain-of-function phenotypes for E. coli genes, a subset of which we verified with assays of individual strains. Dub-seq provides complementary information to loss-of-function approaches such as transposon site sequencing or CRISPRi and will facilitate rapid and systematic functional characterization of microbial genomes.nnImportanceMeasuring the phenotypic consequences of overexpressing genes is a classic genetic approach for understanding protein function; for identifying drug targets, antibiotic and metal resistance mechanisms; and for optimizing strains for metabolic engineering. In microorganisms, these gain-of-function assays are typically done using laborious protocols with individually archived strains or in low-throughput following qualitative selection for a phenotype of interest, such as antibiotic resistance. However, many microbial genes are poorly characterized and the importance of a given gene may only be apparent under certain conditions. Therefore, more scalable approaches for gain-of-function assays are needed. Here, we present Dual Barcoded Shotgun Expression Library Sequencing (Dub-seq), a strategy that couples systematic gene overexpression with DNA barcode sequencing for large-scale interrogation of gene fitness under many experimental conditions at low cost. Dub-seq can be applied to many microorganisms and is a valuable new tool for large-scale gene function characterization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mutalik, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novichkov, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owens, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callaghan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutschbauer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/387399</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dub-seq: dual-barcoded shotgun expression library sequencing for high-throughput characterization of functional traits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/388108v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Measuring Illumina Size Bias Using REcount: A Novel Method for Highly Accurate Quantification of Engineered Genetic Constructs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/388108v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Quantification of DNA sequence tags associated with engineered genetic constructs underlies many genomics measurements. Typically, such measurements are done using PCR to enrich sequence tags and add adapters, followed by next-generation sequencing (NGS). However, PCR amplification can introduce significant quantitative error into these measurements. Here we describe REcount, a novel PCR-free direct counting method for NGS-based quantification of engineered genetic constructs. By comparing measurements of defined plasmid pools to droplet digital PCR data, we demonstrate that this method is highly accurate and reproducible. We further demonstrate that the REcount approach is amenable to multiplexing through the use of orthogonal restriction enzymes. Finally, we use REcount to provide new insights into clustering biases due to molecule length across different Illumina sequencing platforms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gohl, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Billstein, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDevitt, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckman, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/388108</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Measuring Illumina Size Bias Using REcount: A Novel Method for Highly Accurate Quantification of Engineered Genetic Constructs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/388280v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A speech envelope landmark for syllable encoding in human superior temporal gyrus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/388280v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Listeners use the slow amplitude modulations of speech, known as the envelope, to segment continuous speech into syllables. However, the underlying neural computations are heavily debated. We used high-density intracranial cortical recordings while participants listened to natural and synthesized control speech stimuli to determine how the envelope is represented in the human superior temporal gyrus (STG), a critical auditory brain area for speech processing. We found that the STG does not encode the instantaneous, moment-by-moment amplitude envelope of speech. Rather, a zone of the middle STG detects discrete acoustic onset edges, defined by local maxima in the rate-of-change of the envelope. Acoustic analysis demonstrated that acoustic onset edges reliably cue the information-rich transition between the consonant-onset and vowel-nucleus of syllables. Furthermore, the steepness of the acoustic edge cued whether a syllable was stressed. Synthesized amplitude-modulated tone stimuli showed that steeper edges elicited monotonically greater cortical responses, confirming the encoding of relative but not absolute amplitude. Overall, encoding of the timing and magnitude of acoustic onset edges in STG underlies our perception of the syllabic rhythm of speech.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oganian, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/388280</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A speech envelope landmark for syllable encoding in human superior temporal gyrus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/389288v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist mediates type I interferon-driven susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/389288v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) causes tuberculosis (TB) and is responsible for more human mortality than any other single pathogen1. Although ~1.7 billion people are infected with Mtb2, most infections are asymptomatic. Progression to active disease occurs in ~10% of infected individuals and is predicted by an elevated type I interferon (IFN) response3-8. Type I IFNs are vital for antiviral immunity, but whether or how they mediate susceptibility to Mtb has been difficult to study, in part because the standard C57BL/6 (B6) mouse model does not recapitulate the IFN-driven disease that appears to occur in humans3-5,8. Here we examined B6. Sst1S congenic mice that carry the C3H "sensitive" allele of the Sst1 locus that renders them highly susceptible to Mtb infections9,10. We found that B6.Sst1S mice exhibit markedly increased type I IFN signaling, and that type I IFNs were required for the enhanced susceptibility of B6. Sst1S mice to Mtb. Type I IFNs affect the expression of hundreds of genes, several of which have previously been implicated in susceptibility to bacterial infections11,12. Nevertheless, we found that heterozygous deficiency in just a single IFN target gene, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), is sufficient to reverse IFN-driven susceptibility to Mtb. As even a partial reduction in IL-1Ra levels led to significant protection, we hypothesized that IL-1Ra may be a plausible target for host-directed anti-TB therapy. Indeed, antibody-mediated neutralization of IL-1Ra provided therapeutic benefit to Mtb-infected B6. Sst1S mice. Our results illustrate how the diversity of inbred mouse strains can be exploited to better model human TB, and demonstrate that IL-1Ra is an important mediator of type I IFN-driven susceptibility to Mtb infections in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ji, D. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukaida, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramnik, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darwin, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vance, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/389288</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist mediates type I interferon-driven susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/393223v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structures of the substrate-engaged 26S proteasome reveal the mechanisms for ATP hydrolysis-driven translocation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/393223v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The 26S proteasome is the primary eukaryotic degradation machine and thus critically involved in numerous cellular processes. The hetero-hexameric ATPase motor of the proteasome unfolds and translocates targeted protein substrates into the open gate of a proteolytic core, while a proteasomal deubiquitinase concomitantly removes substrate-attached ubiquitin chains. However, the mechanisms by which ATP hydrolysis drives the conformational changes responsible for these processes have remained elusive. Here we present the cryo-EM structures of four distinct conformational states of the actively ATP-hydrolyzing, substrate-engaged 26S proteasome. These structures reveal how mechanical substrate translocation accelerates deubiquitination, and how ATP-binding, hydrolysis, and phosphate-release events are coordinated within the AAA+ motor to induce conformational changes and propel the substrate through the central pore.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>de la Pena, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodall, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gates, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lander, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/393223</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structures of the substrate-engaged 26S proteasome reveal the mechanisms for ATP hydrolysis-driven translocation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/394023v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The global distribution of Bacillus anthracis and associated anthrax risk to humans, livestock, and wildlife 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/394023v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacillus anthracis is a spore-forming, Gram-positive bacterium responsible for anthrax, an acute and commonly lethal infection that most significantly affects grazing livestock, wild ungulates and other herbivorous mammals, but also poses a serious threat to human health1, 2. The geographic extent of B. anthracis endemism is still poorly understood, despite multi-decade research on anthrax epizootic and epidemic dynamics around the world3, 4. Several biogeographic studies have focused on modeling environmental suitability for anthrax at local or national scales5-9, but many countries have limited or inadequate surveillance systems, even within known endemic regions. Here we compile an extensive global occurrence dataset for B. anthracis, drawing on confirmed human, livestock, and wildlife anthrax outbreaks. With these records, we use boosted regression trees10, 11 to produce the first map of the global distribution of B. anthracis as a proxy for anthrax risk. Variable contributions to the model support pre-existing hypotheses that environmental suitability for B. anthracis depends most strongly on soil characteristics such as pH that affect spore persistence, and the extent of seasonal fluctuations in vegetation, which plays a key role in transmission for herbivores12, 13. We apply the global model to estimate that 1.83 billion people (95% credible interval: 0.59--4.16 billion) live within regions of anthrax risk, but most of that population faces little occupational exposure to anthrax. More informatively, a global total of 63.8 million rural poor livestock keepers (95% CI: 17.5--168.6 million) and 1.1 billion livestock (95% CI: 0.4--2.3 billion) live within vulnerable regions. Human risk is concentrated in rural areas, and human and livestock vulnerability are both concentrated in rainfed systems throughout arid and temperate land across Eurasia, Africa, and North America. We conclude by mapping where anthrax risk overlaps with vulnerable wild ungulate populations, and therefore could disrupt sensitive conservation efforts for species like bison, pronghorn, and saiga that coincide with anthrax-prone, mixed-agricultural landscapes. Anthrax is a zoonotic disease caused by the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus anthracis, a generalist soil-transmitted pathogen found on every inhabited continent14, and several islands including Haiti and parts of the Philippines and Indonesia. Worldwide, an estimated 20,000 to 100,000 cases of anthrax occur annually, mostly in poor rural areas15. In clinical presentations of anthrax, case fatality rates are a function of exposure pathway. Respiratory exposure from spore inhalation is important the context of bioterrorism, but is highly uncommon, and accounts for a negligible fraction of the global burden of anthrax cases. Cutaneous exposure to B. anthracis accounts for the majority of human cases worldwide, and typically presents with low mortality; gastrointestinal exposure accounts for the remainder and presents with intermediate to high fatality rates. Cutaneous and gastrointestinal cases of anthrax are most commonly caused by handling and slaughtering infected livestock, or butchering and eating contaminated meat; untreated gastrointestinal cases likely account for most human mortality from anthrax.14-16
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carlson, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kracalik, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hugh-Jones, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fegan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elkin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Epp, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shury, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagirova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Getz, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackburn, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/394023</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The global distribution of Bacillus anthracis and associated anthrax risk to humans, livestock, and wildlife]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/396572v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Automated Behavioral Apparatus to Assess Distal Forelimb Function in Non-Human Primates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/396572v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPrimate distal forelimb behaviors are commonly assessed using reach-to-grasp tasks. While these tasks are widely recognized as sensitive assays for forelimb function, they often require experimenter input, lack precise temporal cues for physiological monitoring, and can be expensive.nnNew MethodUsing components developed by open-source electronics platforms, we have designed and tested a low-cost system to measure distal forelimb function in non-human primates. Our system is inexpensive; it is made primarily of acrylic and 3D printed plastic parts. Our control software, developed in MATLAB, was also used to control two cameras in order to capture and process video during behavior. The system was equipped with sensors, motors and microcontrollers to control the timing of the task and facilitate synchronization between behavior and neurophysiology with high temporal precision.nnResultsWe demonstrate that this system can be used to monitor motor recovery after stroke and investigate neurophysiological correlates of motor control.nnComparison with Existing MethodsCompared to a previous version of this task, our setup reduces experimenter input while providing unbiased delivery of behavioral cues and behavioral measurements with the temporal precision necessary for electrophysiological studies.nnConclusionsIn summary, our system will allow unbiased monitoring of forelimb function in both healthy and injured animals that is compatible with electrophysiological studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Totten, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novik, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemoy, M.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmena, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morecraft, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganguly, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/396572</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Automated Behavioral Apparatus to Assess Distal Forelimb Function in Non-Human Primates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/397026v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Speaker-normalized vowel representations in the human auditory cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/397026v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humans identify speech sounds, the fundamental building blocks of spoken language, using the same cues, or acoustic dimensions, as those that differentiate the voices of different speakers. The correct interpretation of speech cues is hence uncertain, and requires normalizing to the specific speaker. Here we assess how the human brain uses speaker-related contextual information to constrain the processing of speech cues. Using high-density electrocorticography, we recorded local neural activity from the cortical surface of participants who were engaged in a speech sound identification task. The speech sounds were preceded by speech from different speakers whose voices differed along the same acoustic dimension that differentiated the target speech sounds (the first formant; the lowest resonance frequency of the vocal tract). We found that the same acoustic speech sound tokens were perceived differently, and evoked different neural responses in auditory cortex, when they were heard in the context of different speakers. Such normalization involved the rescaling of acoustic-phonetic representations of speech, demonstrating a form of recoding before the signal is mapped onto phonemes or higher level linguistic units. This process is the result of auditory cortex sensitivity to the contrast between the dominant frequencies in speech sounds and those in their just preceding context. These findings provide important insights into the mechanistic implementation of normalization in human listeners. Moreover, they provide the first direct evidence of speaker-normalized speech sound representations in human parabelt auditory cortex, highlighting its critical role in resolving variability in sensory signals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sjerps, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/397026</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Speaker-normalized vowel representations in the human auditory cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/403527v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell transcriptomics identifies drivers of local inflammation in multiple sclerosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/403527v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protects the central nervous system (CNS) and analyzing CSF aids the diagnosis of CNS diseases, but our understanding of CSF leukocytes remains superficial. Here, we firstly provide a transcriptional map of single leukocytes in CSF compared to blood. Leukocyte composition and transcriptome were compartment-specific with CSF-enrichment of myeloid dendritic cells and a border-associated phenotype of monocytes.nnWe secondly tested how multiple sclerosis (MS) - an autoimmune disease of the CNS - affected both compartments. MS increased transcriptional diversity in blood, while it preferentially increased cell type diversity in CSF. In addition to the known expansion of B lineage cells, we identified an increase of cytotoxic-phenotype and follicular T helper (TFH) cells in the CSF. In mice, TFH cells accordingly promoted B cell infiltration into the CNS and severity of MS animal models. Immune mechanisms in MS are thus highly compartmentalized and indicate local T/B cell interaction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schafflick, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartlehnert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lautwein, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buscher, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolbert, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meuth, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stettner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinschnitz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuhlmann, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiendl, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer zu Horste, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/403527</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell transcriptomics identifies drivers of local inflammation in multiple sclerosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/403600v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Formation of periodic pigment spots by the reaction-diffusion mechanism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/403600v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many organisms exhibit visually striking spotted or striped pigmentation patterns. Turings reaction-diffusion model postulates that such periodic pigmentation patterns form when a local autocatalytic feedback loop and a long-range inhibitory feedback loop interact. At its simplest, this network only requires one self-activating activator that also activates a repressor, which inhibits the activator and diffuses to neighboring cells. However, the molecular activators and repressors fully fitting this versatile model remain elusive. Here, we characterize an R2R3-MYB activator and an R3-MYB repressor in monkeyflowers that correspond to Turings model and explain how periodic anthocyanin spots form. Notably, disrupting this pattern impacts pollinator visitation. Thus, subtle changes in simple reaction-diffusion networks are likely essential contributors to the evolution of the remarkable diversity of periodic pigmentation patterns in flowers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ding, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holalu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanley, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenlee, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradshaw, H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackman, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, Y.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/403600</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Formation of periodic pigment spots by the reaction-diffusion mechanism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/405324v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sleep and Motor Control by a Basal Ganglia Circuit 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/405324v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
From invertebrates to humans, a defining feature of sleep is behavioral immobility(Campbell and Tobler, 1984; Hendricks et al., 2000; Shaw et al., 2000). In mammals, diminished electromyographic (EMG) activity is a major criterion for both rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM (NREM) sleep. However, the relationship between sleep and motor control at the neuronal level remains poorly understood. Here we show that regions of the basal ganglia long known to be essential for motor suppression also play a key role in sleep generation. Optogenetic or chemogenetic activation of GABAergic neurons in mouse substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) strongly increased both REM and NREM sleep, whereas their inactivation suppressed sleep and increased wakefulness. Analysis of natural home-cage behavior showed that mice transition sequentially through several behavioral states: locomotion, non-locomotor movement, quiet wakefulness, and sleep. Activation/inactivation of SNr neurons promoted/suppressed sleep by biasing the direction of progression through the natural behavioral sequence. Virus-mediated circuit tracing showed that SNr GABAergic neurons project to multiple wake-promoting monoaminergic cell groups in addition to the thalamus and mesencephalic locomotor region, and activating each projection promoted sleep. Within the thalamus, direct optogenetic inactivation of glutamatergic neurons is sufficient to enhance sleep, but the effect is largely restricted to the regions receiving SNr projection. Furthermore, a major source of excitatory inputs to the SNr is the subthalamic nucleus (STN), and activation of neurotensin-expressing glutamatergic neurons in the STN also promoted sleep. Together, these results demonstrate a key role of the STN-SNr basal ganglia pathway in sleep generation and reveal a novel circuit mechanism linking sleep and motor control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/405324</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sleep and Motor Control by a Basal Ganglia Circuit]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/406348v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TANGO1 and SEC12 are co-packaged with procollagen I to facilitate the generation of large COPII carriers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/406348v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large COPII-coated vesicles serve to convey the large cargo procollagen I (PC1) from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The link between large cargo in the lumen of the ER and modulation of the COPII machinery remains unresolved. TANGO1 is required for procollagen (PC) secretion and interacts with PC and COPII on opposite sides of the ER membrane, but evidence suggests that TANGO1 is retained in the ER, and not included in normal size (<100nm) COPII vesicles. Here we show that TANGO1 is exported out of the ER in large COPII-coated PC1 carriers, and retrieved back to the ER by the retrograde coat, COPI, mediated by the C-terminal RDEL retrieval sequence of HSP47. TANGO1 is known to target the COPII initiation factor SEC12 to ER exit sites through an interacting protein, cTAGE5. SEC12 is important for the growth of COPII vesicles, but it is not sorted into small budded vesicles. We found both cTAGE5 and SEC12 were exported with TANGO1 in large COPII carriers. In contrast to its exclusion from small transport vesicles, SEC12 was particularly enriched around ER membranes and large COPII carriers that contained PC1. We constructed a split GFP system to recapitulate the targeting of SEC12 to PC1 via the luminal domain of TANGO1. The minimal targeting system enriched SEC12 around PC1 and generated large PC1 carriers. We conclude that TANGO1, cTAGE5, and SEC12 are co-packed with PC1 into COPII carriers to increase the size of COPII thus ensuring the capture of large cargo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yuan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenny, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hemmati, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schekman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/406348</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TANGO1 and SEC12 are co-packaged with procollagen I to facilitate the generation of large COPII carriers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/407718v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temperature-responsive competitive inhibition of CRISPR-Cas9 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/407718v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas immune systems utilize RNA-guided nucleases to protect bacteria from bacteriophage infection. Bacteriophages have in turn evolved inhibitory  anti-CRISPR (Acr) proteins, including six inhibitors (AcrIIA1-6) that can block DNA cutting and genome editing by type II-A CRISPR-Cas9 enzymes. We show here that AcrIIA2 and its homologue, AcrIIA2b, prevent Cas9 binding to DNA by occluding protein residues required for DNA binding. Cryo-EM-determined structures of AcrIIA2 or AcrIIA2b bound to S. pyogenes Cas9 reveal a mode of competitive inhibition of DNA binding that is distinct from other known Acrs. Differences in the temperature dependence of Cas9 inhibition by AcrIIA2 and AcrIIA2b arise from differences in both inhibitor structure and the local inhibitor-binding environment on Cas9. These findings expand the natural toolbox for regulating CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing temporally, spatially and conditionally.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osuna, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berry, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rauch, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogales, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bondy-Denomy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/407718</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temperature-responsive competitive inhibition of CRISPR-Cas9]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/408849v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Social integration predicts mitochondrial DNA copy number in rhesus macaques 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/408849v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In many social mammals, social adversity predicts compromised health and reduced fitness. These effects are thought to be driven in part by chronic social stress, but their molecular underpinnings are not well understood. Recent work suggests that chronic stress can affect mitochondrial copy number, heteroplasmy rates, and function. Here, we tested the first two possibilities, for the first time in nonhuman primates. We manipulated dominance rank in captive female rhesus macaques (n=45), where low rank induces chronic social stress, and measured mitochondrial DNA copy number and heteroplasmy in five peripheral blood mononuclear cell types from each study subject. We found no effect of dominance rank on either mtDNA copy number or heteroplasmy rates. However, grooming rates, a measure of affiliative social behavior predicted by high social status, was positively associated with mtDNA copy number in B cells, cytotoxic T cells, and monocytes. Our results suggest that social interactions can influence mtDNA regulation in immune cells. Further, they indicate the importance of considering both affiliative and competitive interactions in investigating this relationship.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Debray, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder-Mackler, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barreiro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/408849</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Social integration predicts mitochondrial DNA copy number in rhesus macaques]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/409862v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unc93b1 recruits Syntenin-1 to dampen TLR7 signaling and prevent autoimmunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/409862v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recognition of nucleic acids enables detection of diverse pathogens by a limited number of innate immune receptors but also exposes the host to potential autoimmunity. At least two members of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family, TLR7 and TLR9, can recognize self RNA or DNA, respectively. Despite the structural and functional similarities between these receptors, their contribution to autoimmune diseases such as SLE can be quite different. However, mechanisms of negative regulation that differentiate between TLR7 and TLR9 have not been described. Here we report a new function for the TLR trafficking chaperone Unc93b1 that specifically limits TLR7 signaling and prevents TLR7-dependent autoimmunity. Unc93b1 is known to traffic TLRs from the endoplasmic reticulum to endosomes, but this new regulatory function does not affect TLR7 localization. Instead, Unc93b1 recruits Syntenin-1, which inhibits TLR7, but not TLR9, signaling. Syntenin-1 binding requires phosphorylation of two serine residues on Unc93b1, providing a mechanism for dynamic regulation of the activation threshold of TLR7. Disruption of the Unc93b1/Syntenin-1 interaction in mice results in TLR7-dependent autoimmunity. Thus, Unc93b1 not only enables proper trafficking of nucleic acid sensing TLRs but also sets the activation threshold of these potentially self-reactive receptors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Majer, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krogan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barton, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/409862</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unc93b1 recruits Syntenin-1 to dampen TLR7 signaling and prevent autoimmunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/410092v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An essential checkpoint for TLR9 signaling is release from 1 Unc93b1 in endosomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/410092v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractNucleic acid-sensing Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are subject to complex regulation to facilitate recognition of microbial DNA and RNA while limiting recognition of self-nucleic acids1. Failure to properly regulate nucleic acid-sensing TLRs can lead to autoimmune and autoinflammatory disease2-6. Intracellular localization of these receptors is thought to be critical for self vs. non-self discrimination7, yet the molecular mechanisms that reinforce compartmentalized activation of intracellular TLRs remain poorly understood. Here we describe a new mechanism that prevents TLR9 activation from locations other than endosomes. This control is achieved through the regulated release of TLR9 from its trafficking chaperone Unc93b1, which only occurs within endosomes and is required for ligand binding and signal transduction. Mutations in Unc93b1 that increase affinity for TLR9 impair release and result in defective signaling. The release is specific to TLR9, as TLR7 does not dissociate from Unc93b1 in endosomes. This work defines a novel checkpoint that reinforces self vs. non-self discrimination by TLR9 and provides a mechanism by which TLR9 and TLR7 activation can be distinctly regulated.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Majer, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Dis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barton, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/410092</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An essential checkpoint for TLR9 signaling is release from 1 Unc93b1 in endosomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/416214v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fast temporal dynamics and causal relevance of face processing in the human temporal cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/416214v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recordings with a large number of intracranial electrodes in eight neurosurgical subjects offered a unique opportunity to examine the fast temporal dynamics of face processing simultaneously across a relatively large extent of the human temporal cortex (TC). Measuring the power of slow oscillatory bands of activity ({theta}, , {beta}, and {gamma}) as well as High-Frequency Broadband (HFB, 70-177 Hz) signal, we found that the HFB showed the strongest univariate and multivariate changes in response to face compared to non-face stimuli. Using the HFB signal as a surrogate marker for local cortical engagement, we identified recording sites with selective responses to faces that were anatomically consistent across subjects and responded with graded strength to human, mammal, bird, and marine animal faces. Importantly, the most face selective sites were located more posteriorly and responded earlier than those with less selective responses to faces. Using machine learning based methods, we demonstrated that a sparse model focusing on information from the human face selective sites performed as well as, or better than, anatomically distributed models of face processing when discriminating faces from non-faces stimuli. Lastly, we identified the posterior fusiform (pFUS) site as causally the most relevant node for inducing distortion of face perception by direct electrical stimulation. Our findings support the notion of face information being processed first in the most selective sites - that are anatomically discrete and localizable within individual brains and anatomically consistent across subjects - which is then distributed in time to less selective anterior temporal sites within a time window that is too fast to be detected by current neuroimaging methods. The new information about the fast spatio-temporal dynamics of face processing across multiple sites of the human brain provides a new common ground for unifying the seemingly contradictory modular and distributed models of face processing in the human brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schrouff, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raccah, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baek, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangarajan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salehi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mourao-Miranda, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helili, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daitch, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parvizi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/416214</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fast temporal dynamics and causal relevance of face processing in the human temporal cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/420604v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Different capsid-binding patterns of the β-herpesvirus-specific tegument protein pp150 (pM32/pUL32) in murine and human cytomegaloviruses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/420604v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The phosphoprotein pp150 is a structurally, immunogenically, and regulatorily important capsid-associated tegument protein abundant in {beta}-herpesviruses including cytomegaloviruses (CMV), but absent in -herpesviruses and {Gamma}-herpesviruses. In human CMV (HCMV), bridging across each triplex and three adjacent major capsid proteins (MCPs) is a group of three pp150 subunits in a "{bigtriangleup}"-shaped fortifying configuration, 320 of which encase and stabilize the genome-containing capsid. Because murine CMV (MCMV) has been used as a model for HCMV pathogenesis and therapeutic studies, one might expect that pp150 and the capsid in MCMV and HCMV have similar structures. Here, by cryoEM and sub-particle reconstructions, we have obtained structures of MCMV capsid and pp150 at near atomic resolutions and built their atomic models. Surprisingly, the capsid-binding patterns of pp150 differ between HCMV and MCMV despite their highly similar capsid structures. In MCMV, pp150 is absent on triplex Tc and exists as a "{Lambda}"-shaped dimer on other triplexes, leading to only 260 groups of two pp150 subunits per capsid in contrast to 320 groups of three pp150 subunits encasing each HCMV capsid. Many more amino acids contribute to pp150-pp150 interactions in MCMV than in HCMV, making MCMV pp150 dimer inflexible thus incompatible to instigate triplex Tc-binding as observed in HCMV. While pp150 is essential in HCMV, pp150-deleted MCMV mutants remained viable though with attenuated infectivity and exhibiting defects in retaining viral genome. These results support targeting capsid proteins, but invalidate targeting pp150, when using MCMV as a model for HCMV pathogenesis and therapeutic studies.nnImportanceCMV infection is a leading viral cause of congenital birth defects and often responsible for life-threating complications in immunocompromised individuals like AIDS and post-organ transplantation patients. Absence of effective vaccines and potent drugs against CMV infections has motivated animal-based studies, mostly based on the mouse model with MCMV, both for understanding pathogenesis of CMV infections and for developing therapeutic strategies. Here, we present the first atomic structures of MCMV and show that the organization patterns of capsid-associated tegument protein pp150 between human and mouse CMV are different despite their highly similar capsid structures. Our functional studies demonstrate that deleting pp150 does not eliminate MCMV infection in contrast to pp150s essential role in HCMV infections. These results thus establish the validity to target capsid proteins, but raise concerns to target pp150, when using MCMV as HCMV model for pathogenesis and therapeutic studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jih, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mei, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balogun, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/420604</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Different capsid-binding patterns of the β-herpesvirus-specific tegument protein pp150 (pM32/pUL32) in murine and human cytomegaloviruses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/421412v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Serotype association with neonatal invasive potential, disease manifestation, and clinical outcome in group B Streptococcus: A Bayesian analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/421412v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundCase-carrier ratios quantifying the relative pathogenicity of serotypes can inform vaccine formulations for antigenically-diverse pathogens. However, sparse serotype-specific counts in epidemiologic datasets may undermine such analyses, most notably for rare serotypes that pose emergence risks in vaccinated populations. This challenge is well-illustrated in Group B streptococcus (GBS), where serotype III dominates in both carriage and disease.nnMethodsWe develop an empirical Bayes random-effects model based on conjugate Dirichlet-multinomial distributions of serotype frequencies in carriage and disease states. We validate the model using simulated datasets, and apply it to data from 15 paired sets of GBS isolates from intrapartum rectovaginal colonization (n=3403) and neonatal invasive disease (NID; n=1088), 16 from blood (n=2352) and cerebrospinal fluid (n=780) neonatal specimens, and 3 from fatal (n=173) and non-fatal (n=1684) neonatal invasive infections.nnResultsOur method accurately recovers parameters in simulated datasets. Using this approach, we confirm that GBS serotype III exhibits the greatest invasiveness, followed by serotype Ia with a 75.3% (95%CrI: 43.7-93.8%) lower estimate. Enhanced invasiveness of serotypes III and Ia is most evident in late-onset disease. Non-hexavalent-vaccine serotypes, which are rare in carriage and disease, generally show lower invasiveness; serotype IX/non-typeable GBS, the most prevalent cause of non-vaccine-preventable disease, is 98.7% (81.7-99.9%) and 94.2% (13.9-99.6%) less invasive than serotypes III and Ia, respectively.nnConclusionsWe present a strategy for measuring associations of serotype with carrier and disease states in the presence of sparse counts, avoiding biases that exist in common ad-hoc approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lewnard, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowley, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/421412</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Serotype association with neonatal invasive potential, disease manifestation, and clinical outcome in group B Streptococcus: A Bayesian analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/423368v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microbial communities across a hillslope-riparian transect shaped by proximity to the stream, groundwater table, and weathered bedrock 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/423368v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Watersheds are important suppliers of freshwater for human societies. Within mountainous watersheds, microbial communities impact water chemistry and element fluxes as water from precipitation events discharges through soils and underlying weathered rock, yet there is limited information regarding the structure and function of these communities. Within the East River, CO watershed, we conducted a depth-resolved, hillslope to riparian zone transect study to identify factors that control how microorganisms are distributed and their functions. Metagenomic and geochemical analyses indicate that distance from the East River and proximity to groundwater and underlying weathered shale strongly impact microbial community structure and metabolic potential. Riparian zone microbial communities are compositionally distinct from all hillslope communities. Bacteria from phyla lacking isolated representatives consistently increase in abundance with increasing depth, but only in the riparian zone saturated sediments did we find Candidate Phyla Radiation bacteria. Riparian zone microbial communities are functionally differentiated from hillslope communities based on their capacities for carbon and nitrogen fixation and sulfate reduction. Selenium reduction is prominent at depth in weathered shale and saturated riparian zone sediments. We anticipate that the drivers of community composition and metabolic potential identified throughout the studied transect will predict patterns across the larger watershed hillslope system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lavy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geller McGrath, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matheus Carnevali, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tokunaga, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubbard, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/423368</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microbial communities across a hillslope-riparian transect shaped by proximity to the stream, groundwater table, and weathered bedrock]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/423509v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Multi-Domain Task Battery Reveals Functional Boundaries in the Human Cerebellum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/423509v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is compelling evidence that the human cerebellum is engaged in a wide array of motor and cognitive tasks. A fundamental question centers on whether the cerebellum is organized into distinct functional sub-regions. To address this question, we employed a rich task battery, designed to tap into a broad range of cognitive processes. During four functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) sessions, participants performed a battery of 26 diverse tasks comprising 47 unique conditions. Using the data from this multi-domain task battery, we derived a comprehensive functional parcellation of the cerebellar cortex, and evaluated it by predicting functional boundaries in a novel set of tasks. The new parcellation successfully identified distinct functional sub-regions, providing significant improvements over existing parcellations derived from task-free data. Lobular boundaries, commonly used to summarize functional data, did not coincide with functional subdivisions. This multi-domain task approach offers novel insights into the functional heterogeneity of the cerebellar cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>King, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez-Castillo, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poldrack, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diedrichsen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/423509</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Multi-Domain Task Battery Reveals Functional Boundaries in the Human Cerebellum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/428508v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular basis of human asparagine synthetase inhibitor specificity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/428508v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Expression of the enzyme human asparagine synthetase (ASNS) promotes metastatic progression in breast cancer, which affects L-asparagine levels and tumor cell invasiveness. Human ASNS has therefore emerged as a bona fide drug target for cancer therapy. We have reported a slow-onset, tight binding ASNS inhibitor with nanomolar affinity, but our compound exhibits poor cell permeability. On the other hand, we show here that this inhibitor exhibits remarkable selectivity for the human ASNS in HCT-116 cell lysates. By determining the first high-resolution (1.85 [A]) X-ray crystal structure for human ASNS, we have built a computational model of the enzyme complexed to our inhibitor, which provides the first insights into the intermolecular interactions mediating specificity. These findings should facilitate the development of a second generation of ASNS inhibitors, leading to the discovery of drugs to prevent metastasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radadiya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bisson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nordin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baumann, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imasaki, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wenzel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedelnikova, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berry, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomanbhoy, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozarich, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takagi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rice, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richards, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/428508</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular basis of human asparagine synthetase inhibitor specificity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/428656v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Industrial bees: when agricultural intensification doesn’t impact local disease prevalence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/428656v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIAlthough it is generally thought that the intensification of farming will result in higher disease prevalences there is little specific modelling testing this idea. We build multi-colony models to inform how  apicultural intensification is predicted to impact honeybee pathogen epidemiology at the apiary scale.nC_LIO_LICounter to the prevailing view, our models predict that intensification, captured though increased population sizes, changes in population network structure, and increased between-colony transmission, is likely to have little effect on disease prevalence within an apiary.nC_LIO_LIThe greatest impacts of intensification are found for diseases with relatively low R0 (basic reproduction number), however, such diseases cause little overall disease prevalence and therefore the impacts of intensification are minor. Furthermore, the smallest impacts of intensification are found for diseases with high R0 values, which we argue are typical of important honeybee diseases.nC_LIO_LIPolicy Implications: Our findings highlight a lack of support for the hypothesis that current and ongoing intensification leads to notably higher disease prevalences. More broadly, our work demonstrates the need for informative models of agricultural systems and management practices in order to understand the implications of management changes on diseases.nC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bartlett, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozins, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brosi, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delaplane, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Roode, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilfert, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boots, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/428656</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Industrial bees: when agricultural intensification doesn’t impact local disease prevalence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/428987v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A high-resolution map of non-crossover events in mice reveals impacts of genetic diversity on meiotic recombination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/428987v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During meiotic recombination in most mammals, hundreds of programmed DNA Double-Strand Breaks (DSBs) occur across all chromosomes in each cell at sites bound by the protein PRDM9. Faithful DSB repair using the homologous chromosome is essential for fertility, yielding either non-crossovers, which are frequent but difficult to detect, or crossovers. In certain hybrid mice, high sequence divergence causes PRDM9 to bind each homologue at different sites, "asymmetrically", and these mice exhibit meiotic failure and infertility, by unknown mechanisms. To investigate the impact of local sequence divergence on recombination, we intercrossed two mouse subspecies over five generations and deep-sequenced 119 offspring, whose high heterozygosity allowed detection of thousands of crossover and non-crossover events with unprecedented power and spatial resolution. Both crossovers and non-crossovers are strongly depleted at individual asymmetric sites, revealing that PRDM9 not only positions DSBs but also promotes their homologous repair by binding to the unbroken homologue at each site. Unexpectedly, we found that non-crossovers containing multiple mismatches repair by a different mechanism than single-mismatch sites, which undergo GC-biased gene conversion. These results demonstrate that local genetic diversity profoundly alters meiotic repair pathway decisions via at least two distinct mechanisms, impacting genome evolution and Prdm9-related hybrid infertility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bitoun, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altemose, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/428987</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A high-resolution map of non-crossover events in mice reveals impacts of genetic diversity on meiotic recombination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/431304v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Managing Marek’s disease in the egg industry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/431304v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The industrialization of farming has had an enormous impact. To most, this impact is viewed solely in the context of productivity, but the denser living conditions and shorter rearing periods of industrial livestock farms provide pathogens with an ideal opportunity to spread and evolve. For example, the industrialization of poultry farms drove the Mareks disease virus (MDV) to evolve from causing a mild paralytic syndrome to causing a highly contagious, globally prevalent, disease that can have up to a 100% mortality rate. Fortunately, the economic catastrophe that would occur from MDV evolution has been prevented through widespread use of live imperfect vaccines that limit disease symptoms, but fail to prevent transmission. Unfortunately, the continued rollout of such imperfect vaccines is steering the evolution of MDV towards an even greater virulence and an ability to evade vaccine protection. Thus, there is a need to investigate alternative economically viable control measures for their ability to inhibit MDV spread and evolution. In what follows we examine the economic viability of standard husbandry practices for their ability to inhibit the spread of both virulent MDV and very virulent MDV throughout an industrialized egg farm. To do this, we parameterized a dynamic MDV transmission model and calculate the loss in egg production due to disease. We find that the MDV strain as well as the cohort duration had the greatest influence on disease burden and hence egg production. Additionally, we find that the standard husbandry practice involving conventional cages, often referred to as "battery cages", results in the least per capita loss in egg production due to MDV infection when compared to alternative enriched or aviary (free-run) systems for virulent MDV, but not very virulent MDV, in which case the Aviary system performs the best. These results highlight an important cost that managers will face when implementing new hen husbandry practices.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rozins, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Day, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenhalgh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/431304</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Managing Marek’s disease in the egg industry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/432054v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dengue antigenic relationships predict evolutionary dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/432054v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dengue virus (DENV) exists as four genetically distinct serotypes, each of which is historically assumed to be antigenically uniform. However, recent analyses suggest that antigenic heterogeneity may exist within each serotype, but its source, extent and impact remain unclear. Here, we construct a sequence-based model to directly map antigenic change to underlying genetic divergence. We identify 49 specific substitutions and four colinear substitution clusters that contribute to dengue antigenic diversity. We report moderate antigenic diversity within each serotype, resulting in variation in genotype-specific patterns of heterotypic cross-neutralization. We also quantify the impact of this antigenic heterogeneity on real-world DENV population dynamics. We find that antigenic fitness mediates fluctuations in DENV clade frequencies, although this appears to be primarily explained by coarser serotype-level antigenic differences. These results provide a more nuanced understanding of dengue antigenic evolution, with important ramifications for vaccine design and epidemic preparedness.nnAuthor SummaryDengue virus (DENV), the causative agent of dengue hemorrhagic fever, exists as four genetically distinct serotypes, DENV1 to DENV4. These serotypes are antigenically distinct: symptomatic reinfection with a homotypic virus is very rare, while reinfection with a heterotypic virus is sometimes associated with severe disease. Until recently, it has been assumed that viruses within each serotype are antigenically uniform. However, specific genotypes within each serotype have been anecdotally associated with varying severity of patient outcomes and epidemic magnitude. One hypothesis is that each serotype contains overlooked, meaningful antigenic diversity. While antigenic cartography conducted on neutralization titers suggests that heterogeneity may exist within each serotype, its source, extent and impact is unclear. Here, we analyze a previously published titer dataset to quantify and characterize the extent of DENV intraserotype antigenic diversity. We map antigenic changes to specific mutations in E, the dengue envelope protein, and interpolate across the alignment to estimate the antigenic distance between pairs of viruses based on their genetic differences. We identify 49 specific substitutions and four colinear substitution clusters that contribute to dengue antigenic evolution. We find that DENV antigenic divergence is tightly coupled to DENV genetic divergence, and is likely a gradual, ongoing process. We report modest but significant antigenic diversity within each serotype of DENV, which may have important ramifications for vaccine design. To understand the impact of this antigenic heterogeneity on real-world DENV population dynamics, we also quantify the extent to which population immunity--accumulated through recent circulation of antigenically similar genotypes--determines the success and decline of DENV clades in a hyperendemic population. We find that antigenic fitness is a key determinant of DENV population turnover, although this appears to be driven by coarser serotype-level antigenic differences. By leveraging both molecular data and real-world population dynamics, these results provide a more nuanced understanding of dengue antigenic evolution, with important ramifications for improving vaccine design and epidemic preparedness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bell, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katzelnick, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedford, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/432054</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dengue antigenic relationships predict evolutionary dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/432716v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In vivo selection for corrected β-globin alleles after CRISPR/Cas9 editing in human sickle hematopoietic stem cells enhances therapeutic potential 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/432716v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sickle Cell Disease (SCD), one of the worlds most common genetic disorders, causes anemia and progressive multiorgan damage that typically shortens lifespan by decades; currently there is no broadly applicable curative therapy. Here we show that Cas9 RNP-mediated gene editing with an ssDNA oligonucleotide donor yields markerless correction of the sickle mutation in more than 30% of long-term engrafting human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), using a selection-free protocol that is directly applicable to a clinical setting. We further find that in vivo erythroid differentiation markedly enriches for corrected {beta}-globin alleles. Adoption of a high-fidelity Cas9 variant demonstrates that this approach can yield efficient editing with almost no off-target events. These findings indicate that the sickle mutation can be corrected in human HSCs at curative levels with a streamlined protocol that is ready to be translated into a therapy.nnONE SENTENCE SUMMARYCas9-mediated correction of the sickle mutation in human hematopoietic stem cells can be accomplished at curative levels.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Magis, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeWitt, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyman, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vu, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heo, S.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hennig, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romero, Z. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campo-Fernandez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNeill, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rettig, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behlke, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohn, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boffelli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walters, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corn, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, D. I. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/432716</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In vivo selection for corrected β-globin alleles after CRISPR/Cas9 editing in human sickle hematopoietic stem cells enhances therapeutic potential]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/436204v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High local mutual information drives the response in the human language network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/436204v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The fronto-temporal language network responds robustly and selectively to sentences. But the features of linguistic input that drive this response and the computations these language areas support remain debated. Two key features of sentences are typically confounded in natural linguistic input: words in sentences a) are semantically and syntactically combinable into phrase- and clause-level meanings, and b) occur in an order licensed by the languages grammar. Inspired by recent psycholinguistic work establishing that language processing is robust to word order violations, we hypothesized that the core linguistic computation is composition, and, thus, can take place even when the word order violates the grammatical constraints of the language. This hypothesis predicts that a linguistic string should elicit a sentence-level response in the language network as long as the words in that string can enter into dependency relationships as in typical sentences. We tested this prediction across two fMRI experiments (total N=47) by introducing a varying number of local word swaps into naturalistic sentences, leading to progressively less syntactically well-formed strings. Critically, local dependency relationships were preserved because combinable words remained close to each other. As predicted, word order degradation did not decrease the magnitude of the BOLD response in the language network, except when combinable words were so far apart that composition among nearby words was highly unlikely. This finding demonstrates that composition is robust to word order violations, and that the language regions respond as strongly as they do to naturalistic linguistic input as long as composition can take place.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mollica, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegelman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diachek, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piantadosi, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mineroff, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Futrell, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedorenko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/436204</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High local mutual information drives the response in the human language network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/436998v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Harnessing the Anti-Cancer Natural Product Nimbolide for Targeted Protein Degradation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/436998v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nimbolide, a terpenoid natural product derived from the Neem tree, impairs cancer pathogenicity across many types of human cancers; however, the direct targets and mechanisms by which nimbolide exerts its effects are poorly understood. Here, we used activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) chemoproteomic platforms to discover that nimbolide reacts with a novel functional cysteine crucial for substrate recognition in the E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF114. Nimbolide impairs breast cancer cell proliferation by disrupting RNF114 substrate recognition, leading to inhibition of ubiquitination and degradation of the tumor-suppressor p21, resulting in its rapid stabilization. We further demonstrate that nimbolide can be harnessed to recruit RNF114 as an E3 ligase in targeted protein degradation applications and show that synthetically simpler scaffolds are also capable of accessing this unique reactive site. Our study highlights the utility of ABPP platforms in uncovering unique druggable modalities accessed by natural products for cancer therapy and drug discovery applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spradlin, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brittain, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bussiere, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tallarico, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKenna, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schirle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maimone, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomura, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/436998</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Harnessing the Anti-Cancer Natural Product Nimbolide for Targeted Protein Degradation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/439125v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Covalent Ligand Screening Uncovers a RNF4 E3 Ligase Recruiter for Targeted Protein Degradation Applications 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/439125v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Targeted protein degradation has arisen as a powerful strategy for drug discovery allowing the targeting of undruggable proteins for proteasomal degradation. This approach most often employs heterobifunctional degraders consisting of a protein-targeting ligand linked to an E3 ligase recruiter to ubiquitinate and mark proteins of interest for proteasomal degradation. One challenge with this approach, however, is that only few E3 ligase recruiters currently exist for targeted protein degradation applications, despite the hundreds of known E3 ligases in the human genome. Here, we utilized activity-based protein profiling (ABPP)-based covalent ligand screening approaches to identify cysteine-reactive small-molecules that react with the E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF4 and provide chemical starting points for the design of RNF4-based degraders. The hit covalent ligand from this screen reacted with either of two zinc-coordinating cysteines in the RING domain, C132 and C135, with no effect on RNF4 activity. We further optimized the potency of this hit and incorporated this potential RNF4 recruiter into a bifunctional degrader linked to JQ1, an inhibitor of the BET family of bromodomain proteins. We demonstrate that the resulting compound CCW 28-3 is capable of degrading BRD4 in a proteasome- and RNF4-dependent manner. In this study, we have shown the feasibility of using chemoproteomics-enabled covalent ligand screening platforms to expand the scope of E3 ligase recruiters that can be exploited for targeted protein degradation applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ward, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinman, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, C. Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petri, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tallarico, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKenna, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schirle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomura, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/439125</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Covalent Ligand Screening Uncovers a RNF4 E3 Ligase Recruiter for Targeted Protein Degradation Applications]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/440693v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The key parameters that govern translation efficiency 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/440693v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Translation of mRNA into protein is a fundamental yet complex biological process with multiple factors that can potentially affect its efficiency. In particular, different genes can have quite different initiation rates, while site-specific elongation rates can vary substantially along a given transcript. Here, we analyze a stochastic model of translation dynamics to identify the key parameters that govern the overall rate of protein synthesis and the efficiency of ribosome usage. The mathematical model we study is an interacting particle system that generalizes the Totally Asymmetric Simple Exclusion Process (TASEP), where particles correspond to ribosomes. While the TASEP and its variants have been studied for the past several decades through simulations and mean field approximations, a general analytic solution has remained challenging to obtain. By analyzing the so-called hydrodynamic limit, we here obtain exact closed-form expressions for stationary currents and particle densities that agree well with Monte Carlo simulations. In addition, we provide a complete characterization of phase transitions in the system. Surprisingly, phase boundaries depend on only four parameters: the particle size, and the first, last and minimum particle jump rates. Relating these theoretical results to translation, we formulate four design principles that detail how to tune these parameters to optimize translation efficiency in terms of protein production rate and resource usage. We then analyze ribosome profiling data of S. cerevisiae and demonstrate that its translation system is generally efficient, consistent with the design principles we found. We discuss implications of our findings on evolutionary constraints and codon usage bias.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Erdmann-Pham, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dao Duc, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/440693</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The key parameters that govern translation efficiency]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/441303v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Elevated de novo fatty acid biosynthesis gene expression promotes melanoma cell survival and drug resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/441303v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Elevated de novo fatty acid biosynthesis (DNFA) is a hallmark adaptation in many cancers that supports survival, proliferation, and metastasis. Here we elucidate previously unexplored aspects of transcription regulation and clinical relevance of DNFA in melanomas. We show that elevated expression of DNFA genes is characteristic of many tumor types and correlates with poor prognosis. Elevated DNFA gene expression depends on transcription factor SREBP1 in multiple melanoma cell lines. SREBP1 predominantly binds to the transcription start sites of DNFA genes, directly regulating transcription via RNA polymerase II recruitment and productive elongation. We find that SREBP1-regulated DNFA represents an intrinsic survival mechanism in melanoma cells, regardless of proliferative state and oncogenic mutation status. Indeed, malignant melanoma cells exhibit elevated DNFA gene expression after pro-survival signaling pathways are blocked (e.g. by the BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib). Altogether, these results implicate SREBP1 and DNFA enzymes as enticing therapeutic targets in melanomas.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/441303</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Elevated de novo fatty acid biosynthesis gene expression promotes melanoma cell survival and drug resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/441923v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The ULK1-FBXW5-SEC23B nexus controls autophagy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/441923v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In response to nutrient deprivation, the cell needs to mobilize an extensive amount of membrane to form and grow the autophagosome, allowing the progression of autophagy. By providing membranes and a source for LC3 lipidation, COPII (Coat Protein Complex II) localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) and promotes autophagosome biogenesis. However, the molecular mechanisms that, in response to starvation, divert COPII from the secretory pathway to the autophagic pathway are largely unknown. Here, we show that the F-box protein FBXW5 targets SEC23B, a component of COPII, for proteasomal degradation and that this event limits the autophagic flux in the presence of nutrients. In response to starvation, ULK1 phosphorylates SEC23B on Serine 186, preventing the interaction of SEC23B with FBXW5 and, therefore, inhibiting its degradation. Phosphorylated and stabilized SEC23B associates with SEC24A and SEC24B, but not SEC24C and SEC24D, and they re-localize to the ERGIC, promoting autophagic flux. Induction of autophagy and localization of both SEC23B and SEC24B to the ERGIC in response to nutrient deprivation are significantly reduced in SEC23B(S186A) knock-in cells. We propose that, in the presence of nutrients, FBXW5 limits COPII-mediated autophagosome biogenesis. Inhibition of this event by ULK1 ensures efficient execution of the autophagic cascade in response to nutrient starvation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pagano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeong, Y.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simoneschi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keegan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melville, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adler, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saraf, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Florens, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Washburn, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavasotto, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fenyö, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuervo, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/441923</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The ULK1-FBXW5-SEC23B nexus controls autophagy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/442459v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryo-EM structures of the DCPIB-inhibited volume-regulated anion channel LRRC8A in lipid nanodiscs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/442459v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hypoosmotic conditions activate volume-regulated anion channels in vertebrate cells. These channels are formed by leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 8 (LRRC8) family members and contain LRRC8A in homo- or hetero-hexameric assemblies. Here we present single-particle cryo-electron microscopy structures of LRRC8A in complex with the inhibitor DCPIB reconstituted in lipid nanodiscs. DCPIB plugs the channel like a cork in a bottle - binding in the extracellular selectivity filter and sterically occluding ion conduction. Constricted and expanded structures reveal coupled dilation of cytoplasmic LRRs and the channel pore, suggesting a mechanism for channel gating by internal stimuli. Conformational and symmetry differences between LRRC8A structures determined in detergent micelles and lipid bilayers related to reorganization of intersubunit lipid binding sites demonstrate a critical role for the membrane in determining channel structure. These results provide insight into LRRC8 gating and inhibition and the role of lipids in the structure of an ionic-strength sensing ion channel.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kern, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hite, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brohawn, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/442459</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryo-EM structures of the DCPIB-inhibited volume-regulated anion channel LRRC8A in lipid nanodiscs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/443473v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hopanoid composition mediates bacterial ethanol tolerance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/443473v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hopanoids are abundant membrane lipids found in diverse bacterial lineages, but their physiological roles are not well understood. The ethanol fermenter Zymomonas mobilis features the highest measured concentration of hopanoids, leading to the hypothesis that these lipids can protect against bacterial solvent toxicity. However, the lack of genetic tools for manipulating hopanoid composition in vivo has limited their further functional analysis. Because of polyploidy (> 50 genome copies per cell), we found that disruptions of essential hopanoid biosynthesis (hpn) genes in Z. mobilis act as genetic knockdowns, reliably modulating the abundance of different hopanoid species. Using a set of hpn transposon mutants, we demonstrate that both reduced hopanoid content and modified hopanoid head group composition mediate growth and survival in ethanol. In contrast, the amount of hopanoids, but not their polar group composition, contributes to fitness at low pH. Spectroscopic analysis of model membranes showed that hopanoids protect against several ethanol-driven phase transitions in membrane structure, including lipid interdigitation and bilayer dissolution. We propose that hopanoids act through a combination of hydrophobic and inter-lipid hydrogen bonding interactions to stabilize bacterial membranes against solvent stress.nnGraphical abstractnnO_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=196 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/443473v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">nView larger version (57K):norg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@119f9adorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@5701bcorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@330bfaorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1574d44_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Budin, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenac, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baidoo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keasling, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/443473</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hopanoid composition mediates bacterial ethanol tolerance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/445585v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A normalized template matching method for improving spike detection in extracellular voltage recordings 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/445585v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spike sorting is the process of detecting and clustering action potential waveforms from extracellular voltage recordings to identify spikes of putative single neurons. Typically, spike detection is done using a fixed voltage threshold and shadow period, but this approach can lead to missed spikes during high firing rate epochs or noisy conditions. We developed a novel spike detection method utilizing a computationally simple form of template matching that efficiently detects spikes from candidate single units and is tolerant of high firing rates and electrical noise without a whitening filter. Template matching was based on a sliding cosine similarity between mean spike waveforms of candidate single units and the extracellular voltage signal. Performance was tested in whisker somatosensory cortex (S1) of anesthetized mice in vivo. The method consistently detected whisker-evoked spikes that were missed by a standard fixed voltage threshold. Detection was most improved for spikes evoked by strong stimuli (40-70% increase), less improved for weaker stimuli, and unchanged for spontaneous spiking. This reflected the failure of standard detection during spatiotemporally dense spiking. Template-based detection revealed higher signal-to-noise ratio for sensory responses and sharper sensory tuning. Thus, this template matching method (and other model-based spike detection methods) critically improve the quantification of single-unit spiking activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Laboy-Juarez, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahn, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldman, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/445585</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A normalized template matching method for improving spike detection in extracellular voltage recordings]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/445817v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Processing of grassland soil C-N compounds into soluble and volatile molecules is depth stratified and mediated by genomically novel bacteria and archaea 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/445817v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Soil microbial activity drives the carbon and nitrogen cycles and is an important determinant of atmospheric trace gas turnover, yet most soils are dominated by organisms with unknown metabolic capacities. Even Acidobacteria, among the most abundant bacteria in soil, remain poorly characterized, and functions across groups such as Verrucomicrobia, Gemmatimonadetes, Chloroflexi, Rokubacteria are understudied. Here, we resolved sixty metagenomic, and twenty proteomic datasets from a grassland soil ecosystem and recovered 793 near-complete microbial genomes from 18 phyla, representing around one third of all organisms detected. Importantly, this enabled extensive genomics-based metabolic predictions for these understudied communities. Acidobacteria from multiple previously unstudied classes have genomes that encode large enzyme complements for complex carbohydrate degradation. Alternatively, most organisms we detected encode carbohydrate esterases that strip readily accessible methyl and acetyl groups from polymers like pectin and xylan, forming methanol and acetate, the availability of which could explain high prevalences of C1 metabolism and acetate utilization in genomes. Organism abundances among samples collected at three soil depths and under natural and amended rainfall regimes indicate statistically higher associations of inorganic nitrogen metabolism and carbon degradation in deep and shallow soils, respectively. This partitioning decreased in samples under extended spring rainfall indicating long term climate alteration can affect both carbon and nitrogen cycling. Overall, by leveraging natural and experimental gradients with genome-resolved metabolic profiles, we link organisms lacking prior genomic characterization to specific roles in complex carbon, C1, nitrate, and ammonia transformations and constrain factors that impact their distributions in soil.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Diamond, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andeer, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crits-Christoph, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burstein, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anantharaman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lane, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Northen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/445817</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Processing of grassland soil C-N compounds into soluble and volatile molecules is depth stratified and mediated by genomically novel bacteria and archaea]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/448621v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss of the Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan Glypican5 facilitates long range Shh signaling. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/448621v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As a morphogen, Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) mediates signaling at a distance from its sites of synthesis. After secretion, Shh must traverse a distance through the extracellular matrix (ECM) to reach the target cells and activate the Hh response. Extracellular matrix proteins, in particular the Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans (HSPGs) of the Glypican family have both negative and positive effects on non-cell autonomous Shh signaling, all attributed to their ability to bind Shh. Using mouse embryonic stem cell-derived mosaic tissues with compartments that lack the glycosyltransferases Exostosin1 (Ext1) and Exostosin2 (Ext2), or the HSPG core protein Glypican5 we show that cells surrounded by a mutated extracellular matrix are highly proficient distributing Shh. In contrast, cells that lack Ext1 function poorly secrete Shh. Our results confirm earlier observations that HSPGs can have both positive (Shh export) and negative influences (Shh distribution), and are supporting a model in which Shh presented on the cell surface in the context of HSPGs preferentially distributes into ECM that lacks HSPGs, possibly due to the absence of Shh sequestering molecules.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guo, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roelink, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/448621</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss of the Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan Glypican5 facilitates long range Shh signaling.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/448639v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Candidate Phyla Radiation Roizmanbacteria from hot springs have novel, unexpectedly abundant, and potentially alternatively functioning CRISPR-Cas systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/448639v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Candidate Phyla Radiation (CPR) comprises a huge group of bacteria that have small genomes that rarely encode CRISPR-Cas systems for phage defense. Consequently, questions remain about their mechanisms of phage resistance and the nature of phage that infect them. The compact CRISPR-CasY system (Cas12d) with potential value in genome editing was first discovered in these organisms. Relatively few CasY sequences have been reported to date, and little is known about the function and activity of these systems in the natural environment. Here, we conducted a genome-resolved metagenomic investigation of hot spring microbiomes and recovered CRISPR systems mostly from Roizmanbacteria that involve CasY proteins that are divergent from published sequences. Within population diversity in the spacer set indicates current in situ diversification of most of the loci. In addition to CasY, some Roizmanbacteria genomes also encode large type I-B and/or III-A systems that, based on spacer targeting, are used in phage defense. CRISPR targeting identified three phage represented by complete genomes and a prophage, which are the first reported for bacteria of the Microgenomates superphylum. Interestingly, one phage encodes a Cas4-like protein, a scenario that has been suggested to drive acquisition of self-targeting spacers. Consistent with this, the Roizmanbacteria population that it infects has a CRISPR locus that includes self-targeting spacers and a fragmented CasY gene (fCasY). Despite gene fragmentation, the PAM sequence is the same as that of other CasY reported in this study. Fragmentation of CasY may avoid the lethality of self-targeting spacers. However, the spacers may still have some biological role, possibly in genome regulation. The findings expand our understanding of CasY diversity, and more broadly, CRISPR-Cas systems and phage of CPR bacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Shayeb, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meheust, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/448639</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Candidate Phyla Radiation Roizmanbacteria from hot springs have novel, unexpectedly abundant, and potentially alternatively functioning CRISPR-Cas systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/448829v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The population history of northeastern Siberia since the Pleistocene 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/448829v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Far northeastern Siberia has been occupied by humans for more than 40 thousand years. Yet, owing to a scarcity of early archaeological sites and human remains, its population history and relationship to ancient and modern populations across Eurasia and the Americas are poorly understood. Here, we analyze 34 ancient genome sequences, including two from fragmented milk teeth found at the ~31.6 thousand-year-old (kya) Yana RHS site, the earliest and northernmost Pleistocene human remains found. These genomes reveal complex patterns of past population admixture and replacement events throughout northeastern Siberia, with evidence for at least three large-scale human migrations into the region. The first inhabitants, a previously unknown population of "Ancient North Siberians" (ANS), represented by Yana RHS, diverged ~38 kya from Western Eurasians, soon after the latter split from East Asians. Between 20 and 11 kya, the ANS population was largely replaced by peoples with ancestry related to present-day East Asians, giving rise to ancestral Native Americans and "Ancient Paleosiberians" (AP), represented by a 9.8 kya skeleton from Kolyma River. AP are closely related to the Siberian ancestors of Native Americans, and ancestral to contemporary communities such as Koryaks and Itelmen. Paleoclimatic modelling shows evidence for a refuge during the last glacial maximum (LGM) in southeastern Beringia, suggesting Beringia as a possible location for the admixture forming both ancestral Native Americans and AP. Between 11 and 4 kya, AP were in turn largely replaced by another group of peoples with ancestry from East Asia, the "Neosiberians" from which many contemporary Siberians derive. We detect gene flow events in both directions across the Bering Strait during this time, influencing the genetic composition of Inuit, as well as Na Dene-speaking Northern Native Americans, whose Siberian-related ancestry components is closely related to AP. Our analyses reveal that the population history of northeastern Siberia was highly dynamic throughout the Late Pleistocene and Holocene. The pattern observed in northeastern Siberia, with earlier, once widespread populations being replaced by distinct peoples, seems to have taken place across northern Eurasia, as far west as Scandinavia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sikora, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitulko, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sousa, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allentoft, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasmussen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margaryan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Barros Damgaard, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de la Fuente Castro, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renaud, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dupanloup, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giampoudakis, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bravo Nogues, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahbek, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kroonen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peyrot, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McColl, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasilyev, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veselovskaya, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerasimova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavlova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chasnyk, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikolskiy, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grebenyuk, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedorchenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lebedintsev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malyarchuk, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meldgaard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martiniano, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arppe, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundell, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mannermaa, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Putkonen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandersen, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Primeau, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahli, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sjögren, K.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kristiansen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>W</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/448829</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The population history of northeastern Siberia since the Pleistocene]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/450189v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A comparison of visual features used by humans and machines to classify wildlife 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/450189v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In our quest to develop more intelligent machines, knowledge of the visual features used by machines to classify objects shall be helpful. The current state of the art in training machines to classify wildlife species from camera-trap data is to employ convolutional neural networks (CNN) encoded within deep learning algorithms. Here we report on results obtained in training a CNN to classify 20 African wildlife species with an overall accuracy of 87.5% from a dataset containing 111,467 images. We then used a gradient-weighted class-activation-mapping (Grad-CAM) procedure to extract the most salient pixels in the final convolution layer. We show that these pixels highlight features in particular images that are in most, but not all, cases similar to those used to train humans to identify these species. Further, we used mutual information methods to identify the neurons in the final convolution layer that consistently respond most strongly across a set of images of one particular species, and we then interpret the features in the image where the strongest responses occur. We also used hierarchical clustering of feature vectors (i.e., the state of the final fully-connected layer in the CNN) associated with each image to produce a visual similarity dendrogram of identified species. Finally, we evaluated how images that were not part of the training set fell within our dendrogram when these images were one of the 20 species "known" to our CNN in contrast to where they fell when these images were "unknown" to our CNN.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaynor, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muellerklein, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norouzzadeh, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McInturff, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowie, R. C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nathon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, S. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Getz, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/450189</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A comparison of visual features used by humans and machines to classify wildlife]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/450254v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Massively parallel fitness profiling reveals multiple novel enzymes in Pseudomonas putida lysine metabolism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/450254v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The lysine metabolism of Pseudomonas putida can produce multiple important commodity chemicals and is implicated in rhizosphere colonization. However, despite intensive study, the biochemical and genetic links between lysine metabolism and central metabolism remain unresolved in P. putida. Here, we leverage Random Barcode Transposon Sequencing (RB-TnSeq), a genome-wide assay measuring the fitness of thousands of genes in parallel, to identify multiple novel enzymes in both L- and D-lysine metabolism. We first describe three pathway enzymes that catabolize 2-aminoadipate (2AA) to 2-ketoglutarate (2KG) connecting D-lysine to the TCA cycle. One of these enzymes, PP_5260, contains a DUF1338 domain, a family without a previously described biological function. We demonstrate PP_5260 converts 2-oxoadipate (2OA) to 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG), a novel biochemical reaction. We expand on recent work showing that the glutarate hydroxylase, CsiD, can co-utilize both 2OA and 2KG as a co-substrate in the hydroxylation of glutarate. Finally we demonstrate that the cellular abundance of D- and L-lysine pathway proteins are highly sensitive to pathway specific substrates. This work demonstrates the utility of RB-TnSeq for discovering novel metabolic pathways in even well-studied bacteria.nnImportanceO_LIP. putida is an attractive host for metabolic engineering as its lysine metabolism can be utilized for the production of multiple important commodity chemicals.nC_LIO_LIWe demonstrate the first biochemical evidence of a bacterial 2OA catabolic pathway to central metabolites.nC_LIO_LIDUF1338 proteins are widely dispersed across many kingdoms of life. Here we demonstrate the first biochemical evidence of function for a member of this protein family.nC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thompson, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blake-Hedges, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruz-Morales, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barajas, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curran, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benites, V. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gin, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eiben, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharpless, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishna, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baidoo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petzold, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutschbauer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keasling, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/450254</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Massively parallel fitness profiling reveals multiple novel enzymes in Pseudomonas putida lysine metabolism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/450536v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Accessible Continuous-Culture Turbidostat for Pooled Analysis of Complex Libraries 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/450536v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present an accessible, robust continuous-culture turbidostat system that enables biologists to generate and phenotypically analyze highly complex libraries in yeast and bacteria. Our system has many applications in genomics and systems biology; here, we demonstrate three of these uses. We first measure how the growth rate of budding yeast responds to limiting nitrogen at steady state and in a dynamically varying environment. We also demonstrate the direct selection of a diverse, genome-scale protein fusion library in liquid culture. Finally, we perform a comprehensive mutational analysis of the essential gene RPL28 in budding yeast, mapping sequence constraints on its wild-type function and delineating the binding site of the drug cycloheximide through resistance mutations. Our system can be constructed and operated with no specialized skills or equipment and applied to study genome-wide mutant pools and diverse libraries of sequence variants under well-defined growth conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McGeachy, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meacham, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingolia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/450536</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Accessible Continuous-Culture Turbidostat for Pooled Analysis of Complex Libraries]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/451005v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Massive gene amplification on a recently formed Drosophila Y chromosome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/451005v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Widespread loss of genes on the Y is considered a hallmark of sex chromosome differentiation. Here we show that the initial stages of Y evolution are driven by massive amplification of distinct classes of genes. The neo-Y chromosome of Drosophila miranda initially contained about 3000 protein-coding genes, but has gained over 3200 genes since its formation about 1.5 MY ago, primarily by tandem amplification of protein-coding genes ancestrally present on this chromosome. We show that distinct evolutionary processes may account for this drastic increase in gene number on the Y. Testis-specific and dosage sensitive genes appear to have amplified on the Y to increase male fitness. A distinct class of meiosis-related multi-copy Y genes independently co-amplified on the X, and their expansion is likely driven by conflicts over segregation. Co-amplified X/Y genes are highly expressed in testis, enriched for meiosis and RNAi functions, and are frequently targeted by small RNAs in testis. This suggests that their amplification is driven by X vs. Y antagonism for increased transmission, where sex chromosome drive suppression is likely mediated by sequence homology between the suppressor and distorter, through RNAi mechanism. Thus, our analysis suggests that newly emerged sex chromosomes are a battleground for sexual and meiotic conflict.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bachtrog, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahajan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/451005</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Massive gene amplification on a recently formed Drosophila Y chromosome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/452649v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tunable Transcriptional Interference at the Endogenous Alcohol Dehydrogenase Gene Locus in Drosophila melanogaster 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/452649v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neighboring sequences of a gene can influence its expression. In the phenomenon known as transcriptional interference, transcription at one region in the genome can repress transcription at a nearby region in cis. Transcriptional interference occurs at a number of eukaryotic loci, including the alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) gene in Drosophila melanogaster. Adh is regulated by two promoters, which are distinct in their developmental timing of activation. It has been shown using transgene insertion that when the promoter distal from the Adh start codon is deleted, transcription from the proximal promoter becomes de-regulated. As a result, the Adh proximal promoter, which is normally active only during the early larval stages, becomes abnormally activated in adults. Whether this type of regulation occurs in the endogenous Adh context, however, remains unclear. Here, we employed the CRISPR/Cas9 system to edit the endogenous Adh locus and found that removal of the distal promoter does also result in the untimely expression of the proximal promoter-driven mRNA isoform in adults, albeit at lower levels than previously reported. Importantly, we show that transcription from the distal promoter is sufficient to repress proximal transcription in larvae and that the degree of this repression depends on the degree of distal promoter activity. Finally, repression of the endogenous Adh proximal promoter is associated with the enrichment of histone 3 lysine 36 trimethylation (H3K36me3), a chromatin mark necessary for transcription-coupled gene repression in yeast. We conclude that the endogenous Adh locus is developmentally regulated by transcriptional interference in a tunable manner.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jorgensen, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vander Wende, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong-Deyrup, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brar, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawyer, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, L. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ünal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/452649</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tunable Transcriptional Interference at the Endogenous Alcohol Dehydrogenase Gene Locus in Drosophila melanogaster]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/452763v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptome profiling of pathogen-specific CD4 T cells identifies T-cell-intrinsic caspase-1 as an important regulator of Th17 differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/452763v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One sentence summaryOur study revealed that DCs shape distinct pathogen-specific CD4 T cell transcriptome and from which, we discovered an unexpected role for T-cell-intrinsic caspase-1 in promoting Th17 differentiation.nnABSTRACTDendritic cells (DCs) are critical for priming and differentiation of pathogen-specific CD4 T cells. However, to what extent innate cues from DCs dictate transcriptional changes in T cells leading to effector heterogeneity remains elusive. Here we have used an in vitro approach to prime naive CD4 T cells by DCs stimulated with distinct pathogens. We have found that such pathogen-primed CD4 T cells express unique transcriptional profiles dictated by the nature of the priming pathogen. In contrast to cytokine-polarized Th17 cells that display signatures of terminal differentiation, pathogen-primed Th17 cells maintain a high degree of heterogeneity and plasticity. Further analysis identified caspase-1 as one of the genes upregulated only in pathogen-primed Th17 cells but not in cytokine-polarized Th17 cells. T-cell-intrinsic caspase-1, independent of its function in inflammasome, is critical for inducing optimal pathogen-driven Th17 responses. More importantly, T cells lacking caspase-1 fail to induce colitis following transfer into RAG-deficient mice, further demonstrating the importance of caspase-1 for the development of pathogenic Th17 cells in vivo. This study underlines the importance of DC-mediated priming in identifying novel regulators of T cell differentiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deason, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irizarry-Caro, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dozmorov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rauch, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wakeland, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasare, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/452763</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptome profiling of pathogen-specific CD4 T cells identifies T-cell-intrinsic caspase-1 as an important regulator of Th17 differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/454066v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proximity RNA labeling by APEX-Seq Reveals the Organization of Translation Initiation Complexes and Repressive RNA Granules 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/454066v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diverse ribonucleoprotein complexes control messenger RNA processing, translation, and decay. Transcripts in these complexes localize to specific regions of the cell and can condense into non-membrane-bound structures such as stress granules. It has proven challenging to map the RNA composition of these large and dynamic structures, however. We therefore developed an RNA proximity labeling technique, APEX-Seq, which uses the ascorbate peroxidase APEX2 to probe the spatial organization of the transcriptome. We show that APEX-Seq can resolve the localization of RNAs within the cell and determine their enrichment or depletion near key RNA-binding proteins. Matching the spatial transcriptome, as revealed by APEX-Seq, with the spatial proteome determined by APEX-mass spectrometry (APEX-MS) provides new insights into the organization of translation initiation complexes on active mRNAs, as well as exposing unanticipated complexity in stress granule composition, and provides a powerful and general approach to explore the spatial environment of macromolecules.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Padron, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwasaki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingolia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/454066</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proximity RNA labeling by APEX-Seq Reveals the Organization of Translation Initiation Complexes and Repressive RNA Granules]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/454843v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic evolutionary history and gene content of sex chromosomes across diverse songbirds 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/454843v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Songbirds have a species number almost equivalent to that of mammals, and are classic models for studying mechanisms of speciation and sexual selection. Sex chromosomes are hotspots of both processes, yet their evolutionary history in songbirds remains unclear. To elucidate that, we characterize female genomes of 11 songbird species having ZW sex chromosomes, with 5 genomes of bird-of-paradise species newly produced in this work. We conclude that songbird sex chromosomes have undergone at least four steps of recombination suppression before their species radiation, producing a gradient pattern of pairwise sequence divergence termed  evolutionary strata. Interestingly, the latest stratum probably emerged due to a songbird-specific burst of retrotransposon CR1-E1 elements at its boundary, or chromosome inversion on the W chromosome. The formation of evolutionary strata has reshaped the genomic architecture of both sex chromosomes. We find stepwise variations of Z-linked inversions, repeat and GC contents, as well as W-linked gene loss rate that are associated with the age of strata. Over 30 W-linked genes have been preserved for their essential functions, indicated by their higher and broader expression of orthologs in lizard than those of other sex-linked genes. We also find a different degree of accelerated evolution of Z-linked genes vs. autosomal genes among different species, potentially reflecting their diversified intensity of sexual selection. Our results uncover the dynamic evolutionary history of songbird sex chromosomes, and provide novel insights into the mechanisms of recombination suppression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, L.-h.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peona, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, S.-h.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, G.-j.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blom, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christidis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prost, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irestedt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/454843</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic evolutionary history and gene content of sex chromosomes across diverse songbirds]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/456624v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The more you know: Investigating why adults get a bigger memory boost from semantic congruency than children 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/456624v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humans possess the capacity to employ prior knowledge in the service of our ability to remember; thus, memory is oftentimes superior for information that is semantically congruent with our prior knowledge. This congruency benefit grows during development, but little is understood about neurodevelopmental differences that underlie this growth. Here, we sought to explore the brain mechanisms underlying these phenomena. To this end, we examined the neural substrates of semantically congruent vs. incongruent item-context associations in 116 children and 25 young adults who performed encoding and retrieval tasks during functional MRI data collection. Participants encoded item-context pairs by judging whether an item belonged in a scene. Episodic memory was then tested with a source memory task. Consistent with prior work, source memory accuracy improved with age, and was greater for congruent than incongruent pairs; further, this congruency benefit was greater in adults than children. Age-related differences were observed across univariate, functional connectivity, and multivariate analyses, particularly in lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC). In sum, our results revealed two general age differences. First, left ventrolateral/rostrolateral PFC exhibited age-related increases in univariate activity, as well as greater functional connectivity with temporal regions during the processing of congruency. Second, right rostrolateral PFC activation was associated with successfully encoded congruent associations in adults, but not children. Finally, multivariate analyses provided evidence for stronger veridical memory in adults than children in right ventrolateral PFC. These effects in right lateral PFC were significantly correlated with memory performance, implicating them in the process of remembering congruent associations. These results connect brain regions associated with top-down control in the congruency benefit and age-related improvements therein.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghetti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brod, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bunge, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/456624</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The more you know: Investigating why adults get a bigger memory boost from semantic congruency than children]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/457937v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human APOBEC3G prevents emergence of infectious endogenous retrovirus in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/457937v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Endogenous retroviruses (ERV) are found throughout vertebrate genomes and failure to silence their activation can have deleterious consequences on the host. Introduction of mutations that subsequently prevent transcription of ERV loci is therefore an indispensable cell-intrinsic defense mechanism that maintains the integrity of the host genome. Abundant in vitro and in silico evidence have revealed that APOBEC3 cytidine-deaminases, including human APOBEC3G (hA3G) can potently restrict retrotransposition; yet in vivo data demonstrating such activity is lacking, particularly since no replication competent human ERV has been identified. In mice deficient for Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7), transcribed ERV loci can recombine and generate infectious ERV. In this study, we show that mice deficient in the only copy of Apobec3 in the genome did not have spontaneous reactivation of ERVs, nor elevated ERV reactivation when crossed to Tlr7-/- mice. In contrast, expression of a human APOBEC3G transgene abrogated emergence of infectious ERV in the Tlr7-/- background. No ERV RNA was detected in the plasma of hA3G+Apobec3-/-Tlr7-/- mice, and infectious ERV virions could not be amplified through co-culture with permissive cells. These data reveal that hA3G can potently restrict active ERV in vivo, and suggest that the expansion of the APOBEC3 locus in primates has helped restrict ERV reactivation in the human genome.nnImportanceAlthough APOBEC3 proteins are known to be important antiviral restriction factors in both mice and humans, their roles in the restriction of endogenous retroviruses (ERV) have been limited to in vitro studies. Here, we report that human APOBEC3G expressed as a transgene in mice prevents the emergence of infectious ERV from endogenous loci. This study reveals that APOBEC3G can powerfully restrict active retrotransposons in vivo and demonstrates how ectopic expression of human factors in transgenic mouse models can be used to investigate host mechanisms that inhibit retrotransposons and reinforce genomic integrity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Treger, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tokuyama, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwasaki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/457937</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human APOBEC3G prevents emergence of infectious endogenous retrovirus in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/460337v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling neural tuning in human ventral temporal cortex predicts the perception of visual ambiguity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/460337v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We have an amazing ability to categorize objects in the world around us. Nevertheless, how cortical regions in human ventral temporal cortex (VTC), which is critical for categorization, support this behavioral ability, is largely unknown. Here, we examined the relationship between neural responses and behavioral performance during the categorization of morphed silhouettes of faces and hands, which are animate categories processed in cortically adjacent regions in VTC. Our results reveal that the combination of neural responses from VTC face- and body-selective regions more accurately explains behavioral categorization than neural responses from either region alone. Furthermore, we built a model that predicts a persons behavioral performance using estimated parameters of brain-behavioral relationships from a different group of people. We further show that this brain-behavioral model generalizes to adjacent face- and body-selective regions in lateral occipito-temporal cortex. Thus, while face- and body-selective regions are located within functionally-distinct domain-specific networks, cortically adjacent regions from both networks likely integrate neural responses to resolve competing and perceptually ambiguous information from both categories.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosenke, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidenko, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grill-Spector, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/460337</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling neural tuning in human ventral temporal cortex predicts the perception of visual ambiguity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/464511v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prey’s traits mediate a neotropical toad diet 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/464511v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
B.O_LIDespite the widespread occurrence of myrmecophagy in anurans it is generally unclear whether ant-specialists feed on ants opportunistically or whether they preferentially select for certain species, potentially favoring specific morphological, ecological, or nutritional traits.nC_LIO_LIWe flushed 105 stomachs of a lowland neotropical toad, Rhinella alata, and identified each consumed ant to species level. We used linear selectivity to calculate predator preference by comparing the abundances of consumed species to their abundances in the leaf litter community on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. We conducted multiple regression models to test whether linear selectivity or general predator preference related to seven morphological characteristics and two measurements of nutritional content.nC_LIO_LIRhinella alata preferentially harvested 24 ant species. Other species were either avoided (n=34) or were eaten opportunistically (n=26). We found that R. alata predominantly preys upon large ants that are textured with hair and/or rugosity and preference for prey did not relate to nutrition content. Rhinella alata avoided small ants even if they were hyper abundant in the environment, and preferentially ate chemically-defended and aggressive ants if they were large enough.nC_LIO_LIWe propose that R. alata prefers large ants because they represent a more efficient prey item in terms of predator handling time and because they are easier to see than are smaller ants. Furthermore, we hypothesize that R. alata predation attempts are more successful when prey are textured because microstructures on the tongue and prey surface may increase prey adhesion.nC_LIO_LIThe ant specialist R. alata is not specializing on any particular ant species but rather maximizing prey quantity over quality by only eating the largest ants, despite their scarcity in the environment.nC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McElroy, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donoso, D. A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/464511</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prey’s traits mediate a neotropical toad diet]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/465195v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prawn aquaculture as a method for schistosomiasis control and poverty alleviation: a win-win approach to address a critical infectious disease of poverty 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/465195v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent evidence suggests crustacean snail predators may aid schistosomiasis control programs by targeting the environmental component of the parasites life cycle through predation of the snail species that serve as intermediate hosts of the parasite. We evaluate costs, benefits, and potential synergies between schistosomiasis control and aquaculture of giant prawns using an integrated bio-economic-epidemiologic model. We identified combinations of stocking density and aquaculture cycle length that maximize profit and offer disease control benefits for sustainable schistosomiasis control. We consider two prawn species in sub-Saharan Africa: the endemic, non-domesticated Macrobrachium vollenhovenii, and the non-native, domesticated Macrobrachium rosenbergii. We find that, at profit-optimal densities, both M. rosenbergii and M. vollenhovenii can complement conventional control approaches (mass drug treatment of people) and lead to sustainable schistosomiasis control. We conclude that integrated aquaculture strategies can be a win-win strategy in terms of health and sustainable development in schistosomiasis endemic regions of the world.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hoover, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sokolow, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kemp, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchirico, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lund, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higginson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riveau, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savaya-Alkalay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coyle, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Micheli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casagrandi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mari, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gatto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rinaldo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez-Saez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohr, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sagi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Remais, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Leo, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/465195</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prawn aquaculture as a method for schistosomiasis control and poverty alleviation: a win-win approach to address a critical infectious disease of poverty]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/465534v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The DeepTune framework for modeling and characterizing neurons in visual cortex area V4 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/465534v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deep neural network models have recently been shown to be effective in predicting single neuron responses in primate visual cortex areas V4. Despite their high predictive accuracy, these models are generally difficult to interpret. This limits their applicability in characterizing V4 neuron function. Here, we propose the DeepTune framework as a way to elicit interpretations of deep neural network-based models of single neurons in area V4. V4 is a midtier visual cortical area in the ventral visual pathway. Its functional role is not yet well understood. Using a dataset of recordings of 71 V4 neurons stimulated with thousands of static natural images, we build an ensemble of 18 neural network-based models per neuron that accurately predict its response given a stimulus image. To interpret and visualize these models, we use a stability criterion to form optimal stimuli (DeepTune images) by pooling the 18 models together. These DeepTune images not only confirm previous findings on the presence of diverse shape and texture tuning in area V4, but also provide rich, concrete and naturalistic characterization of receptive fields of individual V4 neurons. The population analysis of DeepTune images for 71 neurons reveals how different types of curvature tuning are distributed in V4. In addition, it also suggests strong suppressive tuning for nearly half of the V4 neurons. Though we focus exclusively on the area V4, the DeepTune framework could be applied more generally to enhance the understanding of other visual cortex areas.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abbasi-Asl, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloniarz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliver, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willmore, B. D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallant, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/465534</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The DeepTune framework for modeling and characterizing neurons in visual cortex area V4]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/465690v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lipid analysis of CO2-rich subsurface aquifers suggests an autotrophy-based deep biosphere with lysolipids enriched in CPR bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/465690v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sediment-hosted CO2-rich aquifers deep below the Colorado Plateau (USA) contain a remarkable diversity of uncultivated microorganisms, including Candidate Phyla Radiation (CPR) bacteria that are putative symbionts unable to synthesize membrane lipids. The origin of organic carbon in these ecosystems is unknown and the source of CPR membrane lipids remains elusive. We collected cells from deep groundwater brought to the surface by eruptions of Crystal Geyser, sequenced the community, and analyzed the whole community lipidome over time. Characteristic stable carbon isotopic compositions of microbial lipids suggest that bacterial and archaeal CO2 fixation ongoing in the deep subsurface provides organic carbon for the complex communities that reside there. Coupled lipidomic-metagenomic analysis indicates that CPR bacteria lack complete lipid biosynthesis pathways but still possess regular lipid membranes. These lipids may therefore originate from other community members, which also adapt to high in situ pressure by increasing fatty acid unsaturation. An unusually high abundance of lysolipids attributed to CPR bacteria may represent an adaptation to membrane curvature stress induced by their small cell sizes. Our findings provide new insights into the carbon cycle in the deep subsurface and suggest the redistribution of lipids into putative symbionts within this community.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Probst, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elling, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castelle, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elvert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birarda, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holman, H.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lane, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ladd, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woyke, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinrichs, K.-U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/465690</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lipid analysis of CO2-rich subsurface aquifers suggests an autotrophy-based deep biosphere with lysolipids enriched in CPR bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/467902v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis in mice induced by active immunization with conformationally-stabilized holoreceptors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/467902v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autoimmunity to membrane proteins in the central nervous system has been increasingly recognized as a cause of neuropsychiatric disease. A key recent development was the discovery of antibodies to NMDA receptors in limbic encephalitis, characterized by cognitive changes, memory loss, seizures and sometimes long-term morbidity or mortality. Treatment approaches and experimental studies have largely focused on the pathogenic role of these autoantibodies. Passive antibody transfer to mice has provided useful insights, but does not produce the full spectrum of the human disease. Here we describe a de novo autoimmune mouse model of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. Active immunization of immune competent mice with conformationally-stabilized, native-like NMDA receptors induced a fulminant encephalitis that was strikingly similar to the behavioral and pathologic characteristics of human cases. Our results provide evidence of neuroinflammation and immune cell infiltration as early and robust features of the autoimmune response. Use of transgenic mice indicated that mature T cells as well as antibody-producing cells were required for disease induction. Our results provide new insights into disease pathogenesis as well as a platform for testing mechanisms of disease initiation and therapeutic approaches.nnOne Sentence SummaryWe report an active immunization model of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis in mice that recapitulates the features of the clinical disease, provides new insights into the pathophysiology, and offers a platform for investigation of new therapeutic interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jones, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tovar, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goehring, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okada, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gouaux, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westbrook, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/467902</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis in mice induced by active immunization with conformationally-stabilized holoreceptors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/469189v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Open Humans: A platform for participant-centered research and personal data exploration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/469189v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMany aspects of our lives are now digitized and connected to the internet. As a result, individuals are now creating and collecting more personal data than ever before. This offers an unprecedented chance for human-participant research ranging from the social sciences to precision medicine. With this potential wealth of data come practical problems (such as how to merge data streams from various sources), as well as ethical problems (such as how to best balance risks and benefits when enabling personal data sharing by individuals).nnResultsTo begin to address these problems in real time, we present Open Humans, a community-based platform that enables personal data collections across data streams, giving individuals more personal data access and control of sharing authorizations, and enabling academic research as well as patient-led projects. We showcase data streams that Open Humans combines (e.g. personal genetic data, wearable activity monitors, GPS location records and continuous glucose monitor data), along with use cases of how the data facilitates various projects.nnConclusionsOpen Humans highlights how a community-centric ecosystem can be used to aggregate personal data from various sources as well as how these data can be used by academic and citizen scientists through practical, iterative approaches to sharing that strive to balance considerations with participant autonomy, inclusion, and privacy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Greshake Tzovaras, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arvai, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dulaney, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estrada-Galinanes, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunderson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Head, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nov, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaer, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bobe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price Ball, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/469189</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Open Humans: A platform for participant-centered research and personal data exploration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/469635v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unbiased detection of CRISPR off-targets in vivo using DISCOVER-Seq 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/469635v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome editing using nucleases such as CRISPR-Cas induces programmable DNA damage at a target genomic site but can also affect off-target sites. Here, we develop a powerful, sensitive assay for the unbiased identification of off-target sites that we term DISCOVER-Seq. This approach takes advantage of the recruitment of endogenous DNA repair factors for genome-wide identification of Cas-induced double-strand breaks. One such factor, MRE11, is recruited precisely to double-strand breaks, enabling molecular characterization of nuclease cut sites with single-base resolution. DISCOVER-Seq detects off-targets in cellular models and in vivo upon adenoviral gene editing of mouse livers, paving the way for real-time off-target discovery during therapeutic gene editing. DISCOVER-Seq is furthermore applicable to multiple types of Cas nucleases and provides an unprecedented view of events that precede repair of the affected sites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wienert, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyman, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeh, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akcakaya, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porritt, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morlock, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vu, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kazane, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watry, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Judge, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conklin, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maresca, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corn, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/469635</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unbiased detection of CRISPR off-targets in vivo using DISCOVER-Seq]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/470021v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Revisiting tradeoffs in Rubisco kinetic parameters 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/470021v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rubisco is the most abundant enzyme in the biosphere and one of the best-characterized enzymes. Based on correlations between Rubisco kinetic parameters, it is widely posited that tradeoffs embedded in the catalytic mechanism constrain its specificity and maximum catalytic rate. However, the reasoning that established this view was based on data from {approx}20 organisms. We re-examine these tradeoff models using a dataset from {approx}300 organisms. Most correlations are substantially attenuated, with the inverse relationship between carboxylation kcat and specificity SC/O being a key example. Only one tradeoff model survives in our dataset. In this model, increasing catalytic efficiency (kcat/KM) for carboxylation requires increased catalytic efficiency for the competing oxygenation reaction, evidenced by strong power-law correlation between catalytic efficiencies. Our results imply that Rubisco evolution is constrained primarily by the physicochemical limits of O2/CO2 discrimination, which should reframe efforts to engineer this very central enzyme.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Flamholz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prywes, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moran, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-On, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oltrogge, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/470021</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Revisiting tradeoffs in Rubisco kinetic parameters]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/471177v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A non-canonical arm of UPRER mediates longevity through ER remodeling and lipophagy. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/471177v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Longevity is dictated by a combination of environmental and genetic factors. One of the key mechanisms implicated in regulating lifespan extension is the ability to induce protein chaperones to promote protein homeostasis. However, it is unclear whether protein chaperones exclusively regulate longevity. Previous work has shown that activating the unfolded protein response of the endoplasmic reticulum (UPRER) in neurons can signal peripheral tissues to promote chaperone expression, thus enhancing organismal stress resistance and extending lifespan. Here, we find that this activation not only promotes chaperones, but facilitates a dramatic restructuring of ER morphology in intestinal cells. This restructuring, which includes depletion of lipid droplets, ER expansion, and ER tubulation, depends of lipophagy. Surprisingly, we find that lipophagy is required for lifespan extension and is completely independent of chaperone function. Therefore, UPR induction in neurons triggers two distinct programs in the periphery: the canonical arm through protein chaperones, and a non-canonical mechanism through lipid depletion. In summary, our study identifies lipophagy as an integral component of UPRER-induced longevity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Daniele, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higuchi-Sanabria, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramachandran, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durieux, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tronnes, S. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esping, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monshietehadi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metcalf, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dillin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/471177</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A non-canonical arm of UPRER mediates longevity through ER remodeling and lipophagy.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/471821v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Immuno-proteomic interrogation of dengue infection reveals novel HLA haplotype-specific MHC-I antigens 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/471821v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Broadly effective vaccines against dengue virus (DENV) infection have remained elusive, despite rising infection rates in the developing world. Infection-specific peptide ligands presented on Major Histocompatibility Complexes (MHC) open new avenues for developing T-cell-based interventions. Past efforts towards mapping viral MHC epitopes were based on computational predictions that only partially reflected actual antigen presentation. To empirically identify DENV-specific MHC ligands, we developed an immuno-proteomics approach for interrogating DENV- and self-derived MHC ligands from infected B-lymphocytes. Here, we report four fundamental findings: First, over 700 infection-specific MHC-ligands reflected host cellular responses to DENV that were not apparent from the proteome. Second, we report 121 viral MHC-I ligands (108 novel) which clustered into discrete hotspots across the DENV polyprotein, some of which spanned DENV polyprotein components, described here as MHC ligands for the first time. Third, we found DENV ligands which were distinctly presented by MHC alleles previously associated with either high or low anti-DENV response. Fourth, we demonstrate that while our in vitro assay only overlapped with a small fraction of previously described DENV T-cell epitopes, several novel MHC ligands identified here were recognized by T-cells from DENV-infected patients despite having low binding affinities. Together, these discoveries suggest that virus and host-derived MHC ligands have under-exploited potential for describing the cell biology of DENV infection, and as candidates for designing effective DENV vaccines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Swaminathan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olsson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lund, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marceau, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagar, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidney, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiskopf, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majzoub, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>deSilva, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sette, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carette, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elias, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/471821</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Immuno-proteomic interrogation of dengue infection reveals novel HLA haplotype-specific MHC-I antigens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/471847v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell whole-brain imaging and network analysis provide evidence of the three-stage hypothesis of addiction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/471847v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Three main theories of the neurobiology of addiction have been proposed: (1) incentive salience mediated by a brainstem-striatal network, (2) habit mediated by a cortico-striato-thalamic network, and (3) hedonic allostasis mediated by an extended amygdala network. Efforts have been made to reconcile these theories within a three-stage model, but the relevance of each theory remains controversial. We tested the validity of each theory with a single dataset using unbiased single-cell whole-brain imaging and data-driven analyses of neuronal activity in a mouse model of alcohol use disorder. Abstinence in alcohol dependent mice decreased brain modularity and resulted in clustering of brain regions that correspond to each stage of the three-stage theory of addiction. Furthermore, we identified several brain regions whose activity highly predicted addiction-like behaviors and "hub" regions that may drive neural activation during abstinence. These results validate the three-stage theory of addiction and identify potential target regions for future study.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kimbrough, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lurie, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collazo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreifeldt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidhu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Esposito, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Contet, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/471847</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell whole-brain imaging and network analysis provide evidence of the three-stage hypothesis of addiction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/473983v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A proactive genotype-to-patient-phenotype map for cystathionine beta-synthase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/473983v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Success in precision medicine depends on our ability to determine which rare human genetic variants have functional effects. Classical homocystinuria--characterized by elevated homocyst(e)ine in plasma and urine--is caused by primarily-rare variants in the cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) gene. About half of patients respond to vitamin B6 therapy. With early detection in newborns, existing therapies are highly effective. Functional CBS variants, especially those that respond to vitamin B6, can be detected based on their ability to restore growth in yeast cells lacking CYS4 (the yeast ortholog of CBS). This assay has previously been carried out only  reactively after first observation of a variant in patients. Here we describe a  proactive comprehensive missense variant effect map for human CBS. Together, saturation codon-replacement mutagenesis, en masse growth selection at different vitamin B6 levels, and sequencing yielded a  look-up table for CBS missense variant function and vitamin B6-remediability in yeast. The CBS variant effect map identified disease variants and predicted both disease severity (r = 0.82) and human clinical response to vitamin B6 (r = 0.89). Thus, highly-multiplexed cell-based assays can yield proactive maps of variant function and patient response to therapy, even for rare variants not previously seen in the clinic.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weile, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verby, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cote, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fotiadou, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitaygorodsky, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rine, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jesina, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozich, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, F. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/473983</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A proactive genotype-to-patient-phenotype map for cystathionine beta-synthase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/474361v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural Signatures of Prediction Errors in a Decision-making Task are Modulated by Action Execution Failures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/474361v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Decisions must be implemented through actions, and actions are prone to error. As such, when an expected outcome is not obtained, an individual should not only be sensitive to whether the choice itself was suboptimal, but also whether the action required to indicate that choice was executed successfully. The intelligent assignment of credit to action execution versus action selection has clear ecological utility for the learner. To explore this scenario, we used a modified version of a classic reinforcement learning task in which feedback indicated if negative prediction errors were, or were not, associated with execution errors. Using fMRI, we asked if prediction error computations in the human striatum, a key substrate in reinforcement learning and decision making, are modulated when a failure in action execution results in the negative outcome. Participants were more tolerant of non-rewarded outcomes when these resulted from execution errors versus when execution was successful but the reward was withheld. Consistent with this behavior, a model-driven analysis of neural activity revealed an attenuation of the signal associated with negative reward prediction error in the striatum following execution failures. These results converge with other lines of evidence suggesting that prediction errors in the mesostriatal dopamine system integrate high-level information during the evaluation of instantaneous reward outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McDougle, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butcher, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parvin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mushtaq, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niv, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/474361</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural Signatures of Prediction Errors in a Decision-making Task are Modulated by Action Execution Failures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/476713v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide screening reveals a novel class of carbonic anhydrase-like inorganic carbon transporters in chemoautotrophic bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/476713v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many bacterial autotrophs rely on CO2 concentrating mechanisms (CCMs) to assimilate carbon. Although many CCM proteins have been identified, including a 200+ MDa protein organelle called the carboxysome, a systematic screen of CCM components has not been carried out. Here, we performed a genome-wide barcoded transposon screen to identify essential and CCM-related genes in the {gamma}-proteobacterium H. neapolitanus. Our screen revealed an operon encoding a domain of unknown function (PFAM:PF10070) and putative cation transporter subunit (PFAM:PF00361) is critical for CCM function. These two proteins, which we name DabA and DabB for "DABs accumulate bicarbonate," function as a heterodimeric, energy-coupled inorganic carbon pump in E. coli. Furthermore, DabA has distant homology to a {beta}-carbonic anhydrase and binds a zinc ion necessary for activity. Based on these results, we propose that DABs function as vectorial CAs coupled to cation gradients and serve as inorganic carbon pumps throughout prokaryotic phyla.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Desmarais, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flamholz, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blikstad, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dugan, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laughlin, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oltrogge, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wetmore, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/476713</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide screening reveals a novel class of carbonic anhydrase-like inorganic carbon transporters in chemoautotrophic bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/479964v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A serum-free and insulin-supplemented cell culture medium ensures fatty acid synthesis gene activation in cancer cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/479964v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While investigating the role played by de novo fatty acid biosynthesis (DNFA) in cancer cells, we sought a medium condition that would support cell proliferation without providing any serum lipids. Here we report that a defined serum free cell culture medium condition containing insulin, transferrin and selenium (ITS) supports controlled study of DNFA regulation in melanoma cell lines. This lipid-free ITS medium is able to support proliferation of melanoma cell lines that fulfill their lipid requirements via DNFA. We show that the ITS medium stimulates gene transcription in support of both DNFA and de novo cholesterol synthesis (DNCS), specifically mediated by SREBP1/2 in melanoma cells. We further found that the ITS medium promoted SREBP1 nuclear localization and occupancy on DNFA gene promoters. Our data show clear utility of this serum and lipid-free medium for melanoma cancer cell culture and lipid-related areas of investigation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naar, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/479964</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A serum-free and insulin-supplemented cell culture medium ensures fatty acid synthesis gene activation in cancer cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/486704v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Double Stranded DNA Damage and Genome Editing Trigger Ribosome Remodeling and Translational Shutdown 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/486704v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA damage activates a robust transcriptional stress response, but much less is known about how DNA impacts translation. The advent of genome editing via a Cas9-induced DNA double-strand break has intensified interest in understanding cellular responses to DNA damage. Here we find that DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) induced by Cas9 or other damaging agents lead to a reduction of core ribosomal proteins, RPS27A and RPL40, and that the loss of these proteins is post-transcriptional and p53-independent. DSBs furthermore lead to the shutdown of translation through phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha, and altering these signals affects genome editing outcomes. This DSB translational response is widespread and precedes the transcriptional response. Our results demonstrate that even a single double-strand break can lead to ribosome remodeling and reduced translational output, and suggest caution in interpreting cellular phenotypes measured immediately after genome editing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Riepe, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zelin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyman, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frankino, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meacham, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vu, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingolia, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corn, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/486704</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Double Stranded DNA Damage and Genome Editing Trigger Ribosome Remodeling and Translational Shutdown]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/486977v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An archaeal symbiont-host association from the deep terrestrial subsurface 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/486977v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DPANN archaea have reduced metabolic capacities and are diverse and abundant in deep aquifer ecosystems, yet little is known about their interactions with other microorganisms that reside there. Here, we provide evidence for an archaeal host-symbiont association from a deep aquifer system at the Colorado Plateau (Utah, USA). The symbiont, Candidatus Huberiarchaeum crystalense, and its host, Ca. Altiarchaeum hamiconexum, show a highly significant co-occurrence pattern over 65 metagenome samples collected over six years. The physical association of the two organisms was confirmed with genome-informed fluorescence in situ hybridization depicting small cocci of Ca. H. crystalense attached to Ca. A. hamiconexum cells. Based on genomic information, Ca. H. crystalense has a similar metabolism as Nanoarchaeum equitans and potentially scavenges vitamins, sugars, nucleotides, and reduced redox-equivalents from its host. These results provide insight into host-symbiont interactions among members of two uncultivated archaeal phyla that thrive in a deep subsurface aquifer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schwank, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bornemann, T. L. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dombrowski, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Probst, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/486977</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An archaeal symbiont-host association from the deep terrestrial subsurface]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/488569v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Contingency in the convergent evolution of a regulatory network: Dosage compensation in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/488569v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The repeatability or predictability of evolution is a central question in evolutionary biology, and most often addressed in experimental evolution studies. Here, we infer how genetically heterogeneous natural systems acquire the same molecular changes, to address how genomic background affects adaptation in natural populations. In particular, we take advantage of independently formed neo-sex chromosomes in Drosophila species that have evolved dosage compensation by co-opting the dosage compensation (MSL) complex, to study the mutational paths that have led to the acquisition of 100s of novel binding sites for the MSL complex in different species. This complex recognizes a conserved 21-bp GA-rich sequence motif that is enriched on the X chromosome, and newly formed X chromosomes recruit the MSL complex by de novo acquisition of this binding motif. We identify recently formed sex chromosomes in the Drosophila repleta and robusta species groups by genome sequencing, and generate genomic occupancy maps of the MSL complex to infer the location of novel binding sites. We find that diverse mutational paths were utilized in each species to evolve 100s of de novo binding motifs along the neo-X, including expansions of microsatellites and transposable element insertions. However, the propensity to utilize a particular mutational path differs between independently formed X chromosomes, and appears to be contingent on genomic properties of that species, such as simple repeat or transposable element density. This establishes the "genomic environment" as an important determinant in predicting the outcome of evolutionary adaptations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bachtrog, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellison, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/488569</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Contingency in the convergent evolution of a regulatory network: Dosage compensation in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/491316v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TgCentrin2 is required for invasion and replication in the human parasite Toxoplasma gondii 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/491316v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Centrins are EF-hand containing proteins ubiquitously found in eukaryotes and are key components of centrioles/basal bodies as well as certain contractile fibers. We previously identified three centrins in the human parasite Toxoplasma gondii, all of which localized to the centrioles. However, one of them, TgCentrin2 (CEN2), is also targeted to ring-shaped structures at the apical and basal ends of the parasite, as well as to multiple annuli at the junction between the apical cap and the rest of the membrane cortex. The role(s) that TgCentrin2 plays in these locations was unknown. Here we report the functional characterization of TgCentrin2 in the parasite lytic cycle. After multiple unsuccessful attempts to knock out or knock down the TgCentrin2 gene with existing tools, we designed a new conditional knockdown method that combines transcriptional and protein stability control to achieve tight regulation of TgCentrin2 levels in the parasite. We discovered that under knockdown conditions, there was an ordered loss of TgCentrin2 from its four compartments, due to differences in incorporation kinetics and structural inheritance over successive generations. This was correlated with the development of major invasion deficiency at early stages of CEN2 knockdown, and replication defects at later stages. These results indicate that TgCentrin2 is incorporated into multiple cytoskeletal structures to serve distinct functions in T. gondii that are required for parasite survival.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leung, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wetzel, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/491316</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TgCentrin2 is required for invasion and replication in the human parasite Toxoplasma gondii]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/492678v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Joint Estimation of Pedigrees and Effective Population Size Using Markov Chain Monte Carlo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/492678v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pedigrees provide the genealogical relationships among individuals at a fine resolution and serve an important function in many areas of genetic studies. One such use of pedigree information is in the estimation of the short-term effective population size (Ne), which is of great relevance in fields such as conservation genetics. Despite the usefulness of pedigrees, however, they are often an unknown parameter and must be inferred from genetic data. In this study, we present a Bayesian method to jointly estimate pedigrees and Ne from genetic markers using Markov Chain Monte Carlo. Our method supports analysis of a large number of markers and individuals with the use of a composite likelihood, which significantly increases computational efficiency. We show on simulated data that our method is able to jointly estimate relationships up to first cousins and Ne with high accuracy. We also apply the method on a real dataset of house sparrows to reconstruct their previously unreported pedigree.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/492678</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Joint Estimation of Pedigrees and Effective Population Size Using Markov Chain Monte Carlo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/494955v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Environmental disorder can tip the population genetics of range expansions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/494955v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Evolutionary dynamics is fundamentally shaped by stochastic processes: spon-taneous mutations enter populations randomly, and the fate of a mutant lineage is determined by the competition between (random) genetic drift and (determin-istic) selection. In populations undergoing range expansions, fluctuations in the reproductive process and the local motion of individuals are enhanced within a small subpopulation at the edge of the population. Range expansions are typically studied in homogeneous environments, but we argue here that the fluctuations at the range edge are susceptible to small-scale environmental heterogeneities that may have a strong effect on the evolutionary dynamics of the expanding population.nnTo show this, we tracked the dynamics of the clones of spontaneous mutations with a tunable fitness effect in bacterial colonies grown on randomly disordered surfaces. We find that environmental heterogeneity on scales much larger than an individual, but much smaller than the total population, can dramatically reduce the efficacy of selection. Time lapse microscopy and computer simulations suggest that this effect is a general consequence of a local "pinning" of the expansion front, whereby stretches of the front are slowed down on a length scale that depends on the structure of the environmental heterogeneity. This pinning focuses the range expansion into a small number of individuals with access to expansion paths, increasing the importance of chance and thus limiting the efficacy of selection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gralka, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallatschek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/494955</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Environmental disorder can tip the population genetics of range expansions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/495150v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
cGAMP signaling controls a transient surface-associated lifestyle 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/495150v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A newfound signaling pathway employs a GGDEF enzyme with unique activity compared to the majority of homologs associated with bacterial cyclic di-GMP signaling. This system provides a rare opportunity to study how signaling proteins natively gain distinct function. Using genetic knockouts, riboswitch reporters, and RNA-Seq, we show that GacA, the Hypr GGDEF in Geobacter sulfurreducens, specifically regulates cyclic GMP-AMP (3,3-cGAMP) levels in vivo to stimulate gene expression associated with metal reduction separate from electricity production. To reconcile these in vivo findings with prior in vitro results that showed GacA was promiscuous, we developed a full kinetic model combining experimental data and mathematical modeling to reveal mechanisms that contribute to in vivo specificity. A 1.4 [A]-resolution crystal structure of the Geobacter Hypr GGDEF domain was determined to understand the molecular basis for those mechanisms, including key cross-dimer interactions. Together these results demonstrate that specific signaling can result from a promiscuous enzyme.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hallberg, Z. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kranzusch, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doxzen, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bond, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammond, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/495150</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[cGAMP signaling controls a transient surface-associated lifestyle]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/495275v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The clarifying role of time series data in the population genetics of HIV 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/495275v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
HIV can evolve remarkably quickly in response to anti-retroviral therapies and the immune system. This evolution stymies treatment effectiveness and prevents the development of an HIV vaccine. Consequently, there has been great interest in using population genetics to disentangle the forces that govern the HIV adaptive landscape (selection, drift, mutation, recombination). Traditional population genetics approaches look at the current state of genetic variation and infer the processes that can generate them [1, 2, 3, 4]. However, because HIV evolves rapidly, we can also sample populations repeatedly over time and watch evolution in action [5, 6, 7]. In this paper, we demonstrate how time series data can bound evolutionary parameters in a way that complements and informs traditional population genetic approaches.nnSpecifically, we focus on our recent paper [2], in which we show that, as improved HIV drugs have led to fewer patients failing therapy due to resistance evolution, less genetic diversity has been maintained following the fixation of drug resistance mutations. We interpret this as evidence that resistance to early HIV drugs that failed quickly and predictably was driven by soft sweeps while evolution of resistance to better drugs is both less frequent and when it takes place it is associated with harder sweeps due to an effectively lower HIV population mutation rate ({theta}). Recently, Harris et al. have proposed an alternative interpretation [8]: the signal could be due to an increase in the selective benefit of mutations conferring resistance to better drugs. Therefore, better drugs lead to faster sweeps with less opportunity for recombination to rescue diversity. In this paper, we use time series data to show that drug resistance evolution during ineffective treatment is very fast, providing new evidence that soft sweeps drove early HIV treatment failure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feder, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pennings, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrov, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/495275</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The clarifying role of time series data in the population genetics of HIV]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/497651v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhancer priming enables fast and sustained transcriptional responses to Notch signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/497651v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Information from developmental signaling pathways must be accurately decoded to generate transcriptional outcomes. In the case of Notch, the intracellular domain (NICD) transduces the signal directly to the nucleus. How enhancers decipher NICD in the real time of developmental decisions is not known. Using the MS2/MCP system to visualize nascent transcripts in single cells in Drosophila embryos we reveal how two target enhancers read Notch activity to produce synchronized and sustained profiles of transcription. By manipulating the levels of NICD and altering specific motifs within the enhancers we uncover two key principles. First, increased NICD levels alter transcription by increasing duration rather than frequency of transcriptional bursts. Second, priming of enhancers by tissue-specific transcription factors is required for NICD to confer synchronized and sustained activity; in their absence, transcription is stochastic and bursty. The dynamic response of an individual enhancer to NICD thus differs depending on the cellular context.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Falo-Sanjuan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lammers, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bray, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/497651</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhancer priming enables fast and sustained transcriptional responses to Notch signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/498345v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A high-throughput fluorescence-based assay for the detection of petroleum hydrocarbon degrading bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/498345v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over the past 100 years, oil spills and long-term waste deposition from oil refineries have significantly polluted the environment. These contaminants have widespread negative effects on human health and ecosystem functioning. Natural attenuation of long chain and polyaromatic hydrocarbons is slow and often incomplete. Bioaugmentation of polluted soils with indigenous bacteria that naturally consume petroleum hydrocarbons could speed up this process. However, the characterization of bacterial crude oil degradation efficiency--which often relies upon expensive, highly specialized gas-chromatography mass spectrometry analyses--can present a substantial bottleneck in developing and implementing these bioremediation strategies. Here, we develop a low-cost, rapid, high-throughput fluorescence-based assay for identifying wild-type bacteria that degrade crude oil using the dye Nile Red. We show that Nile Red fluoresces when in contact with crude oil and developed a robust linear model to calculate crude oil content in liquid cell cultures based on fluorescence intensity (FI). To test whether this assay could identify bacteria with enhanced metabolic capacities to break down crude oil, we screened bacteria isolated from a former Shell Oil refinery in Bay Point, CA and identified one strain (Cupriavidus sp. OPK) with superior crude oil depletion efficiencies (up to 83%) in only three days. We further illustrate that this assay can be combined with fluorescence microscopy to study how bacteria interact with crude oil and the strategies they use to degrade this complex substance. We show for the first time that bacteria use three key strategies for degrading crude oil: biofilm formation, direct adherence to oil droplets, and vesicle encapsulation of oil. We propose that the quantitative and qualitative data from this assay can be used to develop new bioremediation strategies based on bioaugmentation and/or biomimetic materials that imitate the natural ability of bacteria to degrade crude oil.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>French, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terry, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/498345</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A high-throughput fluorescence-based assay for the detection of petroleum hydrocarbon degrading bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/500462v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Timed inhibition of CDC7 increases CRISPR-Cas9 mediated templated repair 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/500462v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Repair of double strand DNA breaks (DSBs) can result in gene disruption or precise gene modification via homology directed repair (HDR) from a templating donor DNA. During genome editing, altering cellular responses to DSBs may be an effective strategy to rebalance editing outcomes towards HDR and away from other repair pathways. To identify factors that regulate HDR from a double-stranded DNA donor (dsDonor), we utilized a pooled screen to define the consequences of thousands of individual gene knockdowns during Cas9-initiated HDR from a double strand plasmid donor. We find that templated dsDonor repair pathways are mostly genetically distinct from single strand donor DNA (ssDonor) repair but share aspects that include dependency upon the Fanconi Anemia (FA) pathway. We also identified several factors whose knockdown increases HDR and thus act as repressors of gene modification. Screening available small molecule inhibitors of these repressors revealed that the cell division cycle 7-related protein kinase (CDC7) inhibitor XL413 increases the efficiency of HDR by 2-3 fold in many contexts, including primary T-cells. XL413 stimulates HDR through cell cycle regulation, inducing an early S-phase cell cycle arrest that, to the best of our knowledge, is uncharacterized for Cas9-induced HDR. We anticipate that XL413 and other such rationally developed inhibitors will be useful tools for boosting the efficiency of gene modification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wienert, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Locke, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyman, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kazane, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MARSON, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corn, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/500462</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Timed inhibition of CDC7 increases CRISPR-Cas9 mediated templated repair]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/502187v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exploration of Anti-Yo and Anti-Hu paraneoplastic neurological disorders by PhIP-Seq reveals a highly restricted pattern of antibody epitopes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/502187v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Paraneoplastic neurological disorders (PNDs) are immune-mediated diseases of the nervous system understood to manifest as part of a misdirected anti-tumor immune response. Identifying PND-associated autoantibodies and their cognate antigens can assist with proper diagnosis and treatment while also enhancing our understanding of tumor-associated immune processes, triggers for autoimmune disease, and the functional significance of onconeuronal proteins. Here, we employed an enhanced version of phage display immunoprecipitation and sequencing (PhIP-Seq) leveraging a library of over 731,000 unique phage clones tiling across the entire human proteome to detect autoantibodies and create high-resolution epitope profiles in serum and CSF samples from patients suffering from two common PNDs, the anti-Yo (n = 36 patients) and anti-Hu syndromes (n = 44 patients). All patient samples positive for anti-Yo antibody by a validated clinical assay yielded polyspecific enrichment of phage presenting peptides from the canonical anti-Yo (CDR2 and CDR2L) antigens, while 38% of anti-Hu patients (17/44) had a serum and/or CSF sample that significantly enriched peptides deriving from the ELAVL family of proteins, the anti-Hu autoantigenic target. The anti-Hu antibodies showed a remarkably convergent antigenic signature across 15/17 patients corresponding to residues surrounding and including the degenerate motif, RLDxLL, shared by ELAVL2, 3 and 4. Lastly, PhIP-Seq identified several known and novel autoantigens in these same patient samples, representing potential biomarkers that could aid in the diagnosis and prognosis of PND and cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>O'Donovan, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandel-Brehm, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazquez, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parent, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kassimatis, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zekeridou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hauser, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pittock, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeRisi, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/502187</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exploration of Anti-Yo and Anti-Hu paraneoplastic neurological disorders by PhIP-Seq reveals a highly restricted pattern of antibody epitopes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/504787v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Caenorhabditis elegans HAM-1 protein modifies G protein signaling and membrane extension to reverse the polarity of asymmetric cell division 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/504787v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Asymmetric divisions often produce daughter cells that differ in both fate and size. The Caenorhabditis elegans HAM-1 protein regulates both daughter cell fate and daughter cell size asymmetry (DCSA) in a subset of asymmetric divisions. Here we focus on the divisions of the Q.a and Q.p neuroblasts, which use distinct mechanisms to divide with opposite polarity. Q.a divides by a ham-1-dependent, spindle-independent, myosin-dependent mechanism to produce a smaller anterior daughter that dies, whereas Q.p divides by a ham-1-independent, spindle-dependent, myosin-independent mechanism to produce a smaller posterior daughter that dies. Despite these differences, we found that membrane extension at the posterior of Q.a and at the anterior of Q.p promoted DCSA in these cells by a Wiscott-Aldrich protein (WASp)-dependent mechanism and that in ham-1 mutant Q.a divisions, the polarity of this extension was reversed. In addition, the spindle moved posteriorly during the Q.a division in a ham-1 mutant, a phenotype normally exhibited by Q.p. We found that this spindle movement in wild-type Q.p divisions required Ga proteins that promote spindle movement in other asymmetric divisions, and GPR-1, a protein involved in linking G proteins to microtubule asters, localized to the posterior cortex of Q.p. Genetic interactions suggest that ham-1 mutant Q.a divisions also require Ga proteins function to divide with a reversed polarity. The transformation of Q.a to Q.p-like polarity in the ham-1 mutant, however, appeared incomplete: ham-1 loss did not alter the asymmetric localization of the non-muscle myosin NMY-2 to the anterior cortex of Q.a. A GFP tagged ham-1 transgene revealed that Q.a but not Q.p expressed ham-1. Finally, we show that HAM-1 has both cortical and nuclear functions in Q,a DCSA. We propose a model where HAM-1 modifies a default Q.p-type polarity by localizing WASp function to the posterior Q.a membrane and by interfering with G-protein mediated spindle movement.nnAuthor SummaryOne way that animals produce different cell types is by asymmetric cell division, where a cell divides to produce daughter cells that differ in fate. Much is known about the mechanisms that polarize dividing cells to generate daughters that differ in fate. Some asymmetric cell divisions also result in daughters that differ in size, and the mechanisms that regulate how cells generate an asymmetric cleavage plane are poorly understood. In neural progenitors of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, two distinct mechanisms generate daughter cells of different size. One type requires movement of the mitotic spindle, which then defines the plane of the cell division. The other is spindle-independent. Here, we study two cells that divide with opposite polarities using these two mechanisms. We find that in the absence of the protein HAM-1, which has been reported to regulate gene transcription, the cell that normally divides using a spindle-independent mechanism now divides with a reversed polarity using a spindle-dependent mechanism. Our findings suggest that HAM-1 plays a key role in defining the mechanism by which a progenitor divides to produce daughter cells of different sizes and that both localization to the cell periphery and nucleus are important for its function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Teuliere, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garriga, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/504787</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Caenorhabditis elegans HAM-1 protein modifies G protein signaling and membrane extension to reverse the polarity of asymmetric cell division]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/505495v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Crustaceans as hosts of parasites throughout the Phanerozoic 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/505495v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The fossil record of crustaceans as hosts of parasites has yielded three confirmed associations: epicaridean isopod-induced swellings on Jurassic–Recent decapod crustaceans, feminization of Cretaceous and Miocene male crabs possibly caused by rhizocephalan barnacles, and presumed pentastomids on/in Silurian ostracods. Cestode platyhelminth hooks and swellings by entoniscid isopods may be recognized in the future. Relative to 2014, we report an increase of 41% to 124 fossil decapod species with epicaridean-induced swellings in the branchial chamber (ichnotaxon Kanthyloma crusta). Furthermore, using a Late Jurassic (Tithonian) decapod assemblage from Austria, we find (1) no correlation between genus abundance and prevalence of K. crusta, (2) host preference for some galatheoid taxa (as for a mid-Cretaceous assemblage from Spain), and (3) a larger median size of parasitized versus non-parasitized specimens for two selected species. The latter result may be caused by infestation throughout ontogeny rather than exclusively in juveniles and/or possible selection for the larger sex.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Klompmaker, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robins, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Portell, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Angeli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/505495</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Crustaceans as hosts of parasites throughout the Phanerozoic]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/509174v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PTBP1 mRNA isoforms and regulation of their translation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/509174v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polypyrimidine tract-binding proteins (PTBPs) are RNA binding proteins that regulate a number of post-transcriptional events. Human PTBP1 transits between the nucleus and cytoplasm and is thought to regulate RNA processes in both. However, information about PTBP1 mRNA isoforms and regulation of PTPB1 expression remain incomplete. Here we mapped the major PTBP1 mRNA isoforms in HEK293T cells, and identified alternative 5 and 3untranslated regions (5 UTRs, 3 UTRs) as well as alternative splicing patterns in the protein coding region. We also assessed how the observed PTBP1 mRNA isoforms contribute to PTBP1 expression in different phases of the cell cycle. Previously, PTBP1 mRNAs were shown to crosslink to eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF3). We find that eIF3 binds differently to each PTBP1 mRNA isoform in a cell cycle-dependent manner. We also observe a strong correlation between eIF3 binding to PTBP1 mRNAs and repression of PTBP1 levels during the S phase of the cell cycle. Our results provide evidence of translational regulation of PTBP1 protein levels during the cell cycle, which may affect downstream regulation of alternative splicing and translation mediated by PTBP1 protein isoforms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arake de Tacca, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pulos, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Floor, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cate, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/509174</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PTBP1 mRNA isoforms and regulation of their translation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/512509v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of water, sanitation, handwashing and nutritional interventions on soil-transmitted helminth infections in young children: a cluster-randomized controlled trial in rural Bangladesh 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/512509v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundSoil transmitted helminths (STH) infect >1.5 billion people. Mass drug administration (MDA) reduces infection; however, drug resistance is emerging and reinfection occurs rapidly. We conducted a randomized controlled trial in Bangladesh (WASH Benefits, NCT01590095) to assess whether water, sanitation, hygiene and nutrition interventions, alone and combined, reduce STH in a setting with ongoing MDA.

Methodology/Principal FindingsWe randomized clusters of pregnant women into water treatment, sanitation, handwashing, combined water+sanitation+handwashing (WSH), nutrition, nutrition+WSH (N+WSH) or control arms. After 2.5 years of intervention, we enumerated STH infections in children aged 2-12 years with Kato-Katz. We estimated intention-to-treat intervention effects on infection prevalence and intensity. Participants and field staff were not blinded; laboratory technicians and data analysts were blinded.

In 2012-2013, we randomized 5551 women in 720 clusters. In 2015-2016, we enrolled 7795 children of 4102 available women for STH follow-up and collected stool from 7187. Prevalence among controls was 36.8% for A. lumbricoides, 9.2% for hookworm and 7.5% for T. trichiura. Most infections were low-intensity. Compared to controls, the water intervention reduced hookworm (prevalence ratio [PR]=0.69 (0.50, 0.95), prevalence difference [PD]=-2.83 (-5.16, -0.50)) but did not affect other STH. Sanitation improvements reduced T. trichiura (PR=0.71 (0.52, 0.98), PD=-2.17 (-4.03, -0.38)), had a similar borderline effect on hookworm and no effect on A. lumbricoides. Handwashing and nutrition interventions did not reduce any STH. WSH and N+WSH reduced hookworm prevalence by 29-33% (2-3 percentage points) and marginally reduced A. lumbricoides. Effects on infection intensity were similar.

Conclusions/SignificanceIn a low-intensity infection setting with MDA, we found modest but sustained hookworm reduction from water treatment, sanitation and combined WSH interventions. Interventions more effectively reduced STH species with no persistent environmental reservoirs. Our findings highlight waterborne transmission for hookworm and suggest that water treatment and sanitation improvements can augment MDA programs to interrupt STH transmission.

Author summarySoil-transmitted helminths (STH) infect >1.5 billion people worldwide. Mass-administration of deworming drugs is the cornerstone of global strategy for STH control but treated individuals often rapidly get reinfected and there is also concern about emerging drug resistance. Interventions to treat drinking water, wash hands at critical times and isolate human feces from the environment through improved sanitation could reduce STH transmission by reducing the spread of ova from the feces of infected individuals into the environment and subsequently to new hosts, while nutrition improvements could reduce host susceptibility to infection. Existing evidence on the effect of these interventions on STH is scarce. In a setting with ongoing mass-drug administration, we assessed the effect of individual and combined water, sanitation, handwashing and nutrition interventions on STH infection in children. Approximately 2.5 years after delivering interventions, we found reductions in STH infection from water treatment and sanitation interventions; there was no reduction from the handwashing and nutrition interventions. While the reductions were modest in magnitude compared to cure rates achieved by deworming drugs, they indicated sustained reduction in environmental transmission. The reductions were more pronounced for STH species that do not have persistent environmental reservoirs. These findings suggest that water treatment and sanitation interventions can augment mass-drug administration programs in striving toward elimination of STH.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ercumen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benjamin-Chung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubbard, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parvez, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unicomb, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haque, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colford, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luby, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/512509</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of water, sanitation, handwashing and nutritional interventions on soil-transmitted helminth infections in young children: a cluster-randomized controlled trial in rural Bangladesh]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/513895v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrating Quality of Life and Survival Outcomes Cardiovascular Clinical Trials: Results from the PARTNER Trial 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/513895v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundSurvival and health status (e.g., symptoms and quality of life) are key outcomes in clinical trials of heart failure treatment. However, health status can only be recorded on survivors, potentially biasing treatment effect estimates when there is differential survival across treatment groups. Joint modeling of survival and health status can address this bias.nnMethods and ResultsWe analyzed patient-level data from the PARTNER 1B trial of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) versus standard care. Health status was quantified with the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ) at randomization, 1, 6, and 12 months. We compared hazard ratios for survival and mean differences in KCCQ scores at 12 months using several models: the original growth curve model for KCCQ scores (ignoring death), separate Bayesian models for survival and KCCQ scores, and a Bayesian joint longitudinal-survival model fit to either 12 or 30 months of survival follow-up. The benefit of TAVR on 12-month KCCQ scores was greatest in the joint model fit to all survival data (mean difference = 33.7 points; 95% CrI: 24.2, 42.4), followed by the joint model fit to 12 months of survival follow-up (32.3 points; 95% CrI: 22.5, 41.5), a Bayesian model without integrating death (30.4 points; 95% CrI: 21.4, 39.3), and the original growth curve model (26.0 points; 95% CI: 18.7, 33.3). At 12 months, the survival benefit of TAVR was also greater in the joint model (hazard ratio = 0.50; 95% CrI: 0.32, 0.73) than in the non-joint Bayesian model (0.54; 95% CrI: 0.37, 0.75) or the original Kaplan-Meier estimate (0.55; 95% CI: 0.40, 0.74).nnConclusionsIn patients with severe symptomatic aortic stenosis and prohibitive surgical risk, the estimated benefits of TAVR on survival and health status compared with standard care were greater in joint Bayesian models than other approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spertus, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatfield, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuckerman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spertus, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/513895</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrating Quality of Life and Survival Outcomes Cardiovascular Clinical Trials: Results from the PARTNER Trial]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/514588v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heparan sulfate expression on B cells modulates IgM expression in aged mice and steady-state plasma cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/514588v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Heparan sulfate (HS) modulates many cellular processes including adhesion, motility, ligand-receptor interaction, and proliferation. We have previously reported that murine B cells strongly upregulate cell surface HS upon exposure to type I interferon, TLR-ligands, or B cell receptor stimulation. To investigate the role of HS on B cells in vivo, we utilized EXT1lox/lox CD19-Cre conditional KO mice, which are incapable of synthesizing HS in B cells. We found that suppressing HS expression on B cells has no overt effect in B cell development, localization, or motility. However, we did observe that EXT1 conditional KO mice have decreased poly-reactive IgM in naive aged mice relative to littermate control mice. Despite this decrease in poly-reactive IgM, EXT1 conditional KO mice mounted a normal B cell response to both model antigens and influenza infection. We also observed decreased plasma cells in EXT1 conditional KO mice after influenza infection. Although EXT1 conditional KO mice have decreased plasma cells, these mice still had comparable numbers of influenza-specific antibody secreting cells to littermate control mice. The findings presented here suggest that HS expression on B cells does not play a major role in B cell development or overall B cell function but instead might be involved in fine-tuning B-cell responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Trujillo, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarousse, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coscoy, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/514588</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heparan sulfate expression on B cells modulates IgM expression in aged mice and steady-state plasma cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/519736v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optical determination of absolute membrane potential 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/519736v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
All cells maintain ionic gradients across their plasma membranes, producing transmembrane potentials (Vmem). Mounting evidence suggests a relationship between resting Vmem and the physiology of non-excitable cells with implications in diverse areas, including cancer, cellular differentiation, and body patterning. A lack of non-invasive methods to record absolute Vmem limits our understanding of this fundamental signal. To address this need, we developed a fluorescence lifetime-based approach (VF-FLIM) to visualize and optically quantify Vmem with single-cell resolution. Using VF-FLIM, we report Vmem distributions over thousands of cells, a 100-fold improvement relative to electrophysiological approaches. In human carcinoma cells, we visualize the voltage response to epidermal growth factor stimulation, stably recording a 10-15 mV hyperpolarization over minutes. Using pharmacological inhibitors, we identify the source of the hyperpolarization as the Ca2+-activated K+ channel Kca3.1. The ability to optically quantify absolute Vmem with cellular resolution will allow a re-examination of its roles as a cellular signal.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lazzari-Dean, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gest, A. M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/519736</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optical determination of absolute membrane potential]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/522920v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enteropathogen seroepidemiology among children in low-resource settings 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/522920v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Little is known about enteropathogen seroepidemiology among children in low-resource settings. We measured serological IgG response to eight enteropathogens (Giardia intestinalis, Cryptosporidium parvum, Entamoeba histolytica, Salmonella enterica, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter jejuni, norovirus) using multiplex bead assays in cohorts from Haiti, Kenya, and Tanzania. By age 2 years, most children had evidence of exposure by IgG response to the pathogens studied. We discovered a shift in IgG distributions for many pathogens as children age, caused by boosting and waning from repeated exposures, which complicates interpretation of seroprevalence among older children. Longitudinal profiles revealed important variation in enteropathogen IgG response above seropositivity cutoffs, underscoring the importance of longitudinal designs to estimate seroincidence rates as a measure of force of infection. In longitudinal cohorts there was a linear relationship between seroprevalence and prospective seroincidence rates, suggesting the two measures provide similar information about variation in pathogen transmission.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arnold, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mkocha, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ochieng, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooley, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omore, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodhew, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costantini, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinje, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lammie, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Priest, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/522920</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enteropathogen seroepidemiology among children in low-resource settings]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/525550v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiple selection signatures in farmed Atlantic salmon adapted to different environments across Hemispheres 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/525550v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1.Domestication of Atlantic salmon started approximately forty years ago, using both artificial and natural selection strategies. Such selection methods are likely to have imposed distinctive selection signatures on the salmon genome. Therefore, identifying differences in selection signatures may give insights into the mechanism of selection and candidate genes of biological and productive interest. Here, we used two complementary haplotype-based statistics, the within-population integrated Haplotype Score test (|iHS|) and the cross-population Extended Haplotype Homozygosity test (XP-EHH) to compare selection signatures in four populations of Atlantic salmon with a common genetic origin. Using |iHS| we found 24, 14, 16 and 26 genomic regions under selection in Pop-A, Pop-B, Pop-C, and Pop-D, respectively. While using the XP-EHH test we identified 27, 25 and 15 potential selection regions in Pop-A/Pop-B, Pop-A/Pop-C and Pop-A/Pop-D, respectively. These genomic regions harbor important genes such igf1r and sh3rf1 which have been associated with growth related traits in other species. Our results contribute to the detection of candidate genes of interest and help to understand the evolutionary and biological mechanisms for controlling complex traits under selection in Atlantic salmon.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lopez, M.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linderoth, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norris, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lhorente, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neira, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yanez, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/525550</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiple selection signatures in farmed Atlantic salmon adapted to different environments across Hemispheres]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/527523v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA methylation and histone H1 cooperatively repress transposable elements and aberrant intragenic transcripts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/527523v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA methylation and histone H1 mediate transcriptional silencing of genes and transposable elements, but how they interact is unclear. In plants and animals with mosaic genomic methylation, functionally mysterious methylation is also common within constitutively active housekeeping genes. Here we show that H1 is enriched in methylated sequences, including genes, of Arabidopsis thaliana, yet this enrichment is independent of DNA methylation. Loss of H1 disperses heterochromatin, globally alters nucleosome organization, and activates H1-bound genes, but only weakly de-represses transposable elements. However, H1 loss strongly activates transposable elements hypomethylated through mutation of DNA methyltransferase MET1. Loss of H1 also activates antisense transcripts within demethylated genes. Our results demonstrate that H1 and DNA methylation cooperatively maintain transcriptional homeostasis by silencing transposable elements and aberrant intragenic transcripts. Such functionality plausibly explains why DNA methylation, a well-known mutagen, has been maintained within coding sequences of crucial plant and animal genes.

HighlightsO_LIHistone H1 is enriched in methylated DNA independently of methylation
C_LIO_LILoss of H1 activates genes, alters nucleosome organization and disperses heterochromatin
C_LIO_LIDNA methylation and H1 jointly silence transposons
C_LIO_LIDNA methylation and H1 cooperatively suppress intragenic antisense transcripts
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyons, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zilberman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/527523</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA methylation and histone H1 cooperatively repress transposable elements and aberrant intragenic transcripts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/528018v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A metabolic dependency for host isoprenoids in the obligate intracellular pathogen Rickettsia parkeri underlies a sensitivity for the statin class of host-targeted therapeutics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/528018v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gram-negative bacteria in the order Rickettsiales are obligate intracellular parasites that cause human diseases such typhus and spotted fever. They have evolved a dependence on essential nutrients and metabolites from the host cell as a consequence of extensive genome streamlining. However, it remains largely unknown which nutrients they require and whether their metabolic dependency can be exploited therapeutically. Here, we describe a genetic rewiring of bacterial isoprenoid biosynthetic pathways in the Rickettsiales that has resulted from reductive genome evolution. We further investigated whether the spotted fever group Rickettsia species Rickettsia parkeri scavenges isoprenoid precursors directly from the host. Using targeted mass spectrometry in uninfected and infected cells, we found decreases in host isoprenoid products and concomitant increases in bacterial isoprenoid metabolites. Additionally, we report that bacterial growth is prohibited by inhibition of the host isoprenoid pathway with the statins class of drugs. We show that growth inhibition correlates with changes in bacterial size and shape that mimic those caused by antibiotics that inhibit peptidoglycan biosynthesis, suggesting statins inhibit cell wall synthesis. Altogether, our results describe an Achilles heel of obligate intracellular pathogens that can be exploited with host-targeted therapeutics that interfere with metabolic pathways required for bacterial growth.

ImportanceObligate intracellular parasites, which include viruses as well as certain bacteria and eukaryotes, extract essential nutrients and metabolites from their host cell. As a result, these pathogens have often lost essential biosynthetic pathways and are metabolically dependent on the host. In this study, we describe a metabolic dependency of the bacterial pathogen Rickettsia parkeri on host isoprenoid molecules that are used in the biosynthesis of downstream products including cholesterol, steroid hormones, and heme. Bacteria make products from isoprenoids such as an essential lipid carrier for making the bacterial cell wall. We show that bacterial metabolic dependency can represent an Achilles heel, and that inhibiting host isoprenoid biosynthesis with the FDA-approved statin class of drugs inhibits bacterial growth by interfering with the integrity of the cell wall. This work highlights a potential to treat infections by obligate intracellular pathogens through inhibition of host biosynthetic pathways that are susceptible to parasitism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ahyong, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berdan, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomura, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welch, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/528018</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A metabolic dependency for host isoprenoids in the obligate intracellular pathogen Rickettsia parkeri underlies a sensitivity for the statin class of host-targeted therapeutics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/528752v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Environmental Consistency Modulation of Error Sensitivity During Motor Adaptation is Explicitly Controlled 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/528752v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Motor adaptation, the adjustment of sensorimotor representations in face of changes in the environment, may operate at different rates. When human participants encounter repeated or consistent perturbations, their corrections for the experienced errors are larger compared to when the perturbations are new or inconsistent. Such modulations of error sensitivity were traditionally considered to be an implicit process that does not require attentional resources. In recent years, the implicit view of motor adaptation is challenged by evidence showing a contribution of explicit strategies to learning. These findings raise a fundamental question regarding the nature of the error sensitivity modulation processes. We tested the effect of explicit control on error sensitivity in a series of experiments, in which participants controlled a screen cursor to virtual targets. We manipulated environmental consistency by presenting rotations in random (low consistency) or random walk (high consistency) sequences, and illustrated that perturbation consistency affects the rate of adaptation, corroborating previous studies. When participants were instructed to ignore the cursor and move directly to the target, thus, eliminating the contribution of explicit strategies, consistency-driven error sensitivity modulation was abolished. In addition, delaying the visual feedback, a manipulation that affects implicit learning, did not influence error sensitivity under consistent perturbations. These results suggest that increases of learning rate in consistent environments are attributable to an explicit rather than implicit process in sensorimotor adaptation.

Significant Statement

When experiencing an error in a motor task (e.g., missing a basketball shot in a windy day), the motor system modifies its next action based on environmental consistency (how frequent the changes in winds direction and strength are). It is unknown whether this process is driven by an implicit and automatic process, or by an explicit process that employs cognitive strategies. We examined these possibilities in a simple visuomotor task by perturbing the feedback in each trial with different consistency levels, and manipulating the use of implicit and explicit processes. We found that participants increase their sensitivity to errors in consistent environments when employing explicit strategies, and do not change their behavior when the implicit process is operating alone.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Avraham, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keizman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shmuelof, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/528752</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Environmental Consistency Modulation of Error Sensitivity During Motor Adaptation is Explicitly Controlled]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/530139v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional potential of bacterial strains in the premature infant gut microbiome is associated with gestational age 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/530139v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The gut microbiota of premature and full-term infants have many known differences, but the extent to which the degree of prematurity influences the structure and functional potential of the microbiome has not been deeply explored. Here, we used genome-resolved metagenomics to address how gestational age impacts the premature infant gut microbiome. We found that gestational age is associated with species richness, with more premature infants having lower species richness; this effect lasts until the fourth week of life. Novel Clostridium species and strains related to Streptococcus salivarius and Enterococcus faecalis colonize infants of different gestational ages, and the metabolic potential of these organisms can be distinguished. Thus, we conclude that the extent of prematurity, or directly linked factors, can be an important influence on the microbiome and its functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rahman, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olm, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morowitz, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/530139</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional potential of bacterial strains in the premature infant gut microbiome is associated with gestational age]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/530204v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Macrocyclic colibactin induces DNA double-strand breaks via copper-mediated oxidative cleavage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/530204v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Colibactin is an as-yet-uncharacterized human gut bacterial genotoxin, whose biosynthesis is linked to clb genomic island that distributes widespread in pathogenic and commensal human enterobacteria. Colibactin-producing gut microbes promote colon tumor formation and enhance progression of colorectal cancer (CRC) via DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs)-induced cellular senescence and death; however, the chemical basis contributing to the pathogenesis at the molecular level remains elusive. Here we report the discovery and the mechanism of action of colibactin-645 as the highly sought final colibactin metabolite with a novel molecular scaffold. Colibactin-645 recapitulates its previously assumed genotoxicity and cytotoxicity, exhibiting a strong DNA DSBs activity in vitro and in human cell cultures via a unique copper-mediated oxidative mechanism. We also present a complete model for colibactin biosynthesis, revealing an unprecedented dual function of the aminomalonate-utilizing polyketide synthases. This work thus provides the first molecular basis for colibactins genotoxic activity and facilitates further mechanistic study of colibactin-related CRC incidence and prevention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKinnie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, P.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/530204</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Macrocyclic colibactin induces DNA double-strand breaks via copper-mediated oxidative cleavage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/530618v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hand-hygiene mitigation strategies against globaldisease spreading through the air transportationnetwork 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/530618v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hand hygiene is considered as an efficient and cost-effective way to limit the spread of diseases and, as such, it is recommended by both the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). While the effect of hand washing on individual transmissibility of a disease has been studied through medical and public-health research, its potential as a mitigation strategy against a global pandemic has not been fully explored yet. In this study, we investigate contagion dynamics through the world air transportation network and analyze the impact of hand-hygiene behavioural changes of airport population against the spread of infectious diseases worldwide. Using a granular dataset of the world air transportation traffic, we build a detailed individual mobility model that controls for the correlated and recurrent nature of human travel and the waiting-time distributions of individuals at different locations. We perform a Monte-Carlo simulation study to assess the impact of different hand-washing mitigation strategies at the early stages of a global epidemic. From the simulation results we find that increasing the hand cleanliness homogeneously at all airports in the world can inhibit the impact of a potential pandemic by 24 to 69%. By quantifying and ranking the contribution of the different airports to the mitigation of an epidemic outbreak, we identify ten key airports at the core of a cost-optimal deployment of the hand-washing strategy: increasing the engagement rate at those locations alone could potentially reduce a world pandemic by 8 to 37%. This research provides evidence of the effectiveness of hand hygiene in airports on the global spread of infectious diseases, and has important implications for the way public-health policymakers may design new effective strategies to enhance hand hygiene in airports through behavioral changes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nicolaides, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avraam, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cueto-Felgueroso, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juanes, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/530618</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hand-hygiene mitigation strategies against globaldisease spreading through the air transportationnetwork]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/532085v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dose-specific effectiveness of 7- and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines against vaccine-serotype Streptococcus pneumoniae colonization: a matched, case-control study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/532085v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundReduced-dose pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) schedules are under consideration in countries where children are currently recommended to receive three PCV doses. However, dose-specific PCV effectiveness against vaccine-serotype colonization is uncertain.

MethodsFrom 2009-2016, we conducted surveillance of pneumococcal carriage in southern Israel, where PCV is administered at ages 2, 4, and 12 months (2+1 schedule). We obtained nasopharyngeal swabs and vaccination histories from 4245 children ages 0-59 months without symptoms of diseases that could be caused by pneumococci. In a case-control analysis, we measured protection against vaccine-serotype colonization as one minus the matched odds ratio for PCV doses received.

ResultsAt ages 5-12 months, a second PCV7/13 dose increased protection against PCV7-serotype carriage from -23.6% (95%CI: -209.7-39.1%) to 27.1% (-69.2-64.5%), and a second PCV13 dose increased protection against carriage of all PCV13 serotypes from -54.8% (-404.3-39.1%) to 23.4% (- 128.5-67.1%). At ages 13-24 months, a third PCV7/13 dose increased protection against PCV7-serotype carriage from 32.4% (-8.4-58.0%) to 74.1% (58.4-84.6%), and a third PCV13 dose increased protection against carriage of all PCV13 serotypes from -50.0% (-194.0-42.7%) to 49.7% (15.8-83.3%). On average, each PCV13 dose conferred 37.7% (7.0-61.8%) greater protection against carriage of serotypes 1, 5, 6A, 7F, and 19A than carriage of serotype 3. PCV13-derived protection against carriage of serotypes 1, 5, 6A, 7F, and 19A was equivalent to PCV7/13-derived protection against carriage of PCV7 serotypes.

ConclusionsIn a setting implementing a 2+1 PCV schedule, protection against vaccine-serotype colonization is sustained primarily by the third dose.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lewnard, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Givon-Lavi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dagan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/532085</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dose-specific effectiveness of 7- and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines against vaccine-serotype Streptococcus pneumoniae colonization: a matched, case-control study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/532168v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inference and analysis of population-specific fine-scale recombination maps across 26 diverse human populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/532168v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fine-scale rates of meiotic recombination vary by several orders of magnitude across the genome, and are known to differ between species and even between populations. Studying the differences in recombination maps across populations has been stymied by the confounding effect of differences in demographic history. To address this problem, we developed a method that infers fine-scale recombination rates while taking demography into account and applied our method to infer population-specific recombination maps for each of 26 diverse human populations. These maps recapitulate many aspects of the history of these populations including signatures of the trans-Atlantic slave trade and the Iberian colonization of the Americas. We also investigated modulators of the local recombination rate, finding an unexpected role for Polycomb-group proteins and the tri-methylation of H3K27 in elevating recombination rates. Further differences in the recombination landscape across the genome and between populations are driven by variation in the gene that encodes the DNA-binding protein PRDM9, and we quantify the weak effect of meiotic drive acting to remove its binding sites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spence, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/532168</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inference and analysis of population-specific fine-scale recombination maps across 26 diverse human populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/532895v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Harmonization and Annotation of Single-cell Transcriptomics data with Deep Generative Models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/532895v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As single-cell transcriptomics becomes a mainstream technology, the natural next step is to integrate the accumulating data in order to achieve a common ontology of cell types and states. However, owing to various nuisance factors of variation, it is not straightforward how to compare gene expression levels across data sets and how to automatically assign cell type labels in a new data set based on existing annotations. In this manuscript, we demonstrate that our previously developed method, scVI, provides an effective and fully probabilistic approach for joint representation and analysis of cohorts of single-cell RNA-seq data sets, while accounting for uncertainty caused by biological and measurement noise. We also introduce single-cell ANnotation using Variational Inference (scANVI), a semi-supervised variant of scVI designed to leverage any available cell state annotations -- for instance when only one data set in a cohort is annotated, or when only a few cells in a single data set can be labeled using marker genes. We demonstrate that scVI and scANVI compare favorably to the existing methods for data integration and cell state annotation in terms of accuracy, scalability, and adaptability to challenging settings such as a hierarchical structure of cell state labels. We further show that different from existing methods, scVI and scANVI represent the integrated datasets with a single generative model that can be directly used for any probabilistic decision making task, using differential expression as our case study. scVI and scANVI are available as open source software and can be readily used to facilitate cell state annotation and help ensure consistency and reproducibility across studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehlman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/532895</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Harmonization and Annotation of Single-cell Transcriptomics data with Deep Generative Models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/533208v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accumulation of Rare Coding Variants in Genes Implicated in Risk of Human Cleft Lip with or without Cleft Palate 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/533208v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cleft lip with/without cleft palate (CLP) is a common craniofacial malformation with complex etiologies, reflecting both genetic and environmental factors. Most of the suspected genetic risk for CLP has yet to be identified. To further classify risk loci and estimate the contribution of rare variants, we sequenced the exons in 49 candidate genes in 323 CLP cases and 211 non-malformed controls. Our findings indicated that rare, protein-altering variants displayed markedly higher burdens in CLP cases at relevant loci. First, putative loss-of-function mutations (nonsense, frameshift) were significantly enriched among cases: 13 of 323 cases (~4%) harbored such alleles within these 49 genes, versus one such change in controls (p = 0.01). Second, in gene-level analyses, the burden of rare alleles showed greater case-association for several genes previously implicated in cleft risk. For example, BHMT displayed a 10-fold increase in protein-altering variants in CLP cases (p = 0.03), including multiple case occurrences of a rare frameshift mutation (K400fs). Other loci with greater rare, coding allele burdens in cases were in signaling pathways relevant to craniofacial development (WNT9B, BMP4, BMPR1B) as well as the methionine cycle (MTRR). We conclude that rare coding variants may confer risk for isolated CLP.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marini, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asrani, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rine, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/533208</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accumulation of Rare Coding Variants in Genes Implicated in Risk of Human Cleft Lip with or without Cleft Palate]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/534917v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Global proteomic profiling of primary macrophages during M. tuberculosis infection identifies TAX1BP1 as a mediator of autophagy targeting 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/534917v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Macrophages are highly plastic cells that adopt diverse functional capabilities and play critical roles in immunity, cancer, and tissue homeostasis, but how these different cell fates and activities are triggered in response to their environmental cues is not well understood. We used new proteomic tools to identify protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) that control antibacterial responses of macrophages. Here, we report an unbiased and global analysis of the changes in host protein abundance, phosphorylation, and ubiquitylation, during the first 24-hours of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection of primary macrophages. We discovered 1379 proteins with changes in their phosphorylation state and 591 proteins with changes in their ubiquitylation in response to Mtb infection. We identified pathways regulated by phosphorylation and ubiquitylation that werent reflected by changes in protein abundance, indicating that the activity of these pathways was regulated. These include pathways known to be regulated by ubiquitylation and phosphorylation (e.g. autophagy) as well as pathways that were not known to be regulated during Mtb infection (e.g. nucleocytoplasmic transport and mRNA metabolism). We identified an enrichment in phosphorylation of autophagy receptors (TAX1BP1, p62, optineurin, BNIP3L), several of which were not previously implicated in the host response to Mtb infection. We found that p62 deficiency blocks ubiquitylation and TAX1BP1 deficiency enhances ubiquitylation, suggesting p62 ubiquitylation acts as an amplification loop by promoting downstream adaptor recruitment and serves as a platform for recruitment of ubiquitin. Our results show that TAX1BP1 mediates clearance of ubiquitylated Mtb and targets the bacteria to LC3-positive phagophores. Taken together, our proteomic profiling is likely a valuable resource for initiating mechanistic studies of macrophage biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Budzik, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garelis, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Repasy, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popov, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parry, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiminez-Morales, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swaney, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krogan, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/534917</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Global proteomic profiling of primary macrophages during M. tuberculosis infection identifies TAX1BP1 as a mediator of autophagy targeting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/536094v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Variation in assembly stoichiometry in non-metazoan homologs of the hub domain of Ca2+/Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/536094v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The multi-subunit Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) holoenzyme plays a critical role in animal learning and memory. The kinase domain of CaMKII is connected by a flexible linker to a C-terminal hub domain that assembles into a 12- or 14-subunit scaffold that displays the kinase domains around it. Studies on CaMKII suggest that the stoichiometry and dynamic assembly/disassembly of hub oligomers may be important for CaMKII regulation. Although CaMKII is a metazoan protein, genes encoding predicted CaMKII-like hub domains, without associated kinase domains, are found in the genomes of some green plants and bacteria. We show that the hub domains encoded by three related green algae, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Volvox carteri f. nagarensis, and Gonium pectoral, assemble into 16-, 18-, and 20-subunit oligomers, as assayed by native protein mass spectrometry. These are the largest known CaMKII hub domain assemblies. A crystal structure of the hub domain from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii reveals an 18-subunit organization. We identified four intra-subunit hydrogen bonds in the core of the fold that are present in the Chlamydomonas hub domain, but not in metazoan hubs. When six point mutations designed to recapitulate these hydrogen bonds were introduced into the human CaMKII- hub domain, the mutant protein formed assemblies with 14 and 16 subunits, instead of the normal 12- and 14-subunit assemblies. Our results show that the stoichiometric balance of CaMKII hub assemblies can be shifted readily by small changes in sequence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McSpadden, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chi, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Susa, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gee, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuriyan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/536094</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Variation in assembly stoichiometry in non-metazoan homologs of the hub domain of Ca2+/Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/538132v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacterial interspecies interactions modulate pH-mediated antibiotic tolerance in a model gut microbiota 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/538132v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite decades of investigation into how antibiotics affect isolated bacteria, it remains highly challenging to predict consequences for communities in complex environments such as the human intestine. Interspecies interactions can impact antibiotic activity through alterations to the extracellular environment that change bacterial physiology. By measuring key metabolites and environmental pH, we determined that metabolic cross-feeding among members of the fruit fly gut microbiota drives changes in antibiotic sensitivity in vitro. Co-culturing of Lactobacillus plantarum with Acetobacter species induced tolerance to rifampin. Mechanistically, we found that acetobacters counter the acidification driven by L. plantarum production of lactate, and that pH shifts during stationary phase were sufficient to drive rifampin tolerance in L. plantarum monocultures. The key Lactobacillus physiological parameter related to tolerance was a reduction in lag time exiting stationary phase, opposite to a previously identified mode of tolerance to ampicillin in E. coli. Lactobacillus tolerance to erythromycin also depended on growth status and pH, suggesting that our findings generalize to other antibiotics. Finally, tolerance of L. plantarum to rifampin varied spatially across the fruit fly gut. This mechanistic understanding of the coupling among interspecies interactions, environmental pH, and antibiotic tolerance enables future predictions of growth and the effects of antibiotics in more complex communities and within hosts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aranda-Diaz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obadia, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomsen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallberg, Z. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guvener, Z. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ludington, W. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/538132</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacterial interspecies interactions modulate pH-mediated antibiotic tolerance in a model gut microbiota]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/538918v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential gene expression and the importance of regulatory ncRNAs in acidophilic microorganisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/538918v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene expression profiles provide insight into how microorganisms respond to changing environmental conditions. However, few studies have integrated expression profile analyses of both coding genes and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) to characterize the functional activity of microbial community members. Here, we defined gene expression profiles from environmental and laboratory-grown acidophilic biofilms using RNASeq. In total, 15.8 million Illumina reads were mapped to the genomes of 26 acidophilic microorganisms and nine viruses reconstructed from the Richmond Mine at Iron Mountain, California. More than 99% of the genome was transcribed in three Leptospirillum species, and > 80% in the archaea G-plasma and Ferroplasma Type II. High gene expression by G-plasma and the Leptospirillum Group II UBA strain correlated with extremely acidic conditions, whereas high transcriptional expression of Leptospirillum Group III and Leptospirillum Group II 5way-CG strain occurred under higher pH and lower temperature. While expression of CRISPR Cas genes occurs on the sense strand, expression of the CRISPR loci occurs on the antisense strand in the Leptospirilli. A novel riboswitch associated with the biosynthetic pathway for the osmolyte ectoine was upregulated when each specific Leptospirillum Group II strain was growing under the conditions most favorable for it. Newly described ncRNAs associated with CO dehydrogenase (CODH) suggest regulation of expression of CODH as a CO sensor in mature biofilms in the Leptospirilli. Results reveal the ways in which environmental conditions shape transcriptional profiles of organisms growing in acidophilic microbial communities and highlight the significance of ncRNAs in regulating gene expression.

IMPORTANCEMicroorganisms play important roles in environmental acidification and in metal-recovery based bioleaching processes. Therefore, characterizing how actively growing microbial communities respond to different environments is key to understanding their role in those processes. Microorganisms express their genes, both coding and non-coding, differently depending on environmental factors, thus evaluating community expression profiles inform about the ecology of actively growing microorganisms. Here we used community transcriptomic analyses to characterize gene expression profiles from biofilm communities growing under extremely acidic conditions. Results expand our knowledge of how acidophilic microorganisms respond to changes in their environment and provide insight into possible gene regulation mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aliaga Goltsman, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hauser, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dasari, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BANFIELD, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/538918</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential gene expression and the importance of regulatory ncRNAs in acidophilic microorganisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/539767v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SLC19A1 is a cyclic dinucleotide transporter 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/539767v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The accumulation of DNA in the cytosol serves as a key immunostimulatory signal associated with infections, cancer and genomic damage1,2. Cytosolic DNA triggers immune responses by activating the cGAS/STING pathway3. The binding of DNA to the cytosolic enzyme cGAMP synthase (cGAS), activates its enzymatic activity, leading to the synthesis of a second messenger, cyclic[G(2,5)pA(3,5)] (23-cGAMP)4-8. 23-cGAMP, a cyclic dinucleotide (CDN), activates the protein  stimulator of interferon genes (STING)9, which in turn activates the transcription factors IRF3 and NF-{kappa}B promoting the transcription of genes encoding type I interferons and other cytokines and mediators that stimulate a broader immune response. Exogenous 23-cGAMP and other CDNs, including CDNs produced by bacteria and synthetic CDNs used in cancer immunotherapy, must traverse the cell membrane to activate STING in target cells. How these charged CDNs pass through the lipid bilayer is unknown. Here we used a genome-wide CRISPR interference screen to identify the reduced folate carrier SLC19A1 as the major CDN transporter for uptake of synthetic and naturally occurring CDNs. CDN uptake and functional responses are inhibited by depleting SLC19A1 from cells and enhanced by overexpressing SLC19A1. In both cell lines and primary cells ex vivo, CDN uptake is inhibited competitively by folate and blocked by the SLC19A1 inhibitor sulfasalazine, a medication approved for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. The identification of SLC19A1 as the major transporter of CDNs into cells has far reaching implications for the immunotherapeutic treatment of cancer10, transport of 23-cGAMP from tumor cells to other immune cells to trigger the anti-tumor immune response11, host responsiveness to CDN-producing pathogenic microorganisms12, and potentially in certain inflammatory diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luteijn, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaver, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gowen, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garelis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Onia, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McWhirter, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katibah, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodward, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raulet, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/539767</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SLC19A1 is a cyclic dinucleotide transporter]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/541953v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell determination of iron content in magnetotactic bacteria: implications for the iron biogeochemical cycle 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/541953v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are ubiquitous aquatic microorganisms that biomineralize dissolved iron from the environment into intracellular nanoparticles of magnetite [Fe(II)Fe(III)2O4] or greigite [Fe(II)Fe(III)2S4] in a genetically controlled manner. After cell death, these magnetite and greigite crystals are trapped into sediments which effectively removes iron from the soluble pool. MTB may significantly impact the iron biogeochemical cycle, especially in the ocean where dissolved iron limits nitrogen fixation and primary productivity. Although MTB are ubiquitous in the environment, their impact on the biogeochemical cycling of metallic elements is still poorly constrained. A thorough assessment of the mass of iron incorporated by MTB has been hampered by a lack of methodology to accurately measure the amount of, and variability in, their intracellular iron content. Here, we quantify the mass of iron contained in single MTB cells of the model organism, Magnetospirillum magneticum sp. AMB-1, using a time-resolved mass spectrometry methodology. Bacterial iron content depends on the external iron concentration, and reaches a maximum value of 10-6 ng of iron per cell when bacteria are cultivated with initial iron concentrations of 100 M or higher. From our experimental results, we calculated the flux of dissolved iron incorporation into natural MTB populations and conclude that MTB may mineralize a significant fraction of environmental dissolved iron into crystals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Amor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tharaud, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gelabert, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Komeili, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/541953</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell determination of iron content in magnetotactic bacteria: implications for the iron biogeochemical cycle]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/542035v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fast and scalable genome-wide inference of local tree topologies from large number of haplotypes based on tree consistent PBWT data structure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/542035v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Estimation of the relationship between DNA sequences is one of the most important problems in genomics. Understanding these relationships is central to demographic inference, correction of population structure in GWAS, identifying signals of selection etc. The data structure containing the full information about sample genealogy is called the ancestral recombination graph (ARG). However, ARG inference is a very difficult problem, not least due to a very complex state space. In this work we describe a new approach for fast and scalable generation of local tree topologies relating large numbers of haplotypes. Our method is closely related to the estimation of ARG, and captures both local and global properties of an ARG. It is based on a data structure which we call tree consistent PBWT, a modification of PBWT data structure introduced by R. Durbin (2014). We also explore some methods to estimate the quality of the generated tree topologies and to make inferences based on them. At the end we discuss a probabilistic model which could potentially lead to the estimation of ARG node times.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shchur, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziganurova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durbin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/542035</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fast and scalable genome-wide inference of local tree topologies from large number of haplotypes based on tree consistent PBWT data structure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/543058v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Kilohertz in vivo imaging of neural activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/543058v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding information processing in the brain requires us to monitor neural activity in vivo at high spatiotemporal resolution. Using an ultrafast two-photon fluorescence microscope (2PFM) empowered by all-optical laser scanning, we imaged neural activity in vivo at up to 3,000 frames per second and submicron spatial resolution. This ultrafast imaging method enabled monitoring of both supra- and sub-threshold electrical activity down to 345 m below the brain surface in head fixed awake mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>liang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, C.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavarha, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsia, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/543058</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Kilohertz in vivo imaging of neural activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/544197v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Horizontal transfer of prokaryotic cytolethal distending toxin B genes to eukaryotes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/544197v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cytolethal distending toxins (CDTs) are tripartite eukaryotic genotoxins encoded in diverse bacterial and phage genomes. The cdtB subunit is a DNAse that causes eukaryotic cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and in one context, is associated with resistance against parasitoid wasp infections. Here we report the discovery of functional cdtB copies in the nuclear genomes of insect species from two distantly related insect orders, including fruit flies (Diptera: Drosophilidae) and aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Insect cdtB copies are most closely related to bacteriophage copies, were horizontally transferred to insect genomes > 40 million years ago and encode a protein that retains ancestral DNase activity. This phage-derived toxin has been domesticated by diverse insects and we hypothesize that it is used as a defensive weapon against parasitoid wasps.

One Sentence SummaryWe report horizontal transfer of the gene cytolethal distending toxin B, which encodes a DNase, into eukaryotic genomes from bacteriophage.

SignificanceCytolethal distending toxins (CDTs) are secreted by diverse pathogenic bacterial species to kill animal cells. The cdtB subunit enters cell nuclei, damaging the DNA and leading to mitotic arrest and apoptosis. In the pea aphid, a bacterial endosymbiont provides protection against wasp attack, possibly via cdtB. We discovered that this same endosymbiont-encoded lineage of cdtB was transferred to the genomes of Diptera and Hemiptera species and retains ancestral DNase activity. This is the first report of cdtB outside of bacteria or phages. A toxin that first evolved to kill eukaryotic cells has been co-opted by insects, potentially to their benefit.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Verster, K. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wisecaver, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duncan, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karageorgi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gloss, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armstrong, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, Z. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiteman, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/544197</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Horizontal transfer of prokaryotic cytolethal distending toxin B genes to eukaryotes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/546408v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ohana: detecting selection in multiple populations by modelling ancestral admixture components 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/546408v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One of the most powerful and commonly used methods for detecting local adaptation in the genome is the identification of extreme allele frequency differences between populations. In this paper, we present a new maximum likelihood method for finding regions under positive selection. The method is based on a Gaussian approximation to allele frequency changes and it incorporates admixture between populations. The method can analyze multiple populations simultaneously and retains power to detect selection signatures specific to ancestry components that are not representative of any extant populations. We evaluate the method using simulated data and compare it to related methods based on summary statistics. We also apply it to human genomic data and identify loci with extreme genetic differentiation between major geographic groups. Many of the genes identified are previously known selected loci relating to hair pigmentation and morphology, skin and eye pigmentation. We also identify new candidate regions, including various selected loci in the Native American component of admixed Mexican-Americans. These involve diverse biological functions, like immunity, fat distribution, food intake, vision and hair development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cheng, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Racimo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/546408</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ohana: detecting selection in multiple populations by modelling ancestral admixture components]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/548255v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optogenetic control reveals differential promoter interpretation of transcription factor nuclear translocation dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/548255v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The dynamic translocation of transcription factors (TFs) in and out of the nucleus is thought to encode information, such as the identity of a stimulus. A corollary is the idea that gene promoters can decode different dynamic TF translocation patterns. Testing this TF encoding/promoter decoding hypothesis requires tools that allow direct control of TF dynamics without the pleiotropic effects associated with general perturbations. In this work, we present CLASP (Controllable Light Activated Shuttling and Plasma membrane sequestration), a tool that enables precise, modular, and reversible control of TF localization using a combination of two optimized LOV2 optogenetic constructs. The first sequesters the cargo in the dark at the plasma membrane and releases it upon exposure to blue light, while light exposure of the second reveals a nuclear localization sequence that shuttles the released cargo to the nucleus. CLASP achieves minute-level resolution, reversible translocation of many TF cargos, large dynamic range, and tunable target gene expression. Using CLASP, we investigate the relationship between Crz1, a naturally pulsatile TF, and its cognate promoters. We establish that some Crz1 target genes respond more efficiently to pulsatile TF inputs than to continuous inputs, while others exhibit the opposite behavior. We show using computational modeling that efficient gene expression in response to short pulsing requires fast promoter activation and slow inactivation and that the opposite phenotype can ensue from a multi-stage promoter activation, where a transition in the first stage is thresholded. These data directly demonstrate differential interpretation of TF pulsing dynamics by different genes, and provide plausible models that can achieve these phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osimiri, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chevalier, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bugaj, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart-Ornstein, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neves, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Samad, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/548255</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optogenetic control reveals differential promoter interpretation of transcription factor nuclear translocation dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/550806v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parthenolide Covalently Targets and Inhibits Focal Adhesion Kinase in Breast Cancer Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/550806v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parthenolide, a natural product from the feverfew plant and member of the large family of sesquiterpene lactones, exerts multiple biological and therapeutic activities including anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects. Herein, we further study parthenolide mechanism of action using activity-based protein profiling (ABPP)-based chemoproteomic platforms to map additional covalent targets engaged by parthenolide in human breast cancer cells. We find that parthenolide, as well as other related exocyclic methylene lactone-containing sesquiterpenes, covalently modify cysteine 427 (C427) of focal adhesion kinase 1 (FAK1) leading to impairment of FAK1-dependent signaling pathways and breast cancer cell proliferation, survival, and motility. These studies reveal a novel functional target exploited by members of a large family of anticancer natural products.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Berdan, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehtola, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>To, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huffman, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petri, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altobelli, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demeulenaere, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olzmann, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maimone, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomura, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/550806</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parthenolide Covalently Targets and Inhibits Focal Adhesion Kinase in Breast Cancer Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/551705v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Changes in anterior and posterior hippocampus differentially predict item-space, item-time, and item-item memory improvement 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/551705v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Relational memory requires the hippocampus, but whether distinct hippocampal mechanisms along the anterior-posterior axis are required for different types of relations is debated. We investigated the contribution of structural changes in hippocampal head, body, and tail subregions to the capacity to remember item-space, item-time, and item-item relations. Memory for each relation and volumes of hippocampal subregions were assessed longitudinally in 171 participants across 3 time points (Mage at T1= 9.45 years; Mage at T2= 10.86 years, Mage at T3=12.12 years; comprising 393 behavioral assessments and 362 structural scans). Among older children, volumetric growth in: (a) head and body predicted improvements in item-time memory, (b) head predicted improvements in item-item memory; and (c) right tail predicted improvements in item-space memory. The present research establishes that volumetric changes in hippocampal subregions differentially predict changes in different aspects of relational memory, underscoring a division of labor along the hippocampal anterior-posterior axis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fandakova, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bunge, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghetti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/551705</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Changes in anterior and posterior hippocampus differentially predict item-space, item-time, and item-item memory improvement]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/552893v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional characterization of genes mediating cell wall metabolism and responses to plant cell wall integrity impairment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/552893v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plant cell walls participate in all plant-environment interactions. Maintaining cell wall integrity (CWI) during these interactions is essential. This realization led to increased interest in CWI and resulted in knowledge regarding early perception and signalling mechanisms active during CWI maintenance. By contrast, knowledge regarding processes mediating changes in cell wall metabolism upon CWI impairment is very limited. To identify genes involved and to investigate their contributions to the processes we selected 23 genes with altered expression in response to CWI impairment and characterized the impact of T-DNA insertions in these genes on cell wall composition using Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. Insertions in 14 genes led to cell wall phenotypes detectable by FTIR. A detailed analysis of four genes found that their altered expression upon CWI impairment is dependent on THE1 activity, a key component of CWI maintenance. Phenotypic characterizations of insertion lines suggest that the four genes are required for particular aspects of CWI maintenance, cell wall composition or resistance to Plectosphaerella cucumerina infection in adult plants. Taken together, the results implicate the genes in responses to CWI impairment, cell wall metabolism and/or pathogen defence, thus identifying new molecular components and processes relevant for CWI maintenance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Engelsdorf, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kjaer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gigli-Bisceglia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaahtera, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miedes, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wormit, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chairam, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamann, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/552893</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional characterization of genes mediating cell wall metabolism and responses to plant cell wall integrity impairment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/553230v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adaptive introgression during environmental change can weaken reproductive isolation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/553230v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anthropogenic climate change is an urgent threat to species diversity. One aspect of this threat is the collapse of species reproductive barriers through increased hybridization. The primary mechanism for this collapse is thought to be the weakening of ecologically-mediated reproductive barriers, as demonstrated in many cases of "reverse speciation" . Here, we expand on this idea and show that adaptive introgression between species adapting to a shared, moving climatic optimum can readily weaken any reproductive barrier, including those that are completely independent of the climatic variable. Using genetically explicit forward-time simulations, we show that genetic linkage between alleles conferring adaptation to a changing climate and alleles conferring reproductive isolation can lead to adaptive introgression facilitating the homogenization of reproductive isolation alleles. This effect causes the decay of species boundaries across a broad and biologically-realistic parameter space. We explore how the magnitude of this effect depends upon the rate of climate change, the genetic architecture of adaptation, the initial degree of reproductive isolation and the mutation rate. These results highlight a previously unexplored effect of rapid climate change on species diversity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Owens, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samuk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/553230</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adaptive introgression during environmental change can weaken reproductive isolation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/554170v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A global synthesis reveals biodiversity-mediated benefits for crop production 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/554170v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human land use threatens global biodiversity and compromises multiple ecosystem functions critical to food production. Whether crop yield-related ecosystem services can be maintained by few abundant species or rely on high richness remains unclear. Using a global database from 89 crop systems, we partition the relative importance of abundance and species richness for pollination, biological pest control and final yields in the context of on-going land-use change. Pollinator and enemy richness directly supported ecosystem services independent of abundance. Up to 50% of the negative effects of landscape simplification on ecosystem services was due to richness losses of service-providing organisms, with negative consequences for crop yields. Maintaining the biodiversity of ecosystem service providers is therefore vital to sustain the flow of key agroecosystem benefits to society.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dainese, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aizen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albrecht, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartomeus, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bommarco, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carvalheiro, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaplin-Kramer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gagic, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garibaldi, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghazoul, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grab, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonsson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karp, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleijn, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kremen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landis, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Letourneau, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marini, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poveda, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rader, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tscharntke, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersson, G. K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badenhausser, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baensch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bezerra, A. D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bianchi, F. J. J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boreux, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bretagnolle, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caballero-Lopez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavigliasso, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cetkovic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chacoff, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Classen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cusser, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva e Silva, F. D. d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Groot, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dude</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/554170</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A global synthesis reveals biodiversity-mediated benefits for crop production]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/556746v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
New factors for protein transport identified by a genome-wide CRISPRi screen in mammalian cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/556746v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein and membrane trafficking pathways are critical for cell and tissue homeostasis. Traditional genetic and biochemical approaches have shed light on basic principles underlying these processes. However, the list of factors required for secretory pathways function remains incomplete, and mechanisms involved in their adaptation poorly understood. Here, we present a powerful strategy based on a pooled genome-wide CRISPRi screen that allowed the identification of new factors involved in protein transport. Two newly identified factors, TTC17 and CCDC157, localized along the secretory pathway and were found to interact with resident proteins of ER-Golgi membranes. In addition, we uncovered that upon TTC17 knockdown, the polarized organization of Golgi cisternae was altered, creating glycosylation defects, and that CCDC157 is an important factor for the fusion of transport carriers to the Golgi complex. In conclusion, our work identified and characterized new actors in the mechanisms of protein transport and secretion, and opens stimulating perspectives for the use of our platform in physiological and pathological contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bassaganyas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popa, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horlbeck, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashok, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butnaru, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brouwers, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heydari, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ripoche, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schekman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malhotra, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreau, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villeneuve, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/556746</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[New factors for protein transport identified by a genome-wide CRISPRi screen in mammalian cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/557751v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glutarate metabolism in Pseudomonas putida is regulated by two distinct glutarate sensing transcription factors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/557751v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcription factor based biosensors can be leveraged to screen thousands of genetics designs for optimal production in engineered microbes. In this study we characterize two glutarate sensing transcription factors (CsiR and GcdR) from Pseudomonas putida. The genomic contexts of CsiR homologs were analyzed and DNA binding sites were bioinformatically predicted. Both CsiR and GcdR were purified and shown to bind upstream of their coding sequencing in vitro. CsiR was shown to dissociate from DNA in vitro when exogenous glutarate was added confirming it acts as a genetic repressor. Both transcription factors were then engineered into plasmid based biosensors and their respective sensing performance features calculated. Both sensor plasmids were then reintroduced into P. putida and were evaluated for their ability to sense flux through glutarate when grown on various lysine metabolites as sole carbon sources. These findings provide information describing glutarate flux in P. putida, and potentially useful tools for future metabolic engineering and synthetic biology efforts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thompson, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruz-Morales, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishna, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blake-Hedges, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Incha, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keasling, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/557751</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glutarate metabolism in Pseudomonas putida is regulated by two distinct glutarate sensing transcription factors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/558452v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanochemical coupling and junctional forces during collective cell migration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/558452v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell migration, a fundamental physiological process in which cells sense and move through their surrounding physical environment, plays a critical role in development and tissue formation, as well as pathological processes, such as cancer metastasis and wound healing. During cell migration, dynamics are governed by the bidirectional interplay between cell-generated mechanical forces and the activity of Rho GTPases, a family of small GTP-binding proteins that regulate actin cytoskeleton assembly and cellular contractility. These interactions are inherently more complex during the collective migration of mechanically coupled cells, due to the additional regulation of cell-cell junctional forces. In this study, we present a minimal modeling framework to simulate the interactions between mechanochemical signaling in individual cells and interactions with cell-cell junctional forces during collective cell migration. We find that migration of individual cells depends on the feedback between mechanical tension and Rho GTPase activity in a biphasic manner. During collective cell migration, waves of Rho GTPase activity mediate mechanical contraction/extension and thus synchronization throughout the tissue. Further, cell-cell junctional forces exhibit distinct spatial patterns during collective cell migration, with larger forces near the leading edge. Larger junctional force magnitudes are associated with faster collective cell migration and larger tissue size. Simulations of heterogeneous tissue migration exhibit a complex dependence on the properties of both leading and trailing cells. Computational predictions demonstrate that collective cell migration depends on both the emergent dynamics and interactions between cellular-level Rho GTPase activity and contractility, and multicellular-level junctional forces.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bui, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conway, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heise, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberg, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/558452</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanochemical coupling and junctional forces during collective cell migration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/558676v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Necrotizing enterocolitis is preceded by increased gut bacterial replication, Klebsiella, and fimbriae-encoding bacteria that may stimulate TLR4 receptors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/558676v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a devastating intestinal disease that occurs primarily in premature infants. We performed genome-resolved metagenomic analysis of 1,163 fecal samples from premature infants to identify microbial features predictive of NEC. Features considered include genes, bacterial strain types, eukaryotes, bacteriophages, plasmids and growth rates. A machine learning classifier found that samples collected prior to NEC diagnosis harbored significantly more Klebsiella, bacteria encoding fimbriae, and bacteria encoding secondary metabolite gene clusters related to quorum sensing and bacteriocin production. Notably, replication rates of all bacteria, especially Enterobacteriaceae, were significantly higher two days before NEC diagnosis. The findings uncover biomarkers that could lead to early detection of NEC and targets for microbiome-based therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Olm, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crits-Christoph, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firek, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morowitz, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/558676</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Necrotizing enterocolitis is preceded by increased gut bacterial replication, Klebsiella, and fimbriae-encoding bacteria that may stimulate TLR4 receptors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/559484v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Super-resolution displacement mapping of unbound single molecules reveals nanoscale heterogeneities in intracellular diffusivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/559484v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intracellular diffusion underlies vital processes of the cell. However, it remains difficult to elucidate how an average-sized protein diffuses in the cell with good spatial resolution and sensitivity. Here we report single-molecule displacement/diffusivity mapping (SMdM), a super-resolution strategy that enables the nanoscale mapping of intracellular diffusivity through the local statistics of instantaneous displacements of freely diffusing single molecules. We thus show that diffusion in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus to both be spatially heterogeneous at the nanoscale, and such variations in local diffusivity correlate strongly with the ultrastructure of the actin cytoskeleton and the chromosome, respectively. Moreover, we identify the net charge of the diffuser as a key determinant of diffusion rate: intriguingly, the possession of positive, but not negative, net charges significantly impedes diffusion, and the exact degree of slowdown is determined by the specific subcellular environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xiang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/559484</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Super-resolution displacement mapping of unbound single molecules reveals nanoscale heterogeneities in intracellular diffusivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/560102v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The genome and mRNA transcriptome of the cosmopolitan calanoid copepod Acartia tonsa Dana improve the understanding of copepod genome size evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/560102v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Members of the crustacean subclass Copepoda are likely the most abundant metazoans worldwide. Pelagic marine species are critical in converting planktonic microalgae to animal biomass, supporting oceanic food webs. Despite their abundance and ecological importance, only five copepod genomes are publicly available, owing to a number of factors including large genome size, repetitiveness, GC-content, and small animal size. Here, we report the sixth representative copepod genome and the first genome and transcriptome from the calanoid copepod species Acartia tonsa Dana, which is among the most numerous mesozooplankton in boreal coastal and estuarine waters. The ecology, physiology and behavior of A. tonsa has been studied extensively. The genetic resources contributed in this work will allow researchers to link experimental results to molecular mechanisms. From PCRfree WGS and mRNA Illumina data, we assemble the largest copepod genome to date. We estimate A. tonsa has a total genome size of 2.5 Gb including repetitive elements we could not resolve. The non-repetitive fraction of the genome assembly is estimated to be 566Mb. Our DNA sequencing-based analyses suggest there is a 14-fold difference in genome size between the six members of Copepoda with available genomic information through NCBI. This finding complements nucleus staining genome size estimations, where 100-fold difference has been reported within 70 species. We briefly analyze the repeat structure in the existing copepod WGS datasets. The information presented here confirms the evolution of genome size in Copepoda and expands the scope for evolutionary inferences in Copepoda by providing several levels of genetic information from a key planktonic crustacean species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jorgensen, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petersen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jepsen, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Someren Greve, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hestbjerg Hansen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/560102</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The genome and mRNA transcriptome of the cosmopolitan calanoid copepod Acartia tonsa Dana improve the understanding of copepod genome size evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/561001v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A genome-wide screen for ER autophagy highlights key roles of mitochondrial metabolism and ER- resident UFMylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/561001v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Selective degradation of organelles via autophagy is critical for cellular differentiation, homeostasis, and organismal health. Autophagy of the ER (ER-phagy) is implicated in human neuropathy but is poorly understood beyond a few specialized autophagosomal receptors and remodelers. Using an ER-phagy reporter and genome-wide CRISPRi screening, we identified 200 high-confidence factors involved in human ER-phagy. We mechanistically investigated two pathways unexpectedly required for ER-phagy. First, reduced mitochondrial metabolism represses ER-phagy, which reverses the logic of general autophagy. Mitochondrial crosstalk with ER-phagy bypasses the energy sensor AMPK, instead directly impacting ULK1. Second, ER-localized UFMylation is required for ER-phagy that represses the unfolded protein response. The UFL1 ligase is brought to the ER surface by DDRGK1, analogous to PINK1-Parkin regulation during mitophagy. Our data provide insight into the unique cellular logic of ER-phagy, reveal parallels between organelle autophagies, and provide an entry point to the relatively unexplored process of degrading the ER network.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liang, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lingeman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luong, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olzmann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corn, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/561001</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A genome-wide screen for ER autophagy highlights key roles of mitochondrial metabolism and ER- resident UFMylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/562017v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Left Ventricular Chamber Shape During Vena Caval Occlusion: Improved MRI-based Measurement of the End-Systolic Pressure-Volume Relationship in Normal Sheep 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/562017v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The left ventricular (LV) end-systolic pressure volume relationship (ES; ESPVR) is the cornerstone of systolic LV function analysis. Recently, it became possible to measure 2D LV chamber shape during vena cava occlusion (VCO) with MRI. We used an improved level-set semi-automatic segmentation method (LSSM) to determine the effect of VCO on LV geometry, ES pressure area (PA) and ESPVR.

10 healthy adult sheep were anesthetized. LV pressure transducer and inferior vena cava (IVC) balloon catheter were percutaneously inserted. Ferumoxytol (0.125 ml/kg iv; AMAG Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, MA) was given to enhance blood pool contrast. LV pressure and 2D retrospectively-gated cine MRI of LV cross sections 25 (Apex), 50 (Mid) and 75% (Base) of the distance from the apex to the base of the LV were obtained during separate IVC balloon inflations (VCO). LV pressure was digitally filtered and LV chamber segmented with the LSSM. Cross sectional area, major and minor axes, major axis orientation, ESPAR and ESPVR were calculated.

The LSSM had excellent reliability. All cross sections became more elliptical during VCO. The orientation (angle) of each major axis relative to the anterior RV insertion shifted during VCO. However, the orientation remained toward the septum. There was chamber collapse (LV area < 0.25 cm2) at the apical level during VCO (7 cases). ESPAR was non-linear at all levels. ESPVR was non-linear because of apical collapse.

In conclusion, MRI-based measurement of LV geometry, ESPAR and ESPVR during VCO is a valuable method that may lead to improved understanding of systolic LV function.

New and NoteworthyReal-time MRI was used to continuously measure the LV PA relationship as loading conditions were transiently varied in anesthetized sheep. All three examined cross-sections became more elliptical during VCO. The ESPAR were non-linear at all three cross-sections. Chamber collapse at the apical level during VCO resulted in a non-linear ESPVR. The heart contracted in a non-concentric manner during VCO which could inform modeling studies and elucidate mechanisms underlying LV adaptations to sudden load changes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Giao, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rojas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takaba, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badathala, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spaulding, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, V. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heraldsson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saloner, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guccione, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratcliffe, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/562017</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Left Ventricular Chamber Shape During Vena Caval Occlusion: Improved MRI-based Measurement of the End-Systolic Pressure-Volume Relationship in Normal Sheep]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/565440v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Replay as wavefronts and theta sequences as bump oscillations in a grid cell attractor network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/565440v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Grid cells fire in sequences that represent rapid trajectories in space. During locomotion, theta sequences encode sweeps in position starting slightly behind the animal and ending ahead of it. During quiescence and slow wave sleep, bouts of synchronized activity represent long trajectories called replays, which are well-established in place cells and have been recently reported in grid cells. Theta sequences and replay are hypothesized to facilitate many cognitive functions, but their underlying mechanisms are unknown. A leading mechanism proposed for grid cell formation is the continuous attractor network. We demonstrate that this established architecture naturally produces theta sequences and replay as distinct consequences of modulating external input. Driving inhibitory interneurons at the theta frequency causes attractor bumps to oscillate in speed and size, which gives rise to theta sequences and phase precession, respectively. Decreasing input drive to all neurons produces traveling wavefronts of activity that are decoded as replays.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeWeese, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/565440</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Replay as wavefronts and theta sequences as bump oscillations in a grid cell attractor network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/565986v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic drift in range expansions is very sensitive to density feedback in dispersal and growth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/565986v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Theory predicts rapid genetic drift in expanding populations due to the serial founder effect at the expansion front. Yet, many natural populations maintain high genetic diversity in the newly colonized regions. Here, we investigate whether density-dependent dispersal could provide a resolution of this paradox. We find that genetic drift is dramatically suppressed when dispersal rates increase with the population density because many more migrants from the diverse, high-density regions arrive at the expansion edge. When density-dependence is weak or negative, the effective population size of the front scales only logarithmically with the carrying capacity. The dependence, however, switches to a sublinear power law and then to a linear increase as the density-dependence becomes strongly positive. To understand these results, we introduce a unified framework that predicts how the strength of genetic drift depends on the density-dependence in both dispersal and growth. This theory reveals that the transitions between different regimes of diversity loss are controlled by a single, universal parameter: the ratio of the expansion velocity to the geometric mean of dispersal and growth rates at expansion edge. Importantly, our results suggest that positive density-dependence could dramatically alter evolution in expanding populations even when its contributions to the expansion velocity is small.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Birzu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallatschek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korolev, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/565986</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic drift in range expansions is very sensitive to density feedback in dispersal and growth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/570440v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bioelectrical signaling via domain wall migration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/570440v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractElectrical signaling in biology is typically associated with action potentials, transient spikes in membrane voltage that return to baseline. The Hodgkin-Huxley equations of electrophysiology belong to a more general class of reaction-diffusion equations which could, in principle, support patterns of membrane voltage which are stable in time but structured in space. Here we show theoretically and experimentally that homogeneous or nearly homogeneous tissues can undergo spontaneous spatial symmetry breaking into domains with different resting potentials, separated by stable bioelectrical domain walls. Transitions from one resting potential to another can occur through long-range migration of these domain walls. We map bioelectrical domain wall motion using all-optical electrophysiology in an engineered stable cell line and in human iPSC-derived myoblasts. Bioelectrical domain wall migration may occur during embryonic development and during physiological signaling processes in polarized tissues. These results demonstrate a novel form of bioelectrical pattern formation and long-range signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McNamara, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salegame, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al Tanoury, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Begum, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortiz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pourquie, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/570440</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bioelectrical signaling via domain wall migration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/571646v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Bayesian framework for inferring the influence of sequence context on single base modifications 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/571646v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The probability of single base modifications (mutations and DNA/RNA modifications) is expected to be highly influenced by the flanking nucleotides that surround them, known as the sequence context. This phenomenon may be mainly attributed to the enzyme that modifies or mutates the genetic material, since most enzymes tend to have specific sequence contexts that dictate their activity. Thus, identification of context effects may lead to the discovery of additional editing sites or unknown enzymatic factors. Here, we develop a statistical model that allows for the detection and evaluation of the effects of different sequence contexts on mutation rates from deep population sequencing data. This task is computationally challenging, as the complexity of the model increases exponentially as the context size increases. We established our novel Bayesian method based on sparse model selection methods, with the leading assumption that the number of actual sequence contexts that directly influence mutation rates is minuscule compared to the number of possible sequence contexts. We show that our method is highly accurate on simulated data using pentanucleotide contexts, even when accounting for noisy data. We next analyze empirical population sequencing data from polioviruses and detect a significant enrichment in sequence contexts associated with deamination by the cellular deaminases ADAR 1/2. In the current era, where next generation sequencing data is highly abundant, our approach can be used on any population sequencing data to reveal context-dependent base alterations, and may assist in the discovery of novel mutable sites or editing sites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ling, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/571646</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Bayesian framework for inferring the influence of sequence context on single base modifications]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/572362v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Clades of huge phage from across Earth’s ecosystems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/572362v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phage typically have small genomes and depend on their bacterial hosts for replication. DNA sequenced from many diverse ecosystems revealed hundreds of huge phage genomes, between 200 kbp and 716 kbp in length. Thirty-four genomes were manually curated to completion, including the largest phage genomes yet reported. Expanded genetic repertoires include diverse and new CRISPR-Cas systems, tRNAs, tRNA synthetases, tRNA modification enzymes, translation initiation and elongation factors, and ribosomal proteins. Phage CRISPR-Cas systems have the capacity to silence host transcription factors and translational genes, potentially as part of a larger interaction network that intercepts translation to redirect biosynthesis to phage-encoded functions. In addition, some phage may repurpose bacterial CRISPR-Cas systems to eliminate competing phage. We phylogenetically define major clades of huge phage from human and other animal microbiomes, oceans, lakes, sediments, soils and the built environment. We conclude that their large gene inventories reflect a conserved biological strategy, observed over a broad bacterial host range and across Earths ecosystems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Al-Shayeb, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachdeva, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munk, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devoto, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castelle, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olm, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouma-Gregson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amano, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meheust, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matheus-Carnevali, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goltsman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borton, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kantor, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keren, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farag, I. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lei, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finstad, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amundson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anantharaman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Probst, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Power, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tringe, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wrighton, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morowitz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Relman, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehours, A.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cate, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santini, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/572362</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Clades of huge phage from across Earth’s ecosystems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/572560v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Convergent gene loss in aquatic plants predicts new components of plant immunity and drought response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/572560v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plant innate immunity relies on NLR receptors that recognize pathogen derived molecules and activate downstream signalling pathways. We analyzed the variation in copy number of NLR genes across flowering plants, and identified a number of species with a low number of NLRs relative to sister species. Two distinct lineages, one monocot (Lentibulariaceae) and one dicot (Alismatales) encapsulate four species with particularly few NLR genes. In these lineages, loss of NLRs coincided with loss of the well-known downstream immune signalling complex (EDS1-PAD4). When we expanded our analysis across the whole proteomes, we were able to identify other characterized immune genes absent only in Lentibulariaceae and Alismatales. Additionally, we identified a small subset of genes with unknown function convergently lost in all four species. We predicted that some of these genes may have a role in plant immunity. Gene expression analyses confirmed that a group of these genes was differentially expressed under pathogen infection. Another subset of these genes was differentially expressed upon drought providing further evidence of a link between the drought and plant immunity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baggs, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thanki, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Grady, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schudoma, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haerty, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krasileva, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/572560</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Convergent gene loss in aquatic plants predicts new components of plant immunity and drought response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/579854v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionary dynamics in structured populations under strong population genetic forces 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/579854v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High rates of migration between subpopulations result in little population differentiation in the long-term neutral equilibrium. However, in the short-term, even very abundant migration may not be enough for subpopulations to equilibrate immediately. In this study, we investigate dynamical patterns of short-term population differentiation in adapting populations via stochastic and analytical modeling through time. We characterize a regime in which selection and migration interact to create non-monotonic patterns of the population differentiation statistic FST when migration is weaker than selection, but stronger than drift. We demonstrate how these patterns can be leveraged to estimate high migration rates that would lead to panmixia in the long term equilibrium using an approximate Bayesian computation approach. We apply this approach to estimate fast migration in a rapidly adapting intra-host Simian-HIV population sampled from different anatomical locations. Notably, we find differences in estimated migration rates between different compartments, all above Nem = 1. This work demonstrates how studying demographic processes on the timescale of selective sweeps illuminates processes too fast to leave signatures on neutral timescales.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feder, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pennings, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hermisson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrov, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/579854</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionary dynamics in structured populations under strong population genetic forces]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/580233v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Separations-Encoded Microparticles For Single-Cell Western Blotting 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/580233v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Direct measurement of proteins from single cells has been realized at the microscale using microfluidic channels, capillaries, and semi-enclosed microwell arrays. Although powerful, these formats are constrained, with the enclosed geometries proving cumbersome for multistage assays, including electrophoresis followed by immunoprobing. We introduce a hybrid microfluidic format that toggles between a planar microwell array and a suspension of microparticles. The planar array is stippled in a thin sheet of polyacrylamide gel, for efficient single-cell isolation and protein electrophoresis of hundreds-to-thousands of cells. Upon mechanical release, array elements become a suspension of separations-encoded microparticles for more efficient immunoprobing due to enhanced mass transfer. Dehydrating microparticles offer improved analytical sensitivity owing to in-gel concentration of fluorescence signal for high-throughput single-cell targeted proteomics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gumuscu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herr, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/580233</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Separations-Encoded Microparticles For Single-Cell Western Blotting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/584532v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural color in Junonia butterflies evolves by tuning scale lamina thickness 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/584532v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In diverse organisms, nanostructures that coherently scatter light create structural color, but how such structures are built remains mysterious. We investigate the evolution and genetic regulation of butterfly scale laminae, which are simple photonic nanostructures. In a lineage of buckeye butterflies artificially selected for blue wing color, we found that thickened laminae caused a color shift from brown to blue. Deletion of the optix wing patterning gene also altered color via lamina thickening, revealing shared genetic regulation of pigments and lamina thickness. Finally, we show how lamina thickness variation contributes to the color diversity that distinguishes sexes and species throughout the genus Junonia. Thus, quantitatively tuning one dimension of scale architecture facilitates both the microevolution and macroevolution of a broad spectrum of hues. Because the lamina is an intrinsic component of typical butterfly scales, our findings suggest that tuning lamina thickness is a readily accessible mechanism to create structural color across the Lepidoptera.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thayer, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, F. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/584532</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural color in Junonia butterflies evolves by tuning scale lamina thickness]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/585547v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
3.1A structure of yeast RNA polymerase II elongation complex stalled at a cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer lesion solved using streptavidin affinity grids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/585547v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite significant advances in all aspects of single particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), specimen preparation still remains a challenge. During sample preparation, macromolecules interact with the air-water interface, which often leads to detrimental effects such as denaturation or adoption of preferred orientations, ultimately hindering structure determination. Randomly biotinylating the protein of interest and then tethering it to a cryo-EM grid coated with two-dimensional crystals of streptavidin (acting as an affinity surface) can prevent the protein from interacting with the air-water interface. Recently, this approach was successfully used to solve a high-resolution structure of a test sample, a bacterial ribosome. However, the general applicability of this method to samples where interaction with the air-water interface is problematic remains to be determined. Here we report a 3.1[A] structure of a RNA polymerase II elongation complex stalled at a cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer lesion (Pol II EC(CPD)) solved using streptavidin grids. Our previous attempt to solve this structure using conventional sample preparation methods resulted in a poor quality cryo-EM map due to Pol II EC(CPD)s adopting a strong preferred orientation. Imaging the same sample on streptavidin grids led to a high-resolution structure with little anisotropy, showing that streptavidin affinity grids could be used as a general strategy to address challenges posed by interaction with the air-water interface.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lahiri, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiMaio, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leschziner, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/585547</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[3.1A structure of yeast RNA polymerase II elongation complex stalled at a cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer lesion solved using streptavidin affinity grids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/586750v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Endosymbiotic bacteria are prevalent and diverse in agricultural spiders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/586750v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Maternally inherited bacterial endosymbionts are common in arthropods, but their distribution and prevalence is poorly characterized in many host taxa. For example, spiders (Araneae) have received little attention, but initial surveys suggest that vertically transmitted symbionts may be common. Here, we characterized endosymbiont infection in a community of agricultural spiders. Using a combination of diagnostic PCR and high-throughput sequencing of the bacterial microbiome, we evaluated symbiont infection in 267 individual spiders representing 14 species in 3 families. We found 27 Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) that are likely endosymbiotic, including several strains of Wolbachia, Rickettsia and Cardinium, all of which are vertically transmitted and frequently associated with reproductive manipulation of arthropod hosts. Seventy percent of spider species had individuals that tested positive for one or more endosymbiotic OTUs, and specimens frequently contained multiple symbiotic strain types. The most symbiont-rich species, Idionella rugosa, had eight endosymbiotic OTUs, with as many as five present in the same specimen. Individual specimens within infected spider species had a variety of symbiotypes, differing from one another in the presence or absence of symbiotic strains. Our sample included both starved and unstarved specimens, and dominant bacterial OTUs were consistent per host species, regardless of feeding status. We conclude that spiders contain a remarkably diverse symbiotic microbiota. Spiders would be an informative group for investigating endosymbiont population dynamics in time and space, and unstarved specimens collected for other purposes (e.g., food web studies) could be used, with caution, for such investigations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>White, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Styer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenwald, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curry, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welch, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Athey, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapman, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/586750</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Endosymbiotic bacteria are prevalent and diverse in agricultural spiders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/587634v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whisker map organization in somatosensory cortex of awake, behaving mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/587634v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The whisker map in rodent somatosensory cortex is well characterized under anesthesia, but its organization during awake sensation, when cortical coding can differ strongly, is unknown. Using a novel behavioral task, we measured whisker receptive fields and maps in awake mice with 2-photon calcium imaging in vivo. During a whisker-attentive task, layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons were sharply tuned, with cells tuned to different whiskers intermixed in each column. This salt-and-pepper organization consisted of small clusters of similarly-tuned neurons superimposed on a mean subcolumnar map. Parvalbumin interneurons had broader tuning, and were more homogeneously tuned to the columnar whisker. During a sound-attentive task, whisker tuning of pyramidal cells was less heterogeneous in each column, and firing correlations increased. Thus, behavioral demands modulate fine-scale map structure, and decorrelate the whisker map during whisker-attentive behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LeMessurier, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldman, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/587634</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whisker map organization in somatosensory cortex of awake, behaving mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/589135v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human Foveal Cone Photoreceptor Topography and its Dependence on Eye Length 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/589135v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We provide the first measures of foveal cone density as a function of axial length in living eyes and discuss the physical and visual implications of our findings. We used a new generation Adaptive Optics Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscope to image cones at and near the fovea in 28 eyes of 16 subjects. Cone density and other metrics were computed in units of visual angle and linear retinal units. The foveal cone mosaic in longer eyes is expanded at the fovea, but not in proportion to eye length. Despite retinal stretching (decrease in cones/mm2), myopes generally have a higher angular sampling density (increase in cones/deg2) in and around the fovea compared to emmetropes, offering the potential for better visual acuity. Reports of deficits in best-corrected foveal vision in myopes compared to emmetropes cannot be explained by increased spacing between photoreceptors caused by retinal stretching during myopic progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bensaid, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiruveedhula, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravikumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roorda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/589135</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human Foveal Cone Photoreceptor Topography and its Dependence on Eye Length]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/592675v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An approximate full-likelihood method for inferring selection and allele frequency trajectories from DNA sequence data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/592675v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most current methods for detecting natural selection from DNA sequence data are limited in that they are either based on summary statistics or a composite likelihood, and as a consequence, do not make full use of the information available in DNA sequence data. We here present a new importance sampling approach for approximating the full likelihood function for the selection coefficient. The method treats the ancestral recombination graph (ARG) as a latent variable that is integrated out using previously published Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods. The method can be used for detecting selection, estimating selection coefficients, testing models of changes in the strength of selection, estimating the time of the start of a selective sweep, and for inferring the allele frequency trajectory of a selected or neutral allele. We perform extensive simulations to evaluate the method and show that it uniformly improves power to detect selection compared to current popular methods such as nSL and SDS, under various demographic models and can provide reliable inferences of allele frequency trajectories under many conditions. We also explore the potential of our method to detect extremely recent changes in the strength of selection. We use the method to infer the past allele frequency trajectory for a lactase persistence SNP (MCM6) in Europeans. We also study a set of 11 pigmentation-associated variants. Several genes show evidence of strong selection particularly within the last 5,000 years, including ASIP, KITLG, and TYR. However, selection on OCA2/HERC2 seems to be much older and, in contrast to previous claims, we find no evidence of selection on TYRP1.nnAuthor summaryCurrent methods to study natural selection using modern population genomic data are limited in their power and flexibility. Here, we present a new method to infer natural selection that builds on recent methodological advances in estimating genome-wide genealogies. By using importance sampling we are able to efficiently estimate the likelihood function of the selection coefficient. We show our method improves power to test for selection over competing methods across a diverse range of scenarios, and also accurately infers the selection coefficient. We also demonstrate a novel capability of our model, using it to infer the alleles frequency over time. We validate these results with a study of a lactase persistence SNP in Europeans, and also study a set of 11 pigmentation-associated variants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stern, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilton, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/592675</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An approximate full-likelihood method for inferring selection and allele frequency trajectories from DNA sequence data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/594481v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A likelihood method for estimating present-day human contamination in ancient DNA samples using low-depth haploid chromosome data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/594481v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1MotivationThe presence of present-day human contaminating DNA fragments is one of the challenges defining ancient DNA (aDNA) research. This is especially relevant to the ancient human DNA field where it is difficult to distinguish endogenous molecules from human contaminants due to their genetic similarity. Recently, with the advent of high-throughput sequencing and new aDNA protocols, hundreds of ancient human genomes have become available. Contamination in those genomes has been measured with computational methods often developed specifically for these empirical studies. Consequently, some of these methods have not been implemented and tested while few are aimed at low-depth data, a common feature in aDNA datasets.nnResultsWe develop a new X-chromosome-based maximum likelihood method for estimating present-day human contamination in low-depth sequencing data. We implement our method for general use, assess its performance under conditions typical of ancient human DNA research, and compare it to previous nuclear data-based methods through extensive simulations. For low-depth data, we show that existing methods can produce unusable estimates or substantially underestimate contamination. In contrast, our method provides accurate estimates for a depth of coverage as low as 0.5x on the X-chromosome when contamination is below 25%. Moreover, our method still yields meaningful estimates in very challenging situations, i.e., when the contaminant and the target come from closely related populations or with increased error rates. With a running time below five minutes, our method is applicable to large scale aDNA genomic studies.nnAvailability and implementationThe method is implemented in C++ and R and is freely available in https://github.com/sapfo/contaminationX.nnContactmorenomayar@gmail.com, annasapfo.malaspinas@unil.ch.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moreno-Mayar, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korneliussen, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albrechtsen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalal, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renaud, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malaspinas, A.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/594481</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A likelihood method for estimating present-day human contamination in ancient DNA samples using low-depth haploid chromosome data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/594960v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Drosophila female-specific brain neuron elicits persistent position- and direction-selective male-like social behaviors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/594960v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Latent neural circuitry in the female brain encoding male-like mating behaviors has been revealed in both mice and flies. In Drosophila, a key component of this circuitry consists of the doublesex-expressing pC1 neurons, which were deemed to exist in both sexes and function based on the amount of cells being activated. Here, we identify pC1-alpha, a female-specific subtype of pC1, as responsible for inducing persistent male-like social behaviors in females. We demonstrate that activation of a single pC1-alpha neuron is sufficient for such induction in a position- and direction-selective manner, and activity of pC1-alpha neurons as a whole is indispensable for maintaining normal sexual receptivity. These dual functions of pC1-alpha may require different neurotransmission, with acetylcholine specifically required for the former but not the latter. Our findings suggest that pC1-alpha may be the female counterpart of male P1 due to their shared similarities in morphology, lineage, and social promoting function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bidaye, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahringer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/594960</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Drosophila female-specific brain neuron elicits persistent position- and direction-selective male-like social behaviors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/595074v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unusual metabolism and hypervariation in the genome of a Gracilibacteria (BD1-5) from an oil degrading community 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/595074v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Candidate Phyla Radiation (CPR) comprises a large monophyletic group of bacterial lineages known almost exclusively based on genomes obtained using cultivation-independent methods. Within the CPR, Gracilibacteria (BD1-5) are particularly poorly understood due to undersampling and the inherent fragmented nature of available genomes. Here, we report the first closed, curated genome of a Gracilibacteria from an enrichment experiment inoculated from the Gulf of Mexico and designed to investigate hydrocarbon degradation. The gracilibacterium rose in abundance after the community switched to dominance by Colwellia. Notably, we predict that this gracilibacterium completely lacks glycolysis, the pentose phosphate and Entner-Doudoroff pathways. It appears to acquire pyruvate, acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate via degradation of externally derived citrate, malate and amino acids and may use compound interconversion and oxidoreductases to generate and recycle reductive power. The initial genome assembly was fragmented in an unusual gene that is hypervariable within a repeat region. Such extreme local variation is rare, but characteristic of genes that confer traits under pressure to diversify within a population. Notably, the four major repeated 9-mer nucleotide sequences all generate a proline-threonine-aspartic acid (PTD) repeat. The genome of an abundant Colwellia psychrerythraea population has a large extracellular protein that also contains the repeated PTD motif. Although we do not know the host for the BD1-5 cell, the high relative abundance of the C. psychrerythraea population and the shared surface protein repeat may indicate an association between these bacteria.nnImportanceCPR bacteria are generally predicted to be symbionts due to their extensive biosynthetic deficits. Although monophyletic, they are not monolithic in terms of their lifestyles. The organism described here appears to have evolved an unusual metabolic platform not reliant on glucose or pentose sugars. Its biology appears to be centered around bacterial host-derived compounds and/or cell detritus. Amino acids likely provide building blocks for nucleic acids, peptidoglycan and protein synthesis. We resolved an unusual repeat region that would be invisible without genome curation. The nucleotide sequence is apparently under strong diversifying selection but the amino acid sequence is under stabilizing selection. The amino acid repeat also occurs in a surface protein of a coexisting bacterium, suggesting co-location and possibly interdependence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sieber, C. M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castelle, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tringe, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valentine, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/595074</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unusual metabolism and hypervariation in the genome of a Gracilibacteria (BD1-5) from an oil degrading community]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/597468v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metatranscriptomic reconstruction reveals RNA viruses with the potential to shape carbon cycling in soil 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/597468v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Viruses impact nearly all organisms on Earth, with ripples of influence in agriculture, health and biogeochemical processes. However, very little is known about RNA viruses in an environmental context, and even less is known about their diversity and ecology in the most complex microbial system, soil. Here, we assembled 48 individual metatranscriptomes from four habitats within a soil sampled over a 22-day time series: rhizosphere alone, detritosphere alone, a combination of the two, and unamended soil (four time points and three biological replicates per time point). We resolved the RNA viral community, uncovering a high diversity of viral sequences. We also investigated possible host organisms by analyzing metatranscriptome marker gene content. Based on viral phylogeny, much of the diversity was Narnaviridae that parasitize fungi or Leviviridae that infect Proteobacteria. Both host and viral communities appear to be highly dynamic, and rapidly diverged depending on experimental conditions. The viral communities were structured based on the presence of litter, while putative hosts appeared to be impacted by both the presence of litter and roots. A clear time signature from Leviviridae and their hosts indicated that viruses were replicating. With this time-resolved analysis, we show that RNA viruses are diverse, abundant and active in soil. Their replication causes host cell death, mobilizing carbon in a process that represents a largely overlooked component of carbon cycling in soil.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Starr, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuccio, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pett-Ridge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firestone, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/597468</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metatranscriptomic reconstruction reveals RNA viruses with the potential to shape carbon cycling in soil]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/597849v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Suppression of unwanted CRISPR/Cas9 editing by co-administration of catalytically inactivating truncated guide RNAs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/597849v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR/Cas9 nucleases are powerful genome engineering tools, but unwanted cleavage at off-target and previously edited sites remains a major concern. Numerous strategies to reduce unwanted cleavage have been devised, but all are imperfect. Here, we report off-target sites can be shielded from the active Cas9*single guide RNA (sgRNA) complex through the co-administration of dead-RNAs (dRNAs), truncated guide RNAs that direct Cas9 binding but not cleavage. dRNAs can effectively suppress a wide-range of off-targets with minimal optimization while preserving on-target editing, and they can be multiplexed to suppress several off-targets simultaneously. dRNAs can be combined with high-specificity Cas9 variants, which often do not eliminate all unwanted editing. Moreover, dRNAs can prevent cleavage of homology-directed repair (HDR)-corrected sites, facilitating "scarless" editing by eliminating the need for blocking mutations. Thus, we enable precise genome editing by establishing a novel and flexible approach for suppressing unwanted editing of both off-targets and HDR-corrected sites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rose, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popp, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephany, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathieu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corn, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maly, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fowler, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/597849</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Suppression of unwanted CRISPR/Cas9 editing by co-administration of catalytically inactivating truncated guide RNAs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/598359v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tuning the affinity of tandem calponin homology domains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/598359v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tandem calponin homology (CH1-CH2) domains are common actin-binding domains in proteins that interact with and organize the actin cytoskeleton. Despite regions of high sequence similarity, CH1-CH2 domains can have remarkably different actin-binding properties, with disease-associated point mutants known to increase as well as decrease affinity for f-actin. To investigate features that affect CH1-CH2 affinity for f-actin in cells and in vitro, we perturbed the utrophin actin-binding domain by making point mutations at the CH1-CH2 interface, replacing the linker domain, and adding a PEG polymer to CH2. Consistent with a previous model describing CH2 as a steric negative regulator of actin binding, we find that utrophin CH1-CH2 affinity is both increased and decreased by modifications that change the effective  openness of CH1 and CH2 in solution. We also identified interface mutations that caused a large increase in affinity without changing solution  openness, suggesting additional influences on affinity. Interestingly, we also observe non-uniform sub-cellular localization of utrophin CH1-CH2 that depends on the N-terminal flanking region but not on bulk affinity. These observations provide new insights into how small sequence changes, such as those found in diseases, can affect CH1-CH2 binding properties.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harris, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belardi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jreij, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bausch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fletcher, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/598359</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tuning the affinity of tandem calponin homology domains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/598730v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A polygenic risk score for breast cancer in U.S. Latinas and Latin-American women 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/598730v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundOver 180 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with breast cancer susceptibility have been identified; these SNPs can be combined into polygenic risk scores (PRS) to predict breast cancer risk. Since most SNPs were identified in predominantly European populations, little is known about the performance of PRS in non-Europeans. We tested the performance of a 180-SNP PRS in Latinas, a large ethnic group with variable levels of Indigenous American, European, and African ancestry.nnMethodsWe conducted a pooled case-control analysis of U.S. Latinas and Latin-American women (4,658 cases, 7,622 controls). We constructed a 180-SNP PRS consisting of SNPs associated with breast cancer risk (p < 5 x 10-8). We evaluated the association between the PRS and breast cancer risk using multivariable logistic regression and assessed discrimination using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC). We also assessed PRS performance across quartiles of Indigenous American genetic ancestry.nnResultsOf 180 SNPs tested, 142 showed directionally consistent associations compared with European populations, and 39 were nominally significant (p < 0.05). The PRS was associated with breast cancer risk, with an odds ratio (OR) per standard deviation increment of 1.58 (95% CI 1.52 to 1.64) and AUCROC of 0.63 (95% CI 0.62 to 0.64). The discrimination of the PRS was similar between the top and bottom quartiles of Indigenous American ancestry.nnConclusionsThe 180-SNP PRS predicts breast cancer risk in Latinas, with similar performance as reported for Europeans. The performance of the PRS did not vary substantially according to Indigenous American ancestry.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shieh, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fejerman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lott, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marker, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawyer, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huntsman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Echeverry, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohorquez, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Chequer, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polanco-Echeverry, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estrada-Florez, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haiman, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kushi, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres-Mejia, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viadaurre, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weitzel, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casavilco Zambrano, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carvajal-Carmona, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziv, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neuhausen, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/598730</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A polygenic risk score for breast cancer in U.S. Latinas and Latin-American women]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/598821v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Raptor genomes reveal evolutionary signatures of predatory and nocturnal lifestyles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/598821v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundBirds of prey (raptors) are dominant apex predators in terrestrial communities, with hawks (Accipitriformes) and falcons (Falconiformes) hunting by day, and owls (Strigiformes) hunting by night.nnResultsHere, we report new genomes and transcriptomes for 20 species of birds, including 16 species of birds of prey, and high-quality reference genomes for the Eurasian eagle-owl (Bubo bubo), oriental scops-owl (Otus sunia), eastern buzzard (Buteo japonicus), and common kestrel (Falco tinnunculus). Our extensive genomic analysis and comparisons with non-raptor genomes identified common molecular signatures that underpin anatomical structure and sensory, muscle, circulatory, and respiratory systems related to a predatory lifestyle. Compared with diurnal birds, owls exhibit striking adaptations to the nocturnal environment, including functional trade-offs in the sensory systems (e.g., loss of color vision genes and selection for enhancement of nocturnal vision and other sensory systems) that are probably convergent with other nocturnal avian orders. Additionally, we found that a suite of genes associated with vision and circadian rhythm were differentially expressed between nocturnal and diurnal raptors, indicating adaptive expression change during the transition to nocturnality.nnConclusionsOverall, raptor genomes showed genomic signatures associated with the origin and maintenance of several specialized physiological and morphological features essential to be apex predators.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cho, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jun, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, S.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, J.-h.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Na, K.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manica, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mindell, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puchs, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witt, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhak, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/598821</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Raptor genomes reveal evolutionary signatures of predatory and nocturnal lifestyles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/599795v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNAi screen reveals a role for PACSIN2 and caveolins during bacterial cell-to-cell spread 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/599795v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Listeria monocytogenes is a human bacterial pathogen that disseminates through host tissues using a process called cell-to-cell spread. This critical yet understudied virulence strategy resembles a vesicular form of intercellular trafficking that allows L. monocytogenes to move between host cells without escaping the cell. Interestingly, eukaryotic cells can also directly exchange cellular components via intercellular communication pathways (e.g. trans-endocytosis) using cell-cell adhesion, membrane trafficking, and membrane remodeling proteins. Therefore, we hypothesized that L. monocytogenes would hijack these types of host proteins during spread. Using a focused RNAi screen, we identified 22 host genes that are important for L. monocytogenes spread. We then found that caveolins (CAV1 and CAV2) and the membrane sculpting F-BAR protein PACSIN2 promote L. monocytogenes protrusion engulfment during spread, and that PACSIN2 specifically localized to protrusions. Overall, our study demonstrates that host intercellular communication pathways may be co-opted during bacterial spread and that specific trafficking and membrane remodeling proteins promote bacterial protrusion resolution.nnSummaryThe human bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes disseminates through host tissues using a process called cell-to-cell spread. In this study, Sanderlin et al., discover that host proteins that normally regulate membrane trafficking and membrane remodeling in uninfected settings are also co-opted by Listeria to promote spread.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sanderlin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vondrak, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scricco, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedrigo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahyong, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamason, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/599795</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNAi screen reveals a role for PACSIN2 and caveolins during bacterial cell-to-cell spread]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/600031v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Second messengers and divergent HD-GYP enzymes regulate 3’,3’-cGAMP signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/600031v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
3,3-cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) is the third cyclic dinucleotide (CDN) to be discovered in bacteria. No activators of cGAMP signaling have yet been identified, and the signaling pathways for cGAMP have appeared narrowly distributed based upon the characterized synthases, DncV and Hypr GGDEFs. Here we report that the ubiquitous second messenger cyclic AMP (cAMP) is an activator of the Hypr GGDEF enzyme GacB from Myxococcus xanthus. Furthermore, we show that GacB is inhibited directly by cyclic di-GMP, which provides evidence for cross-regulation between different CDN pathways. Finally, we reveal that the HD-GYP enzyme PmxA is a cGAMP-specific phosphodiesterase (GAP) that promotes resistance to osmotic stress in M. xanthus. A signature amino acid change in PmxA was found to reprogram substrate specificity and was applied to predict the presence of non-canonical HD-GYP phosphodiesterases in many bacterial species, including phyla previously not known to utilize cGAMP signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wright, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallberg, Z. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammond, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/600031</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Second messengers and divergent HD-GYP enzymes regulate 3’,3’-cGAMP signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/600924v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Consistent bacterial responses to land use change across the tropics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/600924v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial communities are a major component of global diversity and are intimately involved in most terrestrial biogeochemical processes. Despite their importance, we know far less about the response of bacteria to human-induced environmental change than we do about other organisms. Understanding the response of organisms to land use change is especially pressing for tropical rainforests, which are being altered at a higher rate than any other ecosystem. Here, we conduct a meta-analysis of studies performed in each of the major tropical rainforest regions to ask whether there are consistent responses of belowground bacterial communities to the conversion of tropical rainforest to agriculture. Remarkably, we find common responses despite wide variation across studies in the types of agriculture practiced and the research methodology used to study land use change. These responses include changes in the relative abundance of phyla, most notably decreases in Acidobacteria and Proteobacteria and increases in Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi and Firmicutes. We also find that alpha diversity (at the scale of single soil cores), consistently increases with ecosystem conversion. These consistent responses suggest that, while there is great diversity in agricultural practices across the tropics, common features such as the use of slash-and-burn tactics have the potential to alter bacterial community composition and diversity belowground.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Petersen, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohannan, B. J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/600924</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Consistent bacterial responses to land use change across the tropics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/602433v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Meiotic cellular rejuvenation is coupled to nuclear remodeling in budding yeast 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/602433v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Production of healthy gametes in meiosis relies on the quality control and proper distribution of both nuclear and cytoplasmic contents. Meiotic differentiation naturally eliminates age-induced cellular damage by an unknown mechanism. Using time-lapse fluorescence microscopy in budding yeast, we found that nuclear senescence factors - including protein aggregates, extrachromosomal ribosomal DNA circles, and abnormal nucleolar material - are sequestered away from chromosomes during meiosis II and subsequently eliminated. A similar sequestration and elimination process occurs for the core subunits of the nuclear pore complex in both young and old cells. Nuclear envelope remodeling drives the formation of a membranous compartment containing the sequestered material. Importantly, de novo generation of plasma membrane is required for the sequestration event, preventing the inheritance of long-lived nucleoporins and senescence factors into the newly formed gametes. Our study uncovers a new mechanism of nuclear quality control and provides insight into its function in meiotic cellular rejuvenation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ünal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodman, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chetlapalli, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schick, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jorgens, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/602433</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Meiotic cellular rejuvenation is coupled to nuclear remodeling in budding yeast]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/604181v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiplex serologic testing within a cross-sectional lymphatic filariasis sentinel site survey in coastal Kenya reveals community-level differences in IgG antibody responses to parasitic diseases and vaccines 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/604181v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurate, cost-effective measurement of the burden of co-endemic infections would enable public health managers to identify opportunities for implementation of integrated control programs. Dried blood spots (DBS) collected during a cross-sectional lymphatic filariasis sentinel site survey in the Kenyan coastal counties of Lamu, Tana River, Kilifi, Kwale, and Taita-Taveta were used for the integrated detection of serologic IgG antibodies against antigens from several parasitic infections (Wuchereria bancrofti, Schistosoma mansoni, Plasmodium spp, Ascaris lumbricoides, and Strongyloides stercoralis) as well as markers for immunity to vaccine-preventable diseases (measles, diphtheria, and tetanus) on a multiplex bead assay (MBA) platform. High heterogeneity was observed in antibody responses by pathogen and antigen across the sentinel sites. Antibody seroprevalence against Wb123, Bm14, and Bm33 recombinant filarial antigens were generally higher in Ndau Island (p<0.0001), which also had the highest prevalence of filarial antigenemia compared to other communities. Antibody responses to the Plasmodium species antigens CSP and MSP-119 were higher in Kilifi and Kwale counties, with Jaribuni community showing higher overall mean seroprevalence (p<0.0001). Kimorigo community in Taita-Taveta County was the only area where antibody responses against Schistosoma mansoni Sm25 recombinant antigen were detected. Seroprevalence rates to Strongyloides antigen NIE ranged between 3% and 26%, and there was high heterogeneity in immune responses against an Ascaris antigen among the study communities. Differences were observed between communities in terms of seroprevalence to vaccine-preventable diseases. Seroprotection to tetanus was lower in all 3 communities in Kwale County compared to the rest of the communities. This study has demonstrated that the MBA platform holds promise for rapid integrated monitoring of trends of infections of public health importance in endemic areas, and assessing the effectiveness of control and elimination programs.nnAuthor SummaryEstablishment of successful private-public partnerships in the recent past has led to an increase in resources available for control and elimination of malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs). Implementation of control and elimination programs and their subsequent monitoring and evaluation would be greatly facilitated by development of new tools and strategies for rapid identification of areas of transmission so that interventions could be prioritized to regions where they were most needed. Since development of antibody responses in a host depend on exposure to an infectious agent, assessment of such serologic markers provides a sensitive way to measure differences between populations in pathogen exposure. Our study applied a state-of-the-art multiplex bead assay platform to perform integrated measurement of antibody responses to multiple parasitic diseases and immunizing antigens for vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs) in ten lymphatic filariasis sentinel sites across the Kenyan coastal region. A community-level analysis of age-specific and overall mean seroprevalence fit using a flexible model ensemble provided an improved understanding about the distributions of the various parasitic infections and seroprotection to VPDs. This study provides an important proof of concept for how we could dramatically increase the value of existing surveillance activities using small volumes of blood collected on filter paper and analyzed using a single multiplex laboratory assay and novel data analysis techniques.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Njenga, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanyi, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matendechero, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Onsongo, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Won, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Priest, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/604181</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiplex serologic testing within a cross-sectional lymphatic filariasis sentinel site survey in coastal Kenya reveals community-level differences in IgG antibody responses to parasitic diseases and vaccines]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/605295v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human Aging DNA Methylation Signatures are Conserved but Accelerated in Cultured Fibroblasts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/605295v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aging is associated with progressive and site-specific changes in DNA methylation (DNAm). These global changes are captured by DNAm clocks that accurately predict chronological age in humans but relatively little is known about how clocks perform in vitro. Here we culture primary human fibroblasts across the cellular lifespan ([~]6 months) and use four different DNAm clocks to show that age-related DNAm signatures are conserved and accelerated in vitro. The Skin & Blood clock shows the best linear correlation with chronological time (r=0.90), including during replicative senescence. Although similar in nature, the rate of epigenetic aging is approximately 62x times faster in cultured cells than in the human body. Consistent with in vivo data, cells aged under hyperglycemic conditions exhibit an approximately three years elevation in baseline DNAm age. Moreover, candidate gene-based analyses further corroborate the conserved but accelerated biological aging process in cultured fibroblasts. Fibroblasts mirror the established DNAm topology of the age-related ELOVL2 gene in human blood and the rapid hypermethylation of its promoter cg16867657, which correlates with a linear decrease in ELOVL2 mRNA levels across the lifespan. Using generalized additive modeling on twelve timepoints across the lifespan, we also show how single CpGs exhibit loci-specific, linear and nonlinear trajectories that reach rates up to -47% (hypomethylation) to +23% (hypermethylation) per month. Together, these high temporal resolution global, gene-specific, and single CpG data highlight the conserved and accelerated nature of epigenetic aging in cultured fibroblasts, which may constitute a system to evaluate age-modifying interventions across the lifespan.nnnnO_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/605295_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">nView larger version (60K):norg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@101e4f2org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@15df049org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@4a704dorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@112f970_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG Graphical AbstractnnC_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sturm, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardenas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bind, M.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horvath, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/605295</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human Aging DNA Methylation Signatures are Conserved but Accelerated in Cultured Fibroblasts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/607267v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Confinement and reversibility of threshold-dependent gene drive systems in spatially-explicit Aedes aegypti populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/607267v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe discovery of CRISPR-based gene editing and its application to homing-based gene drive systems has been greeted with excitement, for its potential to control mosquito-borne diseases on a wide scale, and concern, for the invasiveness and potential irreversibility of a release. Gene drive systems that display threshold-dependent behavior could potentially be used during the trial phase of this technology, or when localized control is otherwise desired, as simple models predict them to spread into partially isolated populations in a confineable manner, and to be reversible through releases of wild-type organisms. Here, we model hypothetical releases of two recently-engineered threshold-dependent gene drive systems - reciprocal chromosomal translocations and a form of toxin-antidote-based underdominance known as UDMEL - to explore their ability to be confined and remediated.

ResultsWe simulate releases of Aedes aegypti, the mosquito vector of dengue, Zika and other arboviruses, in Yorkeys Knob, a suburb of Cairns, Australia, where previous biological control interventions have been undertaken on this species. We monitor spread to the neighboring suburb of Trinity Park to assess confinement. Results suggest that translocations could be introduced on a suburban scale, and remediated through releases of non-disease-transmitting male mosquitoes with release sizes on the scale of what has been previously implemented. UDMEL requires fewer releases to introduce, but more releases to remediate, including of females capable of disease transmission. Both systems are expected to be confineable to the release site; however, spillover of translocations into neighboring populations is less likely.

ConclusionsOur analysis supports the use of translocations as a threshold-dependent drive system capable of spreading disease-refractory genes into Ae. aegypti populations in a confineable and reversible manner. It also highlights increased release requirements when incorporating life history and population structure into models. As the technology nears implementation, further ecological work will be essential to enhance model predictions in preparation for field trials.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sanchez C., H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasic, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akbari, O. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/607267</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Confinement and reversibility of threshold-dependent gene drive systems in spatially-explicit Aedes aegypti populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/607275v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
2’, 3’, 4’-trihydroxychalcone is an Estrogen Receptor Ligand Which Modulates the Activity of 17β-estradiol 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/607275v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) reduces the risk of osteoporosis, fractures, obesity and diabetes, but long-term MHT increases risk of other diseases. Safe long-term MHT that exploits its benefits and abrogates its adverse effects requires a new approach. Here we demonstrate that 2, 3, 4-trihydroxychalcone (CC7) acts as an estrogen receptor alpha (ER) ligand that may improve the safety profile of MHT. CC7 reprograms the actions of estradiol (E2) to regulate unique genes in bone-derived U2OS cells, with 824/1358 genes not regulated by E2. The proliferative action of E2 on human MCF-7 breast cancer cells and mouse uterus is blocked when combined with CC7. Thermostability and molecular dynamics simulation studies suggest that CC7 binds concurrently with E2 in the ER ligand binding pocket to produce a unique coliganded conformation to modulate ER. Compounds such as CC7 that act as coligands represent a new class of ER reprograming drugs that potentially can be combined with existing estrogens to produce a safer MHT regimen for long-term therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Herber, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quirit, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firestone, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krois, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/607275</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[2’, 3’, 4’-trihydroxychalcone is an Estrogen Receptor Ligand Which Modulates the Activity of 17β-estradiol]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/607416v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hypotonic stress induces fast, reversible degradation of the vimentin cytoskeleton via intracellular calcium release 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/607416v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The dynamic response of the cell to osmotic changes is critical to its physiology and has been widely exploited for cell manipulation. Using 3D-STORM super-resolution microscopy, here we examine the hypotonic stress-induced ultrastructural changes of the cytoskeleton of a common fibroblast cell type. Unexpectedly, we observe a fast, yet reversible dissolution of the vimentin intermediate filament system that precedes ultrastructural changes of the supposedly more dynamic actin and tubulin cytoskeletal systems, as well as changes in cell morphology. In combination with calcium imaging and biochemical analysis, we next show that the vimentin-specific fast cytoskeletal degradation under hypotonic stress is due to proteolysis by the calcium-dependent protease calpain. We find the process to be activated by the hypotonic stress-induced calcium release from intracellular stores, and so is efficiently suppressed by inhibiting any part of the IP3-Ca2+-calpain pathway we establish. Together, our findings highlight an unexpected, fast degradation mechanism for the vimentin cytoskeleton in response to the external stimuli, and point to the significant, yet previously overlooked physiological impacts of hypotonic stress-induced intracellular calcium release on cell ultrastructure and function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/607416</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hypotonic stress induces fast, reversible degradation of the vimentin cytoskeleton via intracellular calcium release]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/611137v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Benchmarking of alignment-free sequence comparison methods 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/611137v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alignment-free (AF) sequence comparison is attracting persistent interest driven by data-intensive applications. Hence, many AF procedures have been proposed in recent years, but a lack of a clearly defined benchmarking consensus hampers their performance assessment. Here, we present a community resource (http://afproject.org) to establish standards for comparing alignment-free approaches across different areas of sequence-based research. We characterize 74 AF methods available in 24 software tools for five research applications, namely, protein sequence classification, gene tree inference, regulatory element detection, genome-based phylogenetic inference and reconstruction of species trees under horizontal gene transfer and recombination events. The interactive web service allows researchers to explore the performance of alignment-free tools relevant to their data types and analytical goals. It also allows method developers to assess their own algorithms and compare them with current state-of-the-art tools, accelerating the development of new, more accurate AF solutions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zielezinski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Girgis, H. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernard, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leimeister, C.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dencker, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roehling, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waterman, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinga, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almeida, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, C. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgenstern, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karlowski, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/611137</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Benchmarking of alignment-free sequence comparison methods]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/611863v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Niche differentiation is spatially and temporally regulated in the rhizosphere 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/611863v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The rhizosphere is a hotspot for microbial C transformations, and the origin of root polysaccharides and polymeric carbohydrates that are important precursors to soil organic matter. However, the ecological mechanisms that underpin rhizosphere carbohydrate depolymerization are poorly understood. Using Avena fatua, a common annual grass, we analyzed time-resolved metatranscriptomes to compare microbial function in rhizosphere, detritusphere, and combined rhizosphere-detritusphere habitats. Population transcripts were binned with a unique reference database generated from soil isolate and single amplified genomes, metagenomes, and stable isotope probing metagenomes. While soil habitat significantly affected both community composition and overall gene expression, succession of microbial functions occurred at a faster time scale than compositional changes. Using hierarchical clustering of upregulated decomposition gene expression, we identified four distinct microbial guilds populated by taxa whose functional succession patterns suggest specialization for substrates provided by fresh growing roots, decaying root detritus, the combination of live and decaying root biomass, or aging root material. Carbohydrate depolymerization genes were consistently upregulated in the rhizosphere, and both taxonomic and functional diversity were high in the combined rhizosphere-detritusphere--suggesting coexistence of rhizosphere guilds is facilitated by niche differentiation. Metatranscriptome-defined guilds provide a framework to model rhizosphere succession and its consequences for soil carbon cycling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nuccio, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Starr, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karaoz, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodie, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tringe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malmstrom, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woyke, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firestone, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pett-Ridge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/611863</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Niche differentiation is spatially and temporally regulated in the rhizosphere]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/612069v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct mechanisms of microRNA sorting into cancer cell-derived extracellular vesicle subtypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/612069v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) encompass a variety of vesicles secreted into the extracellular space. EVs have been implicated in promoting tumor metastasis, but the molecular composition of tumor-derived EV sub-types and the mechanisms by which molecules are sorted into EVs remain mostly unknown. We report the separation of two EV sub-populations from a metastatic breast cancer cell line, with biochemical features consistent with different sub-cellular origins. These EV sub-types use different mechanisms of miRNA sorting (selective and non-selective), suggesting that sorting occurs via fundamentally distinct processes, possibly dependent on EV origin. Using biochemical and genetic tools, we identified the Lupus La protein as mediating sorting of some selectively packaged miRNAs. We found that two motifs embedded in miR-122 are responsible for high-affinity binding to Lupus La and sorting into vesicles formed in a cell-free reaction. Thus, tumor cells can simultaneously deploy multiple EV species using distinct sorting mechanisms that may enable diverse functions in normal and cancer biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Temoche-Diaz, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shurtleff, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nottingham, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fadadu, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lambowitz, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schekman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/612069</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct mechanisms of microRNA sorting into cancer cell-derived extracellular vesicle subtypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/614685v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A microfabricated, 3D-sharpened silicon shuttle for insertion of flexible electrode arrays through dura mater into brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/614685v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Electrode arrays for chronic implantation in the brain are a critical technology in both neuroscience and medicine. Recently, flexible, thin-film polymer electrode arrays have shown promise in facilitating stable, single-unit recordings spanning months in rats. While array flexibility enhances integration with neural tissue, it also requires removal of the dura mater, the tough membrane surrounding the brain, and temporary bracing to penetrate the brain parenchyma. Durotomy increases brain swelling, vascular damage, and surgical time. Insertion using a bracing shuttle results in additional vascular damage and brain compression, which increase with device diameter; while a higher-diameter shuttle will have a higher critical load and more likely penetrate dura, it will damage more brain parenchyma and vasculature. One way to penetrate the intact dura and limit tissue compression without increasing shuttle diameter is to reduce the force required for insertion by sharpening the shuttle tip. We describe a novel design and fabrication process to create silicon insertion shuttles that are sharp in three dimensions and can penetrate rat dura, for faster, easier, and less damaging implantation of polymer arrays. Sharpened profiles are obtained by reflowing patterned photoresist, then transferring its sloped profile to silicon with dry etches. We demonstrate that sharpened shuttles can reliably implant polymer probes through dura to yield high quality single unit and local field potential recordings for at least 95 days. On insertion directly through dura, tissue compression is minimal. This is the first demonstration of a rat dural-penetrating array for chronic recording. This device obviates the need for a durotomy, reducing surgical time and risk of damage to the blood-brain barrier. This is an improvement to state-of-the-art flexible polymer electrode arrays that facilitates their implantation, particularly in multi-site recording experiments. This sharpening process can also be integrated into silicon electrode array fabrication.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Joo, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pebbles, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yorita, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tooker, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tolosa, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geaghan-Breiner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roumis, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haque, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/614685</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A microfabricated, 3D-sharpened silicon shuttle for insertion of flexible electrode arrays through dura mater into brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/617175v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA transcribed from heterochromatic simple-tandem repeats are required for male fertility and histone-protamine exchange in Drosophila melanogaster 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/617175v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Long arrays of simple, tandemly repeated DNA sequences (known as satellites) are enriched in centromeres1 and pericentromeric regions2, and contribute to chromosome segregation and other heterochromatin functions3,4. Surprisingly, satellite DNAs are expressed in many multicellular eukaryotes, and their aberrant transcription may contribute to carcinogenesis and cellular toxicity5-7. Satellite transcription and/or RNAs may also promote centromere and heterochromatin activities 8-12. However, we lack direct evidence that satellite DNA transcripts are required for normal cell or organismal functions. Here, we show that satellite RNAs derived from AAGAG tandem repeats are transcribed in many cell types throughout Drosophila melanogaster development, enriched in neuronal tissues and testes, localized within heterochromatic regions, and important for viability. Strikingly, we find that AAGAG transcripts are necessary for male fertility and are specifically required for normal histone-protamine exchange and sperm chromatin organization. Since AAGAG RNA-dependent events happen late in spermatogenesis when the transcripts are not detected, we speculate that AAGAG RNA functions in primary spermatocytes to  prime post-meiosis steps in sperm maturation. In addition to demonstrating specific essential functions for AAGAG RNAs, comparisons between closely related Drosophila species suggest that satellite repeats and their transcription evolve quickly to generate new functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mills, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y. C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kochendoerfer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunleavy, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karpen, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/617175</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA transcribed from heterochromatic simple-tandem repeats are required for male fertility and histone-protamine exchange in Drosophila melanogaster]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/620716v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Insect herbivory reshapes a native leaf microbiome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/620716v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Insect herbivory is pervasive in plant communities, but its impact on microbial plant colonizers is not well-studied in natural systems. By calibrating sequencing-based bacterial detection to absolute bacterial load, we find that the within-host abundance of most leaf microbiome (phyllosphere) taxa colonizing a native forb is amplified within leaves impacted by insect herbivory. Herbivore-associated bacterial amplification reflects community-wide compositional shifts towards lower ecological diversity, but the extent and direction of such compositional shifts can be interpreted only by quantifying absolute abundance. Experimentally eliciting anti-herbivore defenses reshaped within-host fitness ranks among Pseudomonas spp. field isolates and amplified a subset of putative P. syringae phytopathogens in a manner causally consistent with observed field-scale patterns. Herbivore damage was inversely correlated with plant reproductive success and was highly clustered across plants, which predicts tight co-clustering with putative phytopathogens across hosts. Insect herbivory may thus drive the epidemiology of plant-infecting bacteria as well as the structure of a native plant microbiome by generating variation in within-host bacterial fitness at multiple phylogenetic and spatial scales. This study emphasizes that "non-focal" biotic interactions between hosts and other organisms in their ecological settings can be crucial drivers of the population and community dynamics of host-associated microbiomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Humphrey, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiteman, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/620716</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Insect herbivory reshapes a native leaf microbiome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/622860v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distentangling the systems contributing to changes in learning during adolescence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/622860v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiple neurocognitive systems contribute simultaneously to learning. For example, dopamine and basal ganglia (BG) systems are thought to support reinforcement learning (RL) by incrementally updating the value of choices, while the prefrontal cortex (PFC) contributes different computations, such as actively maintaining precise information in working memory (WM). It is commonly thought that WM and PFC show more protracted development than RL and BG systems, yet their contributions are rarely assessed in tandem. Here, we used a simple learning task to test how RL and WM contribute to changes in learning across adolescence. We tested 187 subjects ages 8 to 17 and 53 adults (25-30). Participants learned stimulus-action associations from feedback; the learning load was varied to be within or exceed WM capacity. Participants age 8-12 learned slower than participants age 13-17, and were more sensitive to load. We used computational modeling to estimate subjects use of WM and RL processes. Surprisingly, we found more robust changes in RL than WM during development. RL learning rate increased significantly with age across adolescence and WM parameters showed more subtle changes, many of them early in adolescence. These results underscore the importance of changes in RL processes for the developmental science of learning.nnHighlights- Subjects combine reinforcement learning (RL) and working memory (WM) to learnn- Computational modeling shows RL learning rates grew with age during adolescencen- When load was beyond WM capacity, weaker RL compensated less in younger adolescentsn- WM parameters showed subtler and more puberty-related changesn- WM reliance, maintenance, and capacity had separable developmental trajectoriesn- Underscores importance of RL processes in developmental changes in learning
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Master, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eckstein, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gotlieb, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahl, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilbrecht, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/622860</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distentangling the systems contributing to changes in learning during adolescence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/623397v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Trajectory-based differential expression analysis for single-cell sequencing data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/623397v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Trajectory inference has radically enhanced single-cell RNA-seq research by enabling the study of dynamic changes in gene expression levels during biological processes such as the cell cycle, cell type differentiation, and cellular activation. Downstream of trajectory inference, it is vital to discover genes that are associated with the lineages in the trajectory to illuminate the underlying biological processes. Furthermore, genes that are differentially expressed between developmental/activational lineages might be highly relevant to further unravel the system under study. Current data analysis procedures, however, typically cluster cells and assess differential expression between the clusters, which fails to exploit the continuous resolution provided by trajectory inference to its full potential. The few available non-cluster-based methods only assess broad differences in gene expression between lineages, hence failing to pinpoint the exact types of divergence. We introduce a powerful generalized additive model framework based on the negative binomial distribution that allows flexible inference of (i) within-lineage differential expression by detecting associations between gene expression and pseudotime over an entire lineage or by comparing gene expression between points/regions within the lineage and (ii) between-lineage differential expression by comparing gene expression between lineages over the entire lineages or at specific points/regions. By incorporating observation-level weights, the model additionally allows to account for zero inflation, commonly observed in single-cell RNA-seq data from full-length protocols. We evaluate the method on simulated and real datasets from droplet-based and full-length protocols, and show that the flexible inference framework is capable of yielding biological insights through a clear interpretation of the data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Van den Berge, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roux de Bezieux, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Street, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saelens, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannoodt, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saeys, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudoit, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clement, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/623397</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Trajectory-based differential expression analysis for single-cell sequencing data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/624056v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Kinesin-1 and dynein use distinct mechanisms to bypass obstacles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/624056v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Kinesin-1 and cytoplasmic dynein are microtubule (MT) motors that transport intracellular cargos. It remains unclear how these motors move along MTs densely coated with obstacles of various sizes in the cytoplasm. Here, we tested the ability of single and multiple motors to bypass synthetic obstacles on MTs in vitro. Contrary to previous reports, we found that mammalian dynein is highly capable of bypassing obstacles. Unlike dynein, single kinesin motors stall in the presence of obstacles, consistent with their inability to take sideways steps to neighboring protofilaments. Kinesins overcome this limitation when working in teams, bypassing obstacles as effectively as multiple dyneins. Cargos driven by multiple kinesin or dyneins are also capable of rotating around the MT to bypass large obstacles. These results suggest that multiplicity of motors is required not only for transporting cargos over long distances and generating higher forces, but also for maneuvering of the cargos on obstacle-coated MT surfaces.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ferro, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Can, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elshenawy, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yildiz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/624056</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Kinesin-1 and dynein use distinct mechanisms to bypass obstacles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/624148v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A role for phagocytosis in inducing cell death during thymocyte negative selection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/624148v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autoreactive thymocytes are eliminated during negative selection in the thymus, a process important for establishing self-tolerance. Thymic phagocytes serve to remove dead thymocytes, but whether they play additional roles during negative selection remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that phagocytosis promotes negative selection, and that negative selection is more efficient when the phagocyte also presents the negative selecting peptide. Our findings support a two-step model for negative selection in which thymocytes initiate the death process following strong TCR signaling, but ultimately depend upon phagocytosis for their timely death. Thus, the phagocytic capability of cells that present self-peptides is a key determinant of thymocyte fate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kurd, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lutes, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dzhagalov, I. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoover, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robey, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/624148</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A role for phagocytosis in inducing cell death during thymocyte negative selection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/624536v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The metabolic response of Pseudomonas taiwanensis to NADH dehydrogenase deficiency 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/624536v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Obligate aerobic organisms rely on a functional electron transport chain for energy generation and NADH oxidation. Because of this essential requirement, the genes of this pathway are likely constitutively and highly expressed to avoid a cofactor imbalance and energy shortage under fluctuating environmental conditions.nnWe here investigated the essentiality of the three NADH dehydrogenases of the respiratory chain of the obligate aerobe Pseudomonas taiwanensis VLB120 and the impact of the knockouts of corresponding genes on its physiology and metabolism. While a mutant lacking all three NADH dehydrogenases seemed to be nonviable, the generated single or double knockout strains displayed none or only a marginal phenotype. Only the mutant deficient in both type 2 dehydrogenases showed a clear phenotype with biphasic growth behavior and strongly reduced growth rate in the second phase. In-depth analyses of the metabolism of the generated mutants including quantitative physiological experiments, transcript analysis, proteomics and enzyme activity assays revealed distinct responses to type II and type I dehydrogenase deletions. An overall high metabolic flexibility enables P. taiwanensis to cope with the introduced genetic perturbations and maintain stable phenotypes by rerouting of metabolic fluxes.nnThis metabolic adaptability has implications for biotechnological applications. While the phenotypic robustness is favorable in large-scale applications with inhomogeneous conditions, versatile redirecting of carbon fluxes upon genetic interventions can frustrate metabolic engineering efforts.nnImportanceWhile Pseudomonas has the capability for high metabolic activity and the provision of reduced redox cofactors important for biocatalytic applications, exploitation of this characteristic might be hindered by high, constitutive activity of and consequently competition with the NADH dehydrogenases of the respiratory chain. The in-depth analysis of NADH dehydrogenase mutants of Pseudomonas taiwanensis VLB120 presented here, provides insight into the phenotypic and metabolic response of this strain to these redox metabolism perturbations. The observed great metabolic flexibility needs to be taken into account for rational engineering of this promising biotechnological workhorse towards a host with controlled and efficient supply of redox cofactors for product synthesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nies, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinger, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wordofa, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kristensen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Büchs, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petzold, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keasling, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blank, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebert, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/624536</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The metabolic response of Pseudomonas taiwanensis to NADH dehydrogenase deficiency]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/625210v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Electrophysiological Marker of Arousal Level in Humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/625210v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deep non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREM) - also called slow wave sleep (SWS) - and general anesthesia are prominent states of reduced arousal linked to the occurrence of slow oscillations in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, however, is also associated with a diminished arousal level, but is characterized by a desynchronized,  wake-like EEG. This observation challenges the notion of oscillations as the main physiological mediator of reduced arousal. Using intracranial and surface EEG recordings in four independent data sets, we establish the 1/f spectral slope as an electrophysiological marker that accurately delineates wakefulness from anesthesia, SWS and REM sleep. The spectral slope reflects the non-oscillatory, scale-free measure of neural activity and has been proposed to index the local balance between excitation and inhibition. Taken together, these findings reconcile the long-standing paradox of reduced arousal in both REM and NREM sleep and provide a common unifying physiological principle -- a shift in local Excitation/ Inhibition balance -- to explain states of reduced arousal such as sleep and anesthesia in humans.nnSignificance StatementThe clinical assessment of arousal levels in humans depends on subjective measures such as responsiveness to verbal commands. While non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and general anesthesia share some electrophysiological markers, rapid eye movement sleep (REM) is characterized by a  wake-like electroencephalogram. Here, we demonstrate that non-oscillatory, scale-free electrical brain activity -- recorded from both scalp electroencephalogram and intracranial recordings in humans -- reliably tracks arousal levels during both NREM and REM sleep as well as under general anesthesia with propofol. Our findings suggest that non-oscillatory brain activity can be used effectively to monitor vigilance states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lendner, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helfrich, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mander, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romundstad, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larsson, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/625210</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Electrophysiological Marker of Arousal Level in Humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/626630v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pseudomonas syringae Increases Water Availability in Leaf Microenvironments via Production of Hygroscopic Syringafactin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/626630v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The epiphytic bacterium Pseudomonas syringae strain B728a produces the biosurfactant syringafactin which is hygroscopic. The water absorbing potential of syringafactin is high. At high relative humidities, syringafactin attracts 250% of its weight in water but is less hygroscopic at lower relative humidities. This suggests that syringafactins benefit to the producing cells is strongly context-dependent. The contribution of syringafactin to the water availability around cells on different matrices was assessed by examining water availability biosensor strains that express gfp via the water-stress activated proU promoter. Wild-type cells exhibited significantly less GFP fluorescence than a syringafactin-deficient strain, on humid but dry filters as well as on leaf surfaces indicating higher water availability. When infiltrated into the leaf apoplast, wild-type cells also subsequently exhibited less GFP fluorescence than a syringafactin-deficient strain. These results suggest that the apoplast is a dry, but humid environment and that, just as on dry but humid leaf surfaces, syringafactin increases liquid water availability and reduces the water stress experienced by P. syringae.nnIMPORTANCEMany microorganisms, including the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, produce amphiphilic compounds known as biosurfactants. While biosurfactants are known to disperse hydrophobic compounds and reduce water tension, they have other properties that can benefit the cells that produce them. Leaf colonizing bacteria experience frequent water stress since liquid water is only transiently present on or in leaf sites that they colonize. The demonstration that syringafactin, a biosurfactant produced by P. syringae, is sufficiently hygroscopic to increase water availability to cells, thus relieving water stress, reveals that P. syringae can modify its local habitat both on leaf surfaces and in the leaf apoplast. Such habitat modification may be a common role for biosurfactants produced by other bacterial species that colonize habitats that are not always water saturated such as soil.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindow, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/626630</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pseudomonas syringae Increases Water Availability in Leaf Microenvironments via Production of Hygroscopic Syringafactin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/629501v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparison of multi-parallel qPCR and Kato-Katz for detection of soil-transmitted helminth infection among children in rural Bangladesh 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/629501v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An active area of research investigates whether soil-transmitted helminths (STH) can be locally eliminated in endemic settings. In such settings, highly sensitive diagnostics are needed to detect STH infection. We compared double-slide Kato-Katz, the most commonly used copromicroscopic detection method, to multi-parallel quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in 2,800 stool samples from children 2-12 years in rural Bangladesh. We estimated the sensitivity and specificity of each diagnostic using Bayesian latent class analysis. Compared to Kato-Katz, STH prevalence using qPCR was almost 3-fold higher for hookworm species and nearly 2-fold higher for Trichuris trichiura. Ascaris lumbricoides prevalence was lower using qPCR, and 26% of samples classified as A. lumbricoides positive by Kato-Katz were negative by qPCR. Amplicon sequencing of the 18S rDNA from 10 samples confirmed that A. lumbricoides was absent in samples classified as positive by Kato-Katz and negative by qPCR. The sensitivity of Kato-Katz was 49% for A. lumbricoides, 32% for hookworm, and 52% for T. trichiura; the sensitivity of qPCR was 79% for A. lumbricoides, 93% for hookworm, and 90% for T. trichiura. Specificity was [&ge;] 97% for both tests for all STH except for Kato-Katz for A. lumbricoides (specificity = 68%). There were moderate negative, monotonic correlations between qPCR cycle quantification values and eggs per gram quantified by Kato-Katz. While it is widely assumed that Kato-Katz has few false positives, our results indicate otherwise. Our findings suggest that qPCR is more appropriate than Kato-Katz in low intensity infection settings because of its higher sensitivity and specificity.nnAuthor summarySoil-transmitted helminth infections (STH) (e.g., Ascaris, hookworm, Trichuris) contribute to a large burden of disease among children in low- and middle-income countries. There is increasing interest in implementing large-scale deworming programs to eliminate STH in certain settings. Efforts to monitor whether local elimination has occurred require sensitive diagnostic tests that will not miss positive cases. Kato-Katz, a microscopy-based diagnostic test, has commonly been used to identify STH eggs in stool, but in settings where infection intensity is low, this method frequently misses positive samples because it requires visual identification of small numbers of eggs, and eggs may degrade prior to visualization. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) is a molecular diagnostic method that may miss fewer infections because it identifies STH DNA in stool, which can be detected in very small quantities and is less likely to degrade. This study compared the performance of Kato-Katz and qPCR using 2,800 stool samples from children aged 2-12 years in rural Bangladesh. qPCR detected substantially more hookworm and Trichuris infections than Kato-Katz. 26% of samples were classified as Ascaris positive by Kato-Katz and negative by qPCR. We conclude that qPCR is a more appropriate diagnostic method than Kato-Katz in low infection intensity settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benjamin-Chung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pilotte, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ercumen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maasch, J. R. M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzales, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abrams, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ester, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haque, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubbard, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luby, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colford, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/629501</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparison of multi-parallel qPCR and Kato-Katz for detection of soil-transmitted helminth infection among children in rural Bangladesh]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/630848v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrating exposure knowledge and serum suspect screening as a new approach to biomonitoring: An application in firefighters and office workers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/630848v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundWomen firefighters are exposed to recognized and probable carcinogens, yet there are few studies of chemical exposures and associated health concerns, such as breast cancer. Biomonitoring often requires a priori selection of compounds to be measured, and so may not detect important, lesser known, exposures.nnObjectivesThe Women Firefighters Biomonitoring Collaborative (WFBC) created a biological sample archive and conducted a general suspect screen (GSS) to address this data gap.nnMethodsUsing liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF/MS) we sought to identify candidate chemicals of interest in serum samples from 83 women firefighters (FF) and 79 office workers (OW) in San Francisco. Through the GSS approach we identified chemical peaks by matching accurate mass from serum samples against a custom chemical database of 740 slightly polar phenolic and acidic compounds, including many of relevance to firefighting or breast cancer etiology. We then selected chemicals for confirmation based on a priori criteria: 1) detection frequency or peak area differences between OW and FF; 2) evidence of mammary carcinogenicity, estrogenicity, or genotoxicity; and 3) not currently measured in large biomonitoring studies.nnResultsWe detected 620 chemicals that matched 300 molecular formulas in the WFBC database, including phthalate metabolites, phosphate flame retardant metabolites, phenols, pesticides, nitro-and nitroso-compounds, and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances. The average number of chemicals from the database that were detected in participants was 72 and 70 in FF and OW, respectively. We confirmed 8 of the 20 prioritized suspect chemicals -including two alkylphenols, ethyl paraben, BPF, PFOSAA, benzophenone-3, benzyl p-hydroxybenzoate, and triphenyl phosphate--by running a matrix spike of the reference standards and using m/z, retention time and the confirmation of at least two fragment ions as criteria for matching.nnConclusionGSS provides a powerful high-throughput approach to identify and prioritize novel chemicals for biomonitoring and health studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grashow, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bessonneau, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerona, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trowbridge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buren, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudel, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morello-Frosch, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/630848</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrating exposure knowledge and serum suspect screening as a new approach to biomonitoring: An application in firefighters and office workers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/633313v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Operations Research Methods for Estimating the Population Size of Neuron Types 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/633313v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding brain computation requires assembling a complete catalog of its architectural components. Although the brain is organized into several anatomical and functional regions, it is ultimately the neurons in every region that are responsible for cognition and behavior. Thus, classifying neuron types through-out the brain and quantifying the population sizes of distinct classes in different regions is a key subject of research in the neuroscience community. Although the total number of neurons in the brain has been estimated for multiple species, the definition and population size of each neuron type are still open questions even in common model organisms: the so called cell census problem. We propose a methodology that uses operations research principles to estimate the number of neurons in each type based on available information on their distinguishing properties. Thus, assuming a set of neuron type definitions, we provide a solution to the issue of assessing their relative proportions. Specifically, we present a three-step approach that includes literature search, equation generation, and numerical optimization. Solving numerically the set of equations generated by literature mining yields best estimates or most likely ranges for the number of neurons in each type. While this strategy can be applied to any neural system, we illustrate its usage on the rodent hippocampus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Attili, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackesey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ascoli, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/633313</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Operations Research Methods for Estimating the Population Size of Neuron Types]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/636241v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Electrocorticographic dissociation of alpha and beta rhythmic activity in the human sensorimotor system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/636241v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This study uses electrocorticography in humans to assess how alpha- and beta-band rhythms modulate excitability of the sensorimotor cortex during movement selection, as indexed through a psychophysically-controlled movement imagery task. Both rhythms displayed effector-specific modulations, tracked spectral markers of action potentials in the local neuronal population, and showed spatially systematic phase relationships (traveling waves). Yet, alpha- and beta-band rhythms differed in their anatomical and functional properties, were weakly correlated, and traveled along opposite directions across the sensorimotor cortex. Increased alpha-band power in the somatosensory cortex ipsilateral to the selected arm was associated with spatially-unspecific inhibition. Decreased beta-band power over contralateral motor cortex was associated with a focal shift from relative inhibition to excitation. These observations indicate the relevance of both inhibition and disinhibition mechanisms for precise spatiotemporal coordination of neuronal populations during movement selection. Those mechanisms are implemented through the substantially different neurophysiological properties of sensorimotor alpha- and beta-band rhythms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stolk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brinkman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vansteensel, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aarnoutse, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leijten, F. S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dijkerman, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Lange, F. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toni, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/636241</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Electrocorticographic dissociation of alpha and beta rhythmic activity in the human sensorimotor system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/637140v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cofactor selectivity in methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, a model cobamide-dependent enzyme 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/637140v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cobamides, a uniquely diverse family of enzyme cofactors related to vitamin B12, are produced exclusively by bacteria and archaea but used in all domains of life. While it is widely accepted that cobamide-dependent organisms require specific cobamides for their metabolism, the biochemical mechanisms that make cobamides functionally distinct are largely unknown. Here, we examine the effects of cobamide structural variation on a model cobamide-dependent enzyme, methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MCM). The in vitro binding affinity of MCM for cobamides can be dramatically influenced by small changes in the structure of the lower ligand of the cobamide, and binding selectivity differs between bacterial orthologs of MCM. In contrast, variations in the lower ligand have minor effects on MCM catalysis. Bacterial growth assays demonstrate that cobamide requirements of MCM in vitro largely correlate with in vivo cobamide dependence. This result underscores the importance of enzyme selectivity in the cobamide-dependent physiology of bacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sokolovskaya, O. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mok, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, J. L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quanstrom, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taga, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/637140</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cofactor selectivity in methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, a model cobamide-dependent enzyme]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/637496v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide identification of Pseudomonas syringae genes required for competitive fitness during colonization of the leaf surface and apoplast 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/637496v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The foliar plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae can establish large epiphytic populations on leaf surfaces before infection. However, the bacterial genes that contribute to these lifestyles have not been completely defined. The fitness contributions of most genes in P. syringae pv. syringae B728a were determined by genome-wide fitness profiling with a randomly barcoded transposon mutant library that was grown on the leaf surface and in the apoplast of the susceptible plant Phaseolus vulgaris. Genes within the functional categories of amino acid and polysaccharide (including alginate) biosynthesis contributed most to fitness both on the leaf surface (epiphytic) or in the leaf interior (apoplast), while genes in the type III secretion system and syringomycin synthesis were primarily important in the apoplast. Numerous other genes that had not been previously associated with in planta growth were also required for maximum epiphytic or apoplastic fitness. Many hypothetical proteins and uncategorized glycosyltransferases were also required for maximum competitive fitness in and on leaves. For most genes, no relationship was seen between fitness in planta and either the magnitude of their expression in planta or degree of induction in planta compared to in vitro conditions measured in other studies. A lack of association of gene expression and fitness has important implications for the interpretation of transcriptional information and our broad understanding of plant-microbe interactions.nnSignificance StatementMany plant pathogenic bacteria can extensively colonize leaf surfaces before entry and multiplication within the leaf to cause disease. While these habitats presumably require distinct adaptations, the genes required in these habitats and how they would differ was unknown. Using a genome-wide library of barcoded insertional mutants in the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, we ascertained the common and unique genes required to colonize these habitats. A lack of association between gene expression and contribution to fitness suggests that many genes that are highly expressed or induced in planta are dispensable or redundant. As a model bacterium for plant pathogenesis and colonization, our comprehensive genetic dataset allows us to better understand the traits needed for association with leaves.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Helmann, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutschbauer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindow, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/637496</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide identification of Pseudomonas syringae genes required for competitive fitness during colonization of the leaf surface and apoplast]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/638775v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Resolving the 3D landscape of transcription-linked mammalian chromatin folding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/638775v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromatin folding below the scale of topologically associating domains (TADs) remains largely unexplored in mammals. Here, we used a high-resolution 3C-based method, Micro-C, to probe links between 3D-genome organization and transcriptional regulation in mouse stem cells. Combinatorial binding of transcription factors, cofactors, and chromatin modifiers spatially segregate TAD regions into "microTADs" with distinct regulatory features. Enhancer-promoter and promoter-promoter interactions extending from the edge of these domains predominantly link co-regulated loci, often independently of CTCF/Cohesin. Acute inhibition of transcription disrupts the gene-related folding features without altering higher-order chromatin structures. Intriguingly, we detect "two-start" zig-zag 30-nanometer chromatin fibers. Our work uncovers the finer-scale genome organization that establishes novel functional links between chromatin folding and gene regulation.nnONE SENTENCE SUMMARYTranscriptional regulatory elements shape 3D genome architecture of microTADs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, T.-H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slobodyanyuk, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cattoglio, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rando, O. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darzacq, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/638775</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Resolving the 3D landscape of transcription-linked mammalian chromatin folding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/638890v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis for tetherin antagonism as a barrier to zoonotic lentiviral transmission 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/638890v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tetherin is a host defense that physically prevents escape of virions from the plasma membrane. Human tetherin lacks the motif DIWK antagonized by SIV, the antecedent of HIV. Here, we reconstituted the AP-2 clathrin adaptor complex with a simian tetherin and SIV Nef and determined its structure by cryo-EM. Nef refolds the first -helix of the {beta}2 subunit of AP-2 to a {beta} hairpin, creating a binding site for the DIWK sequence. The tetherin binding site in Nef is distinct from those of MHC-I, CD3, and CD4, but overlaps the site for SERINC5 restricting viral infectivity. The structure explains the dependence of SIVs on the host tetherin DIWK sequence and the consequent barrier to human transmission.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Buffalo, C. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sturzel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heusinger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kmiec, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirchhoff, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/638890</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis for tetherin antagonism as a barrier to zoonotic lentiviral transmission]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/638916v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prepubertal gonadectomy reveals sex differences in approach-avoidance behavior in adult mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/638916v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adolescence is a developmental period that is associated with physical, cognitive, and affective maturation and a time when sex biases in multiple psychiatric diseases emerge. While puberty onset marks the initiation of adolescence, it is unclear whether the pubertal rise in gonadal hormones generates sex differences in approach-avoidance behaviors that may impact psychiatric vulnerability. To examine the influence of peripubertal gonadal hormone exposure on adult behavior, we removed the gonads or performed sham surgery in male and female mice just prior to puberty onset and assessed performance in an odor-guided foraging task and anxiety-related behaviors in adulthood. We observed no significant sex differences in foraging or anxiety-related behaviors between intact adult male and female mice but found significant differences between adult male and female mice that had been gonadectomized (GDX) prior to puberty. GDX males failed to acquire the odor-guided foraging task, showed reduced locomotion, and exhibited increased anxiety-like behavior, while GDX females showed the opposite pattern of behavior. These data suggest that similar approach-avoidance phenotypes are achieved in male and female mice via different mechanisms mediated by the sex-specific hormonal milieus during pubertal maturation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Delevich, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boivin, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piekarski, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilbrecht, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/638916</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prepubertal gonadectomy reveals sex differences in approach-avoidance behavior in adult mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/639039v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome replication dynamics of a bacteriophage and its satellite reveal strategies for parasitism and viral restriction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/639039v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phage-inducible chromosomal island-like elements (PLEs) are bacteriophage satellites found in Vibrio cholerae. PLEs parasitize the lytic phage ICP1, excising from the bacterial chromosome, replicating, and mobilizing to new host cells following cell lysis. PLEs protect their host cell populations by completely restricting the production of ICP1 progeny. Previously, it was found that ICP1 replication was reduced during PLE(+) infection. Despite robustly replicating its genome, PLE produces relatively few transducing units, leading us to investigate if PLE DNA replication itself is antagonistic to ICP1 replication. Here we identify key constituents of PLE replication and assess their role in interference of ICP1. PLE encodes a RepA_N initiation factor that is sufficient to drive replication from the PLE origin of replication during ICP1 infection. In contrast to previously characterized bacteriophage satellites, expression of the PLE initiation factor was not sufficient for PLE replication in the absence of phage. Replication of PLE was necessary for interference of ICP1 DNA replication, but replication of a minimalized PLE replicon was not sufficient for ICP1 DNA replication interference. Despite restoration of ICP1 DNA replication, non-replicating PLE remained broadly inhibitory against ICP1. These results suggest that PLE DNA replication is one of multiple mechanisms contributing to ICP1 restriction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barth, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silvas, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angermeyer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seed, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/639039</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome replication dynamics of a bacteriophage and its satellite reveal strategies for parasitism and viral restriction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/641506v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-resolution and high-accuracy topographic and transcriptional maps of the nucleosome barrier 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/641506v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nucleosomes represent mechanical and energetic barriers that RNA Polymerase II (Pol II) must overcome during transcription. A high-resolution description of the barrier topography, its modulation by epigenetic modifications, and their effects on Pol II nucleosome crossing dynamics, is still missing. Here, we obtain topographic and transcriptional (Pol II residence time) maps of canonical, H2A.Z, and monoubiquitinated H2B (uH2B) nucleosomes at near base-pair resolution and accuracy. Pol II crossing dynamics are complex, displaying pauses at specific loci, backtracking, and nucleosome hopping between wrapped states. While H2A.Z widens the barrier, uH2B heightens it, and both modifications greatly lengthen Pol II crossing time. Using the dwell times of Pol II at each nucleosomal position we extract the energetics of the barrier. The orthogonal barrier modifications of H2A.Z and uH2B, and their effects on Pol II dynamics rationalize their observed enrichment in +1 nucleosomes and suggest a mechanism for selective control of gene expression.nnHighlightsO_LIA single-molecule unzipping assay mimics DNA unwinding by Pol II and maps the topography of human canonical, H2A.Z and uH2B nucleosome barriers at high resolutionnC_LIO_LIReal-time dynamics and full molecular trajectories of Pol II crossing the nucleosomal barrier reveal the transcriptional landscape of the barrier at high accuracynC_LIO_LIH2A.Z enhances the width and uH2B the height of the barriernC_LIO_LIA unified mechanical model links position-dependent dwell times of Pol II on the nucleosome with energetics of the barriernC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabizon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustamante, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz-Celis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koslover, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/641506</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-resolution and high-accuracy topographic and transcriptional maps of the nucleosome barrier]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/642868v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Graphene-enabled, spatially controlled electroporation of adherent cells for live-cell super-resolution microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/642868v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The incorporation of exogenous molecules into live cells is essential for both biological research and therapeutic applications. In particular, for the emerging field of super-resolution microscopy of live mammalian cells, reliable fluorescent labeling of intracellular targets remains a challenge. Here, utilizing the unique mechanical, electrical, and optical properties of graphene, a single layer of bonded carbon atoms, we report a facile approach that enables both high-throughput delivery of fluorescent probes into adherent live cells and in situ super-resolution microscopy on the same device. [~]90% delivery efficiencies are achieved for free dyes and dye-tagged affinity probes, short peptides, and whole antibodies, thus enabling high-quality super-resolution microscopy. Moreover, we demonstrate excellent spatiotemporal controls, which, in combination with the ready patternablity of graphene, allow for the spatially selective delivery of two different probes for cells at different locations on the same substrate. We thus open up a new pathway to the microscopic manipulation and visualization of live cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/642868</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Graphene-enabled, spatially controlled electroporation of adherent cells for live-cell super-resolution microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/647511v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Consistent metagenome-derived metrics verify and define bacterial species boundaries 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/647511v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Longstanding questions relate to the existence of naturally distinct bacterial species and genetic approaches to distinguish them. Bacterial genomes in public databases form distinct groups, but these databases are subject to isolation and deposition biases. We compared 5,203 bacterial genomes from 1,457 environmental metagenomic samples to test for distinct clouds of diversity, and evaluated metrics that could be used to define the species boundary. Bacterial genomes from the human gut, soil, and the ocean all exhibited gaps in whole-genome average nucleotide identities (ANI) near the previously suggested species threshold of 95% ANI. While genome-wide ratios of non-synonymous and synonymous nucleotide differences (dN/dS) decrease until ANI values approach [~]98%, estimates for homologous recombination approached zero at [~]95% ANI, supporting breakdown of recombination due to sequence divergence as a species-forming force. We evaluated 107 genome-based metrics for their ability to distinguish species when full genomes are not recovered. Full length 16S rRNA genes were least useful because they were under-recovered from metagenomes, but many ribosomal proteins displayed both high metagenomic recoverability and species-discrimination power. Taken together, our results verify the existence of sequence-discrete microbial species in metagenome-derived genomes and highlight the usefulness of ribosomal genes for gene-level species discrimination.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Olm, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crits-Christoph, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diamond, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matheus Carnevali, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/647511</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Consistent metagenome-derived metrics verify and define bacterial species boundaries]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/647651v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ecological and genomic attributes of novel bacterial taxa that thrive in subsurface soil horizons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/647651v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While most bacterial and archaeal taxa living in surface soils remain undescribed, this problem is exacerbated in deeper soils owing to the unique oligotrophic conditions found in the subsurface. Additionally, previous studies of soil microbiomes have focused almost exclusively on surface soils, even though the microbes living in deeper soils also play critical roles in a wide range of biogeochemical processes. We examined soils collected from 20 distinct profiles across the U.S. to characterize the bacterial and archaeal communities that live in subsurface soils and to determine whether there are consistent changes in soil microbial communities with depth across a wide range of soil and environmental conditions. We found that bacterial and archaeal diversity generally decreased with depth, as did the degree of similarity of microbial communities to those found in surface horizons. We observed five phyla that consistently increased in relative abundance with depth across our soil profiles: Chloroflexi, Nitrospirae, Euryarchaeota, and candidate phyla GAL15 and Dormibacteraeota (formerly AD3). Leveraging the unusually high abundance of Dormibacteraeota at depth, we assembled genomes representative of this candidate phylum and identified traits that are likely to be beneficial in low nutrient environments, including the synthesis and storage of carbohydrates, the potential to use carbon monoxide (CO) as a supplemental energy source, and the ability to form spores. Together these attributes likely allow members of the candidate phylum Dormibacteraeota to flourish in deeper soils and provide insight into the survival and growth strategies employed by the microbes that thrive in oligotrophic soil environments.nnImportanceSoil profiles are rarely homogeneous. Resource availability and microbial abundances typically decrease with soil depth, but microbes found in deeper horizons are still important components of terrestrial ecosystems. By studying 20 soil profiles across the U.S., we documented consistent changes in soil bacterial and archaeal communities with depth. Deeper soils harbored distinct communities compared to the more commonly studied surface horizons. Most notably, we found that the candidate phylum Dormibacteraeota (formerly AD3) was often dominant in subsurface soils, and we used genomes from uncultivated members of this group to identify why these taxa are able to thrive in such resource-limited environments. Simply digging deeper into soil can reveal a surprising amount of novel microbes with unique adaptations to oligotrophic subsurface conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brewer, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aronson, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arogyaswamy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Billings, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Botthoff, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dove, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fairbanks, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallery, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hart, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaye, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lohse, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maltz, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayorga, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Neill, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owens, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Packman, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pett-Ridge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plante, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richter, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silver, W. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fierer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/647651</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ecological and genomic attributes of novel bacterial taxa that thrive in subsurface soil horizons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/650796v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Peptide Arrays of Three Collections of Human Sera from Patients Infected with Mosquito-Borne Viruses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/650796v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Global outbreaks and epidemics caused by emerging or re-emerging mosquito-borne viruses are becoming more common. These viruses belong to multiple genera including Flavivirus and Alphavirus and often cause non-specific or asymptomatic infection, which can confound viral prevalence studies. In addition, many acute phase diagnostic tests rely on the detection of viral components such as RNA or antigen. Standard serological tests are often not reliable for diagnosis after the acute phase due to cross-reactivity among viruses (e.g. flaviviruses). In order to contribute to development efforts for mosquito-borne serodiagnostics, we incubated 137 human sera on individual custom peptide arrays that consisted of over 866 unique peptides in quadruplicate. Our bioinformatics workflow to analyze these data incorporated machine learning, statistics, and B-cell epitope prediction. The unprocessed array data can be useful in separate meta-analyses that can be applicable to diverse efforts including the development of new pan-flavivirus antibodies, more accurate epitope mapping, and vaccine development against these viral pathogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martinez Viedma, M. d. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kose, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parham, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balmaseda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuan, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorenzana, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowe, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pickett, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/650796</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Peptide Arrays of Three Collections of Human Sera from Patients Infected with Mosquito-Borne Viruses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/653105v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The CAFA challenge reports improved protein function prediction and new functional annotations for hundreds of genes through experimental screens 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/653105v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Critical Assessment of Functional Annotation (CAFA) is an ongoing, global, community-driven effort to evaluate and improve the computational annotation of protein function. Here we report on the results of the third CAFA challenge, CAFA3, that featured an expanded analysis over the previous CAFA rounds, both in terms of volume of data analyzed and the types of analysis performed. In a novel and major new development, computational predictions and assessment goals drove some of the experimental assays, resulting in new functional annotations for more than 1000 genes. Specifically, we performed experimental whole-genome mutation screening in Candida albicans and Pseudomonas aureginosa genomes, which provided us with genome-wide experimental data for genes associated with biofilm formation and motility (P. aureginosa only). We further performed targeted assays on selected genes in Drosophila melanogaster, which we suspected of being involved in long-term memory. We conclude that, while predictions of the molecular function and biological process annotations have slightly improved over time, those of the cellular component have not. Term-centric prediction of experimental annotations remains equally challenging; although the performance of the top methods is significantly better than expectations set by baseline methods in C. albicans and D. melanogaster, it leaves considerable room and need for improvement. We finally report that the CAFA community now involves a broad range of participants with expertise in bioinformatics, biological experimentation, biocuration, and bioontologies, working together to improve functional annotation, computational function prediction, and our ability to manage big data in the era of large experimental screens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergquist, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kacsoh, B. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crocker, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georghiou, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamid, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The Critical Assessment of Function Annotation,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rost, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orengo, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffery, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosco, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hogan, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Donovan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mooney, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radivojac, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedberg, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/653105</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The CAFA challenge reports improved protein function prediction and new functional annotations for hundreds of genes through experimental screens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/653873v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neutrophils promote CXCR3-dependent itch in the development of atopic dermatitis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/653873v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chronic itch remains a highly prevalent disorder with limited treatment options. Most chronic itch diseases are thought to be driven by both the nervous and immune systems, but the fundamental molecular and cellular interactions that trigger the development of itch and the acute-to-chronic itch transition remain unknown. Here, we show that skin-infiltrating neutrophils are key initiators of itch in atopic dermatitis, the most prevalent chronic itch disorder. Neutrophil depletion significantly attenuated itch-evoked scratching in a mouse model of atopic dermatitis. Neutrophils were also required for several key hallmarks of chronic itch, including skin hyperinnervation, enhanced expression of itch signaling molecules, and upregulation of inflammatory cytokines, activity-induced genes, and markers of neuropathic itch. Finally, we demonstrate that neutrophils are required for induction of CXCL10, a ligand of the CXCR3 receptor that promotes itch via activation of sensory neurons, and we find that that CXCR3 antagonism attenuates chronic itch.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Walsh, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, R. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwendinger-Schreck, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deguine, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brock, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kucirek, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rifi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gronert, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brem, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barton, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bautista, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/653873</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neutrophils promote CXCR3-dependent itch in the development of atopic dermatitis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/657684v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Augmenting biologging with supervised machine learning to study in situ behavior of the medusa Chrysaora fuscescens 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/657684v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Zooplankton occupy critical roles in marine ecosystems, yet their fine-scale behavior remains poorly understood due to the difficulty of studying individuals in situ. Here we combine biologging with supervised machine learning (ML) to demonstrate a pipeline for studying in situ behavior of larger zooplankton such as jellyfish. We deployed the ITAG, a biologging package with high-resolution motion sensors designed for soft-bodied invertebrates, on 8 Chrysaora fuscescens in Monterey Bay, using the tether method for retrieval. Using simultaneous video footage of the tagged jellyfish, we develop ML methods to 1) identify periods of tag data corrupted by the tether method, which may have compromised prior research findings, and 2) classify jellyfish behaviors. Our tools yield characterizations of fine-scale jellyfish activity and orientation over long durations, and provide evidence that developing behavioral classifiers on in situ rather than laboratory data is essential.nnSummary StatementHigh-resolution motion sensors paired with supervised machine learning can be used to infer fine-scale in situ behavior of zooplankton for long durations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fannjiang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mooney, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cones, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mann, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shorter, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katija, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/657684</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Augmenting biologging with supervised machine learning to study in situ behavior of the medusa Chrysaora fuscescens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/661009v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Light-regulated collective contractility in a multicellular choanoflagellate 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/661009v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Collective cell contractions that generate global tissue deformations are a signature feature of animal movement and morphogenesis. Nonetheless, the ancestry of collective contractility in animals remains mysterious. While surveying the Caribbean island of Curacao for choanoflagellates, the closest living relatives of animals, we isolated a previously undescribed species (here named Choanoeca flexa sp. nov.), that forms multicellular cup-shaped colonies. The colonies rapidly invert their curvature in response to changing light levels, which they detect through a rhodopsin-cGMP pathway. Inversion requires actomyosin-mediated apical contractility and allows alternation between feeding and swimming behavior. C. flexa thus rapidly converts sensory inputs directly into multicellular contractions. In this respect, it may inform reconstructions of hypothesized animal ancestors that existed before the evolution of specialized sensory and contractile cells.nnOne Sentence SummaryA newly described choanoflagellate species forms cup-shaped colonies that reversibly invert their curvature in response to light.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brunet, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linden, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vermeij, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/661009</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Light-regulated collective contractility in a multicellular choanoflagellate]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/662049v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analysis of meiosis in Pristionchus pacificus reveals plasticity in homolog pairing and synapsis within the nematode lineage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/662049v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Meiosis is conserved across eukaryotes yet varies in the details of its execution. Here we describe a new comparative model system for molecular analysis of meiosis, the nematode Pristionchus pacificus, a distant relative of the widely studied model organism Caenorhabditis elegans. P. pacificus shares many anatomical and other features that facilitate analysis of meiosis in C. elegans. However, while C. elegans has lost the meiosis-specific recombinase Dmc1 and evolved a recombination-independent mechanism to synapse its chromosomes, P. pacificus expresses both DMC-1 and RAD-51. We find that SPO-11 and DMC-1 are required for stable homolog pairing, synapsis, and crossover formation, while RAD-51 is dispensable for these key meiotic processes. RAD-51 and DMC-1 localize sequentially to chromosomes during meiotic prophase and show nonoverlapping functions. We also present a new genetic map for P. pacificus that reveals a crossover landscape very similar to that of C. elegans, despite marked divergence in the regulation of synapsis and crossing-over between these lineages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rillo-Bohn, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adilardi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avsaroglu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baskevitch, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dernburg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/662049</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analysis of meiosis in Pristionchus pacificus reveals plasticity in homolog pairing and synapsis within the nematode lineage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/663369v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adaptation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to biofilm growth is genetically linked to drug tolerance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/663369v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) spontaneously grows at the air-medium interface forming pellicle biofilms, which harbor more drug tolerant persisters than planktonic cultures. The underlying basis for increased persisters in Mtb biofilms is unknown. Using a Tn-seq approach, we show here that multiple genes that are necessary for fitness of Mtb cells within biofilms, but not in planktonic cultures, are also important for their tolerance to a diverse set of stressors and antibiotics. Thus, development of Mtb biofilms appears to be associated with population enrichment, in which endogenous stresses presumably generated by challenging growth conditions within biofilm architecture select for cells that maintain tolerance to exogenous stresses including antibiotic exposure. We further observed that the intrinsic drug tolerance of constituent cells of biofilms determines the frequency of persisters: morphologically indistinguishable monoculture biofilms of a {Delta}pstC2A1 mutant hypersensitive to rifampicin harbor [~]20-fold fewer persisters than wild-type. These findings together allow us to propose that the selection of elite cells during biofilm development significantly contributes to the persister frequency. Furthermore, probing the possibility that the population enrichment is an outcome of unique environment within biofilms, we demonstrate biofilm-specific induction in the synthesis of isonitrile lipopeptides (INLP). Mutation analysis indicates that INLP is necessary for the architecture development of Mtb biofilms. In summary, the study offers an insight into persistence of Mtb biofilms under antibiotic exposure, while identifying INLP as a biomarker for further investigation of this phenomenon.nnSIGNIFICANCEThe tuberculosis (TB) pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is one of the deadliest bacterial pathogens known to mankind, and TB treatment is inefficient. A lengthy chemotherapy for TB is attributed to a small subpopulation of Mtb bacilli exhibiting phenotypic tolerance to antibiotics. Drugs targeting these persisters are expected to shorten TB chemotherapy, but their development is dependent on in vitro growth models that reproducibly generate high frequency of persisters. Biofilms of Mtb are a suitable model for understanding the origin of persisters. Here, we provide an explanation for the elevated persister frequency in Mtb biofilms. We also identify isonitrile lipopetides as a biomarker of Mtb biofilms. These findings will facilitate further advancements of our efforts to identify and target Mtb persisters.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Richards, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zill, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ojha, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/663369</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adaptation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to biofilm growth is genetically linked to drug tolerance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/665695v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optogenetic control of Wnt signaling for modeling early embryogenic patterning with human pluripotent stem cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/665695v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The processes of cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and self-organization during early embryonic development are governed by dynamic, spatially and temporally varying morphogen signals. Analogous tissue patterns emerge spontaneously in embryonic stem cell (ESC) models for gastrulation, but mechanistic insight into this self-organization is limited by a lack of molecular methods to precisely control morphogen signal dynamics. Here we combine optogenetic stimulation and single-cell imaging approaches to study self-organization of human pluripotent stem cells. Precise control of morphogen signal dynamics, achieved through activation of canonical Wnt/{beta}-catenin signaling over a broad high dynamic range (>500-fold) using an optoWnt optogenetic system, drove broad transcriptional changes and mesendoderm differentiation of human ESCs at high efficiency (>95% cells). Furthermore, activating Wnt signaling in subpopulations of ESCs in 2D and 3D cultures induced cell self-organization and morphogenesis reminiscent of human gastrulation, including changes in cell migration and epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Our findings thus reveal an instructive role for Wnt in directing cell patterning in this ESC model for gastrulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Repina, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmermann, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joy, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kane, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaffer, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/665695</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optogenetic control of Wnt signaling for modeling early embryogenic patterning with human pluripotent stem cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/666198v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quickly fading afterimages: hierarchical adaptations in human perception 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/666198v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Afterimages result from a prolonged exposure to still visual stimuli. They are best detectable when viewed against uniform backgrounds and can persist for multiple seconds. Consequently, the dynamics of afterimages appears to be slow by their very nature. To the contrary, we report here that about 50% of an afterimage intensity can be erased rapidly--within less than a second. The prerequisite is that subjects view a rich visual content to erase the afterimage; fast erasure of afterimages does not occur if subjects view a blank screen. Moreover, we find evidence that fast removal of afterimages is a skill learned with practice as our subjects were always more effective in cleaning up afterimages in later parts of the experiment. These results can be explained by a tri-level hierarchy of adaptive mechanisms, as has been proposed by the theory of practopoiesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Klinger, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kell, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikolic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/666198</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quickly fading afterimages: hierarchical adaptations in human perception]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/666404v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The genomic basis of evolved virus resistance is dependent on environmental resources 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/666404v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parasites impose strong selection on their hosts, but the level of resistance evolved may be constrained by the availability of resources. However, studies identifying the genomic basis of such resource mediated selection are rare, particularly in non-model organisms. Here, we investigated the role of nutrition in the evolution of resistance to a DNA virus (PiGV), and associated trade-offs, in a lepidopteran pest species (Plodia interpunctella). Through selection experiments and whole genome sequencing we identify putative mechanisms of resistance that depend on the nutritional environment during selection. We find that the evolution of resistance is specific to diet, with adaptation to a low nutrition diet constraining resistance when challenged with the pathogen on a high nutrition diet. Resistance in a low nutrition environment is negatively correlated with growth rate, consistent with an established trade-off between immunity and development. Whole genome resequencing of the host shows that resistance mechanisms are highly polygenic and suggests evidence for trade-offs at the genetic level. Critically when populations evolve in high resource conditions, resistance is linked to metabolic and immune pathways, however it is more closely associated with cytoskeleton organisation when selected under low nutrition. Our results emphasise the importance of resources on the evolution of resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roberts, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meaden, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharpe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kay, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doyle, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartlett, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paterson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boots, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/666404</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The genomic basis of evolved virus resistance is dependent on environmental resources]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/668244v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Telophase correction refines division orientation in stratified epithelia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/668244v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During organogenesis, precise control of spindle orientation ensures a proper balance of proliferation and differentiation. In the developing murine epidermis, planar and perpendicular divisions yield symmetric and asymmetric fate outcomes, respectively. Classically, division axis specification involves centrosome migration and spindle rotation, events that occur early in mitosis. Here, we identify a previously uncharacterized orientation mechanism that occurs during telophase, correcting erroneous oblique orientations that unexpectedly persist into anaphase. The directionality of reorientation--towards either planar or perpendicular--correlates with the maintenance or loss of basal contact by the apical daughter. While the conserved scaffolding protein Pins/LGN is believed to function primarily through initial spindle positioning, we now show it also functions actively during telophase to reorient oblique divisions toward perpendicular. The ability to undergo telophase correction is also critically dependent upon an LGN-independent pathway involving the tension-sensitive adherens junction proteins vinculin, a-catenin and afadin, and correction directionality is influenced by local cell density. Failure of this reorientation mechanism impacts tissue architecture, as excessive oblique divisions induce precocious differentiation. The division orientation plasticity provided by telophase correction may provide a means for progenitors to dynamically respond to extrinsic cues provided by neighboring cells in order to adapt to local tissue needs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lough, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byrd, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Descovich, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spitzer, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergman, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beaudoin, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reichardt, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/668244</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Telophase correction refines division orientation in stratified epithelia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/669861v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chemical precision glyco-mutagenesis by glycosyltransferase engineering in living cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/669861v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Studying posttranslational modifications classically relies on experimental strategies that oversimplify the complex biosynthetic machineries of living cells. Protein glycosylation contributes to essential biological processes, but correlating glycan structure, underlying protein and disease-relevant biosynthetic regulation is currently elusive. Here, we engineer living cells to tag glycans with editable chemical functionalities while providing information on biosynthesis, physiological context and glycan fine structure. We introduce a non-natural substrate biosynthetic pathway and use engineered glycosyltransferases to incorporate chemically tagged sugars into the cell surface glycome of the living cell. We apply the strategy to a particularly redundant yet disease-relevant human glycosyltransferase family, the polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyl transferases. This approach bestows a gain-of-function modification on cells where the products of individual glycosyltransferases can be selectively characterized or manipulated at will.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schumann, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malaker, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wisnovsky, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debets, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agbay, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, L. J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedram, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohler, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mrksich, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertozzi, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/669861</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chemical precision glyco-mutagenesis by glycosyltransferase engineering in living cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/671230v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phase separation of TAZ compartmentalizes the transcription machinery to promote gene expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/671230v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
TAZ promotes cell proliferation, development, and tumorigenesis by regulating target gene transcription. However, how TAZ orchestrates the transcriptional responses remains poorly defined. Here we demonstrate that TAZ forms nuclear condensates via liquid-liquid phase separation to compartmentalize its DNA binding co-factor TEAD4, the transcription co-activators BRD4 and MED1 and the transcription elongation factor CDK9 for activation of gene expression. TAZ, but not its paralog YAP, forms phase-separated droplets in vitro and liquid-like nuclear condensates in vivo, and this ability is negatively regulated by Hippo signaling via LATS-mediated phosphorylation and mediated by the coiled-coil domain. Deletion of the TAZ coiled-coil domain or substitution with the YAP coiled-coil domain does not affect the interaction of TAZ with its partners, but prevents its phase separation and more importantly, its ability to induce target gene expression. Thus, our study identifies a novel mechanism for the transcriptional activation by TAZ and demonstrates for the first time that pathway-specific transcription factors also engage the phase separation mechanism for efficient transcription activation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutman, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henis, Y. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/671230</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phase separation of TAZ compartmentalizes the transcription machinery to promote gene expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/671271v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Viral satellites exploit phage proteins to escape degradation of the bacterial host chromosome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/671271v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phage defense systems are often found on mobile genetic elements (MGEs), where they constitutively defend against invaders or are induced to respond to new assaults. Some MGEs, the phage satellites, exploit phages for their own transmission after induction, reducing phage production and protecting their hosts in the process. One such satellite in Vibrio cholerae, PLE, is triggered by the lytic phage ICP1 to excise from the chromosome, replicate, and transduce to neighboring cells, completely sabotaging phage production. Here, we found that ICP1 has evolved to possess one of two syntenic loci encoding an SF1B-type helicase, either of which PLE can exploit to directly drive PLE replication. Further, loss of PLE mobilization limits anti-phage activity due to phage-mediated degradation of the bacterial genome. Our work provides insight into the unique challenges imposed on the parasites of lytic phages and underscores the adaptions of these satellites to their ever-evolving target phage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McKitterick, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hays, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seed, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/671271</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Viral satellites exploit phage proteins to escape degradation of the bacterial host chromosome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/672428v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Wide distribution of phage that infect freshwater SAR11 bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/672428v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fonsibacter (LD12 subclade) are among the most abundant bacterioplankton in freshwater ecosystems. These bacteria belong to the order Pelagibacterales (SAR11) and are related to Pelagibacter (marine SAR11) that dominate many marine habitats. Although a handful of Pelagibacter phage (Pelagiphage) have been described, no phage that infect Fonsibacter have been reported. In this study, a complete Fonsibacter genome containing a prophage was reconstructed from metagenomic data. A circularized and complete genome related to the prophage, referred to as uv-Fonsiphage-EPL, shows high similarity to marine Pelagiphage HTVC025P. Additionally, we reconstructed three complete and one draft genome of phage related to marine Pelagiphage HTVC010P, and predicted a lytic strategy. The similarity in codon usage and co-occurrence patterns of HTVC010P-related phage and Fonsibacter suggested that these phage infect Fonsibacter. Similar phage were detected in Lake Mendota, Wisconsin, where Fonsibacter is also present. A search of related phage revealed the worldwide distribution of some genotypes in freshwater ecosystems, suggesting their substantial role in shaping indigenous microbial assemblages and influence on biogeochemical cycling. However, the uv-Fonsiphage-EPL and one lineage of HTVC010P-related phage have a more limited distribution in freshwater ecosystems. Based on this, and their close phylogenetic relatedness with Pelagiphage, we predict that they transitioned from saline into freshwater ecosystems comparatively recently. Overall, the findings provide insights into the genomic features of phage that infect Fonsibacter, and expand understanding of the ecology and evolution of these important bacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMahon, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mori, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jessen, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/672428</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Wide distribution of phage that infect freshwater SAR11 bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/672485v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A mechanical model reveals that non-axisymmetric buckling lowers the energy barrier associated with membrane neck constriction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/672485v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Membrane neck formation is essential for scission, which, as recent experiments on tubules have demonstrated, can be location dependent. The diversity of biological machinery that can constrict a neck such as dynamin, actin, ESCRTs and BAR proteins, and the range of forces and deflection over which they operate, suggest that the constriction process is functionally mechanical and robust to changes in biological environment. In this study, we used a mechanical model of the lipid bilayer to systematically investigate the influence of location, symmetry constraints, and helical forces on membrane neck constriction. Simulations from our model demonstrated that the energy barriers associated with constriction of a membrane neck are location-dependent. Importantly, if symmetry restrictions are relaxed, then the energy barrier for constriction is dramatically lowered and the membrane buckles at lower values of forcing parameters. Our simulations also show that constriction due to helical proteins further reduces the energy barrier for neck formation compared to cylindrical proteins. These studies establish that despite different molecular mechanisms of neck formation in cells, the mechanics of constriction naturally leads to a loss of symmetry that can lower the energy barrier to constriction.

Significance statementMembrane tubule constriction is a critical step of cellular membrane trafficking processes and is thought to be mechanically regulated. Mechanical modeling techniques employing the Helfrich Hamiltonian and axisymmetric continuum frameworks have previously described energy barriers to constriction as a function of location along a 26 membrane tubule. Recent advances in numerical modeling using spline basis functions (Isogeometric Analysis) enable us to conduct our analyses of membrane mechanics in a generalized 3D framework. Here, we implement a novel 3D Isogeometric Analysis framework and juxtapose it against an axisymmetric model to study the influence of location, symmetry constraints and helical collars on the constriction pathway. We show that an unsymmetric, "crushed soda can" neck consistently displays a lower energy barrier than a symmetric neck.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vasan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudraraju, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akamatsu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garikipati, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangamani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/672485</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A mechanical model reveals that non-axisymmetric buckling lowers the energy barrier associated with membrane neck constriction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/673152v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High Throughput Evolution of Near Infrared Serotonin Nanosensors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/673152v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Release and reuptake of neuromodulator serotonin, 5-HT, is central to mood regulation and neuropsychiatric disorders, whereby imaging serotonin is of fundamental importance to study the brains serotonin signaling system. We introduce a reversible near-infrared nanosensor for serotonin (nIRHT), for which synthetic molecular recognition toward serotonin is systematically evolved from ssDNA-carbon nanotube constructs generated from large libraries of 6.9 x 1010 unique ssDNA sequences. nIRHT produces a [~]200% fluorescence enhancement upon exposure to serotonin with a Kd = 6.3 {micro}M affinity. nIRHT shows selective responsivity towards serotonin over serotonin analogs, metabolites, and receptor-targeting drugs, and a 5-fold increased affinity for serotonin over dopamine. Further, nIRHT can be introduced into the brain extracellular space in acute slice, and can be used to image exogenous serotonin reversibly. Our results suggest evolution of nanosensors could be generically implemented to rapidly develop other neuromodulator probes, and that these probes can image neuromodulator dynamics at spatiotemporal scales compatible with endogenous neuromodulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jeong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beyene, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Best, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/673152</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High Throughput Evolution of Near Infrared Serotonin Nanosensors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/673988v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phylogeny of Paullinia L. (Paullinieae: Sapindaceae), a diverse genus of lianas with rapid fruit evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/673988v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Paullinia L. is a genus of c. 220 mostly Neotropical forest-dwelling lianas that displays a wide diversity of fruit morphologies. Paullinia resembles other members of the Paullinieae in being a climber with stipulate compound leaves and paired inflorescence tendrils. However, it is distinct in having capsular fruits with woody, coriaceous, or crustaceous pericarps. While consistent in this basic plan, the pericarps of Paullinia fruits are otherwise highly variable--in some species they are winged, whereas in others they are without wings or covered with spines. With the exception of the water-dispersed indehiscent spiny fruits of some members of Paullinia sect. Castanella, all species are dehiscent, opening their capsules while they are still attached to the branch, to reveal arillate animal-dispersed seeds. Here we present a molecular phylogeny of Paullinia derived from 11 molecular markers, including nine novel single-copy nuclear markers amplified by microfluidics PCR. This is the first broadly sampled molecular phylogeny for the genus. Paullinia is supported as monophyletic and is sister to Cardiospermum L., which together are sister to Serjania Mill + Urvillea Kunth. We apply this novel phylogenetic hypothesis to test previous infrageneric classifications and to infer that unwinged fruits represent the ancestral condition, from which there were repeated evolutionary transitions and reversals. However, because the seeds of both winged and unwinged fruits are all dispersed by animals, we conclude that the repeated transitions in fruit morphology may relate to visual display strategies to attract animal dispersers, and do not represent transitions to wind dispersal.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chery, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acevedo-Rodriguez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothfels, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Specht, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/673988</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phylogeny of Paullinia L. (Paullinieae: Sapindaceae), a diverse genus of lianas with rapid fruit evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/675652v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide and enzymatic analysis reveals efficient D-galacturonic acid metabolism in the basidiomycete yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/675652v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biorefining of renewable feedstocks is one of the most promising routes to replace fossil-based products. Since many common fermentation hosts, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, are naturally unable to convert many component plant cell wall polysaccharides, the identification of organisms with broad catabolism capabilities represents an opportunity to expand the range of substrates used in fermentation biorefinery approaches. The red basidiomycete yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides is a promising and robust host for lipid and terpene derived chemicals. Previous studies demonstrated assimilation of a range of substrates, from C5/C6-sugars to aromatic molecules similar to lignin monomers. In the current study, we analyzed R. toruloides potential to assimilate D-galacturonic acid, a major sugar in many pectin-rich agricultural waste streams, including sugar beet pulp and citrus peels. D-galacturonic acid is not a preferred substrate for many fungi, but its metabolism was found to be on par with D-glucose and D-xylose in R. toruloides. A genome-wide analysis by combined RNAseq/RB-TDNAseq revealed those genes with high relevance for fitness on D-galacturonic acid. While R. toruloides was found to utilize the same non-phosphorylative catabolic pathway known from ascomycetes, the maximal velocities of several enzymes exceeded those previously reported. In addition, an efficient downstream glycerol catabolism and a novel transcription factor were found to be important for D-galacturonic acid utilization. These results set the basis for use of R. toruloides as a potential host for pectin-rich waste conversions and demonstrate its suitability as a model for metabolic studies in basidiomycetes.nnImportanceThe switch from the traditional fossil-based industry to a green and sustainable bio-economy demands the complete utilization of renewable feedstocks. Many currently used bio-conversion hosts are unable to utilize major components of plant biomass, warranting the identification of microorganisms with broader catabolic capacity and characterization of their unique biochemical pathways. D-galacturonic acid is a plant component of bio-conversion interest and is the major backbone sugar of pectin, a plant cell wall polysaccharide abundant in soft and young plant tissues. The red basidiomycete and oleaginous yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides has been previously shown to utilize a range of sugars and aromatic molecules. Using state-of-the-art functional genomic methods, physiological and biochemical assays, we elucidated the molecular basis underlying the efficient metabolism of D-galacturonic acid. This study identifies an efficient pathway for uronic acid conversion to guide future engineering efforts, and represents the first detailed metabolic analysis of pectin metabolism in a basidiomycete fungus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Protzko, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hach, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coradetti, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hackhofer, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magosch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thieme, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skerker, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dueber, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benz, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/675652</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide and enzymatic analysis reveals efficient D-galacturonic acid metabolism in the basidiomycete yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/675850v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Choice suppression through opponent but not independent function of the striatal indirect pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/675850v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The dorsomedial striatum (DMS) plays a key role in action selection, but little is known about how direct and indirect pathway spiny projection neurons (dSPNs and iSPNs) contribute to choice suppression in freely moving animals. Here, we used pathway-specific chemogenetic manipulation during a serial choice foraging task to test opposing predictions for iSPN function generated by two theories: 1) the  select/suppress heuristic which suggests iSPN activity is required to suppress alternate choices and 2) the network-inspired Opponent Actor Learning model (OpAL) which proposes that the weighted difference of dSPN and iSPN activity determines choice. We found that chemogenetic activation, but not inhibition, of iSPNs disrupted learned suppression of nonrewarded choices, consistent with the predictions of the OpAL model. Our findings suggest that iSPNs role in stopping and freezing does not extend in a simple fashion to choice suppression. These data may provide insights critical for the successful design of interventions for addiction or other conditions in which suppression of behavior is desirable.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Delevich, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoshal, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, A. G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilbrecht, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/675850</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Choice suppression through opponent but not independent function of the striatal indirect pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/675892v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineered illumination devices for optogenetic control of cellular signaling dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/675892v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatially and temporally varying patterns of morphogen signals during development drive cell fate specification at the proper location and time. However, current in vitro methods typically do not allow for precise, dynamic, spatiotemporal control of morphogen signaling and are thus insufficient to readily study how morphogen dynamics impact cell behavior. Here we show that optogenetic Wnt/{beta}-catenin pathway activation can be controlled at user-defined intensities, temporal sequences, and spatial patterns using novel engineered illumination devices for optogenetic photostimulation and light activation at variable amplitudes (LAVA). The optical design of LAVA devices was optimized for uniform illumination of multi-well cell culture plates to enable high-throughput, spatiotemporal optogenetic activation of signaling pathways and protein-protein interactions. Using the LAVA devices, variation in light intensity induced a dose-dependent response in optoWnt activation and downstream Brachyury expression in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). Furthermore, time-varying and spatially localized patterns of light revealed tissue patterning that models embryonic presentation of Wnt signals in vitro. The engineered LAVA devices thus provide a low-cost, user-friendly method for high-throughput and spatiotemporal optogenetic control of cell signaling for applications in developmental and cell biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Repina, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McClave, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kane, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaffer, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/675892</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineered illumination devices for optogenetic control of cellular signaling dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/676825v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluating Protein Transfer Learning with TAPE 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/676825v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein modeling is an increasingly popular area of machine learning research. Semi-supervised learning has emerged as an important paradigm in protein modeling due to the high cost of acquiring supervised protein labels, but the current literature is fragmented when it comes to datasets and standardized evaluation techniques. To facilitate progress in this field, we introduce the Tasks Assessing Protein Embeddings (TAPE), a set of five biologically relevant semi-supervised learning tasks spread across different domains of protein biology. We curate tasks into specific training, validation, and test splits to ensure that each task tests biologically relevant generalization that transfers to real-life scenarios. We bench-mark a range of approaches to semi-supervised protein representation learning, which span recent work as well as canonical sequence learning techniques. We find that self-supervised pretraining is helpful for almost all models on all tasks, more than doubling performance in some cases. Despite this increase, in several cases features learned by self-supervised pretraining still lag behind features extracted by state-of-the-art non-neural techniques. This gap in performance suggests a huge opportunity for innovative architecture design and improved modeling paradigms that better capture the signal in biological sequences. TAPE will help the machine learning community focus effort on scientifically relevant problems. Toward this end, all data and code used to run these experiments are available at https://github.com/songlab-cal/tape.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canny, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbeel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/676825</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluating Protein Transfer Learning with TAPE]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/677211v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
EpiSort: Enumeration of cell types using targeted bisulfite sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/677211v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cellular composition of tumors is now recognized as an essential phenotype, with implications to diagnostic, progression and therapy efficacy. A tool for accurate profiling of the tumor microenvironment is lacking, as single-cell methods and computational approaches are not applicable or suffer from low accuracy. Here we present EpiSort, a novel strategy based on targeted bisulfite sequencing, which allows the accurate enumeration of 23 cell types and may be applicable to cancer studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aran, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dover, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lundy, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leipold, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xuhuai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDevitt, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butte, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/677211</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[EpiSort: Enumeration of cell types using targeted bisulfite sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/678771v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accurate assembly of the olive baboon (Papio anubis) genome using long-read and Hi-C data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/678771v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Besides macaques, baboons are the most commonly used nonhuman primate in biomedical research. Despite this importance, the genomic resources for baboons are quite limited. In particular, the current baboon reference genome Panu_3.0 is a highly fragmented, reference-guided (i.e., not fully de novo) assembly, and its poor quality inhibits our ability to conduct downstream genomic analyses. Here we present a truly de novo genome assembly of the olive baboon (Papio anubis) that uses data from several recently developed single-molecule technologies. Our assembly, Panubis1.0, has an N50 contig size of ~1.46 Mb (as opposed to 139 Kb for Panu_3.0), and has single scaffolds that span each of the 20 autosomes and the X chromosome. We highlight multiple lines of evidence (including Bionano Genomics data, pedigree linkage information, and linkage disequilibrium data) suggesting that there are several large assembly errors in Panu_3.0, which have been corrected in Panubis1.0.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Batra, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy-Sakin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guillory, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durinck, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwok, P.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seshagiri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wall, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/678771</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accurate assembly of the olive baboon (Papio anubis) genome using long-read and Hi-C data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/678797v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Principles of self-organization and load adaptation by the actin cytoskeleton during clathrin-mediated endocytosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/678797v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Force generation due to actin assembly is a fundamental aspect of membrane sculpting for many essential processes. In this work, we use a multiscale computational model constrained by experimental measurements to show that a minimal branched actin network is sufficient to internalize endocytic pits against physiological membrane tension. A parameter sweep identified the number of Arp2/3 complexes as particularly important for robust internalization, which prompted the development of a molecule-counting method in live mammalian cells. Using this method, we found that ~200 Arp2/3 complexes assemble at sites of clathrin-mediated endocytosis in human cells. Our simulations also revealed that actin networks self-organize in a radial branched array with barbed filament ends oriented to grow toward the base of the pit, and that the distribution of linker proteins around the endocytic pit is critical for this organization. Surprisingly, our model predicted that long actin filaments bend from their attachment sites in the coat to the base of the pit and store elastic energy that can be harnessed to drive endocytosis. This prediction was validated using cryo-electron tomography on cells, which revealed the presence of bent actin filaments along the endocytic site. Furthermore, we predict that under elevated membrane tension, the self-organized actin network directs more growing filaments toward the base of the pit, increasing actin nucleation and bending for increased force production. Thus, our study reveals that spatially constrained actin filament assembly utilizes an adaptive mechanism that enables endocytosis under varying physical constraints.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Akamatsu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serwas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangamani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drubin, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/678797</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Principles of self-organization and load adaptation by the actin cytoskeleton during clathrin-mediated endocytosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/679597v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell-in-the-loop pattern formation with optogenetically emulated cell-to-cell signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/679597v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1Designing and implementing synthetic biological pattern formation remains a challenge due to underlying theoretical complexity as well as the difficulty of engineering multicellular networks bio-chemically. Here, we introduce a "cell-in-the-loop" approach where living cells interact through in silico signaling, establishing a new testbed to interrogate theoretical principles when internal cell dynamics are incorporated rather than modeled. We present a theory that offers an easy-to-use test to predict the emergence of contrasting patterns in gene expression among laterally inhibiting cells. Guided by the theory, we experimentally demonstrated spontaneous checkerboard patterning in an optogenetic setup where cell-to-cell signaling was emulated with light inputs calculated in silico from real-time gene expression measurements. The scheme successfully produced spontaneous, persistent checkerboard patterns for systems of sixteen patches, in quantitative agreement with theoretical predictions. Our research highlights how tools from dynamical systems theory may inform our understanding of patterning, and illustrates the potential of cell-in-the-loop for engineering synthetic multicellular systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Perkins, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benzinger, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arcak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khammash, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/679597</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell-in-the-loop pattern formation with optogenetically emulated cell-to-cell signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/679829v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
POL30 alleles in Saccharomyces cerevisiae reveal complexities of the cell cycle and ploidy on heterochromatin assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/679829v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, transcriptional silencing at HML and HMR maintains mating-type identity. The repressive chromatin structure at these loci is replicated every cell cycle and must be re-established quickly to prevent transcription of the genes at these loci. Mutations in a component of the replisome, the Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA), encoded by POL30, cause a loss of transcriptional silencing at HMR. We used an assay that captures transient losses of silencing at HML and HMR to perform extended genetic analyses of the pol30-6, pol30-8, and pol30-79 alleles. All three alleles destabilized silencing only transiently and only in cycling cells. Whereas pol30-8 caused loss of silencing by disrupting the function of Chromatin Assembly Factor 1 (CAF-I), pol30-6 and pol30-79 acted through a separate genetic pathway but one still dependent on histone chaperones. Surprisingly, the silencing-loss phenotypes depended on ploidy but not on POL30 dosage or mating-type identity. Separately from silencing loss, the pol30-6 and pol30-79 alleles also displayed high levels of mitotic recombination in diploids. These results established that histone trafficking involving PCNA at replication forks is crucial to the maintenance of chromatin state and genome stability during DNA replication. They also raised the possibility that increased ploidy may protect chromatin states when the replisome is perturbed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brothers, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rine, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/679829</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[POL30 alleles in Saccharomyces cerevisiae reveal complexities of the cell cycle and ploidy on heterochromatin assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/680447v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Consciousness & Brain Functional Complexity in Propofol Anaesthesia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/680447v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The brain is possibly the most complex system known to mankind, and its complexity has been called upon to explain the emergence of consciousness. However, complexity can take many forms: here, we investigate measures of algorithmic and process complexity in both the temporal and topological dimension, testing them on functional MRI data obtained from individuals undergoing various levels of sedation with the anaesthetic agent propofol, in two separate datasets. We demonstrate that the various measures are differently able to discriminate between levels of sedation, with temporal measures showing higher sensitivity. Further, we show that all measures are strongly related to a single underlying construct explaining most of the variance, as assessed by Principal Component Analysis, which we interpret as a measure of overall complexity of our data. This overall complexity was also able to discriminate between levels of sedation, supporting the hypothesis that consciousness is related to complexity - independent of how the latter is measured.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Varley, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luppi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pappas, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naci, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adapa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stamatakis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/680447</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Consciousness & Brain Functional Complexity in Propofol Anaesthesia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/682047v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activity-Based Ratiometric FRET Probe Reveals Oncogene-Driven Changes in Labile Copper Pools Induced by Altered Glutathione Metabolism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/682047v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Copper is essential for life, and beyond its well-established ability to serve as a tightly-bound, redox-active active site cofactor for enzyme function, emerging data suggest that cellular copper also exists in labile pools, defined as loosely bound to low molecular weight ligands, which can regulate diverse transition metal signaling processes spanning neural communication and olfaction, lipolysis, rest-activity cycles, and kinase pathways critical for oncogenic signaling. To help decipher this growing biology, we report a first-generation ratiometric fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) copper probe, FCP-1, for activity-based sensing of labile Cu(I) pools in live cells. FCP-1 links fluorescein and rhodamine dyes through a tris[(2-pyridyl)methyl]amine (TPA) bridge. Bioinspired Cu(I)-induced oxidative cleavage decreases FRET between fluorescein donor and rhodamine acceptor. FCP-1 responds to Cu(I) with high metal selectivity and oxidation-state specificity and facilitates ratiometric measurements that minimize potential interferences arising from variations in sample thickness, dye concentration, and light intensity. FCP-1 enables imaging of dynamic changes in labile Cu(I) pools in live cells in response to copper supplementation/depletion, differential expression of the copper importer CTR1, and redox stress induced by manipulating intracellular glutathione levels and GSH/GSSG ratios. FCP-1 imaging reveals a labile Cu(I) deficiency induced by oncogene-driven cellular transformation that promotes fluctuations in glutathione metabolism, where lower GSH/GSSG ratios decrease labile Cu(I) availability without affecting total copper levels. By connecting copper dysregulation and glutathione stress in cancer, this work provides a valuable starting point to study broader crosstalk between metal and redox pathways in health and disease with activity-based probes.nnSignificanceCopper is a required metal nutrient for life, yet its altered homeostasis is associated with many diseases. Thus, to develop new methods to help decipher copper biology, we present an activity-based ratiometric FRET probe that exploits a biomimetic, copper(I)-dependent cleavage reaction to enable imaging of loosely-bound, labile copper pools in cells with metal and oxidation state selectivity and a self-calibrating ratiometric response. Application of this technology to cellular models of cancer reveals that oncogene-driven changes in the metabolism of glutathione, a major cellular redox buffer, leads to a labile copper(I) deficiency. This work establishes the relevance of copper dysregulation to cancer metabolism and presages further opportunities for activity-based sensing in studies of metal biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chung, C. Y.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Posimo, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brady, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/682047</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activity-Based Ratiometric FRET Probe Reveals Oncogene-Driven Changes in Labile Copper Pools Induced by Altered Glutathione Metabolism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/683524v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance genes and integrons in commensal Gram-negative bacteria in a college community 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/683524v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although the human intestinal microbiome has been shown to harbor antimicrobial drug-resistance genes (ARG), the prevalence of such genes in a healthy population and their impact on extraintestinal infections that occur in that community are not well established. This study sought to identify ARG prevalence and their mobile elements in the intestines of a healthy community population at a California university, and compared these genes to those found in uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from patients with community-acquired urinary tract infection (CA-UTI). We isolated Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) from fecal samples of healthy volunteers and screened them by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for ARG encoding resistance against ampicillin (AMP), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX), gentamicin (GENT), and colistin (COL). We found antimicrobial resistant GNB from 85 (83%) of 102 non-redundant rectal swab samples. Sixty-seven (66%) of these samples contained {beta}-lactamase genes (blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCTX-M, blaOXA, blaOXY), dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) genes (dhfr-A17, dhfr-A7, dhfr-A5, dhfr-A21, dhfr-A1, dhfr-A15, and dhfr-B3), and aminoglycoside resistance genes (aadA5, aadA1, and aadB). Integron sequences were found in 37 fecal samples. These genes were found in 11 different GNB species isolated from the fecal samples. The same ARG were found in E. coli strains isolated from patients with CA-UTI examined at the college outpatient health clinic. The high prevalence of clinically-common ARG and integrons harbored by GNB in the intestine of a healthy population suggest that human intestines may serve as a major reservoir of these mobile ARG that appear in E. coli strains causing extraintestinal infections in the same community.nnImportanceIncreasing frequency of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in human pathogenic bacteria has compromised our ability to treat infections. Since mobile antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) are readily exchanged between different species of bacteria through horizontal gene transfer, there is interest in investigating sources of these genes. The normal intestinal flora has been shown to contain a wide variety of ARG, which may have been introduced via food-containing AMR bacteria. We sought to assess the prevalence of ARG carriage in the intestines of a healthy population and determine if these ARG are found in E. coli strains that cause community-acquired urinary tract infection (CA-UTI) in the same community. Our findings indicate that the human intestine may serve as an important reservoir as well as a site in which ARG are transferred into E. coli that cause UTI. Further research is needed to reduce ARG carriage and devise new strategies to prevent AMR infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rubin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mussio, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>W. Riley, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/683524</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance genes and integrons in commensal Gram-negative bacteria in a college community]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/684605v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide transposon screen of a Pseudomonas syringae mexB mutant reveals the substrates of efflux transporters 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/684605v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria express numerous efflux transporters that confer resistance to diverse toxicants present in their environment. Due to a high level of functional redundancy of these transporters, it is difficult to identify those that are of most importance in conferring resistance to specific compounds. The resistance-nodulation-division (RND) protein family is one such example of redundant transporters that are widespread among Gram-negative bacteria. Within this family, the MexAB-OprM protein complex is highly-expressed and conserved among Pseudomonas species. We exposed barcoded transposon mutant libraries in isogenic wild-type and {Delta}mexB backgrounds in P. syringae B728a to diverse toxic compounds in vitro to identify mutants with increased susceptibility to these compounds. Mutants in genes encoding both known and novel redundant transporters, but with partially overlapping substrate specificities were observed in a {Delta}mexB background. Psyr_0228, an uncharacterized member of the Major Facilitator Superfamily of transporters, preferentially contributes to tolerance of acridine orange and acriflavine. Another transporter located in the inner membrane, Psyr_0541, contributes to tolerance to acriflavine and berberine. The presence of multiple redundant, genomically encoded, efflux transporters appears to enable bacterial strains to tolerate a diversity of environmental toxins. This genome-wide screen in a hyper-susceptible mutant strain revealed numerous transporters that would otherwise be dispensable in these conditions. Bacterial strains such as P. syringae that likely encounter diverse toxins in their environment such as in association with many different plant species, probably benefit from possessing multiple redundant transporters that enable versatility to tolerate novel toxicants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Helmann, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ongsarte, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutschbauer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindow, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/684605</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide transposon screen of a Pseudomonas syringae mexB mutant reveals the substrates of efflux transporters]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/684951v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alpha/Beta Hydrolase Domain-Containing Protein 2 regulates the rhythm of follicular maturation and estrous stages of the female reproductive cycle 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/684951v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Therian female fertility is defined by a successful and strictly periodic ovarian cycle, which is under the control of gonadotropins and steroid hormones, particularly progesterone and estrogen. The latter two are produced by the ovaries that are engaged in controlled follicular growth, maturation and release of the eggs, i.e. ovulation. It is well known that steroid hormones regulate ovarian cycles via genomic signaling, by altering gene transcription and protein synthesis. However, despite this well-studied mechanism, steroid hormones can also signal via direct, non-genomic action, by binding to their membrane receptors. Here we show, that the recently discovered sperm membrane progesterone receptor /{beta} hydrolase domain-containing protein 2 (ABHD2) is highly expressed in mammalian ovaries where the protein plays a novel regulatory role in follicle maturation and the sexual cycle of females. Ablation of Abhd2 caused a dysregulation of the estrous cycle rhythm with females showing shortened luteal stages while remaining in the estrus stage for a longer time. Interestingly, the ovaries of Abhd2 knockout (KO) females resemble polycystic ovary morphology with a high number of atretic antral follicles that could be rescued with injection of gonadotropins. Such a procedure also allowed Abhd2 KO females to ovulate a significantly increased number of mature and fertile eggs in comparison to their wild-type littermates. These results suggest a novel regulatory role of ABHD2 as an important factor in non-genomic steroid regulation of the female reproductive cycle.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bjoerkgren, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendoza, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabelev-Khasin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Modzelewski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lishko, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/684951</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alpha/Beta Hydrolase Domain-Containing Protein 2 regulates the rhythm of follicular maturation and estrous stages of the female reproductive cycle]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/685610v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BSU1 family phosphatases mediate Flagellin-FLS2 signaling through a specific phosphocode. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/685610v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hundreds of leucine-rich repeat receptor kinases (LRR-RKs) have evolved to control diverse processes of growth, development, and immunity in plants; the mechanisms that link LRR-RKs to distinct cellular responses are not understood. Here we show that two LRR-RKs, the brassinosteroid hormone receptor BRI1 (BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1) and the flagellin receptor FLS2 (FLAGELLIN SENSING 2), regulate downstream glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, respectively, through phosphocoding of the BRI1-SUPPRESSOR1 (BSU1) phosphatase. BSU1 was previously identified as a component that inactivates GSK3s in the BRI1 pathway. We found surprisingly that loss of the BSU1 family phosphatases activates effector-triggered immunity (ETI) and impairs flagellin-triggered MAP kinase activation and immunity. The flagellin-activated BOTRYTIS-INDUCED KINASE 1 (BIK1) phosphorylates BSU1 at serine-251. Mutation of serine-251 reduces the ability of BSU1 to mediate flagellin-induced MAP kinase activation and immunity, but not its abilities to suppress ETI and interact with GSK3, which is enhanced through the phosphorylation of BSU1 at serine-764 upon brassinosteroid signaling. These results demonstrate that BSU1 plays an essential role in immunity and transduces brassinosteroid-BRI1 and flagellin-FLS2 signals using different phosphorylation sites. Our study illustrates that phosphocoding in shared downstream components provides signaling specificities for diverse plant receptor kinases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Youn, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, S.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mudgett, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, T.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/685610</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BSU1 family phosphatases mediate Flagellin-FLS2 signaling through a specific phosphocode.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/685735v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hotspot prioritizations show sensitivity to data type 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/685735v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prioritizing regions for conservation is essential for effectively allocating limited conservation resources. One of the most common approaches to prioritization is identifying regions with the highest biodiversity, or hotspots, typically using global range map data. Range maps are readily available at large scales for an array of taxa, but are also known to differ from local-scale survey data in the same regions. We examined how prioritizations may differ between range map and survey data using the North American Breeding Bird survey (BBS) and BirdLife International range maps as a case study. Hotspot prioritizations were generated for species richness and the richness of rare species at two scales.nnTotal species richness patterns differed substantially between data types with at most a 41% overlap in identified hotspots. Some regions had few or no hotspots for one data type and a significant number for the other. Hotspots for rare species were more similar across the data types with 44% overlap at the larger scale. Future efforts to prioritize areas for conservation should consider differences between local-scale survey data and range maps, match data to the scale of interest, and develop methods to better downscale range map-based prioritizations to the scale of conservation decisions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Norman, K. E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/685735</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hotspot prioritizations show sensitivity to data type]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/687921v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Specific lid-base contacts in the 26S proteasome control the conformational switching required for substrate engagement and degradation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/687921v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The 26S proteasome is essential for protein homeostasis and the regulation of vital cellular processes through ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated substrates. To accomplish the multi-step reaction of protein degradation, the proteasomes regulatory particle, consisting of the lid and base subcomplexes, undergoes major conformational changes whose origin and control are largely unknown. Investigating the Saccharomyces cerevisiae 26S proteasome, we found that peripheral interactions between the lid subunit Rpn5 and the base AAA+ ATPase ring play critical roles in stabilizing the substrate-engagement-competent state and coordinating the conformational switch to processing states after a substrate has been engaged. Disrupting these interactions perturbs the conformational equilibrium and interferes with degradation initiation, while later steps of substrate processing remain unaffected. Similar defects in the early degradation steps are also observed when eliminating hydrolysis in the ATPase subunit Rpt6, whose nucleotide state seems to control conformational transitions of the proteasome. These results provide important insight into the network of interactions that coordinate conformational changes with various stages of proteasomal degradation, and how modulators of conformational equilibria may influence substrate turnover.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Greene, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodall, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de la Pena, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matyskiela, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lander, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/687921</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Specific lid-base contacts in the 26S proteasome control the conformational switching required for substrate engagement and degradation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/688127v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-axisymmetric shapes of biological membranes from locally induced curvature 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/688127v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In various biological processes such as endocytosis and caveolae formation, the cell membrane is locally deformed into curved configurations. Previous theoretical and computational studies to understand membrane morphologies resulting from locally induced curvature are often limited to axisymmetric shapes, which severely restricts the physically admissible morphologies. Under the restriction of axisymmetry, past efforts predict that the cell membrane buds at low resting tensions and stalls at a flat pit at high resting tensions. In this work, we lift the restriction of axisymmetry by employing recent theoretical and numerical advances to understand arbitrarily curved and deforming lipid bilayers. Our non-axisymmetric morphologies reveal membrane morphologies which agree well with axisymmetric studies--however only if the resting tension of the membrane is low. When the resting tension is moderate to high, we show that (i) axisymmetric invaginations are unstable; and (ii) non-axisymmetric ridge-shaped structures are energetically favorable. We further study the dynamical effects resulting from the interplay between intramembrane viscous flow and induced curvature, and find the rate at which the locally induced curvature increases is a key determinant in the formation of ridges. In particular, we show that axisymmetric buds are favored when the induced curvature is rapidly increased, while non-axisymmetric ridges are favored when the curvature is slowly increased: The rate of change of induced curvature affects the intramembrane viscous flow of lipids, which can impede the membranes ability to transition into ridges. We conclude that the appearance of non-axisymmetric ridges indicates that axisymmetry cannot be generally assumed when understanding processes involving locally induced curvature. Our results hold potentially relevant implications for biological processes such as endocytosis, and physical phenomena like phase separation in lipid bilayers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Omar, Y. A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauer, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandadapu, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/688127</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-axisymmetric shapes of biological membranes from locally induced curvature]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/694430v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Explicit strategies in force field adaptation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/694430v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In recent years, it has become increasingly clear that a number of learning processes are at play in visuomotor adaptation tasks. In addition to the presumed formation of an internal model of the perturbation, learners can also develop explicit knowledge allowing them to select better actions in responding to a given perturbation. Advances in visuomotor rotation experiments have underscored the important role that such "explicit learning" plays in shaping adaptation to kinematic perturbations. Yet, in adaptation to dynamic perturbations, its contribution has been largely overlooked, potentially because compensation of a viscous force field, for instance, is difficult to assess by commonly-used verbalization-based approaches. We therefore sought to assess the contribution of explicit learning in learners adapting to a dynamic perturbation by two novel modifications of a force field experiment. First, via an elimination approach, we asked learners to abandon any cognitive strategy before selected force channel trials to expose consciously accessible parts of overall learning. Learners indeed reduced compensatory force compared to standard Catch channels. Second, via a manual reporting approach, we instructed a group of learners to mimic their right hands adaptation by moving with their naive left hand. While a control group displayed negligible left-hand force compensation, the Mimic group reported forces that approximated right-hand adaptation but appeared to under-report the velocity component of the force field in favor of a more position-based component. We take these results to clearly demonstrate the contribution of explicit learning to force adaptation, underscoring its relevance to motor learning in general.nnNew & NoteworthyWhile the role of explicit learning has recently been appreciated in visuomotor adaptation tasks, their contribution to force field adaptation has not been as widely acknowledged. To address this issue, we employed two novel methods to assay explicit learning in force field adaptation tasks and found that learners can voluntarily control aspects of force production and manually report them with their untrained limb. This suggests that an explicit component contributes to force field adaptation and may provide alternative explanations to behavioral phenomena commonly thought to reveal a complex organization of internal models in the brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schween, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDougle, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hegele, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/694430</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Explicit strategies in force field adaptation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/694604v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Neural Basis of Predictive Pursuit 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/694604v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It remains unclear how and to what extent non-human animals make demanding on-the-fly predictions during pursuit. We studied this problem in a novel laboratory pursuit task that incentivizes prediction of future prey positions. We trained three macaques to perform joystick-controlled pursuit of prey that followed intelligent escape algorithms. Subjects reliably aimed towards the preys likely future positions, indicating that they generate internal predictions and use those predictions to guide behavior. We then developed a generative model that explains real-time pursuit trajectories and showed that our subjects use prey position, velocity, and acceleration to make predictions. We identified neurons in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) whose responses track these three variables. These neurons multiplexed prediction-related variables with a distinct and explicit representation of the preys future position. Our results provide a clear demonstration that the brain can explicitly represent future predictions and highlight the critical role of anterior cingulate cortex for future-oriented cognition.nnOne-sentence summaryIn a dynamic pursuit environment, monkeys actively predict future prey positions and dACC neurons encode these future positions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yoo, S. B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tu, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piantadosi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayden, B. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/694604</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Neural Basis of Predictive Pursuit]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/695478v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Soil bacterial populations are shaped by recombination and gene-specific selection across a meadow 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/695478v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Soil microbial diversity is often studied from the perspective of community composition, but less is known about genetic heterogeneity within species and how population structures are affected by dispersal, recombination, and selection. Genomic inferences about population structure can be made using the millions of sequencing reads that are assembled de novo into consensus genomes from metagenomes, as each read pair describes a short genomic sequence from a cell in the population. Here we track genome-wide population genetic variation for 19 highly abundant bacterial species sampled from across a grassland meadow. Genomic nucleotide identity of assembled genomes was significantly associated with local geography for half of the populations studied, and for a majority of populations within-sample nucleotide diversity could often be as high as meadow-wide nucleotide diversity. Genes involved in specialized metabolite biosynthesis and extracellular transport were characterized by elevated genetic diversity in multiple species. Microbial populations displayed varying degrees of homologous recombination and recombinant variants were often detected at 7-36% of loci genome-wide. Within multiple populations we identified genes with unusually high site-specific differentiation of alleles, fewer recombinant events, and lower nucleotide diversity, suggesting recent selective sweeps for gene variants. Taken together, these results indicate that recombination and gene-specific selection commonly shape local soil bacterial genetic variation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Crits-Christoph, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olm, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diamond, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouma-Gregson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/695478</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Soil bacterial populations are shaped by recombination and gene-specific selection across a meadow]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/696393v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Massively parallel kinetic profiling of natural and engineered CRISPR nucleases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/696393v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Engineered Streptococcus pyogenes (Sp) Cas9s and Acidaminococcus sp. (As) Cas12a (formerly Cpf1) improve cleavage specificity in human cells. However, the fidelity, enzymatic mechanisms, and cleavage products of emerging CRISPR nucleases have not been profiled systematically across partially mispaired off-target DNA sequences. Here, we describe NucleaSeq-- nuclease digestion and deep sequencing--a massively parallel platform that measures cleavage kinetics and captures the time-resolved identities of cleaved products for more than ten thousand DNA targets that include mismatches, insertions, and deletions relative to the guide RNA. The binding specificity of each enzyme is measured on the same DNA library via the chip-hybridized association mapping platform (CHAMP). Using this integrated cleavage and binding platform, we profile four SpCas9 variants and AsCas12a. Engineered Cas9s retain wtCas9-like off-target binding but increase cleavage specificity; Cas9-HF1 shows the most dramatic increase in cleavage specificity. Surprisingly, wtCas12a--reported as a more specific nuclease in cells--has cleavage specificity similar to wtCas9 in vitro. Initial cleavage position and subsequent end-trimming vary across nucleases, guide RNA sequences, and position and base identity of mispairs in target DNAs. Using these large datasets, we develop a biophysical model that reveals mechanistic insights into off-target cleavage activities by these nucleases. More broadly, NucleaSeq enables rapid, quantitative, and systematic comparison of the specificities and cleavage products of engineered and natural nucleases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jones, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawkins, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rybarski, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Press, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finkelstein, I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/696393</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Massively parallel kinetic profiling of natural and engineered CRISPR nucleases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/697052v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
New genotype invasion of dengue virus serotype 1 drove massive outbreak in Guangzhou, China 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/697052v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundDengue fever is a mosquito-borne infectious disease that has caused major health problems. Variations in dengue virus (DENV) genes are important features of epidemic outbreaks. However, the associations of DENV genes with epidemic scale have not been extensively examined. Here, we assessed new genotype invasion of DENV-1 isolated from Guangzhou in China to evaluate associations with epidemic outbreaks.nnMethodology/Principal FindingsWe used DENV-1 strains isolated from sera of dengue cases from 2002 to 2016 in Guangzhou for complete genome sequencing. A neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree was constructed to elucidate the genotype characteristics and determine if new genotype invasion correlated with major outbreaks. In our study, a new genotype invasion event was observed during each significant outbreak period in 2002-2003, 2006-2007 and 2013-2014. Genotype II was the main epidemic genotype in 2003 and before. Invasion of genotype I in 2006 caused an unusual outbreak with 765 cases (relative risk (RR)=16.24, 95% confidence interval (CI) =12.41-21.25). At the middle and late stages of the 2013 outbreak, genotype III was introduced to Guangzhou as a new genotype invasion responsible for 37340 cases with RR 541.73 (95%CI=417.78-702.45), after which genotypes I and III began co-circulating. Base mutations occurred after new genotype invasion, and the gene sequence of NS3 protein had the lowest average similarity ratio (99.82%), followed by the gene sequence of E protein (99.86%), as compared to the 2013 strain.nnConclusions/SignificanceGenotype replacement and co-circulation of multiple DENV-1 genotypes were observed. New genotype invasion was highly correlated with local unusual outbreaks. In addition to DENV-1 genotype I in the unprecedented outbreak in 2014, new genotype invasion by DENV-1 genotype III occurred in Guangzhou.nnAuthor SummaryNew genotype invasion of dengue virus highly correlates with the massive outbreaks. In this study, we examined the association of the genotype of dengue virus serorype 1 (DENV-1) from human cases through complete genome sequencing with outbreak scale during 2002 and 2016 in Guangzhou, China. It was observed that genotype replacement and co-circulation of multiple genotypes occurred. Most importantly, it indicated that new genotype invasion was highly related with local unusual outbreaks in major outbreak periods in 2002-2003, 2006-2007 and 2013-2014. DENV-1 genotype II was the main epidemic genotype in 2003 and before. Invasion of genotype I in 2006 caused an unusual outbreak with 765 cases reported. In addition to genotype I circulation, new genotype invasion by genotype III was the key determinant for the 2014 massive outbreak reaching the highest number of cases with 37340. Furthermore, base mutations appeared after genotype III invasion, and the gene sequence of NS3 protein had the lowest average similarity ratio, followed by the gene sequence of E protein, as compared to the 2013 strain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jing, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/697052</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[New genotype invasion of dengue virus serotype 1 drove massive outbreak in Guangzhou, China]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/697573v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inflammasome-mediated antagonism of type I interferon enhances Rickettsia pathogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/697573v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inflammasomes and interferons constitute two critical arms of innate immunity. Most facultative bacterial pathogens that inhabit the host cell cytosol avoid activating inflammasomes and are often resistant to killing by type I interferon (IFN-I). We report that the human pathogen Rickettsia parkeri, an obligate intracellular pathogen that resides in the cytosol, is sensitive to IFN-I. The mechanism of IFN-I-dependent restriction requires the transcription factor IRF5, which upregulates anti-rickettsial factors including guanylate-binding proteins and iNOS. However, R. parkeri curtails cGAS-dependent IFN-I production by causing caspase-11-dependent pyroptosis. In vivo, inflammasome activation antagonizes IFN-I production, enhancing R. parkeri abundance in the spleen. Mice lacking either IFN-I or IFN-{gamma} signaling are resistant to infection, but mice lacking both rapidly succumb, revealing that both interferons are required to control R. parkeri. This study illuminates how an obligate cytosolic pathogen exploits the intrinsic trade-off between cell death and cytokine production to escape killing by innate immunity.nnHighlightsO_LIRickettsia killed by GBPs activates caspase-11 and GSDMD, promoting pyroptosisnC_LIO_LIRickettsia exploits pyroptosis to avoid cGAS-dependent type I interferonnC_LIO_LIIRF5, GBPs, and iNOS contribute to controlling R. parkeri infectionnC_LIO_LIIfnar-/-Ifngr-/- mice succumb to infection, uncovering a mouse model to study R. parkerinC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Burke, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engström, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavez, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fonbuena, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vance, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welch, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/697573</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inflammasome-mediated antagonism of type I interferon enhances Rickettsia pathogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/697987v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
VolcanoFinder: genomic scans for adaptive introgression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/697987v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent research shows that introgression between closely-related species is an important source of adaptive alleles for a wide range of taxa. Typically, detection of adaptive introgression from genomic data relies on comparative analyses that require sequence data from both the recipient and the donor species. However, in many cases, the donor is unknown or the data is not currently available. Here, we introduce a genome-scan method--VolcanoFinder--to detect recent events of adaptive introgression using polymorphism data from the recipient species only.nnVolcanoFinder detects adaptive introgression sweeps from the pattern of excess intermediate-frequency polymorphism they produce in the flanking region of the genome, a pattern which appears as a volcano-shape in pairwise genetic diversity.nnUsing coalescent theory, we derive analytical predictions for these patterns. Based on these results, we develop a composite-likelihood test to detect signatures of adaptive introgression relative to the genomic background. Simulation results show that VolcanoFinder has high statistical power to detect these signatures, even for older sweeps and for soft sweeps initiated by multiple migrant haplotypes. Finally, we implement VolcanoFinder to detect archaic introgression in European and sub-Saharan African human populations, and uncovered interesting candidates in both populations, such as TSHR in Europeans and TCHH-RPTN in Africans. We discuss their biological implications and provide guidelines for identifying and circumventing artifactual signals during empirical applications of VolcanoFinder.nnAuthor summaryThe process by which beneficial alleles are introduced into a species from a closely-related species is termed adaptive introgression. We present an analytically-tractable model for the effects of adaptive introgression on non-adaptive genetic variation in the genomic region surrounding the beneficial allele. The result we describe is a characteristic volcano-shaped pattern of increased variability that arises around the positively-selected site, and we introduce an open-source method VolcanoFinder to detect this signal in genomic data. Importantly, VolcanoFinder is a population-genetic likelihood-based approach, rather than a comparative-genomic approach, and can therefore probe genomic variation data from a single population for footprints of adaptive introgression, even from a priori unknown and possibly extinct donor species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Setter, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mousset, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeGiorgio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hermisson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/697987</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[VolcanoFinder: genomic scans for adaptive introgression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/699215v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HBMITool: a user-friendly software for labeling Human Brain Microscopy Images 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/699215v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One of the most popular tools for quantifying protein expression is Immunofluorescence (IF). Although IF is widely applied in drug discovery research and assessing disease mechanisms, it has great room for improvement on the task of analyzing human postmortem brain samples. IF analysis of postmortem human tissue relies mostly on manual interaction, which is often error-prone and leading to low inter and intra-observer reproducibility. The high level of autofluorescence caused by accumulation of lipofuscin pigment during aging impedes systematic analyses of human postmortem brain samples. A method for automating cell counting and classification in IF microscopy of human postmortem brains was proposed before, which speeds up the quantification task while improving reproducibility. To correct for misclassified cells by the algorithm, we created HBFMTool, a software package that ease the process of editing the result produced by cell detection/classification algorithm.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grinberg, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alegro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/699215</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HBMITool: a user-friendly software for labeling Human Brain Microscopy Images]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/700484v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification, characterization, and application of a highly sensitive lactam biosensor from Pseudomonas putida 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/700484v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Caprolactam is an important polymer precursor to nylon traditionally derived from petroleum and produced on a scale of 5 million tons per year. Current biological pathways for the production of caprolactam are inefficient with titers not exceeding 2 mg/L, necessitating novel pathways for its production. As development of novel metabolic routes often require thousands of designs and result in low product titers, a highly sensitive biosensor for the final product has the potential to rapidly speed up development times. Here we report a highly sensitive biosensor for valerolactam and caprolactam from Pseudomonas putida KT2440 which is >1000x more sensitive to exogenous ligand than previously reported sensors. Manipulating the expression of the sensor oplR (PP_3516) substantially altered the sensing parameters, with various vectors showing Kd values ranging from 700 nM (79.1 g/L) to 1.2 mM (135.6 mg/L). Our most sensitive construct was able to detect in vivo production of caprolactam above background at ~6 g/L. The high sensitivity and range of OplR is a powerful tool towards the development of novel routes to the biological synthesis of caprolactam.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=135 SRC="FIGDIR/small/700484v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (31K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@ff5b8corg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@d365aaorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@b79b18org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@27732f_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thompson, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barajas, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruz-Morales, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedaghatian, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costello, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garber, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Incha, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valencia, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baidoo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukhopadhyay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keasling, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/700484</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification, characterization, and application of a highly sensitive lactam biosensor from Pseudomonas putida]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/705426v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DeepPrime2Sec: Deep Learning for Protein Secondary Structure Prediction from the Primary Sequences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/705426v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationHere we investigate deep learning-based prediction of protein secondary structure from the protein primary sequence. We study the function of different features in this task, including one-hot vectors, biophysical features, protein sequence embedding (ProtVec), deep contextualized embedding (known as ELMo), and the Position Specific Scoring Matrix (PSSM). In addition to the role of features, we evaluate various deep learning architectures including the following models/mechanisms and certain combinations: Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM), convolutional neural network (CNN), highway connections, attention mechanism, recurrent neural random fields, and gated multi-scale CNN. Our results suggest that PSSM concatenated to one-hot vectors are the most important features for the task of secondary structure prediction.nnResultsUtilizing the CNN-BiLSTM network, we achieved an accuracy of 69.9% and 70.4% using ensemble top-k models, for 8-class of protein secondary structure on the CB513 dataset, the most challenging dataset for protein secondary structure prediction. Through error analysis on the best performing model, we showed that the misclassification is significantly more common at positions that undergo secondary structure transitions, which is most likely due to the inaccurate assignments of the secondary structure at the boundary regions. Notably, when ignoring amino acids at secondary structure transitions in the evaluation, the accuracy increases to 90.3%. Furthermore, the best performing model mostly mistook similar structures for one another, indicating that the deep learning model inferred high-level information on the secondary structure.nnAvailabilityThe developed software called DeepPrime2Sec and the used datasets are available at http://llp.berkeley.edu/DeepPrime2Sec.nnContactmofrad@berkeley.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Asgari, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poerner, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McHardy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mofrad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/705426</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DeepPrime2Sec: Deep Learning for Protein Secondary Structure Prediction from the Primary Sequences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/705970v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phazolicin - a Novel Thiazole/Oxazole-Modified Peptide Inhibiting the Bacterial Ribosome in a Species-Specific Way. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/705970v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs) are a rapidly expanding and largely untapped class of natural products with various biological activities. Linear azol(in)e-containing peptides (LAPs) comprise a subclass of RiPPs that display an outstanding diversity of mechanisms of action while sharing common structural features. Here, we report the discovery of a new LAP biosynthetic gene cluster in the genome of Rhizobium sp. Pop5, which encodes the precursor peptide and modification machinery of phazolicin (PHZ) - an extensively modified peptide exhibiting narrow-spectrum antibacterial activity against some symbiotic bacteria of leguminous plants belonging to the Rhizobiales. PHZ inhibits prokaryotic translation through the obstruction of the passage of the nascent peptide through the ribosome exit channel. The cryo-EM structure of the Escherichia coli ribosome with bound PHZ revealed that the drug interacts with the 23S rRNA and ribosomal proteins uL4 and uL22 and obstructs the exit tunnel in a way that is distinct from other compounds blocking the exit channel. We show that the sequence of uL4 ribosomal protein loop involved in PHZ binding determines the species-specificity of antibiotic interaction with its target. PHZ and its predicted homologs from other bacterial species expand the known diversity of LAPs and may be used in the future as biocontrol agents for the needs of agriculture.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Travin, D. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, Z. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metelev, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osterman, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khven, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khabibullina, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serebryakova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mergaert, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polikanov, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cate, J. H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Severinov, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/705970</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phazolicin - a Novel Thiazole/Oxazole-Modified Peptide Inhibiting the Bacterial Ribosome in a Species-Specific Way.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/706903v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
μDamID: a microfluidic approach for imaging and sequencing protein-DNA interactions in single cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/706903v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome regulation depends on carefully programmed protein-DNA interactions that maintain or alter gene expression states, often by influencing chromatin organization. Most studies of these interactions to date have relied on bulk methods, which in many systems cannot capture the dynamic single-cell nature of these interactions as they modulate cell states. One method allowing for sensitive single-cell mapping of protein-DNA interactions is DNA adenine methyltransferase identification (DamID), which records a proteins DNA-binding history by methylating adenine bases in its vicinity, then selectively amplifies and sequences these methylated regions. These interaction sites can also be visualized using fluorescent proteins that bind to methyladenines. Here we combine these imaging and sequencing technologies in an integrated microfluidic platform (DamID) that enables single-cell isolation, imaging, and sorting, followed by DamID. We apply this system to generate paired single-cell imaging and sequencing data from a human cell line, in which we map and validate interactions between DNA and nuclear lamina proteins, providing a measure of 3D chromatin organization and broad gene regulation patterns. DamID provides the unique ability to compare paired imaging and sequencing data for each cell and between cells, enabling the joint analysis of the nuclear localization, sequence identity, and variability of protein-DNA interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Altemose, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maslan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streets, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/706903</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[μDamID: a microfluidic approach for imaging and sequencing protein-DNA interactions in single cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/708164v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
α-carboxysome formation is mediated by the multivalent and disordered protein CsoS2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/708164v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Carboxysomes are bacterial microcompartments that function as the centerpiece of the bacterial CO2-concentrating mechanism, feeding high concentrations of CO2 to the enzyme Rubisco for fixation. The carboxysome self-assembles from thousands of individual proteins into icosahedral-like particles with a dense enzyme cargo encapsulated within a proteinaceous shell. In the case of the -carboxysome, there is little molecular insight into protein-protein interactions which drive the assembly process. Here we show that the N-terminus of CsoS2, an intrinsically disordered protein found in the -carboxysome, possesses a repeated peptide sequence that binds Rubisco. X-ray structural analysis of the peptide bound to Rubisco reveals a series of conserved electrostatic interactions that are only made with properly assembled hexadecameric Rubisco. Although biophysical measurements indicate this single interaction is weak, its implicit multivalency induces high-affinity binding through avidity. Taken together, our results indicate CsoS2 acts as an interaction hub to condense Rubisco and enable efficient -carboxysome formation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oltrogge, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaijarasphong, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolin, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marqusee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/708164</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[α-carboxysome formation is mediated by the multivalent and disordered protein CsoS2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/712828v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Super-resolution microscopy unveils FIP200-scaffolded, cup-shaped organization of mammalian autophagic initiation machinery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/712828v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autophagy is an essential physiological process by which eukaryotic cells degrade and recycle cellular materials. Although the biochemical hierarchies of the mammalian autophagy pathway have been identified, questions remain regarding the sequence, subcellular location, and structural requirements of autophagosome formation. Here, we characterize the structural organization of key components of the mammalian autophagic initiation machinery at [~]20 nm spatial resolution via three-color, three-dimensional super-resolution fluorescence microscopy. We thus show that upon cell starvation, FIP200, a large structural protein of the ULK1 complex with no direct yeast homolog, scaffolds the formation of cup-like structures located at SEC12-enriched remodeled ER-exit sites prior to LC3 lipidation. This cup scaffold, then, provides a structural asymmetry to enforce the directional recruitment of downstream components, including the Atg12-Atg5-Atg16 complex, WIPI2, and LC3, to the cup inside. Moreover, we provide evidence that the early autophagic machinery is recruited in its entirety to these cup structures prior to LC3 lipidation, and gradually disperses and dissociates on the outer face of the phagophore membrane during elongation. We thus shed new light on the physical process of mammalian autophagic initiation and development at the nanometer-scale.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kenny, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/712828</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Super-resolution microscopy unveils FIP200-scaffolded, cup-shaped organization of mammalian autophagic initiation machinery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/713990v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The mechanosensitive ion channel TRAAK is localized to the mammalian node of Ranvier 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/713990v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
TRAAK is a membrane tension-activated K+ channel that has been associated through behavioral studies to mechanical nociception. We used specific monoclonal antibodies in mice to show that TRAAK is localized exclusively to nodes of Ranvier, the action potential propagating elements of myelinated nerve fibers. Approximately 80 percent of myelinated nerve fibers throughout the central and peripheral nervous system contain TRAAK in an all-nodes or no-nodes per axon fashion. TRAAK is not observed at the axon initial segment where action potentials are first generated. We used polyclonal antibodies, the TRAAK inhibitor RU2 and node clamp amplifiers to demonstrate the presence and functional properties of TRAAK in rat nerve fibers. TRAAK contributes to the  leak K+ current in mammalian nerve fiber conduction by hyperpolarizing the resting membrane potential, thereby increasing Na+ channel availability for action potential propagation. Mechanical gating in TRAAK might serve a neuroprotective role by counteracting mechanically-induced ectopic action potentials. Alternatively, TRAAK may open in response to mechanical forces in the nodal membrane associated with depolarization during saltatory conduction and thereby contribute to repolarization of the node for subsequent spikes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brohawn, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwarz, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacKinnon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/713990</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The mechanosensitive ion channel TRAAK is localized to the mammalian node of Ranvier]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/715219v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Endocytic Clathrin Coats Develop Curvature at Early Stages of Their Formation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/715219v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sculpting a flat patch of membrane into an endocytic vesicle requires curvature generation on the cell surface, which is the primary function of endocytic protein complexes. The mechanism through which membrane curvature is imposed during formation of clathrin-coated vesicles is an ongoing controversy. Using super-resolved live cell fluorescence imaging, we demonstrate that curvature generation by clathrin-coated pits can be detected in real time within cultured cells and tissues of developing metazoan organisms. We found that the footprint of clathrin coats increase monotonically during formation of curved pits at different levels of plasma membrane tension. Our findings are only compatible with models that predict curvature generation at early stages of endocytic clathrin-coated pit formation. Therefore, clathrin-coated vesicle formation does not necessitate a dynamically unstable clathrin lattice that would allow an abrupt flat-to-curved transition.

SummaryEndocytic clathrin coats acquire curvature without a flat-to-curved transition that requires an extensive reorganization of the clathrin lattice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Willy, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silahli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cakez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasan, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Travesset, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zandi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betzig, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cocucci, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kural, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/715219</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Endocytic Clathrin Coats Develop Curvature at Early Stages of Their Formation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/715896v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitochondrial dysfunction is signaled to the integrated stress response by OMA1, DELE1 and HRI 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/715896v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In mammalian cells, mitochondrial dysfunction triggers the integrated stress response (ISR), in which eIF2 phosphorylation upregulates the transcription factor ATF4. However, how mitochondrial stress is relayed to the ISR is unknown. We found that HRI is the eIF2 kinase necessary and sufficient for this relay. Using an unbiased CRISPRi screen, we identified factors upstream of HRI: OMA1, a mitochondrial stress-activated protease, and DELE1, a little-characterized protein we found to be associated with the inner mitochondrial membrane. Mitochondrial stress stimulates the OMA1-dependent cleavage of DELE1, leading to its accumulation in the cytosol, where it interacts with HRI and activates its eIF2 kinase activity. Blockade of the OMA1-DELE1-HRI pathway is beneficial during some, but not all types of mitochondrial stress, and leads to an alternative response that induces specific molecular chaperones. Therefore, this pathway is a potential therapeutic target enabling fine-tuning of the ISR for beneficial outcomes in diseases involving mitochondrial dysfunction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aviles, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unger, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.-H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiita, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Correia, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kampmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/715896</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitochondrial dysfunction is signaled to the integrated stress response by OMA1, DELE1 and HRI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/717025v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ecological divergence in sympatry causes gene misregulation in hybrids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/717025v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ecological speciation occurs when reproductive isolation evolves as a byproduct of adaptive divergence between populations. However, it is unknown whether divergent ecological selection on gene regulation can directly cause reproductive isolation. Selection favoring regulatory divergence between species could result in gene misregulation in F1 hybrids and ultimately lower hybrid fitness. We combined 58 resequenced genomes with 124 transcriptomes to test this hypothesis in a young, sympatric radiation of Cyprinodon pupfishes endemic to San Salvador Island, Bahamas, which consists of a dietary generalist and two novel trophic specialists - a molluscivore and a scale-eater. We found more differential gene expression between closely related sympatric specialists than between allopatric generalist populations separated by 1000 km. Intriguingly, 9.6% of genes that were differentially expressed between sympatric species were also misregulated in their F1 hybrids. Consistent with divergent ecological selection causing misregulation, a subset of these genes were in highly differentiated genomic regions and enriched for functions important for trophic specialization, including head, muscle, and brain development. These regions also included genes that showed evidence of hard selective sweeps and were significantly associated with oral jaw length - the most rapidly diversifying skeletal trait in this radiation. Our results indicate that divergent ecological selection in sympatry can cause hybrid gene misregulation which may act as a primary reproductive barrier between nascent species.nnSignificanceIt is unknown whether the same genes that regulate ecological traits can simultaneously contribute to reproductive barriers between species. We measured gene expression in two trophic specialist species of Cyprinodon pupfishes that rapidly diverged from a generalist ancestor. We found genes differentially expressed between species that also showed extreme expression levels in their hybrid offspring. Many of these genes showed signs of selection and have putative effects on the development of traits that are important for ecological specialization. This suggests that genetic variants contributing to adaptive trait divergence between parental species negatively interact to cause hybrid gene misregulation, potentially producing unfit hybrids. Such loci may be important barriers to gene flow during the early stages of speciation, even in sympatry.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McGirr, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/717025</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ecological divergence in sympatry causes gene misregulation in hybrids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/717066v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High Resolution Imaging Mass Spectrometry of Bacterial Microcolonies at Ecological Scales 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/717066v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbes interact with the world around them at the chemical level. However, directly examining the chemical exchange between microbes, and microbes and their environment, at ecological scales, i.e. the scale of a single bacterial cell or small groups of cells, remains a key challenge. Here we address this obstacle by presenting a methodology that enables Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) of bacterial microcolonies. By combining optimized sample preparation with sub-atmospheric pressure MALDI, we demonstrate that chemical output from groups of as few as ~50 cells can be visualized with MALDI-IMS. Application of this methodology to Bacillus subtilis and Streptomyces coelicolor revealed heterogeneity in chemical output across microcolonies, and asymmetrical metabolite production when cells grew within physiological gradients produced by Medicago sativa roots. Taken together, these results indicate that MALDI-IMS can readily visualize metabolites made by very small assemblages of bacterial cells, and that even these small groups of cells can differentially produce metabolites in response to local chemical gradients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pessotti, R. d. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zacharia, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polyakov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traxler, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/717066</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High Resolution Imaging Mass Spectrometry of Bacterial Microcolonies at Ecological Scales]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/717181v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A chimeric Japanese encephalitis vaccine protects against lethal yellow fever virus infection without inducing neutralizing antibodies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/717181v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent massive outbreaks of yellow fever virus (YFV) in West Africa and Brazil resulted in rapid depletion of global vaccine emergency stockpiles and raised concerns about being not prepared against future YFV epidemics. Here we report that a live-attenuated virus similar to the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) vaccine JE-CVax/Imojev(R) that consists of YFV-17D vaccine from which the structural (prM/E) genes have been replaced with those of the JEV SA14-14-2 vaccine strain confers full protection in mice against lethal YFV challenge. In contrast to the YFV-17D mediated protection against YFV, this protection is not mediated by neutralizing antibodies but correlates with YFV-specific non-neutralizing antibodies and T cell responses against cell-associated YFV NS1 and other YFV non-structural (NS) proteins. Our findings reveal the importance of YFV NS proteins to mediate protection and demonstrate that chimeric flavivirus vaccines, such as Imojev(R) can confer protection against two flaviviruses. This dual protection has implications for the possible off-label use of JE-CVax in case of emergency and vaccine shortage during YFV outbreaks. In addition, populations in Asia that have been vaccinated with Imojev(R) may already be protected against YFV should outbreaks ever occur on that continent as feared by WHO.nnIMPORTANCEEfficient and safe vaccines exist against yellow fever (e.g. YFV-17D) that provide long-lasting protection by rapidly inducing neutralizing antibody responses. However, vaccine supply cannot cope with an increasing demand posed by massive urban outbreaks in recent years. Here we report that JE-CVax/Imojev(R), a YFV-17D-based chimeric Japanese encephalitis vaccine also efficiently protects against YFV infection in mice. In case of shortage of the YFV vaccine during yellow fever outbreaks, (off-label) use of JE-CVax/Imojev(R) may be considered. Moreover, wider use of JE-CVax/Imojev(R) in Asia may lower the risk of the much-feared YFV spill over to the continent. More in general chimeric vaccines that combine surface antigens and replication machineries of two distinct flaviviruses can be considered dual vaccines, for the latter pathogen without induction of surface-specific antibodies. Following this rationale, novel flavivirus vaccines that do not hold a risk for antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of infection [inherent to current dengue vaccines and dengue vaccine candidates] could be designed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mishra, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boudewijns, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmid, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marques, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neyts, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dallmeier, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/717181</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A chimeric Japanese encephalitis vaccine protects against lethal yellow fever virus infection without inducing neutralizing antibodies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/722215v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Grazer behavior can regulate large-scale patterns of community states 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/722215v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ecosystem patterning can arise from environmental heterogeneity, biological feedbacks that produce multiple persistent ecological states, or their interaction. One source of feed-backs is density-dependent changes in behavior that regulates species interactions. By fitting state-space models to large-scale ([~]500km) surveys on temperate rocky reefs, we find that behavioral feedbacks best explain why kelp and urchin barrens form either reef-wide patches or local mosaics. Best-supported models in California include feedbacks where starvation intensifies grazing across entire reefs create reef-scale, alternatively stable kelp- and urchin-dominated states (32% of reefs). Best-fitting models in New Zealand include the feedback of urchins avoiding dense kelp stands that can increase abrasion and predation risk, which drives a transition from shallower urchin-dominated to deeper kelp-dominated zones, with patchiness at 3-8m depths with intermediate wave stress. Connecting locally-studied processes with region-wide data, we highlight how behavior can explain community patterning and why some systems exhibit community-wide alternative stable states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karatayev, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baskett, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kushner, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shears, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caselle, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boettiger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/722215</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Grazer behavior can regulate large-scale patterns of community states]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/723072v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Individual differences in model-based planning are linked to the ability to infer latent structure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/723072v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humans appear to represent many forms of knowledge in associative networks whose nodes are multiply connected, including sensory, spatial, and semantic. Recent work has shown that explicitly augmenting artificial agents with such graph-structured representations endows them with more human-like capabilities of compositionality and transfer learning. An open question is how humans acquire these representations. Previously, it has been shown that humans can learn to navigate graph-structured conceptual spaces on the basis of direct experience with trajectories that intentionally draw the network contours (Schapiro et al., 2012;2016), or through direct experience with rewards that covary with the underlying associative distance (Wu et al., 2018). Here, we provide initial evidence that this capability is more general, extending to learning to reason about shortest-path distances across a graph structure acquired across disjoint experiences with randomized edges of the graph - a form of latent learning. In other words, we show that humans can infer graph structures, assembling them from disordered experiences. We further show that the degree to which individuals learn to reason correctly and with reference to the structure of the graph corresponds to their propensity, in a separate task, to use model-based reinforcement learning to achieve rewards. This connection suggests that the correct acquisition of graph-structured relationships is a central ability underlying forward planning and reasoning, and may be a core computation across the many domains in which graph-based reasoning is advantageous.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rmus, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ritz, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunter, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bornstein, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shenhav, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/723072</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Individual differences in model-based planning are linked to the ability to infer latent structure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/724195v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microbial extracellular polysaccharide production and aggregate stability controlled by Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) root biomass and soil water potential 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/724195v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deep-rooting perennial grasses are promising feedstock for biofuel production, especially in marginal soils lacking organic material, nutrients, and/or that experience significant water stress. Perennial grass roots can alter surrounding soil conditions and influence microbial activities, particularly the production of extracellular polymeric substances composed primarily of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS). These polymers can alleviate cellular moisture and nutrient stress, and enhance soil characteristics through improved water retention and aggregate stability, the latter of which may in turn enhance carbon persistence. In this study we used a 13CO2 tracer greenhouse experiment to examine the effect of switchgrass cultivation on the production and origin of EPS in a marginal soil with five fertilization/water treatments (control, +N, +NP, +P, low water). Soils with both added nitrogen and phosphorus had the highest root biomass, EPS and percentage of water-stable soil aggregates. Multiple linear regression analyses revealed root biomass was the most important determinant for soil EPS production, potentially by controlling carbon supply and diurnal changes in soil water potential. Path analysis highlighted the role of soil water potential were and EPS on with water-stable soil aggregates, indicating that EPS concentration and soil aggregation have similar drivers in this soil. High mannose content confirmed the microbial origin of EPS. 13CO2 labeling indicated that 0.18% of newly fixed plant carbon was incorporated into EPS. Analysis of field samples suggests that EPS is significantly enhanced under long-term switchgrass cultivation. Our results demonstrate that switchgrass cultivation can promote microbial production of EPS, providing a mechanism to enhance sustainability of marginal soils.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sher, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herman, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fossum, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hale, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuccio, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pett-Ridge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firestone, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/724195</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microbial extracellular polysaccharide production and aggregate stability controlled by Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) root biomass and soil water potential]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/724815v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
On the distribution of tract lengths during adaptive introgression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/724815v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Admixture is increasingly being recognized as an important factor in evolutionary genetics. The distribution of genomic admixture tracts, and the resulting effects on admixture linkage disequilibrium, can be used to date the timing of admixture between species or populations. However, the theory used for such prediction assumes selective neutrality despite the fact that many famous examples of admixture involve natural selection acting for or against admixture. In this paper, we investigate the effects of positive selection on the distribution of tract lengths. We develop a theoretical framework that relies on approximating the trajectory of the selected allele using a logistic function. By numerically calculating the expected allele trajectory, we also show that the approach can be extended to cases where the logistic approximation is poor due to the effects of genetic drift. Using simulations, we show that the model is highly accurate under most scenarios. We use the model to show that positive selection on average will tend to increase the admixture tract length. However, perhaps counter-intuitively, conditional on the allele frequency at the time of sampling, positive selection will actually produce shorter expected tract lengths. We discuss the consequences of our results in interpreting the timing of the introgression of EPAS1 from Denisovans into the ancestors of Tibetans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shchur, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svedberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medina, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbett-Detig, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/724815</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[On the distribution of tract lengths during adaptive introgression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/725853v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
JMJD6 Cleaves MePCE to Release P-TEFb 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/725853v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
More than 30% of genes in higher eukaryotes are regulated by promoter-proximal pausing of RNA polymerase II (Pol II). Phosphorylation of Pol II-CTD by positive transcription elongation factor (P-TEFb) is a necessary precursor event that enables productive transcription elongation. The exact mechanism on how the sequestered P-TEFb is released from the 7SK snRNP complex and recruited to Pol II-CTD remains unknown. In this report, we reveal methylphosphate capping enzyme (MePCE), a core component of the 7SK snRNP complex, as the cognate substrate for Jumonji domain-containing 6 (JMJD6)s novel proteolytic function. Our evidences consist of a crystal structure of JMJD6 bound to methyl-arginine, enzymatic assays of JMJD6 cleaving MePCE in vivo and in vitro, binding assays, and downstream effects of Jmjd6 knockout and overexpression on Pol II-CTD phosphorylation. We propose that JMJD6 assists bromodomain containing 4 (BRD4) to recruit P-TEFb to Pol II-CTD by disrupting the 7SK snRNP complex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kingsley, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lengeling, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernet, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marrack, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kappler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/725853</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[JMJD6 Cleaves MePCE to Release P-TEFb]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/727560v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NeuroGPU, software for NEURON modeling in GPU-based hardware 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/727560v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The membrane potential of individual neurons depends on a large number of interacting biophysical processes operating on spatial-temporal scales spanning several orders of magnitude. The multi-scale nature of these processes dictates that accurate prediction of membrane potentials in specific neurons requires utilization of detailed simulations. Unfortunately, constraining parameters within biologically detailed neuron models can be difficult, leading to poor model fits. This obstacle can be overcome partially by numerical optimization or detailed exploration of parameter space. However, these processes, which currently rely on central processing unit (CPU) computation, often incur exponential increases in computing time for marginal improvements in model behavior. As a result, model quality is often compromised to accommodate compute resources. Here, we present a simulation environment, NeuroGPU, that takes advantage of the inherent parallelized structure of graphics processing unit (GPU) to accelerate neuronal simulation. NeuroGPU can simulate most of biologically detailed models 800x faster than traditional simulators when using multiple GPU cores, and even 10-200 times faster when implemented on relatively inexpensive GPU systems. We demonstrate the power of NeuoGPU through large-scale parameter exploration to reveal the response landscape of a neuron. Finally, we accelerate numerical optimization of biophysically detailed neuron models to achieve highly accurate fitting of models to simulation and experimental data. Thus, NeuroGPU enables the rapid simulation of multi-compartment, biophysically detailed neuron models on commonly used computing systems accessible by many scientists.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ben-Shalom, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Athreya, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cross, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanghevi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korngreen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bender, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/727560</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NeuroGPU, software for NEURON modeling in GPU-based hardware]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/727974v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inferring neuronal ionic conductances from membrane potentials using CNNs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/727974v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The neuron is the fundamental unit of computation in the nervous system, and different neuron types produce different temporal patterns of voltage fluctuations in response to input currents. Understanding the mechanism of single neuron firing patterns requires accurate knowledge of the spatial densities of diverse ion channels along the membrane. However, direct measurements of these microscopic variables are difficult to obtain experimentally. Alternatively, one can attempt to infer those microscopic variables from the membrane potential (a mesoscopic variable), or features thereof, which are more experimentally tractable. One approach in this direction is to infer the ionic densities as parameters of a neuronal model. Traditionally this is done using a Multi-Objective Optimization (MOO) method to minimize the differences between features extracted from a simulated neurons membrane potential and the same features extracted from target data. Here, we use Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) to directly regress generative parameters (e.g., ionic conductances, membrane resistance, etc.,) from simulated time-varying membrane potentials in response to an input stimulus. We simulated diverse neuron models of increasing complexity (Izikivich: 4 parameters; Hodgkin-Huxley: 7 parameters; Mainen-Sejnowski: 10 parameters) with a large range of variation in the underlying parameter values. We show that hyperparameter optimized CNNs can accurately infer the values of generative variables for these neuron models, and that these results far surpass the previous state-of-the-art method (MOO). We discuss the benefits of optimizing the CNN architecture, improvements in accuracy with additional training data, and some observed limitations. Based on these results, we propose that CNNs may be able to infer the spatial distribution of diverse ionic densities from spatially resolved measurements of neuronal membrane potentials (e.g. voltage imaging).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ben-Shalom, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balewski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siththaranjan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baratham, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kyoung, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bender, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouchard, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/727974</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inferring neuronal ionic conductances from membrane potentials using CNNs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/728139v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conserved CxnC motifs in Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus ORF66 are required for viral late gene expression and mediate its interaction with ORF34 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/728139v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Late gene transcription in the beta- and gammaherpesviruses depends on a set of virally-encoded transcriptional activators (vTAs) that hijack the host transcriptional machinery and direct it to a subset of viral genes that are required for completion of the viral replication cycle and capsid assembly. In Kaposis sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), these vTAs are encoded by ORF18, ORF24, ORF30, ORF31, ORF34, ORF66. Assembly of the vTAs into a complex is critical for late gene transcription, and thus deciphering the architecture of the complex is central to understanding its transcriptional regulatory activity. Here, we generated an ORF66-null virus and confirmed that it fails to produce late genes and infectious virions. We show that ORF66 is incorporated into the vTA complex primarily through its interaction with ORF34, which is mediated by a set of four conserved cysteine-rich motifs in the C-terminal domain of ORF66. While both ORF24 and ORF66 occupy the canonical K8.1 late gene promoter, their promoter occupancy requires the presence of the other vTAs, suggesting that sequence-specific, stable binding requires assembly of the entire complex on the promoter. Additionally, we find that ORF24 expression is impaired in the absence of a stable vTA complex. This work extends our knowledge about the architecture of the KSHV vPIC and suggests that it functions as a complex to recognize late gene promoters.nnIMPORTANCEKaposis sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV; human herpesvirus 8) is an oncogenic gammaherpesvirus that is the causative agent of multiple human cancers. Release of infectious virions requires production of capsid proteins and other late genes, whose production are transcriptionally controlled by a complex of six virally-encoded proteins that hijack the host transcription machinery. It is poorly understood how this complex assembles or what function five of its six components play in transcription. Here, we demonstrate that ORF66 is an essential component of this complex in KSHV and that its inclusion in the complex is mediated through its C-terminal domain, which contains highly conserved cysteine-rich motifs reminiscent of zinc finger motifs. Additionally, we examine assembly of the viral pre-initiation complex at late gene promoters and find that while sequence-specific binding of late gene promoters requires ORF24, it additionally requires a fully assembled viral pre-initation complex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Didychuk, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castaneda, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kushnir, L. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaunsinger, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/728139</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conserved CxnC motifs in Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus ORF66 are required for viral late gene expression and mediate its interaction with ORF34]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/729418v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Allosteric activation of the nitric oxide receptor soluble guanylate cyclase mapped by cryo-electron microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/729418v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) is the primary receptor for nitric oxide (NO) in mammalian nitric oxide signaling. We determined structures of full-length Manduca sexta sGC in both inactive and active states using cryo-electron microscopy. NO and the sGC-specific stimulator YC-1 induce a 71{degrees} rotation of the heme-binding {beta} H-NOX and PAS domains. Repositioning of the {beta} H-NOX domain leads to a straightening of the coiled-coil domains, which, in turn, use the motion to move the catalytic domains into an active conformation. YC-1 binds directly between the {beta} H-NOX domain and the two CC domains. The structural elongation of the particle observed in cryo-EM was corroborated in solution using small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). These structures delineate the endpoints of the allosteric transition responsible for the major cyclic GMP-dependent physiological effects of NO.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Horst, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yokom, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurley, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marletta, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/729418</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Allosteric activation of the nitric oxide receptor soluble guanylate cyclase mapped by cryo-electron microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/731752v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computational evidence for hierarchically-structured reinforcement learning in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/731752v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humans have the fascinating ability to achieve goals in a complex and constantly changing world, still surpassing modern machine learning algorithms in terms of flexibility and learning speed. It is generally accepted that a crucial factor for this ability is the use of abstract, hierarchical representations, which employ structure in the environment to guide learning and decision making. Nevertheless, how we create and use these hierarchical representations is poorly understood. This study presents evidence that human behavior can be characterized as hierarchical reinforcement learning (RL). We designed an experiment to test specific predictions of hierarchical RL using a series of subtasks in the realm of context-based learning, and observed several behavioral markers of hierarchical RL, such as asymmetric switch costs between changes in higher-level versus lower-level features, faster learning in higher-valued compared to lower-valued contexts, and preference for higher-valued compared to lower-valued contexts. We replicated these results across three independent samples. We simulated three models: a classic RL, a hierarchical RL, and a hierar-chical Bayesian model, and compared their behavior to human results. While the flat RL model captured some aspects of participants sensitivity to outcome values, and the hierarchical Bayesian model some markers of transfer, only hierarchical RL accounted for all patterns observed in human behavior. This work shows that hierarchical RL, a biologically-inspired and computationally simple algorithm, can capture human behavior in complex, hierarchical environments, and opens the avenue for future research in this field.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eckstein, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, A. G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/731752</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computational evidence for hierarchically-structured reinforcement learning in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/731992v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Can individual and integrated water, sanitation, and handwashing interventions reduce fecal contamination in the household environment? Evidence from the WASH Benefits cluster-randomized trial in rural Kenya 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/731992v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Combined water, sanitation, and handwashing (WSH) interventions have the potential to reduce fecal pathogens along more transmission pathways than single interventions alone. We measured Escherichia coli levels in 3909 drinking water samples, 2691 child hand rinses, and 2422 toy ball rinses collected from households enrolled in a two-year cluster-randomized controlled trial evaluating single and combined WSH interventions. Water treatment alone reduced E. coli in drinking water, while a combined WSH intervention improved water quality by the same magnitude but did not affect levels of fecal indicator bacteria on child hands or toy balls. The failure of the WSH interventions to reduce E. coli along important child exposure pathways is consistent with the lack of a protective effect from the interventions on child diarrhea or child growth during the trial. Our results have important implications for WSH program design; the sanitation and handwashing interventions implemented in this trial should not be expected to reduce child exposure to fecal contamination in other similar settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pickering, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swarthout, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mureithi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mboya, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dentz, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ram, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clasen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colford, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Null, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/731992</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Can individual and integrated water, sanitation, and handwashing interventions reduce fecal contamination in the household environment? Evidence from the WASH Benefits cluster-randomized trial in rural Kenya]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/733212v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unexpected sound omissions are signaled in human posterior superior temporal gyrus: an intracranial study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/733212v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Context modulates sensory neural activations enhancing perceptual and behavioral performance and reducing prediction errors. However, the mechanism of when and where these high-level expectations act on sensory processing is unclear. Here, we isolate the effect of expectation absent any auditory evoked activity by assessing the response to omitted expected sounds. Electrophysiological signals were recorded directly from the superior temporal gyrus (STG) and superior temporal sulcus (STS) in patients with medically refractory epilepsy. Subjects listened to a predictable sequence of syllables, with some infrequently omitted. We found a high frequency band (HFB, 70-150Hz) response to omissions, which overlap with a posterior subset of auditory active electrodes. This response is distinct from omission activations observed in non-auditory selective sites in STG. Heard syllables could be classified reliably from STG, but not the identity of the omitted stimulus. Both omission- and target detection activations were also observed in prefrontal cortex.nnWe propose that the posterior STG and STS are central for implementing predictions in the auditory environment. HFB omission activations in this region appear to index mismatch-signaling or salience detection processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fonken, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukerji, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunner, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schalk, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/733212</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unexpected sound omissions are signaled in human posterior superior temporal gyrus: an intracranial study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/733527v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic turnover of centromeres drives karyotype evolution in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/733527v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Centromeres are the basic unit for chromosome inheritance, but their evolutionary dynamics is poorly understood. We generate high-quality reference genomes for multiple Drosophila obscura group species to reconstruct karyotype evolution. All chromosomes in this lineage were ancestrally telocentric and the creation of metacentric chromosomes in some species was driven by de novo seeding of new centromeres at ancestrally gene-rich regions, independently of chromosomal rearrangements. The emergence of centromeres resulted in a drastic size increase due to repeat accumulation, and dozens of genes previously located in euchromatin are now embedded in pericentromeric heterochromatin. Metacentric chromosomes secondarily became telocentric in the pseudoobscura subgroup through centromere repositioning and a pericentric inversion. The former (peri)centric sequences left behind shrunk dramatically in size after their inactivation, yet contain remnants of their evolutionary past, including increased repeat-content and heterochromatic environment. Centromere movements are accompanied by rapid turnover of the major satellite DNA detected in (peri)centromeric regions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bracewell, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatla, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nalley, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bachtrog, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/733527</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic turnover of centromeres drives karyotype evolution in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/733543v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Direct comparison of clathrin-mediated endocytosis in budding and fission yeast reveals conserved and evolvable features 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/733543v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractConserved proteins drive clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME), which universally involves a burst of actin assembly. To gain fundamental mechanistic insights into this process, a side-by-side quantitative comparison of CME was performed on two distantly related yeast species. Though endocytic protein abundance in S. pombe and S. cerevisiae are more similar than previously thought, membrane invagination speed and depth are two-fold greater in fission yeast than in budding yeast. In both yeasts, Arp2/3 complex activation drives membrane invagination when triggered by the accumulation of [~]70 WASP molecules. In contrast to budding yeast, WASP-mediated actin nucleation activity plays an essential role in fission yeast endocytosis. Genetics and live-cell imaging revealed core CME spatiodynamic similarities between the two yeasts, though two-zone actin assembly is a fission yeast-specific mechanism, which is not essential for CME. These studies identified conserved CME mechanisms and species-specific adaptations and have broad implications that extend from yeast to humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoeneberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drubin, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/733543</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Direct comparison of clathrin-mediated endocytosis in budding and fission yeast reveals conserved and evolvable features]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/733584v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Defects in the assembly of ribosomes selected for β-amino acid incorporation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/733584v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ribosome engineering has emerged as a promising field in synthetic biology, particularly concerning the production of new sequence-defined polymers. Mutant ribosomes have been developed that improve the incorporation of several non-standard monomers including D-amino acids, dipeptides, and {beta}-amino acids into polypeptide chains. However, there remains little mechanistic understanding of how these ribosomes catalyze incorporation of these new substrates. Here we probed the properties of a mutant ribosome-P7A7-evolved for better in vivo {beta}-amino acid incorporation through in vitro biochemistry and cryo-electron microscopy. Although P7A7 is a functional ribosome in vivo, it is inactive in vitro, and assembles poorly into 70S complexes. Structural characterization revealed large regions of disorder in the peptidyltransferase center and nearby features, suggesting a defect in assembly. Comparison of RNA helix and ribosomal protein occupancy with other assembly intermediates revealed that P7A7 is stalled at a late stage in ribosome assembly, explaining its weak activity. These results highlight the importance of ensuring efficient ribosome assembly during ribosome engineering towards new catalytic abilities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ward, F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, Z. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ad, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schepartz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cate, J. H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/733584</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Defects in the assembly of ribosomes selected for β-amino acid incorporation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/733618v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Canal-Associated Neuron cAMP signalling pathway that regulates C. elegans larval development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/733618v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Caenorhabditis elegans larval development requires the function of the two Canal-Associated Neurons (CANs): killing the CANs by laser microsurgery or disrupting their development by mutating the gene ceh-10 results in early larval arrest. How these cells promote larval development, however, remains a mystery. In screens for mutations that bypass CAN function, we identified the gene kin-29, which encodes a member of the Salt-Inducible Kinase (SIK) family and a component of a conserved pathway that regulates various C. elegans phenotypes. Like kin-29 loss, gain-of-function mutations in genes that may act upstream of kin-29 or growth in cyclic-AMP analogs bypassed ceh-10 larval arrest, suggesting that a conserved adenylyl cyclase/PKA pathway inhibits KIN-29 to promote larval development and that loss of CAN function results in dysregulation of KIN-29 and larval arrest. The adenylyl cyclase ACY-2 mediates CAN-dependent larval development: acy-2 mutant larvae arrested development with a similar phenotype to ceh-10 mutants, and the arrest phenotype was suppressed by mutations in kin-29. ACY-2 is predominantly expressed in the CANs, and we provide evidence that the acy-2 functions in the CANs to promote larval development. By contrast, cell-specific expression experiments suggest that kin-29 acts in both the hypodermis and neurons, but not in the CANs. Based on our findings, we propose that cAMP produced by ACY-2 in the CANs acts in neighboring neurons and hypodermal cells where it activates PKA and inhibits KIN-29 to promote larval development. We discuss how this conserved pathway could be partitioned between two cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chien, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, F. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grosche, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garriga, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morck, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/733618</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Canal-Associated Neuron cAMP signalling pathway that regulates C. elegans larval development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/737379v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Megacities as drivers of national outbreaks: the role of holiday travel in the spread of infectious diseases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/737379v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human mobility connects populations and can lead to large fluctuations in population density, both of which are important drivers of epidemics. Measuring population mobility during infectious disease outbreaks is challenging, but is a particularly important goal in the context of rapidly growing and highly connected urban centers in low and middle income countries, which can act to amplify and spread local epidemics nationally and internationally. Here, we combine estimates of population movement from mobile phone data for over 4 million subscribers in the megacity of Dhaka, Bangladesh, one of the most densely populated cities globally. We combine mobility data with epidemiological data from a household survey, to understand the role of population mobility on the spatial spread of the mosquito-borne virus chikungunya within and outside Dhaka city during a large outbreak in 2017. The peak of the 2017 chikungunya outbreak in Dhaka coincided with the annual Eid holidays, during which large numbers of people traveled from Dhaka to their native region in other parts of the country. We show that regular population fluxes around Dhaka city played a significant role in determining disease risk, and that travel during Eid was crucial to the spread of the infection to the rest of the country. Our results highlight the impact of large-scale population movements, for example during holidays, on the spread of infectious diseases. These dynamics are difficult to capture using traditional approaches, and we compare our results to a standard diffusion model, to highlight the value of real-time data from mobile phones for outbreak analysis, forecasting, and surveillance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mahmud, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kabir, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engo-Monsen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tahmina, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riaz, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hossain, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khanom, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharmin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hossain, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yasmin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lusha, M. A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buckee, C. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/737379</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Megacities as drivers of national outbreaks: the role of holiday travel in the spread of infectious diseases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/740373v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Linking microbial communities to ecosystem functions: what we can learn from genotype-phenotype mapping in organisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/740373v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microorganisms mediate many important ecosystem functions, yet it remains unclear to what extent microbial diversity or community composition is important for determining the rates of ecosystem-scale functions. This uncertainty limits our ability to predict and manage crucial microbially-mediated processes, such as nutrient loss and greenhouse gas emissions. Our lack of understanding stems from the relatively large diversity of microorganisms, the difficulty in directly identifying functional groups, and our limited ability to manipulate microbial community attributes. For this reason, we propose that integrating traditional biodiversity-ecosystem function research with ideas from genotype-phenotype mapping could provide the new perspective our discipline needs. We identify three insights from genotype-phenotype mapping that could be useful for microbial biodiversity-ecosystem function studies: the concept of "agnostic" mapping, the use of more powerful ways to account for multiple comparisons, and the incorporation of covariates into models of ecosystem function. We illustrate the potential for these approaches to elucidate microbial biodiversity-ecosystem function relationships by analyzing a subset of published data measuring methane oxidation rates from incubations of tropical soil. We assert that combining the approaches of traditional biodiversity-ecosystem function research with ideas from genotype-phenotype mapping will not only generate novel hypotheses about how complex microbial communities drive ecosystem function, but also help scientists predict and manage changes to ecosystem functions resulting from human activities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morris, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohannan, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/740373</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Linking microbial communities to ecosystem functions: what we can learn from genotype-phenotype mapping in organisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/741058v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cytoplasmic mRNA decay factors modulate RNA polymerase II processivity in 5’ and 3’ gene regions in yeast 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/741058v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
mRNA levels are determined by the balance between mRNA synthesis and decay. Factors that mediate both processes, including the 5 to 3 exonuclease Xrn1, are responsible for the cross talk between the two processes in a manner that buffers steady-state mRNA levels. However, these proteins roles in transcription remain elusive and controversial. Applying NET-seq to yeast cells, we show that Xrn1 functions mainly as a transcriptional activator and that its disruption manifests via the reduction of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) occupancy downstream of transcription start sites. We combine our data and novel mathematical modeling of transcription to suggest that transcription initiation and elongation of targeted genes is modulated by Xrn1. Furthermore, Pol II occupancy markedly increases near cleavage and polyadenylation sites in xrn1{Delta} cells while its activity decreases, a characteristic feature of backtracked Pol II. We also provide indirect evidence that Xrn1 is involved in transcription termination downstream of polyadenylation sites. Two additional decay factors, Dhh1 and Lsm1, seem to function similarly to Xrn1 in transcription, perhaps as a complex, while the decay factors Ccr4 and Rpb4 also perturb transcription in other ways. Interestingly, DFs are capable of differentiating between SAGA- and TFIID-dominated promoters. These two classes of genes respond differently to XRN1 deletion in mRNA synthesis and differentially utilize mRNA decay pathways, raising the possibility that one distinction between the two types of genes lies in the mechanism(s) that balance these processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fischer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>di Iulio, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Churchman, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choder, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/741058</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cytoplasmic mRNA decay factors modulate RNA polymerase II processivity in 5’ and 3’ gene regions in yeast]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/743534v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impact of crowding on the diversity of expanding populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/743534v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Crowding effects are key to the self-organization of densely packed cellular assemblies, such as biofilms, solid tumors, and developing tissues. When cells grow and divide they push each other apart, remodeling the structure and extent of the populations range. It has recently been shown that crowding has a strong impact on the strength of natural selection. However, the impact of crowding on neutral processes remains unclear, which controls the fate of new variants as long as they are rare. Here, we quantify the genetic diversity of expanding microbial colonies and uncover signatures of crowding in the site frequency spectrum. By combining Luria-Delbruck fluctuation tests, lineage tracing in a novel microfluidic incubator, cell-based simulations, and theoretical modeling, we find that the majority of mutations arise behind the expanding frontier, giving rise to clones that are mechanically "pushed out" of the growing region by the proliferating cells in front. These excluded-volume interactions result in a clone size distribution that solely depends on where the mutation first arose relative to the front and is characterized by a simple power-law for low-frequency clones. Our model predicts that the distribution only depends on a single parameter, the characteristic growth layer thickness, and hence allows estimation of the mutation rate in a variety of crowded cellular populations. Combined with previous studies on high-frequency mutations, our finding provides a unified picture of the genetic diversity in expanding populations over the whole frequency range and suggests a practical method to assess growth dynamics by sequencing populations across spatial scales.

Significance StatementGrowing cell populations become densely packed as cells proliferate and fill space. Crowding prevents spatial mixing of individuals, significantly altering the evolutionary outcome from established results for well-mixed populations. Despite the fundamental differences between spatial and well-mixed populations, little is known about the impact of crowding on genetic diversity. Looking at microbial colonies growing on plates, we show that the allele frequency spectrum is characterized by a simple power law for low frequencies. Using cell-based simulations and microfluidic experiments, we identify the origin of this distribution in the volume-exclusion interactions within the crowded cellular environment, enabling us to extend this findings to a broad range of densely packed populations. This study highlights the importance of cellular crowding for the emergence of rare genetic variants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schreck, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fusco, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karita, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kayser, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duvernoy, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallatschek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/743534</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impact of crowding on the diversity of expanding populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/748160v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic identification of engineered methionines and oxaziridines for efficient, stable, and site-specific antibody bioconjugation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/748160v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chemical modification of antibodies is one of the most important bioconjugations utilized by biologists and biotechnology. To date, the field has been dominated by random modification of lysines or more site-specific labeling of cysteines, each with attendant challenges. Recently we have developed oxaziridine chemistry for highly selective and efficient sulfimide modification of methionine called redox-activated chemical tagging (ReACT). Here, we systematically scanned methionines throughout one of the most popular antibody scaffolds, trastuzumab, for antibody engineering and drug conjugation. We tested the expression, reactivities, and stabilities of 123 single engineered methionines distributed over the surface of the antibody when reacted with oxaziridine. We found uniformly high expression for these mutants and generally good reaction efficiencies with the panel of oxaziridines. Remarkably, the stability to hydrolysis of the sulfimide varied more than ten-fold depending on temperature and the site of the engineered methionine. Interestingly, the most stable and reactive sites were those that were partially buried, likely because of their reduced access to water. There was also a ten-fold variation in stability depending on the nature of the oxaziridine, which we determined was inversely correlated with the electrophilic nature of the sulfimide. Importantly, the stabilities of the best analogs and antibody drug conjugate potencies were comparable to those reported for cysteine-maleimide modifications of trastuzumab. We also found our antibody drug conjugates to be potent in a breast cancer mouse xenograft model. These studies provide a roadmap for broad application of ReACT for efficient, stable, and site-specific antibody and protein bioconjugation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Elledge, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christian, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steri, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hann, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toste, F. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wells, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/748160</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic identification of engineered methionines and oxaziridines for efficient, stable, and site-specific antibody bioconjugation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/749390v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Defective cell death of distinct microglial subsets contributes to ADHD-like behavior in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/749390v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microglia are resident immune cells in the central nervous system that play essential roles to maintain homeostasis and neuronal function. Microglia are heterogeneous cells but the mechanisms by which they contribute to normal brain development remain unclear. Here,we show that microglia in the developing striatum and thalamus undergo pyroptosis,a type of lytic cell death that occurs as a result of Caspase-1 (CASP1) activation downstream of inflammasomes. We observe that pyroptosis occurs in a spatiotemporally regulated and Casp1-dependent manner during fetal brain development. Mice lacking Casp1 or the inflammasome regulating molecules, NLRP3, IL-1R, and Gasdermin D exhibit behavior changes characterized by hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsivity that are similar to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Furthermore, re-expression of Casp1 in Cx3cr1+ cells including microglia restores normal behavior and cell death. We demonstrate that injection of an NLRP3 inhibitor into pregnant wild-type mice is sufficient to induce ADHD-like behaviors in offspring. These data suggest that microglial inflammasome activation and pyroptosis are essential for normal brain development and that genetic and pharmacological disruptions in this pathway may represent new ADHD risk factors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chuang, H.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichols, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rauch, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, W.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misra, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitaoka, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vance, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saijo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/749390</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Defective cell death of distinct microglial subsets contributes to ADHD-like behavior in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/756155v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole Genome Tree of Life: Deep Burst of Organism Diversity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/756155v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An organism Tree of Life (organism ToL) is a conceptual and metaphorical tree to capture a simplified narrative of the evolutionary course and kinship among the extant organisms of today. Such tree cannot be experimentally validated but may be reconstructed based on characteristics associated with the extant organisms. Since the whole genome sequence of an organism is, at present, the most comprehensive descriptor of the organism, a genome Tol can be an empirically derivable surrogate for the organism ToL. However, a genome ToL has been impossible to construct because of the practical reasons that experimentally determining the whole genome sequences of a large number of diverse organisms was technically impossible. Thus, for several decades, gene ToLs, based on selected genes, have been commonly used as a surrogate for the organisms ToL. This situation changed dramatically during the last several decades due to rapid advances in DNA sequencing technology. Here we describe the main features of a genome ToL that are different from those of the broadly accepted gene ToLs: (a) the first two organism groups to emerge are the founders of prokarya and eukarya, (b) they diversify into six large groups and all the founders of the groups have emerged in a "Deep Burst" at the very beginning period of the emergence of Life on Earth and (c) other differences are notable in the order of emergence of smaller groups.nnSignificance StatementTree of Life is a conceptual and metaphorical tree that captures a simplified narrative of the evolutionary course and kinship among all living organisms of today. Since the whole genome sequence information of an organism is, at present, the most comprehensive description of the organism, we reconstructed a Genome Tree of Life using the proteome information from the whole genomes of over 4000 different living organisms on Earth. It suggests that (a) the first two primitive organism groups to emerge are the founders of prokarya and eukarya, (b) they diversify into six large groups, and (c) all the founders of the groups have emerged in a "Deep Burst" at the very beginning period of the emergence of Life on Earth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/756155</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole Genome Tree of Life: Deep Burst of Organism Diversity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/756908v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Surprising spatiotemporal stability and frequency-independence across multiple fitness peaks driving adaptive radiation in the wild 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/756908v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The effect of the environment on fitness in natural populations is a fundamental question in evolutionary biology. However, experimental manipulations of environment and phenotype are rare. Thus, the relative importance of the competitive environment versus intrinsic organismal performance in shaping the location, height, and fluidity of fitness peaks and valleys remains largely unknown. We experimentally tested the effect of competitive environment on the fitness landscape driving the evolution of novelty in a sympatric adaptive radiation of a generalist and two trophic specialist pupfishes, a scale-eater and molluscivore, endemic to San Salvador Island, Bahamas. We manipulated phenotypes, by generating 2,611 F4/F5 lab-reared hybrids, and competitive environment, by altering frequencies of rare phenotypes between high- and low-frequency field enclosures, then tracked hybrid survival in two natural lake populations on San Salvador. We found no evidence of frequency-dependent effects on survival fitness landscapes, indicating robustness to the competitive environment. Although survival surfaces favored alternate phenotypes between lakes, joint fitness estimation across lake environments supported multiple fitness peaks for generalist and molluscivore phenotypes and a large fitness valley isolating the most divergent scale-eater phenotype, strikingly similar to a previous independent field experiment. The consistency of this complex fitness landscape across competitive environments, multivariate trait axes, and spatiotemporal heterogeneity provides surprising evidence of stasis in major features of fitness landscapes despite substantial environmental variance, possibly due to absolute biomechanical constraints on diverse prey capture strategies within this radiation. These results challenge competitive speciation theory and highlight the interplay between organism and environment underlying static and dynamic features of the adaptive landscape.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martin, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gould, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bocklage, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/756908</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Surprising spatiotemporal stability and frequency-independence across multiple fitness peaks driving adaptive radiation in the wild]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/758102v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Causes and consequences of facultative sea crossing in a soaring migrant 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/758102v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIStudying the causes and consequences of route selection in animal migration is important for understanding the evolution of migratory systems and how they may be affected by environmental factors at various spatial and temporal scales. One key decision during migration is whether to cross "high transport cost" areas, or to circumvent them. Soaring birds may face this choice when encountering waterbodies where convective updrafts are weak or scarce. Crossing these waterbodies requires flying using energetically costly flapping flight, while circumventing them over land permits energetically cheap soaring.
C_LIO_LIWe tested how several atmospheric factors (e.g., wind, thermal uplift) and geographic, seasonal and state-related factors (sex and age) affected route selection in migrating white storks (Ciconia ciconia). We used 196 GPS tracks of 70 individuals either crossing or circumventing the north-easternmost section of the Mediterranean Sea, over Iskenderun Bay in southern Turkey.
C_LIO_LIWe found that westward and southward winds promoted a cross-bay journey in spring and autumn, respectively, acting as tailwinds. Also, overall weaker winds promoted a sea crossing in spring. Sea crossing was associated with flapping flight and higher values of Overall Dynamic Body Acceleration (ODBA) and resulted in higher ground speed than travel over land.
C_LIO_LIThe combined environmental conditions and the effects of route selection on movement-related energy costs and speed were likely responsible for an increase in the time spent flying and distance travelled of migrating storks that decided to cross the bay during spring. Notably, daily travel distances of spring migrants crossing the bay were 60 kilometres longer than those of land-detouring birds, allowing them to reach their destination faster but likely incurring a higher energetic flight cost. No such benefit was found during autumn.
C_LIO_LIOur findings confirm that atmospheric conditions can strongly affect bird route selection. Consequently, migration timing, speed and movement-related energy expenditure differed considerably between the two migratory seasons and the two route choices, highlighting a time-energy trade-off in the migration of white storks.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Becciu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotics, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horvitz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaatz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiedler, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zurell, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flack, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeltsch, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wikelski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nathan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sapir, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/758102</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Causes and consequences of facultative sea crossing in a soaring migrant]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/758987v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exploratory movement analysis and report building with R package stmove 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/758987v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAs GPS tags and data loggers have become lighter, cheaper, and longer-lasting, there has been a growing influx of data on animal movement. Simultaneously, methods of analyses and software to apply such methods to movement data have expanded dramatically. Even so, for many interdisciplinary researchers and managers without familiarity with the field of movement ecology and the open-source tools that have been developed, the analysis of movement data has remained an overwhelming challenge.nnDescriptionHere we present stmove, an R package designed to take individual relocation data and generate a visually rich report containing a set of preliminary results that ecologists and managers can use to guide further exploration of their data. Not only does this package make report building and exploratory data analysis (EDA) simple for users who may not be familiar with the extent of available analytical tools, but it sets forth a framework of best practice analyses, which offers a common starting point for the interpretation of terrestrial movement data.nnResultsUsing data from African elephants (Loxodonta africana) collected in southern Africa, we demonstrate stmoves report building function through the main analyses included: path visualization, primary statistic calculation, summary in space and time, and space-use construction.nnConclusionsThe stmove package provides consistency and increased accessibility to managers and researchers who are interested in movement analysis but who may be unfamiliar with the full scope of movement packages and analytical tools. If widely adopted, the package will promote comparability of results across movement ecology studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Seidel, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dougherty, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Getz, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/758987</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exploratory movement analysis and report building with R package stmove]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/760801v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenetic memory independent of symmetric histone inheritance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/760801v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Heterochromatic gene silencing is an important form of gene regulation that usually requires specific histone modifications. A popular model posits that inheritance of modified histones, especially in the form of H3-H4 tetramers, underlies inheritance of heterochromatin. Because H3-H4 tetramers are randomly distributed between daughter chromatids during DNA replication, rare occurrences of asymmetric tetramer inheritance within a heterochromatic domain would have the potential to destabilize heterochromatin. This model makes a prediction that shorter heterochromatic domains would experience unbalanced tetramer inheritance more frequently, and thereby be less stable. In contrast to this prediction, we found that shortening a heterochromatic domain in Saccharomyces had no impact on the strength of silencing nor its heritability. Additionally, we found that replisome mutations that disrupt inheritance of H3-H4 tetramers had only minor effects on heterochromatin stability. These findings suggest that histones carry little or no memory of the heterochromatin state through DNA replication.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saxton, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rine, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/760801</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenetic memory independent of symmetric histone inheritance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/761502v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A viral fusogen hijacks the actin cytoskeleton to drive cell-cell fusion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/761502v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell-cell fusion, which is essential for tissue development and used by some viruses to form pathological syncytia, is typically driven by fusogenic membrane proteins with tall (>10 nm) ectodomains that undergo conformational changes to bring apposing membranes in close contact prior to fusion. Here we report that a viral fusogen with a short (<2 nm) ectodomain, the reptilian orthoreovirus p14, accomplishes the same task by hijacking the actin cytoskeleton. We show that the cytoplasmic domain of p14 triggers N-WASP-mediated assembly of a branched actin network, directly coupling local force generation with a short membrane-disruptive ectodomain. This work reveals that overcoming energetic barriers to cell-cell fusion does not require conformational changes of tall fusogens but can instead be driven by harnessing the host cytoskeleton.nnImpact StatementA viral fusogen drives cell-cell fusion by hijacking the actin machinery to directly couple actin assembly with a short fusogenic ectodomain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chan, K. M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Son, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmid, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fletcher, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/761502</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A viral fusogen hijacks the actin cytoskeleton to drive cell-cell fusion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/761601v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Factors that influence the thymic selection of CD8αα intraepithelial lymphocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/761601v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Thymocytes bearing {beta} T cell receptors (TCR{beta}) with high affinity for self-peptide-MHC complexes undergo negative selection or are diverted to alternate T cell lineages, a process termed agonist selection. Among thymocytes bearing TCRs restricted to MHC class I, agonist selection can lead to the development of precursors that can home to the gut and give rise to CD8-expressing intraepithelial lymphocytes (CD8 IELs). The factors that influence the choice between negative selection versus CD8 IEL development remain largely unknown. Using a synchronized thymic tissue slice model that supports both negative selection and CD8IEL development, we show that the affinity threshold for CD8 IEL development is higher than for negative selection. We also investigate the impact of peptide presenting cells and cytokines, and the migration patterns associated with these alternative cell fates. Our data highlight the roles of TCR affinity and the thymic microenvironments on T cell fate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kurd, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoover, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weist, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robey, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/761601</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Factors that influence the thymic selection of CD8αα intraepithelial lymphocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/762575v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The theory and practice of measuring broad-range recombination rate from marker selected pools 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/762575v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recombination is the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes via physical crossovers. Pioneered by T. H. Morgan and A. Sturtevant over a century ago, methods to estimate recombination rate and genetic distance require scoring large number of recombinant individuals between molecular or visible markers. While high throughput sequencing methods have allowed for genome wide crossover detection producing high resolution maps, such methods rely on large number of recombinants individually sequenced and are therefore difficult to scale. Here, we present a simple and scalable method to infer near chromosome-wide recombination rate from marker selected pools and the corresponding analytical software MarSuPial. Rather than genotyping individuals from recombinant backcrosses, we bulk sequence marker selected pools to infer the allele frequency decay around the selected locus; since the number of recombinant individuals increases proportionally to the genetic distance from the selected locus, the allele frequency across the chromosome can be used to estimate the genetic distance and recombination rate. We mathematically demonstrate the relationship between allele frequency attenuation, recombinant fraction, genetic distance, and recombination rate in marker selected pools. Based on available chromosome-wide recombination rate models of Drosophila, we simulated read counts and determined that nonlinear local regressions (LOESS) produce robust estimates despite the high noise inherent to sequencing data. To empirically validate this approach, we show that (single) marker selected pools closely recapitulate genetic distances inferred from scoring recombinants between double markers. We theoretically determine how secondary loci with viability impacts can modulate the allele frequency decay and how to account for such effects directly from the data. We generated the recombinant map of three wild derived strains which strongly correlates with previous genome-wide measurements. Interestingly, amidst extensive recombination rate variation, multiple regions of the genomes show elevated rates across all strains. Lastly, we apply this method to estimate chromosome-wide crossover interference. Altogether, we find that marker selected pools is a simple and cost effective method for broad recombination rate estimates. Although it does not identify instances of crossovers, it can generate near chromosome-wide recombination maps in as little as one or two libraries.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wei, K. H.- C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mantha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bachtrog, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/762575</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The theory and practice of measuring broad-range recombination rate from marker selected pools]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/763169v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A simple pyrocosm for studying soil microbial response to fire reveals a rapid, massive response by Pyronema species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/763169v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We have designed a simple, inexpensive system for the studying the response of soil microbes to fire. This system allows one to create post-fire environments in soil in reproducible and realistic ways. Using it we show that the peak soil temperature achieved at a given depth occurs hours after the fire is out, lingers near peak temperature for a significant time, and is accurately predicted by the log of soil depth and the mass charcoal burned. Flash fuels that left no large coals were found to have a negligible soil heating effect. Coupling this system with Illumina MiSeq sequencing of the control and post-fire soil we show that we can stimulate a rapid, massive response by Pyronema, a well-known genus of postfire fungus, from uninoculated forest soil within two weeks of a test fire. This specific stimulation occurs in a background of many other fungal taxa that do not change significantly with the fire, although there is an overall reduction in richness and evenness. Extrapolating from the physical relationships we predict soil heating effects in wild fires are likely to be very patchy across the forest floor but the width of a survivable "goldilocks zone" will stay relatively constant across a range of fuel loads. We further predict that a necromass zone above it, which represents an open niche for pyrophilous microbes, increases in size rapidly with addition of fuel, and then remains nearly constant over a broad range of fuel loads. The simplicity of this experimental system, coupled with the availability of a set of sequenced, assembled and annotated genomes of pyrophilous fungi, offers a powerful tool for dissecting the ecology of post-fire microbial communities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bruns, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carver, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glassman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/763169</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A simple pyrocosm for studying soil microbial response to fire reveals a rapid, massive response by Pyronema species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/765248v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aquatic Elusimicrobia are metabolically diverse compared to gut microbiome Elusimicrobia and some have novel nitrogenase-like gene clusters 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/765248v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Currently described members of Elusimicrobia, a relatively recently defined phylum, are animal-associated and rely on fermentation. However, free-living Elusimicrobia have been detected in sediments, soils and groundwater, raising questions regarding their metabolic capacities and evolutionary relationship to animal-associated species. Here, we analyzed 94 draft-quality, non-redundant genomes, including 30 newly reconstructed genomes, from diverse animal-associated and natural environments. Genomes group into 12 clades, 10 of which previously lacked reference genomes. Groundwater-associated Elusimicrobia are predicted to be capable of heterotrophic or autotrophic lifestyles, reliant on oxygen or nitrate/nitrite-dependent respiration, or a variety of organic compounds and Rhodobacter nitrogen fixation-dependent (Rnf-dependent) acetogenesis with hydrogen and carbon dioxide as the substrates. Genomes from two clades of groundwater-associated Elusimicrobia often encode a new group of nitrogenase paralogs that co-occur with an extensive suite of radical S-Adenosylmethionine (SAM) proteins. We identified similar genomic loci in genomes of bacteria from the Gracilibacteria phylum and the Myxococcales order and predict that the gene clusters reduce a tetrapyrrole, possibly to form a novel cofactor. The animal-associated Elusimicrobia clades nest phylogenetically within two free-living-associated clades. Thus, we propose an evolutionary trajectory in which some Elusimicrobia adapted to animal-associated lifestyles from free-living species via genome reduction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meheust, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farag, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castelle, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matheus Carnevali, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hug, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amano, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/765248</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aquatic Elusimicrobia are metabolically diverse compared to gut microbiome Elusimicrobia and some have novel nitrogenase-like gene clusters]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/767160v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of herbivory remodels a Drosophila genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/767160v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One-quarter of extant Eukaryotic species are herbivorous insects, yet the genomic basis of this extraordinary adaptive radiation is unclear. Recently-derived herbivorous species hold promise for understanding how colonization of living plant tissues shaped the evolution of herbivore genomes. Here, we characterized exceptional patterns of evolution coupled with a recent (<15 mya) transition to herbivory of mustard plants (Brassicaceae, including Arabidopsis thaliana) in the fly genus Scaptomyza, nested within the paraphyletic genus Drosophila. We discovered a radiation of mustard-specialized Scaptomyza species, comparable in diversity to the Drosophila melanogaster species subgroup. Stable isotope, behavioral, and viability assays revealed these flies are obligate herbivores. Genome sequencing of one species, S. flava, revealed that the evolution of herbivory drove a contraction in gene families involved in chemosensation and xenobiotic metabolism. Against this backdrop of losses, highly targeted gains ("blooms") were found in Phase I and Phase II detoxification gene sub-families, including glutathione S-transferase (Gst) and cytochrome P450 (Cyp450) genes. S. flava has more validated paralogs of a single Cyp450 (N=6 for Cyp6g1) and Gst (N=5 for GstE5-8) than any other drosophilid. Functional studies of the Gst repertoire in S. flava showed that transcription of S. flava GstE5-8 paralogs was differentially regulated by dietary mustard oils, and of 22 heterologously expressed cytosolic S. flava GST enzymes, GSTE5-8 enzymes were exceptionally well-adapted to mustard oil detoxification in vitro. One, GSTE5-8a, was an order of magnitude more efficient at metabolizing mustard oils than GSTs from any other metazoan. The serendipitous intersection of two genetic model organisms, Drosophila and Arabidopsis, helped illuminate how an insect genome was remodeled during the evolutionary transformation to herbivory, identifying mechanisms that facilitated the evolution of the most diverse guild of animal life.nnSIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe origin of land plants >400 million years ago (mya) spurred the diversification of plant-feeding (herbivorous) insects and triggered an ongoing chemical co-evolutionary arms race. Because ancestors of most herbivorous insects first colonized plants >200 mya, the sands of time have buried evidence of how their genomes changed with their diet. We leveraged the serendipitous intersection of two genetic model systems: a close relative of yeast-feeding fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster), the "wasabi fly" (Scaptomyza flava), that evolved to consume mustard plants including Arabidopsis thaliana. The yeast-to-mustard dietary transition remodeled the flys gene repertoire for sensing and detoxifying chemicals. Although many genes were lost, some underwent duplications that encode the most efficient detoxifying enzymes against mustard oils known from animals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gloss, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson Dittrich, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lapoint, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman Huertas, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verster, K. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pelaez, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, A. D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armstrong, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charboneau, J. L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groen, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hembry, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ochoa, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prost, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaaijer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nabity, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiteman, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/767160</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of herbivory remodels a Drosophila genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/768572v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Taxonomically and metabolically distinct microbial communities with depth and across a hillslope to riparian zone transect 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/768572v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Watersheds are important for supplying fresh water, the quality of which depends on complex interplay involving physical, chemical and biological processes. As water percolates through the soil and underlying weathering rock en route to the river corridor, microorganisms mediate key geochemical transformations, yet the distribution and functional capacities of subsurface microbial communities remain little understood. We have studied metabolic capacities of microbial communities along a meadow to floodplain hillslope transect within the East-River watershed, Colorado, using genome resolved metagenomics and carbon and hydrogen stable isotopes. Very limited strain/species overlap was found at different depths below the ground surface and at different distances along the hillslope, possibly due to restricted hydraulic connectivity after early stages of snowmelt. Functions such as carbon fixation and selenate reduction were prevalent at multiple sites, although the lineages of organisms responsible tend to be location-specific. Based on its abundance, sulfur is significantly more important for microbial metabolism at the floodplain compared to on the hillslope. Nitrification and methylamine oxidation are likely only occurring within the floodplain, with nitrification capacity in shallow soil, and methylamine oxidation in deeper unsaturated sediment. Biogenic methane was detected in deep surface samples, but methanogenic organisms were not identified.

Originality-Significance StatementIn a previous study within a hillslope to riparian zone transect of a sub-alpine watershed, the community structure was explored using ribosomal protein S3 genes, and the metabolic potential was hypothesized based on the presence of metabolism related genes. However, tying specific strains and species to metabolic functioning was not discussed as resolved genomes were not available.

In the current study, we use genome-resolved metagenomics along with carbon and hydrogen stable isotopes to explore the spatial distribution of biogeochemical processes. By linking taxonomy and function, using multiple functional genes indicative of full metabolic pathways, we detect heterogeneity in the distribution of metabolic potential and the organisms involved with depth and landscape position. Thus, we infer how microbiome genomic variation impacts biogeochemical cycling across the watershed.

We found very limited strain/species overlap at different depths below the surface and along the hillslope, possibly due to the restricted site to site hydraulic connectivity, and show that communities are largely distinct in their metabolic capacities. Both proximity to the river and the underlying Mancos shale apparently control species distribution and metabolic potential.

Functions such as carbon fixation and selenate reduction were prevalent at multiple sites, although the lineages of organisms responsible tend to be location-specific. Arsenate detoxification was found to be prevalent in the riparian zone whereas selenate reduction was detected within weathered Mancos shale. We conclude that important ecosystem functions are strongly associated with the riparian zone, some of which may have crucial implications as to water quality and human health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lavy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matheus Carnevali, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keren, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bill, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tokunaga, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubbard, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/768572</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Taxonomically and metabolically distinct microbial communities with depth and across a hillslope to riparian zone transect]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/768960v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activation of specific mushroom body output neurons inhibits proboscis extension and feeding behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/768960v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to modify behavior based on prior experience is essential to an animals survival. For example, animals may become attracted to a previously neutral odor or reject a previously appetitive food source upon learning. In Drosophila, the mushroom bodies (MBs) are critical for olfactory associative learning and conditioned taste aversion, but how the output of the MBs affects specific behavioral responses is unresolved. In conditioned taste aversion, Drosophila shows a specific behavioral change upon learning: proboscis extension to sugar is reduced after a sugar stimulus is paired with an aversive stimulus. While studies have identified MB output neurons (MBONs) that drive approach or avoidance behavior, whether the same MBONs impact proboscis extension behavior is unknown. Here, we tested the role of MB pathways in modulating proboscis extension and identified 10 MBON split-GAL4 lines that upon activation significantly decreased proboscis extension to sugar. Activating several of these lines also decreased sugar consumption, revealing that these MBONs have a general role in modifying feeding behavior beyond proboscis extension. Although the MBONs that decreased proboscis extension and ingestion are different from those that drive avoidance behavior in another context, the diversity of their arborizations demonstrates that a distributed network influences proboscis extension behavior. These studies provide insight into how the MB flexibly alters the response to taste compounds and modifies feeding decisions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/768960</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activation of specific mushroom body output neurons inhibits proboscis extension and feeding behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/772343v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Muntjac chromosome evolution and architecture 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/772343v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractDespite their recent divergence, muntjac deer show striking karyotype differences. Here we describe new chromosome-scale genome assemblies for the Chinese and Indian muntjacs, Muntiacus reevesi (2n=46) and Muntiacus muntjak (2n=6/7), and analyze their evolution and architecture. We identified six fusion events shared by both species relative to the cervid ancestor and therefore present in the muntjac common ancestor, six fusion events unique to the M. reevesi lineage, and twenty-six fusion events unique to the M. muntjak lineage. One of these M. muntjak fusions reverses an earlier fission in the cervid lineage. Although comparative Hi-C analysis revealed differences in long-range genome contacts and A/B compartment structures, we discovered widespread conservation of local chromatin contacts between the muntjacs, even near the fusion sites. A small number of genes involved in chromosome maintenance show evidence for rapid evolution, possibly associated with the dramatic changes in karyotype. Analysis of muntjac genomes reveals new insights into this unique case of rapid karyotype evolution and the resulting biological variation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mudd, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bredeson, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baum, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hockemeyer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokhsar, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/772343</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Muntjac chromosome evolution and architecture]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/772533v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The transcriptional co-repressor CtBP is a negative regulator of growth that antagonizes the Yorkie and JNK/AP-1 pathways 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/772533v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multicellular organisms require strict growth control mechanisms to ensure that an organ reaches, but does not grossly exceed, its appropriate size and shape. In an unbiased mosaic screen for genes involved in growth regulation, we identified a loss-of-function allele of the gene CtBP that conferred a growth advantage to homozygous mutant tissue. CtBP encodes a transcriptional co-repressor found in diverse organisms, yet its role in regulating tissue growth is not known. We found that CtBP functions as a negative regulator of growth by restricting the expression of the growth-promoting microRNA bantam (ban). ban is a known target of the Hippo pathway effector Yorkie (Yki). We show that loss of CtBP function leads to the activation of a minimal enhancer of ban via both Yki-dependent and AP-1 transcription factor-dependent mechanisms. AP-1 is downstream of the Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) pathway and thus JNK could regulate growth during development via ban. Furthermore, we show that distinct isoforms of the AP-1 component Fos differ in their ability to activate this enhancer. Since the orthologous pathways in mammalian cells (YAP/TEAD and AP-1) converge on enhancers implicated in tumor progression, a role for mammalian CtBP proteins at those enhancers merits attention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sumabat, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worley, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pellock, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosch, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hariharan, I. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/772533</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The transcriptional co-repressor CtBP is a negative regulator of growth that antagonizes the Yorkie and JNK/AP-1 pathways]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/772582v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Flexible cobamide metabolism in Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile 630 Δerm 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/772582v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile is an opportunistic pathogen known for its ability to colonize the human gut under conditions of dysbiosis. Several aspects of its carbon and amino acid metabolism have been investigated, but its cobamide (vitamin B12 and related cofactors) metabolism remains largely unexplored. C. difficile has seven predicted cobamide-dependent metabolisms encoded in its genome in addition to a nearly complete cobamide biosynthesis pathway and a cobamide uptake system. To address the importance of cobamides to C. difficile, we studied C. difficile 630 {Delta}erm and mutant derivatives under cobamide-dependent conditions in vitro. Our results show that C. difficile can use a surprisingly diverse array of cobamides for methionine and deoxyribonucleotide synthesis, and can use alternative metabolites or enzymes, respectively, to bypass these cobamide-dependent processes. C. difficile 630 {Delta}erm produces the cobamide pseudocobalamin when provided the early precursor 5-aminolevulinc acid or the late intermediate cobinamide, and produces other cobamides if provided an alternative lower ligand. The ability of C. difficile 630 {Delta}erm to take up cobamides and Cbi at micromolar or lower concentrations requires the transporter BtuFCD. Genomic analysis revealed genetic variations in in the btuFCD locus of different C. difficile strains, which may result in differences in the ability to take up cobamides and Cbi. These results together demonstrate that, like other aspects of its physiology, cobamide metabolism in C. difficile is versatile.nnImportanceThe ability of the opportunistic pathogen Clostridioides difficile to cause disease is closely linked to its propensity to adapt to conditions created by dysbiosis of the human gut microbiota. The cobamide (vitamin B12) metabolism of C. difficile has been underexplored, though it has seven metabolic pathways that are predicted to require cobamide-dependent enzymes. Here, we show that C. difficile cobamide metabolism is versatile, as it can use a surprisingly wide variety of cobamides and has alternative functions that can bypass some of its cobamide requirements. Furthermore, C. difficile does not synthesize cobamides de novo, but produces them when given cobamide precursors. Better understanding of C. difficile cobamide metabolism may lead to new strategies to treat and prevent C. difficile-associated disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shelton, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taga, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/772582</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Flexible cobamide metabolism in Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile 630 Δerm]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/772632v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Perceptual metacognition of human faces is causally supported by function of the lateral prefrontal cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/772632v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metacognitive visual awareness--the ability to know that one is having a particular visual experience--is thought to optimally guide behavior and help us accurately navigate our complex social environments. Yet the neural underpinnings of visual metacognition continue to be the subject of vigorous debate: While prior work identified correlations between perceptual metacognitive ability and the structure and function of lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC), evidence for a causal role of this region in promoting metacognition is controversial--in fact, some question whether the prefrontal cortex plays any role in supporting conscious visual experiences. Moreover, whether LPFC function promotes metacognitive awareness of perceptual and emotional features of complex, yet ubiquitous socio-emotional face stimuli is unknown. Using model-based analyses following a causal intervention to LPFC in humans, we demonstrate that LPFC promotes metacognitive awareness of the orientation of emotional faces--although not of their emotional expressions. Effects were specific to metacognition, as LPFC perturbation did not alter stimulus discrimination performance. Collectively, these data support the causal involvement of the prefrontal cortex in metacognitive awareness, and indicate that the role of LPFC function in metacognition encompasses perceptual experiences of naturalistic social stimuli.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lapate, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samaha, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokers, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Postle, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidson, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/772632</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Perceptual metacognition of human faces is causally supported by function of the lateral prefrontal cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/773804v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A CLN6-CLN8 complex recruits lysosomal enzymes at the ER for Golgi transfer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/773804v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lysosomal enzymes are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and transferred to the Golgi complex by interaction with the Batten disease protein CLN8. Here we investigated the relationship of this pathway with CLN6, an ER-associated protein of unknown function that is defective in a different Batten disease subtype. Experiments focused on protein interaction and trafficking identified CLN6 as an obligate component of a CLN6-CLN8 complex (herein referred to as EGRESS: ER-to-Golgi relaying of enzymes of the lysosomal system) which recruits lysosomal enzymes at the ER to promote their Golgi transfer. Simultaneous deficiency of CLN6 and CLN8 did not aggravate mouse pathology compared to the single deficiencies, indicating that the EGRESS complex works as a functional unit. Mutagenesis experiments showed that the second luminal loop of CLN6 is required for the interaction of CLN6 with the enzymes but dispensable for interaction with CLN8, and in vitro and in vivo studies showed that CLN6 deficiency results in inefficient ER export of lysosomal enzymes and diminished levels of the enzymes at the lysosome. These results identify CLN6 and the EGRESS complex as key players in lysosome biogenesis and shed light on the molecular etiology of Batten disease caused by defects in CLN6.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bajaj, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>di Ronza, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eblimit, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collette, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sifers, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schekman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sardiello, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/773804</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A CLN6-CLN8 complex recruits lysosomal enzymes at the ER for Golgi transfer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/774067v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A tale of winglets: evolution of flight morphology in stick insects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/774067v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The evolutionary transition between winglessness and a full-winged morphology requires selective advantage for intermediate forms. Conversely, repeated secondary wing reductions among the pterygotes indicates relaxation of such selection. However, evolutionary trajectories of such transitions are not well characterized. The stick insects (Phasmatodea) exhibit diverse wing sizes at both interspecific and intersexual levels, and thus provide a system for examining how selection on flight capability, along with other selective forces, drives the evolution of flight-related morphology. Here, we examine variation in relevant morphology for stick insects using data from 1100+ individuals representing 765 species. Although wing size varies along a continuous spectrum, taxa with either long or miniaturized wings are the most common, whereas those with intermediate-sized wings are relatively rare. In a morphological space defined by wing and body size, the aerodynamically relevant parameter termed wing loading (the average pressure exerted on the air by the wings) varies according to sex-specific scaling laws; volant but also flightless forms are the most common outcomes in both sexes. Using phylogenetically-informed analyses, we show that relative wing size and body size are inversely correlated in long-winged insects regardless of sexual differences in morphology and ecology. These results demonstrate the diversity of flight-related morphology in stick insects, and also provide a general framework for addressing evolutionary coupling between wing and body dimensions. We also find indirect evidence for a  fitness valley associated with intermediate-sized wings, suggesting relatively rapid evolutionary transitions between wingless and volant forms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zeng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Maley, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singhal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahim, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/774067</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A tale of winglets: evolution of flight morphology in stick insects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/776799v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial whitening in the retina may be necessary for V1 to learn a sparse representation of natural scenes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/776799v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Retinal ganglion cell outputs are less correlated across space than are natural scenes, and it has been suggested that this decorrelation is performed in the retina in order to improve efficiency and to benefit processing later in the visual system. However, sparse coding, a successful computational model of primary visual cortex, is achievable under some conditions with highly correlated inputs: most sparse coding algorithms learn the well-known sparse features of natural images and can output sparse, high-fidelity codes with or without a preceding decorrelation stage of processing. We propose that sparse coding with biologically plausible local learning rules does require decorrelated inputs, providing a possible explanation for why whitening may be necessary early in the visual system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dodds, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Livezey, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeWeese, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/776799</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial whitening in the retina may be necessary for V1 to learn a sparse representation of natural scenes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/778019v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A distinct population of L6 neurons in mouse V1 mediate cross-callosal communication 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/778019v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Through the corpus callosum, interhemispheric communication is mediated by callosal projection (CP) neurons. Using retrograde labeling, we identified a population of layer 6 (L6) excitatory neurons as the main conveyer of transcallosal information in the monocular zone of the mouse primary visual cortex (V1). Distinct from L6 corticothalamic (CT) population, V1 L6 CP neurons contribute to an extensive reciprocal network across multiple sensory cortices over two hemispheres. Receiving both local and long-range cortical inputs, they encode orientation, direction, and receptive field information, while are also highly spontaneous active. The spontaneous activity of L6 CP neurons exhibits complex relationships with brain states and stimulus presentation, distinct from the spontaneous activity patterns of the CT population. The anatomical and functional properties of these L6 CP neurons enable them to broadcast visual and nonvisual information across two hemispheres, and thus play a major role in regulating and coordinating brain-wide activity events.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/778019</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A distinct population of L6 neurons in mouse V1 mediate cross-callosal communication]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/778142v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparison of BOLD and CBV using 3D EPI and 3D GRASE for cortical layer fMRI at 7T. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/778142v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeFunctional MRI (fMRI) at the mesoscale of cortical layers and columns requires both sensitivity and specificity, which can be compromised if the imaging method is affected by vascular artifacts, particularly cortical draining veins at the pial surface. Recent studies have shown that cerebral blood volume (CBV) imaging is more specific to the actual laminar locus of neural activity than BOLD imaging when using standard gradient-echo (GE) EPI sequences. Gradient and Spin Echo (GRASE) BOLD imaging has also shown greater specificity when compared with GE-BOLD.nnMethodsHere we directly compare CBV and BOLD contrasts in high-resolution imaging of the primary motor cortex for laminar fMRI in four combinations of signal labeling, VASO (CBV) and BOLD with 3D GE-EPI and zoomed 3D GRASE image readouts.nnResultsWe find that both CBV imaging using EPI-VASO and BOLD imaging using GRASE-BOLD, show similar specificity and sensitivity and are thus useful tools for mesoscopic fMRI in the human cortex.nnConclusionThese techniques demonstrate sufficient sensitivity and specificity to allow layer-fMRI to be used by neuroscientists in a wide range of investigations of depth-dependent neural circuitry in the human brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Beckett, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dadakova, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Townsend, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huber, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feinberg, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/778142</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparison of BOLD and CBV using 3D EPI and 3D GRASE for cortical layer fMRI at 7T.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/778571v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Using Parsimony-Guided Tree Proposals to Accelerate Convergence in Bayesian Phylogenetic Inference 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/778571v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sampling across tree space is one of the major challenges in Bayesian phylogenetic inference using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithms. Standard MCMC tree moves consider small random perturbations of the topology, and select from candidate trees at random or based on the distance between the old and new topologies. MCMC algorithms using such moves tend to get trapped in tree space, making them slow in finding the globally most probable trees (known as  convergence) and in estimating the correct proportions of the different types of them (known as  mixing). Here, we introduce a new class of moves, which propose trees based on their parsimony scores. The proposal distribution derived from the parsimony scores is a quickly computable albeit rough approximation of the conditional posterior distribution over candidate trees. We demonstrate with simulations that parsimony-guided moves correctly sample the uniform distribution of topologies from the prior. We then evaluate their performance against standard moves using six challenging empirical datasets, for which we were able to obtain accurate reference estimates of the posterior using long MCMC runs, a mix of topology proposals, and Metropolis coupling. On these datasets, ranging in size from 357 to 934 taxa and from 1,740 to 5,681 sites, we find that single chains using parsimony-guided moves usually converge an order of magnitude faster than chains using standard moves. They also exhibit better mixing, that is, they cover the most probable trees more quickly. Our results show that tree moves based on quick and dirty estimates of the posterior probability can significantly outperform standard moves. Future research will have to show to what extent the performance of such moves can be improved further by finding better ways of approximating the posterior probability, taking the trade-off between accuracy and speed into account.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huelsenbeck, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ronquist, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/778571</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Using Parsimony-Guided Tree Proposals to Accelerate Convergence in Bayesian Phylogenetic Inference]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/783597v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adaptive Tree Proposals for Bayesian Phylogenetic Inference 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/783597v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bayesian inference of phylogenies with MCMC is without a doubt a staple in the study of evolution. Yet, this method still suffers from a practical challenge identified more than two decades ago: designing tree topology proposals that efficiently sample the tree space. In this article, I introduce the concept of tree topology proposals that adapt to the posterior distribution as it is estimated. I use this concept to elaborate two adaptive variants of existing proposals and an adaptive proposal based on a novel design philosophy in which the structure of the proposal is informed by the posterior distribution of trees. I investigate the performance of these proposals by first presenting a metric that captures the performance of each proposals within a mixture. Using this metric, I then compare the adaptive proposals performance to the performance of standard and parsimony-guided proposals on 11 empirical datasets. Using adaptive proposals led to consistent performance gains and resulted in up to 18-fold increases in mixing efficiency and 6-fold increases in converge rate without increasing the computational cost of these analyses. [Bayesian inference; Adaptive tree proposals; Markov chain Monte Carlo; phylogenetics; posterior probability distribution.]
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meyer, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/783597</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adaptive Tree Proposals for Bayesian Phylogenetic Inference]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/786194v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of NLR resistance genes with non-canonical N-terminal domains in wild tomato species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/786194v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundNucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat immune receptors (NLRs) are an important component of plant immunity that provides resistance against diverse pathogens. NLRs often exist as large gene families, the members of which display diverse multi-domain architectures (MDAs) and evolve through various mechanisms of duplications and selections.nnResultsWe conducted resistance gene enrichment sequencing (RenSeq) with single-molecule real time (SMRT) sequencing of PacBio for 18 accessions in Solanaceae including 15 wild tomatoes. We demonstrate what was previously known as Solanaceae Domain (SD) not only is more diverse in structure and function but also far anciently originated from the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) between Asterids and Amaranthaceae. In tomato, NLRs with the extended N-terminus displayed distinct patterns of evolution based on phylogenetic clades by proliferation, continuous elongation and domain losses.nnConclusionsOur study provides high quality gene models of NLRs that can serve as resources for future studies for crop engineering and elucidates greater evolutionary dynamics of the extended NLRs than previously assumed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Seong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staskawicz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/786194</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of NLR resistance genes with non-canonical N-terminal domains in wild tomato species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/787390v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improved computational identification of drug response using optical measurements of human stem cell derived cardiomyocytes in microphysiological systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/787390v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cardiomyocytes derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells hold great potential for drug screening applications. However, their usefulness is limited by the relative immaturity of cells electro-physiological properties as compared to native cardiomyocytes in the adult human heart. In this work, we extend and improve on methodology to address this limitation, building on previously introduced computational procedures which predict drug effects for mature cells based on changes in optical measurements of action potentials and Ca2+ transients made in stem cell derived cardiac microtissues. This methodology quantifies ion channel changes through the inversion of data into a mathematical model, and maps this response to a mature phenotype through the assumption of functional invariance of fundamental intracellular and membrane channels during maturation.nnHere we utilize an updated action potential model to represent both immature and mature cells, apply an IC50-based model of dose-dependent drug effects, and introduce a continuation-based optimization algorithm for analysis of dose escalation measurements using five drugs with known effects. The improved methodology can identify drug induced changes more efficiently, and quantitate important metrics such as IC50 in line with published values. Consequently, the updated methodology is a step towards employing computational procedures to elucidate drug effects in mature cardiomyocytes for new drugs using stem cell-derived experimental tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jaeger, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charwat, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charrez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finsberg, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maleckar, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wall, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Healy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tveito, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/787390</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improved computational identification of drug response using optical measurements of human stem cell derived cardiomyocytes in microphysiological systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/787986v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
No statistical evidence for an effect of CCR5-Δ32 on lifespan in the UK Biobank cohort 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/787986v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A recent study reported that a 32-base-pair deletion in the CCR5 gene (CCR5-{triangleup}32) is deleterious in the homozygous state in humans. Evidence for this came from a survival analysis in the UK Biobank cohort, and from deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium at a polymorphism tagging the deletion (rs62625034). Here, we carry out a joint analysis of whole-genome genotyping data and whole-exome sequencing data from the UK Biobank, which reveals that technical artifacts are a more plausible cause for deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium at this polymorphism. Specifically, we find that individuals homozygous for the deletion in the sequencing data are underrepresented in the genotyping data due to an elevated rate of missing data at rs62625034, possibly because the probe for this SNP overlaps with the {triangleup}32 deletion. Another variant which has a higher concordance with the deletion in the sequencing data shows no associations with mortality. A phenome-wide scan for effects of variants tagging this deletion shows an overall inflation of association p-values, but identifies only one trait at p < 5x10-8, and no mediators for an effect on mortality. These analyses show that the original reports of a recessive deleterious effect of CCR5-{triangleup}32 are affected by a technical artifact, and that a closer investigation of the same data provides no positive evidence for an effect on lifespan.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maier, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akbari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reich, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/787986</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[No statistical evidence for an effect of CCR5-Δ32 on lifespan in the UK Biobank cohort]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/790097v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vector bionomics and vectorial capacity as emergent properties of mosquito behaviors and ecology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/790097v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mosquitoes are important vectors for pathogens of humans and other vertebrate animals. Some aspects of adult mosquito behavior and mosquito ecology play an important role in determining the capacity of vector populations to transmit pathogens. Here, we re-examine factors affecting the transmission of pathogens by mosquitoes using a new approach. Unlike most previous models, this framework considers the behavioral states and state transitions of adult mosquitoes through a sequence of activity bouts. We developed a new framework for individual-based simulation models called MBITES (Mosquito Bout-based and Individual-based Transmission Ecology Simulator). In MBITES, it is possible to build models that simulate the behavior and ecology of adult mosquitoes in exquisite detail on complex resource landscapes generated by spatial point processes. We also developed an ordinary differential equation model which is the Kolmogorov forward equations for models developed in MBITES under a specific set of simplifying assumptions. While infection of the mosquito and pathogen development are one possible part of a mosquitos state, that is not the main focus. Using extensive simulation using some models developed in MBITES, we show that vectorial capacity can be understood as an emergent property of simple behavioral algorithms interacting with complex resource landscapes, and that relative density or sparsity of resources and the need to search can have profound consequences for mosquito populations capacity to transmit pathogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henry, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Citron, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Compton, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cummings, D. A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Menach, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindsay, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moyes, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hancock, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burkot, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiware, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiner, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/790097</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vector bionomics and vectorial capacity as emergent properties of mosquito behaviors and ecology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/790279v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Massive haplotypes underlie ecotypic differentiation in sunflowers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/790279v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Species often include multiple ecotypes that are adapted to different environments. But how do ecotypes arise, and how are their distinctive combinations of adaptive alleles maintained despite hybridization with non-adapted populations? Re-sequencing of 1506 wild sunflowers from three species identified 37 large (1-100 Mbp), non-recombining haplotype blocks associated with numerous ecologically relevant traits, and soil and climate characteristics. Limited recombination in these regions keeps adaptive alleles together, and we find that they differentiate several sunflower ecotypes; for example, they control a 77 day difference in flowering between ecotypes of silverleaf sunflower (likely through deletion of a FLOWERING LOCUS T homolog), and are associated with seed size, flowering time and soil fertility in dune-adapted sunflowers. These haplotypes are highly divergent, associated with polymorphic structural variants, and often appear to represent introgressions from other, possibly extinct, congeners. This work highlights a pervasive role of structural variation in maintaining complex ecotypic adaptation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Todesco, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owens, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bercovich, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Legare, J.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soudi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burge, D. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostevik, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drummond, E. B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imerovski, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lande, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pascual, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheung, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staton, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donovan, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burke, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeaman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rieseberg, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/790279</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Massive haplotypes underlie ecotypic differentiation in sunflowers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/790493v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dominant Vibrio cholerae phage exhibits lysis inhibition sensitive to disruption by a defensive phage satellite 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/790493v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteriophages and their bacterial hosts are locked in a dynamic evolutionary arms race. Phage satellites, selfish genomic islands which exploit both host bacterium and target phage, further complicate the evolutionary fray. One such tripartite system involves the etiological agent of the diarrheal disease cholera - Vibrio cholerae, the predominant phage isolated from cholera patients - ICP1, and a phage satellite - PLE. When ICP1 infects V. cholerae harboring the integrated PLE genome, PLE accelerates host lysis, spreading the PLE while completely blocking phage production protecting V. cholerae at the population level. Here we identify a single PLE gene, lidI, sufficient to mediate accelerated lysis during ICP1 infection and demonstrate that LidI functions through disrupting lysis inhibition - an understudied outcome of phage infection when phages vastly outnumber their hosts. This work identifies ICP1-encoded holin and antiholin genes teaA and arrA respectively, that mediate this first example of lysis inhibition outside the T-even coliphages. Through lysis inhibition disruption, LidI is sufficient to limit the number of progeny phage produced from an infection. Consequently, this disruption bottlenecks ICP1 evolution as probed by recombination and CRISPR-Cas targeting assays. These studies link novel characterization of the classic phenomenon of lysis inhibition with a conserved protein in a dominant phage satellite, highlighting the importance of lysis timing during infection and parasitization, as well as providing insight into the populations, relationships, and evolution of bacteria, phages, and phage satellites in nature.nnImportanceWith increasing awareness of microbiota impacting human health comes intensified examination of, not only bacteria and the bacteriophages that prey upon them, but also the mobile genetic elements (MGEs) that mediate interactions between them. Research is unveiling evolutionary strategies dependent on sensing the milieu: quorum sensing impacts phage infection, phage teamwork overcomes bacterial defenses, and abortive infections sacrifice single cells protecting populations. Yet, the first discovered environmental sensing by phages, known as lysis inhibition (LIN), has only been studied in the limited context of T-even coliphages. Here we characterize LIN in the etiological agent of the diarrheal disease cholera, Vibrio cholerae, infected by a phage ubiquitous in clinical samples. Further, we show that a specific MGE, the phage satellite PLE, collapses LIN with a conserved protein during its anti-phage program. The insights gleaned from this work add to our expanding understanding of microbial fitness in natural contexts beyond the canonical bacterial genome and into the realm of antagonistic evolution driven by phages and satellites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hays, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seed, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/790493</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dominant Vibrio cholerae phage exhibits lysis inhibition sensitive to disruption by a defensive phage satellite]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/790535v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stereo In-Line Holographic Digital Microscope 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/790535v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biologists use optical microscopes to study plankton in the lab, but their size, complexity and cost makes widespread deployment of microscopes in lakes and oceans challenging. Monitoring the morphology, behavior and distribution of plankton in situ is essential as they are excellent indicators of marine environment health and provide a majority of Earths oxygen and carbon sequestration. Direct in-line holographic microscopy (DIHM) eliminates many of these obstacles, but image reconstruction is computationally intensive and produces monochromatic images. By using one laser and one white LED, it is possible to obtain the 3D location plankton by triangulation, limiting holographic reconstruction to only the voxels occupied by the plankton, reducing computation by several orders of magnitude. The color information from the white LED assists in the classification of plankton, as phytoplankton contains green-colored chlorophyll. The reconstructed plankton images are rendered in a 3D interactive environment, viewable from a browser, providing the user the experience of observing plankton from inside a drop of water.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zimmerman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antipac, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elnatan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murru, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biswas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pastore, V. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waller, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fenu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bianco, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/790535</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stereo In-Line Holographic Digital Microscope]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/791947v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Joint Model of RNA Expression and Surface Protein Abundance in Single Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/791947v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular indexing of transcriptomes and epitopes by sequencing (CITE-seq) combines unbiased single-cell transcriptome measurements with surface protein quantification comparable to flow cytometry, the gold standard for cell type identification. However, current analysis pipelines cannot address the two primary challenges of CITE-seq data: combining both modalities in a shared latent space that harnesses the power of the paired measurements, and handling the technical artifacts of the protein measurement, which is obscured by non-negligible background noise. Here we present Total Variational Inference (totalVI), a fully probabilistic end-to-end framework for normalizing and analyzing CITE-seq data, based on a hierarchical Bayesian model. In totalVI, the mRNA and protein measurements for each cell are generated from a low-dimensional latent random variable unique to that cell, representing its cellular state. totalVI uses deep neural networks to specify conditional distributions. By leveraging advances in stochastic variational inference, it scales easily to millions of cells. Explicit modeling of nuisance factors enables totalVI to produce denoised data in both domains, as well as a batch-corrected latent representation of cells for downstream analysis tasks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gayoso, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steier, Z. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streets, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/791947</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Joint Model of RNA Expression and Surface Protein Abundance in Single Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/794289v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep Generative Models for Detecting Differential Expression in Single Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/794289v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Detecting differentially expressed genes is important for characterizing subpopulations of cells. However, in scRNA-seq data, nuisance variation due to technical factors like sequencing depth and RNA capture efficiency obscures the underlying biological signal. First, we show that deep generative models, which combined Bayesian statistics and deep neural networks, better estimate the log-fold-change in gene expression levels between subpopulations of cells. Second, we use Bayesian decision theory to detect differentially expressed genes while controlling the false discovery rate. Our experiments on simulated and real datasets show that our approach out-performs state-of-the-art DE frameworks. Finally, we introduce a technique for improving the posterior approximation, and show that it also improves differential expression performance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boyeau, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gayoso, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/794289</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep Generative Models for Detecting Differential Expression in Single Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/794875v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Detecting Zero-Inflated Genes in Single-Cell Transcriptomics Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/794875v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In single-cell RNA sequencing data, biological processes or technical factors may induce an overabundance of zero measurements. Existing probabilistic approaches to interpreting these data either model all genes as zero-inflated, or none. But the overabundance of zeros might be gene-specific. Hence, we propose the AutoZI model, which, for each gene, places a spike-and-slab prior on a mixture assignment between a negative binomial (NB) component and a zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB) component. We approximate the posterior distribution under this model using variational inference, and employ Bayesian decision theory to decide whether each gene is zero-inflated. On simulated data, AutoZI outperforms the alternatives. On negative control data, AutoZI retrieves predictions consistent to a previous study on ERCC spike-ins and recovers similar results on control RNAs. Applied to several datasets and instances of the 10x Chromium protocol, AutoZI allows both biological and technical interpretations of zero-inflation. Finally, AutoZIs decisions on mouse embyronic stem-cells suggest that zero-inflation might be due to transcriptional bursting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Clivio, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gayoso, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/794875</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Detecting Zero-Inflated Genes in Single-Cell Transcriptomics Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/798140v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ratiometric bioluminescent sensors towards in vivo imaging of bacterial signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/798140v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Second messenger signaling networks allow cells to sense and adapt to changing environmental conditions. In bacteria, the nearly ubiquitous second messenger molecule cyclic di-GMP coordinates diverse processes such as motility, biofilm formation, and virulence. In bacterial pathogens, these signaling networks allow the bacteria to survive changing environment conditions that are experienced during infection of a mammalian host. While studies have examined the effects of cyclic di-GMP levels on virulence in these pathogens, it has previously not been possible to visualize cyclic di-GMP levels in real time during the stages of host infection. Towards this goal, we generate the first ratiometric, chemiluminescent biosensor scaffold that selectively responds to c-di-GMP. By engineering the biosensor scaffold, a suite of Venus-YcgR-NLuc (VYN) biosensors is generated that provide extremely high sensitivity (KD < 300 pM) and large BRET signal changes (up to 109%). As a proof-of-concept that VYN biosensors can image cyclic di-GMP during host infection, we show that the VYN biosensors function in the context of a tissue phantom model, with only [~]103-104 biosensor-expressing cells required for the measurement. Furthermore, the stable BRET signal suggests that the sensors could be used for long-term imaging of cyclic di-GMP dynamics during host infection. The VYN sensors developed here can serve as robust in vitro diagnostic tools for high throughput screening, as well as genetically encodable tools for monitoring the dynamics of c-di-GMP in live cells, and lay the groundwork for live cell imaging of c-di-GMP dynamics in bacteria during host infection, and other complex environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dippel, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yildiz, F. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammond, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/798140</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ratiometric bioluminescent sensors towards in vivo imaging of bacterial signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/798371v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryo-EM structure of the mitochondrial protein-import channel TOM complex from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/798371v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nearly all mitochondrial proteins are encoded by the nuclear genome and imported into mitochondria following synthesis on cytosolic ribosomes. These precursor proteins are translocated into mitochondria by the TOM complex, a protein-conducting channel in the mitochondrial outer membrane. Using cryo-EM, we have obtained high-resolution structures of both apo and presequence-bound core TOM complexes from Saccharomyces cerevisiae in dimeric and tetrameric forms. Dimeric TOM consists of two copies each of five proteins arranged in two-fold symmetry--Tom40, a pore-forming {beta}-barrel with an overall negatively-charged inner surface, and four auxiliary -helical transmembrane proteins. The structure suggests that presequences for mitochondrial targeting insert into the Tom40 channel mainly by electrostatic and polar interactions. The tetrameric complex is essentially a dimer of dimeric TOM, which may be capable of forming higher-order oligomers. Our study reveals the molecular organization of the TOM complex and provides new insights about the mechanism of protein translocation into mitochondria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tucker, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/798371</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryo-EM structure of the mitochondrial protein-import channel TOM complex from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/798603v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Numerous post-translational modifications of RNA polymerase II subunit Rpb4 link transcription to post-transcriptional mechanisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/798603v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rpb4/7 binds RNA Polymerase II (Pol II) transcripts co-transcriptionally and accompanies them throughout their lives. By virtue of its capacity to interact with key regulators (e.g., Pol II, eIF3, Pat1) both temporarily and spatially, Rpb4/7 regulates the major stages of the mRNA lifecycle. Here we show that Rpb4/7 can undergo over 100 combinations of post-translational modifications (PTMs). Remarkably, the Rpb4/7 PTMs repertoire changes as the mRNA/Rpb4/7 complex progresses from one stage to the next. A mutagenesis approach in residues that undergo PTMs suggests that temporal Rpb4 PTMs regulate its interactions with key regulators of gene expression that control transcriptional and post-transcriptional stages. Moreover, one mutant type specifically affects mRNA synthesis despite its normal association with Pol II, whereas the other affects both mRNA synthesis and decay; both types disrupt the balance between mRNA synthesis and decay ( mRNA buffering) and the cells capacity to respond to the environment. Taken together, we propose that temporal Rpb4/7 PTMs are involved in cross talks among the various stages of the mRNA lifecycle.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Richard, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bendalak, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziv, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choder, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/798603</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Numerous post-translational modifications of RNA polymerase II subunit Rpb4 link transcription to post-transcriptional mechanisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/798843v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phenotypic differences in reversible attachment behavior reveal distinct P. aeruginosa surface colonization strategies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/798843v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite possessing the machinery to sense, adhere to, and proliferate on surfaces, it is commonly observed that bacteria initially have a difficult time attaching to a surface. Before forming a bacterial biofilm, planktonic bacteria exhibit a random period of transient surface attachment known as "reversible attachment" which is poorly understood. Using community tracking methods at single-cell resolution, we examine how reversible attachment progresses during initial stages of surface sensing. Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains PAO1 and PA14, which exhibit similar exponential trends of surface cell population increase, show unanticipated differences when the behavior of each cell was considered at the full lineage level and interpreted using the unifying quantitative framework of an exactly solvable stochastic model. Reversible attachment comprises two regimes of behavior, processive and nonprocessive, corresponding to whether cells of the lineage stay on the surface long enough to divide, or not, before detaching. Stark differences between PAO1 and PA14 in the processive regime of reversible attachment suggest the existence of two complementary surface colonization strategies, which are roughly analogous to "immediate-" vs "deferred-gratification" in a prototypical cognitive-affective processing system. PAO1 lineages commit relatively quickly to a surface compared to PA14 lineages. PA14 lineages allow detaching cells to retain memory of the surface so that they are primed for improved subsequent surface attachment. In fact, it is possible to identify motility suppression events in PA14 lineages in the process of surface commitment. We hypothesize that these contrasting strategies are rooted in downstream differences between Wsp-based and Pil-Chp-based surface sensing systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, C. K.-m.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vachier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Anda, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>zhao, k.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armbruster, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarnopol, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lomba, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hogan, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parsek, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Toole, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golestanian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, G. C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/798843</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phenotypic differences in reversible attachment behavior reveal distinct P. aeruginosa surface colonization strategies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/799254v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Native and invasive populations of the ectomycorrhizal death cap Amanita phalloides are highly sexual but dispersal limited 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/799254v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The authors have withdrawn this manuscript and do not wish it to be cited. As we have moved more deeply into population genomics, we have discovered the analyses we initially used do not answer our questions well. We are recalibrating and intend to submit a new manuscript in the future. If you have any questions, please contact the corresponding author.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Golan, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cross, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elmore, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glassman, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goncalves, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hess, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfe, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pringle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/799254</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Native and invasive populations of the ectomycorrhizal death cap Amanita phalloides are highly sexual but dispersal limited]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/799403v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Potent CRISPR-Cas9 inhibitors from Staphylococcus genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/799403v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anti-CRISPRs (Acrs) are small proteins that inhibit the RNA-guided DNA targeting activity of CRISPR-Cas enzymes. Encoded by bacteriophage and phage-derived bacterial genes, Acrs prevent CRISPR-mediated inhibition of phage infection and can also block CRISPR-Cas-mediated genome editing in eukaryotic cells. To identify Acrs capable of inhibiting Staphylococcus aureus Cas9 (SauCas9), an alternative to the most commonly used genome editing protein Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 (SpyCas9), we used both self-targeting CRISPR screening and guilt-by-association genomic search strategies. Here we describe three new potent inhibitors of SauCas9 that we name AcrIIA13, AcrIIA14 and AcrIIA15. These inhibitors share a conserved N-terminal sequence that is dispensable for anti-CRISPR function, and have divergent C-termini that are required in each case for selective inhibition of SauCas9-catalyzed DNA cleavage. In human cells, we observe robust and specific inhibition of SauCas9-induced genome editing by AcrIIA13 and moderate inhibition by AcrIIA14 and AcrIIA15. We also find that the conserved N-terminal domain of AcrIIA13-15 binds to an inverted repeat sequence in the promoter of these Acr genes, consistent with its predicted helix-turn-helix DNA binding structure. These data demonstrate an effective strategy for Acr discovery and establish AcrIIA13-15 as unique bifunctional inhibitors of SauCas9.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Watters, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shivram, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fellmann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lew, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMahon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/799403</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Potent CRISPR-Cas9 inhibitors from Staphylococcus genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/800078v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inference of Single-Cell Phylogenies from Lineage Tracing Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/800078v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The pairing of CRISPR/Cas9-based gene editing with massively parallel single-cell readouts now enables large-scale lineage tracing. However, the rapid growth in complexity of data from these assays has outpaced our ability to accurately infer phylogenetic relationships. To address this, we provide three resources. First, we introduce Cassiopeia - a suite of scalable and theoretically grounded maximum parsimony approaches for tree reconstruction. Second, we provide a simulation framework for evaluating algorithms and exploring lineage tracer design principles. Finally, we generate the most complex experimental lineage tracing dataset to date - consisting of 34,557 human cells continuously traced over 15 generations, 71% of which are uniquely marked - and use it for benchmarking phylogenetic inference approaches. We show that Cassiopeia outperforms traditional methods by several metrics and under a wide variety of parameter regimes, and provide insight into the principles for the design of improved Cas9-enabled recorders. Together these should broadly enable large-scale mammalian lineage tracing efforts. Cassiopeia and its benchmarking resources are publicly available at www.github.com/YosefLab/Cassiopeia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jones, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khodaverdian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinn, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hussmann, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/800078</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inference of Single-Cell Phylogenies from Lineage Tracing Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/803189v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
From sectors to speckles: The impact of long range migration on gene surfing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/803189v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Range expansions lead to distinctive patterns of genetic variation in populations, even in the absence of selection. These patterns and their genetic consequences have been well-studied for populations advancing through successive short-ranged migration events. However, most populations harbor some degree of long-range dispersal, experiencing rare yet consequential migration events over arbitrarily long distances. Although dispersal is known to strongly affect spatial genetic structure during range expansions, the resulting patterns and their impact on neutral diversity remain poorly understood. Here, we systematically study the consequences of long-range dispersal on patterns of neutral variation during range expansion in a class of dispersal models which spans the extremes of local (effectively short-ranged) and global (effectively well-mixed) migration. We find that sufficiently long-ranged dispersal leaves behind a mosaic of monoallelic patches, whose number and size are highly sensitive to the distribution of dispersal distances. We develop a coarse-grained model which connects statistical features of these spatial patterns to the evolution of neutral diversity during the range expansion. We show that growth mechanisms that appear qualitatively similar can engender vastly different outcomes for diversity: depending on the tail of the dispersal distance distribution, diversity can either be preserved (i.e. many variants survive) or lost (i.e. one variant dominates) at long times. Our results highlight the impact of spatial and migratory structure on genetic variation during processes as varied as range expansions, species invasions, epidemics, and the spread of beneficial mutations in established populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paulose, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallatschek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/803189</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[From sectors to speckles: The impact of long range migration on gene surfing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/805267v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryo-EM structure of the potassium-chloride cotransporter KCC4 in lipid nanodiscs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/805267v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cation-chloride-cotransporters (CCCs) catalyze transport of Cl- with K+ and/or Na+ across cellular membranes. CCCs play roles in volume regulation, neural development and function, audition, blood pressure regulation, and renal function. CCCs are targets of drugs including loop diuretics and their disruption is implicated in pathophysiologies including epilepsy, hearing loss, and the genetic disorders Andermann, Gitelman, and Bartter syndromes. Here we present the cryo-EM structure of a CCC, the Mus musculus K+-Cl- cotransporter KCC4, in lipid nanodiscs. The structure, captured in an inside-open conformation, reveals the architecture of KCCs including an extracellular domain poised to regulate transport activity through an outer gate. We further identify substrate K+ and Cl- binding sites and provide a structural explanation for differences in substrate specificity and transport ratio between CCCs. These results provide mechanistic insight into the function and regulation of a physiologically important transporter family.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brohawn, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kern, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reid, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/805267</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryo-EM structure of the potassium-chloride cotransporter KCC4 in lipid nanodiscs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/805689v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A weak link with actin organizes tight junctions to control epithelial permeability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/805689v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In vertebrates, epithelial permeability is regulated by the tight junction (TJ) formed by specialized adhesive membrane proteins, adaptor proteins, and the actin cytoskeleton. Despite the TJs critical physiological role, a molecular-level understanding of how TJ assembly sets the permeability of epithelial tissue is lacking. Here, we identify a 28-amino acid sequence in the TJ adaptor protein ZO-1 that is responsible for actin binding and show that this interaction is essential for TJ permeability. In contrast to the strong interactions at the adherens junction, we find that the affinity between ZO-1 and actin is surprisingly weak, and we propose a model based on kinetic trapping to explain how affinity could affect TJ assembly. Finally, by tuning the affinity of ZO-1 to actin, we demonstrate that epithelial monolayers can be engineered with a spectrum of permeabilities, which points to a new target for treating transport disorders and improving drug delivery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Belardi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamkins-Indik, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fletcher, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/805689</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A weak link with actin organizes tight junctions to control epithelial permeability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/805770v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
3D projection electrophoresis for single-cell immunoblotting 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/805770v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While immunoassays and mass spectrometry are powerful single-cell protein analysis tools, bottlenecks remain in interfacing and throughput. Here, we introduce highly parallel, synchronous, three-dimensional single-cell immunoblots to detect both cytosolic and nuclear proteins. The novel threedimensional microfluidic device is a photoactive polyacrylamide gel with a high-density microwell array patterned on one face (x-y) for cell isolation and lysis. From each microwell, single-cell lysate is  electrophoretically projected into the 3rd dimension (z-axis), separated by size, and photo-captured for immunoprobing and three-dimensional interrogation by confocal/light sheet microscopy. Design guidelines for throughput and separation performance are informed by simulation, analyses, and deconvolution postprocessing based on physics of 3D diffusion. Importantly, separations are nearly synchronous, whereas serial analyses can impart hours of delay between the first and last cell. We achieve an electrophoresis throughput of >2.5 cells/s (70X faster than serial sampling) and perform 25 immunoblots/mm2 device area (>10X increase over previous immunoblots). A straightforward device for parallel single-cell immunoblotting, projection electrophoresis promises to advance integration of protein-level profiles into the emerging single-cell atlas of genomic and transcriptomic profiles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grist, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mourdoukoutas, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herr, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/805770</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[3D projection electrophoresis for single-cell immunoblotting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/806539v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phytotransferrin endocytosis mediates a direct cell surface-to-chloroplast iron trafficking axis in marine diatoms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/806539v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Iron is a biochemically critical metal cofactor in enzymes involved in photosynthesis, cellular respiration, nitrate assimilation, nitrogen fixation, and reactive oxygen species defense. Marine microeukaryotes have evolved a phytotransferrin-based iron uptake system to cope with iron scarcity, a major factor limiting primary productivity in the global ocean. Diatom phytotransferrin is endocytosed, however proteins downstream of this environmentally ubiquitous iron receptor are unknown. We applied engineered ascorbate peroxidase APEX2-based subcellular proteomics to catalog proximal proteins of phytotransferrin in the model marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Proteins encoded by poorly characterized iron-sensitive genes were identified including three that are expressed from a chromosomal gene cluster. Two of them showed unambiguous colocalization with phytotransferrin adjacent to the chloroplast. Further phylogenetic, domain, and biochemical analyses suggest their involvement in intracellular iron processing. Proximity proteomics holds enormous potential to glean new insights into iron acquisition pathways and beyond in these evolutionarily, ecologically, and biotechnologically important microalgae.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Turnsek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunson, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deerinck, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obornik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bielinski, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/806539</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phytotransferrin endocytosis mediates a direct cell surface-to-chloroplast iron trafficking axis in marine diatoms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/807040v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Soil microbial communities associated with giant sequoia: How does the world’s largest tree affect some of the world’s smallest organisms? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/807040v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) is an iconic conifer that lives in relic populations on the western slopes of the California Sierra Nevada. In these settings it is unusual among the dominant trees in that it associates with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi rather than ectomycorrhizal fungi. However, it is unclear whether differences in microbial associations extends more broadly to non-mycorrhizal components of the soil microbial community. To address this question we characterized microbiomes associated with giant sequoia and co-occurring sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana) by sequencing 16S and ITS1 of the bulk soil community at two groves with distinct parent material. We found tree-associated differences were apparent despite a strong grove effect. Bacterial/archaeal richness was greater beneath giant sequoia than sugar pine, with a unique core community that was double the size. The tree species also harbored compositionally distinct fungal communities. This pattern depended on grove but was associated with a consistently elevated relative abundance of Hygrocybe species beneath giant sequoia. Compositional differences between host trees correlated with soil pH, calcium availability, and soil moisture. We conclude that the effects of giant sequoia extend beyond mycorrhizal mutualists to include the broader community, and that some but not all host tree differences are grove-dependent.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carey, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glassman, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruns, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aronson, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hart, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/807040</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Soil microbial communities associated with giant sequoia: How does the world’s largest tree affect some of the world’s smallest organisms?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/807560v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Challenging conventional wisdom on the evolution of resistance to multi-drug HIV treatment: Lessons from data and modeling. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/807560v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1Triple-drug therapies have transformed HIV from a fatal condition to a chronic one. These therapies should prevent HIV drug resistance evolution, because one or more drugs suppress any partially-resistant viruses. In practice, such therapies drastically reduced, but did not eliminate, resistance evolution. In this article, we reanalyze published data from an evolutionary perspective and demonstrate several intriguing patterns about HIV resistance evolution - resistance evolves (1) even after years on successful therapy, (2) sequentially, often via one mutation at a time and (3) in a partially predictable order. We describe how these observations might emerge under two models of HIV drugs varying in space or time. Despite decades of work in this area, much opportunity remains to create models with realistic parameters for three drugs, and to match model outcomes to resistance rates and genetic patterns from patients on triple-drug therapy. Further, lessons from HIV may inform other systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feder, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harper, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pennings, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/807560</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Challenging conventional wisdom on the evolution of resistance to multi-drug HIV treatment: Lessons from data and modeling.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/808410v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accurate and Complete Genomes from Metagenomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/808410v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genomes are an integral component of the biological information about an organism and, logically, the more complete the genome, the more informative it is. Historically, bacterial and archaeal genomes were reconstructed from pure (monoclonal) cultures and the first reported sequences were manually curated to completion. However, the bottleneck imposed by the requirement for isolates precluded genomic insights for the vast majority of microbial life. Shotgun sequencing of microbial communities, referred to initially as community genomics and subsequently as genome-resolved metagenomics, can circumvent this limitation by obtaining metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs), but gaps, local assembly errors, chimeras and contamination by fragments from other genomes limit the value of these genomes. Here, we discuss genome curation to improve and in some cases achieve complete (circularized, no gaps) MAGs (CMAGs). To date, few CMAGs have been generated, although notably some are from very complex systems such as soil and sediment. Through analysis of ~7000 published complete bacterial isolate genomes, we verify the value of cumulative GC skew in combination with other metrics to establish bacterial genome sequence accuracy. Interestingly, analysis of cumulative GC skew identified potential mis-assemblies in some reference genomes of isolated bacteria and the repeat sequences that likely gave rise to them. We discuss methods that could be implemented in bioinformatic approaches for curation to ensure that metabolic and evolutionary analyses can be based on very high-quality genomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anantharaman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaiber, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eren, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/808410</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accurate and Complete Genomes from Metagenomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/811364v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heterogeneous synaptic weighting improves neural coding in the presence of common noise 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/811364v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Simultaneous recordings from the cortex have revealed that neural activity is highly variable, and that some variability is shared across neurons in a population. Further experimental work has demonstrated that the shared component of a neuronal populations variability is typically comparable to or larger than its private component. Meanwhile, an abundance of theoretical work has assessed the impact shared variability has upon a population code. For example, shared input noise is understood to have a detrimental impact on a neural populations coding fidelity. However, other contributions to variability, such as common noise, can also play a role in shaping correlated variability. We present a network of linear-nonlinear neurons in which we introduce a common noise input to model, for instance, variability resulting from upstream action potentials that are irrelevant for the task at hand. We show that by applying a heterogeneous set of synaptic weights to the neural inputs carrying the common noise, the network can improve its coding ability as measured by both Fisher information and Shannon mutual information, even in cases where this results in amplification of the common noise. With a broad and heterogeneous distribution of synaptic weights, a population of neurons can remove the harmful effects imposed by afferents that are uninformative about a stimulus. We demonstrate that some nonlinear networks benefit from weight diversification up to a certain population size, above which the drawbacks from amplified noise dominate over the benefits of diversification. We further characterize these benefits in terms of the relative strength of shared and private variability sources. Finally, we studied the asymptotic behavior of the mutual information and Fisher information analytically in our various networks as a function of population size. We find some surprising qualitative changes in the asymptotic behavior as we make seemingly minor changes in the synaptic weight distributions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sachdeva, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Livezey, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeWeese, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/811364</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heterogeneous synaptic weighting improves neural coding in the presence of common noise]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/813758v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Roq1 confers resistance to Xanthomonas, Pseudomonas syringae and Ralstonia solanacearum in tomato 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/813758v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Xanthomonas species, Pseudomonas syringae and Ralstonia solanacearum are bacterial plant pathogens that cause significant yield loss in many crop species. Current control methods for these pathogens are insufficient but there is significant potential for generating new disease-resistant crop varieties. Plant immune receptors encoded by nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat (NLR) genes typically confer resistance to pathogens that produce a cognate elicitor, often an effector protein secreted by the pathogen to promote virulence. The diverse sequence and presence / absence variation of pathogen effector proteins within and between pathogen species usually limits the utility of a single NLR gene to protecting a plant from a single pathogen species or particular strains. The NLR protein Recognition of XopQ 1 (Roq1) was recently identified from the plant Nicotiana benthamiana and mediates perception of the effector proteins XopQ and HopQ1 from Xanthomonas and P. syringae respectively. Unlike most recognized effectors, alleles of XopQ/HopQ1 are highly conserved and present in most plant pathogenic strains of Xanthomonas and P. syringae. A homolog of XopQ/HopQ1, named RipB, is present in many R. solanacearum strains. We found that Roq1 also mediates perception of RipB and confers immunity to Xanthomonas, P. syringae, and R. solanacearum when expressed in tomato. Strong resistance to Xanthomonas perforans was observed in three seasons of field trials with both natural and artificial inoculation. The Roq1 gene can therefore be used to provide safe, economical and effective control of these pathogens in tomato and other crop species and reduce or eliminate the need for traditional chemical controls.

SummaryA single immune receptor expressed in tomato confers strong resistance to three different bacterial diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thomas, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendrich, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gill, U. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutton, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schultink, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/813758</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Roq1 confers resistance to Xanthomonas, Pseudomonas syringae and Ralstonia solanacearum in tomato]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/814111v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A highly homogeneous expansion microscopy polymer composed of tetrahedron-like monomers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/814111v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Expansion microscopy (ExM) physically magnifies biological specimens to enable nanoscale-resolution imaging on conventional microscopes. Current ExM methods permeate biological specimens with free radical-polymerized polyacrylate hydrogels, whose network structure limits the microscopy resolution enabled by ExM. Here we report that ExM is possible using hydrogels with more homogeneous network structure, assembled via non-radical terminal linking of monomers of tetrahedral shape. As with earlier forms of ExM, such "tetra-gel"-embedded specimens can be iteratively expanded for greater physical magnification. Iterative tetra-gel expansion of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) virions by ~10x in linear dimension results in a viral envelope deviation from sphericity of 9.2 nm, rather than the 14.3 nm enabled by free radical-polymerized hydrogels used in earlier versions of ExM. Thus, tetra-gel polymer chemistry may support new forms of ExM imaging that introduce fewer spatial errors than earlier versions, and raise the question of whether single biomolecule precision may be achievable.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piatkevich, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neve, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upadhyayula, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyden, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/814111</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A highly homogeneous expansion microscopy polymer composed of tetrahedron-like monomers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/814285v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Manumycin Polyketides Act as Molecular Glues Between UBR7 and P53 to Impair Breast Cancer Pathogenicity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/814285v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Molecular glues are an intriguing therapeutic modality that harness small-molecules to induce interactions between proteins that typically do not interact, thus enabling the creation of novel protein functions not naturally encoded in biology. While molecular glues such as thalidomide and rapamycin have catalyzed drug discovery efforts, such molecules are rare and have often been discovered fortuitously, thus limiting their potential as a general strategy for therapeutic intervention of disease. Historically, natural products have proven to be important sources of molecular glues and we postulated that natural products bearing multiple electrophilic sites may be an unexplored source of such molecules, potentially through multi-covalent attachment. Using activity-based protein profiling (ABPP)-based chemoproteomic platforms, we show that members of the manumycin family of polyketides, which bear multiple potentially reactive sites, target C374 of the putative E3 ligase UBR7 in breast cancer cells to impair breast cancer pathogenicity through engaging in molecular glue interactions with the neo-substrate tumor-suppressor TP53, leading to the activation of p53 transcriptional activity and cell death. Our results reveal a previously undiscovered anti-cancer mechanism of this natural product family and highlight the potential for combining chemoproteomics and multi-covalent natural products for the discovery and characterization of new molecular glues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Isobe, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okumura, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGregor, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKenna, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tallarico, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schirle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maimone, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomura, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/814285</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Manumycin Polyketides Act as Molecular Glues Between UBR7 and P53 to Impair Breast Cancer Pathogenicity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/814483v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Emergence of opposite neurons in a firing-rate model of multisensory integration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/814483v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Opposite neurons, found in macaque dorsal medial superior temporal (MSTd) and ventral intraparietal (VIP) areas, combine visual and vestibular cues of self-motion in opposite ways. A neural circuit recently proposed utilizes opposite neurons to perform causal inference and decide whether the visual and vestibular cues in MSTd and VIP should be integrated or segregated. However, it is unclear how these opposite connections can be formed with biologically realistic learning rules. We propose a network model capable of learning these opposite neurons, using Hebbian and Anti-Hebbian learning rules. The learned neurons are topographically organized and have von Mises-shaped feedforward connections, with tuning properties characteristic of opposite neurons. Our purpose is two-fold: on the one hand, we provide a circuit-level mechanism that explains the properties and formation of opposite neurons; on the other hand, we present a way to extend current theories of multisensory integration to account for appropriate segregation of sensory cues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chau, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/814483</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Emergence of opposite neurons in a firing-rate model of multisensory integration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/815902v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
What would it take to describe the global diversity of parasites? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/815902v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How many parasites are there on Earth? Here, we use helminth parasites to high-light how little is known about parasite diversity, and how insufficient our current approach will be to describe the full scope of life on Earth. Using the largest database of host-parasite associations and one of the worlds largest parasite collections, we estimate a global total of roughly 100,000 to 350,000 species of helminth endoparasites of vertebrates, of which 85% to 95% are unknown to science. The parasites of amphibians and reptiles remain the most poorly described, but the majority of undescribed species are likely parasites of birds and bony fish. Missing species are disproportionately likely to be smaller parasites of smaller hosts in undersampled countries. At current rates, it would take centuries to comprehensively sample, collect, and name vertebrate helminths. While some have suggested that macroecology can work around existing data limitations, we argue that patterns described from a small, biased sample of diversity arent necessarily reliable, especially as host-parasite networks are increasingly altered by global change. In the spirit of moon-shots like the Human Genome Project and the Global Virome Project, we consider the idea of a Global Parasite Project: a global effort to transform parasitology and inventory parasite diversity at an unprecedented pace.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carlson, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dallas, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander, L. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bansal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/815902</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[What would it take to describe the global diversity of parasites?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/817346v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Flexible Modulation of Neural Variance Facilitates Neuroprosthetic Skill Learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/817346v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One hallmark of natural motor control is the brains ability to adapt to perturbations ranging from temporary visual-motor rotations to paresis caused by stroke. These adaptations require modifications of learned neural patterns that can span the time-course of minutes to months. Previous work with brain-machine interfaces (BMI) has shown that over learning, neurons consolidate firing activity onto low-dimensional neural subspaces, and additional studies have shown that neurons require longer timescales to adapt to task perturbations that require neural activity outside of these subspaces. However, it is unclear how the motor cortex adapts alongside task changes that do not require modifications of the existing neural subspace over learning. To answer this question, five nonhuman primates were used in three BMI experiments, which allowed us to track how specific populations of neurons changed firing patterns as task performance improved. In each experiment, neural activity was transformed into cursor kinematics using decoding algorithms that were periodically readapted based on natural arm movements or visual feedback. We found that decoder changes caused neurons to increase exploratory-like patterns on within-day timescales without hindering previously consolidated patterns regardless of task performance. The flexible modulation of these exploratory patterns in contrast to relatively stable consolidated activity suggests a simultaneous exploration-exploitation strategy that adapts existing neural patterns during learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>You, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singhal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gowda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moorman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orsborn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganguly, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmena, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/817346</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Flexible Modulation of Neural Variance Facilitates Neuroprosthetic Skill Learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/818815v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacterial secondary metabolite biosynthetic potential in soil varies with phylum, depth, and vegetation type 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/818815v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria isolated from soils are major sources of specialized metabolites, including antibiotics and other compounds with clinical value that likely shape interactions among microbial community members and impact biogeochemical cycles. Yet, isolated lineages represent a small fraction of all soil bacterial diversity. It remains unclear how the production of specialized metabolites varies across the phylogenetic diversity of bacterial species in soils, and whether the genetic potential for production of these metabolites differs with soil type. We sampled soils and saprolite from three sites in a northern California Critical Zone Observatory with varying vegetation and bedrock characteristics and used metagenomic sequencing and assembly to reconstruct 1,334 microbial genomes containing diverse biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) for secondary metabolite production. We obtained genomes for prolific producers of secondary metabolites, including novel groups within the Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi and candidate phylum Dormibactereota. Surprisingly, one genome of a Candidate Phyla Radiation bacterium encoded for a ribosomally synthesized linear azole/azoline-containing peptide, a capacity we found in other publicly available CPR bacterial genomes. Overall, bacteria with higher biosynthetic potential were enriched in shallow soils and grassland soils, with patterns of abundance of BGC type varying by taxonomy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sharrar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crits-Christoph, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meheust, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diamond, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Starr, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/818815</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacterial secondary metabolite biosynthetic potential in soil varies with phylum, depth, and vegetation type]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/820605v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regenerative capacity in Drosophila imaginal discs is controlled by damage-responsive, maturity-silenced enhancers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/820605v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Like tissues of many organisms, Drosophila imaginal discs lose the ability to regenerate as they mature. This loss of regenerative capacity coincides with reduced damage-responsive expression of multiple genes needed for regeneration. Our previous work showed that two such genes, wg and Wnt6, are regulated by a single damage-responsive enhancer, which becomes progressively inactivated via Polycomb-mediated silencing as discs mature. Here we explore the generality of this mechanism, and identify numerous damage-responsive, maturity-silenced (DRMS) enhancers, some near genes known to be required for regeneration such as Mmp1, as well as near genes that we now show function in regeneration. Using a novel GAL4-independent tissue ablation system we characterize two DRMS-associated genes, apontic (apt), which curtails regeneration and CG9752/asperous (aspr), which promotes it. This mechanism of suppressing regeneration by silencing damage-responsive enhancers at multiple loci can be partially overcome by reducing activity of the chromatin regulator extra sex combs (esc).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harris, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stinchfield, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nystrom, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKay, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hariharan, I. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/820605</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regenerative capacity in Drosophila imaginal discs is controlled by damage-responsive, maturity-silenced enhancers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/821132v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacterial metabolism rescues the inhibition of intestinal drug absorption by food and drug additives 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/821132v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Food and drugs contain diverse small molecule additives (excipients) with unclear impacts on human physiology. Here, we evaluate their potential impact on intestinal absorption, screening 136 unique compounds for inhibition of the key transporter OATP2B1. We identified and validated 24 potent OATP2B1 transport inhibitors, characterized by higher molecular weight and hydrophobicity compared to poor or non-inhibitors. OATP2B1 inhibitors were also enriched for dyes, including 8 azo (R-N=N-R') dyes. Pharmacokinetic studies in mice confirmed that FD&C Red No. 40, a common azo dye excipient, inhibited drug absorption; however, the human gut microbiome inactivated azo dye excipients, producing metabolites that no longer inhibit OATP2B1 transport. These results support a beneficial role for the microbiome in limiting the unintended effects of food and drug additives in the intestine.

One Sentence SummaryFood and drug additives inhibit intestinal drug transporters, although some are inactivated by gut bacterial metabolism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spanogiannopoulos, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chien, H.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pieper, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khuri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pottel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vora, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsakalozou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoichet, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giacomini, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turnbaugh, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/821132</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacterial metabolism rescues the inhibition of intestinal drug absorption by food and drug additives]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/824516v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prevalence of beta-lactam drug-resistance genes in commensal Escherichia coli contaminating ready-to-eat lettuce 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/824516v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of antibiotic resistance and beta-lactam drug resistance genes in Escherichia coli isolated from ready-to-eat lettuce, obtained from local supermarkets in Northern California. Bags of lettuce were purchased from 4 chain supermarkets during three different periods--Oct 2018-Jan 2019, Feb 2019-Apr 2019 and May 2019-July 2019. From 91 packages of lettuce, we recovered 34 E. coli isolates from 22 (24%) lettuce samples. All E. coli isolates were genotyped by multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and we found 15 distinct sequence types (STs). Five of these genotypes (ST2819, ST4600, ST2432, ST1198 and ST5143) have been reported to cause infection in humans. Twenty (59%) E. coli isolates were found resistant to at least one of the antibacterial drugs. They included resistance to ampicillin (AMP, 85%) and ampicillin/sulbactam (SAM, 50%), cefoxitin (FOX, 40%) and cefuroxime (CXM, 35%). We found 8 (40%) of 20 beta-lactam resistant E. coli isolates to carry blaCTX-M; 5 (25%) tested positive for blaSHV, while only 4 (20%) tested positive for blaTEM. Additionally, we identified a class A broad-spectrum beta-lactamase SED-1 gene, blaSED, reported by others in Citrobacter sedlakii isolated from bile of a patient. This study found that a large proportion of fresh lettuce carry beta-lactam drug-resistant E. coli, which could serve as a reservoir for drug resistance genes that could potentially enter pathogens to cause human infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liao, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Araujo Borges, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riley, L. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/824516</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prevalence of beta-lactam drug-resistance genes in commensal Escherichia coli contaminating ready-to-eat lettuce]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/828533v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TRIM14 is a key regulator of the type I interferon response during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/828533v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tripartite motif-containing proteins (TRIMs) play a variety of recently described roles in innate immunity. While many TRIMs regulate type I interferon (IFN) expression following cytosolic nucleic acid sensing of viruses, their contribution to innate immune signaling and gene expression during bacterial infection remains largely unknown. Because Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a potent activator of cGAS-dependent cytosolic DNA sensing, we set out to investigate a role for TRIM proteins in regulating macrophage responses to M. tuberculosis. Here we demonstrate that TRIM14, a non-canonical TRIM that lacks an E3 ligase RING domain, is a critical negative regulator of the type I IFN response in macrophages. We show that TRIM14 physically interacts with both cGAS and TBK1 and that macrophages lacking TRIM14 dramatically hyperinduce interferon stimulated gene (ISG) expression following cytosolic nucleic acid transfection, IFN-{beta} treatment, and M. tuberculosis infection. Consistent with a defect in resolution of the type I IFN response, Trim14 knockout (KO) macrophages have more phospho-Ser754 STAT3 relative to phospho-727 and fail to upregulate the STAT3 target Socs3 (Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3), which is required to turn off IFNAR signaling. These data support a model whereby TRIM14 acts as a scaffold between TBK1 and STAT3 to promote phosphorylation of STAT3 at Ser727 and enhance negative regulation of ISG expression. Remarkably, Trim14 KO macrophages hyperinduce antimicrobials like Inos2 and are significantly better than control cells at limiting M. tuberculosis replication. Collectively, these data reveal a previously unappreciated role for TRIM14 in resolving type I IFN responses and controlling M. tuberculosis infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hoffpauir, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, K. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jing, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Odio-Torres, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patrick, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, R. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/828533</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TRIM14 is a key regulator of the type I interferon response during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/833566v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Matrix Inversion and Subset Selection (MISS): A novel pipeline for quantitative mapping of diverse cell types across the murine brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/833566v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The advent of increasingly sophisticated imaging platforms has allowed for the visualization of the murine nervous system at single-cell resolution. However, current experimental approaches have not yet produced whole-brain maps of a comprehensive set of neuronal and nonneuronal types that approaches the cellular diversity of the mammalian cortex. Here we aim to fill in this gap in knowledge with an open-source computational pipeline, Matrix Inversion with Subset Selection (MISS), that can infer quantitatively validated distributions of diverse collections of neural cell types at 200m resolution using a combination of single-cell RNAseq and in situ hybridization datasets. We rigorously demonstrate the accuracy of MISS against literature expectations. Importantly, we show that gene subset selection, a procedure by which we filter out low-information genes prior to performing deconvolution, is a critical pre-processing step that distinguishes MISS from its predecessors and facilitates the production of cell type maps with significantly higher accuracy. We also show that MISS is generalizable by generating high-quality cell type maps from a second, independently curated single-cell RNAseq dataset. Together, our results illustrate the viability of computational approaches for determining the spatial distributions of a wide variety of cell types from genetic data alone.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Torok, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mezias, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maia, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raj, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/833566</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Matrix Inversion and Subset Selection (MISS): A novel pipeline for quantitative mapping of diverse cell types across the murine brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/834523v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cargo licenses maturation of stalled endocytic sites through a regulatory checkpoint 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/834523v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME), over 50 different proteins assemble on the plasma membrane to reshape it into a cargo-laden vesicle. It has long been assumed that cargo triggers local CME site assembly in Saccharomyces cerevisiae based on the discovery that cortical actin patches clustered near exocytic sites are CME sites. Quantitative imaging data reported here lead to a radically different view of which CME steps are regulated and which steps are deterministic. We quantitatively and spatially describe progression through the CME pathway and pinpoint a cargo-sensitive regulatory transition point that governs progression from the initiation phase of CME to the internalization phase. Thus, site maturation, rather than site initiation, accounts for the previously observed polarized distribution of actin patches in this organism. While previous studies suggested that cargo ensures its own internalization by regulating either CME initiation rates or frequency of abortive events, our data instead identify maturation through a checkpoint in the pathway as the cargo-sensitive step.

SummaryPedersen, Hassinger, et al. investigate steps of the clathrin-mediated endocytosis pathway that are subject to regulation. They report position-dependent differences in endocytic site maturation rates in polarized cells and suggest that cargo controls endocytic internalization through tuning site maturation rather than site initiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pedersen, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassinger, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchando, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drubin, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/834523</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cargo licenses maturation of stalled endocytic sites through a regulatory checkpoint]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/836312v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Design of Ceramic Packages for Acoustically Coupled Implantable Medical Devices 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/836312v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveUltrasonic acoustic power transfer is an efficient mechanism for coupling energy to millimeter and sub-millimeter implants in the body. To date, published ultrasonically powered implants have been encapsulated with thin film polymers that are susceptible to well-documented failure modes in vivo, including water penetration and attack by the body. As with all medical implants, packaging with ceramic or metallic materials can reduce water vapor transmission and improve biostability to provide decadal device lifetime. In this paper, we evaluate methods of coupling acoustic energy to the interior of ceramic packages.

MethodsThe classic wave approach and modal expansion are used to obtain analytical expressions for acoustic transmission through two different package designs and these approaches are validated experimentally. A candidate package design is demonstrated using alumina packages and titanium lids, designed to be acoustically transparent.

ResultsBulk modes are shown to be more effective at coupling acoustic energy to a piezoelectric receiver than flexural modes. Using bulk modes, packaged motes have an overall link efficiency of roughly 10%, compared to 25% for unpackaged motes. Packaging does not have a significant effect on translational misalignment penalties, but does increase angular misalignment penalties. Passive amplitude-modulated backscatter communication is demonstrated.

ConclusionThin lids enable the use of acoustically coupled devices even with package materials of very different acoustic impedance. Significance: This work provides an analysis and method for designing packages that enable acoustic coupling with implantable medical devices, which could facilitate clinical translation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maharbiz, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/836312</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Design of Ceramic Packages for Acoustically Coupled Implantable Medical Devices]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/836650v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exploring High-Dimensional Biological Data with Sparse Contrastive Principal Component Analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/836650v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationStatistical analyses of high-throughput sequencing data have re-shaped the biological sciences. In spite of myriad advances, recovering interpretable biological signal from data corrupted by technical noise remains a prevalent open problem. Several classes of procedures, among them classical dimensionality reduction techniques and others incorporating subject-matter knowledge, have provided effective advances; however, no procedure currently satisfies the dual objectives of recovering stable and relevant features simultaneously.

ResultsInspired by recent proposals for making use of control data in the removal of unwanted variation, we propose a variant of principal component analysis, sparse contrastive principal component analysis, that extracts sparse, stable, interpretable, and relevant biological signal. The new methodology is compared to competing dimensionality reduction approaches through a simulation study as well as via analyses of several publicly available protein expression, microarray gene expression, and single-cell transcriptome sequencing datasets.

AvailabilityA free and open-source software implementation of the methodology, the scPCA R package, is made available via the Bioconductor Project. Code for all analyses presented in the paper is also available via GitHub.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boileau, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hejazi, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudoit, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/836650</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exploring High-Dimensional Biological Data with Sparse Contrastive Principal Component Analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/837278v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Surface Modification Effects on Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Multimodal Optical Applications 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/837278v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Optical nanoscale technologies often implement covalent or noncovalent strategies for the modification of nanoparticles, whereby both functionalizations are leveraged for multimodal applications but can affect the intrinsic fluorescence of nanoparticles. Specifically, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) can enable real-time imaging and cellular delivery; however, the introduction of covalent SWCNT sidewall functionalizations often attenuates SWCNT fluorescence. Herein, we leverage recent advances in SWCNT covalent functionalization chemistries that preserve the SWCNTs pristine graphitic lattice and intrinsic fluorescence and demonstrate that such covalently functionalized SWCNTs maintain fluorescence-based molecular recognition of neurotransmitter and protein analytes. We show that the covalently modified SWCNT nanosensor fluorescence response towards its analyte is preserved for certain nanosensors, presumably dependent on the steric hindrance introduced by the covalent functionalization that hinders noncovalent interactions with the SWCNT surface. We further demonstrate that these SWCNT nanosensors can be functionalized via their covalent handles to self-assemble on passivated microscopy slides, and discuss future use of these dual-functionalized SWCNT materials for multiplexed applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chio, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinals, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goh, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/837278</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Surface Modification Effects on Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Multimodal Optical Applications]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/840009v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ULK complex organization in autophagy by a C-shaped FIP200 N-terminal domain dimer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/840009v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The autophagy-initiating human ULK complex consists of the kinase ULK1/2, FIP200, ATG13, and ATG101. Hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry was used to map their mutual interactions. The N-terminal 640 residues (NTD) of FIP200 interact with the C-terminal IDR of ATG13. Mutations in these regions abolish their interaction. Negative stain electron microscopy (EM) and multiangle light scattering showed that FIP200 is a dimer whilst a single molecule each of the other subunits is present. The FIP200 NTD is flexible in the absence of ATG13, but in its presence adopts the shape of the letter C ~20 nm across. The ULK1 EAT domain interacts loosely with the NTD dimer, while the ATG13-ATG101 HORMA dimer does not contact the NTD. Cryo-EM of the NTD dimer revealed a structure similarity to the scaffold domain of TBK1, suggesting an evolutionary similarity between the autophagy initiating TBK1 kinase and the ULK1 kinase complex.

SummaryThe human ULK complex consists of ULK1/2, FIP200, ATG13, and ATG101. We found that the FIP200 N-terminal domain is a C-shaped dimer that binds directly to a single ATG13 molecule and serves as the organizing hub of the complex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yokom, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Youle, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurley, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/840009</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ULK complex organization in autophagy by a C-shaped FIP200 N-terminal domain dimer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/843458v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrated Genomic Analysis Reveals Key Features of Long Undecoded Transcript Isoform (LUTI)-based Gene Repression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/843458v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Long Undecoded Transcript Isoforms (LUTIs) represent a class of non-canonical mRNAs that downregulate gene expression through the combined act of transcriptional and translational repression. While single gene studies revealed some important aspects of LUTI-based repression, how these features impact gene regulation at a global scale is unknown. By using transcript leader and direct RNA sequencing, here we identify 74 LUTI candidates that are expressed specifically during meiotic prophase. Translational repression of these candidates is ubiquitous and dependent on upstream open reading frames. However, LUTI-based transcriptional repression is highly variable. In only 50% of the cases, LUTI transcription causes downregulation of the protein-coding transcript isoform. Higher LUTI expression, enrichment of histone 3 lysine 36 trimethylation, and changes in nucleosome position are the strongest predictors of LUTI-based transcriptional repression. We conclude that LUTIs downregulate gene expression in a manner that integrates translational repression, chromatin state changes, and the magnitude of LUTI expression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tresenrider, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jorgensen, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Werven, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/843458</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrated Genomic Analysis Reveals Key Features of Long Undecoded Transcript Isoform (LUTI)-based Gene Repression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/843631v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ubiquitination modulates a protein energy landscape site-specifically with consequences for proteasomal degradation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/843631v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular environments modulate protein energy landscapes to drive important biology, where small perturbations are consequential for biological signaling, allostery, and other vital processes. The energetic effects of ubiquitination are interesting due to its potential influence on degradation by the 26S proteasome, which requires intrinsically flexible or unstructured initiation regions that many known proteasome substrates lack. We generated proteins with natively attached, isopeptide-linked ubiquitin in structured domains to assess the energetic changes contributed by ubiquitin and how such changes manifest at the proteasome. Ubiquitination at sensitive sites destabilizes the native structure, and thereby increases the rate of degradation for substrates containing unstructured initiation regions. Importantly, this ubiquitination can even induce those requisite regions in well-folded proteins for proteasomal engagement. Our results indicate a biophysical role of site-specific ubiquitination as a potential regulatory mechanism for energy-dependent substrate degradation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carroll, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marqusee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/843631</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ubiquitination modulates a protein energy landscape site-specifically with consequences for proteasomal degradation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/844910v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A comparison of humans and baboons suggests germline mutation rates do not track cell divisions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/844910v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In humans, most germline mutations are inherited from the father. This observation is widely interpreted as resulting from the replication errors that accrue during spermatogenesis. If so, the male bias in mutation should be substantially lower in a closely related species with similar rates of spermatogonial stem cell divisions but a shorter mean age of reproduction. To test this hypothesis, we resequenced two 3-4 generation nuclear families (totaling 29 individuals) of olive baboons (Papio anubis), who reproduce at ~10 years of age on average. We inferred sex-specific mutation rates by analyzing the data in parallel with three three-generation human pedigrees (26 individuals). The mutation rate per generation in baboons is 0.55x10-8 per base pair, approximately half that of humans. Strikingly, however, the degree of male mutation bias is approximately 3:1, similar to that of humans; in fact, a similar male bias is seen across mammals that reproduce months, years or decades after birth. These results echo findings in humans that the male bias is stable with parental ages and cast further doubt on the assumption that germline mutations track cell divisions. Our mutation rate estimates for baboons raise a further puzzle in suggesting a divergence time between apes and Old World Monkeys of 67 My, too old to be consistent with the fossil record; reconciling them now requires not only a slowdown of the mutation rate per generation in humans but also in baboons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, F. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strand, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ober, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wall, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moorjani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Przeworski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/844910</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A comparison of humans and baboons suggests germline mutation rates do not track cell divisions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/845602v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative transcriptomics of a monocotyledonous geophyte reveals shared molecular mechanisms of underground storage organ formation. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/845602v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many species from across the vascular plant tree-of-life have modified standard plant tissues into tubers, bulbs, corms, and other underground storage organs (USOs), unique innovations which allow these plants to retreat underground. Our ability to understand the developmental and evolutionary forces that shape these morphologies is limited by a lack of studies on certain USOs and plant clades. Bomarea multiflora (Alstroemeriaceae) is a monocot with tuberous roots, filling a key gap in our understanding of USO development. We take a comparative transcriptomics approach to characterizing the molecular mechanisms of tuberous root formation in B. multiflora and compare these mechanisms to those identified in other USOs across diverse plant lineages. We sequenced transcriptomes from the growing tip of four tissue types (aerial shoot, rhizome, fibrous root, and root tuber) of three individuals of B. multiflora. We identify differentially expressed isoforms between tuberous and non-tuberous roots and test the expression of a priori candidate genes implicated in underground storage in other taxa. We identify 271 genes that are differentially expressed in root tubers versus non-tuberous roots, including genes implicated in cell wall modification, defense response, and starch biosynthesis. We also identify a phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein (PEBP), which has been implicated in tuberization signalling in other taxa and, through gene-tree analysis, place this copy in a phylogenytic context. These findings suggest that some similar molecular processes underlie the formation of underground storage structures across flowering plants despite the long evolutionary distances among taxa and non-homologous morphologies (e.g., bulbs versus tubers).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tribble, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Gomez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alzate-Guarin, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothfels, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Specht, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/845602</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative transcriptomics of a monocotyledonous geophyte reveals shared molecular mechanisms of underground storage organ formation.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/845743v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Emergence of opposite neurons in a decentralized firing-rate model of multisensory integration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/845743v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multisensory integration areas such as dorsal medial superior temporal (MSTd) and ventral intraparietal (VIP) areas in macaques combine visual and vestibular cues to produce better estimates of self-motion. Congruent and opposite neurons, two types of neurons found in these areas, prefer congruent inputs and opposite inputs from the two modalities, respectively. A recently proposed computational model of congruent and opposite neurons reproduces their tuning properties and shows that congruent neurons optimally integrate information while opposite neurons compute disparity information. However, the connections in the network are fixed rather than learned, and in fact the connections of opposite neurons, as we will show, cannot arise from Hebbian learning rules. We therefore propose a new model of multisensory integration in which congruent neurons and opposite neurons emerge through Hebbian and anti-Hebbian learning rules, and show that these neurons exhibit experimentally observed tuning properties.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Niu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chau, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/845743</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Emergence of opposite neurons in a decentralized firing-rate model of multisensory integration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/847558v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromosome-level assembly of Drosophila bifasciata reveals important karyotypic transition of the X chromosome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/847558v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Drosophila obscura species group is one of the most studied clades of Drosophila and harbors multiple distinct karyotypes. Here we present a de novo genome assembly and annotation of D. bifasciata, a species which represents an important subgroup for which no high-quality chromosome-level genome assembly currently exists. We combined long-read sequencing (Nanopore) and Hi-C scaffolding to achieve a highly contiguous genome assembly approximately 193Mb in size, with repetitive elements constituting 30.1% of the total length. Drosophila bifasciata harbors four large metacentric chromosomes and the small dot, and our assembly contains each chromosome in a single scaffold, including the highly repetitive pericentromere, which were largely composed of Jockey and Gypsy transposable elements. We annotated a total of 12,821 protein-coding genes and comparisons of synteny with D. athabasca orthologs show that the large metacentric pericentromeric regions of multiple chromosomes are conserved between these species. Importantly, Muller A (X chromosome) was found to be metacentric in D. bifasciata and the pericentromeric region appears homologous to the pericentromeric region of the fused Muller A-AD (XL and XR) of pseudoobscura/affinis subgroup species. Our finding suggests a metacentric ancestral X fused to a telocentric Muller D and created the large neo-X (Muller A-AD) chromosome [~]15 MYA. We also confirm the fusion of Muller C and D in D. bifasciata and show that it likely involved a centromere-centromere fusion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bracewell, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatla, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bachtrog, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/847558</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromosome-level assembly of Drosophila bifasciata reveals important karyotypic transition of the X chromosome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/847863v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Signal to Noise Ratio as a Cross-Platform Metric for Intraoperative Fluorescence Imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/847863v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Real-time molecular imaging to guide curative cancer surgeries is critical to ensure removal of all tumor cells, however visualization of microscopic tumor foci remains challenging. Wide variation in both imager instrumentation and molecular labeling agents demands a common metric conveying the ability of a system to identify tumor cells. Microscopic disease, comprised of a small number of tumor cells, has a signal on par with the background, making the use of signal (or tumor) to background ratio inapplicable in this critical regime. Therefore, a metric that incorporates the ability to subtract out background, evaluating the signal itself relative to the sources of uncertainty, or noise is required. Here we introduce the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) to characterize the ultimate sensitivity of an imaging system, and optimize factors such as pixel size. Variation in the background (noise) are due to electronic sources, optical sources, and spatial sources (heterogeneity in tumor marker expression, fluorophore binding, diffusion). Here we investigate the impact of these noise sources and ways to limit its effect on SNR. We use empirical tumor and noise measurements to procedurally generate tumor images and run a monte carlo simulation of microscopic disease imaging to optimize parameters such as pixel size.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gharia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philip Papageorgiou, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giverts, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anwar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/847863</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Signal to Noise Ratio as a Cross-Platform Metric for Intraoperative Fluorescence Imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/848804v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Complex evolutionary history of the Y chromosome in flies of the Drosophila obscura species group 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/848804v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Drosophila obscura species group shows dramatic variation in karyotype, including transitions among sex chromosomes. Members of the affinis and pseudoobscura subgroups contain a neo-X chromosome (a fusion of the X with an autosome), and it was shown that ancestral Y genes of Drosophila have become autosomal in species that contain the neo-X. Detailed analysis in species of the pseudoobscura subgroup revealed a translocation of ancestral Y genes to the small dot chromosome of that group. Here, we show that the Y-dot translocation is restricted to the pseudoobscura subgroup, and translocation of Y genes in the affinis subgroup followed a different route. We find that most ancestral Y genes moved independently to autosomal or X-linked locations in different taxa of the affinis subgroup, and we propose a dynamic model of sex chromosome formation and turnover in the obscura species group. Our results show that Y genes can find unique paths to escape an unfavorable genomic environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bracewell, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bachtrog, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/848804</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Complex evolutionary history of the Y chromosome in flies of the Drosophila obscura species group]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/849703v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Convergence and divergence in anti-predator displays: A novel approach to quantitative behavioural comparison in Neotropical snakes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/849703v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals in nature use diverse strategies to evade or deter their predators, including many vivid behavioural displays only qualitatively described from field encounters with natural predators or humans. Within venomous snake mimicry, stereotyped anti-predator displays are suggested to be a critical component of the warning signal given by toxic models and thus under strong selection for independent convergence in mimetic species. However, no studies have systematically quantified variation in snake anti-predator displays across taxonomically broad clades to test how these behaviours evolve across species within a phylogenetic comparative methods framework. Here we describe a new, high-throughput approach for collecting and scoring snake anti-predator displays in the field that demonstrates both low observer bias and infinite extension across any species. Then, we show our methods utility in quantitatively comparing the behaviour of 20 highly-divergent snake species from the Amazonian lowlands of Peru. We found that a simple experimental setup varying simulated predator cues was very successful in eliciting anti-predator displays across species and that high-speed videography captured a greater diversity of behavioural responses than described in the literature. We also found that although different display components evolve at different rates with complicated patterns of covariance, there is clear evidence of evolutionary convergence in anti-predator displays among distantly related elapid coral snakes and their colubrid mimics. We conclude that our approach provides new opportunity for analyses of snake behaviour, kinematics, and the evolution of anti-predator signals more generally, especially macroevolutionary analyses across clades with similarly intractable behavioural diversity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Davis Rabosky, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, T. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Paredes, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westeen, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larson, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sealey, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balinski, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/849703</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Convergence and divergence in anti-predator displays: A novel approach to quantitative behavioural comparison in Neotropical snakes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/851824v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synergistic cues from diverse bacteria enhance multicellular development in a choanoflagellate 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/851824v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria regulate the life histories of diverse eukaryotes, but relatively little is known about how eukaryotes interpret and respond to multiple bacterial cues encountered simultaneously. To explore how a eukaryote might respond to a combination of bioactive molecules from multiple bacteria, we treated the choanoflagellate Salpingoeca rosetta with two sets of bacterial cues, one that induces mating and the other that induces multicellular development. We found that simultaneous exposure to both sets of cues enhanced multicellular development in S. rosetta, eliciting both larger multicellular colonies and an increase in the number of colonies. Thus, rather than conveying conflicting sets of information, these distinct bacterial cues synergize to augment multicellular development. This study demonstrates how a eukaryote can integrate and modulate its response to cues from diverse bacteria, underscoring the potential impact of complex microbial communities on eukaryotic life histories.

ImportanceEukaryotic biology is profoundly influenced by interactions with diverse environmental and host-associated bacteria. However, it is not well understood how eukaryotes interpret multiple bacterial cues encountered simultaneously. This question has been challenging to address because of the complexity of many eukaryotic model systems and their associated bacterial communities. Here, we studied a close relative of animals, the choanoflagellate Salpingoeca rosetta, to explore how eukaryotes respond to diverse bacterial cues. We found that a bacterial chondroitinase that induces mating on its own can also synergize with bacterial lipids that induce multicellular "rosette" development. When encountered together, these cues enhance rosette development, resulting in the formation of more rosettes, each containing more cells than rosettes that form in the absence of the chondroitinase. These findings highlight how synergistic interactions among bacterial cues can influence the biology of eukaryotes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ireland, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woznica, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/851824</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synergistic cues from diverse bacteria enhance multicellular development in a choanoflagellate]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/854950v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Machine Learning Predicts New Anti-CRISPR Proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/854950v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The increasing use of CRISPR-Cas9 in medicine, agriculture and synthetic biology has accelerated the drive to discover new CRISPR-Cas inhibitors as potential mechanisms of control for gene editing applications. Many such anti-CRISPRs have been found in mobile genetic elements that disable the CRISPR-Cas adaptive immune system. However, comparing all currently known anti-CRISPRs does not reveal a shared set of properties that can be used for facile bioinformatic identification of new anti-CRISPR families. Here, we describe AcRanker, a machine learning based method for identifying new potential anti-CRISPRs directly from proteomes using protein sequence information only. Using a training set of known anti-CRISPRs, we built a model based on XGBoost ranking and extensively benchmarked it through non-redundant cross-validation and external validation. We then applied AcRanker to predict candidate anti-CRISPRs from self-targeting bacterial genomes and discovered two previously unknown anti-CRISPRs: AcrllA16 (ML1) and AcrIIA17 (ML8). We show that AcrIIA16 strongly inhibits Streptococcus iniae Cas9 (SinCas9) and weakly inhibits Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 (SpyCas9). We also show that AcrIIA17 inhibits both SpyCas9 and SauCas9 with low potency. The addition of AcRanker to the anti-CRISPR discovery toolkit allows researchers to directly rank potential anti-CRISPR candidate genes for increased speed in testing and validation of new anti-CRISPRs. A web server implementation for AcRanker is available online at http://acranker.pythonanywhere.com/.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eitzinger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asif, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watters, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iavarone, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knott, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minhas, F. u. A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/854950</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Machine Learning Predicts New Anti-CRISPR Proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/861005v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole genome sequences of 23 species from the Drosophila montium species group (Diptera: Drosophilidae): A resource for testing evolutionary hypotheses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/861005v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large groups of species with well-defined phylogenies are excellent systems for testing evolutionary hypotheses. In this paper, we describe the creation of a comparative genomic resource consisting of 23 genomes from the species-rich Drosophila montium species group, 22 of which are presented here for the first time. The montium group is uniquely positioned for comparative studies. Within the montium clade, evolutionary distances are such that large numbers of sequences can be accurately aligned while also recovering strong signals of divergence; and the distance between the montium group and D. melanogaster is short enough so that orthologous sequence can be readily identified. All genomes were assembled from a single, small-insert library using MaSuRCA, before going through an extensive post-assembly pipeline. Estimated genome sizes within the montium group range from 155 Mb to 223 Mb (mean=196 Mb). The absence of long-distance information during the assembly process resulted in fragmented assemblies, with the scaffold NG50s varying widely based on repeat content and sample heterozygosity (min=18 kb, max=390 kb, mean=74 kb). The total scaffold length for most assemblies is also shorter than the estimated genome size, typically by 5 - 15 %. However, subsequent analysis showed that our assemblies are highly complete. Despite large differences in contiguity, all assemblies contain at least 96 % of known single-copy Dipteran genes (BUSCOs, n=2,799). Similarly, by aligning our assemblies to the D. melanogaster genome and remapping coordinates for a large set of transcriptional enhancers (n=3,457), we showed that each montium assembly contains orthologs for at least 91 % of D. melanogaster enhancers. Importantly, the genic and enhancer contents of our assemblies are comparable to that of far more contiguous Drosophila assemblies. The alignment of our own D. serrata assembly to a previously published PacBio D. serrata assembly also showed that our longest scaffolds (up to 1 Mb) are free of large-scale misassemblies. Our genome assemblies are a valuable resource that can be used to further resolve the montium group phylogeny; study the evolution of protein-coding genes and cis-regulatory sequences; and determine the genetic basis of ecological and behavioral adaptations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bronski, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weld, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisen, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/861005</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole genome sequences of 23 species from the Drosophila montium species group (Diptera: Drosophilidae): A resource for testing evolutionary hypotheses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/863506v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A yeast platform for high-level synthesis of natural and unnatural tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/863506v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The tetrahydroisoquinoline (THIQ) moiety is a privileged substructure of many bioactive natural products and semi-synthetic analogues. The plant kingdom manufactures more than 3,000 THIQ alkaloids, including the opioids morphine and codeine. While microbial species have been engineered to synthesize a few compounds from the benzylisoquinoline alkaloid (BIA) family of THIQs, low product titers impede industrial viability and limit access to the full chemical space. Here we report a THIQ platform by increasing yeast production of the central BIA intermediate (S)-reticuline to more than 3 g L-1, a 38,000-fold improvement over our first-generation strain. Gains in BIA output coincided with the formation of several substituted THIQs derived from host amino acid catabolism. Enabled by this activity, we repurposed the yeast Ehrlich pathway and demonstrate the synthesis of an array of unnatural THIQ scaffolds. This work provides a blueprint for synthesizing new privileged structures and will enable the targeted overproduction of thousands of THIQ products, including natural and semi-synthetic opioids.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pyne, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kevvai, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grewal, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narcross, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourgeois, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dueber, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/863506</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A yeast platform for high-level synthesis of natural and unnatural tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/866806v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Abundant expression of maternal siRNAs is a conserved feature of seed development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/866806v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Small RNAs are abundant in plant reproductive tissues, especially 24-nt short interfering (si)RNAs. Most 24-nt siRNAs are dependent on RNA Pol IV and RDR2, and establish DNA methylation at thousands of genomic loci in a process called RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM). In Brassica rapa, RdDM is required in the maternal sporophyte for successful seed development. Here we demonstrate that a small number of siRNA loci account for over 90% of siRNA expression during B. rapa seed development. These loci exhibit unique characteristics with regard to their copy number and association with genomic features, but they resemble canonical 24-nt siRNA loci in their dependence on RNA Pol IV/RDR2 and role in RdDM. These loci are expressed in ovules before fertilization and in the seed coat, embryo, and endosperm following fertilization. We observed a similar pattern of 24-nt siRNA expression in diverse angiosperms despite rapid sequence evolution at siren loci. In the endosperm, siren siRNAs show a marked maternal bias, and siren expression in maternal sporophytic tissues is required for siren siRNA accumulation. Together these results demonstrate that seed development occurs under the influence of abundant maternal siRNAs that might be transported to, and function in, filial tissues.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=128 SRC="FIGDIR/small/866806v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (28K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@68de55org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@dca8eaorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@d5d489org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@74824a_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grover, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgess, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kendall, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baten, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pokhrel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyers, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freeling, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosher, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/866806</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Abundant expression of maternal siRNAs is a conserved feature of seed development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/866863v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct activities of Scrib module proteins organize epithelial polarity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/866863v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A polarized architecture is central to both epithelial structure and function. In many cells, polarity involves mutual antagonism between the Par complex and the Scrib module. While molecular mechanisms underlying Par-mediated apical determination are well-understood, how Scrib module proteins specify the basolateral domain remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate dependent and independent activities of Scrib, Dlg and Lgl using the Drosophila follicle epithelium. Our data support a linear hierarchy for localization, but rule out previously proposed protein-protein interactions as essential for polarization. Membrane recruitment of Scrib does not require palmitoylation or polar phospholipid binding but instead an independent cortically-stabilizing activity of Dlg. Scrib and Dlg do not directly antagonize aPKC, but may instead restrict aPKC localization by enabling the aPKC-inhibiting activity of Lgl. Importantly, while Scrib, Dlg and Lgl are each required, all three together are not sufficient to antagonize the Par complex. Our data demonstrate previously unappreciated diversity of function within the Scrib module and begin to define the elusive molecular functions of Scrib and Dlg.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTTo enable their physiological functions, cells must polarize their plasma membrane. In many epithelia, polarity is regulated by balanced activity of the apical Par complex and basolateral Scribble module. While the former is understood in molecular detail, little is known about how the latter works. We identify distinct functions of the three Scribble module proteins, separating independent roles in a localization hierarchy from cooperative roles in apical polarity antagonism and showing that they are not together sufficient to specify basolateral identity. This work establishes an essential basis for a mechanistic understanding of this core polarity machinery that controls processes ranging from stem cell divisions to organ morphogenesis across animal species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khoury, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bilder, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/866863</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct activities of Scrib module proteins organize epithelial polarity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/867143v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Controlling the speed and trajectory of evolution with counterdiabatic driving 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/867143v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The pace and unpredictability of evolution are critically relevant in a variety of modern challenges: combating drug resistance in pathogens and cancer, understanding how species respond to environmental perturbations like climate change, and developing artificial selection approaches for agriculture. Great progress has been made in quantitative modeling of evolution using fitness landscapes, allowing a degree of prediction for future evolutionary histories. Yet fine-grained control of the speed and the distributions of these trajectories remains elusive. We propose an approach to achieve this using ideas originally developed in a completely different context - counterdiabatic driving to control the behavior of quantum states for applications like quantum computing and manipulating ultra-cold atoms. Implementing these ideas for the first time in a biological context, we show how a set of external control parameters (i.e. varying drug concentrations / types, temperature, nutrients) can guide the probability distribution of genotypes in a population along a specified path and time interval. This level of control, allowing empirical optimization of evolutionary speed and trajectories, has myriad potential applications, from enhancing adaptive therapies for diseases, to the development of thermotolerant crops in preparation for climate change, to accelerating bioengineering methods built on evolutionary models, like directed evolution of biomolecules.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iram, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pelesko, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Güngör, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuznets-Speck, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deffner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilker, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinczewski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/867143</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Controlling the speed and trajectory of evolution with counterdiabatic driving]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/872192v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The neural representation of emotion is high-dimensional, categorical, and distributed across transmodal brain regions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/872192v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Central to our subjective lives is the experience of different emotions. Recent behavioral work mapping emotional responses to 2185 videos found that people experience upwards of 27 distinct emotions occupying a high-dimensional space, and that emotion categories, more so than affective dimensions (e.g., valence), organize self-reports of subjective experience. Here, we sought to identify the neural substrates of this high-dimensional space of emotional experience using fMRI responses to all 2185 videos. Our analyses demonstrated that (1) dozens of video-evoked emotions were accurately predicted from fMRI patterns in multiple brain regions with different regional configurations for individual emotions, (2) emotion categories better predicted cortical and subcortical responses than affective dimensions, outperforming visual and semantic covariates in transmodal regions, and (3) emotion-related fMRI responses had a cluster-like organization efficiently characterized by distinct categories. These results support an emerging theory of the high-dimensional emotion space, illuminating its neural foundations distributed across transmodal regions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Horikawa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowen, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keltner, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamitani, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/872192</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The neural representation of emotion is high-dimensional, categorical, and distributed across transmodal brain regions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/002907v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Population diversification in a yeast metabolic program promotes anticipation of environmental shifts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/002907v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Delineating the strategies by which cells contend with combinatorial changing environments is crucial for understanding cellular regulatory organization. When presented with two carbon sources, microorganisms first consume the carbon substrate that supports the highest growth rate (e.g. glucose) and then switch to the secondary carbon source (e.g. galactose), a paradigm known as the Monod model. Sequential sugar utilization has been attributed to transcriptional repression of the secondary metabolic pathway, followed by activation of this pathway upon depletion of the preferred carbon source. In this work, we challenge this notion. Although Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells consume glucose before galactose, we demonstrate that the galactose regulatory pathway is activated in a fraction of the cell population hours before glucose is fully consumed. This early activation reduces the time required for the population to transition between the two metabolic programs and provides a fitness advantage that might be crucial in competitive environments. Importantly, these findings define a new paradigm for the response of microbial populations to combinatorial carbon sources.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ophelia S Venturelli</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ignacio Zuleta</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard M Murray</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hana El-Samad</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/002907</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Population diversification in a yeast metabolic program promotes anticipation of environmental shifts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/003657v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exploring the spatially explicit predictions of the Maximum Entropy Theory of Ecology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/003657v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AimThe Maximum Entropy Theory of Ecology (METE) is a unified theory of biodiversity that attempts to simultaneously predict patterns of species abundance, size, and spatial structure. The spatial predictions of this theory have repeatedly performed well at predicting diversity patterns across scales. However, the theoretical development and evaluation of METE has focused on predicting patterns that ignore inter-site spatial correlations. As a result the theory has not been evaluated using one of the core components of spatial structure. We develop and test a semi-recursive version of METEs spatially explicit predictions for the distance decay relationship of community similarity and compare METEs performance to the classic random placement model of completely random species distributions. This provides a better understanding and stronger test of METEs spatial community predictions.nnLocationNew world tropical and temperate plant communities.nnMethodsWe analytically derived and simulated METEs spatially explicit expectations for the Sorensen index of community similarity. We then compared the distance decay of community similarity of 16 mapped plant communities to METE and the random placement model.nnResultsThe version of METE we examined was successful at capturing the general functional form of empirical distance decay relationships, a negative power function relationship between community similarity and distance. However, the semi-recursive approach consistently over-predicted the degree and rate of species turnover and yielded worse predictions than the random placement model.nnMain conclusionsOur results suggest that while METEs current spatial models accurately predict the spatial scaling of species occupancy, and therefore core ecological patterns like the species-area relationship, its semi-recursive form does not accurately characterize spatially-explicit patterns of correlation. More generally, this suggests that tests of spatial theories based only on the species-area relationship may appear to support the underlying theory despite significant deviations in important aspects of spatial structure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Daniel McGlinn</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao Xiao</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Justin Kitzes</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ethan P White</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/003657</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exploring the spatially explicit predictions of the Maximum Entropy Theory of Ecology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/007336v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-respiratory functions of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondria are required for optimal attractiveness to Drosophila melanogaster 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/007336v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While screening a large collection of wild and laboratory yeast isolates for their ability to attract Drosophila melanogaster adults, we noticed a large difference in fly preference for two nearly isogenic strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, BY4741 and BY4742. Using standard genetic analyses, we tracked the preference difference to the lack of functional mitochondria the stock of BY4742 used in the initial experiment. We used gas chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy to examine the volatile compounds produced by BY4741 and the mitochondria-deficient BY4742, and found they differed significantly. We found that several ethyl esters are present at much higher levels in strains with functional mitochondria, even in fermentative conditions. We confirmed the role of these ethyl esters in attraction by examining an EEB1{Delta} strain which reduces ethyl ester production. We found that nitrogen levels in the substrate affect the production of these compounds, and that they are produced at high levels by strains with functional mitochondria in the fermentation of natural substrates. Collectively these observations demonstrate the effect core metabolic processes have in mediating the interaction between yeasts and insect vectors, and highlight the importance of non-respirative mitochondrial functions in yeast ecology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kelly M Schiabor</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allison S Quan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael Eisen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/007336</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-respiratory functions of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondria are required for optimal attractiveness to Drosophila melanogaster]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/008078v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Understanding Admixture Fractions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/008078v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Estimation of admixture fractions has become one of the most commonly used computational tools in population genomics. However, there is remarkably little population genetic theory on their statistical properties. We develop theoretical results that can accurately predict means and variances of admixture proportions within a population using models with recombination and genetic drift. Based on established theory on measures of multilocus disequilibrium, we show that there is a set of recurrence relations that can be used to derive expectations for higher moments of the admixture fraction distribution. We obtain closed form solutions for some special cases. Using these results, we develop a method for estimating admixture parameters from estimated admixture proportion obtained from programs such as Structure or Admixture. We apply this method to HapMap data and find that the population history of African Americans, as expected, is not best explained by a single admixture event between people of European and African ancestry. A model of constant gene flow for the past 11 generations until 2 generations ago gives a better fit.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mason Liang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasmus Nielsen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/008078</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Understanding Admixture Fractions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/010215v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FinisherSC : A repeat-aware tool for upgrading de-novo assembly using long reads 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/010215v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We introduce FinisherSC, a repeat-aware and scalable tool for upgrading de-novo assembly using long reads. Experiments with real data suggest that FinisherSC can provide longer and higher quality contigs than existing tools while maintaining high concordance.nnAvailabilityThe tool and data are available and will be maintained at http://kakitone.github.io/finishingTool/nnContactdntse@stanford.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ka Kit Lam</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurt LaButti</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asif Khalak</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David Tse</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/010215</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FinisherSC : A repeat-aware tool for upgrading de-novo assembly using long reads]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/010314v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recent evolution of the mutation rate and spectrum in Europeans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/010314v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As humans dispersed out of Africa, they adapted to new environmental challenges including changes in exposure to mutagenic solar radiation. Humans in temperate latitudes have acquired light skin that is relatively transparent to ultraviolet light, and some evidence suggests that their DNA damage response pathways have also experienced local adaptation. This raises the possibility that different populations have experienced different selective pressures affecting genome integrity. Here, I present evidence that the rate of a particular mutation type has recently increased in the European population, rising in frequency by 50% during the 40,000-80,000 years since Europeans began diverging from Asians. A comparison of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) private to Africa, Asia, and Europe in the 1000 Genomes data reveals that private European variation is enriched for the transition 5-TCC-3[-&gt;]5-TTC-3. Although it is not clear whether UV played a causal role in the changing the European mutational spectrum, 5-TCC-3[-&gt;]5-TTC-3 is known to be the most common somatic mutation present in melanoma skin cancers, as well as the mutation most frequently induced in vitro by UV. Regardless of its causality, this change indicates that DNA replication fidelity has not remained stable even since the origin of modern humans and might have changed numerous times during our recent evolutionary history.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kelley Harris</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/010314</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recent evolution of the mutation rate and spectrum in Europeans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/011247v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Hidden Markov Model for Investigating Recent Positive Selection through Haplotype Structure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/011247v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent positive selection can increase the frequency of an advantageous mutant rapidly enough that a relatively long ancestral haplotype will be remained intact around it. We present a hidden Markov model (HMM) to identify such haplotype structures. With HMM identified haplotype structures, a population genetic model for the extent of ancestral haplotypes is then adopted for parameter inference of the selection intensity and the allele age. Simulations show that this method can detect selection under a wide range of conditions and has higher power than the existing frequency spectrum-based method. In addition, it provides good estimate of the selection coefficients and allele ages for strong selection. The method analyzes large data sets in a reasonable amount of running time. This method is applied to HapMap III data for a genome scan, and identifies a list of candidate regions putatively under recent positive selection. It is also applied to several genes known to be under recent positive selection, including the LCT, KITLG and TYRP1 genes in Northern Europeans, and OCA2 in East Asians, to estimate their allele ages and selection coefficients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hua Chen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jody Hey</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery Slatkin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/011247</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Hidden Markov Model for Investigating Recent Positive Selection through Haplotype Structure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/012823v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Shrinkage of dispersion parameters in the binomial family, with application to differential exon skipping 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/012823v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The prevalence of sequencing experiments in genomics has led to an increased use of methods for count data in analyzing high-throughput genomic data to perform analyses. The importance of shrinkage methods in improving the performance of statistical methods remains. A common example is that of gene expression data, where the counts per gene are often modeled as some form of an over-dispersed Poisson. In this case, shrinkage estimates of the per-gene dispersion parameter have led to improved estimation of dispersion in the case of a small number of samples.nnWe address a different count setting introduced by the use of sequencing data: comparing differential proportional usage via an over-dispersed binomial model. This is motivated by our interest in testing for differential exon skipping in mRNA-Seq experiments. We introduce a novel method that is developed by modeling the dispersion based on the double binomial distribution proposed by Efron (1986). Our method (WEB-Seq) is an empirical bayes strategy for producing a shrunken estimate of dispersion and effectively detects differential proportional usage, and has close ties to the weighted-likelihood strategy of edgeR developed for gene expression data (Robinson and Smyth, 2007; Robinson et al., 2010). We analyze its behavior on simulated data sets as well as real data and show that our method is fast, powerful and gives accurate control of the FDR compared to alternative approaches. We provide implementation of our methods in the R package DoubleExpSeq available on CRAN.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sean Ruddy</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marla Johnson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elizabeth Purdom</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/012823</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Shrinkage of dispersion parameters in the binomial family, with application to differential exon skipping]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/014399v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Do Read Errors Matter for Genome Assembly? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/014399v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While most current high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies generate short reads with low error rates, emerging sequencing technologies generate long reads with high error rates. A basic question of interest is the tradeoff between read length and error rate in terms of the information needed for the perfect assembly of the genome. Using an adversarial erasure error model, we make progress on this problem by establishing a critical read length, as a function of the genome and the error rate, above which perfect assembly is guaranteed. For several real genomes, including those from the GAGE dataset, we verify that this critical read length is not significantly greater than the read length required for perfect assembly from reads without errors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ilan Shomorony</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas Courtade</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David Tse</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/014399</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Do Read Errors Matter for Genome Assembly?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/016931v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GLO-Roots: an imaging platform enabling multidimensional characterization of soil-grown roots systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/016931v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Root systems develop different root types that individually sense cues from their local environment and integrate this information with systemic signals. This complex multidimensional amalgam of inputs enables continuous adjustment of root growth rates, direction and metabolic activity that define a dynamic physical network. Current methods for analyzing root biology balance physiological relevance with imaging capability. To bridge this divide, we developed an integrated imaging system called Growth and Luminescence Observatory for Roots (GLO-Roots) that uses luminescence-based reporters to enable studies of root architecture and gene expression patterns in soil-grown, light-shielded roots. We have developed image analysis algorithms that allow the spatial integration of soil properties, gene expression and root system architecture traits. We propose GLO-Roots as a system that has great utility in presenting environmental stimuli to roots in ways that evoke natural adaptive responses and in providing tools for studying the multi-dimensional nature of such processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rubén Rellán-Álvarez</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guillaume Lobet</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heike Lindner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierre-Luc M Pradier</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jose Sebastian</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muh-Ching Yee</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu Geng</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charlotte Trontin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Therese LaRue</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amanda Schrager Lavelle</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cara H Haney</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rita Nieu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Julin N Maloof</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John P Vogel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>José R Dinneny</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/016931</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GLO-Roots: an imaging platform enabling multidimensional characterization of soil-grown roots systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/017756v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Novel Mechanism for Color Vision: Pupil Shape and Chromatic Aberration Can Provide Spectral Discrimination for Color Blind Organisms. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/017756v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present a mechanism by which organisms with only a single photoreceptor, that have a monochromatic view of the world, can achieve color discrimination. The combination of an off-axis pupil and the principle of chromatic aberration (where light of different colors focus at different distances behind a lens) can combine to provide "color-blind" animals with a way to distinguish colors. As a specific example we constructed a computer model of the visual system of cephalopods, (octopus, squid, and cuttlefish) that have a single unfiltered photoreceptor type. Nevertheless, cephalopods dramatically change color both to produce chromatically-matched camouflage and to signal conspecifics. This presents a paradox - an apparent ability to determine color in organisms with a monochromatic visual system - that has been a long-standing puzzle. We demonstrate that chromatic blurring dominates the visual acuity in these animals, and we quantitatively show how chromatic aberration can be exploited, especially through non-axial pupils that are characteristic of cephalopods, to obtain spectral information. This mechanism is consistent with the extensive suite of visual/behavioral and physiological data that have been obtained from cephalopod studies, and resolves the apparent paradox of vivid chromatic behaviors in "color-blind" animals. Moreover, this proposed mechanism has potential applicability in any organisms with limited photoreceptor complements, such as spiders and dolphins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alexander L Stubbs</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christopher W Stubbs</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-04-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/017756</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Novel Mechanism for Color Vision: Pupil Shape and Chromatic Aberration Can Provide Spectral Discrimination for Color Blind Organisms.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-04-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/018978v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sequencing of 15,622 gene-bearing BACs reveals new features of the barley genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/018978v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) possesses a large and highly repetitive genome of 5.1 Gb that has hindered the development of a complete sequence. In 2012, the International Barley Sequencing Consortium released a resource integrating whole-genome shotgun sequences with a physical and genetic framework. However, since only 6,278 BACs in the physical map were sequenced, detailed fine structure was limited. To gain access to the gene-containing portion of the barley genome at high resolution, we identified and sequenced 15,622 BACs representing the minimal tiling path of 72,052 physical mapped gene-bearing BACs. This generated about 1.7 Gb of genomic sequence containing 17,386 annotated barley genes. Exploration of the sequenced BACs revealed that although distal ends of chromosomes contain most of the gene-enriched BACs and are characterized by high rates of recombination, there are also gene-dense regions with suppressed recombination. Knowledge of these deviant regions is relevant to trait introgression, genome-wide association studies, genomic selection model development and map-based cloning strategies. Sequences and their gene and SNP annotations can be accessed and exported via http://harvest-web.org/hweb/utilmenu.wc or through the software HarvEST:Barley (download from harvest.ucr.edu). In the latter, we have implemented a synteny viewer between barley and Aegilops tauschii to aid in comparative genome analysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>María Muñoz-Amatriaín</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefano Lonardi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MingCheng Luo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kavitha Madishetty</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jan Svensson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthew Moscou</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steve Wanamaker</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao Jiang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andris Kleinhofs</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gary Muehlbauer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roger Wise</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nils Stein</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaqin Ma</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edmundo Rodriguez</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dave Kudrna</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prasanna R Bhat</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiaoman Chao</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pascal Condamine</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shane Heinen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Josh Resnik</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rod Wing</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heather N Witt</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthew Alpert</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marco Beccuti</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serdar Bozdag</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francesca Cordero</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamid Mirebrahim</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rachid Ounit</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yonghui Wu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank You</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jie Zheng</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hana Šimková</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaroslav Doležel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jane Grimwood</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeremy Schmutz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denisa Duma</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lothar Altschmied</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tom Blake</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phil Bregitzer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurel Cooper</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muharrem Dilbirligi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anders Falk</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lei</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/018978</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sequencing of 15,622 gene-bearing BACs reveals new features of the barley genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/021733v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Clustering of mRNA-Seq data for detection of alternative splicing patterns 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/021733v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Current sequencing of mRNA can provide estimates of the levels of individual isoforms within the cell, where isoforms are the different distinct mRNA products or proteins created by a gene. It remains to adapt many standard statistical methods commonly used for analyzing gene expression levels to take advantage of this additional information. One novel question is whether we can find groupings or clusters of samples that are distinguished not by their gene expression but by their isoform usage. Such clusters in tumors, for example, could be the result of shared disruption to the splicing system that creates the different isoforms. We propose a novel approach to clustering mRNA-Seq data that identifies clusters of samples with common isoform usage. We show via simulation that our methods are more sensitive to finding clusters of similar alternative splicing patterns than standard clustering techniques applied directly to the estimates of isoform levels. We further demonstrate that clustering on isoform usage is more accurate than clustering directly on isoform levels by examining real data that contains a technical artifact that resulted in different batches having different isoform usage patterns. Clustering, mRNA-Seq, Alternative splicing
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marla Johnson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elizabeth Purdom</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/021733</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Clustering of mRNA-Seq data for detection of alternative splicing patterns]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/022285v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Joint estimation of contamination, error and demography for nuclear DNA from ancient humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/022285v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When sequencing an ancient DNA sample from a hominin fossil, DNA from present-day humans involved in excavation and extraction will be sequenced along with the endogenous material. This type of contamination is problematic for downstream analyses as it will introduce a bias towards the population of the contaminating individual(s). Quantifying the extent of contamination is a crucial step as it allows researchers to account for possible biases that may arise in downstream genetic analyses. Here, we present an MCMC algorithm to co-estimate the contamination rate, sequencing error rate and demographic parameters - including drift times and admixture rates - for an ancient nuclear genome obtained from human remains, when the putative contaminating DNA comes from present-day humans. We assume we have a large panel representing the putative contaminant population (e.g. European, East Asian or African). The method is implemented in a C++ program called Demographic Inference with Contamination and Error (DICE). We applied it to simulations and genome data from ancient Neanderthals and modern humans. With reasonable levels of genome sequence coverage (> 3X), we find we can recover accurate estimates of all these parameters, even when the contamination rate is as high as 50%.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fernando Racimo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabriel Renaud</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery Slatkin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/022285</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Joint estimation of contamination, error and demography for nuclear DNA from ancient humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/023887v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic DNA transposition induced by human PGBD5 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/023887v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transposons are mobile genetic elements that are found in nearly all organisms, including humans. Mobilization of DNA transposons by transposase enzymes can cause genomic rearrangements, but our knowledge of human genes derived from transposases is limited. Here, we find that the protein encoded by human PGBD5, the most evolutionarily conserved transposable element-derived gene in chordates, can induce stereotypical cut-and-paste DNA transposition in human cells. Genomic integration activity of PGBD5 requires distinct aspartic acid residues in its transposase domain, and specific DNA sequences with inverted terminal repeats with similarity to piggyBac transposons. DNA transposition catalyzed by PGBD5 in human cells occurs genome-wide, with precise transposon excision and preference for insertion at TTAA sites. The apparent conservation of DNA transposition activity by PGBD5 raises the possibility that genomic remodeling may contribute to its biological function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anton Henssen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elizabeth Henaff</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eileen Jiang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amy R Eisenberg</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Julianne R Carson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camila Villasante</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mondira Ray</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eric Still</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melissa Burns</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jorge Gandara</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cedric Feschotte</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christopher E. Mason</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alex Kentsis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/023887</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic DNA transposition induced by human PGBD5]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/024133v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Isolation-By-Distance-and-Time in a stepping-stone model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/024133v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
With the great advances in ancient DNA extraction, population genetics data are now made of geographically separated individuals from both present and ancient times. However, population genetics theory about the joint effect of space and time has not been thoroughly studied. Based on the classical stepping-stone model, we develop the theory of Isolation by Distance and Time. We derive the correlation of allele frequencies between demes in the case where ancient samples are present in the data, and investigate the impact of edge effects with forward-in-time simulations. We also derive results about coalescent times in circular/toroidal models. As one of the most common way to investigate population structure is to apply principal component analysis, we evaluate the impact of this theory on plots of principal components. Our results demonstrate that time between samples is a non-negligible factor that requires new attention in population genetics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nicolas Duforet-Frebourg</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery Slatkin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/024133</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Isolation-By-Distance-and-Time in a stepping-stone model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/025015v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Using Ancient Samples in Projection Analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/025015v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Projection analysis is a useful tool for understanding the relationship of two populations. It compares a test genome to a set of genomes from a reference population. The projections shape depends on the historical relationship of the test genomes population to the reference population. Here, we explore the effects on the projection when ancient samples are included in the analysis. First, we conduct a series of simulations in which the ancient sample is directly ancestral to a present-day population (one-population model) or the ancient sample is ancestral to a sister population that diverged before the time of sampling (two-population model). We find that there are characteristic differences between the projections for the one-population and two-population models, which indicate that the projection can be used to determine whether a test genome is directly ancestral to a present day population or not. Second, we compute projections for several published ancient genomes. We compare three Neanderthals, the Denisovan and three ancient human genomes to European, Han Chinese and Yoruba reference panels. We use a previously constructed demographic model and insert these seven ancient genomes and assess how well the observed projections are recovered.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Melinda A Yang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery Slatkin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/025015</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Using Ancient Samples in Projection Analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/029736v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SpectralTDF: transition densities of diffusion processes with time-varying selection parameters, mutation rates, and effective population sizes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/029736v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the Wright-Fisher diffusion, the transition density function (TDF) describes the time-evolution of the population-wide frequency of an allele. This function has several practical applications in population genetics, and computing it for biologically realistic scenarios with selection and demography is an important problem. We develop an efficient method for finding a spectral representation of the TDF for a general model where the effective population size, selection coefficients, and mutation parameters vary over time in a piecewise constant manner. The method, called spectralTDF, is available at https://sourceforge.net/projects/spectraltdf/.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matthias Steinrücken</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ethan M Jewett</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yun S Song</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/029736</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SpectralTDF: transition densities of diffusion processes with time-varying selection parameters, mutation rates, and effective population sizes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/030387v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Genetic Cost of Neanderthal Introgression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/030387v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Approximately 2-4% of genetic material in human populations outside Africa is derived from Neanderthals who interbred with anatomically modern humans. Recent studies have shown that this Neanderthal DNA is depleted around functional genomic regions; this has been suggested to be a consequence of harmful epistatic interactions between human and Neanderthal alleles. However, using published estimates of Neanderthal inbreeding and the distribution of mutational fitness effects, we infer that Neanderthals had at least 40% lower fitness than humans on average; this increased load predicts the reduction in Neanderthal introgression around genes without the need to invoke epistasis. We also predict a residual Neanderthal mutational load in non-Africans, leading to a fitness reduction of at least 0.5%. This effect of Neanderthal admixture has been left out of previous debate on mutation load differences between Africans and non-Africans. We also show that if many deleterious mutations are recessive, the Neanderthal admixture fraction could increase over time due to the protective effect of Neanderthal haplotypes against deleterious alleles that arose recently in the human population. This might partially explain why so many organisms retain gene flow from other species and appear to derive adaptive benefits from introgression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kelley Harris</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasmus Nielsen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/030387</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Genetic Cost of Neanderthal Introgression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/035022v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hybrid Systems Modeling for (Cancer) Systems Biology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/035022v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The advent of biological data of increasingly higher resolution in space and time has triggered the use of dynamic models to explain and predict the evolution of biological systems over space and time. Computer-aided system modeling and analysis in biology has led to many new discoveries and explanations that would otherwise be intractable to articulate without the available data and computing power. Nevertheless, the complexity in biology still challenges many labs in capturing studied phenomena in models that are tractable and simple enough to analyze. Moreover, the popular use of ordinary differential equation models have their limitations in that they solely capture continuous dynamics, while we observe many discrete dynamic phenomena in biology such as gene switching or mutations. Hybrid systems modeling provides a framework in which both continuous and discrete dynamics can be simulated and analyzed. Moreover, it provides techniques to develop approximations and abstractions of complex dynamics that are tractable to analyze.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roel I.J. Dobbe</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claire J. Tomlin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/035022</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hybrid Systems Modeling for (Cancer) Systems Biology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/036863v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fast and accurate single-cell RNA-Seq analysis by clustering of transcript-compatibility counts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/036863v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Current approaches to single-cell transcriptomic analysis are computationally intensive and require assay-specific modeling which limit their scope and generality. We propose a novel method that departs from standard analysis pipelines, comparing and clustering cells based not on their transcript or gene quantifications but on their transcript-compatibility read counts. In re-analysis of two landmark yet disparate single-cell RNA-Seq datasets, we show that our method is up to two orders of magnitude faster than previous approaches, provides accurate and in some cases improved results, and is directly applicable to data from a wide variety of assays.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vasilis Ntranos</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Govinda M. Kamath</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jesse Zhang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lior Pachter</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David N. Tse</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/036863</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fast and accurate single-cell RNA-Seq analysis by clustering of transcript-compatibility counts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/040089v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Local joint testing improves power and identifies missing heritability in association studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/040089v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is mounting evidence that complex human phenotypes are highly polygenic, with many loci harboring multiple causal variants, yet most genetic association studies examine each SNP in isolation. While this has lead to the discovery of thousands of disease associations, discovered variants account for only a small fraction of disease heritability. Alternative multi-SNP methods have been proposed, but issues such as multiple testing correction, sensitivity to genotyping error, and optimization for the underlying genetic architectures remain. Here we describe a local joint testing procedure, complete with multiple testing correction, that leverages a genetic phenomenon we call linkage masking wherein linkage disequilibrium between SNPs hides their signal under standard association methods. We show that local joint testing on the original Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium dataset leads to the discovery of 29% more associated loci that were later found in followup studies containing thousands of additional individuals. These loci double the heritability explained by genome-wide significant associations in the WTCCC dataset, implicating linkage masking as a novel source of missing heritability. Furthermore, we show that local joint testing in a cis-eQTL study of the gEUVADIS dataset increases the number of genes discovered by 10.7% over marginal analyses. Our multiple hypothesis correction and joint testing framework are available in a python software package called jester, available at github.com/brielin/Jester.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brielin C Brown</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alkes Price</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikolaos Patsopoulos</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noah Zaitlen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/040089</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Local joint testing improves power and identifies missing heritability in association studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/040238v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Y-box protein 1 is required to sort microRNAs into exosomes in cells and in a cell-free reaction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/040238v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Exosomes are small vesicles that are secreted from metazoan cells and may convey selected membrane proteins and small RNAs to target cells for the control of cell migration, development and metastasis. To study the mechanisms of RNA packaging into exosomes, we devised a purification scheme based on the membrane marker CD63 to isolate a single exosome species secreted from HEK293T cells. Using immunoisolated CD63-containing exosomes we identified a set of microRNAs that are highly enriched with respect to their cellular levels. To explore the biochemical requirements for exosome biogenesis and RNA packaging, we devised a cell-free reaction that recapitulates the species-selective enclosure of miR-223 in isolated membranes supplemented with cytosol. We found that the RNA-binding protein Y-box protein I (YBX1) binds to and is required for the sorting of miR-223 in the cell-free reaction. Furthermore, YBX1 serves an important role in the secretion of miRNAs in exosomes by HEK293T cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matthew Shurtleff</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kate V. Karfilis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morayma Temoche-Diaz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sayaka Ri</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Randy Schekman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/040238</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Y-box protein 1 is required to sort microRNAs into exosomes in cells and in a cell-free reaction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/040386v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An ecological assessment of the pandemic threat of Zika virus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/040386v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The current outbreak of Zika virus poses a threat of unknown magnitude to human health1. While the range of the virus has been cataloged growing slowly over the last 50 years, the recent explosive expansion in the Americas indicates that the full potential distribution of Zika remains uncertain2-4. Moreover, most current epidemiology relies on its similarities to dengue fever, a phylogenetically closely related disease of unknown similarity in spatial range or ecological niche5,6. Here we compile the first spatially explicit global occurrence dataset from Zika viral surveillance and serological surveys, and construct ecological niche models to test basic hypotheses about its spread and potential establishment. The hypothesis that the outbreak of cases in Mexico and North America are anomalous and outside the ecological niche of the disease, and may be linked to El Nino or similar climatic events, remains plausible at this time7. Comparison of the Zika niche against the known distribution of dengue fever suggests that Zika is more constrained by the seasonality of precipitation and diurnal temperature fluctuations, likely confining the disease to the tropics outside of pandemic scenarios. Projecting the range of the diseases in conjunction with vector species (Aedes africanus, Ae. aegypti, and Ae. albopictus) that transmit the pathogens, under climate change, suggests that Zika has potential for northward expansion; but, based on current knowledge, Zika is unlikely to fill the full range its vectors occupy. With recent sexual transmission of the virus known to have occurred in the United States, we caution that our results only apply to the vector-borne aspect of the disease, and while the threat of a mosquito-carried Zika pandemic may be overstated in the media, other transmission modes of the virus may emerge and facilitate naturalization worldwide.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Colin Carlson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eric Dougherty</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wayne Getz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/040386</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An ecological assessment of the pandemic threat of Zika virus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/045690v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BIGMAC : Breaking Inaccurate Genomes and Merging Assembled Contigs for long read metagenomic assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/045690v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The problem of de-novo assembly for metagenomes using only long reads is gaining attention. We study whether post-processing metagenomic assemblies with the original input long reads can result in quality improvement. Previous approaches have focused on pre-processing reads and optimizing assemblers. BIGMAC takes an alternative perspective to focus on the post-processing step. Using both the assembled contigs and original long reads as input, BIGMAC first breaks the contigs at potentially mis-assembled locations and subsequently scaffolds contigs. Our experiments on metagenomes assembled from long reads show that BIGMAC can improve assembly quality by reducing the number of mis-assemblies while maintaining/increasing N50 and N75. The software is available at https://github.com/kakitone/BIGMAC
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ka Kit Lam</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard Hall</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alicia Clum</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satish Rao</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/045690</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BIGMAC : Breaking Inaccurate Genomes and Merging Assembled Contigs for long read metagenomic assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/048843v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
k-BOOM: A Bayesian approach to ontology structure inference, with applications in disease ontology construction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/048843v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One strategy for building ontologies covering domains such as disease or anatomy is to weave together existing knowledge sources (databases, vocabularies and ontologies) into single cohesive whole. A first step in this process is to generate mappings between the elements of these different sources. There are a number of well-known techniques for generating mappings (also known as ontology alignemnt), both manual and automatic[7]. Sometimes mappings are seen as an end in themselves, with the sources remaining in a loosely connected state. However, if we want to take the next step and use the mappings to integrate the different sources into a cohesive reference ontology, then we need to translate the mappings into precise logical relationships. This will allow us to safely merge equivalent concepts, creating a unified ontology. This translation is a non-trivial step, as each mapping can be interpreted as multiple different logical relationships, with each interpretation affecting the likelihood of the others. There is a lack of automated methods to assist with this last step; this resolution is typically performed by expert ontologists.

Here we describe an ontology construction technique that takes two or more ontologies linked by hypothetical axioms, and estimates the most likely unified logical ontology. Hypothetical axioms can themselves be derived from semantically loose mappings. The method combines deductive reasoning and probabilistic inference and is called Bayesian OWL Ontology Merging (BOOM). We describe a special form k-BOOM that works by factorizing the probabilistic ontology into k submodules. We also briefly describe a supplemental lexical and knowledge-based technique for generating a set of hypothetical axioms from loose mappings.

We are currently using this technique to build a merged disease ontology (Monarch Disease Ontology; MonDO) that unifies a broad range of vocabularies into a consistent and coherent whole.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Christopher J Mungall</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sebastian Koehler</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peter Robinson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ian Holmes</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melissa Haendel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/048843</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[k-BOOM: A Bayesian approach to ontology structure inference, with applications in disease ontology construction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/049007v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cortical rhythms are modulated by respiration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/049007v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The brain generates oscillatory neuronal activity at a broad range of frequencies and the presence and amplitude of certain oscillations at specific times and in specific brain regions are highly correlated with states of arousal, sleep, and with a wide range of cognitive processes. The neuronal mechanisms underlying the generation of brain rhythms are poorly understood, particularly for low-frequency oscillations. We recently reported that respiration-locked olfactory bulb activity causes delta band (0.5-4 Hz) oscillatory neuronal activity in the whisker sensory (barrel) cortex in mice. Furthermore, gamma oscillations (30 - 100Hz), which are widely implicated in cognitive processing, were power-modulated in synchrony with the respiratory rhythm. These findings link afferent sensory activity caused by respiration directly to cortical rhythms associated with cognitive functions. Here we review the related literature and present new evidence to propose that respiration has a direct influence on oscillatory cortical activity, including gamma oscillations, and on transitions between synchronous and asynchronous cortical network states (marked by phase transitions). Oscillatory cortical activity, as well as phase transitions, has been implicated in cognitive functions, potentially linking respiratory phase to cognitive processing. We further argue that respiratory influence on cortical activity is present in most, and possibly in all areas of the neocortex in mice and humans. We furthermore suggest that respiration had a role in modulating cortical rhythms from early mammalian evolution. Early mammals relied strongly on their olfactory sense and had proportionately large olfactory bulbs. We propose that to this day the respiratory rhythm remains an integral element of dynamic cortical activity in mammals. We argue that breathing modulates all cortical functions, including cognitive and emotional processes, which could elucidate the well-documented but largely unexplained effects of respiratory exercises on mood and cognitive function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Detlef H Heck</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samuel S McAfee</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu Liu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbas Babajani-Feremi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roozbeh Rezaie</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walter J Freeman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James W Wheless</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew C Papanicolaou</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miklos Ruszinko</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert Kozma</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/049007</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cortical rhythms are modulated by respiration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/050427v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Arabidopsis cobra protein binds to glucan chains with higher affinity than to cellulose 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/050427v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Because of several anomalies in a publication that we coauthored, concerning the interaction of the Arabidopsis cobra protein with crystalline cellulose (Avicel) and individual glucan chains (cellohexaose) we reexamined the data and had an independent laboratory redo a key experiment. The results show that COBRA binds to cellohexaose preferably over binding to Avicel, confirming our previous report.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nadav Sorek</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chris Somerville</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/050427</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Arabidopsis cobra protein binds to glucan chains with higher affinity than to cellulose]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/053512v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stable host gene expression in the gut of adult Drosophila melanogaster with different bacterial mono-associations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/053512v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is growing evidence that the microbes found in the digestive tracts of animals influence host biology, but we still do not understand how this comes about. Here, we evaluated how different microbial species commonly associated with laboratory-reared Drosophila melanogaster impact host biology at the level of gene expression in the dissected adult gut or the entire adult organism. We observed that guts from gnotobiotic animals associated from the embryonic stage with either zero, one or three bacterial species demonstrated indistinguishable transcriptional profiles. Additionally, we found that the gut transcriptional profiles of animals reared in the presence of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae alone or in combination with bacteria could recapitulate those of conventionally-reared animals. In contrast, we found whole body transcriptional profiles of conventionally-reared animals were distinct from all of the gnotobiotic treatments tested. Our data suggest that adult flies are insensitive to the ingestion of different bacterial species but that prior to adulthood, different microbes impact the host in ways that lead to global transcriptional differences observable across the whole adult body.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carolyn Elya</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vivian Zhang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Will Ludington</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael B Eisen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/053512</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stable host gene expression in the gut of adult Drosophila melanogaster with different bacterial mono-associations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/054759v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parvalbumin interneuron dysfunction in a thalamus - prefrontal cortex circuit in Disc1 deficiency mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/054759v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Two of the most consistent findings across disrupted-in-schizophrenia-1 (DISC1) mouse models are impaired working memory and reduced number or function of parvalbumin interneurons within the prefrontal cortex. While these findings suggest parvalbumin interneuron dysfunction in DISC1-related pathophysiology, to date, cortical inhibitory circuit function has not been investigated in depth in DISC1 deficiency mouse models. Here we assessed the function of a feedforward circuit between the mediodorsal thalamus (MD) and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in mice harboring a deletion in one allele of the Disc1 gene. We found that the inhibitory drive onto layer 3 pyramidal neurons in the mPFC was significantly reduced in the Disc1 deficient mice. This reduced inhibition was accompanied by decreased GABA release from local parvalbumin, but not somatostatin, inhibitory interneurons, and by impaired feedforward inhibition in the MD-mPFC circuit. Our results reveal a cellular mechanism by which deficiency in DISC1 causes neural circuit dysfunction frequently implicated in psychiatric disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kristen Delevich</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanna Jaaro-Peled</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mario Penzo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akira Sawa</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bo Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/054759</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parvalbumin interneuron dysfunction in a thalamus - prefrontal cortex circuit in Disc1 deficiency mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/055624v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Could a neuroscientist understand a microprocessor? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/055624v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is a popular belief in neuroscience that we are primarily data limited, and that producing large, multimodal, and complex datasets will, with the help of advanced data analysis algorithms, lead to fundamental insights into the way the brain processes information. These datasets do not yet exist, and if they did we would have no way of evaluating whether or not the algorithmically-generated insights were sufficient or even correct. To address this, here we take a classical microprocessor as a model organism, and use our ability to perform arbitrary experiments on it to see if popular data analysis methods from neuroscience can elucidate the way it processes information. Microprocessors are among those artificial information processing systems that are both complex and that we understand at all levels, from the overall logical flow, via logical gates, to the dynamics of transistors. We show that the approaches reveal interesting structure in the data but do not meaningfully describe the hierarchy of information processing in the microprocessor. This suggests current analytic approaches in neuroscience may fall short of producing meaningful understanding of neural systems, regardless of the amount of data. Additionally, we argue for scientists using complex non-linear dynamical systems with known ground truth, such as the microprocessor as a validation platform for time-series and structure discovery methods.nnAuthor SummaryNeuroscience is held back by the fact that it is hard to evaluate if a conclusion is correct; the complexity of the systems under study and their experimental inaccessability make the assessment of algorithmic and data analytic technqiues challenging at best. We thus argue for testing approaches using known artifacts, where the correct interpretation is known. Here we present a microprocessor platform as one such test case. We find that many approaches in neuroscience, when used na*vely, fall short of producing a meaningful understanding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eric Jonas</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konrad Kording</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/055624</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Could a neuroscientist understand a microprocessor?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/055921v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcription factors GAF and HSF act at distinct regulatory steps to modulate stress-induced gene activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/055921v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The coordinated regulation of gene expression at the transcriptional level is fundamental to organismal development and homeostasis. Inducible systems are invaluable when studying transcription because the regulatory process can be triggered instantaneously, allowing the tracking of ordered mechanistic events. Here, we use Precision Run-On sequencing (PRO-seq) to examine the genome-wide Heat Shock (HS) response in Drosophila and the function of two key transcription factors on the immediate transcription activation or repression of all genes regulated by HS. We identify the primary HS response genes and the rate-limiting steps in the transcription cycle that GAGA-Associated Factor (GAF) and HS Factor (HSF) regulate. We demonstrate that GAF acts upstream of promoter-proximally paused RNA Polymerase II (Pol II) formation, likely at the step of chromatin opening, and that GAF-facilitated Pol II pausing is critical for HS activation. In contrast, HSF is dispensable for establishing or maintaining Pol II pausing, but is critical for the release of paused Pol II into the gene body at a subset of highly-activated genes. Additionally, HSF has no detectable role in the rapid HS-repression of thousands of genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fabiana M Duarte</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicholas J Fuda</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dig B Mahat</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leighton J Core</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael Guertin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John T Lis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/055921</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcription factors GAF and HSF act at distinct regulatory steps to modulate stress-induced gene activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/056200v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Lair: A resource for exploratory analysis of published RNA-Seq data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/056200v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Increased emphasis on reproducibility of published research in the last few years has led to the large-scale archiving of sequencing data. While this data can, in theory, be used to reproduce results in papers, it is typically not easily usable in practice. We introduce a series of tools for processing and analyzing RNA-Seq data in the Short Read Archive, that together have allowed us to build an easily extendable resource for analysis of data underlying published papers. Our system makes the exploration of data easily accessible and usable without technical expertise. Our database and associated tools can be accessed at The Lair: http://pachterlab.github.io/lair
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harold Pimentel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pascal Sturmfels</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicolas Bray</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pall Melsted</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lior Pachter</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/056200</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Lair: A resource for exploratory analysis of published RNA-Seq data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/057448v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modular non-repeating codes for DNA storage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/057448v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1We describe a strategy for constructing codes for DNA-based information storage by serial composition of weighted finite-state transducers. The resulting state machines can integrate correction of substitution errors; synchronization by interleaving watermark and periodic marker signals; conversion from binary to ternary, quaternary or mixed-radix sequences via an efficient block code; encoding into a DNA sequence that avoids homopolymer, dinucleotide, or trinucleotide runs and other short local repeats; and detection/correction of errors (including local duplications, burst deletions, and substitutions) that are characteristic of DNA sequencing technologies. We present software implementing these codes, available at https://github.com/ihh/dnastore, with simulation results demonstrating that the generated DNA is free of short repeats and can be accurately decoded even in the presence of substitutions, short duplications and deletions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ian Holmes</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/057448</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modular non-repeating codes for DNA storage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/057992v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In situ replication rates for uncultivated bacteria in microbial communities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/057992v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Culture-independent microbiome studies have revolutionized our understanding of the complexity and metabolic potential of microbial communities, but information about in situ growth rates has been lacking. Here, we show that bacterial replication rates can be determined using genome-resolved metagenomics without requirement for complete genome sequences. In human infants, we detected elevated microbial replication rates following administration of antibiotics, and bacterial growth rate anomalies prior to the onset of necrotizing enterocolitis. We studied microorganisms in subsurface communities and determined that a diverse group of groundwater-associated bacteria typically exhibit slow growth rates, despite significant changes in geochemical conditions. All microbiome studies will be advanced by measurements of replication rates that can identify actively growing populations, track organism responses to changing conditions, and provide growth rate information needed for modeling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Christopher T Brown</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthew R Olm</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brian C Thomas</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jillian F Banfield</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/057992</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In situ replication rates for uncultivated bacteria in microbial communities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/058164v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential analysis of RNA-Seq incorporating quantification uncertainty 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/058164v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We describe a novel method for the differential analysis of RNA-Seq data that utilizes bootstrapping in conjunction with response error linear modeling to decouple biological variance from inferential variance. The method is implemented in an interactive shiny app called sleuth that utilizes kallisto quantifications and bootstraps for fast and accurate analysis of RNA-Seq experiments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harold J Pimentel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicolas Bray</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzette Puente</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Páll Melsted</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lior Pachter</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/058164</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential analysis of RNA-Seq incorporating quantification uncertainty]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/062117v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HINGE: Long-Read Assembly Achieves Optimal Repeat Resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/062117v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Long-read sequencing technologies have the potential to produce gold-standard de novo genome assemblies, but fully exploiting error-prone reads to resolve repeats remains a challenge. Aggressive approaches to repeat resolution often produce mis-assemblies, and conservative approaches lead to unnecessary fragmentation. We present HINGE, an assembler that seeks to achieve optimal repeat resolution by distinguishing repeats that can be resolved given the data from those that cannot. This is accomplished by adding "hinges" to reads for constructing an overlap graph where only unresolvable repeats are merged. As a result, HINGE combines the error resilience of overlap-based assemblers with repeat-resolution capabilities of de Bruijn graph assemblers. HINGE was evaluated on the long-read bacterial datasets from the NCTC project. HINGE produces more finished assemblies than Miniasm and the manual pipeline of NCTC based on the HGAP assembler and Circlator. HINGE also allows us to identify 40 datasets where unresolvable repeats prevent the reliable construction of a unique finished assembly. In these cases, HINGE outputs a visually interpretable assembly graph that encodes all possible finished assemblies consistent with the reads, while other approaches such as the NCTC pipeline and FALCON either fragment the assembly or resolve the ambiguity arbitrarily.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Govinda M Kamath</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilan Shomorony</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fei Xia</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas A Courtade</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David N Tse</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-07-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/062117</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HINGE: Long-Read Assembly Achieves Optimal Repeat Resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-07-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/063107v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prober: A general toolkit for analyzing sequencing-based ‘toeprinting’ assays 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/063107v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A number of high-throughput transcriptase drop-off assays have recently been developed to probe post-transcriptional dynamics of RNA-protein interaction, RNA structure, and post-transcriptional modifications. Although these assays survey a diverse set of  epitranscriptomic marks, they share methodological similarities and as such their interpretation is predicated on addressing similar computational challenges. Among these, a key question is how to learn isoform-specific chemical modification profiles in the face of complex read multi-mapping. In this paper, we propose PROBer, the first rigorous statistical model to handle these challenges for a general set of sequencing-based  toeprinting assays.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bo Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akshay Tambe</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharon Aviran</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lior Pachter</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/063107</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prober: A general toolkit for analyzing sequencing-based ‘toeprinting’ assays]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/064238v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A hidden Markov model approach for simultaneously estimating local ancestry and admixture time using next generation sequence data in samples of arbitrary ploidy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/064238v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Admixture--the mixing of genomes from divergent populations--is increasingly appreciated as a central process in evolution. To characterize and quantify patterns of admixture across the genome, a number of methods have been developed for local ancestry inference. However, existing approaches have a number of shortcomings. First, all local ancestry inference methods require some prior assumption about the expected ancestry tract lengths. Second, existing methods generally require genotypes, which is not feasible to obtain for many next-generation sequencing projects. Third, many methods assume samples are diploid, however a wide variety of sequencing applications will fail to meet this assumption. To address these issues, we introduce a novel hidden Markov model for estimating local ancestry that models the read pileup data, rather than genotypes, is generalized to arbitrary ploidy, and can estimate the time since admixture during local ancestry inference. We demonstrate that our method can simultaneously estimate the time since admixture and local ancestry with good accuracy, and that it performs well on samples of high ploidy--i.e. 100 or more chromosomes. As this method is very general, we expect it will be useful for local ancestry inference in a wider variety of populations than what previously has been possible. We then applied our method to pooled sequencing data derived from populations of Drosophila melanogaster on an ancestry cline on the east coast of North America. We find that regions of local recombination rates are negatively correlated with the proportion of African ancestry, suggesting that selection against foreign ancestry is the least efficient in low recombination regions. Finally we show that clinal outlier loci are enriched for genes associated with gene regulatory functions, consistent with a role of regulatory evolution in ecological adaptation of admixed D. melanogaster populations. Our results illustrate the potential of local ancestry inference for elucidating fundamental evolutionary processes.nnAuthor SummaryWhen divergent populations hybridize, their offspring obtain portions of their genomes from each parent population. Although the average ancestry proportion in each descendant is equal to the proportion of ancestors from each of the ancestral populations, the contribution of each ancestry type is variable across the genome. Estimating local ancestry within admixed individuals is a fundamental goal for evolutionary genetics, and here we develop a method for doing this that circumvents many of the problems associated with existing methods. Briefly, our method can use short read data, rather than genotypes and can be applied to samples with any number of chromosomes. Furthermore, our method simultaneously estimates local ancestry and the number of generations since admixture--the time that the two ancestral populations first encountered each other. Finally, in applying our method to data from an admixture zone between ancestral populations of Drosophila melanogaster, we find many lines of evidence consistent with natural selection operating to against the introduction of foreign ancestry into populations of one predominant ancestry type. Because of the generality of this method, we expect that it will be useful for a wide variety of existing and ongoing research projects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Russell Corbett-Detig</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasmus Nielsen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/064238</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A hidden Markov model approach for simultaneously estimating local ancestry and admixture time using next generation sequence data in samples of arbitrary ploidy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/065474v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An introduction to linear stability analysis for deciphering spatial patterns in signaling networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/065474v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mathematical modeling is now used commonly in the analysis of signaling networks. With advances in high resolution microscopy, the spatial location of different signaling molecules and the spatio-temporal dynamics of signaling microdomains are now widely acknowledged as key features of biochemical signal transduction. Reaction-diffusion mechanisms are commonly used to model such features, often with a heavy reliance on numerical simulations to obtain results. However, simulations are parameter dependent and may not be able to provide an understanding of the full range of the system responses. Analytical approaches on the other hand provide a framework to study the entire phase space. In this tutorial, we provide a largely analytical method for studying reaction-diffusion models and analyzing their stability properties. Using two representative biological examples, we demonstrate how this approach can guide experimental design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jasmine Nirody</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padmini Rangamani</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/065474</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An introduction to linear stability analysis for deciphering spatial patterns in signaling networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/065789v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The genome of the crustacean Parhyale hawaiensis: a model for animal development, regeneration, immunity and lignocellulose digestion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/065789v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The amphipod crustacean Parhyale hawaiensis is a blossoming model system for studies of developmental mechanisms and more recently regeneration. We have sequenced the genome allowing annotation of all key signaling pathways, transcription factors, and non-coding RNAs that will enhance ongoing functional studies. Parhyale is a member of the Malacostraca clade, which includes crustacean food crop species. We analysed the immunity related genes of Parhyale as an important comparative system for these species, where immunity related aquaculture problems have increased as farming has intensified. We also find that Parhyale and other species within Multicrustacea contain the enzyme sets necessary to perform lignocellulose digestion ("wood eating"), suggesting this ability may predate the diversification of this lineage. Our data provide an essential resource for further development of Parhyale as an experimental model. The first malacostracan genome will underpin ongoing comparative work in food crop species and research investigating lignocellulose as an energy source.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Damian Kao</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvina G Lai</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evangelia Stamataki</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silvana Rosic</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikolaos Konstantinides</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erin Jarvis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alessia Di Donfrancesco</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natalia Pouchkina-Stantcheva</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marie Semon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marco Grillo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heather Bruce</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suyash Kumar</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Igor Siwanowicz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andy Le</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew Lemire</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael Eisen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cassandra Extavour</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>William Browne</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carsten Wolff</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michalis Averof</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nipam H Patel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peter Sarkies</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anastasios Pavlopoulos</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aziz Aboobaker</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/065789</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The genome of the crustacean Parhyale hawaiensis: a model for animal development, regeneration, immunity and lignocellulose digestion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/066464v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Dynamic Mode of Mitotic Bookmarking by Transcription Factors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/066464v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During mitosis, transcription is shut off, chromatin condenses, and most transcription factors (TFs) are reported to be excluded from chromosomes. How do daughter cells re-establish the original transcription program? Recent discoveries that a select set of TFs remain bound on mitotic chromosomes suggest a potential mechanism for maintaining transcriptional programs through the cell cycle termed mitotic bookmarking. Here we report instead that many TFs remain associated with chromosomes, and that the exclusion previously described is largely a fixation artifact. In particular, most TFs we tested are significantly enriched on mitotic chromosomes. Studies with Sox2 reveal that this mitotic interaction is more dynamic than in interphase and requires both DNA binding and nuclear import. Furthermore, this dynamic mode results from lack of transcriptional activation rather than decreased accessibility of underlying DNA sequences in mitosis. The nature of the cross-linking artifact prompts careful re-examination of the role of TFs in mitotic bookmarking.nnHighlightsO_LIMany transcription factors bind to mitotic chromosomesnC_LIO_LISox2 mitotic interaction is dynamic and requires DNA binding and nuclear importnC_LIO_LIDNA remains highly accessible in mitotic chromosomesnC_LIO_LIFormaldehyde-based cross-linking leads to mis-localization of TFsnC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sheila S Teves</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luye An</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anders S Hansen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liangqi Xie</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xavier Darzacq</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert Tjian</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/066464</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Dynamic Mode of Mitotic Bookmarking by Transcription Factors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/066993v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A rodent model of social rejection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/066993v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rats help conspecifics by releasing them from a restrainer only when they have previous social experience with the strain of the restrained rat. When rats have been cross-fostered with rats of a different strain than their own since birth and have never interacted with rats of their own strain, they do not help rats of their own strain when tested as adults. Here we interrogated whether a cross-fostered rat expressed his lack of motivation to help through any behaviors beyond not-helping. Accordingly, a cross-fostered rat was placed in an arena with a trapped rat and the door to the centrally located restrainer was taped shut. We found that cross-fostered rats moved more slowly and approached the trapped rat less than did control, regularly-raised rats tested under the same conditions. We then asked whether the behavior of the cross-fostered rats influenced the trapped rat. After being restrained with cross-fostered rats, trapped rats showed a decrease in exploratory behavior in an open field test compared to trapped rats who were raised normally. The same decrease in movement was observed after subject rats were allowed to freely interact with cross-fostered rats. These results suggest that rats that do not help demonstrate their disinterest to a trapped rat and that trapped rats exposed to apathetic rats show behavior suggestive of an increase in anxiety. In sum, the paradigm introduced here could serve as a rodent model for social rejection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haozhe Shan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inbal Ben-Ami Bartal</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peggy Mason</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/066993</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A rodent model of social rejection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/068262v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
How the AFF1/4 scaffold recruits the elongation factor ELL2 to promote HIV-1 proviral transcription 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/068262v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The intrinsically disordered scaffold proteins AFF1/4 and the transcription elongation factors ELL1/2 are core components of the superelongation complex required for HIV-1 proviral transcription. We determined the 2.0-[A] resolution crystal structure of the human ELL2 C-terminal domain bound to its 50-residue binding site on AFF4, the ELLBow. The ELL2 domain has the same arch-shaped fold as the tight junction protein occludin. The ELLBow consists of an N-terminal helix followed by an extended hairpin that we refer to as the elbow joint, and occupies most of the concave surface of ELL2. This surface is important for the ability of ELL2 to promote HIV-1 Tat-mediated proviral transcription. The AFF4-ELL2 interface is imperfectly packed, leaving a cavity suggestive of a potential binding site for transcription-promoting small molecules.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shiqian Qi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zichong Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ursula Schulze-Gahmen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goran Stjepanovic</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiang Zhou</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James Hurley</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/068262</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[How the AFF1/4 scaffold recruits the elongation factor ELL2 to promote HIV-1 proviral transcription]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/069559v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular mechanisms of substrate-controlled ring dynamics and sub-stepping in a nucleic-acid dependent hexameric motor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/069559v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ring-shaped hexameric helicases and translocases support essential DNA, RNA, and protein-dependent transactions in all cells and many viruses. How such systems coordinate ATPase activity between multiple subunits to power conformational changes that drive the engagement and movement of client substrates is a fundamental question. Using the E. coli Rho transcription termination factor as a model system, we have employed solution and crystallographic structural methods to delineate the range of conformational changes that accompany distinct substrate and nucleotide cofactor binding events. SAXS data show that Rho preferentially adopts an open-ring state in solution, and that RNA and ATP are both required to cooperatively promote ring closure. Multiple closed-ring structures with different RNA substrates and nucleotide occupancies capture distinct catalytic intermediates accessed during translocation. Our data reveal how RNA-induced ring closure templates a sequential ATP-hydrolysis mechanism, provide a molecular rationale for how the Rho ATPase domains distinguishes between distinct RNA sequences, and establish the first structural snapshots of substepping events in a hexameric helicase/translocase.nnSIGNIFICANCEHexameric, ring-shaped translocases are molecular motors that convert the chemical energy of ATP hydrolysis into the physical movement of protein and nucleic acid substrates. Structural studies of several distinct hexameric translocases have provided insights into how substrates are loaded and translocated; however, the range of structural changes required for coupling ATP turnover to a full cycle of substrate loading and translocation has not been visualized for any one system. Here, we combine low-and high-resolution structural studies of the Rho helicase, defining for the first time the ensemble of conformational transitions required both for substrate loading in solution and for substrate movement by a processive hexameric translocase.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nathan D. Thomsen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael R. Lawson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lea B. Witkowsky</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song Qu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James M. Berger</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/069559</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular mechanisms of substrate-controlled ring dynamics and sub-stepping in a nucleic-acid dependent hexameric motor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/069773v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ligand-induced and small molecule control of substrate loading in a hexameric helicase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/069773v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Processive, ring-shaped protein and nucleic acid protein translocases control essential biochemical processes throughout biology, and are considered high-prospect therapeutic targets. The E. coli Rho factor is an exemplar hexameric RNA translocase that terminates transcription in bacteria. Like many ring-shaped motor proteins, Rho activity is modulated by a variety of poorly understood mechanisms, including small molecule therapeutics, protein-protein interactions, and the sequence of its translocation substrate. Here, we establish the mechanism of action of two Rho effectors, the antibiotic bicyclomycin and nucleic acids that bind to Rhos  primary mRNA recruitment site. Using SAXS and a novel reporter assay to monitor the ability of Rho to switch between open-ring (RNA loading) and closed-ring (RNA translocation) states, bicyclomycin is found to be a direct antagonist of ring closure. Reciprocally, the binding of nucleic acids to its N-terminal RNA recruitment domains is shown to promote the formation of a closed-ring Rho state, with increasing primary site occupancy providing additive stimulatory effects. This study establishes bicyclomycin as a conformational inhibitor of Rho ring dynamics, highlighting the utility of developing assays that read out protein conformation as a prospective screening tool for ring-ATPase inhibitors. Our findings further show that the RNA sequence specificity used for guiding Rho-dependent termination derives in part from an intrinsic ability of the motor to couple the recognition of pyrimidine patterns in nascent transcripts to RNA loading and activity.nnSIGNIFICANCEMany processive, ring-ATPase motor proteins rely on substrate-dependent conformational changes to assist with the loading of client substrates into the central pore of the enzyme and subsequent translocation. Using the E. coli Rho transcription terminator as a model hexameric helicase, we show that two distinct ligands - the antibiotic bicyclomycin and pyrimidine-rich nucleic acids - alternatively repress or promote, respectively, the transition of Rho from an open, RNA-loading configuration to a closed-ring, active helicase. Our findings explain several mechanisms by which Rho activity is controlled, and provide a general illustration of how intrinsic and extrinsic factors can regulate ring-type ATPase dynamics through diverse mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Michael R. Lawson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kevin Dyer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James M. Berger</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/069773</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ligand-induced and small molecule control of substrate loading in a hexameric helicase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/071134v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ordinary Differential Equations in Cancer Biology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/071134v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ordinary differential equations (ODEs) provide a classical framework to model the dynamics of biological systems, given temporal experimental data. Qualitative analysis of the ODE model can lead to further biological insight and deeper understanding compared to traditional experiments alone. Simulation of the model under various perturbations can generate novel hypotheses and motivate the design of new experiments. This short paper will provide an overview of the ODE modeling framework, and present examples of how ODEs can be used to address problems in cancer biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Margaret P Chapman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claire J. Tomlin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/071134</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ordinary Differential Equations in Cancer Biology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/071217v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Network Identification Methods 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/071217v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recently, network inference algorithms have grown tremendously in the field of systems biology because network identification is essential for understanding relationships between regulation mechanisms for genes, elucidating functional mechanisms underlying cellular processes, as well as identifying molecular targets for discoveries in medicines. This article provides a brief overview of different approaches used to identify biological networks and reviews recent advances in network identification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Young Hwan Chang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claire Tomlin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/071217</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Network Identification Methods]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/072439v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Zika infection of neural progenitor cells perturbs transcription in neurodevelopmental pathways 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/072439v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundA recent study of the gene expression patterns of Zika virus (ZIKV) infected human neural progenitor cells (hNPCs) revealed transcriptional dysregulation and identified cell-cycle-related pathways that are affected by infection. However deeper exploration of the information present in the RNA-Seq data can be used to further elucidate the manner in which Zika infection of hNPCs affects the transcriptome, refining pathway predictions and revealing isoform-specific dynamics.nnMethodology/Principal FindingsWe analyzed data published by Tang et al. using state-of-the-art tools for transcriptome analysis. By accounting for the experimental design and estimation of technical and inferential variance we were able to pinpoint Zika infection affected pathways that highlight Zikas neural tropism. The examination of differential genes reveals cases of isoform divergence.nnConclusions/SignificanceTranscriptome analysis of Zika infected hNPCs has the potential to identify the molecular signatures of Zika infected neural cells. These signatures may be useful for diagnostics and for the resolution of infection pathways that can be used to harvest specific targets for further study.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lynn Yi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harold Pimentel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lior Pachter</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/072439</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Zika infection of neural progenitor cells perturbs transcription in neurodevelopmental pathways]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/072744v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeted reconstruction of T cell receptor sequence from single cell RNA-sequencing links CDR3 length to T cell differentiation state 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/072744v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The T cell compartment must contain diversity in both TCR repertoire and cell state to provide effective immunity against pathogens1,2. However, it remains unclear how differences in the TCR contribute to heterogeneity in T cell state at the single cell level because most analysis of the TCR repertoire has, to date, aggregated information from populations of cells. Single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) can allow simultaneous measurement of TCR sequence and global transcriptional profile from single cells. However, current protocols to directly sequence the TCR require the use of long sequencing reads, increasing the cost and decreasing the number of cells that can be feasibly analyzed. Here we present a tool that can efficiently extract TCR sequence information from standard, short-read scRNA-seq libraries of T cells: TCR Reconstruction Algorithm for Paired-End Single cell (TRAPeS). We apply it to investigate heterogeneity in the CD8+ T cell response in humans and mice, and show that it is accurate and more sensitive than previous approaches3,4. We applied TRAPeS to single cell RNA-seq of CD8+ T cells specific for a single epitope from Yellow Fever Virus5. We show that the recently-described "naive-like" memory population of YFV-specific CD8+ T cells have significantly longer CDR3 regions and greater divergence from germline sequence than do effector-memory phenotype CD8+ T cells specific for YFV. This suggests that TCR usage contributes to heterogeneity in the differentiation state of the CD8+ T cell response to YFV. TRAPeS is publicly available, and can be readily used to investigate the relationship between the TCR repertoire and cellular phenotype.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shaked Afik</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kathleen B Yates</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kevin Bi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samuel Darko</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jernej Godec</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulrike Gerdemann</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leo Swadling</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel C Douek</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul Klenerman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eleanor J Barnes</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arlene H Sharpe</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>W. Nicholas Haining</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nir Yosef</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/072744</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeted reconstruction of T cell receptor sequence from single cell RNA-sequencing links CDR3 length to T cell differentiation state]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/074492v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Numerus Population Viability and Harvesting Analyses Web App 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/074492v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Population viability analysis (PVA) is used to assess the probability that a biological population will persist for a specified period of time. Such models are typically cast as Markov processes that may include age, stage, sex and metapopulation structures, density-dependence and ecological interaction processes. They may also include harvesting, stocking, and thresholds that trigger interventions. Here we present Numerus PVA, which is a web app that includes extensible user-selected options. Specifically, Numerus PVA allows for the specification of one to ten age classes, one or two sexes, single population or metapopulation configurations with 2 or 3 subpopulations, as well as density-dependent settings for inducing region-specific carrying capacities. Movement among subpopulations can be influenced by age, metapopulation connectivity, and attractivity of regions based on the relative fitness of the youngest age classes in each region. Simulations can be carried out deterministically or stochastically, with a user-specified combination of demographic and environmental processes. Numerus PVA is freely available at http://www.numerusinc.com/webapps/pva for running directly on any browser and device. Numerus PVA is easily modified by users familiar with the NovaModeler Software Platform.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wayne Getz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliver C Muellerklein</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard Salter</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colin Carlson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew Lyons</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dana Paige Seidel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/074492</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Numerus Population Viability and Harvesting Analyses Web App]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/083097v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A compound that directly and selectively stalls PCSK9 translation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/083097v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 (PCSK9) plays a key role in regulating the levels of plasma low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Here we demonstrate that the compound PF-06446846 inhibits translation of PCSK9 by inducing the ribosome to stall around codon 34, mediated by the sequence of the nascent chain within the exit tunnel. We further show that PF-06446846 reduces plasma PCSK9 and total cholesterol levels in rats following oral dosing. Using ribosome profiling, we demonstrate that PF-06446846 is highly selective for the inhibition of PCSK9 translation. The mechanism of action employed by PF-06446846 reveals a previously unexpected tunability of the human ribosome, which allows small molecules to specifically block translation of individual transcripts.nnOne Sentence SummaryA small-molecule PCSK9 inhibitor targets the human ribosome and selectively prevents PCSK9 synthesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lintner, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McClure, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petersen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Londregan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piotrowski, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loria, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maguire, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geoghegan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rolph, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liras, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dullea, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cate, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/083097</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A compound that directly and selectively stalls PCSK9 translation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/085233v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineering Genetically-Encoded Mineralization and Magnetism via Directed Evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/085233v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetically encoding the synthesis of functional nanomaterials such as magnetic nanoparticles enables sensitive and non-invasive biological sensing and control. Via directed evolution of the natural iron-sequestering ferritin protein, we discovered key mutations that lead to significantly enhanced cellular magnetism, resulting in increased physical attraction of ferritin-expressing cells to magnets and increased contrast for cellular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The magnetic mutants further demonstrate increased iron biomineralization measured by a novel fluorescent genetic sensor for intracellular free iron. In addition, we engineered Escherichia coli cells with multiple genomic knockouts to increase cellular accumulation of various metals. Lastly to explore further protein candidates for biomagnetism, we characterized members of the DUF892 family using the iron sensor and magnetic columns, confirming their intracellular iron sequestration that results in increased cellular magnetization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, X. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giessen, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giles, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Way, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silver, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/085233</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineering Genetically-Encoded Mineralization and Magnetism via Directed Evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/086439v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Selection on the FADS region in Europeans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/086439v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractFADS genes encode fatty acid desaturases that are important for the conversion of short chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) to long chain fatty acids. Prior studies indicate that the FADS genes have been subjected to strong positive selection in Africa, South Asia, Greenland, and Europe. By comparing FADS sequencing data from present-day and Bronze Age (5-3k years ago) Europeans, we identify possible targets of selection in the European population, which suggest that selection has targeted different alleles in the FADS genes in Europe than it has in South Asia or Greenland. The alleles showing the strongest changes in allele frequency since the Bronze Age show associations with expression changes and multiple lipid-related phenotypes. Furthermore, the selected alleles are associated with a decrease in linoleic acid and an increase in arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acids among Europeans; this is an opposite effect of that observed for selected alleles in Inuit from Greenland. We show that multiple SNPs in the region affect expression levels and PUFA synthesis. Additionally, we find evidence for a gene-environment interaction influencing low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels between alleles affecting PUFA synthesis and PUFA dietary intake: carriers of the selected, derived allele have diminished increases in LDL cholesterol with a higher intake of PUFAs. We hypothesize that the selective patterns observed in Europeans were driven by a change in dietary composition of fatty acids following the transition to agriculture, resulting in a lower intake of arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid, but a higher intake of linoleic acid and -linolenic acid.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Buckley, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Racimo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allentoft, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karoline, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonsson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hormozdiari, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sikora, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marnetto, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eskin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jorgensen, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grarup, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedersen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraft, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willerslev, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/086439</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Selection on the FADS region in Europeans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/088427v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Overcoming evolved resistance to population-suppressing homing-based gene drives 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/088427v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The use of homing-based gene drive systems to modify or suppress wild populations of a given species has been proposed as a solution to a number of significant ecological and public health related problems, including the control of mosquito-borne diseases. The recent development of a CRISPR-Cas9-based homing system for the suppression of Anopheles gambiae, the main African malaria vector, is encouraging for this approach; however, with current designs, the slow emergence of homing-resistant alleles is expected to result in suppressed populations rapidly rebounding, as homing-resistant alleles have a significant fitness advantage over functional, population-suppressing homing alleles. To explore this concern, we develop a mathematical model to estimate tolerable rates of homing-resistant allele generation to suppress a wild population of a given size. Our results suggest that, to achieve meaningful population suppression, tolerable rates of resistance allele generation are orders of magnitude smaller than those observed for current designs for CRISPR-Cas9-based homing systems. To remedy this, we propose a homing system architecture in which guide RNAs (gRNAs) are multiplexed, increasing the effective homing rate and decreasing the effective resistant allele generation rate. Modeling results suggest that the size of the population that can be suppressed increases exponentially with the number of multiplexed gRNAs and that, with six multiplexed gRNAs, a mosquito species could potentially be suppressed on a continental scale. We also demonstrate successful multiplexing in vivo in Drosophila melanogaster using a ribozyme-gRNA-ribozyme (RGR) approach - a strategy that could readily be adapted to engineer stable, homing-based suppression drives in relevant organisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marshall, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez C., H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akbari, O. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/088427</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Overcoming evolved resistance to population-suppressing homing-based gene drives]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/091355v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Monolayer-crystal streptavidin support films provide an internal standard of cryo-EM image quality 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/091355v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Analysis of images of biotinylated Escherichia coli 70S ribosome particles, bound to streptavidin affinity grids, demonstrates that the image-quality of particles can be predicted by the image-quality of the monolayer crystalline support film. The quality of the Thon rings is also a good predictor of the image-quality of particles, but only when images of the streptavidin crystals extend to relatively high resolution. When the estimated resolution of streptavidin was 5 [A] or worse, for example, the ribosomal density map obtained from 22,697 particles went to only 9.5 [A], while the resolution of the map reached 4.0 [A] for the same number of particles, when the estimated resolution of streptavidin crystal was 4 [A] or better. It thus is easy to tell which images in a data set ought to be retained for further work, based on the highest resolution seen for Bragg peaks in the computed Fourier transforms of the streptavidin component. The refined density map obtained from 57,826 particles obtained in this way extended to 3.6 [A], a marked improvement over the value of 3.9 [A] obtained previously from a subset of 52,433 particles obtained from the same initial data set of 101,213 particles after 3-D classification. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that interaction with the air-water interface can damage particles when the sample becomes too thin. Streptavidin monolayer crystals appear to provide a good indication of when that is the case.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Han, B.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, Z. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cate, J. H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaeser, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/091355</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Monolayer-crystal streptavidin support films provide an internal standard of cryo-EM image quality]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/093161v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Historian: accurate reconstruction of ancestral sequences and evolutionary rates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/093161v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reconstruction of ancestral sequence histories, and estimation of parameters like indel rates, are improved by using explicit evolutionary models and summing over uncertain alignments. The previous best tool for this purpose (according to simulation benchmarks) was ProtPal, but this tool was too slow for practical use. Historian combines an efficient reimplementation of the ProtPal algorithm with performance-improving heuristics from other alignment tools. Simulation results on fidelity of rate estimation via ancestral reconstruction, along with evaluations on the structurally-informed alignment dataset BAliBase 3.0, recommend Historian over other alignment tools for evolutionary applications. Historian is available at https://github.com/ihh/indelhistorian under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 US license. Contact: Ian Holmes ihholmes+historian@gmail.com.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Holmes, I. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/093161</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Historian: accurate reconstruction of ancestral sequences and evolutionary rates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/093245v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BioMake: a GNU Make-compatible utility for declarative workflow management 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/093245v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Unix "make" program is widely used in bioinformatics pipelines, but suffers from problems that limit its application to large analysis datasets. These include reliance on file modification times to determine whether a target is stale, lack of support for parallel execution on clusters, and restricted flexibility to extend the underlying logic program. We present BioMake, a make-like utility that is compatible with most features of GNU Make and adds support for popular cluster-based job-queue engines, MD5 signatures as an alternative to timestamps, and logic programming extensions in Prolog. BioMake is available from https://github.com/evoldoers/biomake under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 US license. The only dependency is SWI-Prolog, available from http://www.swi-prolog.org/. Contact: Ian Holmes ihholmes+biomake@gmail.com or Chris Mungall cmungall+biomake@gmail.com.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Holmes, I. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mungall, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/093245</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BioMake: a GNU Make-compatible utility for declarative workflow management]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/093476v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CTCF and Cohesin Regulate Chromatin Loop Stability with Distinct Dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/093476v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Abstract/summaryFolding of mammalian genomes into spatial domains is critical for gene regulation. CTCF and cohesin control domain location by folding domains into loop structures, which are thought to be highly stable. Combining genomic, biochemical and single-molecule imaging approaches, we show that although CTCF and cohesin can physically interact, CTCF binds chromatin much more dynamically than cohesin (~1 min vs. ~22 min residence time). Moreover, after unbinding, CTCF quickly rebinds another cognate site unlike cohesin (~1 min vs. ~33 min). Thus, CTCF and cohesin form a rapidly exchanging "dynamic complex" rather than a typical stable complex. Since CTCF and cohesin are required for loop domain formation, our results suggest that chromatin loops constantly break and reform throughout the cell cycle.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hansen, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pustova, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cattoglio, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darzacq, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/093476</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CTCF and Cohesin Regulate Chromatin Loop Stability with Distinct Dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/095695v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanism of Nuclear Movements in a Multinucleated Cell 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/095695v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multinucleated cells are important in many organisms but the mechanisms governing the movements of nuclei sharing a common cytoplasm are not understood. In the hyphae of the plant pathogenic fungus Ashbya gossypii, nuclei move back and forth, occasionally bypassing each other, and, preventing the formation of nuclear clusters, this is essential for genetic stability. These movements depend on cytoplasmic microtubules emanating from the nuclei, that are pulled by dynein motors anchored at the cortex. Using 3D stochastic simulations with parameters constrained by the literature, we predict the cortical anchors density from the characteristics of nuclear movements. Altogether, the model accounts for the complex nuclear movements seen in vivo, using a minimal set of experimentally determined ingredients. Interestingly, these ingredients power the oscillations of the anaphase spindle in budding yeast, but in A. gossypii this system is not restricted to a specific nuclear cycle stage, possibly as a result of adaptation to hyphal growth and multinuclearity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gibeaux, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Politi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philippsen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nedelec, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/095695</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanism of Nuclear Movements in a Multinucleated Cell]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/096354v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The DOE Systems Biology Knowledgebase (KBase) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/096354v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The U.S. Department of Energy Systems Biology Knowledgebase (KBase) is an open-source software and data platform designed to meet the grand challenge of systems biology -- predicting and designing biological function from the biomolecular (small scale) to the ecological (large scale). KBase is available for anyone to use, and enables researchers to collaboratively generate, test, compare, and share hypotheses about biological functions; perform large-scale analyses on scalable computing infrastructure; and combine experimental evidence and conclusions that lead to accurate models of plant and microbial physiology and community dynamics. The KBase platform has (1) extensible analytical capabilities that currently include genome assembly, annotation, ontology assignment, comparative genomics, transcriptomics, and metabolic modeling; (2) a web-browser-based user interface that supports building, sharing, and publishing reproducible and well-annotated analyses with integrated data; (3) access to extensive computational resources; and (4) a software development kit allowing the community to add functionality to the system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arkin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cottingham, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maslov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henry, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dehal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ware, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sneddon, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henderson, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riehl, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunter, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy-Olson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamimura, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brettin, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chivian, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weston, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davison, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baumohl, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Best, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bun, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandonia, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chia, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colasanti, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conrad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeJongh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devoid, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dietrich, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drake, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubchak, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edirisinghe, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faria, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fryb</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/096354</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The DOE Systems Biology Knowledgebase (KBase)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/100867v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluating hybridization capture with RAD probes as a tool for museum genomics with historical bird specimens 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/100867v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Laboratory techniques for high-throughput sequencing have enhanced our ability to generate DNA sequence data from millions of natural history specimens collected prior to the molecular era, but remain poorly tested at shallower evolutionary time scales. Hybridization capture using restriction site associated DNA probes (hyRAD) is a recently developed method for population genomics with museum specimens (Suchan et al. 2016). The hyRAD method employs fragments produced in a restriction site associated double digestion as the basis for probes that capture orthologous loci in samples of interest. While promising in that it does not require a reference genome, hyRAD has yet to be applied across study systems in independent laboratories. Here we provide an independent assessment of the effectiveness of hyRAD on both fresh avian tissue and dried tissue from museum specimens up to 140 years old and investigate how variable quantities of input DNA affects sequencing, assembly, and population genetic inference. We present a modified bench protocol and bioinformatics pipeline, including three steps for detection and removal of microbial and mitochondrial DNA contaminants. We confirm that hyRAD is an effective tool for sampling thousands of orthologous SNPs from historic museum specimens to describe phylogeographic patterns. We find that modern DNA performs significantly better than historical DNA better during sequencing, but that assembly performance is largely equivalent. We also find that the quantity of input DNA predicts %GC content of assembled contiguous sequences, suggesting PCR bias. We caution against sampling schemes that include taxonomic or geographic autocorrelation across modern and historic samples.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Linck, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanna, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sellas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumbacher, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/100867</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluating hybridization capture with RAD probes as a tool for museum genomics with historical bird specimens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/101444v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tracking multiple genomic elements using correlative CRISPR imaging and sequential DNA FISH 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/101444v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Live imaging of genome has offered important insights into the dynamics of the genome organization and gene expression. The demand to image simultaneously multiple genomic loci has prompted a flurry of exciting advances in multi-color CRISPR imaging, although color-based multiplexing is limited by the need for spectrally distinct fluorophores. Here we introduce an approach to achieve highly multiplexed live recording via correlative CRISPR imaging and sequential DNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). This approach first performs one-color live imaging of multiple genomic loci and then uses sequential rounds of DNA FISH to determine the loci identity. We have optimized the FISH protocol so that each round is complete in 1 min, demonstrating the identification of 7 genomic elements and the capability to sustain reversible staining and washing for up to 20 rounds. We have also developed a correlation-based algorithm to faithfully register live and FISH images. Our approach keeps the rest of the color palette open to image other cellular phenomena of interest, as demonstrated by our simultaneous live imaging of genomic loci together with a cell cycle reporter. Furthermore, the algorithm to register faithfully between live and fixed imaging is directly transferrable to other systems such as multiplex RNA imaging with RNA-FISH and multiplex protein imaging with antibody-staining.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/101444</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tracking multiple genomic elements using correlative CRISPR imaging and sequential DNA FISH]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/102798v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing Detects Pulmonary Pathogens in Hematopoietic Cellular Transplant Patients with Acute Respiratory Illnesses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/102798v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RATIONALECurrent microbiologic diagnostics often fail to identify the etiology of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) in hematopoietic cellular transplant recipients (HCT), which precludes the implementation of targeted therapies.nnOBJECTIVESTo address the need for improved LRTI diagnostics, we evaluated the utility of metagenomic next generation sequencing (mNGS) of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) to detect microbial pathogens in HCT patients with acute respiratory illnesses.nnMETHODSWe enrolled 22 post-HCT adults ages 19-69 years with acute respiratory illnesses who underwent BAL at the University of Michigan between January 2012 and May 2013. mNGS was performed on BAL fluid to detect microbes and simultaneously assess the host transcriptional response. Results were compared against conventional microbiologic assays.nnMEASUREMENTS & MAIN RESULTSmNGS demonstrated 100% sensitivity for detecting respiratory microbes (human metapneumovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, human herpesvirus 6 and cytomegalovirus) when compared to standard testing. Previously unrecognized LRTI pathogens were identified in six patients for whom standard testing was negative (human coronavirus 229E, human rhinovirus A, Corynebacterium propinquum and Streptococcus mitis); findings were confirmed by independent PCR and 16S rRNA sequencing. Relative to patients without infection, patients with infection had increased expression of immunity related genes (p=0.022) and significantly lower diversity of their respiratory microbiome (p=0.017).nnCONCLUSIONSCompared to conventional diagnostics, mNGS enhanced detection of pathogens in BAL fluid from HCT patients. Furthermore, our results suggest that combining unbiased microbial pathogen detection with assessment of host gene biomarkers of immune response may hold promise for enhancing the diagnosis of post-HCT respiratory infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Langelier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zinter, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalantar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yank, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christenson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Odonovan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sapru, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dvorak, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeRisi, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/102798</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing Detects Pulmonary Pathogens in Hematopoietic Cellular Transplant Patients with Acute Respiratory Illnesses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/103903v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Joint estimation of relatedness coefficients and allele frequencies from ancient samples 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/103903v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We develop and test a method to address whether DNA samples sequenced from a group of fossil hominin bone or teeth fragments originate from the same individual or from closely related individuals. Our method assumes low amounts of retrievable DNA, significant levels of sequencing error and contamination from one or more present-day humans. We develop and implement a maximum likelihood method that estimates levels of contamination, sequencing error rates and pairwise relatedness co-efficients in a set of individuals. We assume there is no reference panel for the ancient population to provide allele and haplotype frequencies. Our approach makes use of single nucleotide polymorphisms and does not make assumptions about the underlying demographic model. By artificially mating individual genomes from the 1000 Genomes Project, we determine the numbers of individuals at a given genomic coverage that are required to detect different levels of genetic relatedness with confidence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Theunert, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Racimo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slatkin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/103903</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Joint estimation of relatedness coefficients and allele frequencies from ancient samples]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/106617v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural Encoding of Auditory Features during Music Perception and Imagery: Insight into the Brain of a Piano Player 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/106617v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It remains unclear how the human cortex represents spectrotemporal sound features during auditory imagery, and how this representation compares to auditory perception. To assess this, we recorded electrocorticographic signals from an epileptic patient with proficient music ability in two conditions. First, the participant played two piano pieces on an electronic piano with the sound volume of the digital keyboard on. Second, the participant replayed the same piano pieces, but without auditory feedback, and the participant was asked to imagine hearing the music in his mind. In both conditions, the sound output of the keyboard was recorded, thus allowing precise time-locking between the neural activity and the spectrotemporal content of the music imagery. For both conditions, we built encoding models to predict high gamma neural activity (70-150Hz) from the spectrogram representation of the recorded sound. We found robust similarities between perception and imagery - in frequency and temporal tuning properties in auditory areas.nnAbbreviations
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikutta, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonard, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hungate, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koelsch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millan, J. d. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasley, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/106617</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural Encoding of Auditory Features during Music Perception and Imagery: Insight into the Brain of a Piano Player]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/106716v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineered shell proteins confer improved encapsulated pathway behavior in a bacterial microcompartment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/106716v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial microcompartments are a class of proteinaceous organelles comprising a characteristic protein shell enclosing a set of enzymes. Compartmentalization can prevent escape of volatile or toxic intermediates, prevent off-pathway reactions, and create private cofactor pools. Encapsulation in synthetic microcompartment organelles will enhance the function of heterologous pathways, but to do so, it is critical to understand how to control diffusion in and out of the microcompartment organelle. To this end, we explored how small differences in the shell protein structure result in changes in the diffusion of metabolites through the shell. We found that the ethanolamine utilization (Eut) protein EutM properly incorporates into the 1,2-propanediol utilization (Pdu) microcompartment, altering native metabolite accumulation and the resulting growth on 1,2-propanediol as the sole carbon source. Further, we identified a single pore-lining residue mutation that confers the same phenotype as substitution of the full EutM protein, indicating that small molecule diffusion through the shell is the cause of growth enhancement. Finally, we show that the hydropathy index and charge of pore amino acids are important indicators to predict how pore mutations will affect growth on 1,2- propanediol, likely by controlling diffusion of one or more metabolites. This study highlights the success of two strategies to engineer microcompartment control over metabolite transport: altering the existing shell protein pore via mutation of the pore-lining residues, and generating chimeras using shell proteins with the desired pores.nnnnO_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=99 SRC="FIGDIR/small/106716_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">nView larger version (26K):norg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1f69a12org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@fd5560org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1f01d6aorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@11b442c_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG TOC Abstract Graphic C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Slininger Lee, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jakobson, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tullman-Ercek, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/106716</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineered shell proteins confer improved encapsulated pathway behavior in a bacterial microcompartment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/108142v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
dRep: A tool for fast and accurate genome de-replication that enables tracking of microbial genotypes and improved genome recovery from metagenomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/108142v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The number of microbial genomes sequenced each year is expanding rapidly, in part due to genome-resolved metagenomic studies that routinely recover hundreds of draft-quality genomes. Rapid algorithms have been developed to comprehensively compare large genome sets, but they are not accurate with draft-quality genomes. Here we present dRep, a program that sequentially applies a fast, inaccurate estimation of genome distance and a slow but accurate measure of average nucleotide identity to reduce the computational time for pair-wise genome set comparisons by orders of magnitude. We demonstrate its use in a study where we separately assembled each metagenome from time series datasets. Groups of essentially identical genomes were identified with dRep, and the best genome from each set was selected. This resulted in recovery of significantly more and higher-quality genomes compared to the set recovered using the typical co-assembly method. Documentation is available at http://drep.readthedocs.io/en/master/ and source code is available at https://github.com/MrOlm/drep.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Olm, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/108142</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[dRep: A tool for fast and accurate genome de-replication that enables tracking of microbial genotypes and improved genome recovery from metagenomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/111682v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifying a TFIID interactome via integrated biochemical and high-throughput proteomic studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/111682v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The core promoter recognition TFIID complex acts as a central regulator for eukaryotic gene expression. To direct transcription initiation, TFIID binds the core promoter DNA and aids recruitment of the transcription machinery (e.g., RNA polymerase II) to the transcription start site. Many transcription factors target TFIID to control vital cellular processes. Current studies on finding TFIID interactors have predominantly focused on transcription factors. Yet, a comprehensive interactome of mammalian TFIID has not been established. Therefore, this study sought to reveal potential TFIID-nucleated networks by identifying likely co-regulatory factors that bind TFIID. By using intact native human TFIID complexes, we have exploited three independent approaches including a high-throughput Next Generation DNA sequencing coupled with proteomic analysis. Among these methods, we found some overlapping and new candidates in which we further assessed three putative interactors (i.e., Sox2, H2A and EMSY) by co-immunoprecipitation assays. Notably, in addition to known TFIID interactors, we identified a number of novel factors that participate either in co-regulatory pathways or non-transcription related functions of TFIID. Overal, these results indicate that, in addition to transcription initiation, mammalian TFIID may be involved in broader regulatory pathways than previous studies suggested.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, W.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dailey, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piasecka, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/111682</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifying a TFIID interactome via integrated biochemical and high-throughput proteomic studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/113548v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impulse model-based differential expression analysis of time course sequencing data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/113548v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The global gene expression trajectories of cellular systems in response to developmental or environmental stimuli often follow the prototypic single-pulse or state-transition patterns which can be modeled with the impulse model. Here we combine the continuous impulse expression model with a sequencing data noise model in ImpulseDE2, a differential expression algorithm for time course sequencing experiments such as RNA-seq, ATAC-seq and ChIP-seq. We show that ImpulseDE2 outperforms currently used differential expression algorithms on data sets with sufficiently many sampled time points. ImpulseDE2 is capable of differentiating between transiently and monotonously changing expression trajectories. This classification separates genes which are responsible for the initial and final cell state phenotypes from genes which drive or are driven by the cell state transition and identifies down-regulation of oxidative-phosphorylation as a molecular signature which can drive human embryonic stem cell differentiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fischer, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theis, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/113548</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impulse model-based differential expression analysis of time course sequencing data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/114785v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
WTFgenes: What's The Function of these genes? Static sites for model-based gene set analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/114785v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A common technique for interpreting experimentally-identified lists of genes is to look for enrichment of genes associated to particular ontology terms. The most common technique uses the hypergeometric distribution; more recently, a model-based approach was proposed. These approaches must typically be run using downloaded software, or on a server. We develop a collapsed likelihood for model-based gene set analysis and present WTFgenes, an implementation of both hypergeometric and model-based approaches, that can be published as a static site with computation run in JavaScript on the user's web browser client. Apart from hosting files, zero server resources are required: the site can (for example) be served directly from Amazon S3 or GitHub Pages. A C++11 implementation yielding identical results runs roughly twice as fast as the JavaScript version. WTFgenes is available from https://github.com/evoldoers/wtfgenes under the BSD3 license. A demonstration for the Gene Ontology is usable at https://evoldoers.github.io/wtfgo. Contact: Ian Holmes ihholmes+wtfgenes@gmail.com.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mungall, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/114785</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[WTFgenes: What's The Function of these genes? Static sites for model-based gene set analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/117812v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifiers for the 21st century:How to design, provision, and reuse persistent identifiers to maximize utility and impact of life science data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/117812v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In many disciplines, data is highly decentralized across thousands of online databases (repositories, registries, and knowledgebases). Wringing value from such databases depends on the discipline of data science and on the humble bricks and mortar that make integration possible; identifiers are a core component of this integration infrastructure. Drawing on our experience and on work by other groups, we outline ten lessons we have learned about the identifier qualities and best practices that facilitate large-scale data integration. Specifically, we propose actions that identifier practitioners (database providers) should take in the design, provision and reuse of identifiers; we also outline important considerations for those referencing identifiers in various circumstances, including by authors and data generators. While the importance and relevance of each lesson will vary by context, there is a need for increased awareness about how to avoid and manage common identifier problems, especially those related to persistence and web-accessibility/resolvability. We focus strongly on web-based identifiers in the life sciences; however, the principles are broadly relevant to other disciplines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McMurry, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juty, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blomberg, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burdett, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conlin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conte, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Courtot, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deck, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumontier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fellows, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Beltran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gormanns, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grethe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hastings, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hermjakob, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heriche, J.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ison, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jupp, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunze, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laibe, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Novere, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malone, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, M.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McEntyre, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muilu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocca-Serra, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sansone, S.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sariyar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snoep, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanford, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soiland-Reyes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swainston, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Washington, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wimalaratne, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winfree, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolstencroft, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goble, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mungall, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haendel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parkinson,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/117812</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifiers for the 21st century:How to design, provision, and reuse persistent identifiers to maximize utility and impact of life science data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/120212v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulatory remodeling in the allo-tetraploid frog Xenopus laevis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/120212v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundGenome duplication has played a pivotal role in the evolution of many eukaryotic lineages, including the vertebrates. The most recent vertebrate genome duplication is that in Xenopus laevis, resulting from the hybridization of two closely related species about 17 million years ago [1]. However, little is known about the consequences of this duplication at the level of the genome, the epigenome and gene expression.nnResultsOf the parental subgenomes, S chromosomes have degraded faster than L chromosomes ever since the genome duplication and until the present day. Deletions appear to have the largest effect on pseudogene formation and loss of regulatory regions. Deleted regions are enriched for long DNA repeats and the flanking regions have high alignment scores, suggesting that non-allelic homologous recombination (NAHR) has played a significant role in the loss of DNA. To assess innovations in the X. laevis subgenomes we examined p300 (Ep300)-bound enhancer peaks that are unique to one subgenome and absent from X. tropicalis. A large majority of new enhancers are comprised of transposable elements. Finally, to dissect early and late events following interspecific hybridization, we examined the epigenome and the enhancer landscape in X. tropicalis x X. laevis hybrid embryos. Strikingly, young X. tropicalis DNA transposons are derepressed and recruit p300 in hybrid embryos.nnConclusionsThe results show that erosion of X. laevis genes and functional regulatory elements is associated with repeats and NAHR, and furthermore that young repeats have also contributed to the p300-bound regulatory landscape following hybridization and whole genome duplication.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Elurbe, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paranjpe, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georgiou, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Kruijsbergen, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogdanovic, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibeaux, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heald, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lister, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huynen, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Heeringen, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veenstra, G. J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/120212</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulatory remodeling in the allo-tetraploid frog Xenopus laevis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/120295v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
STAR-Fusion: Fast and Accurate Fusion Transcript Detection from RNA-Seq 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/120295v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationFusion genes created by genomic rearrangements can be potent drivers of tumorigenesis. However, accurate identification of functionally fusion genes from genomic sequencing requires whole genome sequencing, since exonic sequencing alone is often insufficient. Transcriptome sequencing provides a direct, highly effective alternative for capturing molecular evidence of expressed fusions in the precision medicine pipeline, but current methods tend to be inefficient or insufficiently accurate, lacking in sensitivity or predicting large numbers of false positives. Here, we describe STAR-Fusion, a method that is both fast and accurate in identifying fusion transcripts from RNA-Seq data.nnResultsWe benchmarked STAR-Fusions fusion detection accuracy using both simulated and genuine Illumina paired-end RNA-Seq data, and show that it has superior performance compared to popular alternative fusion detection methods.nnAvailability and implementationSTAR-Fusion is implemented in Perl, freely available as open source software at http://star-fusion.github.io, and supported on Linux.nnContactbhaas@broadinstitute.org
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haas, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stransky, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tickle, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bankapur, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganote, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doak, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pochet, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gingeras, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/120295</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[STAR-Fusion: Fast and Accurate Fusion Transcript Detection from RNA-Seq]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/122242v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Conformational Checkpoint Between DNA Binding And Cleavage By CRISPR-Cas9 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/122242v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Cas9 endonuclease is widely utilized for genome engineering applications by programming its single-guide RNA and ongoing work is aimed at improving the accuracy and efficiency of DNA targeting. DNA cleavage of Cas9 is controlled by the conformational state of the HNH nuclease domain, but the mechanism that governs HNH activation at on-target DNA while reducing cleavage activity at off-target sites remains poorly understood. Using single-molecule FRET, we identified an intermediate state of S. pyogenes Cas9, representing a conformational checkpoint between DNA binding and cleavage. Upon DNA binding, the HNH domain transitions between multiple conformations before docking into its active state. HNH docking requires divalent cations, but not strand scission, and this docked conformation persists following DNA cleavage. Sequence mismatches between the DNA target and guide RNA prevent transitions from the checkpoint intermediate to the active conformation, providing selective avoidance of DNA cleavage at stably bound off-target sites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dagdas, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sternberg, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yildiz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/122242</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Conformational Checkpoint Between DNA Binding And Cleavage By CRISPR-Cas9]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/123331v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Estimating The Extinction Date Of The Thylacine Accounting For Unconfirmed Sightings 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/123331v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The thylacine (Thylacinus cynocephalus), one of Australias most characteristic megafauna, was the largest marsupial carnivore until hunting, and potentially disease, drove them to extinction in 1936. Current knowledge suggests that thylacines became extinct on mainland Australia two millennia prior to their extirpation on Tasmania, but recent "plausible" sightings on the Cape York Peninsula have emerged, leading some to speculate the species may persist, undetected. Here we show that the continued survival of the thylacine is entirely implausible based on most current mathematical theories of extinction. We present a dataset including physical evidence, expert-validated sightings, and unconfirmed sightings leading up to the present day, and use a Bayesian framework that takes all three types of data into account by modelling them as independent processes, to evaluate the likelihood of the thylacines persistence. Although the last captive thylacine died in 1936, our model suggests the most likely extinction date would be 1940, or at the latest the 1950s. We validated this result by using other extinction estimator methods, all of which confirmed that the thylacines extinction likely fell between 1936 and 1943; even the most optimistic scenario suggests the species did not persist beyond 1956. The search for the thylacine, much like similar efforts to "rediscover" other recently extinct charismatic species, is likely to be fruitless, especially given that persistence on Tasmania would have been no guarantee the species could reappear in regions that had been unoccupied for millennia. The search for the thylacine may become a rallying point for conservation and wildlife biology, and could indirectly help fund and support critical research in understudied areas like Cape York. However, our results suggest that attempts to rediscover the thylacine will likely be unsuccessful.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carlson, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bond, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgio, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/123331</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Estimating The Extinction Date Of The Thylacine Accounting For Unconfirmed Sightings]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/124271v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid and Programmable Protein Mutagenesis Using Plasmid Recombineering 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/124271v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Comprehensive and programmable protein mutagenesis is critical for understanding structure-function relationships and improving protein function. However, current techniques enabling comprehensive protein mutagenesis are based on PCR and require in vitro reactions involving specialized protocols and reagents. This has complicated efforts to rapidly and reliably produce desired comprehensive protein libraries. Here we demonstrate that plasmid recombineering is a simple and robust in vivo method for the generation of protein mutants for both comprehensive library generation as well as programmable targeting of sequence space. Using the fluorescent protein iLOV as a model target, we build a complete mutagenesis library and find it to be specific and unbiased, detecting 99.8% of our intended mutations. We then develop a thermostability screen and utilize our comprehensive mutation data to rapidly construct a targeted and multiplexed library that identifies significantly improved variants, thus demonstrating rapid protein engineering in a simple one-pot protocol.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Higgins, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ouonkap Yimga, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/124271</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid and Programmable Protein Mutagenesis Using Plasmid Recombineering]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/125815v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Versatile Compressed Sensing Scheme For Faster And Less Phototoxic 3D Fluorescence Microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/125815v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Three-dimensional fluorescence microscopy based on Nyquist sampling of focal planes faces harsh trade-offs between acquisition time, light exposure, and signal-to-noise. We propose a 3D compressed sensing approach that uses temporal modulation of the excitation intensity during axial stage sweeping and can be adapted to fluorescence microscopes without hardware modification. We describe implementations on a lattice light sheet microscope and an epifluorescence microscope, and show that images of beads and biological samples can be reconstructed with a 5-10 fold reduction of light exposure and acquisition time. Our scheme opens a new door towards faster and less damaging 3D fluorescence microscopy.nnOCIS codes: (110.1758) Computational imaging; (170.2520) Fluorescence microscopy; (170.6900) Three-dimensional microscopy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Woringer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darzacq, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mir, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/125815</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Versatile Compressed Sensing Scheme For Faster And Less Phototoxic 3D Fluorescence Microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/127324v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Just above chance: is it harder to decode information from human prefrontal cortex BOLD signals? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/127324v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the nature and form of prefrontal cortex representations that support flexible behavior is an important open problem in cognitive neuroscience. In humans, multi-voxel pattern analysis (MVPA) of fMRI BOLD measurements has emerged as an important approach for studying neural representations. An implicit, untested assumption underlying many PFC MVPA studies is that the base rate of decoding information from PFC BOLD activity patterns is similar to that of other brain regions. Here we estimate these base rates from a meta-analysis of published MVPA studies and show that the PFC has a significantly lower base rate for decoding than visual sensory cortex. Our results have implications for the design and interpretation of MVPA studies of prefrontal cortex, and raise important questions about its functional organization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bhandari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gagne, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badre, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/127324</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Just above chance: is it harder to decode information from human prefrontal cortex BOLD signals?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/128942v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Light Guided In-vivo Activation of Innate Immune Cells with Photocaged TLR 2/6 Agonist 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/128942v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The complexity of the immune system creates challenges in exploring its importance and robustness. To date, there have been few techniques developed to manipulate individual components of the immune system in an in vivo environment. Here we show a light-based dendritic cell (DC) activation allowing spatial and temporal control of immune activation in vivo. Additionally, we show time dependent changes in RNA profiles of the draining lymph node, suggesting a change in cell profile following DC migration and indicating that the cells migrating have been activated towards antigen presentation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ryu, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGonnigal, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mancini, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esser-Kahn, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/128942</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Light Guided In-vivo Activation of Innate Immune Cells with Photocaged TLR 2/6 Agonist]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/130468v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Independent pseudogenization of CYP2J19 in penguins, owls and kiwis implicates gene in red carotenoid synthesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/130468v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Carotenoids have important roles in bird behavior, including pigmentation for sexual signaling and improving color vision via retinal oil droplets. Yellow carotenoids are diet-derived, but red carotenoids (ketocarotenoids) are typically synthesized from yellow precursors via a carotenoid ketolase. Recent research on passerines has provided evidence that a cytochrome p450 enzyme, CYP2J19, is responsible for this reaction, though it is unclear if this function is phylogenetically restricted. Here I provide evidence that CYP2J19 is the carotenoid ketolase common to Aves using the genomes of 65 birds and the retinal transcriptomes of 15 avian taxa. CYP2J19 is functionally intact and robustly transcribed in all taxa except for several species adapted to foraging in dim light conditions. Two penguins, an owl and a kiwi show evidence of genetic lesions and relaxed selection in their genomic copy of CYP2J19, and six owls show evidence of marked reduction in CYP2J19 retinal transcription compared to nine diurnal avian taxa. Notably, none of these taxa are known to use red carotenoids for sexual signaling and several species of owls and penguins represent the only birds known to completely lack red retinal oil droplets. The remaining avian taxa belong to groups known to possess red oil droplets, known or expected to deposit red carotenoids in skin and/or plumage, and/or frequently forage in bright light. The loss and reduced expression of CYP2J19 is likely an adaptation to maximize retinal sensitivity, given that oil droplets reduce the amount of light available to the retina.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Emerling, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/130468</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Independent pseudogenization of CYP2J19 in penguins, owls and kiwis implicates gene in red carotenoid synthesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/130484v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Use antibiotics in cell culture with caution: genome-wide identification ofantibiotic-induced changes in gene expression and regulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/130484v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Standard cell culture guidelines often use media supplemented with antibiotics to prevent cell contamination. However, relatively little is known about the effect of antibiotic use in cell culture on gene expression and the extent to which this treatment could confound results. To comprehensively characterize the effect of antibiotic treatment on gene expression, we performed RNA-seq and ChIP-seq for H3K27ac on HepG2 cells, a human liver cell line commonly used for pharmacokinetic, metabolism and genomic studies, cultured in media supplemented with penicillin-streptomycin (PenStrep) or vehicle control. We identified 205 PenStrep-responsive genes, including transcription factors such as ATF3 that are likely to alter the regulation of other genes. Pathway analyses found a significant enrichment for "xenobiotic metabolism signaling" and "PXR/RXR activation" pathways. Our H3K27ac ChIP-seq identified 9,514 peaks that are PenStrep responsive. These peaks were enriched near genes that function in cell differentiation, tRNA modification, nuclease activity and protein dephosphorylation. Our results suggest that PenStrep treatment can significantly alter gene expression and regulation in a common liver cell type such as HepG2, advocating that antibiotic treatment should be taken into account when carrying out genetic, genomic or other biological assays in cultured cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ryu, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eckalbar, W. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreimer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahituv, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/130484</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Use antibiotics in cell culture with caution: genome-wide identification ofantibiotic-induced changes in gene expression and regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/133165v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Network Reconstruction And Systems Analysis Of Plant Cell Wall Deconstruction By Neurospora crassa 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/133165v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plant biomass degradation by fungal derived enzymes is rapidly expanding in economic importance as a clean and efficient source for biofuels. The ability to rationally engineer filamentous fungi would facilitate biotechnological applications for degradation of plant cell wall polysaccharides. However, incomplete knowledge of biomolecular networks responsible for plant cell wall deconstruction impedes experimental efforts in this direction. To expand this knowledge base, a detailed network of reactions important for deconstruction of plant cell wall polysaccharides into simple sugars was constructed for the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa. To reconstruct this network, information was integrated from five heterogeneous data types: functional genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, genetics, and biochemical characterizations. The combined information was encapsulated into a feature matrix and the evidence weighed to assign annotation confidence scores for each gene within the network. Comparative analyses of RNA-seq and ChIP-seq data shed light on the regulation of the plant cell wall degradation network (PCWDN), leading to a novel hypothesis for degradation of the hemicellulose mannan. The transcription factor CLR-2 was subsequently experimentally shown to play a key role in the mannan degradation pathway of Neurospora crassa. Our network serves as a scaffold for integration of diverse experimental data, leading to elucidation of regulatory design principles for plant cell wall deconstruction by filamentous fungi, and guiding efforts to rationally engineer industrially relevant hyper-production strains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Samal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craig, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coradetti, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benz, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eddy, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/133165</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Network Reconstruction And Systems Analysis Of Plant Cell Wall Deconstruction By Neurospora crassa]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/135194v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex Differentiation In Grayling (Salmonidae) Goes Through An All-Male Stage And Is Delayed In Genetic Males Who Instead Grow Faster 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/135194v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fish can be threatened by distorted sex ratios that arise during sex differentiation. It is therefore important to understand sex determination and differentiation, especially in river-dwelling fish that are often exposed to environmental factors that may interfere with sex differentiation. However, sex differentiation is not sufficiently understood in keystone taxa such as the Thymallinae, one of the three salmonid subfamilies. Here we study a wild grayling (Thymallus thymallus) population that suffers from distorted sex ratios. We found sex determination in the wild and in captivity to be genetic and linked to the sdY locus. We therefore studied sex-specific gene expression in embryos and early larvae that were bred and raised under different experimental conditions, and we studied gonadal morphology in five monthly samples taken after hatching. Significant sex-specific changes in gene expression (affecting about 25,000 genes) started around hatching. Gonads were still undifferentiated three weeks after hatching, but about half of the fish showed immature testes around seven weeks after hatching. Over the next few months, this phenotype was mostly replaced by the "testis-to-ovary" or "ovaries" phenotypes. The gonads of the remaining fish, i.e. approximately half of the fish in each sampling period, remained undifferentiated until six months after fertilization. Genetic sexing of the last two samples revealed that fish with undifferentiated gonads were all males, who, by that time, were on average larger than the genetic females (verified in 8-months old juveniles raised in another experiment). Only 12% of the genetic males showed testicular tissue six months after fertilization. We conclude that sex differentiation starts around hatching, goes through an all-male stage for both sexes (which represents a rare case of "undifferentiated" gonochoristic species that usually go through an all-female stage), and is delayed in males who, instead of developing their gonads, grow faster than females during these juvenile stages.nnAuthor contributionMRR and CW initiated the project. DM, OS, AU, LMC, LW, and CW sampled the adult fish, did the experimental in vitro fertilizations, and prepared the embryos for experimental rearing in the laboratory. All further manipulations on the embryos and the larvae were done by DM, OS, AU, LMC, and LW. The RNA-seq data were analyzed by OS, JR, and MRR, the histological analyses were done by DM, supervised by SK, and the molecular genetic sexing was performed by DM, OS, AU, and KBM. DM, OS, and CW performed the remaining statistical analyses and wrote the first version of the manuscript that was then critically revised by all other authors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maitre, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selmoni, O. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uppal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marques da Cunha, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkins, L. G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roux, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mobley, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knorr, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson-Rechavi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wedekind, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/135194</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex Differentiation In Grayling (Salmonidae) Goes Through An All-Male Stage And Is Delayed In Genetic Males Who Instead Grow Faster]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/135210v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex-Specific Changes In Gene Expression And Delayed Sex Differentiation In Response To Estrogen Pollution In Grayling (Salmonidae) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/135210v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The synthetic 17-ethinylestradiol (EE2) is an estrogenic compound of oral contraceptives and therefore a common pollutant that has been suspected to affect the demography of river-dwelling salmonids. We study a population of European grayling (Thymallus thymallus) that suffers from sex ratio distortions. Here we test how ecologically relevant concentrations of EE2 affect sex-specific gene expression around early stages of sex differentiation. We collected gametes from F1s of wild spawners, used them for in vitro fertilizations, and raised the resulting embryos singly under experimentally controlled conditions. Embryos were either exposed to 1ng/L EE2 or sham-exposed. RNA was collected from samples taken 10 days before hatching, at the day of hatching, and towards the end of the yolk-sac stage, to study gene expression and relate it to genetic sex (sdY genotype). We found that EE2 affects gene expression of a very large number of genes especially at the day of hatching. The effects of EE2 on gene expression is strongly sex-specific. At the day of hatching, EE2 affected about twice as many genes in females than in males, and towards the end of the yolk-sac larval stage, EE2 effects were nearly exclusively observed in females. Among the many effects was, for example, a surprising EE2-induced molecular masculinization in the females heads. Histological examination of gonadal development of EE2-treated or sham-exposed juveniles during the first 4.5 months after hatching revealed a delaying effect of EE2 on sex differentiation. Because grayling sex determination goes through an all-male stage (a rare case of undifferentiated gonochorism), the rate of EE2-induced sex reversal could not be unequivocally determined during the observational period. However, two EE2-treated genetic males had ovarian tissues at the end of the study. We conclude that common levels of EE2 pollution affect grayling from very early stages on by interfering with male and female gene expression around the onset of sex differentiation, by delaying sex differentiation, and by feminizing some males.nnAuthor contributionMRR and CW initiated the project. OS, DM, LW, LMC, and CW sampled the adult fish, did the experimental in vitro fertilizations, and prepared the embryos for experimental rearing in the laboratory. All further manipulations on the embryos and the larvae were done by OS, DM, LW, and LMC. The RNA-seq data were analyzed by OS, JR, and MRR, the histological analyses were done by DM, supervised by SK, the molecular genetic sexing was performed by OS and DM, and EV supervised the EE2 analytics. OS and CW performed the remaining statistical analyses and wrote the first version of the manuscript that was then critically revised by all other authors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Selmoni, O. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maitre, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roux, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkins, L. G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marques da Cunha, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vermeirssen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knorr, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson-Rechavi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wedekind, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/135210</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex-Specific Changes In Gene Expression And Delayed Sex Differentiation In Response To Estrogen Pollution In Grayling (Salmonidae)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/135590v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Duplication And Sub/Neofunctionalization Of malvolio, An Insect Homolog Of Nramp, In The Subsocial Beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/135590v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene duplication has long been thought to play a facilitating role in evolution. With growing numbers of sequenced genomes, increasing numbers of duplicate genes are uncovered with unknown functions. Here we examine malvolio, a gene involved in heavy metal transport but that also affects behavior in honey bees and Drosophila. There is only one copy of malvolio in honey bees and Drosophila despite its different roles. A phylogenetic analysis in insects suggests that malvolio has duplicated multiple times in different orders. To test if the two copies might have different functions, we examined expression levels of malvolio in brain, fat bodies, Malpighian tubules, midgut, ovaries, testes and thoracic musculature in the beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides. We found that mvl1 was expressed in all tissues, with highest expression in fat bodies and relatively lower expression in testes, Malpighian tubules, and brain, and ovaries. Expression of mvl2 differed, with significant expression only seen in brain and midgut. Because malvolio has been implicated in behavior, and these beetles have highly developed parenting behavior, we next examined expression during different behavioral states including virgin, mating, preparing resources for offspring, feeding offspring and post care. We found differing expression patterns for the two copies, with mvl1 increasing in expression during resource preparation and feeding offspring, and mvl2 decreasing in these same states. Given these patterns of expression, we suggest that malvolio in N. vespilloides has experienced sub/neofunctionalization following its duplication, and is evolving differing and tissue-specific roles in behavior and physiology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mehlferber, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benowitz, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy-Zokan, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKinney, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cunningham, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/135590</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Duplication And Sub/Neofunctionalization Of malvolio, An Insect Homolog Of Nramp, In The Subsocial Beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/136242v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Barcode identification for single cell genomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/136242v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell sequencing experiments use short DNA barcode  tags to identify reads that originate from the same cell. In order to recover single-cell information from such experiments, reads must be grouped based on their barcode tag, a crucial processing step that precedes other computations. However, this step can be difficult due to high rates of mismatch and deletion errors that can afflict barcodes. Here we present an approach to identify and error-correct barcodes by traversing the de Bruijn graph of circularized barcode k-mers. This allows for assignment of reads to consensus fingerprints constructed from k-mers, and we show that for single-cell RNA-Seq this improves the recovery of accurate single-cell transcriptome estimates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tambe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pachter, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/136242</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Barcode identification for single cell genomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/143933v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Multiple Sclerosis Genomic Map: Role of peripheral immune cells and resident microglia in susceptibility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/143933v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractWe assembled and analyzed genetic data of 47,351 multiple sclerosis (MS) subjects and 68,284 control subjects and establish a reference map of the genetic architecture of MS that includes 200 autosomal susceptibility variants outside the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), one chromosome X variant, and 32 independent associations within the extended MHC. We used an ensemble of methods to prioritize up to 551 potentially associated MS susceptibility genes, that implicate multiple innate and adaptive pathways distributed across the cellular components of the immune system. Using expression profiles from purified human microglia, we do find enrichment for MS genes in these brain - resident immune cells. Thus, while MS is most likely initially triggered by perturbation of peripheral immune responses the functional responses of microglia and other brain cells are also altered and may have a role in targeting an autoimmune process to the central nervous system.nnOne Sentence SummaryWe report a detailed genetic and genomic map of multiple sclerosis, and describe the role of putatively affected genes in the peripheral immune system and brain resident microglia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>- International Multiple Sclerosis Genetics Consorti,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patsopoulos, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baranzini, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santaniello, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoostari, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cotsapas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beecham, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Replogle, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vlachos, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCabe, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pers, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keenan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cimpean, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winn, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panteliadis, I.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robbins, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andlauer, T. F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarzycki, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubois, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goris, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bach Sondergaard, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sellebjerg, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soelberg Sorensen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ullum, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wegner Thoerner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saarela, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cournu-Rebeix, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damotte, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontaine, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guillot-Noel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lathrop, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vukusik, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berthele, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biberacher, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>B</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/143933</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Multiple Sclerosis Genomic Map: Role of peripheral immune cells and resident microglia in susceptibility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/144436v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stochastic Simulation Of Dopamine Neuromodulation For Implementation Of Fluorescent Neurochemical Probes In The Striatal Extracellular Space 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/144436v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Imaging the dynamic behavior of neuromodulatory neurotransmitters in the extracelluar space arising from individual quantal releases would constitute a major advance in neurochemical imaging. Spatial and temporal resolution of these highly stochastic neuromodulatory events requires concurrent advances in the chemical development of optical nanosensors selective for neuromodulators in concert with advances in imaging methodologies to capture millisecond neurotransmitter release. Herein, we develop and implement a stochastic model to describe dopamine dynamics in the extracellular space (ECS) of the brain dorsal striatum. Our model is developed from first principles and simulates release, diffusion, and reuptake of dopamine in a 3D simulation volume of striatal tissue. We find that in vivo imaging of neuromodulation requires simultaneous optimization of dopamine nanosensor reversibility and sensitivity: dopamine imaging in the striatum or nucleus accumbens requires nanosensors with an optimal dopamine dissociation constant (Kd) of 1 M, whereas Kd above 10 M are required for dopamine imaging in the prefrontal cortex. Furthermore, our model reveals that imaging frame rates of 20 Hz are optimal for imaging temporally-resolved dopamine release events based on the probabilistic nature of dopaminergic terminal activity in the striatum. Our work provides a modeling platform to probe how complex neuromodulatory processes can be studied with fluorescent nanosensors and enables direct evaluation of nanosensor chemistry and imaging hardware parameters. Our stochastic model is generic for evaluating fluorescent neurotransmission probes, and is broadly applicable to the design of other neurotransmitter fluorophores and their optimization for implementation in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Beyene, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McFarlane, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinals, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/144436</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stochastic Simulation Of Dopamine Neuromodulation For Implementation Of Fluorescent Neurochemical Probes In The Striatal Extracellular Space]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/145912v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular Recognition of Dopamine with Dual Near Infrared Excitation-Emission Two-Photon Microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/145912v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A key limitation for achieving deep imaging in biological structures lies in photon absorption and scattering leading to attenuation of fluorescence. In particular, neurotransmitter imaging is challenging in the biologically-relevant context of the intact brain, for which photons must traverse the cranium, skin and bone. Thus, fluorescence imaging is limited to the surface cortical layers of the brain, only achievable with craniotomy. Herein, we describe optimal excitation and emission wavelengths for through-cranium imaging, and demonstrate that near-infrared emissive nanosensors can be photoexcited using a two-photon 1560 nm excitation source. Dopamine-sensitive nanosensors can undergo two-photon excitation, and provide chirality-dependent responses selective for dopamine with fluorescent turn-on responses varying between 20% and 350%. We further calculate the two-photon absorption cross-section and quantum yield of dopamine nanosensors, and confirm a two-photon power law relationship for the nanosensor excitation process. Finally, we show improved image quality of the nanosensors embedded 2 mm deep into a brain-mimetic tissue phantom, whereby one-photon excitation yields 42% scattering, in contrast to 4% scattering when the same object is imaged under two-photon excitation. Our approach overcomes traditional limitations in deep-tissue fluorescence microscopy, and can enable neurotransmitter imaging in the biologically-relevant milieu of the intact and living brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Del Bonis-O'Donnell, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beyene, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tindall, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McFarlane, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/145912</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular Recognition of Dopamine with Dual Near Infrared Excitation-Emission Two-Photon Microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/150748v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evidence for a causal link between left posterior alpha-beta power decreases and context-driven word production. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/150748v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Different frequency bands in the electroencephalogram are postulated to support distinct language functions. Studies have suggested that alpha-beta power decreases may index word-retrieval processes. In context-driven word retrieval, participants hear lead-in sentences that either constrain the final word ("He locked the door with the") or not ("She walked in here with the"). The last word is shown as a picture to be named. Previous studies have consistently found alpha-beta power decreases prior to picture onset for constrained relative to unconstrained sentences, localised to the left lateral-temporal and lateral-frontal lobes. However, the relative contribution of temporal versus frontal areas to alpha-beta power decreases is unknown. We recorded the electroencephalogram from patients with stroke lesions encompassing the left-lateral temporal and inferior parietal regions or left-lateral frontal lobe and from matched controls. Individual-participant analyses revealed a behavioural sentence context facilitation effect in all participants, except for in the two patients with extensive lesions to temporal and inferior-parietal lobes. We replicated the alpha-beta power decreases prior to picture onset in all participants, except for in the two same patients with extensive posterior lesions. Thus, whereas posterior lesions eliminated the behavioural and oscillatory context effect, frontal lesions did not. Hierarchical clustering analyses of the patients lesion profiles, and behavioural and electrophysiological effects identified P7 and P9 as having a unique combination of lesion distribution and context effects. These results indicate a critical role for the left lateral-temporal and inferior parietal lobes, but not frontal cortex, in generating the alpha-beta power decreases underlying context-driven word production.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Piai, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rommers, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/150748</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evidence for a causal link between left posterior alpha-beta power decreases and context-driven word production.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/151159v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
simExTargId: An R package for real-time LC-MS metabolomic data analysis, instrument failure/drift notification and MS2 target identification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/151159v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The simExTargId R package provides real-time, autonomous, within-laboratory data analysis during a metabolomic LC-MS1-profiling experiment. Of concern to metabolomic investigators are instrumentation failure (especially for precious samples), outlier identification, instrument signal attenuation and pre-emptive feature identification for MS2 fragmentation.nnSimExTargId allows observation of an experiment in progress with PCA plot and peak table outputs and also two shiny applications targetId for MS2 target identification and peakMonitor for signal attenuation monitoring. SimExTargId is ideally utilised on a (temporarily) dedicated workstation or server which is networked to a LC-MS data directory. Features include: email notification for instrument stoppage/drift, file format conversion, peak-picking, pre-processing, PCA-based outlier identification and statistical analysis. Additional MS1/MS2 experiments can be concatenated to a worklist or cleaning/recalibration undertaken if instrument drift is observed.nnAll source code and a vignette with example data are available on GitHub https://github.com/WMBEdmands/simExTargId/.nnContact: edmandsw@berkeley.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Edmands, W. M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rappaport, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/151159</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[simExTargId: An R package for real-time LC-MS metabolomic data analysis, instrument failure/drift notification and MS2 target identification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/153437v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionary proteomics uncovers ciliary signaling components 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/153437v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cilia are organelles specialized for movement and signaling. To infer when during animal evolution signaling pathways became associated with cilia, we characterized the proteomes of cilia from three organisms: sea urchins, sea anemones and choanoflagellates. From these ciliomes, we identified 437 high confidence ciliary candidate proteins conserved in mammals, including known regulators of Hh, GPCR and TRP channel signaling. The phylogenetic profiles of their ciliary association indicate that the Hh and GPCR pathways were linked to cilia before the origin of bilateria and TRP channels before the origin of animals. We demonstrated that some of the candidates not previously implicated in ciliary biology localized to cilia and further investigated ENKUR, a TRP channel-interacting protein that we identified in the cilia of all three organisms. In animals, ENKUR is expressed by cells with motile cilia, ENKUR localizes to cilia in diverse organisms and, in both Xenopus laevis and mice, ENKUR is required for patterning the left/right axis. Moreover, mutation of ENKUR causes situs inversus in humans. Thus, proteomic profiling of cilia from diverse eukaryotes defines a conserved ciliary proteome, reveals ancient connections to Hh, GPCR and TRP channel signaling, and uncovers a novel ciliary protein that controls vertebrate development and human disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sigg, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menchen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choksi, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Busengdal, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dougherty, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pennekamp, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rentzsch, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krogan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallingford, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omran, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiter, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/153437</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionary proteomics uncovers ciliary signaling components]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/154872v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rhodosporidium toruloides: A new platform organism for conversion of lignocellulose into terpene biofuels and bioproducts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/154872v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundEconomical conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into biofuels and bioproducts is central to the establishment of a robust bioeconomy. This requires a conversion host that is able to both efficiently assimilate the major lignocellulose-derived carbon sources and divert their metabolites toward specific bioproducts.nnResultsIn this study, the carotenogenic yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides was examined for its ability to convert lignocellulose into two non-native sesquiterpenes with biofuel (bisabolene) and pharmaceutical (amorphadiene) applications. We found that R. toruloides can efficiently convert a mixture of glucose and xylose from hydrolyzed lignocellulose into these bioproducts, and unlike many conventional production hosts, its growth and productivity were enhanced in lignocellulosic hydrolysates relative to purified substrates. This organism was demonstrated to have superior growth in corn stover hydrolysates prepared by two different pretreatment methods, one using a novel biocompatible ionic liquid (IL) choline -ketoglutarate, which produced 261 mg/L of bisabolene at bench-scale, and the other using an alkaline pretreatment, which produced 680 mg/L of bisabolene in a high gravity fed-batch bioreactor. Interestingly, R. toruloides was also observed to assimilate p-coumaric acid liberated from acylated grass lignin in the IL hydrolysate, a finding we verified with purified substrates. R. toruloides was also able to consume several additional compounds with aromatic motifs similar to lignin monomers, suggesting that this organism may have the metabolic potential to convert depolymerized lignin streams alongside lignocellulosic sugars.nnConclusionsThis study highlights the natural compatibility of R. toruloides with bioprocess conditions relevant to lignocellulosic biorefineries and demonstrates its ability to produce non-native terpenes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yaegashi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirby, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ito, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutta, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirsiaghi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundstrom, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baidoo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanjore, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pray, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sale, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keasling, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmons, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magnuson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skerker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gladden, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/154872</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rhodosporidium toruloides: A new platform organism for conversion of lignocellulose into terpene biofuels and bioproducts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/155457v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nuclease escape elements protect messenger RNA against cleavage by multiple viral endonucleases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/155457v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During lytic Kaposis sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) infection, the viral endonu-clease SOX promotes widespread degradation of cytoplasmic messenger RNA (mRNA). However, select mRNAs, including the transcript encoding interleukin-6 (IL-6), escape SOX-induced cleavage. IL-6 escape is mediated through a 3 UTR RNA regulatory element that overrides the SOX targeting mechanism. Here, we reveal that this protective RNA element functions to broadly restrict cleavage by a range of homologous and non-homologous viral endonucleases. However, it does not impede cleavage by cellular endonucleases. The IL-6 protective sequence may be representative of a larger class of nuclease escape elements, as we identified a similar protective element in the GADD45B mRNA. The IL-6 and GADD45B-derived elements display similarities in their sequence, putative structure, and several associated RNA binding proteins. However, the overall composition of their ribonucleoprotein complexes appears distinct, leading to differences in the breadth of nucleases restricted. These findings highlight how RNA elements can selectively control transcript abundance in the background of widespread virus-induced mRNA degradation.nnAUTHOR SUMMARYThe ability of viruses to control the host gene expression environment is crucial to promote viral infection. Many viruses express factors that reduce host gene expression through widespread mRNA decay. However, some mRNAs escape this fate, like the transcript encoding the immunoregulatory cytokine IL-6 during KSHV infection. IL-6 escape relies on an RNA regulatory element located in its 3UTR and involves the recruitment of a protective protein complex. Here, we show that this escape extends beyond KSHV to a variety of related and unrelated viral endonucleases. However, the IL-6 element does not protect against cellular endonucleases, revealing for the first time a virus-specific nuclease escape element. We identified a related escape element in the GADD45B mRNA, which displays several similarities with the IL-6 element. However, these elements assemble a largely distinct complex of proteins, leading to differences in the breadth of their protective capacity. Collectively, these findings reveal how a putative new class of RNA elements function to control RNA fate in the background of widespread mRNA degradation by viral endonucleases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Muller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaunsinger, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/155457</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nuclease escape elements protect messenger RNA against cleavage by multiple viral endonucleases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/159079v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Column subset selection for single-cell RNA-Seq clustering 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/159079v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The first step in the analysis of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) is dimensionality reduction, which reduces noise and simplifies data visualization. However, techniques such as principal components analysis (PCA) fail to preserve non-negativity and sparsity structures present in the original matrices, and the coordinates of projected cells are not easily interpretable. Commonly used thresholding methods avoid those pitfalls, but ignore collinearity and covariance in the original matrix. We show that a deterministic column subset selection (DCSS) method possesses many of the favorable properties of PCA and common thresholding methods, while avoiding pitfalls from both. We derive new spectral bounds for DCSS. We apply DCSS to two measures of gene expression from two scRNA-Seq experiments with different clustering workflows, and compare to three thresholding methods. In each case study, the clusters based on the small subset of the complete gene expression profile selected by DCSS are similar to clusters produced from the full set. The resulting clusters are informative for cell type.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McCurdy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ntranos, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pachter, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/159079</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Column subset selection for single-cell RNA-Seq clustering]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/164020v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tissue Folding by Mechanical Compaction of the Mesenchyme 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/164020v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many tissues fold during development into complex shapes. Engineering this process in vitro would represent an important advance for tissue engineering. We use embryonic tissue explants, finite element modeling, and 3D cell patterning techniques to show that a mechanical compaction of the ECM during mesenchymal condensation can drive tissue folding along programmed trajectories. The process requires cell contractility, generates strains at nearby tissue interfaces, and causes specific patterns of collagen alignment around and between condensates. Aligned collagen fibers support elevated tensions that promote the folding of interfaces along paths that can be predicted by finite element modeling. We demonstrate the robustness and versatility of this strategy for sculpting tissue interfaces by directing the morphogenesis of a variety of folded tissue forms from engineered patterns of mesenchymal condensates. These studies provide insight into the active mechanical properties of the embryonic mesenchyme and establish entirely new strategies for more robustly directing tissue morphogenesis ex vivo, without genetic engineering.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hughes, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyazaki, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coyle, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurie, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vavrusova, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, O. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gartner, Z. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/164020</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tissue Folding by Mechanical Compaction of the Mesenchyme]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/166629v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial and temporal distribution of genome divergence among California populations of Aedes aegypti. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/166629v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the summer of 2013, Aedes aegypti Linnaeus was first detected in three cities in central California (Clovis, Madera and Menlo Park). It has now been detected in multiple locations in central and southern CA as far south as San Diego and Imperial Counties. A number of published reports suggest that CA populations have been established from multiple independent introductions. Here we report the first population genomics analyses of Ae. aegypti based on individual, field collected whole genome sequences. We analyzed 46 Ae. aegypti genomes to establish genetic relationships among populations from sites in California, Florida and South Africa. We identified 3 major genetic clusters within California; one that includes all sample sites in the southern part of the state (South of Tehachapi mountain range) plus the town of Exeter in central California and two additional clusters in central California. A lack of concordance between mitochondrial and nuclear genealogies suggests that the three founding populations were polymorphic for two main mitochondrial haplotypes prior to being introduced to California. One of these has been lost in the Clovis populations, possibly by a founder effect. Genome-wide comparisons indicate extensive differentiation between genetic clusters. Our observations support recent introductions of Ae. aegypti into California from multiple, genetically diverged source populations. Our data reveal signs of hybridization among diverged populations within CA. Genetic markers identified in this study will be of great value in pursuing classical population genetic studies which require larger sample sizes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collier, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conner, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanemaaijer, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smartt, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slatkin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanzaro, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulligan, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornel, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/166629</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial and temporal distribution of genome divergence among California populations of Aedes aegypti.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/167429v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diversity of translation initiation mechanisms across bacterial species is driven by environmental conditions and growth demands 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/167429v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence is often found upstream of protein coding genes across the bacterial kingdom, where it enhances start codon recognition via hybridization to the anti-SD (aSD) sequence on the small ribosomal subunit. Despite widespread conservation of the aSD sequence, the proportion of SD-led genes within a genome varies widely across species, and the evolutionary pressures shaping this variation remain largely unknown. Here, we conduct a phylogenetically-informed analysis and show that species capable of rapid growth have a significantly higher proportion of SD-led genes in their genome, suggesting a role for SD sequences in meeting the protein production demands of rapidly growing species. Further, we show that utilization of the SD sequence mechanism co-varies with: i) genomic traits that are indicative of efficient translation, and ii) optimal growth temperatures. In contrast to prior surveys, our results demonstrate that variation in translation initiation mechanisms across genomes is largely predictable, and that SD sequence utilization is part of a larger suite of translation-associated traits whose diversity is driven by the differential growth strategies of individual species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hockenberry, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amaral, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jewett, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/167429</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diversity of translation initiation mechanisms across bacterial species is driven by environmental conditions and growth demands]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/168021v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A cross-validation-based approach for delimiting reliable home range estimates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/168021v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundWith decreasing costs of GPS telemetry devices, data repositories of animal movement paths are increasing almost exponentially in size. A series of complex statistical tools have been developed in conjunction with this increase in data. Each of these methods offers certain improvements over previously proposed methods, but each has certain assumptions or shortcomings that make its general application difficult. In the case of the recently developed Time Local Convex Hull (T-LoCoH) method, the subjectivity in parameter selection serves as one of the primary impediments to its more widespread use. While there are certain advantages to the flexibility it offers for question-driven research, the lack of an objective approach for parameter selection may prevent some users from exploring the benefits of the method.nnResultsHere we present a cross-validation-based approach for selecting parameter values to optimize the T-LoCoH algorithm. We demonstrate the utility of the approach using a case study from the Etosha National Park anthrax system. Utilizing the proposed algorithm, rather than the guidelines in the T-LoCoH documentation, results in significantly different values for derived site fidelity metrics.nnConclusionsDue to its basis in principles of cross-validation, the application of this method offers a more objective approach than the relatively subjective guidelines set forth in the T-LoCoH documentation and enables a more accurate basis for the comparison of home ranges among individuals and species, as well as among studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dougherty, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackburn, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Getz, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/168021</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A cross-validation-based approach for delimiting reliable home range estimates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/168518v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Remodeling of ER-exit sites initiates a membrane supply pathway forautophagosome biogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/168518v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autophagosomes are double-membrane vesicles generated during autophagy. Biogenesis of the autophagosome requires membrane acquisition from intracellular compartments, the mechanisms of which are unclear. We previously found that a relocation of COPII machinery to the ER-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) generates ERGIC-derived COPII vesicles which serve as a membrane precursor for the lipidation of LC3, a key membrane component of the autophagosome. Here we employed super-resolution microscopy to show that starvation induces the enlargement of ER-exit sites (ERES) positive for the COPII activator, SEC12, and the remodeled ERES patches along the ERGIC. A SEC12 binding protein, CTAGE5, is required for the enlargement of ERES, SEC12 relocation to the ERGIC, and modulates autophagosome biogenesis. Moreover, FIP200, a subunit of the ULK protein kinase complex, facilitates the starvation-induced enlargement of ERES independent of the other subunits of this complex and associates via its C-terminal domain with SEC12. Our data indicate a pathway wherein FIP200 and CTAGE5 facilitate starvation-induced remodeling of the ERES, a prerequisite for the production of COPII vesicles budded from the ERGIC that contribute to autophagosome formation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ge, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenny, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maeda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saito, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marthur, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schekman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/168518</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Remodeling of ER-exit sites initiates a membrane supply pathway forautophagosome biogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/168948v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A compartmentalized, self-extinguishing signaling network mediates crossover control in meiosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/168948v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Meiotic recombination between homologous chromosomes is tightly regulated to ensure proper chromosome segregation. Each chromosome pair typically undergoes at least one crossover event (crossover assurance) but these exchanges are also strictly limited in number and widely spaced along chromosomes (crossover interference). This has implied the existence of chromosome-wide signals that regulate crossovers, but their molecular basis remains mysterious. Here we characterize a family of four related RING finger proteins in C. elegans. These proteins are recruited to the synaptonemal complex between paired homologs, where they act as two heterodimeric complexes, likely as E3 ubiquitin ligases. Genetic and cytological analysis reveals that they act with additional components to create a self-extinguishing circuit that controls crossover designation and maturation. These proteins also act at the top of a hierarchical chromosome remodeling process that enables crossovers to direct stepwise segregation. Work in diverse phyla indicates that related mechanisms mediate crossover control across eukaryotes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koehler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rillo-Bohn, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dernburg, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/168948</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A compartmentalized, self-extinguishing signaling network mediates crossover control in meiosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/171355v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-reconstruction for eukaryotes from complex natural microbial communities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/171355v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial eukaryotes are integral components of natural microbial communities and their inclusion is critical for many ecosystem studies yet the majority of published metagenome analyses ignore eukaryotes. In order to include eukaryotes in environmental studies we propose a method to recover eukaryotic genomes from complex metagenomic samples. A key step for genome recovery is separation of eukaryotic and prokaryotic fragments. We developed a kmer-based strategy, EukRep, for eukaryotic sequence identification and applied it to environmental samples to show that it enables genome recovery, genome completeness evaluation and prediction of metabolic potential. We used this approach to test the effect of addition of organic carbon on a geyser-associated microbial community and detected a substantial change of the community metabolism, with selection against almost all candidate phyla bacteria and archaea and for eukaryotes. Near complete genomes were reconstructed for three fungi placed within the eurotiomycetes and an arthropod. While carbon fixation and sulfur oxidation were important functions in the geyser community prior to carbon addition, the organic carbon impacted community showed enrichment for secreted proteases, secreted lipases, cellulose targeting CAZymes, and methanol oxidation. We demonstrate the broader utility of EukRep by reconstructing and evaluating relatively high quality fungal, protist, and rotifer genomes from complex environmental samples. This approach opens the way for cultivation-independent analyses of whole microbial communities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>West, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Probst, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grigoriev, I. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/171355</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-reconstruction for eukaryotes from complex natural microbial communities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/171983v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spot-On: robust model-based analysis of single-particle tracking experiments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/171983v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-particle tracking (SPT) has become an important method to bridge biochemistry and cell biology since it allows direct observation of protein binding and diffusion dynamics in live cells. However, accurately inferring information from SPT studies is challenging due to biases in both data analysis and experimental design. To address analysis bias, we introduce "Spot-On", an intuitive web-interface. Spot-On implements a kinetic modeling framework that accounts for known biases, including molecules moving out-of-focus, and robustly infers diffusion constants and subpopulations from pooled single-molecule trajectories. To minimize inherent experimental biases, we implement and validate stroboscopic photo-activation SPT (spaSPT), which minimizes motion-blur bias and tracking errors. We validate Spot-On using experimentally realistic simulations and show that Spot-On outperforms other methods. We then apply Spot-On to spaSPT data from live mammalian cells spanning a wide range of nuclear dynamics and demonstrate that Spot-On consistently and robustly infers subpopulation fractions and diffusion constants.nnIMPACT STATEMENTSpot-On is an easy-to-use website that makes a rigorous and bias-corrected modeling framework for analysis of single-molecule tracking experiments available to all.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hansen, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woringer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimm, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavis, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darzacq, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/171983</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spot-On: robust model-based analysis of single-particle tracking experiments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/172221v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Climate change drives uncertain global shifts in potential distribution and seasonal risk of Aedes-transmitted viruses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/172221v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractForecasting the impacts of climate change on Aedes-borne viruses--especially dengue, chikungunya, and Zika--is a key component of public health preparedness. We apply an empirically parameterized Bayesian transmission model of Aedes-borne viruses for the two vectors Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus as a function of temperature to predict cumulative monthly global transmission risk in current climates, and compare with projected risk in 2050 and 2080 based on general circulation models (GCMs). Our results show that if mosquito range shifts track optimal temperatures for transmission (26-29 {degrees}C), we can expect poleward shifts in Aedes-borne virus distributions. However, the differing thermal niches of the two vectors produce different patterns of shifts under climate change. More severe climate change scenarios produce proportionally worse population exposures from Ae. aegypti, but not from Ae. albopictus in the most extreme cases. Expanding risk of transmission from both mosquitoes will likely be a serious problem, even in the short term, for most of Europe; but significant reductions are also expected for Aedes albopictus, most noticeably in southeast Asia and west Africa. Within the next century, nearly a billion people are threatened with new exposure to both Aedes spp. in the worst-case scenario; but massive net losses in risk are noticeable for Ae. albopictus, especially in terms of year-round transmission, marking a global shift towards more seasonal risk across regions. Many other complicating factors (like mosquito range limits and viral evolution) exist, but overall our results indicate that while climate change will lead to both increased and new exposures to vector-borne disease, the most extreme increases in Ae. albopictus transmission are predicted to occur at intermediate climate change scenarios.nnAuthor SummaryThe established scientific consensus indicates that climate change will severely exacerbate the risk and burden of Aedes-transmitted viruses, including dengue, chikungunya, Zika, West Nile virus, and other significant threats to global health security. Here, we show that the story is more complicated, first and foremost due to differences between the more heat-tolerant Aedes aegypti and the more heat-limited Ae. albopictus. Almost a billion people could face their first exposure to viral transmission from either mosquito in the worst-case scenario, especially in Europe and high-elevation tropical and subtropical regions. On the other hand, while year-round transmission potential from Ae. aegypti is likely to expand (especially in south Asia and sub-Saharan Africa), Ae. albopictus loses significant ground in the tropics, marking a global shift towards seasonal risk as the tropics eventually become too hot for transmission by Ae. albopictus. Complete mitigation of climate change to a pre-industrial baseline could protect almost a billion people from arbovirus range expansions; but middle-of-the-road mitigation may actually produce the greatest expansion in the potential for viral transmission by Ae. albopictus. In any scenario, mitigating climate change also shifts the burden of both dengue and chikungunya (and potentially other Aedes transmitted viruses) from higher-income regions back onto the tropics, where transmission might otherwise start to be curbed by rising temperatures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ryan, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mordecai, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/172221</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Climate change drives uncertain global shifts in potential distribution and seasonal risk of Aedes-transmitted viruses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/172429v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ShhN-mediated activation of Smo in the absence of Ptch1/2 function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/172429v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signaling is characterized by strict non-cell autonomy; cells expressing Shh do not respond to their ligand. Here, we identify several Shh mutations that gain the ability to activate the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway in cis. This activation requires the extracellular cysteine rich domain of Smoothened, but is otherwise independent of Ptch1/2. Many of the identified mutations disrupt either a highly conserved catalytic motif found in peptidases or an a-helix domain frequently mutated in holoprosencephaly-causing SHH alleles. The expression of gain-of-function mutants often results in the accumulation of unprocessed Shh pro-peptide, a form of Shh we demonstrate is sufficient to activate the Hh response cell-autonomously. Our results demonstrate that Shh is capable of activating the Hh pathway via Smo independently of Ptch1/2, and that it harbors an intrinsic mechanism that prevents cell-autonomous activation of the pathway to favor non-cell autonomous signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Casillas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roelink, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/172429</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ShhN-mediated activation of Smo in the absence of Ptch1/2 function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/176073v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SelexGLM differentiates androgen and glucocorticoid receptor DNA-binding preference over an extended binding site 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/176073v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The DNA-binding interfaces of the androgen (AR) and glucocorticoid (GR) receptors are virtually identical, yet these transcription factors share only about a third of their genomic binding sites and regulate similarly distinct sets of target genes. To address this paradox, we determined the intrinsic specificities of the AR and GR DNA binding domains using a refined version of SELEX-seq. We developed an algorithm, SelexGLM, that quantifies binding specificity over a large (31 bp) binding-site by iteratively fitting a feature-based generalized linear model to SELEX probe counts. This analysis revealed that the DNA binding preferences of AR and GR homodimers differ significantly, both within and outside the 15bp core binding site. The relative preference between the two factors can be tuned over a wide range by changing the DNA sequence, with AR more sensitive to sequence changes than GR. The specificity of AR extends to the regions flanking the core 15bp site, where isothermal calorimetry measurements reveal that affinity is augmented by enthalpy-driven readout of poly-A sequences associated with narrowed minor groove width. We conclude that the increased specificity of AR is correlated with more enthalpy-driven binding than GR. The binding models help explain differences in AR and GR genomic binding, and provide a biophysical rationale for how promiscuous binding by GR allows functional substitution for AR in some castration-resistant prostate cancers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martini, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rube, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kribelbauer, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rastogi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>FitzPatrick, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houtman, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bussemaker, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pufall, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/176073</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SelexGLM differentiates androgen and glucocorticoid receptor DNA-binding preference over an extended binding site]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/177337v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of mechanisms that control mating in Drosophila males 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/177337v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetically wired neural mechanisms inhibit mating between species because even naive animals rarely mate with other species. These mechanisms can evolve through changes in expression or function of key genes in specific sensory pathways or central circuits. Gr32a is a gustatory chemoreceptor that, in D. melanogaster, is essential to inhibit interspecies courtship and sense quinine. Similar to D. melanogaster, D. simulans Gr32a is expressed in foreleg tarsi, sensorimotor appendages that inhibit interspecies courtship in both species, and it is required to sense quinine. Nevertheless, Gr32a is not required to inhibit interspecies mating by D. simulans males. However, and similar to its function in D. melanogaster, Ppk25, a member of the Pickpocket family, promotes conspecific courtship in D. simulans. Taken together, we have identified shared as well as distinct evolutionary solutions to chemosensory processing of tastants as well as cues that inhibit or promote courtship in two closely related Drosophila species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, O. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parthasarathy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avila-Herrera, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tun, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serpa, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knapp, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/177337</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of mechanisms that control mating in Drosophila males]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/179549v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nanoparticle-Guided Biomolecule Delivery for Transgene Expression and Gene Silencing in Mature Plants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/179549v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic engineering of plants is at the core of sustainability efforts, natural product synthesis, and agricultural crop engineering. The plant cell wall is a barrier that limits the ease and throughput with which exogenous biomolecules can be delivered to plants. Current delivery methods either suffer from host range limitations, low transformation efficiencies, tissue damage, or unavoidable DNA integration into the host genome. Here, we demonstrate efficient diffusion-based biomolecule delivery into tissues and organs of intact plants of several species with a suite of pristine and chemically-functionalized high aspect ratio nanomaterials. Efficient DNA delivery and strong protein expression without transgene integration is accomplished in Nicotiana benthamiana (Nb), Eruca sativa (arugula), Triticum aestivum (wheat) and Gossypium hirsutum (cotton) leaves and arugula protoplasts. We also demonstrate a second nanoparticle-based strategy in which small interfering RNA (siRNA) is delivered to Nb leaves and silence a gene with 95% efficiency. We find that nanomaterials not only facilitate biomolecule transport into plant cells but also protect polynucleotides from nuclease degradation. Our work provides a tool for species-independent and passive delivery of genetic material, without transgene integration, into plant cells for diverse biotechnology applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Demirer, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chio, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/179549</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nanoparticle-Guided Biomolecule Delivery for Transgene Expression and Gene Silencing in Mature Plants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/179788v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A role for the Smc3 hinge domain in the maintenance of sister chromatid cohesion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/179788v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cohesin is a conserved protein complex required for sister chromatid cohesion, chromosome condensation, DNA damage repair, and regulation of transcription. Although cohesin functions to tether DNA duplexes, the contribution of its individual domains to this activity remains poorly understood. We interrogated the Smc3p subunit of cohesin by random insertion mutagenesis. Analysis of a mutant in the Smc3p hinge revealed an unexpected role for this domain in cohesion maintenance and condensation. Further investigation revealed that the Smc3p hinge functions at a step following cohesins stable binding to chromosomes and independently of Smc3ps regulation by the Eco1p acetyltransferase. Hinge mutant phenotypes resemble loss of Pds5p, which binds opposite the hinge near Smc3ps head domain. We propose that a specific conformation of the Smc3p hinge and Pds5p cooperate to promote cohesion maintenance and condensation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Robison, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guacci, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koshland, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/179788</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A role for the Smc3 hinge domain in the maintenance of sister chromatid cohesion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/183160v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryo-EM shows how dynactin recruits two dyneins for faster movement 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/183160v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dynein and its cofactor dynactin form a highly processive microtubule motor in the presence of an activating adaptor, such as BICD2. Different adaptors link dynein/dynactin to distinct cargos. Here we use electron microscopy (EM) and single molecule studies to show that adaptors can recruit a second dynein to dynactin. Whereas BICD2 is biased toward recruiting a single dynein, the adaptors BICDR1 and HOOK3 predominantly recruit two. We find that the shift toward a double dynein complex increases both force and speed. A 3.5 [A] cryo-EM reconstruction of a dynein tail/dynactin/BICDR1 complex reveals how dynactin can act as a scaffold to coordinate two dyneins side by side. Our work provides a structural basis for how diverse adaptors recruit different numbers of dyneins and regulate the motile properties of the dynein/dynactin transport machine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Urnavicius, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elshenawy, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morales-Rios, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Motz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yildiz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/183160</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryo-EM shows how dynactin recruits two dyneins for faster movement]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/188938v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Associations between memory traces emerge in a generic neural circuit model through STDP 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/188938v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Memory traces and associations between them are fundamental for cognitive brain function. Neuron recordings suggest that distributed assemblies of neurons in the brain serve as memory traces for spatial information, real-world items, and concepts. How-ever, there is conflicting evidence regarding neural codes for associated memory traces. Some studies suggest the emergence of overlaps between assemblies during an association, while others suggest that the assemblies themselves remain largely unchanged and new assemblies emerge as neural codes for associated memory items. Here we study the emergence of neural codes for associated memory items in a generic computational model of recurrent networks of spiking neurons with a data-constrained rule for spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP). The model depends critically on two parameters, which control the excitability of neurons and the scale of initial synaptic weights. By modifying these two parameters, the model can reproduce both experimental data from the human brain on the fast formation of associations through emergent overlaps between assemblies, and rodent data where new neurons are recruited to encode the associated memories. Hence our findings suggest that the brain can use both of these two neural codes for associations, and dynamically switch between them during consolidation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pokorny, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ison, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Legenstein, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papadimitriou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maass, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/188938</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Associations between memory traces emerge in a generic neural circuit model through STDP]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/189159v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Real-time DNA barcoding in a remote rainforest using nanopore sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/189159v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Advancements in portable scientific instruments provide promising avenues to expedite field work in order to understand the diverse array of organisms that inhabit our planet. Here we tested the feasibility for in situ molecular analyses of endemic fauna using a portable laboratory fitting within a single backpack, in one of the worlds most imperiled biodiversity hotspots: the Ecuadorian Choco rainforest. We utilized portable equipment, including the MinION DNA sequencer (Oxford Nanopore Technologies) and miniPCR (miniPCR), to perform DNA extraction, PCR amplification and real-time DNA barcode sequencing of reptile specimens in the field. We demonstrate that nanopore sequencing can be implemented in a remote tropical forest to quickly and accurately identify species using DNA barcoding, as we generated consensus sequences for species resolution with an accuracy of >99% in less than 24 hours after collecting specimens. In addition, we generated sequence information at Universidad Tecnologica Indoamerica in Quito for the recently re-discovered Jambato toad Atelopus ignescens, which was thought to be extinct for 28 years, a rare species of blind snake Trilepida guayaquilensis, and two undescribed species of Dipsas snakes. In this study we establish how mobile laboratories and nanopore sequencing can help to accelerate species identification in remote areas (especially for species that are difficult to diagnose based on characters of external morphology), be applied to local research facilities in developing countries, and rapidly generate information for species that are rare, endangered and undescribed, which can potentially aid in conservation efforts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pomerantz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penafiel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arteaga, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustamante, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pichardo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coloma, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrio-Amoros, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salazar-Valenzuela, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prost, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/189159</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Real-time DNA barcoding in a remote rainforest using nanopore sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/190579v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Role Of Circle Of Willis Anatomy Variations In Cardio-embolic Stroke - A Patient-specific Simulation Based Study. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/190579v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We describe a patient-specific simulation based investigation on the role of Circle of Willis anatomy in cardioembolic stroke. Our simulation framework consists of medical image-driven modeling of patient anatomy including the Circle, 3D blood flow simulation through patient vasculature, embolus transport modeling using a discrete particle dynamics technique, and a sampling based approach to incorporate parametric variations. A total of 24 (four patients and six Circle anatomies including the complete Circle) models were considered, with cardiogenic emboli of varying sizes and compositions released virtually and tracked to compute distribution to the brain. The results establish that Circle anatomical variations significantly influence embolus distribution to the six major cerebral arteries. Embolus distribution to MCA territory is found to be least sensitive to the influence of anatomical variations. For varying Circle topologies, differences in flow through cervical vasculature are observed. This incoming flow is recruited differently across the communicating arteries of the Circle for varying anastomoses. Emboli interact with the routed flow, and can undergo significant traversal across the Circle arterial segments, depending upon their inertia and density ratio with respect to blood. This interaction drives the underlying biomechanics of embolus transport across the Circle, explaining how Circle anatomy influences embolism risk.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jani, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narvid, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadden, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/190579</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Role Of Circle Of Willis Anatomy Variations In Cardio-embolic Stroke - A Patient-specific Simulation Based Study.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/191601v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling Epidemics: A Primer and Numerus Software Implementation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/191601v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epidemiological models are dominated by SEIR (Susceptible, Exposed, Infected and Removed) dynamical systems formulations and their elaborations. These formulations can be continuous or discrete, deterministic or stochastic, or spatially homogeneous or heterogeneous, the latter often embracing a network formulation. Here we review the continuous and discrete deterministic and discrete stochastic formulations of the SEIR dynamical systems models, and we outline how they can be easily and rapidly constructed using the Numerus Model Builder, a graphically-driven coding platform. We also demonstrate how to extend these models to a metapopulation setting using both the Numerus Model Builder network and geographical mapping tools.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Getz, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salter, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muellerklein, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tallam, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/191601</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling Epidemics: A Primer and Numerus Software Implementation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/192351v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Parasite Extinction Assessment & Red List: an open-source, online biodiversity database for neglected symbionts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/192351v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parasite conservation is a rapidly growing field at the intersection of ecology, epidemiology, parasitology, and public health. The overwhelming diversity of parasitic life on earth, and recent work showing that parasites and other symbionts face severe extinction risk, necessitates infrastructure for parasite conservation assessments. Here, we describe the release of the Parasite Extinction Assessment & Red List (PEARL) version 1.0, an open-access database of conservation assessments and distributional data for almost 500 macroparasitic invertebrates. The current approach to vulnerability assessment is based on range shifts and loss from climate change, and will be expanded as additional data (e.g., host-parasite associations and coextinction risk) is consolidated in PEARL. The web architecture is also open-source, scalable, and extensible, making PEARL a template for more eZcient red listing for other high-diversity, data-de1cient groups. Future iterations will also include new functionality, including a user-friendly open data pository and automated assessment and re-listing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carlson, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muellerklein, O. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgio, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castaldo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cizauskas, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cumming, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dallas, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dona, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovani, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Proctor, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Getz, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/192351</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Parasite Extinction Assessment & Red List: an open-source, online biodiversity database for neglected symbionts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/194985v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nasal and aerosol shedding of infectious influenza virus - a community based study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/194985v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Little is known about the amount and infectiousness of influenza virus shed into exhaled breath. This contributes to uncertainty about the importance of airborne influenza transmission. We screened 355 symptomatic volunteers with acute respiratory illness and report 142 cases with confirmed influenza infection who provided 218 paired nasopharyngeal (NP) and 30-minute breath samples (coarse >5 m and fine <5 m fractions) on days 1 to 3 post symptom onset. We assessed viral RNA copy number for all samples and cultured NP swabs and fine aerosols. We recovered infectious virus from 52 (39%) of the fine aerosols and 150 (89%) of the NP swabs with valid cultures. The geometric mean RNA copy numbers were 3.8x104/30-min fine, 1.2x104/30-min coarse aerosol sample, and 8.2x108 per NP swab. Fine and coarse aerosol viral RNA was positively associated with body mass index (fine p<0.05, coarse p<0.10) and number of coughs (fine p<0.001, coarse p<0.01) and negatively associated with increasing days since symptom onset (fine p<0.05 to p<0.01, coarse p<0.10) in adjusted models. Fine aerosol viral RNA was also positively associated with having influenza vaccination for both the current and prior season (p<0.01). NP swab viral RNA was positively associated with upper respiratory symptoms (p<0.01) and negatively associated with age (p<0.01) but was not significantly associated with fine or coarse aerosol viral RNA or their predictors. Sneezing was rare, and sneezing and coughing were not necessary for infectious aerosol generation. Our observations suggest that influenza infection in the upper and lower airways are compartmentalized and independent.nnSignificanceLack of human data on influenza virus aerosol shedding fuels debate over the importance of airborne transmission. We provide overwhelming evidence that humans generate infectious aerosols and quantitative data to improve mathematical models of transmission and public health interventions. We show that sneezing is rare and not important for, and that coughing is not required for influenza virus aerosolization. Our findings, that upper and lower airway infection are independent and that fine particle exhaled aerosols reflect infection in the lung, open a new pathway for understanding the human biology of influenza infection and transmission. Our observation of an association between repeated vaccination and increased viral aerosol generation demonstrated the power of our method, but needs confirmation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grantham, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pantelic, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bueno de Mesquita, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehrman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milton, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>EMIT Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/194985</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nasal and aerosol shedding of infectious influenza virus - a community based study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/196352v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of anthropogenic wildfire activity in low elevation Pacific island vegetation communities in French Polynesia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/196352v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anthropogenic (or human-caused) wildfire is an increasingly important driver of ecological change on Pacific islands including southeastern Polynesia, but fire ecology studies are almost completely absent for this region. Where observations do exist, they mostly represent descriptions of fire effects on plant communities before the introduction of invasive species in the modern era. Understanding the effects of wildfire in southeastern Polynesian island vegetation communities can elucidate which species may become problematic invasives with continued wildfire activity. We investigate the effects of wildfire on vegetation in three low-elevation sites (45-379 m) on the island of Moorea in the Society Islands, French Polynesia, which are already heavily impacted by past human land use and invasive exotic plants, but retain some native flora. In six study areas (3 burned and 3 unburned comparisons), we placed 30 transects across sites and collected species and abundance information at 390 points. We analyzed each local community of plants in three categories: natives, those introduced by Polynesians before European contact (1767 C.E.), and those introduced since European contact. Burned areas had the same or lower mean species richness than paired comparison sites. Although wildfire did not affect the proportions of native and introduced species, it may increase the abundance of introduced species on some sites. Non-metric multidimensional scaling indicates that (not recently modified) comparison plant communities are more distinct from one another than are those on burned sites. We discuss conservation concerns for particular native plants absent from burned sites, as well as invasive species (including Lantana camara and Paraserianthes falcataria) that may be promoted by fire in the Pacific.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Newman, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winkler, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hembry, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/196352</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of anthropogenic wildfire activity in low elevation Pacific island vegetation communities in French Polynesia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/200998v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A multi-modal approach to decomposing standard neuropsychological test performance: Symbol Search 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/200998v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuropsychological test batteries provide normed assessments of cognitive performance across multiple functional domains. Although each test emphasizes a certain component of cognition, a poor score can reflect many possible processing deficits. Here we explore the use of simultaneous eye tracking and EEG to decompose test performance into interpretable, components of cognitive processing. We examine the specific case of Symbol Search, a "processing speed" subtest of the WISC, which involves searching for the presence of either of two target symbols among five search symbols. To characterize the signatures of effective performance of the test, we asked 26 healthy adults to perform a computerized version of it while recording continuous EEG and eye tracking. We first established basic gaze-shifting patterns in the task, such as more frequent and prolonged fixation of each target than each search symbol, and longer search symbol fixations and overall trial duration for target-absent trials. We then entered multiple such metrics into a least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) analysis, which revealed that short trial completion times were mainly predicted by longer initial fixations on the targets and fewer subsequent confirmatory saccades directed back to the targets. Further, the tendency to make confirmatory saccades was associated with stronger gamma-amplitude modulation by mid-frontal theta-phase in the EEG during initial target symbol encoding. Taken together, these findings indicate that efficient Symbol Search performance depends more on effective memory encoding than on general "processing speed".
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Langer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedroni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcelle, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuster, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milham, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/200998</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A multi-modal approach to decomposing standard neuropsychological test performance: Symbol Search]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/201475v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
N6-methyladenosine modification and the YTHDF2 reader protein play cell type specific roles in lytic viral gene expression during Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/201475v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Methylation at the N6 position of adenosine (m6A) is a highly prevalent and reversible modification within eukaryotic mRNAs that has been linked to many stages of RNA processing and fate. Recent studies suggest that m6A deposition and proteins involved in the m6A pathway play a diverse set of roles in either restricting or modulating the lifecycles of select viruses. Here, we report that m6A levels are significantly increased in cells infected with the oncogenic human DNA virus Kaposis sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). Transcriptome-wide m6A-sequencing of the KSHV-positive renal carcinoma cell line iSLK.219 during lytic reactivation revealed the presence of m6A across multiple kinetic classes of viral transcripts, and a concomitant decrease in m6A levels across much of the host transcriptome. However, we found that depletion of the m6A machinery had differential pro- and anti-viral impacts on viral gene expression depending on the cell-type analyzed. In iSLK.219 and iSLK.BAC16 cells the pathway functioned in a pro-viral manner, as depletion of the m6A writer METTL3 and the reader YTHDF2 significantly impaired virion production. In iSLK.219 cells the defect was linked to their roles in the post-transcriptional accumulation of the major viral lytic transactivator ORF50, which is m6A modified. In contrast, although the ORF50 mRNA was also m6A modified in KSHV infected B cells, ORF50 protein expression was instead increased upon depletion of METTL3, or, to a lesser extent, YTHDF2. These results highlight that the m6A pathway is centrally involved in regulating KSHV gene expression, and underscore how the outcome of this dynamically regulated modification can vary significantly between cell types.nnAuthor SummaryIn addition to its roles in regulating cellular RNA fate, methylation at the N6 position of adenosine (m6A) of mRNA has recently emerged as a mechanism for regulating viral infection. While it has been known for over 40 years that the mRNA of nuclear replicating DNA viruses contain m6A, only recently have studies began to examine the distribution of this modification across viral transcripts, as well as characterize its functional impact upon viral lifecycles. Here, we apply m6A-sequencing to map the location of m6A modifications throughout the transcriptome of the oncogenic human DNA virus Kaposis sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). We show that the m6A machinery functions in a cell type specific manner to either promote or inhibit KSHV gene expression. Thus, the KSHV lifecycle is impacted by the m6A pathway, but the functional outcome may depend on cell lineage specific differences in m6A-based regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hesser, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karijolich, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominissini, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaunsinger, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/201475</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[N6-methyladenosine modification and the YTHDF2 reader protein play cell type specific roles in lytic viral gene expression during Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.08.868828v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heterogeneity and targeted therapy-induced adaptations in lung cancer revealed by longitudinal single-cell RNA sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.08.868828v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lung cancer, the leading cause of cancer mortality, exhibits heterogeneity that enables adaptability, limits therapeutic success, and remains incompletely understood. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) of metastatic lung cancer was performed using 44 tumor biopsies obtained longitudinally from 27 patients before and during targeted therapy. Over 20,000 cancer and tumor microenvironment (TME) single-cell profiles exposed a rich and dynamic tumor ecosystem. scRNAseq of cancer cells illuminated targetable oncogenes beyond those detected clinically. Cancer cells surviving therapy as residual disease (RD) expressed an alveolar-regenerative cell signature suggesting a therapy-induced primitive cell state transition, whereas those present at on-therapy progressive disease (PD) upregulated kynurenine, plasminogen, and gap junction pathways. Active T-lymphocytes and decreased macrophages were present at RD and immunosuppressive cell states characterized PD. Biological features revealed by scRNAseq were biomarkers of clinical outcomes in independent cohorts. This study highlights how therapy-induced adaptation of the multi-cellular ecosystem of metastatic cancer shapes clinical outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maynard, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCoach, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotow, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haderk, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerr, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schenk, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gui, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lea, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urisman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sit, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolli, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seeley, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gesthalter, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamauchi, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naeger, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Do, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Sjoberg, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gubens, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kratz, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jablons, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neff, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doebele, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blakely, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darmanis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bivona, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.08.868828</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heterogeneity and targeted therapy-induced adaptations in lung cancer revealed by longitudinal single-cell RNA sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.13.875526v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Alignment-free Method for Phylogeny Estimation using Maximum Likelihood 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.13.875526v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While alignment has traditionally been the primary approach for establishing homology prior to phylogenetic inference, alignment-free methods offer a simplified alternative, particularly beneficial when handling genome-wide data involving long sequences and complex events such as rearrangements. Moreover, alignment-free methods become crucial for data types like genome skims, where assembly is impractical. However, despite these benefits, alignment-free techniques have not gained widespread acceptance since they lack the accuracy of alignment-based techniques, primarily due to their reliance on simplified models of pairwise distance calculation. Here, we present a likelihood based alignment-free technique for phylogenetic tree construction. We encode the presence or absence of k-mers in genome sequences in a binary matrix, and estimate phylogenetic trees using a maximum likelihood approach. We analyze the performance of our method on seven real datasets and compare the results with the state of the art alignment-free methods. Results suggest that our method is competitive with existing alignment-free tools. This indicates that maximum likelihood based alignment-free methods may in the future be refined to outperform alignment-free methods relying on distance calculation as has been the case in the alignment-based setting. A likelihood based alignment-free method for phylogeny estimation is implemented for the first time in a software named PO_SCPLOWEAFOWLC_SCPLOW, which is available at: https://github.com/hasin-abrar/Peafowlrepo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zahin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abrar, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tasnim, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayzid, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.13.875526</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Alignment-free Method for Phylogeny Estimation using Maximum Likelihood]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.13.876177v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular basis of CTCF binding polarity in genome folding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.13.876177v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Current models propose that boundaries of mammalian topologically associating domains (TADs) arise from the ability of the CTCF protein to stop extrusion of chromatin loops by cohesin proteins (Merkenschlager & Nora, 2016; Fudenberg, Abdennur, Imakaev, Goloborodko, & Mirny, 2017). While the orientation of CTCF motifs determines which pairs of CTCF sites preferentially stabilize DNA loops (de Wit et al., 2015; Guo et al., 2015; Rao et al., 2014; Vietri Rudan et al., 2015), the molecular basis of this polarity remains mysterious. Here we report that CTCF positions cohesin but does not control its overall binding or dynamics on chromatin by single molecule live imaging. Using an inducible complementation system, we found that CTCF mutants lacking the N-terminus cannot insulate TADs properly, despite normal binding. Cohesin remained at CTCF sites in this mutant, albeit with reduced enrichment. Given that the orientation of the CTCF motif presents the CTCF N-terminus towards cohesin as it translocates from the interior of TADs, these observations provide a molecular explanation for how the polarity of CTCF binding sites determines the genomic distribution of chromatin loops.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nora, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caccianini, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fudenberg, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kameswaran, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uebersohn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>So, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hajj, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Saux, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coulon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirny, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruneau, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.13.876177</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular basis of CTCF binding polarity in genome folding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.14.876607v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
OLGenie: Estimating Natural Selection to Predict Functional Overlapping Genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.14.876607v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Purifying (negative) natural selection is a hallmark of functional biological sequences, and can be detected in protein-coding genes using the ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous substitutions per site (dN/dS). However, when two genes overlap the same nucleotide sites in different frames, synonymous changes in one gene may be nonsynonymous in the other, perturbing dN/dS. Thus, scalable methods are needed to estimate functional constraint specifically for overlapping genes (OLGs). We propose OLGenie, which implements a modification of the Wei-Zhang method. Assessment with simulations and controls from viral genomes (58 OLGs and 176 non-OLGs) demonstrates low false positive rates and good discriminatory ability in differentiating true OLGs from non-OLGs. We also apply OLGenie to the unresolved case of HIV-1s putative antisense protein gene, showing significant purifying selection. OLGenie can be used to study known OLGs and to predict new OLGs in genome annotation. Software and example data are freely available at https://github.com/chasewnelson/OLGenie.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nelson, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ardern, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.14.876607</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[OLGenie: Estimating Natural Selection to Predict Functional Overlapping Genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.15.877134v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Don't Dismiss Logistic Regression: The Case for Sensible Extraction of Interactions in the Era of Machine Learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.15.877134v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMachine learning approaches have become increasingly popular modeling techniques, relying on data-driven heuristics to arrive at its solutions. Recent comparisons between these algorithms and traditional statistical modeling techniques have largely ignored the superiority gained by the former approaches due to involvement of model-building search algorithms. This has led to alignment of statistical and machine learning approaches with different types of problems and the under-development of procedures that combine their attributes. In this context, we hoped to understand the domains of applicability for each approach and to identify areas where a marriage between the two approaches is warranted. We then sought to develop a hybrid statistical-machine learning procedure with the best attributes of each.

MethodsWe present three simple examples to illustrate when to use each modeling approach and posit a general framework for combining them into an enhanced logistic regression model building procedure that aids interpretation. We study 556 benchmark machine learning datasets to uncover when machine learning techniques outperformed rudimentary logistic regression models and so are potentially well-equipped to enhance them. We illustrate a software package, InteractionTransformer, which embeds logistic regression with advanced model building capacity by using machine learning algorithms to extract candidate interaction features from a random forest model for inclusion in the model. Finally, we apply our enhanced logistic regression analysis to two real-word biomedical examples, one where predictors vary linearly with the outcome and another with extensive second-order interactions.

ResultsPreliminary statistical analysis demonstrated that across 556 benchmark datasets, the random forest approach significantly outperformed the logistic regression approach. We found a statistically significant increase in predictive performance when using hybrid procedures and greater clarity in the association with the outcome of terms acquired compared to directly interpreting the random forest output.

ConclusionsWhen a random forest model is closer to the true model, hybrid statistical-machine learning procedures can substantially enhance the performance of statistical procedures in an automated manner while preserving easy interpretation of the results. Such hybrid methods may help facilitate widespread adoption of machine learning techniques in the biomedical setting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Levy, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Malley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.15.877134</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Don't Dismiss Logistic Regression: The Case for Sensible Extraction of Interactions in the Era of Machine Learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.16.878652v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Contrast-Enhanced, Molecular Imaging of Vascular Inflammation in the Mouse Model by Simultaneous PET/MRI 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.16.878652v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite advances in diagnosis and management, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of death in the US. Atherosclerosis is the most common form of CVD and the vulnerability of atherosclerotic plaques to rupture is a primary determinant for risk of catastrophic ischemic events. Current imaging of atherosclerotic disease focuses on assessing plaque size and the degree of luminal stenosis, which are not good predictors of plaque stability. Functional methods to identify biomarkers of inflammation in plaques could facilitate assessment of plaque instability to allow early intervention. In this study, we validate the use of a purpose-built, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-compatible positron emission tomography (PET) insert for multimodal, molecular imaging of vulnerable plaques in mice. We illustrate the application of PET to screen for inflamed regions to guide the application of MRI. Molecular MRI visualizes regions of vascular inflammation and is coupled with anatomical MRI to generate detailed maps of the inflammatory marker within the context of an individual vessel. As a testbed for this imaging methodology, we developed a multimodal, iron oxide nanoparticle (NP) targeting vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) for simultaneous PET/MRI of vascular inflammation performed on a mouse carotid ligation model. In vitro cell studies confirmed that the NPs are not cytotoxic to liver cells. In vivo simultaneous PET/MRI imaging identified regions of inflammation. Three-dimensional rendering of the MRI data facilitated high-resolution visualization of patterns of inflammation along the injured vessel. Histology validated the co-localization of the NPs with VCAM-1 expression at sites of induced inflammation. The results of this work validate the utility of the simultaneous PET/MR insert as a research tool for small animals and lays groundwork to further advance the potential clinical utility of integrated imaging systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Du, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>House, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peake, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espiritu, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, K.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinkerton, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.16.878652</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Contrast-Enhanced, Molecular Imaging of Vascular Inflammation in the Mouse Model by Simultaneous PET/MRI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.17.875591v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic variation of Aedes aegypti populations from Ecuador 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.17.875591v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This is the first genetic analysis in Ecuador of Aedes aegypti using fragments of mitochondrial genes, NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4 (ND4) and cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI). A total of 154 mosquitoes from 23 localities were collected in the Pacific coastal lowlands, Amazon basin lowlands, and the Galapagos Islands from 2012 to 2019. The analysis of fragments of the genes COI (672 bp) and ND4 (262 bp) and concatenated analysis of both COI and ND4 showed two haplotypes (H1, H2) present in Ecuador mainland and the Galapagos Islands. The phylogenetic analysis identified two well-supported clades. Combined analysis of both genes from ten localities also resulted in two haplotypes. Nucleotide diversity, neutrality tests (Tajimas test D, Fu and Lis F*and D*) and AMOVA analysis of the entire data set suggest balancing selection for both genes. The results indicate genetic variation without geographical restriction. COI-H1 grouped with sequences from the Americas, West and Central Africa, East Africa, Asia, and Australia. ND4-H1 grouped with similar sequences from the Americas, Asia and West Africa. COI-H2 grouped with sequences from Asia and the Americas. ND4-H2 grouped with sequences from the Americas. We report overlapping peaks in four sequences that suggest heteroplasmy in the individuals. The origin of the populations of Aedes aegypti in Ecuador show African genetic origin and are widely present in several countries in the Americas. One of the genetic variants is more common in all the localities and the two haplotypes are distributed indistinctly in the three geographical sampled areas in Ecuador.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cevallos, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benitez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coloma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrazco, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holecheck, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quiroga, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castillo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tillis, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ponce, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.17.875591</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic variation of Aedes aegypti populations from Ecuador]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.17.879940v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phf15, a novel transcriptional repressor regulating inflammation in mouse microglia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.17.879940v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AimExcessive microglial inflammation has emerged as a key player in mediating the effects of aging and neurodegeneration on brain dysfunction. Thus, there is great interest in discovering transcriptional repressors that can control this process. We aimed to examine whether Phf15--one of the top differentially expressed genes in microglia during aging in humans--could regulate transcription of pro-inflammatory mediators in microglia.

MethodsRT-qPCR was used to assess Phf15 mRNA expression in mouse brain during aging. Loss-of-function (shRNA-mediated knockdown (KD) and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout (KO) of Phf15) and gain-of-function (retroviral overexpression (OE) of murine Phf15 cDNA) studies in a murine microglial cell line (SIM-A9) followed by immune activation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were used to determine the effect of Phf15 on pro-inflammatory factor (Tnf, Il-1{beta}, Nos2) mRNA expression. RNA-sequencing was used to determine global transcriptional changes after Phf15 knockout under basal conditions and after LPS stimulation.

ResultsPhf15 expression increases in mouse brain during aging, similar to humans. KD, KO and OE studies determined that Phf15 represses mRNA expression levels of pro-inflammatory mediators such as Tnf, Il-1{beta} and Nos2. Global transcriptional changes after Phf15 KO showed that Phf15 specifically represses genes related to the antiviral (type I interferon) response and cytokine production in microglia.

ConclusionWe provide the first evidence that Phf15 is an important transcriptional repressor of microglial inflammation, regulating the antiviral response and pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Importantly, Phf15 regulates both basal and signal-dependent activation and controls the magnitude and duration of the microglial inflammatory response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saijo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muroy, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timblin, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preininger, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cedillo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.17.879940</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phf15, a novel transcriptional repressor regulating inflammation in mouse microglia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.18.880591v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A PI3K-WIPI2 positive feedback loop allosterically activates LC3 lipidation in autophagy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.18.880591v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autophagy degrades cytoplasmic cargo by its delivery to lysosomes within double membrane autophagosomes. Synthesis of the phosphoinositide PI(3)P by the autophagic PI 3-kinase complex I (PI3KC3-C1) and conjugation of ATG8/LC3 proteins to phagophore membranes by the ATG12-ATG5-ATG16L1 (E3) complex are two critical steps in autophagosome biogenesis, connected by WIPI2. Here we present a complete reconstitution of these events. On giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs), LC3 lipidation is strictly dependent on the recruitment of WIPI2, which in turn depends on PI(3)P. Ectopically targeting E3 to membranes in the absence of WIPI2 is insufficient to support LC3 lipidation, demonstrating that WIPI2 allosterically activates the E3 complex. PI3KC3-C1 and WIPI2 mutually promote the recruitment of each other in a positive feedback loop. When both PI 3-kinase and LC3 lipidation reactions were carried out simultaneously, positive feedback between PI3KC3-C1 and WIPI2 led to rapid LC3 lipidation with kinetics similar to those seen in cellular autophagosome formation.

SummaryAutophagy requires the synthesis of PI(3)P and the conjugation of LC3 to the phagophore membrane. We reconstituted these two reactions and their coupling by WIPI2, and showed that positive feedback between PI3KC3-C1 and WIPI2 leads to rapid LC3 lipidation by the ATG16L1 complex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fracchiolla, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurley, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martens, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.18.880591</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A PI3K-WIPI2 positive feedback loop allosterically activates LC3 lipidation in autophagy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.20.885244v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
New Tools for Genetically Targeting Myeloid Populations in the Central Nervous System 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.20.885244v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As the resident macrophages of the brain and spinal cord, microglia are crucial for the phagocytosis of infectious agents, apoptotic cells and synapses. Developmentally, microglia originate from the embryonic yolk sac and serve important roles in the sculpting of neonatal neural circuits. During brain injury or infection, bone-marrow derived macrophages invade neural tissue, making it difficult to distinguish between invading macrophages and resident microglia. In addition to circulation-derived monocytes, other non-microglial central nervous system (CNS) macrophage subtypes include borderzone (meningeal and perivascular) and choroid plexus macrophages. To distinguish between resident microglia and these other CNS macrophage subtypes, we generated a P2ry12-CreER mouse line. P2RY12 is a microglial-specific nucleotide sensing GPCR that is important for microglial response to tissue damage. Using immunofluorescent labeling and flow cytometry experiments, we show that P2ry12-CreER recombination is exceptionally specific to parenchymal microglia. We also perform ribosome immunoprecipitations and transcriptional profiling of P2ry12-CreER recombined cells, using a Cre-dependent Rpl22-HA mouse line. By identifying genes enriched in this dataset that are not correspondingly enriched in a broader Cx3CR1-CreER; Rpl22 dataset, we isolate a number of borderzone macrophage-specific transcripts, including the gene PF4. Using a PF4-Cre mouse line, we show that PF4 expression robustly marks borderzone macrophages. Together, we demonstrate two new methods to genetically target distinct CNS macrophage subtypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McKinsey, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lizama, C. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keown-Lang, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chee, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santander, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.20.885244</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[New Tools for Genetically Targeting Myeloid Populations in the Central Nervous System]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.27.889378v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Citrullination regulates wound responses and tissue regeneration in zebrafish 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.27.889378v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Calcium signaling is an important early step in wound healing, yet how these early signals promote regeneration remains unclear. Peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs), a family of calcium-dependent enzymes, catalyze citrullination, a post-translational modification that alters protein function and has been implicated in autoimmune diseases. We generated a mutation in the single zebrafish ancestral pad gene, padi2, resulting in a loss of detectable calcium-dependent citrullination. The padi2 mutants exhibit impaired resolution of inflammation and regeneration after caudal fin transection. Further, we identified a new subpopulation of cells displaying citrullinated histones within the notochord bead following tissue injury. Citrullination of histones in this region was absent and wound-induced proliferation was perturbed in Padi2-deficient larvae. Taken together, our results show that Padi2 is required for the citrullination of histones within a group of cells in the notochord bead, and for promoting wound-induced proliferation required for efficient regeneration. These findings identify Padi2 as a potential intermediary between early calcium signaling and subsequent tissue regeneration.

SummaryGolenberg et al. developed a citrullination-deficient zebrafish and demonstrated a role for Padi2 in fin wound responses and regeneration. This work identified a distinct population of cells within the regenerative notochord bead that exhibited wound-induced histone citrullination.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huttenlocher, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golenberg, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Squirrell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>RIndy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pistono, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eliceiri, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shelef, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.27.889378</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Citrullination regulates wound responses and tissue regeneration in zebrafish]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.29.889873v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Ocular Glymphatic Clearance System 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.29.889873v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite high metabolic activity, the retina and optic nerve head lack traditional lymphatic drainage. We here identified a novel ocular glymphatic clearance route for fluid and wastes via the proximal optic nerve. Amyloid-{beta} (A{beta}) was cleared from the vitreous via a pathway driven by the ocular-cranial pressure difference. After traversing the lamina barrier, intra-axonal A{beta} was cleared via the perivenous space and subsequently drained to lymphatic vessels. Light-induced pupil constriction enhanced, while atropine or raising intracranial pressure blocked efflux. In two distinct murine models of glaucoma, A{beta} leaked from the eye via defects in the lamina barrier instead of directional axonal efflux. The discovery of a novel pathway for removal of fluid and metabolites from the intraocular space prompts a reevaluation of the core principles governing eye physiology and provides a framework for new therapeutic approaches to treat common eye diseases, including glaucoma.

One Sentence SummaryGlymphatic pathway clears ocular amyloid-{beta} via optic nerve and fails in glaucoma.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lou, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eberhardt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kusk, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forstera, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xavier, A. L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erturk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Libby, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thrane, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nedergaard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.29.889873</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Ocular Glymphatic Clearance System]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.31.892075v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular height measurement by cell surface optical profilometry (CSOP) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.31.892075v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The physical dimensions of proteins and glycans on cell surfaces can critically affect cell function, for example by preventing close contact between cells and limiting receptor accessibility. However, high-resolution measurements of molecular heights on native cell membranes have been difficult to obtain. Here we present a simple and rapid method that achieves nanometer height resolution by localizing fluorophores at the tip and base of cell surface molecules and determining their separation by radially averaging across many molecules. We use this method, which we call cell surface optical profilometry (CSOP), to quantify height of key multi-domain proteins on a model macrophage and cancer cell, as well as to capture average protein and glycan heights on native cell membranes. We show that average height of a protein is significantly smaller than its contour length due to thermally driven bending and rotation on the membrane and that height strongly depends on local surface and solution conditions. We find that average height increases with cell surface molecular crowding, while it decreases with solution crowding by solutes, both of which we confirm with molecular dynamics simulations. We also use experiments and simulations to determine the height of an epitope based on the location of an antibody, which allows CSOP to profile various proteins and glycans on a native cell surface using antibodies and lectins. This versatile method for profiling cell surfaces has the potential to advance understanding of the molecular landscape of cells and its role in cell function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Son, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takatori, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belardi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Podolski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakalar, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fletcher, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.31.892075</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular height measurement by cell surface optical profilometry (CSOP)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.02.892844v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Near-chromosome level genome assembly of the fruit pest Drosophila suzukii using long-read sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.02.892844v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over the past decade, the spotted wing Drosophila, Drosophila suzukii, has invaded Europe and America and has become a major agricultural pest in these areas, thereby prompting intense research activities to better understand its biology. Two draft genome assemblies based on short-read sequencing were released in 2013 for this species. Although valuable, these resources contain pervasive assembly errors and are highly fragmented, two features limiting their values. Our purpose here was to improve the assembly of the D. suzukii genome. For this, we generated PacBio long-read sequencing data at 160X sequence coverage and assembled a novel, contiguous D. suzukii genome. We obtained a high-quality assembly of 270 Mb (with 546 contigs, a N50 of 2.6Mb, a L50 of 15, and a BUSCO score of 95%) that we called WT3-2.0. We found that despite 16 rounds of full-sib crossings the D. suzukii strain that we sequenced has maintained high levels of polymorphism in some regions of its genome (ca. 19Mb). As a consequence, the quality of the assembly of these regions was reduced. We explored possible origins of this high residual diversity, including the presence of structural variants and a possible heterogeneous admixture pattern of North American and Asian ancestry. Overall, our WT3-2.0 assembly provides a higher quality genomic resource compared to the previous one in terms of general assembly statistics, sequence quality and gene annotation. This new D. suzukii genome assembly is therefore an improved resource for high-throughput sequencing approaches, as well as manipulative genetic technologies to study D. suzukii.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paris, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaenichen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, J. B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karageorgi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cagnon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parinello, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estoup, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gautier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gompel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prud'homme, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.02.892844</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Near-chromosome level genome assembly of the fruit pest Drosophila suzukii using long-read sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.06.896316v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Overexpression of Thalassiosira pseudonana violaxanthin de-epoxidase-like 2 (VDL2) increases fucoxanthin while stoichiometrically reducing diadinoxanthin cycle pigment abundance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.06.896316v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite the ubiquity and ecological importance of diatoms, much remains to be understood about their physiology and metabolism, including their carotenoid biosynthesis pathway. Early carotenoid biosynthesis steps are well-conserved, while the identity of the enzymes that catalyze the later steps and their order remain unclear. Those steps lead to the biosynthesis of the final pathway products: the main accessory light-harvesting pigment fucoxanthin (Fx) and the main photoprotective pigment pool comprised of diadinoxanthin (Ddx) and its reversibly de-epoxidized form diatoxanthin (Dtx). We used sequence comparison to known carotenoid biosynthesis enzymes to identify novel candidates in the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana. Microarray and RNA-seq data was used to select candidates with transcriptomic responses similar to known carotenoid biosynthesis genes and to create full-length gene models, and we focused on those that encode proteins predicted to be chloroplast-localized. We identified a violaxanthin de-epoxidase-like gene (Thaps3_11707, VDL2) that when overexpressed results in increased Fx abundance while stoichiometrically reducing Ddx+Dtx. Based on transcriptomics, we hypothesize that Thaps3_10233 may also contribute to Fx biosynthesis, in addition to VDL2. Separately using antisense RNA to target VDL2, VDL1, and both LUT1-like copies (hypothesized to catalyze an earlier step in the pathway) simultaneously, reduced the overall cellular photosynthetic pigment content, including chlorophylls, suggesting destabilization of light-harvesting complexes by Fx deficiency. Based on transcriptomic and physiological data, we hypothesize that the two predicted T. pseudonana zeaxanthin epoxidases have distinct functions and that different copies of phytoene synthase and phytoene desaturase may serve to initiate carotenoid biosynthesis in response to different cellular needs. Finally, nine carotene cis/trans isomerase (CRTISO) candidates identified based on sequence identity to known CRTISO proteins were narrowed to two most likely to be part of the T. pseudonana carotenoid biosynthesis pathway based on transcriptomic responses and predicted chloroplast targeting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gaidarenko, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mills, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vernet, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hildebrand, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.06.896316</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Overexpression of Thalassiosira pseudonana violaxanthin de-epoxidase-like 2 (VDL2) increases fucoxanthin while stoichiometrically reducing diadinoxanthin cycle pigment abundance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.07.897801v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Preliminary Evaluation of the Utility of Deep Generative Histopathology Image Translation at a Mid-Sized NCI Cancer Center 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.07.897801v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Evaluation of a tissue biopsy is often required for the diagnosis and prognostic staging of a disease. Recent efforts have sought to accurately quantitate the distribution of tissue features and morphology in digitized images of histological tissue sections, Whole Slide Images (WSI). Generative modeling techniques present a unique opportunity to produce training data that can both augment these models and translate histologic data across different intra-and-inter-institutional processing procedures, provide cost-effective ways to perform computational chemical stains (synthetic stains) on tissue, and facilitate the creation of diagnostic aid algorithms. A critical evaluation and understanding of these technologies is vital for their incorporation into a clinical workflow. We illustrate several potential use cases of these techniques for the calculation of nuclear to cytoplasm ratio, synthetic SOX10 immunohistochemistry (IHC, sIHC) staining to delineate cell lineage, and the conversion of hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain to trichome stain for the staging of liver fibrosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Levy, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sriharan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christensen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaickus, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.07.897801</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Preliminary Evaluation of the Utility of Deep Generative Histopathology Image Translation at a Mid-Sized NCI Cancer Center]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.07.897850v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhanced triacylglycerol (TAG) and protein accumulation in transgenic diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana with altered photosynthetic pigmentation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.07.897850v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microalgal productivity in mass cultures is limited by the inefficiency with which available light energy is utilized. In dense cultures, cells closest to the light source absorb more light energy than they can use and dissipate the excess, while light penetrance into the culture is steeply attenuated. Reducing microalgal light harvesting and/or dissipating capacity per cell may improve total light utilization efficiency in mass cultures. In this study, two transgenic lines of the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana with altered photosynthetic pigment content are evaluated with respect to photosynthetic parameters, growth, and macromolecule accumulation. In one line, violaxanthin de-epoxidase-like 2 (VDL2) is overexpressed (OE), resulting in a reduction of the diadinoxanthin cycle pigments, which are involved in light energy dissipation (non-photochemical quenching, NPQ), accompanied by a stoichiometric increase in the light-harvesting pigment fucoxanthin. No differences in the maximum potential quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) or light-limited photosynthetic rate () were found. However, when adapted to 30 {micro}mol photons m-2 sec-1, the VDL2 OE maximum relative electron transport rate (rETRmax) upon exposure to saturating light intensities was 86-95% of wild type (WT). When adapted to 300 {micro}mol photons m-2 sec-1, VDL2 OE saturated photosynthesis at 62-71% of the light intensity needed to saturate WT (Ek). NPQ was substantially lower at and below 300 {micro}mol photons m-2 sec-1. VDL2 OE accumulated up to 3.4 times as much triacylglycerol (TAG) as WT during exponential growth, and up to twice as much protein. Growth in terms of culture density was up to 7% slower. TAG and protein accumulation inversely correlated with NPQ. The second line evaluated was obtained by using antisense RNA to simultaneously silence or knock down (KD) both LUT1-like (LTL) genes, hypothesized to catalyze an intermediate carotenoid biosynthesis step of converting {beta}-carotene to zeaxanthin. Overall reduction of photosynthetic pigment content without altering the relative abundance of individual pigments resulted. No significant differences in photosynthetic parameters compared to WT were found. LTL KD grew at a rate comparable to WT and accumulated up to 40% more TAG during exponential growth, while protein content was reduced by 11-19%. LTL KD cells were elongated and 5-10% smaller than WT, and cultures contained auxospores, indicating stress that may relate to a cell cycle progression defect.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gaidarenko, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yee, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hildebrand, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.07.897850</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhanced triacylglycerol (TAG) and protein accumulation in transgenic diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana with altered photosynthetic pigmentation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.08.898783v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bright and tunable far-red chemigenetic indicators 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.08.898783v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Functional imaging using fluorescent indicators has revolutionized biology but additional sensor scaffolds are needed to access properties such as bright, far-red emission. We introduce a new platform for  chemigenetic fluorescent indicators, utilizing the self-labeling HaloTag protein conjugated to environmentally sensitive synthetic fluorophores. This approach affords bright, far-red calcium and voltage sensors with highly tunable photophysical and chemical properties, which can reliably detect single action potentials in neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdelfattah, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhargava, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berro, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falco, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moeyaert, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chupanova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavis, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreiter, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.08.898783</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bright and tunable far-red chemigenetic indicators]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.09.900282v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Silencing of Mu elements in maize involves distinct populations of small RNAs and distinct patterns of DNA methylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.09.900282v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epigenetic changes involve changes in gene expression that can be heritably transmitted to daughter cells in the absence of changes in DNA sequence. Epigenetics has been implicated in phenomena as diverse as development, stress response and carcinogenesis. A significant challenge facing those interested in investigating epigenetic phenomena is determining causal relationships between DNA methylation, specific classes of small RNAs and associated changes in gene expression. Because they are the primary targets of epigenetic silencing in plants and, when active, are often targeted for de novo silencing, transposable elements (TEs) represent a valuable source of information about these relationships. We use a naturally occurring system in which a single TE can be heritably silenced by a single derivative of that TE. By using this system it is possible to unravel causal relationships between different size classes of small RNAs, patterns of DNA methylation and heritable silencing. Here, we show that the long terminal inverted repeats (TIRs) within Zea mays MuDR transposons are targeted by distinct classes of small RNAs during epigenetic silencing that are dependent on distinct silencing pathways. Further, these small RNAs target distinct regions of the TIRs, resulting in different patterns of cytosine methylation with different functional consequences with respect to epigenetic silencing and heritability of that silencing.

SummaryTransposable elements (TEs) are a ubiquitous feature of plant genomes. Because of the threat they post to genome integrity, most TEs are epigenetically silenced. However, even closely related plant species often have dramatically different populations of TEs, suggesting periodic rounds of activity and silencing. Here we show that the process of de novo methylation of an active element in maize involves two distinct pathways, one of which is directly implicated in causing epigenetic silencing and one of which is the result of that silencing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Burgess, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lisch, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.09.900282</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Silencing of Mu elements in maize involves distinct populations of small RNAs and distinct patterns of DNA methylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.10.902478v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reconstruction of motor control circuits in adult Drosophila using automated transmission electron microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.10.902478v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many animals use coordinated limb movements to interact with and navigate through the environment. To investigate circuit mechanisms underlying locomotor behavior, we used serial-section electron microscopy (EM) to map synaptic connectivity within a neuronal network that controls limb movements. We present a synapse-resolution EM dataset containing the ventral nerve cord (VNC) of an adult female Drosophila melanogaster. To generate this dataset, we developed GridTape, a technology that combines automated serial-section collection with automated high-throughput transmission EM. Using this dataset, we reconstructed 507 motor neurons, including all those that control the legs and wings. We show that a specific class of leg sensory neurons directly synapse onto the largest-caliber motor neuron axons on both sides of the body, representing a unique feedback pathway for fast limb control. We provide open access to the dataset and reconstructions registered to a standard atlas to permit matching of cells between EM and light microscopy data. We also provide GridTape instrumentation designs and software to make large-scale EM data acquisition more accessible and affordable to the scientific community.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maniates-Selvin, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hildebrand, D. G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuan, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buhmann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azevedo, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shanney, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Funke, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuthill, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, W.-C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.10.902478</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reconstruction of motor control circuits in adult Drosophila using automated transmission electron microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.11.902866v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Size-Based Dominance Hierarchy In One Of Two Sympatric Cryptic Pacific Skinks (Emoia impar And Emoia cyanura) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.11.902866v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Emoia impar and Emoia cyanura are two morphologically cryptic Pacific skinks that have different preferred thermal micro-habitats but similar geographic range and overlap. Previously individuals have been noted to display a size-based dominance hierarchy at favored basking sites, though this behavior was not specified between species. I found that only one of the two species, E. impar, naturally presents this size-based dominance hierarchy in areas of high population density. Neither species exhibit the hierarchy in low population density areas. No evidence was found to suggest that the presence of this hierarchy allows one species to exclude the other.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hallsten, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.11.902866</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Size-Based Dominance Hierarchy In One Of Two Sympatric Cryptic Pacific Skinks (Emoia impar And Emoia cyanura)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.13.902544v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antisense targeting of decoy exons can reduce intron retention and increase protein expression in human erythroblasts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.13.902544v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The decoy exon model has been proposed to regulate a subset of intron retention (IR) events involving predominantly larger introns (>1kb). Splicing reporter studies have shown that decoy splice sites are essential for activity, suggesting that decoys act by engaging intron-terminal splice sites and competing with cross-intron interactions required for intron excision. The decoy model predicts that antisense oligonucleotides blocking decoy splice sites in endogenous pre-mRNA should increase productive gene expression by reducing IR. Indeed, we now demonstrate that targeting a decoy 5' splice site in the O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) gene reduced IR from [~]80% to [~]20% in primary human erythroblasts, accompanied by increases in spliced OGT RNA and OGT protein expression. The remaining OGT IR was refractory to antisense treatment and might be mediated by independent mechanism(s). In contrast, other retained introns were strongly dependent on decoy function, since IR was nearly eliminated by antisense targeting of 5' splice sites. Genes in the latter group encode the widely expressed splicing factor (SF3B1), and the erythroid-specific structural protein, alpha-spectrin (SPTA1). These results show that modulating decoy exon function can dramatically alter IR, and suggest that dynamic regulation of decoy exons could be a mechanism to fine tune gene expression post-transcriptionally in many cell types.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parra, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeWitt, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conboy, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.13.902544</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antisense targeting of decoy exons can reduce intron retention and increase protein expression in human erythroblasts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.14.906990v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sponge Physioecology On Moorea, French Polynesia: Local Distribution And Filtration Efficiency Of Lamellodysidea Under Varying Temperatures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.14.906990v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This physio-ecological study investigated the physiology and distribution of Lamellodysidea sp. in Moorea, French Polynesia. Specifically, its distribution was described across three reef types--fringing, mid-barrier, and barrier reefs--as well as across sites between Cooks Bay and Opunohu Bay. Additionally, filtration experiments were conducted to test how temperature impacts filtration efficiency. This is informative when predicting how future ocean temperatures are going to affect sponges success and distribution. Sponge abundance was found to decrease from the fringing reef out to the barrier reef, with the highest number of sponges in the fringing reef, less in the mid-barrier reef, and none found in the barrier reef. Sponges were also unevenly distributed across sites, with sponge abundance clearly increasing as you move away from Cooks Bay. Together, these data show that sponges demonstrate habitat preference that is related to their physiological tolerances. Filtration data showed that over a 3-hour period sponges increase their physiological output when introduced to environments 3-6 degrees Celsius above normal. This suggests that as ocean temperatures warm, sponges are likely to increase their filtration efficiency, thus increasing their ecological role as filter feeders, or struggle to survive at this new level of physiological function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leveque-Eichhorn, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.14.906990</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sponge Physioecology On Moorea, French Polynesia: Local Distribution And Filtration Efficiency Of Lamellodysidea Under Varying Temperatures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.15.905943v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ATF4 mediates fetal globin upregulation in response to reduced β-globin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.15.905943v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fetal development and anemias such as {beta}-hemoglobinopathies trigger rapid production of red blood cells in a process known as stress erythropoiesis. Cellular stress prompts differentiating erythroid precursors to express high levels of fetal {gamma}-globin, which has suggested strategies to treat hemoglobinopathies such as thalassemia and sickle cell disease. However, the mechanisms underlying {gamma}-globin production during cellular stress are still poorly defined. Here we use CRISPR-Cas genome editing and CRISPRi transcriptional repression to model the stress caused by reduced levels of adult {beta}-globin. We find that loss of {beta}-globin is sufficient to induce widespread globin compensation, including robust re-expression of {gamma}-globin. Time-course RNA-seq of differentiating isogenic erythroid precursors identified the ATF4 transcription factor as a causal regulator of this response. ChIP-seq of multiple erythroid precursor genotypes and differentiation states revealed that {beta}-globin knockout leads to reduced engagement of ATF4 targets involved in the unfolded protein response. This ATF4 program indirectly regulates the levels of BCL11A, a key repressor of {gamma}-globin. Identification of ATF4 as a key regulator of globin compensation adds mechanistic insight to the poorly understood phenomenon of stress-induced globin compensation and could be relevant for proposed gene editing strategies to treat hemoglobinopathies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boontanrart, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stehli, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lew, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bordi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gowen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeWitt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corn, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.15.905943</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ATF4 mediates fetal globin upregulation in response to reduced β-globin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.15.907725v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA-dependent structures of the RNA-binding loop in the flavivirus NS3 helicase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.15.907725v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The flavivirus NS3 protein is a helicase that has pivotal functions during the viral genome replication process, where it unwinds double-stranded RNA and translocates along the nucleic acid polymer in a nucleoside triphosphate hydrolysis-dependent mechanism. An increased interest in this enzyme as a potential target for development of antiviral therapeutics was sparked by the 2015 Zika virus epidemic in the Americas. Crystallographic and computational studies of the flavivirus NS3 helicase have identified the RNA-binding loop as an interesting structural element, which may function as an origin for the RNA-enhanced NTPase activity observed for this family of helicases. Microsecond-long unbiased molecular dynamics as well as extensive replica exchange umbrella sampling simulations of the Zika NS3 helicase have been performed to investigate the RNA-dependence of this loops structural conformations. Specifically, the effect of the bound single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) oligomer on the putative "open" and "closed" conformations of this loop are studied. In the Apo substrate state, the two structures are nearly isoergonic ({Delta}GO[-&gt;]C = -0.22 kcal mol-1), explaining the structural ambiguity observed in Apo NS3h crystal structures. The bound ssRNA is seen to stabilize the "open" conformation ({Delta}GO[-&gt;]C = 1.97 kcal mol-1) through direct protein-RNA interactions at the top of the loop. Interestingly, a small ssRNA oligomer bound over 13 [A] away from the loop is seen to affect the free energy surface to favor the "open" structure while minimizing barriers between the two states. The mechanism of the transition between "open" and "closed" states is characterized as are residues of importance for the RNA-binding loop structures. From these results, the loop is hypothesized to be a viable region in the protein for targeted small-molecule inhibition and mutagenesis studies, where stabilization of the "closed" RNA-binding loop will negatively impact RNA-binding and the RNA-enhanced NTPase activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Davidson, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendrix, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geiss, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCullagh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.15.907725</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA-dependent structures of the RNA-binding loop in the flavivirus NS3 helicase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.16.909978v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dissociable neural systems support the learning and transfer of hierarchical control structure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.16.909978v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humans can draw insight from previous experiences in order to quickly adapt to novel environments that share a common underlying structure. Here we combine functional imaging and computational modeling to identify the neural systems that support the discovery and transfer of hierarchical task structure. Human subjects completed multiple blocks of a reinforcement learning task that contained a global hierarchical structure governing stimulus-response action mapping. First, behavioral and computational evidence showed that humans successfully discover and transfer the hierarchical rule structure embedded within the task. Next, analysis of fMRI BOLD data revealed activity across a frontal-parietal network that was specifically associated with the discovery of this embedded structure. Finally, activity throughout a cingulo-opercular network and in caudal frontal cortex supported the transfer and implementation of this discovered structure. Together, these results reveal a division of labor in which dissociable neural systems support the learning and transfer of abstract control structures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eichenbaum, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scimeca, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Esposito, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.16.909978</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dissociable neural systems support the learning and transfer of hierarchical control structure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.17.909838v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A standardized and reproducible method to measure decision-making in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.17.909838v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Progress in science requires standardized assays whose results can be readily shared, compared, and reproduced across laboratories. Reproducibility, however, has been a concern in neuroscience, particularly for measurements of mouse behavior. Here we show that a standardized task to probe decision-making in mice produces reproducible results across multiple laboratories. We designed a task for head-fixed mice that combines established assays of perceptual and value-based decision making, and we standardized training protocol and experimental hardware, software, and procedures. We trained 140 mice across seven laboratories in three countries, and we collected 5 million mouse choices into a publicly available database. Learning speed was variable across mice and laboratories, but once training was complete there were no significant differences in behavior across laboratories. Mice in different laboratories adopted similar reliance on visual stimuli, on past successes and failures, and on estimates of stimulus prior probability to guide their choices. These results reveal that a complex mouse behavior can be successfully reproduced across multiple laboratories. They establish a standard for reproducible rodent behavior, and provide an unprecedented dataset and open-access tools to study decision-making in mice. More generally, they indicate a path towards achieving reproducibility in neuroscience through collaborative open-science approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>The International Brain Laboratory</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguillon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angelaki, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayer, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonacchi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carandini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cazettes, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Churchland, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapuis, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dewitt, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faulkner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamish, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haetzel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hausser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khanal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krasniak, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laranjeira, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mainen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meijer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miska, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mrsic-Flogel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noel, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan Vazquez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Socha, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terry, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vergara, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wells, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witten, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wool, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zador, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.17.909838</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A standardized and reproducible method to measure decision-making in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.22.915579v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
InStrain enables population genomic analysis from metagenomic data and rigorous detection of identical microbial strains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.22.915579v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coexisting microbial cells of the same species often exhibit genetic differences that can affect phenotypes ranging from nutrient preference to pathogenicity. Here we present inStrain, a program that utilizes metagenomic paired reads to profile intra-population genetic diversity (microdiversity) across whole genomes and compare populations in a microdiversity-aware manner, dramatically increasing genomic comparison accuracy when benchmarked against existing methods. We use inStrain to profile >1,000 fecal metagenomes from newborn premature infants and find that siblings share significantly more strains than unrelated infants, although identical twins share no more strains than fraternal siblings. Infants born via cesarean section harbored Klebsiella with significantly higher nucleotide diversity than infants delivered vaginally, potentially reflecting acquisition from hospital versus maternal microbiomes. Genomic loci showing diversity within an infant included variants found in other infants, possibly reflecting inoculation from diverse hospital-associated sources. InStrain can be applied to any metagenomic dataset for microdiversity analysis and rigorous strain comparison.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Olm, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crits-Christoph, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouma-Gregson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firek, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morowitz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.22.915579</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[InStrain enables population genomic analysis from metagenomic data and rigorous detection of identical microbial strains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.27.918193v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of vertebrate gill covers via shifts in an ancient Pou3f3 enhancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.27.918193v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Whereas the gill chambers of extant jawless vertebrates (lampreys and hagfish) open directly into the environment, jawed vertebrates evolved skeletal appendages that promote the unidirectional flow of oxygenated water over the gills. A major anatomical difference between the two jawed vertebrate lineages is the presence of a single large gill cover in bony fishes versus separate covers for each gill chamber in cartilaginous fishes. Here we find that these divergent gill cover patterns correlate with the pharyngeal arch expression of Pou3f3 orthologs. We identify a Pou3f3 arch enhancer that is deeply conserved from cartilaginous fish through humans but undetectable in lampreys, with minor sequence differences in the bony versus cartilaginous fish enhancers driving the corresponding single versus multiple gill arch expression patterns. In zebrafish, loss of Pou3f3 gene function disrupts gill cover formation, and forced expression of Pou3f3b in the gill arches generates ectopic skeletal elements resembling the multiple gill cover pattern of cartilaginous fishes. Emergence of this Pou3f3 enhancer >430 mya and subsequent modifications may thus have contributed to the acquisition and diversification of gill covers and respiratory strategies during gnathostome evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barske, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fabian, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirschberger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jandzik, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Square, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, H. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medeiros, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crump, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.27.918193</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of vertebrate gill covers via shifts in an ancient Pou3f3 enhancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.29.924969v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Wide-vergence, multi-spectral adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope with diffraction-limited illumination and collection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.29.924969v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Visualizing and assessing the function of microscopic retinal structures in the human eye is a challenging task that has been greatly facilitated by ophthalmic adaptive optics (AO). Yet, as AO imaging systems advance in functionality by employing multiple spectral channels and larger vergence ranges, achieving optimal resolution and signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) becomes difficult and is often compromised. While current-generation AO retinal imaging systems have demonstrated excellent, near diffraction-limited imaging performance over wide vergence and spectral ranges, a full theoretical and experimental analysis of an AOSLO that includes both the light delivery and collection optics has not been done, and neither has the effects of extending wavefront correction from one wavelength to imaging performance in different spectral channels. Here, we report a methodology and system design for simultaneously achieving diffraction-limited performance in both the illumination and collection paths for a wide-vergence, multi-spectral AO scanning laser ophthalmoscope (SLO) over a 1.2 diopter vergence range while correcting the wavefront in a separate wavelength. To validate the design, an AOSLO was constructed to have three imaging channels spanning different wavelength ranges (543 {+/-} 11 nm, 680 {+/-} 11 nm, and 840 {+/-} 6 nm, respectively) and one near-infrared wavefront sensing channel (940 {+/-} 5 nm). The AOSLO optics and their alignment were determined via simulations in optical and optomechanical design software and then experimentally verified by measuring the AOSLOs illumination and collection point spread functions (PSF) for each channel using a phase retrieval technique. The collection efficiency was then measured for each channel as a function of confocal pinhole size when imaging a model eye achieving near-theoretical performance. Imaging results from healthy human adult volunteers demonstrate the systems ability to resolve the foveal cone mosaic in all three imaging channels despite a wide spectral separation between the wavefront sensing and imaging channels.

OCIS codes(110.1080) Active or adaptive optics; (170.4460) Ophthalmic optics and devices; (170.4470) Ophthalmology
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mozaffari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaRocca, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaedicke, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiruveedhula, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roorda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.29.924969</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Wide-vergence, multi-spectral adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope with diffraction-limited illumination and collection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.30.927608v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization of an ECF56-family sigma factor from Streptomyces venezuelae reveals a highly conserved regulome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.30.927608v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria often possess alternative sigma factors that initiate the transcription of specific genes under environmental stresses, the largest and most diverse group being the extracytoplasmic function (ECF) sigma factors. The regulation of ECF activity is crucial for ensuring the distinct transcription of stress responsive genes only occurs under the appropriate conditions. While most ECFs are comprised of only the core {sigma}2 and {sigma}4 regions, a unique form of ECF sigma factor regulation also contains a C-terminal extension bearing homology to the NTF2 superfamily of protein domains. While previous work has shown that this NTF2 domain can affect transcriptional activity in vivo in ECF41 and ECF42, its role in the newly classified ECF56 subgroup is unknown. In this work, we show that truncation of the C-terminus of the ECF56 sigma factor SVEN_4562 of Streptomyces venezuelae upregulates its activity in a hybrid assay. Through transcriptomics in S. venezuelae, we found that this truncated ECF56 sigma factor has a highly conserved promoter sequence in vivo. Bioinformatic assays illustrated that deep branches of the Actinobacteria phylum contained putative ECF56 promoter motifs identical to those found in the S. venezuelae ECF56 regulon. We validated these findings through ex situ hybrid assays illustrating that truncated ECF56 sigma factors from phylogenetically diverse Actinobacteria activate transcription from these promoters. Importantly, our work shows that the genetic infrastructure of the ECF56 family of sigma factors is highly conserved and performs important functions yet to be understood in Actinobacteria.

ImportanceMost ECF sigma-factors rely on anti-sigma factor regulation; in contrast, the unique classes of ECF sigma-factors that contain a C-terminal extension are thought to respond directly to an environmental signal. Here we show that the cis-acting regulatory element of the ECF56 regulon is likely highly conserved in many Actinobacteria, with exact nucleotide level conservation over ~2 billion years of evolution. The high conservation of this genetic architecture, as well as a conserved gene content within the regulon, strongly point to a specialized and important role in Actinobacteria biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thompson, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zargar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruz-Morales, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Rond, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goyal, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barajas, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blake-Hedges, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phelan, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyes-Umana, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillson, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keasling, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.30.927608</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization of an ECF56-family sigma factor from Streptomyces venezuelae reveals a highly conserved regulome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.31.929018v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cytoprotection by a naturally occurring variant of ATP5G1 in Arctic ground squirrels 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.31.929018v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many organisms, from anaerobic bacteria to hibernating ground squirrels, have evolved mechanisms to tolerate severe hypoxia or ischemia. In particular, the arctic ground squirrel (AGS) has been shown to be highly resilient to ischemic and reperfusion injuries, demonstrating an ability to withstand metabolic stress under hibernation conditions. Although physiological adaptations are critical to ischemic tolerance in AGS, little is known about cellular mechanisms underlying intrinsic AGS cell tolerance to metabolic stressors. Through cell survival-based cDNA expression screens and comparative genomics, we have discovered that in AGS, a cytoprotective variant of ATP5G1 helps confer improved mitochondrial metabolism and cell resilience to metabolic stress. ATP5G1 encodes a proton-transporting subunit of the mitochondrial ATP synthase complex. Ectopic expression in mouse cells and CRISPR/Cas9 base editing of the endogenous AGS locus revealed causal roles of one AGS-specific amino acid substitution (leucine-32) in mediating the cytoprotective effects of AGS ATP5G1. We provide evidence that AGS ATP5G1 promotes cell resilience to stress by modulating mitochondrial morphological change and metabolic functions. Thus, our results identify a naturally occurring variant of ATP5G1 from a mammalian hibernator that causally contributes to intrinsic cytoprotection against metabolic stresses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singhal, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.31.929018</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cytoprotection by a naturally occurring variant of ATP5G1 in Arctic ground squirrels]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.01.929877v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
G-baToN: a versatile cell-cell interaction reporter system. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.01.929877v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell-cell interactions influence all aspects of development, homeostasis, and disease. In cancer, interactions between cancer cells and stromal cells play a major role in nearly every step of carcinogenesis. Thus, the ability to record cell-cell interactions would facilitate mechanistic delineation of the role of cancer microenvironment. Here, we describe GFP-based Touching Nexus (G-baToN) which relies upon nanobody-directed fluorescent protein transfer to enable sensitive and specific labeling of cells after cell-cell interactions. G-baToN is a generalizable system that enables physical contact-based labeling between various cell types, including diverse cancer-stromal cell pairs. A suite of orthogonal baToN tools enables reciprocal cell-cell labeling, interaction-dependent cargo transfer, and the identification of higher-order cell-cell interactions across a wide range of cell types. The ability to track physically interacting cells with these simple and sensitive systems will greatly accelerate our understanding of the outputs of cell-cell interactions in cancer as well as across many biological processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linde, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gitler, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engleman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winslow, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.01.929877</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[G-baToN: a versatile cell-cell interaction reporter system.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.03.932848v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An unusual MHC molecule generates protective CD8+ T cell responses to chronic infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.03.932848v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The CD8+ T cell response to the intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii varies dramatically between mouse strains, resulting in differences in control of the parasite. Protection in BALB/c mice can be attributed to an unusually strong and protective MHC-1 Ld-restricted CD8+ T cell response directed against a peptide derived from the parasite antigen GRA6. The MHC-1 Ld molecule has limited peptide binding compared to conventional MHC molecules such as Kb or Db, which correlates with polymorphisms associated with "elite control" of HIV in humans. To investigate the link between the unusual MHC-1 molecule Ld and the generation of "elite controller" CD8+ T cell responses, we compared the GRA6-Ld specific T cell response to the well-studied OVA-Kb specific response, and demonstrated that GRA6-Ld specific T cells are significantly more protective and resistant to exhaustion in chronic T. gondii infection. To further investigate the connection between limited peptide presentation and robust T cell responses, we used CRISPR/Cas9 to generate mice with a point mutation (W97R) in the peptide-binding groove of Ld that results in broader peptide binding. We investigated the effect of this Ld W97R mutation on another robust Ld-restricted response against the IE1 peptide during Murine Cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection. This mutation leads to an increase in exhaustion markers in the IE1-Ld specific CD8+ T cell response. Our results indicate that limited peptide binding by MHC-1 Ld correlates with the development of robust and protective CD8+ T cell responses that may avoid exhaustion during chronic infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tsitsiklis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bangs, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lutes, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, S.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geiger, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Modzelewski, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Labarta-Bajo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuniga, E. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robey, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.03.932848</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An unusual MHC molecule generates protective CD8+ T cell responses to chronic infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.05.935411v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GENVISAGE: Rapid Identification of Discriminative and Explainable Feature Pairs for Genomic Analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.05.935411v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationA common but critical task in genomic data analysis is finding features that separate and thereby help explain differences between two classes of biological objects, e.g., genes that explain the differences between healthy and diseased patients. As lower-cost, high-throughput experimental methods greatly increase the number of samples that are assayed as objects for analysis, computational methods are needed to quickly provide insights into high-dimensional datasets with tens of thousands of objects and features.

ResultsWe develop an interactive exploration tool called GO_SCPLOWENVISAGEC_SCPLOW that rapidly discovers the most discriminative feature pairs that best separate two classes in a dataset, and displays the corresponding visualizations. Since quickly finding top feature pairs is computationally challenging, especially when the numbers of objects and features are large, we propose a suite of optimizations to make GO_SCPLOWENVISAGEC_SCPLOW more responsive and demonstrate that our optimizations lead to a 400X speedup over competitive baselines for multiple biological data sets. With this speedup, GO_SCPLOWENVISAGEC_SCPLOW enables the exploration of more large-scale datasets and alternate hypotheses in an interactive and interpretable fashion. We apply GO_SCPLOWENVISAGEC_SCPLOW to uncover pairs of genes whose transcriptomic responses significantly discriminate treatments of several chemotherapy drugs.

AvailabilityFree webserver at http://genvisage.knoweng.org:443/ with source code at https://github.com/KnowEnG/Genvisage
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blatti, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parameswaran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.05.935411</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GENVISAGE: Rapid Identification of Discriminative and Explainable Feature Pairs for Genomic Analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.05.935890v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrating smFRET, SAXS and NMR data to infer structural ensembles of an intrinsically-disordered protein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.05.935890v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) have fluctuating heterogeneous conformations, which makes structural characterization challenging, but of great interest, since their conformational ensembles are the link between their sequences and functions. An accurate description of IDP conformational ensembles depends crucially on the amount and quality of the experimental data, how it is integrated, and if it supports a consistent structural picture. We have used an integrative modelling approach to understand how conformational restraints imposed by the most common structural techniques for IDPs: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, Small-angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS), and single-molecule Forster Resonance Energy Transfer (smFRET) reach concordance on structural ensembles for Sic1 and phosphorylated Sic1 (pSic1). To resolve apparent discrepancies between smFRET and SAXS, we integrated SAXS data with non-smFRET (NMR) data and reserved the new smFRET data for Sic1 and pSic1 as an independent validation. The consistency of the SAXS/NMR restrained ensembles with smFRET, which was not guaranteed a priori, indicates that the perturbative effects of NMR or smFRET labels on the Sic1 and pSic1 ensembles are minimal. Furthermore, the mutual agreement with such a diverse set of experimental data suggest that details of the generated ensembles can now be examined with a high degree of confidence to reveal distinguishing features of Sic1 vs. pSic1. From the experimentally well supported ensembles, we find they are consistent with independent biophysical models of Sic1s ultrasensitive binding to its partner Cdc4. Our results underscore the importance of integrative modelling in calculating and drawing biological conclusions from IDP conformational ensembles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gomes, G.-N. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krzeminski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mittag, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Head-Gordon, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forman-Kay, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gradinaru, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.05.935890</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrating smFRET, SAXS and NMR data to infer structural ensembles of an intrinsically-disordered protein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.06.937805v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifying Informative Gene Modules Across Modalities of Single Cell Genomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.06.937805v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Two fundamental aims that emerge when analyzing single-cell RNA-seq data are that of identifying which genes vary in an informative manner and determining how these genes organize into modules. Here we propose a general approach to these problems that operates directly on a given metric of cell-cell similarity, allowing for its integration with any method (linear or non linear) for identifying the primary axes of transcriptional variation between cells. Additionally, we show that when using multimodal data, our procedure can be used to identify genes whose expression reflects alternative notions of similarity between cells, such as physical proximity in a tissue or clonal relatedness in a cell lineage tree. In this manner, we demonstrate that while our method, called Hotspot, is capable of identifying genes that reflect nuanced transcriptional variability between T helper cells, it can also identify spatially-dependent patterns of gene expression in the cerebellum as well as developmentally-heritable expression signatures during embryogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DeTomaso, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.06.937805</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifying Informative Gene Modules Across Modalities of Single Cell Genomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.08.934661v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diverse Arctic lake sediment microbiota shape methane emission temperature sensitivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.08.934661v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Northern post-glacial lakes are a significant and increasing source of atmospheric carbon (C), largely through ebullition (bubbling) of microbially-produced methane (CH4) from the sediments1. Ebullitive CH4 flux correlates strongly with temperature, suggesting that solar radiation is the primary driver of these CH4 emissions2. However, here we show that the slope of the temperature-CH4 flux relationship differs spatially, both within and among lakes.

Hypothesizing that differences in microbiota could explain this heterogeneity, we compared site-specific CH4 emissions with underlying sediment microbial (metagenomic and amplicon), isotopic, and geochemical data across two post-glacial lakes in Northern Sweden. The temperature-associated increase in CH4 emissions was greater in lake middles--where methanogens were more abundant--than edges, and sediment microbial communities were distinct between lake edges and middles. Although CH4 emissions projections are typically driven by abiotic factors1, regression modeling revealed that microbial abundances, including those of CH4-cycling microorganisms and syntrophs that generate H2 for methanogenesis, can be useful predictors of porewater CH4 concentrations. Our results suggest that deeper lake regions, which currently emit less CH4 than shallower edges, could add substantially to overall CH4 emissions in a warmer Arctic with longer ice-free seasons and that future CH4 emission predictions from northern lakes may be improved by accounting for spatial variations in sediment microbiota.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Emerson, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varner, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parks, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neumann, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singleton, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodcroft, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tollerson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owusu-Dommey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Binder, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freitas, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crill, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saleska, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyson, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rich, V. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.08.934661</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diverse Arctic lake sediment microbiota shape methane emission temperature sensitivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.08.939918v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Binding affinity and conformational preferences influence kinetic stability of short oligonucleotides on carbon nanotubes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.08.939918v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA-wrapped single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) have found a widespread use in a variety of nanotechnology applications. Yet, the relationship between structural conformation, binding affinity and kinetic stability of these polymers on SWNTs remains poorly understood. Here, we used molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and experiments to explore this relationship for short oligonucleotides adsorbed on SWNTs. First, using classical MD simulations of oligonucleotide-(9,4)-SWNT hybrid complexes, we explored the relationship between ssDNA and ssRNA surface conformation and sequence chemistry. We screened the conformation of 36 sequences of short ssDNA and ssRNA polymers on (9,4) SWNT, where the contour lengths were selected so the polymers can, to a first approximation, wrap once around the SWNT circumference. From these screens, we identified structural motifs that we broadly classified into "rings" and "non-rings." Then, several sequences were selected for detailed investigations. We used temperature replica exchange MD calculations to compute two-dimensional free energy landscapes characterizing the conformations of select sequences. "Ring" conformations seemed to be driven primarily by sequence chemistry. Specifically, strong (n,n+2) nucleotide interactions and the ability of the polymer to form compact structures, as for example, through sharp bends in the nucleotide backbone, correlated with ring-forming propensity. However, ring-formation probability was found to be uncorrelated with free energy of oligonucleotide binding to SWNTs ({Delta}Gbind). Conformational analyses of oligonucleotides, computed free energy of binding of oligonucleotides to SWNTs, and experimentally determined kinetic stability measurements show that {Delta}Gbind is the primary correlate for kinetic stability. The probability of the sequence to adopt a compact, ring-like conformation is shown to play a secondary role that still contributes measurably to kinetic stability. For example, sequences that form stable compact rings (C-rich sequences) could compensate for their relatively lower {Delta}Gbind and exhibit kinetic stability, while sequences with strong {Delta}Gbind (such as (TG)3(GT)3) were found to be kinetically stable despite their low ring formation propensity. We conclude that the stability of adsorbed oligonucleotides is primarily driven by its free energy of binding and that if ring-like structural motifs form, they would contribute positively to stability.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=104 SRC="FIGDIR/small/939918v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (22K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@6483e6org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@10f9e60org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@66c8c3org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@68ff4_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alizadehmojarad, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beyene, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chacon, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sung, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vukovic, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.08.939918</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Binding affinity and conformational preferences influence kinetic stability of short oligonucleotides on carbon nanotubes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.10.939231v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Plasticity in gene expression facilitates invasion of the desert environment in house mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.10.939231v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding how organisms adapt to new environments is a key problem in evolution, yet it remains unclear whether phenotypic plasticity generally facilitates or hinders this process. Here we studied the evolved and plastic responses to water stress in lab-born descendants of wild house mice (Mus musculus domesticus) collected from desert and non-desert environments. Using a full sib design, we measured organismal phenotypes and gene expression under normal (hydrated) and water stressed (dehydrated) conditions. After many generations in the lab, mice from the desert consumed significantly less water than mice from other localities, indicating that this difference has a genetic basis. Under water stress, desert mice lost less weight than non-desert mice, and desert mice exhibited differences in blood chemistry related to osmoregulatory function. Gene expression in the kidney revealed evolved differences between mice from different environments as well as plastic responses between hydrated and dehydrated mice. Desert mice showed reduced gene expression plasticity under water stress compared to non-desert mice. Importantly, the non-desert mice generally showed shifts towards desert-like expression under water stress, consistent with adaptive plasticity. Finally, patterns of gene expression identified several candidate genes for adaptation to the desert, including Aqp1 and Apoe. These findings provide evidence for local adaptation in a recently introduced species and suggest that adaptive plasticity may have facilitated the colonization of the desert environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bittner, N. K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mack, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nachman, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.10.939231</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Plasticity in gene expression facilitates invasion of the desert environment in house mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.10.942854v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single mosquito metatranscriptomics recovers mosquito species, blood meal sources, and microbial cargo, including viral dark matter 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.10.942854v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mosquitoes are major infectious disease-carrying vectors. Assessment of current and future risks associated with the mosquito population requires knowledge of the full repertoire of pathogens they carry, including novel viruses, as well as their blood meal sources. Unbiased metatranscriptomic sequencing of individual mosquitoes offers a straightforward, rapid and quantitative means to acquire this information. Here, we profile 148 diverse wild-caught mosquitoes collected in California and detect sequences from eukaryotes, prokaryotes, 24 known and 46 novel viral species. Importantly, sequencing individuals greatly enhanced the value of the biological information obtained. It allowed us to a) speciate host mosquito, b) compute the prevalence of each microbe and recognize a high frequency of viral co-infections, c) associate animal pathogens with specific blood meal sources, and d) apply simple co-occurrence methods to recover previously undetected components of highly prevalent segmented viruses. In the context of emerging diseases, where knowledge about vectors, pathogens, and reservoirs is lacking, the approaches described here can provide actionable information for public health surveillance and intervention decisions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Batson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kistler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudas, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratnasari, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haas-Stapleton, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Retallack, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.10.942854</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single mosquito metatranscriptomics recovers mosquito species, blood meal sources, and microbial cargo, including viral dark matter]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.10.943076v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanics regulate human embryonic stem cell self-organization to specify mesoderm 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.10.943076v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Embryogenesis is directed by morphogens that induce differentiation within a defined tissue geometry. Tissue organization is mediated by cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesions and is modulated by cell tension and tissue-level force. Whether cell tension regulates development by directly influencing morphogen signaling remains unclear. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) exhibit an intrinsic capacity for self-organization that motivates their use as a tractable model of early human embryogenesis. We engineered patterned substrates that enhance cell-cell interactions to direct the self-organization of cultured hESCs into "gastrulation-like" nodes. Tissue geometries that generate local nodes of high cell-cell tension and induce these self-organized tissue nodes drive BMP4-dependent gastrulation by enhancing phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of {beta}-catenin to promote Wnt signaling and mesoderm specification. The findings underscore the interplay between tissue organization, cell tension, and morphogen-dependent differentiation, and demonstrate that cell- and tissue-level forces directly regulate cell fate specification in early human development.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/943076v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (61K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@e21aaeorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@45c41forg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@4ee902org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@a3837d_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG Graphical Abstract C_FIG HighlightsO_LISubstrates that enhance cell-cell adhesion promote hESC self-organization
C_LIO_LITissue nodes exhibiting high tension are predisposed to gastrulation induction
C_LIO_LIColony geometry dictates the localization of tension nodes to specify mesoderm
C_LIO_LITension activates {beta}-catenin and stimulates Wnt signaling to induce mesoderm
C_LI

In BriefEngineered substrates that promote cell-cell adhesion and reconstitute epiblast tissue organization facilitate "gastrulation-like" morphogenesis in cultured hESCs. Tissue geometries that foster localized regions of high cell-cell tension potentiate BMP4-dependent mesoderm specification by enhancing phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of {beta}-catenin to promote Wnt signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Muncie, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayad, N. M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lakins, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weaver, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.10.943076</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanics regulate human embryonic stem cell self-organization to specify mesoderm]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.13.948141v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inflammation promotes tumor aggression by stimulating stromal cell-dependent collagen crosslinking and stromal stiffening 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.13.948141v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Collagen deposition and stromal stiffening accompany malignancy, compromise treatment, and promote tumor aggression. Clarifying the molecular nature of and the factors that regulate extracellular matrix stiffening in tumors should identify biomarkers to stratify patients for therapy and therapeutic interventions to improve outcome. We profiled lysyl hydroxylase- and lysyl oxidase-mediated collagen crosslinks and quantified the greatest abundance of total and complex collagen crosslinks in more aggressive human breast cancer subtypes with the stiffest stroma. These tissues also harbored the highest number of tumor-associated macrophages (TAM), whose therapeutic ablation not only reduced metastasis, but also concomitantly decreased accumulation of collagen crosslinks and stromal stiffening. Epithelial-targeted expression of the crosslinking enzyme lysyl oxidase had no impact on collagen crosslinking in PyMT mammary tumors, whereas stromal cell targeting did. Consistently, stromal cells in microdissected human tumors expressed the highest level of collagen crosslinking enzymes. Immunohistochemical analysis of a cohort of breast cancer patient biopsies revealed that stromal expression of lysyl hydroxylase two, an enzyme that induces hydroxylysine aldehyde-derived collagen crosslinks and stromal stiffening correlated significantly disease specific mortality. The findings link tissue inflammation, stromal cell-mediated collagen crosslinking and stiffening to tumor aggression and identify lysyl hydroxylase two as a novel stromal biomarker.

SignificanceWe show infiltrating macrophages induce stromal fibroblast, and not epithelial, expression of collagen crosslinking enzymes that drive tumor stiffening. Stromal enzyme LH2 is significantly upregulated in breast cancer patients with the stiffest stroma, the most trivalent HLCCs and the worst prognosis, underscoring its potential as a biomarker and therapeutic target.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maller, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drain, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrett, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borgquist, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruffell, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thanh, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruosso, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuasne, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lakins, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acerbi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nemkov, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chauhan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruenberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nasir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjarnadottir, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werb, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kabos, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coussens, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weaver, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.13.948141</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inflammation promotes tumor aggression by stimulating stromal cell-dependent collagen crosslinking and stromal stiffening]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.15.949982v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disadvantages of writing, reading, publishing and presenting scientific papers caused by the dominance of the English language in science: The case of Colombian Ph.D. in biological sciences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.15.949982v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The success of a scientist depends on their production of scientific papers and the impact factor of the journal in which they publish. Because most major scientific journals are published in English, success is related to publishing in this language. Currently, 98% of publications in science are written in English, including researchers from English as a Foreign Language (EFL) countries. Colombia is among the countries with the lowest English proficiency in the world. Thus, understanding the disadvantages that Colombians face in publishing is crucial to reducing global inequality in science. This paper quantifies the disadvantages that result from the language hegemony in scientific publishing by examining the additional costs that communicating in English creates in the production of articles. It was identified that more than 90% of the scientific articles published by Colombian researchers are in English, and that publishing in a second language creates additional financial costs to Colombian doctoral students and results in problems with reading comprehension, writing ease and time, and anxiety. Rejection or revision of their articles because of the English grammar was reported by 43.5% of the doctoral students, and 33% elected not to attend international conferences and meetings due to the mandatory use of English in oral presentations. Finally, among the translation/editing services reviewed, the cost per article is between one-quarter and one-half of a doctoral monthly salary in Colombia. Of particular note, we identified a positive correlation between English proficiency and higher socioeconomic origin of the researcher. Overall, this study exhibits the negative consequences of hegemony of English that preserves the global gap in science. Although having a common language is important for science communication, generating multilinguistic alternatives would promote diversity while conserving a communication channel. Such an effort should come from different actors and should not fall solely on EFL researchers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ramirez-Castaneda, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.15.949982</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disadvantages of writing, reading, publishing and presenting scientific papers caused by the dominance of the English language in science: The case of Colombian Ph.D. in biological sciences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.15.950139v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Assessing trait driver theory along abiotic gradients in a tropical plant communities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.15.950139v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIDespite the many studies using trait-based approaches to assess the impact of environmental gradients in forest trait composition, the relative roles of (i) intraspecific variation in community assembly and (ii) microclimatic or fine scale abiotic variation in shaping local trait diversity remain poorly understood. To advance their understanding we tested several assumptions and predictions of trait driver theory (TDT). We quantified the shape of trait distributions related to tree carbon, nutrient economics and stem hydraulics across a small-scale but steep gradient of soil water availability.
C_LIO_LIWe utilized a unique and steep environmental gradient in the coastal Brazilian Atlantic forest (restinga) communities that spans a very short distance (207 {+/-}60 meters). We collected leaf and wood samples of tree species across 42 patches (or plots) of restinga forest. Furthermore, to detect if species directionally shift in niche space, we analyzed species composition in multidimensional hypervolume space.
C_LIO_LIDespite short geographic distances, we observed large shifts in species replacement and intraspecific variation reflected by a directional shift in plant function. Consistent with TDT, we observe (i) trait distributions that are skewed in directions consistent with a forest responding to recent hotter and drier; (ii) peaked trait distributions, indicating strong functional convergence; and (iii) conditions decreasing means and variances of several leaf carbon and nutrient economic traits as well as stem hydraulic traits.
C_LIO_LISynthesis. Observed species replacements along the water table gradient and interspecific measures of functional diversity (community kurtosis and skewness) are consistent with strong phenotype/environmental matching of plant carbon, nutrient, and hydraulic strategies. We observe environmental filtering in both extremities of the gradient, selecting for acquisitive (wet) to conservative (dry) setup of traits. Similarly, species that span the entire water availability gradient are characterized by directional intraspecific shifts in multi-trait space that mirror interspecific shifts. Strong environmental gradients across short spatial scales provide unique systems to accurately assess assembly processes and address long-held assumptions and timely hypothesis predicted by trait driver theory.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lourenco, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newman, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enquist, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dias Milanez, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomaz, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.15.950139</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Assessing trait driver theory along abiotic gradients in a tropical plant communities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.15.951020v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-throughput mapping of the phage resistance landscape in E. coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.15.951020v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteriophages (phages) are critical players in the dynamics and function of microbial communities and drive processes as diverse as global biogeochemical cycles and human health. Phages tend to be predators finely tuned to attack specific hosts, even down to the strain level, which in turn defend themselves using an array of mechanisms. However, to date, efforts to rapidly and comprehensively identify bacterial host factors important in phage infection and resistance have yet to be fully realized. Here, we globally map the host genetic determinants involved in resistance to 14 phylogenetically diverse double-stranded DNA phages using two model Escherichia coli strains (K-12 and BL21) with known sequence divergence to demonstrate strain-specific differences. Using genome-wide loss-of-function and gain-of-function genetic technologies, we are able to confirm previously described phage receptors as well as uncover a number of previously unknown host factors that confer resistance to one or more of these phages. We uncover differences in resistance factors that strongly align with the susceptibility of K-12 and BL21 to specific phage. We also identify both phage specific mechanisms, such as the unexpected role of cyclic-di-GMP in host sensitivity to phage N4, and more generic defenses, such as the overproduction of colanic acid capsular polysaccharide that defends against a wide array of phages. Our results indicate that host responses to phages can occur via diverse cellular mechanisms. Our systematic and high-throughput genetic workflow to characterize phage-host interaction determinants can be extended to diverse bacteria to generate datasets that allow predictive models of how phage-mediated selection will shape bacterial phenotype and evolution. The results of this study and future efforts to map the phage resistance landscape will lead to new insights into the coevolution of hosts and their phage, which can ultimately be used to design better phage therapeutic treatments and tools for precision microbiome engineering.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mutalik, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adler, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rishi, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piya, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koskella, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calendar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novichkov, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutschbauer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.15.951020</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-throughput mapping of the phage resistance landscape in E. coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.18.954685v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic variation and population histories of spotted (Strix occidentalis) and barred (S. varia) owls 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.18.954685v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spotted owls (SO, Strix occidentalis) are a keystone species inhabiting old-growth forests in Western North America. In recent decades, their populations have declined due to ongoing reductions in suitable habitat caused by logging, wildfires, and competition with the congeneric barred owl (BO, Strix varia). The northern spotted owl (subspecies S. o. caurina) has been listed as "threatened" under the Endangered Species Act since 1990. Here we present a comprehensive look at genetic variation to elucidate the population histories of SO and invading western BO. Specifically, we present an improved SO genome assembly, based on 10x and Bionano Genomics data, along with 51 high-coverage whole-genome sequences including 11 SO from two subspecies (caurina and occidentalis), 25 BO, 2 confirmed and 13 potential hybrids. We identified potential hybrids based on intermediate morphology and found them to be a mixture of pure BO, F1 hybrids, and F1 x BO backcrosses. Unlike previous studies reporting asymmetries in the species-specific genders of the parents of F1 hybrids, we did not observe any significant asymmetry. Within species, we found that Western BO genetic variation is not simply a subset of the genetic variation in Eastern BO, suggesting that the two groups have been genetically isolated for longer (thousands of years) than previously suspected (80-130 years). Similarly, we found evidence of substantial genetic differentiation between the two SO subspecies. Finally, our analyses suggest that Northern SO experienced a moderate population bottleneck around the end of the last glaciation, while BO population sizes have always been large.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fujito, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanna, Z. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy-Sakin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowie, R. C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwok, P.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumbacher, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wall, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.18.954685</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic variation and population histories of spotted (Strix occidentalis) and barred (S. varia) owls]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.19.956730v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Promoter keyholes enable specific and persistent multi-gene expression programs in primary T cells without genome modification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.19.956730v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human genes are regulated quantitatively, yet the ability to specify the expression level of a native gene accurately and specifically using a defined reagent has remained elusive. Here we show that precise targeting of KRAB repressive domain within regulatory DNA unlocks an endogenous quantitative  dial that can be engaged at nucleotide resolution to program expression levels across a wide physiologic range, with single-gene specificity and high reproducibly in primary cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wilken, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciarlo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearl, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloom, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schanzer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyken, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Biber, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Queitsch, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heberlein, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Federation, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acosta, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otterman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunn, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zrazhevskey, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nandakumar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bates, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandstrom, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urnov, F. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Funnell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stamatoyannopoulos, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.19.956730</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Promoter keyholes enable specific and persistent multi-gene expression programs in primary T cells without genome modification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.21.954792v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-scale metabolic rewiring to achieve predictable titers rates and yield of a non-native product at scale 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.21.954792v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Achieving high titer rates and yields (TRY) remains a bottleneck in the production of heterologous products through microbial systems, requiring elaborate engineering and many iterations. Reliable scaling of engineered strains is also rarely addressed in the first designs of the engineered strains. Both high TRY and scale are challenging metrics to achieve due to the inherent trade-off between cellular use of carbon towards growth vs. target metabolite production. We hypothesized that being able to strongly couple product formation with growth may lead to improvements across both metrics. In this study, we use elementary mode analysis to predict metabolic reactions that could be targeted to couple the production of indigoidine, a sustainable pigment, with the growth of the chosen host, Pseudomonas putida KT2440. We then filtered the set of 16 predicted reactions using -omics data. We implemented a total of 14 gene knockdowns using a CRISPRi method optimized for P. putida and show that the resulting engineered P. putida strain could achieve high TRY. The engineered pairing of product formation with carbon use also shifted production from stationary to exponential phase and the high TRY phenotype was maintained across scale. In one design cycle, we constructed an engineered P. putida strain that demonstrates close to 50% maximum theoretical yield (0.33 g indigoidine/g glucose consumed), reaching 25.6 g/L indigoidine and a rate of 0.22g/l/h in exponential phase. These desirable phenotypes were maintained from batch to fed-batch cultivation mode, and from 100ml shake flasks to 250 mL ambr(R) and 2 L bioreactors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eng, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sasaki, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herbert, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prahl, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singan, V. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanjore, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petzold, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keasling, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukhopadhyay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.21.954792</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-scale metabolic rewiring to achieve predictable titers rates and yield of a non-native product at scale]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.29.971341v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intracranial recordings demonstrate medial temporal lobe engagement in visual search in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.29.971341v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Visual search is a fundamental human behavior, which has been proposed to include two component processes: inefficient search (Search) and efficient search (Pop-out). According to extant research, these two processes map onto two separable neural systems located in the frontal and parietal association cortices. In the present study, we use intracranial recordings from 23 participants to delineate the neural correlates of Search and Pop-out with an unprecedented combination of spatiotemporal resolution and coverage across cortical and subcortical structures. First, we demonstrate a role for the medial temporal lobe in visual search, on par with engagement in frontal and parietal association cortex. Second, we show a gradient of increasing engagement over anatomical space from dorsal to ventral lateral frontal cortex. Third, we confirm previous work demonstrating nearly complete overlap in neural engagement across cortical regions in Search and Pop-out. We further demonstrate Pop-out selectivity manifesting as activity increase in Pop-out as compared to Search in a distributed set of sites including frontal cortex. This result is at odds with the view that Pop-out is implemented in low-level visual cortex or parietal cortex alone. Finally, we affirm a central role for the right lateral frontal cortex in Search.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Slama, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King-Stephens, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laxer, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Endestad, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larsson, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solbakk, A.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.29.971341</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intracranial recordings demonstrate medial temporal lobe engagement in visual search in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.06.979153v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parallel organization of cerebellar pathways to sensorimotor, associative, and modulatory forebrain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.06.979153v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cerebellar outputs take polysynaptic routes to reach the rest of the brain, impeding conventional tracing. Here we quantify pathways between cerebellum and forebrain using transsynaptic tracing viruses and a whole-brain quantitative analysis pipeline. Retrograde tracing found a majority of descending paths originating from somatomotor cortex. Anterograde tracing of ascending paths encompassed most thalamic nuclei, especially ventral posteromedial, lateral posterior, mediodorsal, and reticular nuclei; in neocortex, sensorimotor regions contained the most labeled neurons, but higher densities were found in associative areas, including orbital, anterior cingulate, prelimbic, and infralimbic cortex. Patterns of ascending expression correlated with c-Fos expression after optogenetic inhibition of Purkinje cells. Our results reveal homologous networks linking single areas of cerebellar cortex to diverse forebrain targets. We conclude that shared areas of cerebellum are positioned to provide sensory-motor information to regions implicated in both movement and nonmotor function.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/979153v3_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (45K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1bead0corg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1531de2org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1cf02f6org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1cb6774_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pisano, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhanerawala, Z. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kislin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakshinskaya, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engel, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Oude, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Umadevi Venkataraju, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verpeut, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boele, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S. S.- H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.06.979153</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parallel organization of cerebellar pathways to sensorimotor, associative, and modulatory forebrain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.06.979245v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanosensing through direct binding of tensed F-actin by LIM domains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.06.979245v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mechanical signals transmitted through the cytoplasmic actin cytoskeleton must be relayed to the nucleus to control gene expression. LIM domains are protein-protein interaction modules found in cytoskeletal proteins and transcriptional regulators; however, it is unclear if there is a direct link between these two functions. Here we identify three LIM protein families (zyxin, paxillin, and FHL) whose members preferentially localize to the actin cytoskeleton in mechanically-stimulated cells through their tandem LIM domains. A minimal actin-myosin reconstitution system reveals that representatives of all three families directly bind F-actin only in the presence of mechanical force. Point mutations at a site conserved in each LIM domain of these proteins selectively disrupt tensed F-actin binding in vitro and cytoskeletal localization in cells, demonstrating a common, avidity-based mechanism. Finally, we find that binding to tensed F-actin in the cytoplasm excludes the cancer-associated transcriptional co-activator FHL2 from the nucleus in stiff microenvironments. This establishes direct force-activated F-actin binding by FHL2 as a mechanosensing mechanism. Our studies suggest that force-dependent sequestration of LIM proteins on the actin cytoskeleton could be a general mechanism for controlling nuclear localization to effect mechanical signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phua, D. Y. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Axiotakis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blankman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cail, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espinosa de los Reyes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckerle, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waterman, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alushin, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.06.979245</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanosensing through direct binding of tensed F-actin by LIM domains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.06.979583v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cytoskeletal tension forces mitohormesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.06.979583v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondria control eukaryotic cell fate by producing the energy needed to support life and the signals required to execute programmed cell death. The biochemical milieu is known to affect mitochondrial function and contribute to the dysfunctional mitochondrial phenotypes implicated in cancer and the morbidities of ageing. However, the physical characteristics of the extracellular matrix are also altered in cancer and in aging tissues. We demonstrate that cells sense the physical properties of the extracellular matrix and activate a mitochondrial stress response that adaptively tunes mitochondrial function via SLC9A1-dependent ion exchange and HSF1-dependent transcription. Overall, our data indicate that adhesion-mediated mechanosignaling may play an unappreciated role in the altered mitochondrial functions observed in aging and cancer.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=154 SRC="FIGDIR/small/979583v3_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (41K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1ecdaceorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1112c32org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@6c99a1org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1da1e5f_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tharp, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higuchi-Sanabria, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timblin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garzon-Coral, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ford, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muncie, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stashko, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniele, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frankino, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manoli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gestwicki, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hellerstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomura, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saijo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dillin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weaver, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.06.979583</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cytoskeletal tension forces mitohormesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.16.987719v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mating type specific transcriptomic response to sex inducing pheromone in the pennate diatom Seminavis robusta 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.16.987719v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sexual reproduction is a fundamental phase in the life cycle of most diatoms. Despite its role as a source of genetic variation, it is rarely reported in nature and its molecular foundations remain largely unknown. Here, we integrate independent transcriptomic datasets, in order to prioritize genes responding to sex inducing pheromones (SIPs) in the pennate diatom Seminavis robusta. We observe marked gene expression changes associated with SIP treatment in both mating types, including an inhibition of S-phase progression, chloroplast division, mitosis and cell wall formation. Meanwhile, meiotic genes are upregulated in response to SIP, including a sexually induced diatom specific cyclin (dsCyc). Our data further suggest an important role for reactive oxygen species, energy metabolism and cGMP signaling during the early stages of sexual reproduction. In addition, we identify several genes with a mating type specific response to SIP, and link their expression pattern with physiological responses such as the production of the attraction pheromone diproline and mate-searching behaviour in MT+. Combined, our results provide a model for early sexual reproduction in pennate diatoms and significantly expand the suite of target genes to detect sexual reproduction events in natural diatom populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bilcke, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van den Berge, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Decker, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonneure, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poulsen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bulankova, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osuna-Cruz, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickenson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabbe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pohnert, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandepoele, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mangelinckx, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clement, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Veylder, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vyverman, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.16.987719</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mating type specific transcriptomic response to sex inducing pheromone in the pennate diatom Seminavis robusta]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.16.993261v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A single mechanism for global and selective response inhibition under the influence of motor preparation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.16.993261v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In our everyday behavior, we frequently cancel one movement while continuing others. Two competing models have been suggested for the cancellation of such specific actions: 1) the abrupt engagement of a unitary global inhibitory mechanism followed by reinitiation of the continuing actions, or 2) a balance between distinct global and selective inhibitory mechanisms. To evaluate these models, we examined behavioral and physiological markers of proactive control, motor preparation, and response inhibition using a combination of behavioral task performance measures, electromyography, electroencephalography, and motor evoked potentials elicited with transcranial magnetic stimulation. Healthy participants performed two versions of a stop signal task with cues incorporating proactive control: A unimanual task involving the initiation and inhibition of a single response, and a bimanual task involving the selective stopping of one of two prepared responses. Stopping latencies, motor evoked potentials, and frontal beta power (13-20 Hz) did not differ between the uni- and bimanual tasks. However, evidence for selective proactive control before stopping was manifest in the bimanual condition as changes in corticomotor excitability, mu (9-14 Hz), and beta (15-25 Hz) oscillations over sensorimotor cortex. Altogether, our results favor the recruitment of a single inhibitory stopping mechanism with the net behavioral output depending on the levels of action-specific motor preparation.

Significance statementResponse inhibition is a core function of cognitive flexibility and movement control. Previous research has suggested separate mechanisms for selective and global inhibition, yet the evidence is inconclusive. Another line of research has examined the influence of preparation for action stopping, or what is called proactive control, on stopping performance, yet the neural mechanisms underlying this interaction are unknown. We combined transcranial magnetic stimulation, electroencephalography, electromyography and behavioral measures to compare selective and global inhibition models and to investigate markers of proactive control. The results favor a single inhibitory mechanism over separate selective and global mechanisms, but indicate a vital role for preceding motor activity in determining whether and which actions will be stopped.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Raud, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huster, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Labruna, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Messel, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenhouse, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.16.993261</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A single mechanism for global and selective response inhibition under the influence of motor preparation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.18.997304v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conversion of marginal land into switchgrass conditionally accrues soil carbon and reduces methane consumption 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.18.997304v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is a perennial C4 grass native to tallgrass prairies of the Central US, and a promising bioenergy feedstock. Switchgrass can be cultivated on soils with low nutrient contents and its rooting depth, of up to 2 m, has brought attention to the crop as a potential mechanism to sequester and build soil carbon (C). Switchgrass, therefore, offers multifaceted benefits on degraded soils by enhancing soil organic matter content. However, to evaluate the sustainability of switchgrass-based biofuel production, it is crucial to understand the impacts of land conversion and switchgrass establishment on biotic/abiotic characteristics of various soils. In this study, we characterized the ecosystem-scale consequences of switchgrass growing at two highly-eroded,  Dust Bowl remnant field sites from Oklahoma US, with silt-loam (SL) or clay-loam (CL) soil textures having low nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and C contents. Paired plots at each site, including fallow control and switchgrass-cultivated, were assessed. Our results indicated that switchgrass significantly increased soil C at the SL site and reduced microbial diversity at the CL site. The CL site exhibited significantly higher CO2 flux and higher respiration from switchgrass plots. Strikingly, switchgrass significantly reduced the CH4 consumption by an estimated 39% for the SL site and 47% for the CL site. Structural equation modeling identified soil temperature, P content, and soil moisture levels as the most influential factors regulating both CO2 and CH4 fluxes. CO2 flux was also influenced by microbial biomass while CH4 flux was influenced by microbial diversity. Together, our results suggest that site selection by soil type is a crucial factor in improving soil C stocks and mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes, especially considering our finding that switchgrass reduced methane consumption, implying that carbon balance considerations should be accounted for to fully evaluate the sustainability of switchgrass cultivation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bates, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escalas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hale, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuccio, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ning, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pett-Ridge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craven, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firestone, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.18.997304</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conversion of marginal land into switchgrass conditionally accrues soil carbon and reduces methane consumption]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.22.002402v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PathFlow-MixMatch for Whole Slide Image Registration: An Investigation of a Segment-Based Scalable Image Registration Method 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.22.002402v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Image registration involves finding the best alignment between different images of the same object. In these tasks, the object in question is viewed differently in each of the images (e.g. different rotation or light conditions, etc.). In digital pathology, image registration aligns correspondent regions of tissue from different stereotactic viewpoints (e.g. subsequent deeper sections of the same tissue). These comparisons are important for histological analysis and can facilitate previously unavailable manipulations, such as 3D tissue reconstruction and cell-level alignment of immunohistochemical (IHC) and special stains. Several benchmarks have been established for evaluating image registration techniques for histological tissue; however, little work has evaluated the impact of scaling registration techniques to Giga-Pixel Whole Slide Images (WSI), which are large enough for significant memory limitations, and contain recurrent patterns and deformations that hinder traditional alignment algorithms. Furthermore, as tissue sections often contain multiple, discrete, smaller tissue fragments, it is unnecessary to align an entire image when the bulk of the image is background whitespace and tissue fragments orientations are often agnostic of each other. We present a methodology for circumventing large-scale image registration issues in histopathology and accompanying software. By removing background pixels, parsing the slide into discrete tissue segments, and matching, orienting and registering smaller segment pairs, we recovered registrations with lower Target Registration Error (TRE) when compared to utilizing the unmanipulated WSI. We tested our technique by having a pathologist annotate landmarks from 13 pairs of differently stained liver biopsy slides, performing WSI and segment-based registration techniques, and comparing overall TRE. Preliminary results demonstrate superior performance of registering segment pairs versus registering WSI (difference of median TRE of 44 pixels, p<0.001). Segment matching within WSI is an effective solution for histology image registration but requires further testing and validation to ensure its viability for stain translation and 3D histology analysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Levy, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haudenschild, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christensen, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaickus, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.22.002402</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PathFlow-MixMatch for Whole Slide Image Registration: An Investigation of a Segment-Based Scalable Image Registration Method]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.22.999243v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FcRn, but not FcgRs, drives maternal-fetal transplacental transport of human IgGantibodies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.22.999243v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The IgG Fc domain has the capacity to interact with diverse types of receptors, including FcRn and Fc{gamma}Rs, which confer pleiotropic biological activities. Whereas FcRn regulates IgG epithelial transport and recycling, Fc effector activities, such as ADCC and phagocytosis are mediated by Fc{gamma}Rs, which upon crosslinking transduce signals that modulate the function of effector leukocytes. Despite the well-defined and non-overlapping functional properties of FcRn and Fc{gamma}Rs, recent studies have suggested that Fc{gamma}Rs mediate transplacental IgG transport, as certain Fc glycoforms were reported to be enriched in fetal circulation. To determine the contribution of Fc{gamma}Rs and FcRn to the maternal-fetal transport of IgG, we characterized the IgG Fc glycosylation in paired maternal-fetal samples from patient cohorts from Uganda and Nicaragua. No differences in IgG1 Fc glycan profiles and minimal differences in IgG2 Fc glycans were noted, whereas the presence or absence of galactose on the Fc glycan of IgG1 did not alter Fc{gamma}RIIIA or FcRn binding, half-life, or their ability to deplete target cells in Fc{gamma}R/FcRn humanized mice. Modeling maternal/fetal transport in Fc{gamma}R/FcRn humanized mice confirmed that only FcRn contributed to transplacental transport of IgG; IgG selectively enhanced for FcRn binding resulted in enhanced accumulation of maternal antibody in the fetus. In contrast, enhancing Fc{gamma}RIIIA binding did not result in enhanced maternal/fetal transport. These results argue against a role for Fc{gamma}Rs in IgG transplacental transport, suggesting Fc engineering of maternally administered antibody to only enhance FcRn binding as a means to improve maternal/fetal transport of IgG.

Significance StatementTransport of IgG antibodies from the maternal to the fetal circulation is a key process for neonatal immunity, as neonates cannot sufficiently generate IgG antibodies to reach protective levels during the first months after birth. In humans and other primates, maternal to fetal transport of IgG antibodies is largely mediated through the placental tissue. FcRn has been previously identified as the major driver of IgG transplacental transport. Here we examined whether other receptors, such as Fc{gamma}Rs, also contribute to the maternal-fetal IgG transfer. By characterizing the Fc domain structure of paired maternal-fetal IgG samples and modeling transplacental IgG transport in genetically engineered mouse strains, we determined that FcRn, but not Fc{gamma}Rs, is the major receptor that mediates transplacental IgG transport.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Borghi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bournazos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thulin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gajewski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherwood, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jagannathan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravetch, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.22.999243</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FcRn, but not FcgRs, drives maternal-fetal transplacental transport of human IgGantibodies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.23.004093v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic and behavioral adaptation of Candida parapsilosis to the microbiome of hospitalized infants revealed by in situ genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.23.004093v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Candida parapsilosis is a common cause of invasive candidiasis, especially in newborn infants, and infections have been increasing over the past two decades. C. parapsilosis has been primarily studied in pure culture, leaving gaps in understanding of its function in microbiome context. Here, we reconstructed five unique C. parapsilosis genomes from premature infant fecal samples and analyzed their genome structure, population diversity and in situ activity relative to reference strains in pure culture. All five genomes contain hotspots of single nucleotide variants, some of which are shared by strains from multiple hospitals. A subset of environmental and hospital-derived genomes share variants within these hotspots suggesting derivation of that region from a common ancestor. Four of the newly reconstructed C. parapsilosis genomes have four to sixteen copies of the gene RTA3, which encodes a lipid translocase and is implicated in antifungal resistance, potentially indicating adaptation to hospital antifungal use. Time course metatranscriptomics and metaproteomics on fecal samples from a premature infant with a C. parapsilosis blood infection revealed highly variable in situ expression patterns that are distinct from those of similar strains in pure cultures. For example, biofilm formation genes were relatively less expressed in situ, whereas genes linked to oxygen utilization were more highly expressed, indicative of growth in a relatively aerobic environment. In gut microbiome samples, C. parapsilosis coexisted with Enterococcus faecalis that shifted in relative abundance over time, accompanied by changes in bacterial and fungal gene expression and proteome composition. The results reveal potentially medically relevant differences in Candida function in gut vs. laboratory environments, and constrain evolutionary processes that could contribute to hospital strain persistence and transfer into premature infant microbiomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>West, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olm, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, F. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lou, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firek, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morowitz, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hettich, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.23.004093</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic and behavioral adaptation of Candida parapsilosis to the microbiome of hospitalized infants revealed by in situ genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.26.009662v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure of the ForT/PRPP complex uncovers the mechanism of C-C bond formation in C-nucleotide antibiotic biosynthesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.26.009662v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
C-C bond formation is at the heart of anabolism and organic chemistry, but relatively few enzymatic strategies for catalyzing this reaction are known. The enzyme ForT catalyzes C-C bond formation between 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate (PRPP) and 4-amino-1H-pyrazole-3,5-dicarboxylate to make a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of the C-nucleotide formycin A 5-phosphate; we now report the 2.5 [A] resolution structure of the ForT/PRPP complex and thus locate the active site. Site-directed mutagenesis has identified those residues critical for PRPP recognition and catalysis. Structural conservation with GHMP kinases suggests that stabilization of the negatively charged pyrophosphate leaving group is crucial for catalysis in ForT. A mechanism for this new class of C-C bond forming enzymes is proposed.

Entry for the Table of Contents

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=180 SRC="FIGDIR/small/009662v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (12K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1817d54org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@4b3558org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@19b248eorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@7d0c62_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG A new class of enzymes catalyse C-C bond formation by irreversible CO2 and pyrophosphate production.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radadiya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Crecy-Lagard, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richards, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naismith, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.26.009662</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure of the ForT/PRPP complex uncovers the mechanism of C-C bond formation in C-nucleotide antibiotic biosynthesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.27.012211v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Hoja loca1 Mutant and AUX/1 IAA Function in Maize 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.27.012211v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plant architecture is determined by the iterative building of phytomer units, each containing a portion of stem, an organ and an axillary meristem. Each phytomer can follow different developmental paths underpinning the complexity, and plasticity, of plant form. Auxin plays a central role in the coordination of phytomer development, regulating organ initiation and patterning across all axes. This diversity in auxin function results from changes in the activities and expression of auxin signaling components, including the AUX/IAA repressors. Higher land plants have multigene AUX/IAA families, which leads to functional redundancy. Dominant mutations, which prevent AUX/IAA degradation in response to auxin, have highlighted the importance of these proteins in fine-tuning organ development. Here we report a new dominant AUX/IAA mutant in maize, Hoja loca1 (Oja). Oja has a mutation in the degron motif of ZmIAA28 and specifically affects aerial organ initiation and leaf medio-lateral patterning, but phytomer initiation remains unchanged. Mutant phenotypes are variable and transcriptional profiling of individual meristems identified clusters of genes that may underpin the phenotypic differences. The unique phenotype of Oja provides evidence of species-specific sub-functionalization of the AUX/IAAs, and illustrates the crucial role of auxin signaling in the tight coordination of phytomer unit development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Richardson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sluis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hake, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.27.012211</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Hoja loca1 Mutant and AUX/1 IAA Function in Maize]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.01.839274v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biallelic variants in the RNA exosome gene EXOSC5 are associated with developmental delays, short stature, cerebellar hypoplasia and motor weakness 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.01.839274v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The RNA exosome is an essential ribonuclease complex involved in the processing and degradation of both coding and noncoding RNAs. We present three patients with biallelic variants in EXOSC5, which encodes a structural subunit of the RNA exosome. The common clinical features of these patients comprise failure to thrive, short stature, feeding difficulties, developmental delays that affect motor skills, hypotonia and esotropia. Brain MRI revealed cerebellar hypoplasia and ventriculomegaly. The first patient had a deletion involving exons 5-6 of EXOSC5 and a missense variant, p.Thr114Ile, that were inherited in trans, the second patient was homozygous for p.Leu206His, and the third patient had paternal isodisomy for chromosome 19 and was homozygous for p.Met148Thr. We employed three complementary approaches to explore the requirement for EXOSC5 in brain development and assess the functional consequences of pathogenic variants in EXOSC5. Loss of function for the zebrafish ortholog results in shortened and curved tails and bodies, reduced eye and head size and edema. We modeled pathogenic EXOSC5 variants in both budding yeast and mammalian cells. Some of these variants show defects in RNA exosome function as well as altered interactions with other RNA exosome subunits. Overall, these findings expand the number of genes encoding RNA exosome components that have been implicated in human disease, while also suggesting that disease mechanism varies depending on the specific pathogenic variant.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Slavotinek, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misceo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Htun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathisen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frengen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foreman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurtig, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enyenihi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sterrett, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneidman-Duhovny, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estrada-Veras, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duncan, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beleford, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Si, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglas, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Treidene, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Hoof, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fasken, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbett, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.01.839274</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biallelic variants in the RNA exosome gene EXOSC5 are associated with developmental delays, short stature, cerebellar hypoplasia and motor weakness]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.07.030551v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IDseq - An Open Source Cloud-based Pipeline and Analysis Service for Metagenomic Pathogen Detection and Monitoring 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.07.030551v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMetagenomic next generation sequencing (mNGS) has enabled the rapid, unbiased detection and identification of microbes without pathogen-specific reagents, culturing, or a priori knowledge of the microbial landscape. mNGS data analysis requires a series of computationally intensive processing steps to accurately determine the microbial composition of a sample. Existing mNGS data analysis tools typically require bioinformatics expertise and access to local server-class hardware resources. For many research laboratories, this presents an obstacle, especially in resource limited environments.

FindingsWe present IDseq, an open source cloud-based metagenomics pipeline and service for global pathogen detection and monitoring (https://idseq.net). The IDseq Portal accepts raw mNGS data, performs host and quality filtration steps, then executes an assembly-based alignment pipeline which results in the assignment of reads and contigs to taxonomic categories. The taxonomic relative abundances are reported and visualized in an easy-to-use web application to facilitate data interpretation and hypothesis generation. Furthermore, IDseq supports environmental background model generation and automatic internal spike-in control recognition, providing statistics which are critical for data interpretation. IDseq was designed with the specific intent of detecting novel pathogens. Here, we benchmark novel virus detection capability using both synthetically evolved viral sequences, and real-world samples, including IDseq analysis of a nasopharyngeal swab sample acquired and processed locally in Cambodia from a tourist from Wuhan, China, infected with the recently emergent SARS-CoV-2.

ConclusionThe IDseq Portal reduces the barrier to entry for mNGS data analysis and enables bench scientists, clinicians, and bioinformaticians to gain insight from mNGS datasets for both known and novel pathogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kalantar, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carvalho, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Bourcy, C. F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimitrov, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dingle, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egger, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, O. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kislyuk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mariano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyenoso, L. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rissato Cruz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahyong, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lay, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chea, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohl, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manning, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tato, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeRisi, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.07.030551</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IDseq - An Open Source Cloud-based Pipeline and Analysis Service for Metagenomic Pathogen Detection and Monitoring]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.09.033704v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptome analysis of the zebrafish atoh7-/- mutant, lakritz, highlights Atoh7-dependent genetic networks with potential implications for human eye diseases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.09.033704v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Expression of the bHLH transcription protein Atoh7 is a crucial factor conferring competence to retinal progenitor cells for the development of retinal ganglion cells. A number of studies have emerged establishing ATOH7 as a retinal disease gene. Remarkably, such studies uncovered ATOH7 variants associated with global eye defects including optic nerve hypoplasia, microphthalmia, retinal vascular disorders and glaucoma. The complex genetic networks and cellular decisions arising downstream of atoh7 expression, and how their dysregulation cause development of such disease traits remains unknown. To begin to understand such Atoh7-dependent events in vivo we performed transcriptome analysis of wild type and atoh7 mutant (lakritz) zebrafish embryos at the onset of retinal ganglion cell differentiation. We investigated in silico interplays of atoh7 and other disease-related genes and pathways. By network reconstruction analysis of differentially expressed genes we identified gene clusters enriched in retinal development, cell cycle, chromatin remodelling, stress response and Wnt pathways. By weighted gene coexpression network we identified coexpression modules affected by the mutation and enriched in retina development genes tightly connected to atoh7. We established the groundwork whereby Atoh7-linked cellular and molecular processes can be investigated in the dynamic multi-tissue environment of the developing normal and diseased vertebrate eye.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Covello, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossello, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filosi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gajardo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duchemin, A.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tremonti, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichenlaub, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polo, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allende, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domenici, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramialison, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poggi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.09.033704</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptome analysis of the zebrafish atoh7-/- mutant, lakritz, highlights Atoh7-dependent genetic networks with potential implications for human eye diseases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.13.039958v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An empirical comparison of univariate versus multivariate methods for the analysis of brain-behavior mapping 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.13.039958v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lesion symptom mapping (LSM) tools are used on brain injury data to identify the neural structures critical for a given behavior or symptom. Univariate lesion-symptom mapping (ULSM) methods provide statistical comparisons of behavioral test scores in patients with and without a lesion on a voxel by voxel basis. More recently, multivariate lesion-symptom mapping (MLSM) methods have been developed that consider the effects of all lesioned voxels in one model simultaneously. However, very little work has been done to empirically compare the advantages and disadvantages of these two different methods. In the current study, we provide a needed systematic comparison of 5 ULSM and 8 MLSM methods, using both synthetic and real data to identify the potential strengths and weaknesses of both approaches. We tested power and spatial precision of each LSM method for both single and dual (network type) anatomical target simulations across anatomical target location, sample size, noise level, and lesion smoothing. Additionally, we performed false positive simulations to identify the characteristics associated with each methods spurious findings. Simulations showed no clear superiority of either ULSM or MLSM methods overall, but rather highlighted specific advantages of different methods. No single method produced a thresholded LSM map that exclusively delineated brain regions associated with the target behavior. Thus, different LSM methods are indicated, depending on the particular study design, specific hypotheses, and sample size. Overall, we recommend the use of both ULSM and MLSM methods in tandem to enhance confidence in the results: Brain foci identified as significant across both types of methods are unlikely to be spurious and can be confidently reported as robust results.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ivanova, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herron, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dronkers, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldo, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.13.039958</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An empirical comparison of univariate versus multivariate methods for the analysis of brain-behavior mapping]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.14.040675v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A faster implementation of association mapping from k-mers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.14.040675v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome wide association studies (GWAS) attempt to map genotypes to phenotypes in organisms. This is typically performed by genotyping individuals using microarray or by aligning whole genome sequencing reads to a reference genome. Both approaches require knowledge of a reference genome which limits their application to organisms with no or incomplete reference genomes. This caveat can be removed using alignment-free association mapping methods based on k-mers from sequencing reads. Here we present an implementation of an alignment free association mapping method [1] to improve its execution time and flexibility. We have tested our implementation on an E. Coli ampicillin resistance dataset and observe improvement in performance over the original implementation while maintaining accuracy in results. Finally, we demonstrate that the method can be applied to find sex specific sequences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mehrab, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mobin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tahmid, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.14.040675</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A faster implementation of association mapping from k-mers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.16.045245v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Continuous lineage recording reveals rapid, multidirectional metastasis in a lung cancer xenograft model in mouse 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.16.045245v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer progression is characterized by rare, transient events which are nonetheless highly consequential to disease etiology and mortality. Detailed cell phylogenies can recount the history and chronology of these critical events - including metastatic seeding. Here, we applied our Cas9-based lineage tracer to study the subclonal dynamics of metastasis in a lung cancer xenograft mouse model, revealing the underlying rates, routes, and drivers of metastasis. We report deeply resolved phylogenies for tens of thousands of metastatically disseminated cancer cells. We observe surprisingly diverse metastatic phenotypes, ranging from metastasis-incompetent to aggressive populations. These phenotypic distinctions result from pre-existing, heritable, and characteristic differences in gene expression, and we demonstrate that these differentially expressed genes can drive invasiveness. Furthermore, metastases transit via diverse, multidirectional tissue routes and seeding topologies. Our work demonstrates the power of tracing cancer progression at unprecedented resolution and scale.

One Sentence SummarySingle-cell lineage tracing and RNA-seq capture diverse metastatic behaviors and drivers in lung cancer xenografts in mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Quinn, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okimoto, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bivona, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.16.045245</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Continuous lineage recording reveals rapid, multidirectional metastasis in a lung cancer xenograft model in mouse]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.22.055426v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CeMbio - The C. elegans microbiome resource 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.22.055426v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The study of microbiomes by sequencing has revealed a plethora of correlations between microbial community composition and various life-history characteristics of the corresponding host species. However, inferring causation from correlation is often hampered by the sheer compositional complexity of microbiomes, even in simple organisms. Synthetic communities offer an effective approach to infer cause-effect relationships in host-microbiome systems. Yet the available communities suffer from several drawbacks, such as artificial (thus non-natural) choice of microbes, microbe-host mismatch (e.g. human microbes in gnotobiotic mice), or hosts lacking genetic tractability. Here we introduce CeMbio, a simplified natural Caenorhabditis elegans microbiota derived from our previous meta-analysis of the natural microbiome of this nematode. The CeMbio resource is amenable to all strengths of the C. elegans model system, strains included are readily culturable, they all colonize the worm gut individually, and comprise a robust community that distinctly affects nematode life-history. Several tools have additionally been developed for the CeMbio strains, including diagnostic PCR primers, completely sequenced genomes, and metabolic network models. With CeMbio, we provide a versatile resource and toolbox for the in-depth dissection of naturally relevant host-microbiome interactions in C. elegans.

Dataset accession numbersWhole genome sequencing data (PRJNA624308); microbiome sequencing [PRJEB37101 and PRJEB37035]; data supplement on the GSA Figshare Portal.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dirksen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Assie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmermann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tietje, A.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marsh, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Felix, M.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapira, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaleta, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulenburg, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samuel, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.22.055426</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CeMbio - The C. elegans microbiome resource]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.28.066308v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parental population range expansion before secondary contact promotes heterosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.28.066308v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Population genomic analysis of hybrid zones is instrumental to our understanding of the evolution of reproductive isolation. Many temperate hybrid zones are formed by the secondary contact between two parental populations that have undergone post-glacial range expansion. Here we show that explicitly accounting for historical parental isolation followed by range expansion prior to secondary contact is fundamental for explaining genetic and fitness patterns in these hybrid zones. Specifically, ancestral population expansion can result in allele surfing where neutral or slightly deleterious mutations drift to high frequency at the expansion front. If these surfed deleterious alleles are recessive, they can contribute to substantial heterosis in hybrids produced at secondary contact, counteracting negative effects of Bateson-Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibilities (BDMIs) hence weakening reproductive isolation. When BDMIs are linked to such recessive deleterious alleles the fitness benefit of introgression at these loci can facilitate introgression at the BDMIs. The extent to which this occurs depends on the strength of selection against the linked deleterious alleles and the distribution of recombination across the chromosome. Finally, surfing of neutral loci can alter the expected pattern of population ancestry, thus accounting for historical population expansion is necessary to develop accurate null genomic models of secondary-contact hybrid zones.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>MacPherson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamaguchi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiseberg, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otto, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.28.066308</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parental population range expansion before secondary contact promotes heterosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.29.067207v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Thiocyanate and organic carbon inputs drive convergent selection for specific autotrophic Afipia and Thiobacillus strains within complex microbiomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.29.067207v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Thiocyanate (SCN-) contamination threatens aquatic ecosystems and pollutes vital fresh water supplies. SCN- degrading microbial consortia are commercially deployed for remediation, but the impact of organic amendments on selection within SCN- degrading microbial communities has not been investigated. Here, we tested whether specific strains capable of degrading SCN- could be reproducibly selected for based on SCN- loading and the presence or absence of added organic carbon. Complex microbial communities derived from those used to treat SCN- contaminated water were exposed to systematically increased input SCN concentrations in molasses-amended and -unamended reactors and in reactors switched to unamended conditions after establishing the active SCN- degrading consortium. Five experiments were conducted over 790 days and genome-resolved metagenomics was used to resolve community composition at the strain level. A single Thiobacillus strain proliferated in all reactors at high loadings. Despite the presence of many Rhizobiales strains, a single Afipia variant dominated the molasses-free reactor at moderately high loadings. This strain is predicted to breakdown SCN- using a novel thiocyanate dehydrogenase, oxidize resulting reduced sulfur, degrade product cyanate (OCN-) to ammonia and CO2 via cyanase, and fix CO2 via the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle. Removal of molasses from input feed solutions reproducibly led to dominance of this strain. Neither this Afipia strain nor the thiobacilli have the capacity to produce cobalamin, a function detected in low abundance community members. Although sustained by autotrophy, reactors without molasses did not stably degrade SCN- at high loading rates, perhaps due to loss of biofilm-associated niche diversity. Overall, convergence in environmental conditions led to convergence in the strain composition, although reactor history also impacted the trajectory of community compositional change.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huddy, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachdeva, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadzinga, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kantor, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, S. T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.29.067207</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Thiocyanate and organic carbon inputs drive convergent selection for specific autotrophic Afipia and Thiobacillus strains within complex microbiomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.29.068197v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Continuous Reports of Sensed Hand Position During Sensorimotor Adaptation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.29.068197v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sensorimotor learning entails multiple learning processes, some volitional and explicit, and others automatic and implicit. A new method to isolate implicit adaptation involves the use of a "clamped" visual perturbation in which, during a reaching movement, visual feedback is limited to a cursor that follows an invariant trajectory, offset from the target by a fixed angle. Despite full awareness that the cursor movement is not contingent on their behavior, as well as explicit instructions to ignore the cursor, systematic changes in motor behavior are observed, and these changes have the signatures of implicit adaptation observed in studies using classic visuomotor perturbations. While it is clear that the response to clamped feedback occurs automatically, it remains unknown if the adjustments in behavior remain outside the participants awareness. To address this question, we used the clamp method and directly probed awareness by asking participants to report their hand position after each reach. As expected, we observed robust deviations in hand angle away from the target (average of [~]18{degrees}). The hand reports also showed systematic deviations over the course of adaptation, initially attracted towards the visual feedback and then in the opposite direction, paralleling the shift in hand position. However, these effects were subtle ([~]2{degrees} at asymptote), with the hand reports dominated by a feedforward signal associated with the motor intent yet modulated in a limited way by feedback sources. These results confirm that adaptation in response to a visual perturbation is not only automatic, but also largely implicit.

NEWS AND NOTEWORTHYSensorimotor adaptation operates in an obligatory manner. Qualitatively, subjective reports obtained after adaptation demonstrate that, in many conditions, participants are unaware of significant changes in behavior. In the present study, we quantified participants awareness of adaptation by obtaining reports of hand position on a trial-by-trial basis. The results confirm that participants are largely unaware of adaptation, but also reveal the subtle influence of feedback on their subjective experience.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tsay, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parvin, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.29.068197</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Continuous Reports of Sensed Hand Position During Sensorimotor Adaptation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.04.077545v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heritability of visual cortex architecture and perception 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.04.077545v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How much of the functional organization of our visual system is inherited? Here we tested the heritability of retinotopic maps in human visual cortex using functional magnetic resonance imaging. We demonstrate that retinotopic organization shows a closer correspondence in monozygotic (MZ) compared to dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs, suggesting a partial genetic determination. Using population receptive field (pRF) analysis to examine the preferred spatial location and selectivity of these neuronal populations, we estimate a heritability around 30% for polar angle preferences and spatial selectivity, as quantified by pRF size, in extrastriate areas V2 and V3. Our findings are consistent with heritability in both the macroscopic arrangement of visual regions and stimulus tuning properties of visual cortex. This could constitute a neural substrate for variations in a range of perceptual effects, which themselves have been found to be at least partially genetically determined. These findings also add convergent evidence for the hypothesis that functional map topology is linked with cortical morphology.

HighlightsO_LIWe analyzed retinotopic maps from monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs
C_LIO_LIVisual field maps in V1-V3 are more similar in monozygotic twins
C_LIO_LIHeritability is greater in V1 and V3 for polar angle and population receptive field sizes
C_LIO_LIEccentricity maps show lesser degree of heritability
C_LIO_LIFurther evidence for link between cortical morphology and topology of retinotopic maps
C_LI

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=182 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/077545v4_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (77K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@ceacd6org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@b51604org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@b860f8org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@e67398_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alvarez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finlayson, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ei, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Haas, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenwood, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwarzkopf, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.04.077545</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heritability of visual cortex architecture and perception]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.11.087676v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Meta-Align: A Novel HMM-based Algorithm for Pairwise Alignment of Error-Prone Sequencing Reads 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.11.087676v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundInsertion and deletion sequencing errors are relatively common in next-generation sequencing data and produce long stretches of mistranslated sequence. These frameshifting errors can cause very serious damages to downstream data analysis of reads. However, it is possible to obtain more precise alignment of DNA sequences by taking into account both coding frame and sequencing errors estimated by quality scores.

ResultsHere we designed and proposed a novel hidden Markov model (HMM)-based pairwise alignment algorithm, Meta-Align, that aligns DNA sequences in the protein space, incorporating quality scores from the DNA sequences and allowing frameshifts caused by insertions and deletions. Our model is based on both an HMM transducer of a pair HMM and profile HMMs for all possible amino acid pairs. A Viterbi algorithm over our model produces the optimal alignment of a pair of metagenomic reads taking into account all possible translating frames and gap penalties in both the protein space and the DNA space. To reduce the sheer number of states of this model, we also derived and implemented a computationally feasible model, leveraging the degeneracy of the genetic code. In a benchmark test on a diverse set of simulated reads based on BAliBASE we show that Meta-Align outperforms TBLASTX which compares the six-frame translations of a nucleotide query sequence against the six-frame translations of a nucleotide sequence database using the BLAST algorithm. We also demonstrate the effects of incorporating quality scores on Meta-Align.

ConclusionsMeta-Align will be particularly effective when applied to error-prone DNA sequences. The package of our software can be downloaded at https://github.com/shravan-repos/Metaalign.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>TOMII, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.11.087676</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Meta-Align: A Novel HMM-based Algorithm for Pairwise Alignment of Error-Prone Sequencing Reads]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.14.096743v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A bimodular PKS platform that expands the biological design space 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.14.096743v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Traditionally engineered to produce novel bioactive molecules, Type I modular polyketide synthases (PKSs) could be engineered as a new biosynthetic platform for the production of de novo fuels, commodity chemicals, and specialty chemicals. Previously, our investigations manipulated the first module of the lipomycin PKS to produce short chain ketones, 3-hydroxy acids, and saturated, branched carboxylic acids. Building upon this work, we have expanded to multi-modular systems by engineering the first two modules of lipomycin to generate unnatural polyketides as potential biofuels and specialty chemicals in Streptomyces albus. First, we produce 20.6 mg/L of the ethyl ketone, 4,6 dimethylheptanone through a reductive loop exchange in LipPKS1 and a ketoreductase knockouts in LipPKS2. We then show that an AT swap in LipPKS1 and a reductive loop exchange in LipPKS2 can produce the potential fragrance 3-isopropyl-6-methyltetrahydropyranone. Highlighting the challenge of maintaining product fidelity, in both bimodular systems we observed side products from premature hydrolysis in the engineered first module and stalled dehydration in reductive loop exchanges. Collectively, our work expands the biological design space and moves the field closer to the production of “designer” biomolecules.HighlightsEngineered lipomycin module 1 and module 2 to produce unnatural polyketides as valuable bio-based chemicalsA reductive loop swap and ketoreductase knockout used to produce 20 mg/mL of a novel ethyl ketone, a gasoline replacementAn acyltransferase swap and reductive loop swap successfully produced δ-lactone, a potential fragrant compoundIncomplete reduction and premature hydrolysis observed in engineered modulesCompeting Interest StatementJ.D.K. has a financial interest in Amyris, Lygos, Demetrix, Napigen, Maple Bio, Berkeley Brewing Sciences, Ansa Biotech and Apertor Labs.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zargar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valencia, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werts, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benites, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baidoo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keasling, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.14.096743</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A bimodular PKS platform that expands the biological design space]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.14.096891v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Homology-guided identification of a conserved motif linking the antiviral functions of IFITM3 to its oligomeric state 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.14.096891v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The interferon-inducible transmembrane (IFITM) proteins belong to the Dispanin/CD225 family and inhibit diverse virus infections. IFITM3 reduces membrane fusion between cells and virions through a poorly characterized mechanism. We identified a GxxxG motif in many CD225 proteins, including IFITM3 and proline rich transmembrane protein 2 (PRRT2). Mutation of PRRT2, a regulator of neurotransmitter release, at glycine-305 was previously linked to paroxysmal neurological disorders in humans. Here, we show that glycine-305 and the homologous site in IFITM3, glycine-95, drive protein oligomerization from within a GxxxG motif. Mutation of glycine-95 in IFITM3 disrupted its oligomerization and reduced its antiviral activity against Influenza A and HIV-1. The oligomerization-defective variant was used to reveal that IFITM3 promotes membrane rigidity in a glycine-95-dependent manner. Furthermore, a compound which counteracts virus inhibition by IFITM3, amphotericin B, prevented the IFITM3-mediated rigidification of membranes. Overall, these data suggest that IFITM3 oligomers inhibit virus-cell fusion by promoting membrane rigidity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rahman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coomer, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majdoul, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padilla-Parra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Compton, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.14.096891</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Homology-guided identification of a conserved motif linking the antiviral functions of IFITM3 to its oligomeric state]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.15.096875v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Peptide YY: a novel Paneth cell antimicrobial peptide that maintains fungal commensalism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.15.096875v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Perturbed interactions between the intestinal microbes and host correlate with emergence of fungal virulence. Here we report a previously unknown role for peptide YY (PYY), a described endocrine molecule, as an antimicrobial peptide (AMP) expressed by gut immune epithelial Paneth Cells (PC). PC-PYY differs from other AMPs, including lysozyme, because of limited antibacterial activity, packaging in discrete secretory granules, and selective antifungal activity to virulent hyphae, but not yeast forms of Candida albicans. The latter action is through binding of cationic PC-PYY to the anionic hyphal surface, resulting in membrane disruption and killing. PC-PYY is compartmentalized to surface mucus, which optimizes activity and prevents conversion to endocrine PYY by dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV). We conclude PC-PYY is a unique AMP with selective antifungal activity that maintains gut fungal commensalism. Compromised PC-PYY action from PC dysfunction and/or mucus depletion in ileal Crohns disease may initiate or contribute to disease via fungal pathogenesis.

Highlights Paneth Cell PYY (PC-PYY) is an antimicrobial peptide that differs from endocrine-PYY
 PC-PYY is a selective anti-fungal peptide, targeting the virulent form of C. albicans
 PC-PYY is separately packaged, retained by mucus, and released by C. albicans hyphae
 PC-PYY is proposed as essential for maintenance of fungal commensalism in the gut


Graphical Abstract O_FIG_DISPLAY_L [Figure 1] M_FIG_DISPLAY Model for Paneth cell (PC) PYY action and regulation of fungal commensalisms and potential role in the pathogenesis of ileal Crohns Disease (iCD)

(A) In a healthy ileum, commensal yeast reside and do not stimulate PYY1-36 release from PCs. (B) Increased virulent hyphae (purple hyphae) results in PYY1-36 release from crypt PCs into the mucus. Hyphae are targeted by PYY1-36 and killed (red hyphae) to manage the increased fungi community in gut. (C) In a diseased ileum such as iCD, hyphal load induces immune activation and increased inflammation through PC dysfunction (gray PCs) and decreased PYY1-36 release or mucus depletion and PC dysfunction.

C_FIG_DISPLAY
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pierre, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>La Torre, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidebottom, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kambal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cham, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaborina, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alverdy, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witchley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noble, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.15.096875</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Peptide YY: a novel Paneth cell antimicrobial peptide that maintains fungal commensalism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.18.102780v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Widening the bottleneck: Heterologous expression, purification, and characterization of the Ktedonobacter racemifer minimal type II polyketide synthase in Escherichia coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.18.102780v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Enzyme assemblies such as type II polyketide synthases (PKSs) produce a wide array of bioactive secondary metabolites. While the molecules produced by type II PKSs have found remarkable success in the clinic, the biosynthetic prowess of these enzymes has been stymied by: 1) the inability to reconstitute the bioactivity of the minimal PKS enzymes in vitro and 2) limited exploration of type II PKSs from diverse phyla. Towards filling this unmet need, we expressed, purified, and characterized the ketosynthase chain length factor (KSCLF) and acyl carrier protein (ACP) from Ktedonobacter racemifer. Using E. coli as a heterologous host, we obtained soluble proteins in titers representing significant improvements over previous KSCLF heterologous expression efforts. Characterization of these enzymes reveals that KrACP has self-malonylating activity. Sedimentation velocity analytical ultracentrifugation (SV-AUC) analysis of holo-KrACP and KrKSCLF indicates that these enzymes do not interact in vitro, suggesting that the acylated state of these proteins might play an important role in facilitating biosynthetically relevant interactions. Given the potential impact of obtaining soluble core type II PKS biosynthetic enzymes to enable in vitro characterization studies, these results lay important groundwork for optimizing the interaction between KrKSCLF and KrACP and exploring the biosynthetic potential of other non-actinomycete type II PKSs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Klein, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kokona, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charkoudian, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.18.102780</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Widening the bottleneck: Heterologous expression, purification, and characterization of the Ktedonobacter racemifer minimal type II polyketide synthase in Escherichia coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.19.104307v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gbx2 identifies two amacrine cell subtypes with distinct molecular, morphological, and physiological properties 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.19.104307v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our understanding of how the nervous sytem works is limited by our ability to identify the neuronal subtypes that comprise functional circuits. Using a genetic approach, we show that the transcription factor Gbx2 labels two amacrine cell (AC) subtypes in the mouse retina that have distinct morphological, physiological, and molecular properties. One subtype of Gbx2+ ACs are likely the previously characterized On-type GABAergic CRH-1 AC. The other Gbx2+ AC population is a previously uncharacterized non-GABAergic, non-Glycinergic (nGnG) AC subtype. Gbx2+ nGnG ACs are On-Off type cells with asymmetric dendritic arbors. Gbx2+ nGnG ACs also exhibit tracer coupling to bipolar cells (BCs) through gap junctions that are modulated by dopamine signaling. This study genetically identifies a previously uncharacterized AC subtype and reveals an unusual AC-BC connectivity through gap junctions that may provide a novel model of synaptic communication and visual circuit function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kerstein, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leffler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivyer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.19.104307</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gbx2 identifies two amacrine cell subtypes with distinct molecular, morphological, and physiological properties]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.20.106807v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Selective inhibition of human translation by a drug-like compound that traps terminated protein nascent chains on the ribosome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.20.106807v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Methods to directly inhibit gene expression using small molecules hold promise for the development of new therapeutics targeting proteins that have evaded previous attempts at drug discovery. Among these, small molecules including the drug-like compound PF-06446846 (PF846) selectively inhibit the synthesis of specific proteins, by stalling translation elongation 1-4. These molecules also inhibit translation termination 4 by an unknown mechanism. Using cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and biochemical approaches, we show that PF846 arrests translation at the stop codon by slowing hydrolysis of the protein nascent chain (NC) from peptidyl-site (P-site) tRNA by eukaryotic release factor 1 (eRF1). After NC hydrolysis from the P-site tRNA, PF846 traps the NC in the ribosome exit tunnel in a compact -helical conformation that induces 28S rRNA nucleotide rearrangements propagating back to the ribosome peptidyl transferase center (PTC). Mutational analyses and human cell-based experiments elucidate the pivotal amino acids of the NC required for PF846-dependent termination arrest, all of which face the PF846 side of the ribosome exit tunnel. The structural and functional data support a model in which PF846 inhibits translation termination by inducing allosteric conformational rearrangements in the NC and PTC that suppress peptidyl-tRNA hydrolysis promoted by eRF1, and trap the NC in the ribosome exit tunnel. This unprecedented mechanism of action reveals new principles of translation termination and lays the foundation for new therapeutic strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, S. T.- L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cate, J. H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.20.106807</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Selective inhibition of human translation by a drug-like compound that traps terminated protein nascent chains on the ribosome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.21.103564v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromosome-level reference genome of the European wasp spider Argiope bruennichi: a resource for studies on range expansion and evolutionary adaptation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.21.103564v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundArgiope bruennichi, the European wasp spider, has been studied intensively as to sexual selection, chemical communication, and the dynamics of rapid range expansion at a behavioral and genetic level. However, the lack of a reference genome has limited insights into the genetic basis for these phenomena. Therefore, we assembled a high-quality chromosome-level reference genome of the European wasp spider as a tool for more in-depth future studies.

FindingsWe generated, de novo, a 1.67Gb genome assembly of A. bruennichi using 21.5X PacBio sequencing, polished with 30X Illumina paired-end sequencing data, and proximity ligation (Hi-C) based scaffolding. This resulted in an N50 scaffold size of 124Mb and an N50 contig size of 288kb. We found 98.4% of the genome to be contained in 13 scaffolds, fitting the expected number of chromosomes (n = 13). Analyses showed the presence of 91.1% of complete arthropod BUSCOs, indicating a high quality of the assembly.

ConclusionsWe present the first chromosome-level genome assembly in the class Arachnida. With this genomic resource, we open the door for more precise and informative studies on evolution and adaptation in A. bruennichi, as well as on several interesting topics in Arachnids, such as the genomic architecture of traits, whole genome duplication and the genomic mechanisms behind silk and venom evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sheffer, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoppe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krehenwinkel, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uhl, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuss, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillespie, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoff, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prost, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.21.103564</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromosome-level reference genome of the European wasp spider Argiope bruennichi: a resource for studies on range expansion and evolutionary adaptation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.22.110122v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Compromised nuclear envelope integrity drives tumor cell invasion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.22.110122v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While mutations leading to a fragile envelope of the cell nucleus are well known to cause diseases such as muscular dystrophies or accelerated aging, the pathophysiological consequences of the recently discovered mechanically induced nuclear envelope ruptures in cells harboring no mutation are less known. Here we show that repeated loss of nuclear envelope integrity in nuclei experiencing mechanical constraints promotes senescence in nontransformed cells, and induces an invasive phenotype including increased collagen degradation in human breast cancer cells, both in vitro and in a mouse xenograft model of breast cancer progression. We show that these phenotypic changes are due to the presence of chronic DNA damage and activation of the ATM kinase. In addition, we found that depletion of the cytoplasmic exonuclease TREX1 is sufficient to abolish the DNA damage in mechanically challenged nuclei and to suppress the phenotypes associated with the loss of nuclear envelope integrity. Our results also show that TREX1-dependent DNA damage induced by physical confinement of tumor cells inside the mammary duct drives the progression of in situ breast carcinoma to the invasive stage. We propose that DNA damage in mechanically challenged nuclei could affect the pathophysiology of crowded tissues by modulating proliferation and extracellular matrix degradation of normal and transformed cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nader, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguera-Gonzalez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Routet, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gratia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maurin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cancila, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cadart, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gentili, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamada, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lodillinsky, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lagoutte, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villard, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viovy, J.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tripodo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scita, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavrier, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.22.110122</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Compromised nuclear envelope integrity drives tumor cell invasion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.24.111997v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Choanoflagellates and the ancestry of neurosecretory vesicles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.24.111997v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurosecretory vesicles are highly specialized trafficking organelles important for metazoan cell-cell signalling. Despite the high anatomical and functional diversity of neurons in metazoans, the protein composition of neurosecretory vesicles in bilaterians appears to be similar. This similarity points towards a common evolutionary origin. Moreover, many key neurosecretory vesicle proteins predate the origin of the first neurons and some even the origin of the first animals (metazoans). However, little is known about the molecular toolkit of these vesicles in non-bilaterian metazoans and their closest unicellular relatives, making inferences about the evolutionary origin of neurosecretory vesicles extremely difficult. By comparing 28 proteins of the core neurosecretory vesicle proteome in 13 different species, we demonstrate that most of the proteins are already present in unicellular organisms. Surprisingly, we find that the vesicle residing SNARE protein synaptobrevin is localized to the vesicle-rich apical and basal pole in the choanoflagellate Salpingoeca rosetta. Our 3D vesicle reconstructions reveal that the choanoflagellates Salpingoeca rosetta and Monosiga brevicollis exhibit a polarized and diverse vesicular landscape. This study sheds light on the ancestral molecular machinery of neurosecretory vesicles and provides a framework to understand the origin and evolution of secretory cells, synapses, and neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gohde, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nauman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laundon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imig, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varoqueaux, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fasshauer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burkhardt, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.24.111997</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Choanoflagellates and the ancestry of neurosecretory vesicles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.24.113480v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coupling between slow-waves and sharp-wave ripples organizes distributed neural activity during sleep in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.24.113480v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hippocampal-dependent memory consolidation during sleep is hypothesized to depend on the synchronization of distributed neuronal ensembles, organized by the hippocampal sharp-wave ripples (SWRs, 80-150 Hz) and subcortical/cortical slow-waves (0.5-4 Hz). However, the precise role of SWR-slow-wave interactions in synchronizing subcortical/cortical neuronal activity is unclear. Here, we leverage intracranial electrophysiological recordings from the human hippocampus, amygdala, temporal and frontal cortices, to examine activity modulation and cross-regional coordination during SWRs. Hippocampal SWRs are associated with widespread modulation of high frequency activity (HFA; 70-200 Hz) a measure of local neuronal activation. This peri-SWR HFA modulation is predicted by the coupling between hippocampal SWRs and local subcortical/cortical slow-waves. Finally, local cortical slow-wave phase offsets during SWRs predicted functional connectivity between the frontal and temporal cortex. These findings suggest a selection mechanism wherein hippocampal SWR and cortical slow-wave synchronization governs the transient engagement of distributed neuronal populations supporting hippocampal-dependent memory consolidation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Skelin, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mander, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim Mcmanus, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vadera, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNaughton, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.24.113480</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coupling between slow-waves and sharp-wave ripples organizes distributed neural activity during sleep in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.27.116772v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative analysis of macrophage post-translational modifications during intracellular bacterial pathogen infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.27.116772v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Macrophages activate robust antimicrobial functions upon engulfing virulent bacteria, yet a wide array of pathogens paradoxically thrive within these innate immune cells. To probe the pathogen-macrophage interface, we used proteomics to comprehensively quantify changes in post-translational modifications (PTMs) of host proteins during infection with three evolutionarily diverse intracellular pathogens: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes. Comparing global phosphorylation and ubiquitylation patterns identified extensive reprogramming of cellular pathways during infection, with ubiquitylation patterns revealing unique pathogen-specific molecular response signatures undetectable by transcriptional profiling. Differential PTM changes during infection with attenuated M. tuberculosis cells lacking the ESX-1 virulence determinant revealed extensive modification of phagosome dynamics and antiviral type I interferon activation. We found that M. tuberculosis-mediated activation of the antiviral OASL1-IRF7 pathway promotes bacterial replication, uncovering a new mechanism of virus-bacterial synergy. Our data reveals remarkable specificity in innate cellular responses to complex stimuli and provides a resource for deeper understanding of host-pathogen interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnson, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parry, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Repasy, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geiger, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verschueren, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Budzik, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez-Morales, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newton, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coscoy, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Portnoy, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krogan, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.27.116772</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative analysis of macrophage post-translational modifications during intracellular bacterial pathogen infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.27.119438v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
mbkmeans: fast clustering for single cell data using mini-batch k-means 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.27.119438v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell RNA-Sequencing (scRNA-seq) is the most widely used high-throughput technology to measure genome-wide gene expression at the single-cell level. One of the most common analyses of scRNA-seq data detects distinct subpopulations of cells through the use of unsupervised clustering algorithms. However, recent advances in scRNA-seq technologies result in current datasets ranging from thousands to millions of cells. Popular clustering algorithms, such as k-means, typically require the data to be loaded entirely into memory and therefore can be slow or impossible to run with large datasets. To address this problem, we developed the mbkmeans R/Bioconductor package, an open-source implementation of the mini-batch k-means algorithm. Our package allows for on-disk data representations, such as the common HDF5 file format widely used for single-cell data, that do not require all the data to be loaded into memory at one time. We demonstrate the performance of the mbkmeans package using large datasets, including one with 1.3 million cells. We also highlight and compare the computing performance of mbkmeans against the standard implementation of k - means. Our software package is available in Bioconductor at https://bioconductor.org/packages/mbkmeans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hicks, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purdom, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Risso, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.27.119438</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[mbkmeans: fast clustering for single cell data using mini-batch k-means]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.31.102566v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel Vβ specific germline contacts shape an elite controller T cell response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.31.102566v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Certain CD8 T cell responses are particularly effective at controlling infection, as exemplified by elite control of HIV in individuals harboring HLA-B57. To understand the structural features that contribute to CD8 T cell elite control, we focused on a strongly protective CD8 T cell response directed against a parasite-derived peptide (HF10) presented by an atypical MHC-I molecule, H-2Ld. This response exhibits a focused TCR repertoire dominated by V{beta}2, and a representative TCR (TG6) in complex with Ld-HF10 reveals an unusual structure in which both MHC and TCR contribute extensively to peptide specificity, along with a parallel footprint of TCR on its pMHC ligand. The parallel footprint is a common feature of V{beta}2-containing TCRs and correlates with an unusual V-V{beta} interface, CDR loop conformations, and V{beta}2-specific germline contacts with peptide. V{beta}2 and Ld may represent "specialist" components for antigen recognition that allow for particularly strong and focused T cell responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsitsiklis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deane, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neau, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slansky, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robey, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.31.102566</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel Vβ specific germline contacts shape an elite controller T cell response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.02.130377v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Balancing signal and photoperturbation in multiphoton light-sheet microscopy by optimizing laser pulse frequency 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.02.130377v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Improving the imaging speed of multiphoton microscopy is an active research field. Among recent strategies, light-sheet illumination holds distinctive advantages for achieving fast imaging in vivo. However, photoperturbation in multiphoton light-sheet microscopy remains poorly investigated. We show here that the heart beat rate of zebrafish embryos is a sensitive probe of linear and nonlinear photoperturbations. By analyzing its behavior with respect to laser power, pulse frequency and wavelength, we derive guidelines to balance signal and photoperturbation. We then demonstrate one order-of-magnitude signal enhancement over previous implementations by optimizing the laser pulse frequency. These results open new opportunities for fast live tissue imaging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maioli, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boniface, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrer Ortas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdeladim, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beaurepaire, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Supatto, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.02.130377</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Balancing signal and photoperturbation in multiphoton light-sheet microscopy by optimizing laser pulse frequency]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.05.098590v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coronavirus testing indicates transmission risk increases along wildlife supply chains for human consumption in Viet Nam, 2013-2014 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.05.098590v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Outbreaks of emerging coronaviruses in the past two decades and the current pandemic of a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) that emerged in China highlight the importance of this viral family as a zoonotic public health threat. To gain a better understanding of coronavirus presence and diversity in wildlife at wildlife-human interfaces in three southern provinces in Viet Nam 2013-2014, we used consensus Polymerase Chain Reactions to detect coronavirus sequences. In comparison to previous studies, we observed high proportions of positive samples among field rats (34.0%, 239/702) destined for human consumption and insectivorous bats in guano farms (74.8%, 234/313) adjacent to human dwellings. Most notably among field rats, the odds of coronavirus RNA detection significantly increased along the supply chain from field rats sold by traders (reference group; 20.7% positivity, 39/188) by a factor of 2.2 for field rats sold in large markets (32.0%, 116/363) and 10.0 for field rats sold and served in restaurants (55.6%, 84/151). Coronaviruses were detected in the majority of wildlife farms (60.7%, 17/28) and in the Malayan porcupines (6.0%, 20/331) and bamboo rats (6.3%, 6/96) that are farmed. We identified six known coronaviruses in bats and rodents, clustered in three Coronaviridae genera, including the Alpha-, Beta-, and Gammacoronaviruses. Our analysis also suggested either mixing of animal excreta in the environment or interspecies transmission of coronaviruses, as both bat and avian coronaviruses were detected in rodent feces in the trade. The mixing of multiple coronaviruses, and their apparent amplification along the wildlife supply chain into restaurants, suggests maximal risk for end consumers and likely underpins the mechanisms of zoonotic spillover to people.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huong, N. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nga, N. T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luu, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Latinne, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pruvot, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phuong, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quang, L. T. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hung, V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lan, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoa, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minh, P. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diep, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tung, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ky, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberton, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thuy, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wicker, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazet, J. A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tremeau-Bravard, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ontiveros, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joly, D. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walzer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fine, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.05.098590</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coronavirus testing indicates transmission risk increases along wildlife supply chains for human consumption in Viet Nam, 2013-2014]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.08.139600v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhanced production of taxadiene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.08.139600v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cost-effective production of the highly effective anti-cancer drug, paclitaxel (Taxol®), remains limited despite growing global demands. Low yields of the critical taxadiene precursor remains a key bottleneck in microbial production. In this study, the key challenge of poor taxadiene synthase (TASY) solubility in S. cerevisiae was revealed, and the strains were strategically engineered to relieve this bottleneck. Multi-copy chromosomal integration of TASY harbouring a selection of fusion solubility tags improved taxadiene titres 22-fold, up to 57 ± 3 mg/L at 30 °C at shake flask scale. The scalability of the process was highlighted through achieving similar titres during scale up to 25 mL and 250 mL in shake flask and bioreactor cultivations, respectively. Maximum taxadiene titres of 129 ± 15 mg/L and 119 mg/L were achieved through shake flask and bioreactor cultivation, respectively, of the optimal strain at a reduced temperature of 20 °C. The results highlight the positive effect of coupling molecular biology tools with bioprocess variable optimisation on synthetic pathway development.HighlightsMaximum taxadiene titre of 129 ± 15 mg/L in Saccharomyces cerevisiae at 20 °CIntegrating fusion protein tagged-taxadiene synthase improved taxadiene titre.Consistent taxadiene titres were achieved at the micro-and mini-bioreactor scales.Competing Interest StatementJ.D.K. has financial interests in Amyris, Lygos, Demetrix, Napigen, Maple Bio, Apertor Labs, Ansa Biotechnologies, and Berkeley Brewing Sciences.AbbreviationsBTS1Geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthasecrtEGeranylgeranyl diphosphate synthaseDMAPPDimethylallyl pyrophosphateERG8Phosphomevalonate kinaseERG9Farnesyl-diphosphate farnesyl transferase (squalene synthase)ERG103-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) synthaseERG12Mevalonate kinaseERG133-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) synthaseERG19Mevalonate pyrophosphate decarboxylaseERG20Farnesyl pyrophosphate synthetaseFPPFarnesyl diphosphateGGOH(E,E,E)-geranylgeraniolGGPP(E,E,E)-Geranylgeranyl diphosphateGPPGeranyl diphosphateHMG13-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase 1HMG23-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase 2IDIIsopentenyl-diphosphate delta-isomeraseIPPIsopentenyl pyrophosphateMBPMaltose binding proteinmvaEAcetyl-CoA acetyltransferasemvaSHydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthaseMVA pathwayMevalonate pathwayTASYTaxadiene synthase.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nowrouzi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walls, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>d'Espaux, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malci, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonguitud Borrego, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lerma Escalera, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morones-Ramirez, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keasling, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rios Solis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.08.139600</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhanced production of taxadiene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.09.143198v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development of genetic tools for the thermophilic filamentous fungus Thermoascus aurantiacus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.09.143198v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundFungal enzymes are vital for industrial biotechnology, including the conversion of plant biomass to biofuels and bio-based chemicals. In recent years, there is increasing interest in using enzymes from thermophilic fungi, which often have higher reaction rates and thermal tolerance compared to currently used fungal enzymes. The thermophilic filamentous fungus Thermoascus aurantiacus produces large amounts of highly thermostable plant cell wall degrading enzymes. However, no genetic tools have yet been developed for this fungus, which prevents strain engineering efforts. The goal of this study was to develop strain engineering tools such as a transformation system, a CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing system and a sexual crossing protocol to improve enzyme production.

ResultsHere we report Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (ATMT) of T. aurantiacus using the hph marker gene, conferring resistance to hygromycin B. The newly developed transformation protocol was optimized and used to integrate an expression cassette of the transcriptional xylanase regulator xlnR, which led to up to 500% increased xylanase activity. Furthermore, a CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing system was established in this fungus, and two different gRNAs were tested to delete the pyrG orthologue with 10% and 35% deletion efficiency, respectively. Lastly, a sexual crossing protocol was established using a hygromycin B- and a 5-fluororotic acid-resistant parent strain. Crossing and isolation of progeny on selective media was completed in a week.

ConclusionThe genetic tools developed for T. aurantiacus can now be used individually or in combination to further improve thermostable enzyme production by this fungus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gabriel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prinz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jecmenica, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romero-Vazquez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harth, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Floerl, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curran, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oostlander, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fritsche, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuerg, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleissner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singer, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.09.143198</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development of genetic tools for the thermophilic filamentous fungus Thermoascus aurantiacus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.14.151092v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extensive individual differences of category information in ventral temporal cortex in the congenitally blind 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.14.151092v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human ventral temporal cortex (VTC) is a cortical expanse that performs different functions and computations, but is especially critical for visual categorization. Nevertheless, accumulating evidence shows that category-selective regions persist in VTC in the absence of visual experience - for example, in congenitally blind (CB) participants. Despite this evidence, a large body of previous work comparing functional representations in VTC between sighted and CB participants performed univariate analyses at the group level, which assume a homogeneous population - an assumption that has not been formally tested until the present study. Specifically, using fMRI in CB and sighted participants (male and female), we empirically show that at the group level, distributed category representations in VTC are more reliable in the sighted (when viewing visual stimuli) compared to the CB (when hearing auditorily-substituted visual stimuli). Despite these group differences, there is extensive heterogeneity in VTC category representations in the CB to the point that VTC category representations in a subset of CB participants (some who were born without eyes, but not all) are more similar to sighted individuals compared to other CB participants. Together, our findings support a novel idea that driving factors contributing to the formation of VTC category representations in the blind are subject-specific, which complements factors that may generalize across group members. More broadly, the present findings caution conclusions of homogeneity across subjects within a group when performing group neuroimaging analyses without explicitly quantifying individual differences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosenke, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van den Hurk, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margalit, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Op de Beeck, H. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>grill-spector, k.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.14.151092</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extensive individual differences of category information in ventral temporal cortex in the congenitally blind]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.17.155424v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The ATPase mechanism of myosin 15, the molecular motor mutated in DFNB3 deafness 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.17.155424v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cochlear hair cells possess an exquisite bundle of actin-based stereocilia that detect sound. Unconventional myosin 15 (MYO15A) traffics and delivers critical molecules required for stereocilia development and is essential for building the mechanosensory hair bundle. Mutations in the human MYO15A gene interfere with stereocilia trafficking and cause hereditary hearing loss, DFNB3. To understand the molecular mechanism of how MYO15A delivers proteins within stereocilia, we performed a kinetic study of the ATPase motor domain to characterize its mechano-chemical cycle. Using the baculovirus-Sf9 system, we purified a recombinant minimal motor domain (S1) by co-expressing the mouse MYO15 ATPase, essential and regulatory light chains that bind its IQ domains, and UNC45 and HSP90A chaperones required for correct folding of the ATPase. MYO15 purified with either UNC45A or UNC45B co-expression had similar ATPase activities (kcat = ~ 6 s-1 at 20{degrees}C). Using stopped-flow and quenched-flow transient kinetic analyses, we measured the major rate constants describing the ATPase cycle, including ATP, ADP and actin binding, hydrolysis and phosphate release. Actin-attached ADP release was the slowest measured transition (~ 12 s-1 at 20{degrees}C), although this did not rate-limit the ATPase cycle. The kinetic analysis shows the MYO15 motor domain has a moderate duty ratio (~ 0.5) and weak thermodynamic coupling between ADP and actin binding. This is consistent with MYO15 being adapted for strain sensing as a monomer, or processive motility if oligomerized into ensembles. Our kinetic characterization enables future studies into how deafness-causing mutations affect MYO15 and ultimately disrupt stereocilia trafficking necessary for normal hearing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takagi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shams, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heissler, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sellers, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bird, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.17.155424</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The ATPase mechanism of myosin 15, the molecular motor mutated in DFNB3 deafness]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.17.156554v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryo-EM structure of the SARS-CoV-2 3a ion channel in lipid nanodiscs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.17.156554v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the virus that causes the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2 encodes three putative ion channels: E, 8a, and 3a1,2. 3a is expressed in SARS patient tissue and anti-3a antibodies are observed in patient plasma3-6. 3a has been implicated in viral release7, inhibition of autophagy8, inflammasome activation9, and cell death10,11 and its deletion reduces viral titer and morbidity in mice1, raising the possibility that 3a could be an effective vaccine or therapeutic target3,12. Here, we present the first cryo-EM structures of SARS-CoV-2 3a to 2.1 [A] resolution and demonstrate 3a forms an ion channel in reconstituted liposomes. The structures in lipid nanodiscs reveal 3a dimers and tetramers adopt a novel fold with a large polar cavity that spans halfway across the membrane and is accessible to the cytosol and the surrounding bilayer through separate water- and lipid-filled openings. Electrophysiology and fluorescent ion imaging experiments show 3a forms Ca2+-permeable non-selective cation channels. We identify point mutations that alter ion permeability and discover polycationic inhibitors of 3a channel activity. We find 3a-like proteins in multiple Alphacoronavirus and Betacoronavirus lineages that infect bats and humans. These data show 3a forms a functional ion channel that may promote COVID-19 pathogenesis and suggest targeting 3a could broadly treat coronavirus diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kern, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorum, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoel, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sridharan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Remis, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toso, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brohawn, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.17.156554</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryo-EM structure of the SARS-CoV-2 3a ion channel in lipid nanodiscs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.23.167643v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification and characterization of centromeric sequences in Xenopus laevis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.23.167643v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Centromeres play an essential function in cell division by specifying the site of kinetochore formation on each chromosome for mitotic spindle attachment. Centromeres are defined epigenetically by the histone H3 variant CEntromere Protein A (CENP-A). CENP-A nucleosomes maintain the centromere by designating the site for new CENP-A assembly after dilution by replication. Vertebrate centromeres assemble on tandem arrays of repetitive sequences but the function of repeat DNA in centromere formation has been challenging to dissect due to the difficulty in manipulating centromeres in cells. Xenopus laevis egg extracts assemble centromeres in vitro, providing a system for studying centromeric DNA functions. However, centromeric sequences in X. laevis have not been extensively characterized. In this study we combine CENP-A ChIP-seq with a k-mer based analysis approach to identify the X. laevis centromere repeat sequences. By in situ hybridization we show that X. laevis centromeres contain diverse repeat sequences and we map the centromere position on each X. laevis chromosome using the distribution of centromere enriched k-mers. Our identification of X. laevis centromere sequences enables previously unapproachable centromere genomic studies. Our approach should be broadly applicable for the analysis of centromere and other repetitive sequences in any organism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smith, O. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Limouse, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fryer, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teran, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundararajan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heald, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Straight, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.23.167643</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification and characterization of centromeric sequences in Xenopus laevis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.26.171736v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A flagellate-to-amoeboid switch in the closest living relatives of animals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.26.171736v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The evolution of different cell types was a key process of early animal evolution1-3. Two fundamental cell types, epithelial cells and amoeboid cells, are broadly distributed across the animal tree of life4,5 but their origin and early evolution are unclear. Epithelial cells are polarized, have a fixed shape and often bear an apical cilium and microvilli. These features are shared with choanoflagellates - the closest living relatives of animals - and are thought to have been inherited from their last common ancestor with animals1,6,7. The deformable amoeboid cells of animals, on the other hand, seem strikingly different from choanoflagellates and instead evoke more distantly related eukaryotes, such as diverse amoebae - but it has been unclear whether that similarity reflects common ancestry or convergence8. Here, we show that choanoflagellates subjected to spatial confinement differentiate into an amoeboid phenotype by retracting their flagella and microvilli, generating blebs, and activating myosin-based motility. Choanoflagellate cell crawling is polarized by geometrical features of the substrate and allows escape from confined microenvironments. The confinement-induced amoeboid switch is conserved across diverse choanoflagellate species and greatly expands the known phenotypic repertoire of choanoflagellates. The broad phylogenetic distribution of the amoeboid cell phenotype across animals9-14 and choanoflagellates, as well as the conserved role of myosin, suggests that myosin-mediated amoeboid motility was present in the life history of their last common ancestor. Thus, the duality between animal epithelial and crawling cells might have evolved from a temporal phenotypic switch between flagellate and amoeboid forms in their single-celled ancestors3,15,16.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brunet, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roman, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spitzer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.26.171736</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A flagellate-to-amoeboid switch in the closest living relatives of animals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.28.176503v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Three-dimensional Multi-site Random Access Photostimulation (3D-MAP) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.28.176503v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Optical control of neural ensemble activity is crucial for understanding brain function and disease, yet no technology can achieve optogenetic control of very large numbers of neurons at extremely fast rate over a large volume. State-of-the-art multiphoton holographic optogenetics requires high power illumination that only addresses relatively small populations of neurons in parallel. Conversely, one-photon holographic techniques can stimulate more neurons with 2-3 orders lower power, but with a trade-off between resolution and addressable volume. Perhaps most problematically, two-photon holographic optogenetic systems are extremely expensive and sophisticated which has precluded their broader adoption in the neuroscience community. To address this technical gap, we introduce a new one-photon light sculpting technique, Three- Dimensional Multi-site random Access Photostimulation (3D-MAP), that overcomes these limitations by modulating light dynamically, both in the spatial and in the angular domain at multi-kHz rates. We use 3D-MAP to interrogate neural circuits in 3D and demonstrate simultaneous photostimulation and imaging of dozens of user-selected neurons in the intact mouse brain in vivo with high spatiotemporal resolution. 3D-MAP could be broadly adopted for high-throughput all-optical interrogation of brain circuits owing to its powerful combination of scale, speed, simplicity, and cost.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adesnik, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waller, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pegard, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.28.176503</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Three-dimensional Multi-site Random Access Photostimulation (3D-MAP)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.29.178764v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Approximation of Indel Evolution by Differential Calculus of Finite State Automata 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.29.178764v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We introduce a systematic method of approximating finite-time transition probabilities for continuous-time insertion-deletion models on sequences. The method uses automata theory to describe the action of an infinitesimal evolutionary generator on a probability distribution over alignments, where both the generator and the alignment distribution can be represented by Pair Hidden Markov Models (Pair HMMs). In general, combining HMMs in this way induces a multiplication of their state spaces; to control this, we introduce a coarse-graining operation to keep the state space at a constant size. This leads naturally to ordinary differential equations for the evolution of the transition probabilities of the approximating Pair HMM. The TKF model emerges as an exact solution to these equations for the special case of single-residue indels. For the general case, the equations can be solved by numerical integration. Using simulated data we show that the resulting distribution over alignments, when compared to previous approximations, is a better fit over a broader range of parameters. We also propose a related approach to develop differential equations for sufficient statistics to estimate the underlying instantaneous indel rates by Expectation-Maximization. Our code and data are available at https://github.com/ihh/trajectory-likelihood.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Holmes, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.29.178764</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Approximation of Indel Evolution by Differential Calculus of Finite State Automata]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.30.180612v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Convergence in light transmission properties of transparent wing areas in clearwing mimetic butterflies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.30.180612v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mullerian mimicry is a positive interspecific interaction, whereby co-occurring defended prey species share a common aposematic signal. In Lepidoptera, aposematic species typically harbour conspicuous opaque wing colour patterns with convergent optical properties among co-mimetic species. Surprisingly, some aposematic mimetic species have partially transparent wings, raising the questions of whether optical properties of transparent patches are also convergent, and of how transparency is achieved. Here we conducted a comparative study of wing optics, micro and nanostructures in neotropical mimetic clearwing Lepidoptera, using spectrophotometry and microscopy imaging. We show that transparency, as perceived by predators, is convergent among co-mimics. Underlying micro- and nanostructures are also convergent despite a large structural diversity. We reveal that while transparency is primarily produced by microstructure modifications, nanostructures largely influence light transmission, maybe enabling additional fine-tuning in transmission properties. This study shows that transparency might not only enable camouflage but can also be part of aposematic signals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pinna, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vilbert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borenztajn, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daney de Marcillac, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piron-Prunier, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pomerantz, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berthier, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andraud, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elias, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.30.180612</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Convergence in light transmission properties of transparent wing areas in clearwing mimetic butterflies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.30.180877v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Galectin-8 senses phagosomal damage and recruits selective autophagy adapter TAX1BP1 to control Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in macrophages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.30.180877v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infects a quarter of the world and causes the deadliest infectious disease worldwide. Upon infection, Mtb is phagocytosed by macrophages and uses its virulence-associated ESX-1 secretion system to modulate the host cell and establish a replicative niche. We have previously shown the ESX-1 secretion system permeabilizes the Mtb-containing phagosome and that a population (~30%) of intracellular Mtb are recognized within the cytosol, tagged with ubiquitin, and targeted to the selective autophagy pathway. Despite the importance of selective autophagy in controlling infection, the mechanisms through which macrophages sense and respond to damaged Mtb-containing phagosomes remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that several cytosolic glycan-binding proteins, known as galectins, recognize Mtb-containing phagosomes. We found that galectins-3, -8, and -9 are all recruited to the same Mtb population that colocalizes with selective autophagy markers like ubiquitin, p62, and LC3, which indicates Mtb damages its phagosomal membrane such that cytosolic host sensors can recognize danger signals in the lumen. To determine which galectins are required for controlling Mtb replication in macrophages, we generated CRISPR/Cas9 knockout macrophages lacking individual or multiple galectins and found that galectin-8-/- and galectin-3/8/9-/- knockout macrophages were similarly defective in targeting Mtb to selective autophagy and controlling replication, suggesting galectin-8 plays a privileged role in anti-Mtb autophagy. In investigating this specificity, we identified a novel and specific interaction between galectin-8 and TAX1BP1, one of several autophagy adaptors that bridges cargo and LC3 during the course of autophagosome formation, and this galectin-8/TAX1BP1 interaction was necessary to efficiently target Mtb to selective autophagy. Remarkably, overexpressing individual galectins increased targeting of Mtb to antibacterial autophagy and limited Mtb replication. Taken together, these data imply that galectins recognize damaged Mtb-containing phagosomes, recruit downstream autophagy machinery, and may represent promising targets for host-directed therapeutics to treat Mtb.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bell, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patrick, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, R. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.30.180877</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Galectin-8 senses phagosomal damage and recruits selective autophagy adapter TAX1BP1 to control Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in macrophages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.30.181016v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SWR1-independent association of H2A.Z to the LINC complex promotes meiotic chromosome motion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.30.181016v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ABSTRACTThe H2A.Z histone variant is deposited into chromatin by the SWR1 complex affecting multiple aspects of meiosis. Here we describe a SWR1-independent localization of H2A.Z at meiotic telomeres and the centrosome. We demonstrate that H2A.Z colocalizes and interacts with Mps3, the SUN component of the LINC complex that spans the nuclear envelope and links meiotic telomeres to the cytoskeleton promoting meiotic chromosome movement. H2A.Z also interacts with the meiosis-specific Ndj1 protein that anchors telomeres to the nuclear periphery via Mps3. Telomeric localization of H2A.Z depends on Ndj1 and the N-terminal domain of Mps3. Although telomeric attachment to the nuclear envelope is maintained in the absence of H2A.Z, the distribution of Mps3 is altered. The velocity of chromosome movement during meiotic prophase I is reduced in the htz1Δ mutant lacking H2A.Z, but it is unaffected in swr1Δ cells. We reveal that H2A.Z is an additional LINC-associated factor that contributes to promote telomere-driven chromosome motion critical for error-free gametogenesis.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Non-standard abbreviationsBiFCBimolecular Fluorescence ComplementationDICDifferential Interference ContrastKAcPotassium AcetateNENuclear EnvelopeLINCLinker of the Nucleoskeleton and CytoskeletonrDNARibosomal DNASCSynaptonemal ComplexSIMStructured Illumination MicroscopySPBSpindle Pole BodyVCC-terminal moiety of the Venus fluorescent proteinVNN-terminal moiety of the Venus fluorescent proteinWCEWhole cell extractsView Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Arranz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardner, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heldrich, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carballo, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaspersen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hochwagen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>San-Segundo, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.30.181016</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SWR1-independent association of H2A.Z to the LINC complex promotes meiotic chromosome motion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.30.181420v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptomic and morphological response of SIM-A9 mouse microglia to carbon nanotube neuro-sensors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.30.181420v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) are used in neuroscience for deep-brain imaging, neuron activity recording, measuring brain morphology, and imaging neuromodulation. However, the extent to which SWCNT-based probes impact brain tissue is not well understood. Here, we study the impact of (GT)6-SWCNT dopamine nanosensors on SIM-A9 mouse microglial cells and show SWCNT-induced morphological and transcriptomic changes in these brain immune cells. Next, we introduce a strategy to passivate (GT)6-SWCNT nanosensors with PEGylated phospholipids to improve both biocompatibility and dopamine imaging quality. We apply these passivated dopamine nanosensors to image electrically stimulated striatal dopamine release in acute mouse brain slices, and show that slices labeled with passivated nanosensor exhibit higher fluorescence response to dopamine and measure more putative dopamine release sites. Hence, this facile modification to SWCNT-based dopamine probes provides immediate improvements to both biocompatibility and dopamine imaging functionality with an approach that is readily translatable to other SWCNT-based neurotechnologies.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Del Bonis-O'Donnell, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinals, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.30.181420</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptomic and morphological response of SIM-A9 mouse microglia to carbon nanotube neuro-sensors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.01.182063v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phosphoregulation of HORMA domain protein HIM-3 promotes asymmetric synaptonemal complex disassembly in meiotic prophase in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.01.182063v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the two cell divisions of meiosis, diploid genomes are reduced into complementary haploid sets through the discrete, two-step removal of chromosome cohesion, a task carried out in most eukaryotes by protecting cohesion at the centromere until the second division. In eukaryotes without defined centromeres, however, alternative strategies have been innovated. The best-understood of these is that used by the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, where upon division of the chromosome into two segments or arms by the single off-center crossover, several chromosome-associated proteins or post-translational modifications become specifically partitioned to either the short or long arm, where they affect the timing of cohesion loss through as-yet unknown mechanisms. Here, we investigate the meiotic axis HORMA-domain protein HIM-3 and show that it becomes phosphorylated at its C-terminus, within the conserved “closure motif” region bound by the related HORMA-domain proteins HTP-1 and HTP-2. Binding of HTP-2 is abrogated by phosphorylation of the closure motif in in vitro assays, strongly suggesting that in vivo phosphorylation of HIM-3 likely modulates the hierarchical structure of the chromosome axis. Phosphorylation of HIM-3 only occurs on synapsed chromosomes, and similarly to previously-described phosphorylated proteins of the synaptonemal complex, becomes restricted to the short arm after designation of crossover recombination sites. Regulation of HIM-3 phosphorylation status is required for timely disassembly of synaptonemal complex central elements from the long arm, and is also required for proper timing of HTP-1 and HTP-2 dissociation from the short arm. Phosphorylation of HIM-3 thus plays a role in establishing the identity of short and long arms, thereby contributing to the robustness of the two-step chromosome segregation.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sato-Carlton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakamura-Tabuchi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boog, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehmer, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barroso, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Perez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbett, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlton, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.01.182063</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phosphoregulation of HORMA domain protein HIM-3 promotes asymmetric synaptonemal complex disassembly in meiotic prophase in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.02.183590v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Developmental, cellular, and biochemical basis of transparency in the glasswing butterfly Greta oto 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.02.183590v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Numerous species of Lepidoptera have transparent wings, which often possess scales of altered morphology and reduced size, and the presence of membrane surface nanostructures that dramatically reduce reflection. Optical properties and anti-reflective nanostructures have been characterized for several  clearwing Lepidoptera, but the developmental basis of wing transparency is unknown. We apply confocal and electron microscopy to create a developmental time-series in the glasswing butterfly, Greta oto, comparing transparent and non-transparent wing regions. We find that scale precursor cell density is reduced in transparent regions, and cytoskeletal organization differs between flat scales in opaque regions, and thin, bristle-like scales in transparent regions. We also reveal that sub-wavelength nanopillars on the wing membrane are wax-based, derive from wing epithelial cells and their associated microvillar projections, and demonstrate their role in enhancing-anti-reflective properties. These findings provide insight into morphogenesis of naturally organized micro- and nanostructures and may provide bioinspiration for new anti-reflective materials.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pomerantz, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siddique, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cash, E. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kishi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinna, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elias, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.02.183590</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Developmental, cellular, and biochemical basis of transparency in the glasswing butterfly Greta oto]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.03.187237v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Large-Scale Internal Validation Study of Unsupervised Virtual Trichrome Staining Technologies on Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis Liver Biopsies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.03.187237v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a fatty liver disease characterized by accumulation of fat in hepatocytes with concurrent inflammation and is associated with morbidity, cirrhosis and liver failure. After extraction of a liver core biopsy, tissue sections are stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) to grade NASH activity, and stained with trichrome to stage fibrosis. Methods to computationally transform one stain into another on digital whole slide images (WSI) can lessen the need for additional physical staining besides H&E, reducing personnel, equipment, and time costs. Generative adversarial networks (GAN) have shown promise for virtual staining of tissue. We conducted a large-scale validation study of the viability of GANs for H&E to trichrome conversion on WSI (n=574). Pathologists were largely unable to distinguish real images from virtual/synthetic images given a set of twelve Turing Tests. We report high correlation between staging of real and virtual stains ({rho} = 0.86; 95% CI: 0.84-0.88). Stages assigned to both virtual and real stains correlated similarly with a number of clinical biomarkers and progression to End Stage Liver Disease (Hazard Ratio HR = 2.06, CI 95% 1.36-3.12, P < 0.001 for real stains; HR = 2.02, CI 95% 1.40-2.92, p < 0.001 for virtual stains). Our results demonstrate that virtual trichrome technologies may offer a software solution that can be employed in the clinical setting as a diagnostic decision aid.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Levy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azizgolshani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suriawinata, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lisovsky, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christensen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaickus, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.03.187237</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Large-Scale Internal Validation Study of Unsupervised Virtual Trichrome Staining Technologies on Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis Liver Biopsies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.09.191924v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiple Haplotype Reconstruction from Allele Frequency Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.09.191924v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Since haplotype information is of widespread interest in biomedical applications, effort has been put into their reconstruction. Here, we propose a new, computationally efficient method, called haploSep, that is able to accurately infer major haplotypes and their frequencies just from multiple samples of allele frequency data. Our approach seems to be the first that is able to estimate more than one haplotype given such data. Even the accuracy of experimentally obtained allele frequencies can be improved by re-estimating them from our reconstructed haplotypes. From a methodological point of view, we model our problem as a multivariate regression problem where both the design matrix and the coefficient matrix are unknown. The design matrix, with 0/1 entries, models haplotypes and the columns of the coefficient matrix represent the frequencies of haplotypes, which are non-negative and sum up to one. We illustrate our method on simulated and real data focusing on experimental evolution and microbial data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marta Pelizzola</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merle Behr</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Housen Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Axel Munk</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreas Futschik</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.09.191924</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiple Haplotype Reconstruction from Allele Frequency Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.14.203273v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential Contributions of Static and Time-Varying Functional Connectivity to Human Behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.14.203273v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Measures of human brain functional connectivity acquired during the resting-state track critical aspects of behavior. Recently, fluctuations in resting-state functional connectivity patterns - typically averaged across in traditional analyses - have been considered for their potential neuroscientific relevance. There exists a lack of research on the differences between traditional "static" measures of functional connectivity and newly-considered "time-varying" measures as they relate to human behavior. Using functional magnetic resonance imagining (fMRI) data collected at rest, and a battery of behavioral measures collected outside the scanner, we determined the degree to which each modality captures aspects of personality and cognitive ability. Measures of time-varying functional connectivity were derived by fitting a Hidden Markov Model. To determine behavioral relationships, static and time-varying connectivity measures were submitted separately to canonical correlation analysis. A single relationship between static functional connectivity and behavior existed, defined by measures of personality and stable behavioral features. However, two relationships were found when using time-varying measures. The first relationship was similar to the static case. The second relationship was unique, defined by measures reflecting trialwise behavioral variability. Our findings suggest that time-varying measures of functional connectivity are capable of capturing unique aspects of behavior to which static measures are insensitive.

Author SummaryCorrelated patterns of brain activity measured in the absence of any prescribed task show meaningful temporal fluctuations. However, the manner by which such fluctuations track aspects of human behavior remains unresolved. The current report takes a data-driven approach to characterize how time-varying patterns of human brain functional connectivity differ from traditional static measures in their ability to track aspects of personality and cognitive ability. We determine that time-varying patterns of functional connectivity not only track similar aspects of behavior as do static measures, but also unique behavioral qualities as well, specifically those that reflect behavioral variability. These results highlight the importance and relevance of examining time-varying measures of functional connectivity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eichenbaum, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pappas, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lurie, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Esposito, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.14.203273</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential Contributions of Static and Time-Varying Functional Connectivity to Human Behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.14.203604v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ecogenomics of groundwater viruses suggests niche differentiation linked to specific environmental tolerance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.14.203604v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Viruses are ubiquitous microbiome components, shaping ecosystems via strain-specific predation, horizontal gene transfer and redistribution of nutrients through host lysis. Viral impacts are important in groundwater ecosystems, where microbes drive many nutrient fluxes and metabolic processes, however little is known about the diversity of viruses in these environments. We analyzed four groundwater plasmidomes and identified 200 viral sequences, which clustered into 41 ~ genus-level viral clusters (equivalent to viral genera) including 9 known and 32 putative new genera. We use publicly available bacterial whole genome sequences (WGS) and WGS from 261 bacterial isolates from this groundwater environment to identify potential viral hosts. We linked 76 of the 200 viral sequences to a range of bacterial phyla, the majority associated with Proteobacteria, followed by Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria. The publicly available microbial genome sequences enabled mapping bacterial hosts to a breadth of viral sequences. The WGS of groundwater isolates increased depth of host prediction by allowing identification of hosts at the strain level. The latter included 4 viruses that were almost entirely (>99% query coverage, >99% identity) identified as integrated in the genomes of specific Pseudomonas, Acidovorax and Castellaniella strains, resulting in very high-confidence host assignments. Lastly, 21 of these viruses encoded putative auxiliary metabolite genes for metal and antibiotic resistance, which might drive their infection cycles and/or provide selective advantage to infected hosts. Exploring the groundwater virome provides a necessary foundation for integration of viruses into ecosystem models where they act as key players in microbial adaption to environmental stress.

ImportanceTo our knowledge, this is the first study to identify the bacteriophage distribution in a groundwater ecosystem shedding light on their prevalence and distribution across metal-contaminated and background sites. Our study is uniquely based on selective sequencing of solely the extrachromosomal elements of a microbiome followed by analysis for viral signatures, thus establishing a more focused approach for phage identifications. Using this method, we detect several novel phage genera along with those previously established. Our approach of using the whole genome sequences of hundreds of bacterial isolates from the same site enabled us to make host assignments with high confidence, several at strain levels. Certain phage-encoded genes suggest they provide an environment-specific selective advantage to their bacterial hosts. Our study lays the foundation for future research on directed phage isolations using specific bacterial host strains to further characterize groundwater phages, their lifecycles, and its effects on groundwater microbiome and biogeochemistry.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kothari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roux, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prieto, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soneja, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandonia, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spencer, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altenburg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fields, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutschbauer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alm, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukhopadhyay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.14.203604</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ecogenomics of groundwater viruses suggests niche differentiation linked to specific environmental tolerance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.19.206631v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Automated and accurate segmentation of leaf venation networks via deep learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.19.206631v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LILeaf vein network geometry can predict levels of resource transport, defence, and mechanical support that operate at different spatial scales. However, it is challenging to quantify network architecture across scales, due to the difficulties both in segmenting networks from images, and in extracting multi-scale statistics from subsequent network graph representations.
C_LIO_LIHere we develop deep learning algorithms using convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to automatically segment leaf vein networks. Thirty-eight CNNs were trained on subsets of manually-defined ground-truth regions from >700 leaves representing 50 southeast Asian plant families. Ensembles of 6 independently trained CNNs were used to segment networks from larger leaf regions (~100 mm2). Segmented networks were analysed using hierarchical loop decomposition to extract a range of statistics describing scale transitions in vein and areole geometry.
C_LIO_LIThe CNN approach gave a precision-recall harmonic mean of 94.5% {+/-} 6%, outperforming other current network extraction methods, and accurately described the widths, angles, and connectivity of veins. Multi-scale statistics then enabled identification of previously-undescribed variation in network architecture across species.
C_LIO_LIWe provide a LeafVeinCNN software package to enable multi-scale quantification of leaf vein networks, facilitating comparison across species and exploration of the functional significance of different leaf vein architectures.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blonder, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jodra, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malhi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fricker, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.19.206631</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Automated and accurate segmentation of leaf venation networks via deep learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.21.210047v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Irradiance modulates thermal niche in a previously undescribed low-light and cold-adapted nano-diatom 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.21.210047v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diatoms have well-recognized roles in fixing and exporting carbon and supplying energy to marine ecosystems, but only recently have we begun to explore the diversity and importance of nano- and pico-diatoms. Here we describe a small (~5 m) diatom from the genus Chaetoceros Isolated from a wintertime temperate estuary (2{degrees} C, Narragansett Bay, RI), with a unique obligate specialization for low-light environments (< 120 mol photons m-2 sec-1). This diatom exhibits a striking interaction between irradiance and thermal responses whereby as temperatures increase, so does its susceptibility to light stress. Historical 18S rRNA amplicon data from our study site show this isolate was abundant throughout a six-year period, and its presence strongly correlates with winter and early spring months when light and temperature are low. Two ASVs matching this isolate had a circumpolar distribution in Tara Polar Ocean Circle samples, indicating its unusual light and temperature requirements are adaptations to life in a cold, dark environment. We expect this isolates low light, psychrophilic niche to shrink as future warming-induced stratification increases both light and temperature levels experienced by high latitude marine phytoplankton.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kling, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pei, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rynearson, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutchins, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.21.210047</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Irradiance modulates thermal niche in a previously undescribed low-light and cold-adapted nano-diatom]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.21.213611v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Repulsive expansion dynamics in colony growth and patterning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.21.213611v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial expansion of a population of cells can arise from growth of microorganisms, plant cells, and mammalian cells. It underlies normal or dysfunctional tissue development and it can be exploited as the foundation for programming spatial patterns. This expansion is often driven by continuous growth and division of cells within a colony, which in turn pushes the peripheral cells outward. This process generates a repulsion velocity field at each location within the colony. Here we show that this process can be approximated as coarse-grained repulsive-expansion kinetics. This framework enables accurate and efficient simulation of growth and gene expression dynamics in radially symmetric colonies with homogenous z-directional distribution. It is robust even if cells are not spherical and vary in size. The simplicity of the resulting mathematical framework also greatly facilitates generation of mechanistic insights.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meldgin, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>You, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.21.213611</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Repulsive expansion dynamics in colony growth and patterning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.22.216119v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial phylogenetics of butterflies in relation to environmental drivers and angiosperm diversity across North America 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.22.216119v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Broad-scale quantitative assessments of biodiversity and the factors shaping it remain particularly poorly explored in insects. Here, we undertook a spatial phylogenetic analysis of North American butterflies via assembly of a time-calibrated phylogeny of the region coupled with a unique, complete range assessment for ~75% of the known species. We utilized a suite of phylodiversity metrics and associated environmental data to test whether climate stability and temperature gradients have shaped North American butterfly phylogenetic diversity and endemism. We also undertook the first direct, quantitative comparisons of spatial phylogenetic patterns between butterflies and flowering plants in North America. We expected concordance between butterflies and angiosperms based on both shared historical environmental drivers and presumed strong butterfly-host plant specializations. We instead found that biodiversity patterns in butterflies are strikingly different from flowering plants in some regions of the continent. In particular, the warm desert regions of the southwestern United States and Mexico showed surprisingly high butterfly phylogenetic diversity and endemism, in contrast to much lower values for angiosperms. Butterflies did not show patterns of phylogenetic clustering as found in flowering plants, suggesting differences in habitat conservation between the two groups. Finally, we found weak relationships and spatially structured biases in relative branching timing between angiosperms and butterflies. These results suggest that shared biogeographic histories and trophic associations do not necessarily assure similar diversity outcomes. The work has applied value in conservation planning, documenting warm deserts as an important North American butterfly biodiversity hotspot.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Earl, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belitz, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laffan, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barve, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barve, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soltis, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soltis, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishler, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawahara, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guralnick, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.22.216119</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial phylogenetics of butterflies in relation to environmental drivers and angiosperm diversity across North America]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.28.225524v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural mechanism for amino acid-dependent Rag GTPase switching by SLC38A9 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.28.225524v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) couples cell growth to nutrient, energy and growth factor availability (1-3). mTORC1 is activated at the lysosomal membrane when amino acids are replete via the Rag guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) (4-6). Rags exist in two stable states, an inactive (RagA/BGDP:RagC/DGTP) and active (RagA/BGTP:RagC/DGDP) state, during low and high cellular amino acid levels (4, 5). The lysosomal folliculin (FLCN) complex (LFC) consists of the inactive Rag dimer, the pentameric scaffold Ragulator (7, 8), and the FLCN:FNIP (FLCN-interacting protein) GTPase activating protein (GAP) complex (9), and prevents activation of the Rag dimer during amino acid starvation (10, 11). How the LFC is released upon amino acid refeeding is a major outstanding question in amino-acid dependent Rag activation. Here we show that the cytoplasmic tail of the lysosomal solute carrier family 38 member 9 (SLC38A9), a known Rag activator (12-14), destabilizes the LFC. By breaking up the LFC, SLC38A9 triggers the GAP activity of FLCN:FNIP toward RagC. We present the cryo electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of Rags in complex with their lysosomal anchor complex Ragulator and the cytoplasmic tail of SLC38A9 in the pre and post GTP hydrolysis state of RagC, which explain how SLC38A9 destabilizes the LFC and so promotes Rag dimer activation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fromm, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawrence, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurley, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.28.225524</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural mechanism for amino acid-dependent Rag GTPase switching by SLC38A9]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.30.229633v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetically-encoded fluorescent biosensor for rapid detection of protein expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.30.229633v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fluorescent proteins are widely used as fusion tags to detect protein expression in vivo. To become fluorescent, these proteins must undergo chromophore maturation, a slow process with a half-time of 5 to >30 min that causes delays in real-time detection of protein expression. Here, we engineer a genetically-encoded fluorescent biosensor to enable detection of protein expression within seconds in live cells. This sensor for transiently-expressed proteins (STEP) is based on a fully matured but dim green fluorescent protein in which pre-existing fluorescence increases 11-fold in vivo following the specific and rapid binding of a protein tag (Kd 120 nM, kon 1.7 x 105 M-1s-1). In live E. coli cells, our STEP biosensor enables detection of protein expression twice as fast as the use of standard fluorescent protein fusions. Our biosensor opens the door to the real-time study of short-timescale processes in research model animals with high spatiotemporal resolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eason, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandelieva, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayer, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chica, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.30.229633</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetically-encoded fluorescent biosensor for rapid detection of protein expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.31.231779v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antibody:CD47 ratio regulates macrophage phagocytosis through competitive receptor phosphorylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.31.231779v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer immunotherapies often modulate macrophage effector function by introducing either targeting antibodies that activate Fc gamma receptors or blocking antibodies that disrupt inhibitory SIRP-CD47 engagement. Yet how these competing signals are integrated is poorly understood mechanistically, raising questions about how to effectively titrate immune responses. Here we find that macrophage phagocytic decisions are regulated by the ratio of activating ligand to inhibitory ligand on targets over a broad range of absolute molecular densities. Using endogenous as well as chimeric receptors, we show that activating:inhibitory ligand ratios of at least 10:1 are required to promote phagocytosis of model antibody-opsonized CD47-inhibited targets and that lowering this ratio reduces Fc{gamma}R phosphorylation due to inhibitory phosphatases recruited to CD47-bound SIRP. We demonstrate that ratiometric signaling is critical for phagocytosis of tumor cells and can be modified by blocking SIRP in vitro, indicating that balancing targeting and blocking antibodies may be important for controlling macrophage phagocytosis in cancer immunotherapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Suter, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmid, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voets, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francica, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fletcher, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.31.231779</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antibody:CD47 ratio regulates macrophage phagocytosis through competitive receptor phosphorylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.01.231639v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Topological Feature Extraction and Visualization of Whole Slide Images using Graph Neural Networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.01.231639v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Whole-slide images (WSI) are digitized representations of thin sections of stained tissue from various patient sources (biopsy, resection, exfoliation, fluid) and often exceed 100,000 pixels in any given spatial dimension. Deep learning approaches to digital pathology typically extract information from sub-images (patches) and treat the sub-images as independent entities, ignoring contributing information from vital large-scale architectural relationships. Modeling approaches that can capture higher-order dependencies between neighborhoods of tissue patches have demonstrated the potential to improve predictive accuracy while capturing the most essential slide-level information for prognosis, diagnosis and integration with other omics modalities. Here, we review two promising methods for capturing macro and micro architecture of histology images, Graph Neural Networks, which contextualize patch level information from their neighbors through message passing, and Topological Data Analysis, which distills contextual information into its essential components. We introduce a modeling framework, WSI-GTFE that integrates these two approaches in order to identify and quantify key pathogenic information pathways. To demonstrate a simple use case, we utilize these topological methods to develop a tumor invasion score to stage colon cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Levy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haudenschild, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christensen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaickus, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.01.231639</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Topological Feature Extraction and Visualization of Whole Slide Images using Graph Neural Networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.02.233254v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NPC1-mTORC1 signaling Couples Cholesterol Sensing to Organelle Homeostasis and is a Targetable Pathway in Niemann-Pick type C 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.02.233254v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lysosomes promote cellular homeostasis through macromolecular hydrolysis within their lumen and metabolic signaling by the mTORC1 kinase on their limiting membranes. Both hydrolytic and signaling functions require precise regulation of lysosomal cholesterol content. In Niemann-Pick type C (NPC), loss of the cholesterol exporter, NPC1, causes cholesterol accumulation within lysosomes, leading to mTORC1 hyperactivation, disrupted mitochondrial function and neurodegeneration. The compositional and functional alterations in NPC lysosomes, and how aberrant cholesterol-mTORC1 signaling contributes to organelle pathogenesis are not understood. Through proteomic profiling of NPC lysosomes, we find pronounced proteolytic impairment compounded with hydrolase depletion and enhanced membrane damage. Genetic and pharmacologic mTORC1 inhibition restores lysosomal proteolysis without correcting cholesterol storage, implicating aberrant mTORC1 as a pathogenic driver downstream of cholesterol accumulation. Consistently, mTORC1 inhibition ameliorates mitochondrial dysfunction in a neuronal model of NPC. Thus, cholesterol-mTORC1 signaling controls organelle homeostasis and is a targetable pathway in NPC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Davis, O. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, E. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kukurugya, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maher, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perera, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ordonez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zoncu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.02.233254</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NPC1-mTORC1 signaling Couples Cholesterol Sensing to Organelle Homeostasis and is a Targetable Pathway in Niemann-Pick type C]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.02.233429v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An MRI protocol for anatomical and functional evaluation of the California sea lion brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.02.233429v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We describe a research MRI protocol for in vivo evaluation of pinniped brains using standard human clinical MRI hardware and pulse sequences. Our intended application is to study development of California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) exposed in utero to domoic acid (DOM) produced by harmful algae blooms in the coastal Pacific Ocean. In cases where the fetus survives to birth, exposure to the toxin in utero could result in developmental abnormalities leading to neurological and behavioral deficits. Prior studies on sea lions naturally exposed to DOM as adults have demonstrated hippocampal atrophy and altered mesial temporal connectivity. This MRI protocol is therefore intended to depict the hippocampal formation as the primary region of interest, and to provide longitudinal measures of brain functional and structural connectivity as well as quantitative anatomical evaluations. Scan quality and utility are assessed by comparison with prior studies in live and post mortem sea lion brains. We include the first determination of cerebral blood flow mapping using MRI, and also the first fiber tractography using diffusion-weighted imaging from a live sea lion brain. The protocol also facilitates screening for common neurological pathologies, including tumors, trauma and hemorrhages. We believe the protocol would be suitable for any pinniped that can fit inside a human MRI scanner.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cook, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoard, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolui, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frederick, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redfern, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dennison, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halaska, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloom, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kruse-Elliott, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitmer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trumbull, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berns, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Detre, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Esposito, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gulland, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reichmuth, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Field, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inglis, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.02.233429</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An MRI protocol for anatomical and functional evaluation of the California sea lion brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.03.235457v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intestinal infection results in impaired lung innate immunity to secondary respiratory infection. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.03.235457v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPneumonia and diarrhea are among the leading causes of death worldwide, and epidemiological studies have demonstrated that diarrhea is associated with an increased risk of subsequent pneumonia. Our aim was to determine the impact of intestinal infection on innate immune responses in the lung.

MethodsUsing a mouse model of intestinal infection by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium (ST)), we investigated how infection in the gut compartment can modulate immunity in the lungs and impact susceptibility to bacterial (Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP)) challenge.

ResultsWe found alterations in frequencies of innate immune cells in lungs of intestinally-infected mice compared to uninfected mice. On subsequent challenge with K. pneumoniae we found that mice with prior intestinal infection have higher lung bacterial burden and inflammation, increased neutrophil margination, and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), but lower overall numbers of neutrophils, compared to mice without prior intestinal infection. Total numbers of dendritic cells, innate-like T cells, and natural killer cells were not different between mice with and without prior intestinal infection.

ConclusionsTogether, these results suggest that intestinal infection impacts lung innate immune responses, most notably neutrophil characteristics, potentially resulting in increased susceptibility to secondary pneumonia.

Article summaryWe show, in a mouse model, that prior intestinal infection with Salmonella Typhimurium leads to increased susceptibility to respiratory Klebsiella pneumoniae infection, which is associated with altered neutrophil responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Trivedi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grossmann, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cody, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yost, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.03.235457</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intestinal infection results in impaired lung innate immunity to secondary respiratory infection.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.05.236737v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
H3 K27M and EZHIP impede H3K27-methylation spreading by inhibiting allosterically stimulated PRC2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.05.236737v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diffuse midline gliomas and posterior fossa type-A ependymomas contain the highly recurrent histone H3 K27M mutation and the H3 K27M-mimic EZHIP, respectively. In vitro, H3 K27M and EZHIP are competitive inhibitors of Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) lysine methyltransferase activity. In vivo, these proteins reduce overall H3K27me3 levels, however residual peaks of H3K27me3 remain at CpG islands through an unknown mechanism. Here, we report that EZHIP and H3 K27M preferentially interact with an allosterically activated form of PRC2 in vivo. The formation of H3 K27M- and EZHIP-PRC2 complexes occurs at CpG islands containing H3K27me3 and impedes PRC2 and H3K27me3 spreading. While EZHIP is not found outside of placental mammals, we find that expression of human EZHIP reduces H3K27me3 in Drosophila melanogaster through a conserved molecular mechanism. Our results highlight the mechanistic similarities between EZHIP and H3 K27M in vivo and provide mechanistic insight for the retention of residual H3K27me3 in tumors driven by these oncogenes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jain, S. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rashoff, A. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krabbenhoft, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoelper, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Do, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lundgren, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bondra, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deshmukh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harutyunyan, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juretic, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jabado, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.05.236737</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[H3 K27M and EZHIP impede H3K27-methylation spreading by inhibiting allosterically stimulated PRC2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.11.246801v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep reinforcement learning for modeling human locomotion control in neuromechanical simulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.11.246801v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Modeling human motor control and predicting how humans will move in novel environments is a grand scientific challenge. Despite advances in neuroscience techniques, it is still difficult to measure and interpret the activity of the millions of neurons involved in motor control. Thus, researchers in the fields of biomechanics and motor control have proposed and evaluated motor control models via neuromechanical simulations, which produce physically correct motions of a musculoskeletal model. Typically, researchers have developed control models that encode physiologically plausible motor control hypotheses and compared the resulting simulation behaviors to measurable human motion data. While such plausible control models were able to simulate and explain many basic locomotion behaviors (e.g. walking, running, and climbing stairs), modeling higher layer controls (e.g. processing environment cues, planning long-term motion strategies, and coordinating basic motor skills to navigate in dynamic and complex environments) remains a challenge. Recent advances in deep reinforcement learning lay a foundation for modeling these complex control processes and controlling a diverse repertoire of human movement; however, reinforcement learning has been rarely applied in neuromechanical simulation to model human control. In this paper, we review the current state of neuromechanical simulations, along with the fundamentals of reinforcement learning, as it applies to human locomotion. We also present a scientific competition and accompanying software platform, which we have organized to accelerate the use of reinforcement learning in neuromechanical simulations. This "Learn to Move" competition, which we have run annually since 2017 at the NeurIPS conference, has attracted over 1300 teams from around the world. Top teams adapted state-of-art deep reinforcement learning techniques to produce complex motions, such as quick turning and walk-to-stand transitions, that have not been demonstrated before in neuromechanical simulations without utilizing reference motion data. We close with a discussion of future opportunities at the intersection of human movement simulation and reinforcement learning and our plans to extend the Learn to Move competition to further facilitate interdisciplinary collaboration in modeling human motor control for biomechanics and rehabilitation research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kidzinski, Łukasz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, X. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atkeson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delp, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.11.246801</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep reinforcement learning for modeling human locomotion control in neuromechanical simulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.14.251306v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Investigation of Capsule-Inspired Neural Network Approaches for DNA Methylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.14.251306v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA methylation (DNAm) alterations have been heavily implicated in carcinogenesis and the pathophysiology of diseases through upstream regulation of gene expression. DNAm deep-learning approaches are able to capture features associated with aging, cell type, and disease progression, but lack incorporation of prior biological knowledge. Here, we present modular, user-friendly deep learning methodology and software, MethylCapsNet and MethylSPWNet, that group CpGs into biologically relevant capsules - such as gene promoter context, CpG island relationship, or user-defined groupings - and relate them to diagnostic and prognostic outcomes. We demonstrate these models utility on 3,897 individuals in the classification of central nervous system (CNS) tumors. MethylCapsNet and MethylSPWNet provide an opportunity to increase DNAm deep learning analyses interpretability by enabling a flexible organization of DNAm data into biologically relevant capsules.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Levy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azizgolshani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petersen, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Titus, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moen, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaickus, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salas, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christensen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.14.251306</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Investigation of Capsule-Inspired Neural Network Approaches for DNA Methylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.17.250027v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deuteration improves small-molecule fluorophores 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.17.250027v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fluorescence microscopy relies on dyes that absorb short-wavelength photons and emit longer-wavelength light. In addition to this fluorescence process, dyes can undergo other photochemical reactions that result in spectral shifts and irreversible photobleaching. Increases in brightness,  chromostability, and photostability of fluorescent dyes are therefore crucial for advancing the frontier of bioimaging. Here, we describe a general approach to improve small-molecule fluorophores using deuteration. Incorporating deuterium into the alkylamino substituents of rhodamines and other dyes improves fluorescence quantum yield, inhibits photochemically induced spectral shifts, and slows irreparable photobleaching. These compounds are easily synthesized and show improved performance in cellular imaging experiments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grimm, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casler, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tkachuk, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippincott-Schwartz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glick, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavis, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.17.250027</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deuteration improves small-molecule fluorophores]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.22.262527v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development of a pan-neuronal genetic driver in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.22.262527v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mosquito Aedes aegypti is the primary worldwide vector of arboviruses that infect humans, including dengue, Zika, chikungunya, and yellow fever. Recent advances in transgenic technology have yielded important new insight into the biology of this disease vector. The early development of neurogenetic tools, in particular, is beginning to shed light on the neural basis of behaviors that allow Ae. aegypti to thrive in human environments and find and bite human hosts. Despite these advances, a pan-neuronal expression driver remains elusive. Pan-neuronal drivers give researchers genetic access to all neurons and thus provide a critical entry point for circuit dissection. Here, we describe our efforts to generate pan-neuronal drivers in Ae. aegypti via targeted knock-in of in-frame reporter constructs to the native coding sequence of broadly expressed neural genes with CRISPR/Cas9. Two of five attempts were successful, resulting in a Syt1:GCaMP6s strain that expresses synaptically-localized GCaMP in all neurons and a brp-T2A-QF2w driver strain that can be used to drive and amplify expression of any effector in all neurons via the Q binary system. We show that both manipulations broadly and uniformly label the nervous system and have only mild effects on behavior. We envision that these strains will facilitate neurobiological research in Ae. aegypti mosquitoes and provide documentation of both successful and failed manipulations as a roadmap for similar tool development in other non-model species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McBride, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.22.262527</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development of a pan-neuronal genetic driver in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.25.267476v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single nucleus analysis of Arabidopsis seeds reveals new cell types and imprinting dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.25.267476v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Seeds are the basis of agriculture, yet their full transcriptional complexity has remained unknown. Here, we employ single-nucleus RNA-sequencing to characterize developing Arabidopsis thaliana seeds, with a focus on endosperm. Endosperm, the site of gene imprinting in plants, mediates the relationship between the maternal parent and embryo. We identify new cell types in the chalazal endosperm region, which interfaces with maternal tissue for nutrient unloading. We further demonstrate that the extent of parental bias of maternally expressed imprinted genes varies with cell cycle phase, and that imprinting of paternally expressed imprinted genes is strongest in chalazal endosperm. These data indicate imprinting in endosperm is heterogeneous and suggest that parental conflict, which is proposed to drive the evolution of imprinting, is fiercest at the boundary between filial and maternal tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Picard, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Povilus, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gehring, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.25.267476</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single nucleus analysis of Arabidopsis seeds reveals new cell types and imprinting dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.28.272047v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rest is Required to Learn an Appetitively-Reinforced Operant Task in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.28.272047v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Maladaptive operant conditioning contributes to development of neuropsychiatric disorders. Candidate genes have been identified that contribute to this maladaptive plasticity, but the neural basis of operant conditioning in genetic model organisms remains poorly understood. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is a versatile genetic model organism that readily forms operant associations with punishment stimuli. However, operant conditioning with a food reward has not been demonstrated in flies, limiting the types of neural circuits that can be studied. Here we present the first sucrose-reinforced operant conditioning paradigm for flies. In the paradigm, flies walk along a Y-shaped track with reward locations at the terminus of each hallway. When flies turn in the reinforced direction at the center of the track, sucrose is presented at the end of the hallway. Only flies that rest early in training learn the reward contingency normally. Flies rewarded independently of their behavior do not form a learned association but have the same amount of rest as trained flies, showing that rest is not driven by learning. Optogenetically-induced sleep does not promote learning, indicating that sleep itself is not sufficient for learning the operant task. We validated the sensitivity of this assay to detect the effect of genetic manipulations by testing the classic learning mutant dunce. Dunce flies are learning impaired in the Y-Track task, indicating a likely role for cAMP in the operant coincidence detector. This novel training paradigm will provide valuable insight into the molecular mechanisms of disease and the link between sleep and learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wiggin, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsiao, Y.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huber, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffith, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.28.272047</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rest is Required to Learn an Appetitively-Reinforced Operant Task in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.29.272369v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proximity labeling at non-centrosomal microtubule-organizing centers reveals VAB-10B and WDR-62 as distinct microtubule regulators 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.29.272369v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reorganization of microtubules from the centrosome to non-centrosomal subcellular sites is central to cell differentiation. To identify components of non-centrosomal microtubule organizing centers in differentiated cells of a living organism, we developed the biotin ligase-based proximity labeling approach TurboID for use in C. elegans. We identified proteins proximal to the non-centrosomal microtubule minus end protein PTRN-1/Patronin at the apical membrane of epithelial cells, focusing on two conserved proteins: spectraplakin protein VAB-10B and WDR-62, a protein we identify as homologous to vertebrate primary microcephaly disease gene WDR62. We found that WDR-62 and VAB-10B independently regulate the growth and localization of non-centrosomal microtubules and the apical targeting of microtubule minus end proteins. This regulation occurs downstream of cell polarity and in conjunction with actin. Our data suggest a division of labor where microtubule growth and anchoring are regulated by distinct complexes and uncover novel functions of spectraplakins and WDR62 family proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Branon, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cote, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papagiannakis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs-Wagner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ting, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldman, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.29.272369</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proximity labeling at non-centrosomal microtubule-organizing centers reveals VAB-10B and WDR-62 as distinct microtubule regulators]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.30.265108v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Live imaging and biophysical modeling support a button-based mechanism of somatic homolog pairing in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.30.265108v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The spatial configuration of the eukaryotic genome is organized and dynamic, providing the structural basis for regulated gene expression in living cells. In Drosophila melanogaster, 3D genome organization is characterized by somatic homolog pairing, where homologous chromosomes are intimately paired from end to end; however, the process by which homologs identify one another and pair has remained mysterious. A recent model proposed that specifically interacting "buttons" encoded along the lengths of homologous chromosomes drive somatic homolog pairing. Here, we turned this hypothesis into a precise biophysical model to demonstrate that a button-based mechanism can lead to chromosome-wide pairing. We tested our model and constrained its free parameters using live-imaging measurements of chromosomal loci tagged with the MS2 and PP7 nascent RNA labeling systems. Our analysis showed strong agreement between model predictions and experiments in the separation dynamics of tagged homologous loci as they transition from unpaired to paired states, and in the percentage of nuclei that become paired as embryonic development proceeds. In sum, as a result of this dialogue between theory and experiment, our data strongly support a button-based mechanism of somatic homolog pairing in Drosophila and provide a theoretical framework for revealing the molecular identity and regulation of buttons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Child, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bateman, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahangiri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reimer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lammers, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabouni, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villamarin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKenzie-Smith, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jost, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.30.265108</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Live imaging and biophysical modeling support a button-based mechanism of somatic homolog pairing in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.30.274621v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantitative imaging of RNA polymerase II activity in plants reveals the single-cell basis of tissue-wide transcriptional dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.30.274621v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The responses of plants to their environment often hinge on the spatiotemporal dynamics of transcriptional regulation. While live-imaging tools have been used extensively to quantitatively capture rapid transcriptional dynamics in living animal cells, lack of implementation of these technologies in plants has limited concomitant quantitative studies. Here, we applied the PP7 and MS2 RNA-labeling technologies for the quantitative imaging of RNA polymerase II activity dynamics in single cells of living plants as they respond to experimental treatments. Using this technology, we count nascent RNA transcripts in real-time in Nicotiana benthamiana (tobacco) and Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis). Examination of heat shock reporters revealed that plant tissues respond to external signals by modulating the number of cells engaged in transcription rather than the transcription rate of active cells. This switch-like behavior, combined with cell-to-cell variability in transcription rate, results in mRNA production variability spanning three orders of magnitude. We determined that cellular heterogeneity stems mainly from the stochasticity intrinsic to individual alleles. Taken together, our results demonstrate that it is now possible to quantitatively study the dynamics of transcriptional programs in single cells of living plants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alamos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reimer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niyogi, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.30.274621</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantitative imaging of RNA polymerase II activity in plants reveals the single-cell basis of tissue-wide transcriptional dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.31.275453v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular and evolutionary mechanisms of yeast thermotolerance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.31.275453v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many familiar traits in the natural world--from lions manes to the longevity of bristlecone pine trees--arose in the distant past, and have long since fixed in their respective species. A key challenge in evolutionary genetics is to figure out how and why species-defining traits have come to be. We used the thermotolerance growth advantage of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae over its sister species Saccharomyces paradoxus as a model for addressing these questions. Analyzing loci at which the S. cerevisiae allele promotes thermotolerance, we detected robust evidence for positive selection, including amino acid divergence between the species and conservation within S. cerevisiae populations. Since such signatures were particularly strong at the chromosome segregation gene ESP1, we used this locus as a case study for focused mechanistic follow-up. Experiments revealed that, in culture at high temperature, the S. paradoxus ESP1 allele conferred a qualitative defect in biomass accumulation and cell division relative to the S. cerevisiae allele. Only genetic divergence in the ESP1 coding region mattered phenotypically, with no functional impact detectable from the promoter. Together, these data support a model in which an ancient ancestor of S. cerevisiae, under selection to boost viability at high temperature, acquired amino acid variants at ESP1 and many other loci, which have been constrained since then. Complex adaptations of this type hold promise as a paradigm for interspecies genetics, especially in deeply diverged traits that may have taken millions of years to evolve.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abrams, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubin, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>AlZaben, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bravo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joubert, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brem, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.31.275453</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular and evolutionary mechanisms of yeast thermotolerance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.31.276303v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineering high-yield biopolymer secretion creates an extracellular protein matrix for living materials 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.31.276303v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The bacterial extracellular matrix forms autonomously, giving rise to complex material properties and multicellular behaviors. Synthetic matrix analogues can replicate these functions, but require exogenously added material or have limited programmability. Here we design a two-strain bacterial system that self-synthesizes and structures a synthetic extracellular matrix of proteins. We engineered Caulobacter crescentus to secrete an extracellular matrix protein composed of elastin-like polypeptide (ELP) hydrogel fused to Supercharged SpyCatcher (SC(-)). This biopolymer was secreted at levels of 60 mg/L, an unprecedented level of biopolymer secretion by a gram-negative bacterium. The ELP domain was swapped with either a crosslinkable variant of ELP or resilin-like polypeptide, demonstrating this system is flexible. The SC(-)-ELP matrix protein bound specifically and covalently to the cell surface of a C. crescentus strain that displays a high-density array of SpyTag peptides via its engineered Surface-layer. Our work develops protein design rules for Type I secretion in C. crescentus, and demonstrates the autonomous secretion and assembly of programmable extracellular protein matrices, offering a path forward towards the formation of cohesive engineered living materials.

IMPORTANCEEngineered living materials (ELM) aim to mimic characteristics of natural occurring systems, bringing the benefits of self-healing, synthesis, autonomous assembly, and responsiveness to traditional materials. Previous research has shown the potential of replicating the bacterial extracellular matrix (ECM) to mimic biofilms. However, these efforts require energy intensive processing or have limited tunability. We propose a bacterially-synthesized system that manipulates the protein content of the ECM, allowing for programmable interactions and autonomous material formation. To achieve this, we engineered a two-strain system to secrete a synthetic extracellular protein matrix (sEPM). This work is a step towards understanding the necessary parameters to engineering living cells to autonomously construct ELMs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Charrier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orozco-Hidalgo, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjahjono, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molinari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashby, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rad, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ajo-Franklin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.31.276303</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineering high-yield biopolymer secretion creates an extracellular protein matrix for living materials]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.31.276741v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide identification of tomato xylem sap fitness factors for Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum and Ralstonia syzygii 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.31.276741v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plant pathogenic Ralstonia spp. colonize plant xylem and cause wilt diseases on a broad range of host plants. To identify genes that promote growth of diverse Ralstonia strains in xylem sap from tomato plants, we performed genome-scale genetic screens (random barcoded transposon mutant sequencing screens; RB-TnSeq) in three strains spanning the genetic, geographical, and physiological range of plant pathogenic Ralstonia: R. solanacearum IBSBF1503, R. pseudosolanacearum GMI1000, and R. syzygii PSI07. Contrasting mutant fitness phenotypes in culture media versus in xylem sap suggest that Ralstonia strains are adapted to ex vivo xylem sap and that culture media impose foreign selective pressures. Although wild-type Ralstonia grew in sap and in rich medium with similar doubling times and to a similar carrying capacity, more genes were essential for growth in sap than in rich medium. Each strain required many genes associated with envelope remodeling and repair processes for full fitness in xylem sap. These genes were associated with peptidoglycan peptide formation (murI), secretion of periplasmic proteins (tatC), periplasmic protein folding (dsbA), synthesis of osmoregulated periplasmic glucans (mdoGH), and LPS biosynthesis. Mutants in four genes had strong, sap-specific fitness defects in all strain backgrounds: murI, thiC, purU, and a lipoprotein (RSc2007). Many amino acid biosynthesis genes were required for fitness in both minimal medium and xylem sap. Multiple mutants with insertions in virulence regulators had gains-of-fitness in culture media and neutral fitness in sap. Our genome-scale genetic screen identified Ralstonia fitness factors that promote growth in xylem sap, an ecologically relevant condition.

ImportanceTraditional transposon mutagenesis genetic screens pioneered molecular plant pathology and identified core virulence traits like the type III secretion system. TnSeq approaches that leverage next-generation sequencing to rapidly quantify transposon mutant phenotypes are ushering in a new wave of biological discovery. Here we have adapted a genome-scale approach, random barcoded transposon mutant sequencing (RB-TnSeq), to discover fitness factors that promote growth of three related bacterial strains in a common niche, tomato xylem sap. Fitness of wild-type and mutants show that Ralstonia spp. are adapted to grow well in xylem sap from their natural host plant, tomato. Our screen identified multiple sap-specific fitness factors with roles in maintaining the bacterial envelope. These factors include putative adaptations to resist plant defenses that may include antimicrobial proteins and specialized metabolites that damage bacterial membranes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Georgoulis, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shalvarjian, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helmann, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamilton, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutschbauer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowe-Power, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.31.276741</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide identification of tomato xylem sap fitness factors for Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum and Ralstonia syzygii]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.02.276550v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
miR-200 deficiency promotes lung cancer metastasis by activating cancer-associated fibroblasts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.02.276550v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lung adenocarcinoma, the most prevalent lung cancer subtype, is characterized by its high propensity to metastasize. Despite the importance of metastasis in lung cancer mortality, its underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms remain largely elusive. Here, we identified miR-200 miRNAs as potent suppressors for lung adenocarcinoma metastasis. miR-200 expression is specifically repressed in mouse metastatic lung adenocarcinomas, and miR-200 decrease strongly correlates with poor patient survival. Consistently, deletion of mir-200c/141 in the KrasLSL-G12D/+; Trp53flox/flox lung adenocarcinoma mouse model significantly promoted metastasis, generating a desmoplastic tumor stroma highly reminiscent of metastatic human lung cancer. miR-200 deficiency in lung cancer cells promotes the proliferation and activation of adjacent cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), which in turn elevates the metastatic potential of cancer cells. miR-200 regulates the functional interaction between cancer cells and CAFs, at least in part, by targeting Notch ligand Jagged1 and Jagged2 in cancer cells and inducing Notch activation in adjacent CAFs. Hence, the interaction between cancer cells and CAFs constitutes an essential mechanism to promote metastatic potential.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xue, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chuang, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prosser, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuziwara, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahasrabudhe, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kühn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkinson, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McManus, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradley, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winslow, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.02.276550</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[miR-200 deficiency promotes lung cancer metastasis by activating cancer-associated fibroblasts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.05.284554v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Developmental plasticity of texture discrimination following early vision loss in the marsupial Monodelphis domestica 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.05.284554v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Behavioral strategies that depend on sensory information are not immutable; rather they can be shaped by the specific sensory context in which animals develop. This behavioral plasticity depends on the remarkable capacity for the brain to reorganize in response to alterations in the sensory environment, particularly when changes in sensory input occur at an early age. To study this phenomenon, we utilize the short-tailed opossum, a marsupial that has been a valuable animal model to study developmental plasticity due to the extremely immature state of its nervous system at birth. Previous studies in opossums have demonstrated that removal of retinal inputs early in development results in profound alterations to cortical connectivity and functional organization of visual and somatosensory cortex; however, behavioral consequences of this plasticity are not well understood. We trained early blind (EB) and sighted control (SC) opossums to perform a two-alternative forced choice texture discrimination task. Whisker trimming caused an acute deficit in discrimination accuracy for both EB and SC animals indicating that they primarily used a whisker-based strategy to guide choices based on tactile cues - though performance recovered in days, suggesting a shift to the use of other body parts when whiskers were absent. Mystacial whiskers were important for performance in both groups; however, genal whiskers only contributed to performance in EB animals. EB opossums significantly outperformed SC opossums in discrimination accuracy, being more sensitive to textural differences by ~75 m smaller. Our results support behavioral compensation following early blindness using tactile inputs, especially the whisker system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ramamurthy, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dodson, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krubitzer, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.05.284554</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Developmental plasticity of texture discrimination following early vision loss in the marsupial Monodelphis domestica]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.09.289611v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromosome-level Genome Assembly of a Regenerable Maize Inbred Line A188 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.09.289611v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The highly embryogenic and transformable maize inbred line A188 is an attractive model for analyzing maize gene function. Here we constructed a chromosome-level genome assembly of A188 using long reads and optical maps. Genome comparison of A188 with the reference line B73 identified pervasive structural variation, including a 1.8 Mb duplication on the Gametophyte factor1 locus for unilateral cross-incompatibility and six inversions of 0.7 Mb or greater. Increased copy number of the gene, carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 1 (ccd1) in A188 is associated with elevated expression during seed development. High ccd1 expression together with low expression of yellow endosperm 1 (y1) condition reduced carotenoid accumulation, which accounts for the white seed phenotype of A188 that contrasts with the yellow seed of B73 that has high expression of y1 and low expression of the single-copy ccd1. Further, transcriptome and epigenome analyses with the A188 reference genome revealed enhanced expression of defense pathways and altered DNA methylation patterns of embryonic callus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koo, D.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamang, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McFarland, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarty, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, M.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaeppler, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaeppler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Springer, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnable, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, F. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.09.289611</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromosome-level Genome Assembly of a Regenerable Maize Inbred Line A188]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.11.291534v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A non-canonical EZH2 function sensitizes solid tumors to genotoxic stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.11.291534v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Drugs that block the activity of the methyltransferase EZH2 are in clinical development for the treatment of non-Hodgkin lymphomas harboring gain-of-function EZH2 mutations that enhance its polycomb repressive function. In contrast, in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) we have previously reported that EZH2 plays a non-canonical role as a transcriptional activator. In this setting, we now show that EZH2 inhibitors can also block the non-canonical activity of EZH2 and inhibit the growth of CRPC cells. Gene expression and epigenomic profiling of cells treated with EZH2 inhibitors demonstrated that rather than de-repressing tumor suppressor genes silenced by PRC2, EZH2 inhibitors downregulate a set of DNA repair genes that are directly regulated by EZH2. In addition, genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9-mediated loss-of-function screens in the presence of EZH2 inhibitors identified these DNA repair genes to underlie the growth-inhibitory function of these compounds. Interrogation of public data from diverse solid tumor types expressing wild-type EZH2 showed that expression of DNA damage repair genes is significantly correlated with cellular sensitivity to EZH2 inhibitors. Consistent with these findings, treatment of CRPC cells with EZH2 inhibitors dramatically enhanced their sensitivity to genotoxic stress. These studies reveal a previously unappreciated mechanism of action of EZH2 inhibitors and provide a mechanistic basis for potential new combination cancer therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>LIAO, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feit, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mei, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierre, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fei, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duarte, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradner, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polyak, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kantoff, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balk, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.11.291534</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A non-canonical EZH2 function sensitizes solid tumors to genotoxic stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.16.300731v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Wild flies hedge their thermal preference bets in response to seasonal fluctuations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.16.300731v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fluctuating environmental pressures can challenge organisms by repeatedly shifting the optimum phenotype. Two contrasting evolutionary strategies to cope with these fluctuations are 1) evolution of the mean phenotype to follow the optimum (adaptive tracking) or 2) diversifying phenotypes so that at least some individuals have high fitness in the current fluctuation (bet-hedging). Bet-hedging could underlie stable differences in the behavior of individuals that are present even when genotype and environment are held constant. Instead of being simply  noise, behavioral variation across individuals may reflect an evolutionary strategy of phenotype diversification. Using geographically diverse wild-derived fly strains and high-throughput assays of individual preference, we tested whether thermal preference variation in Drosophila melanogaster could reflect a bet-hedging strategy. We also looked for evidence that populations from different regions differentially adopt bet-hedging or adaptive-tracking strategies. Computational modeling predicted regional differences in the relative advantage of bet-hedging, and we found patterns consistent with that in regional variation in thermal preference heritability. In addition, we found that temporal patterns in mean preference support bet-hedging predictions and that there is a genetic basis for thermal preference variability. Our empirical results point to bet-hedging in thermal preference as a potentially important evolutionary strategy in wild populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Akhund-Zade, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bangerter, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polizos, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soloshenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wice, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albright, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayanan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saltz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayroles, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergland, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Bivort, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.16.300731</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Wild flies hedge their thermal preference bets in response to seasonal fluctuations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.21.305490v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Critical Interactions Between the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein and the Human ACE2 Receptor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.21.305490v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infects human cells upon binding of its spike (S) glycoproteins to ACE2 receptors and causes the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Therapeutic approaches to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection are mostly focused on blocking S-ACE2 binding, but critical residues that stabilize this interaction are not well understood. By performing all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we identified an extended network of salt bridges, hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions, and hydrogen bonding between the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the S protein and ACE2. Mutagenesis of these residues on the RBD was not sufficient to destabilize binding but reduced the average work to unbind the S protein from ACE2. In particular, the hydrophobic end of RBD serves as the main anchor site and unbinds last from ACE2 under force. We propose that blocking the hydrophobic surface of RBD via neutralizing antibodies could prove an effective strategy to inhibit S-ACE2 interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Taka, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yilmaz, S. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golcuk, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kilinc, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aktas, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yildiz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gur, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.21.305490</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Critical Interactions Between the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein and the Human ACE2 Receptor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.24.306571v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Internal checkpoint regulates T cell neoantigen reactivity and susceptibility to PD1 blockade 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.24.306571v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While neoantigen-specific tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) can be derived from in antigen-expressing tumors, their adoptive transfer fails to consistently elicit durable tumor regression. There has been much focus on the role of activation/exhaustion markers such as PD1, CD39 and TOX in TIL senescence. We found these markers were inversely expressed to Cytokine-Induced SH2 protein (CISH), a negative regulator of TCR signaling and tumor immunity in mice. To evaluate the physiological role of CISH in human TIL we developed a high-efficiency CRIPSR-based method to knock out CISH in fully mature TIL. CISH KO resulted in increased T cell receptor (TCR) avidity, tumor cytolysis and neoantigen recognition. CISH expression in the tumor resections correlated with TIL inactivity against p53 hotspot mutations and CISH KO in TIL unmasked reactivity against these universal neoantigens. While CISH KO resulted in T cell hyperactivation and expansion it did not alter maturation, perhaps by preferential PLC{gamma}-1 and not AKT inhibition. Lastly, CISH KO in T cells increased PD1 expression and the adoptive transfer of Cish KO T cells synergistically combines with PD1 antibody blockade resulting in durable tumor regression and survival in a preclinical animal model. These data offer new insights into the regulation of neoantigen recognition, expression of activation/exhaustion markers, and functional/maturation signals in tumor-specific T cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Palmer, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webber, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kariya, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lahr, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parkhurst, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gartner, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prickett, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowery, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kishton, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurusamy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franco, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vodnala, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diers, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slipek, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKenna, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sumstad, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viney, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henley, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burckstummer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meerzaman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padhan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lo, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malekzadeh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deniger, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robbins, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McIvor, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choudhry, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moriarity, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Restifo, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.24.306571</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Internal checkpoint regulates T cell neoantigen reactivity and susceptibility to PD1 blockade]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.26.314997v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dscam1 promotes blood cell survival in Drosophila melanogaster through a dual role in blood cells and neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.26.314997v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Down Syndrome Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 (Dscam1) is a receptor-like cell adhesion molecule that is conserved across the animal kingdom, but its roles in hematopoiesis remain unknown. Dscam1 related genes in vertebrates and invertebrates are key regulators of neuron morphogenesis and neuronal tiling. In Drosophila, Dscam1 in addition has roles in blood cells (hemocytes) in innate immunity and phagocytosis of pathogens. Given the anatomical and functional role of peripheral sensory neurons as microenvironments for resident hematopoietic sites in the Drosophila larva, we sought to investigate the role of Dscam1 in this context. Interestingly, we find that Dscam1 fills the role of a previously anticipated factor in neuron-hemocyte communication that supports trophic survival: tissue specific silencing of Dscam1 by in vivo RNAi in sensory neurons leads to neuron reduction, which in turn results in reduced hemocyte numbers due to apoptosis. Dscam1 silencing in hemocytes also results in a reduction of hemocytes and increased apoptosis. This cell-autonomous effect of Dscam1 silencing can be mimicked by RNAi silencing of dreadlocks (dock), suggesting that intracellular Dscam1 signaling relies on the adapter protein Dock in this system. Our findings reveal a dual role for Dscam1 in Drosophila hematopoiesis, by promoting survival of the sensory neuron microenvironments that in turn support hemocyte survival, and by promoting survival of hemocytes cell-autonomously. It will be interesting to explore possible functions of vertebrate Dscam1 related genes such as DSCAML1 in blood cells and their trophic survival.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ouyang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mase, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corcoran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brueckner, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.26.314997</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dscam1 promotes blood cell survival in Drosophila melanogaster through a dual role in blood cells and neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.28.310474v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GHB confers neuroprotection by stabilizing the CaMKIIα hub domain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.28.310474v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II alpha (CaMKII) is an abundant neuronal signaling protein involved in synaptic plasticity and memory formation1,2. The central hub domain regulates the activity of CaMKII by organizing the holoenzyme complex into functional oligomers3-6. Recent findings have suggested that the hub is also an allosteric determinant of kinase activity7, and is thus an emerging target for therapies to correct CaMKII dysregulation8,9. However, pharmacological modulation of the hub domain has never been demonstrated. Here we show that stabilization of the CaMKII hub domain confers neuroprotection. By combining photoaffinity labeling and chemical proteomics using small molecule analogs of the natural metabolite {gamma}-hydroxybutyrate (GHB)10 we reveal that CaMKII is the selective target for GHB. We further find that these GHB analogs bind to the hub interior by solving a 2.2 [A] crystal structure of CaMKII with bound ligand. Using differential scanning fluorimetry, we show that binding of ligands to the hub interior increases the thermal stability of hub oligomers in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, we demonstrate the functional significance of this hub stabilization by showing substantial neuroprotective effects in cellular excitotoxicity assays and in a mouse model of cerebral ischemia. Together, our results reveal that CaMKII hub stabilization is the mechanism by which GHB provides endogenous neuroprotection and that small-molecule CaMKII-selective ligands have therapeutic potential.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leurs, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McSpadden, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griem-Krey, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solbak, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houlton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villumsen, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogensen, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamborg, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gauger, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmelund, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larsen, A. S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shehata, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelstrup, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olsen, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bach, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burnie, R. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerr, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gowing, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teurlings, S. M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chi, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gee, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frolund, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kornum, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Woerden, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clausen, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuriyan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarkson, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wellendorph, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.28.310474</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GHB confers neuroprotection by stabilizing the CaMKIIα hub domain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.29.318097v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effect of sanitation improvements on soil-transmitted helminth eggs in courtyard soil from rural Bangladesh: Evidence from a cluster-randomized controlled trial 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.29.318097v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Improved sanitation has been hypothesized to reduce soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections by reducing the prevalence and abundance of STH eggs/larvae in soil. We evaluated the effect of a randomized sanitation program (providing households with an improved dual-pit latrine, tools for child/animal feces management, and behavioral messaging) on reducing STH eggs in soil from household courtyards. We collected soil samples from 1405 households enrolled in the sanitation intervention (n=419) and control (n=914) groups of a cluster-randomized controlled trial (WASH Benefits) in rural Bangladesh approximately 2 years after the initiation of the interventions. We analyzed samples for Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and hookworm eggs by microscopy. We estimated prevalence ratios (PR) and relative egg count reductions (ECR) to compare the prevalence of any STH eggs and arithmetic and geometric mean egg counts for any STH per gram of soil between the sanitation and control arms.

Among intervention households, latrines achieved high and sustained user uptake by adults while child open defecation remained common and most households did not dispose of child feces hygienically. In courtyard soil from control households, the prevalence of any STH eggs was 75.7% and the prevalence of any larvated STH eggs was 67.3%. A. lumbricoides was detected in 63.0% of control samples and T. trichiura in 55.7% of control samples; hookworm was not detected in any sample. The arithmetic mean egg count for any STH was 3.96 eggs/dry gram, while the geometric mean was 1.58 eggs/dry gram. There was no difference between the intervention and control groups in the prevalence of any STH eggs (PR=0.98 (95% CI: 0.91-1.05)) or mean egg counts (ECR=0.08 (95% CI: -0.10, 0.26) for geometric mean and 0.07 (95% CI: -0.22, 0.37) for arithmetic mean). Adjusted models gave similar results.

A compound-level sanitation intervention that provided improved latrines and tools for disposal of child and animal feces did not have an impact on environmental reservoirs of STH eggs. In order to effectively reduce the prevalence and abundance of STH eggs in the environment, sustained, widespread use of sanitation strategies to isolate and hygienically dispose of child and animal feces may need to complement traditional strategies for containment of adult human feces.

Author summaryImproved sanitation has been hypothesized to reduce soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections by reducing the prevalence and abundance of STH eggs/larvae in soil. We evaluated the effect of a randomized sanitation program (providing households with an improved dual-pit latrine, tools for child/animal feces management, and behavioral messaging) on reducing STH eggs in soil from household courtyards. We collected soil samples from 1405 households enrolled in the control and sanitation groups of a cluster-randomized controlled trial (WASH Benefits) in rural Bangladesh approximately 2 years after the initiation of the interventions. We analyzed samples for Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and hookworm eggs by microscopy. We found no effect of the sanitation intervention on STH eggs in soil. In order to effectively reduce the prevalence and abundance of STH eggs in the environment, sustained, widespread use of sanitation strategies to isolate and hygienically dispose of child and animal feces may need to complement traditional strategies for containment of adult human feces.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kwong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Islam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shahriar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benjamin-Chung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubbard, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parvez, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unicomb, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colford, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luby, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ercumen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.29.318097</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effect of sanitation improvements on soil-transmitted helminth eggs in courtyard soil from rural Bangladesh: Evidence from a cluster-randomized controlled trial]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.29.319046v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ToxVec: Deep Language Model-Based Representation Learning for Venom Peptide Classification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.29.319046v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
WITHDRAWAL STATEMENTbioRxiv has withdrawn this manuscript as it was submitted and made public without the full consent of all the authors. Therefore, the authors do not wish this work to be cited as reference for the project. If you have any questions, please contact the corresponding author.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ahmadi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahed-Motlagh, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asgari, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torkaman Rahmani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McHardy, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.29.319046</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ToxVec: Deep Language Model-Based Representation Learning for Venom Peptide Classification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.01.322347v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Arabidopsis ACINUS is O-glycosylated and regulates transcription and alternative splicing of regulators of reproductive transitions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.01.322347v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O-GlcNAc modification plays important roles in metabolic regulation of cellular status. Two homologs of O-GlcNAc transferase, SECRET AGENT (SEC) and SPINDLY (SPY), which have O-GlcNAc and O-fucosyl transferase activities, respectively, are essential in Arabidopsis but have largely unknown cellular targets. Here we show that AtACINUS is O-GlcNAcylated and O-fucosylated and mediates regulation of transcription, alternative splicing (AS), and developmental transitions. Knocking-out both AtACINUS and its distant paralog AtPININ causes severe growth defects including dwarfism, delayed seed germination and flowering, and abscisic acid (ABA) hypersensitivity. Transcriptomic and protein-DNA/RNA interaction analyses demonstrate that AtACINUS represses transcription of the flowering repressor FLC and mediates AS of ABH1 and HAB1, two negative regulators of ABA signaling. Proteomic analyses show AtACINUSs O-GlcNAcylation, O-fucosylation, and association with splicing factors, chromatin remodelers, and transcriptional regulators. Some AtACINUS/AtPININ-dependent AS events are altered in the sec and spy mutants, demonstrating a function of O-glycosylation in regulating alternative RNA splicing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shrestha, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartwig, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patil, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oses-Prieto, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quail, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burlingame, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>xu, S.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.01.322347</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Arabidopsis ACINUS is O-glycosylated and regulates transcription and alternative splicing of regulators of reproductive transitions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.02.323352v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proton-Dependent Inhibition, Inverted Voltage Activation, and Slow Gating of CLC-0 Chloride Channel 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.02.323352v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CLC-0, a prototype Cl- channel in the CLC family, employs two gating mechanisms that control its ion-permeation pore: fast gating and slow gating. The negatively-charged sidechain of a pore glutamate residue, E166, is known to be the fast gate, and the swinging of this sidechain opens or closes the pore of CLC-0 on the millisecond time scale. The other gating mechanism, slow gating, operates with much slower kinetics in the range of seconds to tens or even hundreds of seconds, and it is thought to involve still-unknown conformational rearrangements. Here, we find that low intracellular pH (pHi) facilitates the closure of the CLC-0s slow gate, thus generating current inhibition. The rate of low pHi-induced current inhibition increases with intracellular H+ concentration ([H+]i)--the time constants of current inhibition by low pHi = 4.5, 5.5 and 6 are roughly 0.1, 1 and 10 sec, respectively, at room temperature. In comparison, the time constant of the slow gate closure at pHi = 7.4 at room temperature is hundreds of seconds. The inhibition by low pHi is significantly less prominent in mutants favoring the slow-gate open state (such as C212S and Y512A), further supporting the fact that intracellular H+ enhances the slow-gate closure in CLC-0. A fast inhibition by low pHi causes an apparent inverted voltage-dependent activation in the wild-type CLC-0, a behavior similar to those in some channel mutants such as V490W in which only membrane hyperpolarization can open the channel. Interestingly, when V490W mutation is constructed in the background of C212S or Y512A mutation, the inverted voltage-dependent activation disappears. We propose that the slow kinetics of CLC-0s slow-gate closure may be due to low [H+]i rather than due to the proposed large conformational change of the channel protein. Our results also suggest that the inverted voltage-dependent opening observed in some mutant channels may result from fast closure of the slow gate by the mutations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, T.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fairclough, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.02.323352</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proton-Dependent Inhibition, Inverted Voltage Activation, and Slow Gating of CLC-0 Chloride Channel]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.02.324392v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interpretable multi-timescale models for predicting fMRI responses to continuous natural speech 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.02.324392v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Natural language contains information at multiple timescales. To understand how the human brain represents this information, one approach is to build encoding models that predict fMRI responses to natural language using representations extracted from neural network language models (LMs). However, these LM-derived representations do not explicitly separate information at different timescales, making it difficult to interpret the encoding models. In this work we construct interpretable multi-timescale representations by forcing individual units in an LSTM LM to integrate information over specific temporal scales. This allows us to explicitly and directly map the timescale of information encoded by each individual fMRI voxel. Further, the standard fMRI encoding procedure does not account for varying temporal properties in the encoding features. We modify the procedure so that it can capture both short- and long-timescale information. This approach outperforms other encoding models, particularly for voxels that represent long-timescale information. It also provides a finer-grained map of timescale information in the human language pathway. This serves as a framework for future work investigating temporal hierarchies across artificial and biological language systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vo, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahto, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LeBel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turek, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huth, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.02.324392</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interpretable multi-timescale models for predicting fMRI responses to continuous natural speech]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.03.324855v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Individual differences in proprioception predict the extent of implicit sensorimotor adaptation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.03.324855v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent studies have revealed an upper bound in motor adaptation, beyond which other learning systems may be recruited. The factors determining this upper bound are poorly understood. The multisensory integration hypothesis states that this limit arises from opposing responses to visual and proprioceptive feedback. As individuals adapt to a visual perturbation, they experience an increasing proprioceptive error in the opposite direction, and the upper bound is the point where these two error signals reach an equilibrium. Assuming that visual and proprioceptive feedback are weighted according to their variability, there should be a correlation between proprioceptive variability and the limits of adaptation. Alternatively, the proprioceptive realignment hypothesis states that the upper bound arises when the (biased) sensed hand position realigns with the target. When a visuo-proprioceptive discrepancy is introduced, the sensed hand position is biased towards the visual cursor and the adaptive system nullifies this discrepancy by driving the hand away from the target. This hypothesis predicts a correlation between the size of the proprioceptive shift and the upper bound of adaptation. We tested these two hypotheses by considering natural variation in proprioception and motor adaptation across individuals. We observed a modest, yet reliable correlation between the upper bound of adaptation with both proprioceptive measures (variability and shift). While these results do not favor one hypothesis over the other, they underscore the critical role of proprioception in sensorimotor adaptation, and moreover, motivate a novel perspective on how these proprioceptive constraints drive implicit changes in motor behavior.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTWhile the sensorimotor system uses sensory feedback to remain properly calibrated, this learning process is constrained, limited in the maximum degree of plasticity. The factors determining this limit remain elusive. Guided by two hypotheses concerning how visual and proprioceptive information are integrated, we show that individual differences in the upper bound of adaptation in response to a visual perturbation can be predicted by the bias and variability in proprioception. These results underscore the critical, but often neglected role of proprioception in human motor learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tsay, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parvin, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strover, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.03.324855</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Individual differences in proprioception predict the extent of implicit sensorimotor adaptation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.05.312405v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Variable optical properties of light-harvesting complex II revisited 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.05.312405v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding photosynthetic light harvesting requires knowledge of the molecular mechanisms that dissipate excess energy in thylakoids. However, it remains unclear how the physical environment of light-harvesting complex II (LHCII) influences the process of chlorophyll de-excitation. Here, we demonstrate that protein-protein interactions between LHCIIs affect the optical properties of LHCII and thus influence the total energy budget. Aggregation of LHCII in the dark altered its absorption properties, independent of the amount of prior light exposure. We also revisited the triplet excited state involved in light-induced fluorescence quenching and found another relaxation pathway involving emission in the green region, which might be related to triplet excited energy transfer to neighboring carotenoids and annihilation processes that result in photoluminescence. LHCII- containing liposomes with different protein densities exhibited altered fluorescence and scattering properties. Our results suggest that macromolecular reorganization affects overall optical properties, which need to be addressed to compare the level of energy dissipation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iwai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoneda, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmid, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fletcher, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleming, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niyogi, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.05.312405</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Variable optical properties of light-harvesting complex II revisited]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.06.325035v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A hierarchical point process model for spatial capture-recapture data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.06.325035v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LISpatial capture-recapture (SCR) is a popular method for estimating the abundance and density of wildlife populations. A standard SCR model consists of two sub-models: one for the activity centers of individuals and the other for the detections of each individual conditional on its activity center. So far, the detection sub-model of most SCR models is designed for sampling situations where fixed trap arrays are used to detect individuals.
C_LIO_LINon-invasive genetic sampling (NGS) is widely applied in SCR studies. Using NGS methods, one often searches the study area for potential sources of DNA such as hairs and faeces, and records the locations of these samples. To analyse such data with SCR models, investigators usually impose an artificial detector grid and project detections to the nearest detector. However, there is a trade-off between the computational efficiency (fewer detectors) and the spatial accuracy (more detectors) when using this method.
C_LIO_LIHere, we propose a point process model for the detection process of SCR studies using NGS. The model better reflects the spatially continuous detection process and allows all spatial information in the data to be used without approximation error. As in many SCR models, we also use a point process model for the activity centers of individuals. The resulting hierarchical point process model enables estimation of total population size without imputing unobserved individuals via data augmentation, which can be computationally cumbersome. We write custom distributions for those spatial point processes and fit the SCR model in a Bayesian framework using Markov chain Monte Carlo in the R package nimble.
C_LIO_LISimulations indicate good performance of the proposed model for parameter estimation. We demonstrate the application of the model in a real-life scenario by fitting it to NGS data of female wolverines (Gulo gulo) collected in three counties of Norway during the winter of 2018/19. Our model estimates that the density of female wolverines is 9.53 (95% CI: 8-11) per 10,000km2 in the study area.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chipperfield, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Illian, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dupont, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milleret, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Valpine, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bischof, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.06.325035</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A hierarchical point process model for spatial capture-recapture data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.07.327486v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Screening of Cultivars for Tissue Culture Response and Establishment of Genetic Transformation in a High-yielding and Disease-resistant Cultivar of Theobroma cacao 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.07.327486v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A highly efficient transformation protocol is a prerequisite to developing genetically modified and genome-edited crops. A tissue culture system spanning the initiation of floral material to the regeneration of plantlets into soil has been tested and improved in cacao. Fourteen cultivars were screened for their tissue culture response and transfer DNA (T-DNA) delivery efficiency via Agrobacterium. These key factors were used to determine the genetic transformability of various cultivars. The high-yielding, disease-resistant cultivar INIAPG-038 was selected for stable transformation and the method was further optimized. Multiple transgenic events were produced using two vectors containing both yellow fluorescent protein and neomycin phosphotransferase II genes. A two-fold strategy to improve both T-DNA delivery and secondary somatic embryogenesis rates was conducted to improve overall transformation frequency. The use of Agrobacterium strain AGL1 and cotyledon tissue derived from immature somatic embryos ranging in size between 4-10 mm resulted in the highest T-DNA delivery efficiency. Furthermore, the use of higher concentrations of basal salts and cupric sulfate in secondary callus growth medium increased the percentage of explants producing greater than ten embryos by 504% and 443%, respectively. Consequently, an optimal combination of all these components resulted in a successful transformation of INIAPG-038 with 3.7% frequency at the T0 plant level. Grafting transgenic scions with undeveloped roots to wild-type seedlings with strong, healthy roots helped make plantlets survive and facilitated quick transplantation to the soil. The present methods can be applied to improve tissue culture response and transformation frequency in other cacao cultivars.

Key messageTissue culture and genetic transformation methods for a high-yielding, disease-resistant cultivar of Theobroma cacao were established while factors affecting T-DNA delivery and somatic embryogenesis were identified.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jones, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tucker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rietz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahlbeck, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marelli, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Livingstone, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnell, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staskawicz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, M.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.07.327486</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Screening of Cultivars for Tissue Culture Response and Establishment of Genetic Transformation in a High-yielding and Disease-resistant Cultivar of Theobroma cacao]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.09.332270v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optical spike detection and connectivity analysis with a far-red voltage-sensitive fluorophore reveals changes to network connectivity in development and disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.09.332270v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to optically record dynamics of neuronal membrane potential promises to revolutionize our understanding of neurobiology. In this study, we show that the far-red voltage sensitive fluorophore, Berkeley Red Sensor of Transmembrane potential -1, or BeRST 1, can be used to monitor neuronal membrane potential changes across dozens of neurons at a sampling rate of 500 Hz. Notably, voltage imaging with BeRST 1 can be implemented with affordable, commercially available illumination sources, optics, and detectors. BeRST 1 is well-tolerated in cultures of rat hippocampal neurons and provides exceptional optical recording fidelity, as judged by dual fluorescence imaging and patch-clamp electrophysiology. We developed a semi-automated spike-picking program to reduce user bias when calling action potentials and used this in conjunction with BeRST 1 to develop an optical spike and connectivity analysis workflow (OSCA) for high-throughput dissection of neuronal activity dynamics in development and disease. The high temporal resolution of BeRST 1 enables dissection of firing rate changes in response to acute, pharmacological interventions with commonly used inhibitors like gabazine and picrotoxin. Over longer periods of time, BeRST 1 also tracks chronic perturbations to neurons exposed to amyloid beta (A{beta}1-42), revealing modest changes to spiking frequency but profound changes to overall network connectivity. Finally, we use OSCA to track changes in neuronal connectivity during development, providing a functional readout of network assembly. We envision that use of BeRST 1 and OSCA described here will be of use to the broad neuroscience community.

Significance StatementOptical methods to visualize membrane potential dynamics provide a powerful complement to Ca2+ imaging, patch clamp electrophysiology, and multi-electrode array recordings. However, modern voltage imaging strategies often require complicated optics, custom-built microscopes, or genetic manipulations that are impractical outside of a subset of model organisms. Here, we describe the use of Berkeley Red Sensor of Transmembrane potential, or BeRST 1, a far-red voltage-sensitive fluorophore that can directly visualize membrane potential changes with millisecond resolution across dozens of neurons. Using only commercially available components, voltage imaging with BeRST 1 reveals profound changes in neuronal connectivity during development, exposes changes to firing rate during acute pharmacological perturbation, and illuminates substantial increases in network connectivity in response to chronic exposure to amyloid beta.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Walker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raliski, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karbasi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.09.332270</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optical spike detection and connectivity analysis with a far-red voltage-sensitive fluorophore reveals changes to network connectivity in development and disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.09.332304v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Imaging voltage in complete neuronal networks within patterned microislands reveals preferential wiring of excitatory hippocampal neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.09.332304v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Voltage imaging with fluorescent dyes affords the opportunity to map neuronal activity in both time and space. One limitation to imaging is the inability to image complete neuronal networks: some fraction of cells remains outside of the observation window. Here, we combine voltage imaging, post hoc immunocytochemistry, and patterned microisland hippocampal culture to provide imaging of complete neuronal networks. The patterned microislands completely fill the field of view of our high-speed (500 Hz) camera, enabling reconstruction of the spiking patterns of every single neuron in the network. Cultures raised on microislands develop similarly to neurons grown on coverslips and display similar composition of inhibitory and excitatory cell types. The principal excitatory cell types (CA1, CA3, and dentate granule cells, or DGC) are also present in similar proportions in both preparations. We calculate the likelihood that action potential firing in one neuron to trigger action potential firing in a downstream neuron in a spontaneously active network to construct a functional connection map of these neuronal ensembles. Importantly, this functional map indicates preferential connectivity between DGC and CA3 neurons and between CA3 and CA1 neurons, mimicking the neuronal circuitry of the intact hippocampus. We envision that patterned microislands, in combination with voltage imaging and methods to classify cell types, will be a powerful method for exploring neuronal function in both healthy and disease states. Additionally, because the entire neuronal network is sampled simultaneously, this strategy has the power to go further, revealing all functional connections between all cell types.

Significance StatementIn vitro model systems provide unsurpassed control and access for exploring the molecular and cellular details of neurobiology. We developed a patterned microisland system for culturing rat hippocampal neurons that recapitulates the features of bulk hippocampal cultures, but with the added benefit of allowing access to high-speed imaging of entire neuronal ensembles using voltage imaging. By using far-red voltage-sensitive fluorophores, we map the functional connections across all cells in the neuronal ensemble, revealing that several important functional synapses present in the intact hippocampus are recapitulated in this microisland system. We envision the methods described here will be a powerful complement to ongoing research into basic neurobiological mechanisms and the search for therapies to treat diseases arising from their dysfunction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Walker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raliski, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karbasi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.09.332304</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Imaging voltage in complete neuronal networks within patterned microislands reveals preferential wiring of excitatory hippocampal neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.12.336784v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single cell transcriptome analysis defines novel heterogeneity within the pancreatic ductal tree 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.12.336784v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lineage tracing using genetically engineered mouse models is an essential tool for investigating cell-fate decisions of progenitor cells and biology of mature cell types, with relevance to physiology and disease progression. To study disease development, an inventory of an organs cell types and understanding of physiologic function is paramount. Here, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing to examine heterogeneity of murine pancreatic duct cells, pancreatobiliary cells, and intrapancreatic bile duct cells. We describe an epithelial-mesenchymal transitory axis in our three pancreatic duct subpopulations and identify SPP1 as a regulator of this fate decision as well as human duct cell de-differentiation. Our results further identify functional heterogeneity within pancreatic duct subpopulations by elucidating a role for Geminin in accumulation of DNA damage in the setting of chronic pancreatitis. Our findings implicate diverse functional roles for subpopulations of pancreatic duct cells in maintenance of duct cell identity and disease progression and establish a comprehensive road map of murine pancreatic duct cell, pancreatobiliary cell, and intrapancreatic bile duct cell homeostasis.

SIGNIFICANCEMurine models are extensively used for pancreatic lineage tracing experiments and investigation of pancreatic disease progression. Here, we describe the transcriptome of murine pancreatic duct cells, intrapancreatic bile duct cells, and pancreatobiliary cells at single cell resolution. Our analysis defines novel heterogeneity within the pancreatic ductal tree and supports the paradigm that more than one population of pancreatic duct cells harbors progenitor capacity. We identify and validate unique functional properties of subpopulations of pancreatic duct cells including an epithelial-mesenchymal transcriptomic axis and roles in chronic pancreatic inflammation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hendley, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonhardt, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giacometti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, X. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berrios, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pawlak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collisson, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fragiadakis, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeh, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chun, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weaver, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hebrok, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.12.336784</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single cell transcriptome analysis defines novel heterogeneity within the pancreatic ductal tree]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.13.337253v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CaBagE: a Cas9-based Background Elimination strategy for targeted, long-read DNA sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.13.337253v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A substantial fraction of the human genome is difficult to interrogate with short-read DNA sequencing technologies due to paralogy, complex haplotype structures, or tandem repeats. Long-read sequencing technologies, such as Oxford Nanopores MinION, enable direct measurement of complex loci without introducing many of the biases inherent to short-read methods, though they suffer from relatively lower throughput. This limitation has motivated recent efforts to develop amplification-free strategies to target and enrich loci of interest for subsequent sequencing with long reads. Here, we present CaBagE, a novel method for target enrichment that is efficient and useful for sequencing large, structurally complex targets. The CaBagE method leverages the stable binding of Cas9 to its DNA target to protect desired fragments from digestion with exonuclease. Enriched DNA fragments are then sequenced with Oxford Nanopores MinION long-read sequencing technology. Enrichment with CaBagE resulted in up to 416X coverage of target loci when tested on five genomic targets ranging from 4-20kb in length using healthy donor DNA. Four cancer gene targets were enriched in a single reaction and multiplexed on a single MinION flow cell. We further demonstrate the utility of CaBagE in two ALS patients with C9orf72 short tandem repeat expansions to produce genotype estimates commensurate with genotypes derived from repeat-primed PCR for each individual. With CaBagE there is a physical enrichment of on-target DNA in a given sample prior to sequencing. This feature allows adaptability across sequencing platforms and potential use as an enrichment strategy for applications beyond sequencing. CaBagE is a rapid enrichment method that can illuminate regions of the  hidden genome underlying human disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wallace, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sasani, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swanier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gates, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenland, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedersen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varley, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinlan, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.13.337253</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CaBagE: a Cas9-based Background Elimination strategy for targeted, long-read DNA sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.15.341503v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coping with darkness: The adaptive response of marine picocyanobacteria to repeated light energy deprivation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.15.341503v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The picocyanobacteria Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus are found throughout the oceans euphotic zone, where the daily light:dark cycle drives their physiology. Periodic deep mixing events can, however, move cells below this zone, depriving them of light for extended periods of time. Here we demonstrate that Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus can adapt to tolerate repeated periods of light energy deprivation. Cyanobacterial cultures kept in the dark for 3 days and then returned to the light initially required 18-26 days to resume growth, but after multiple rounds of dark exposure the strains began to regrow after only 1-2 days. This dark-tolerant phenotype was stable and heritable; cultures retained the trait across at least 18-21 generations even when grown in a standard 13:11 light:dark cycle. We found no genetic differences between the dark-tolerant and parental strains of Prochlorococcus NATL2A, indicating that an epigenetic change is responsible for the adaptation. To begin to explore this possibility, we asked whether DNA methylation - an epigenetic mechanism in bacteria - occurs in Prochlorococcus. LC-MS/MS analysis showed that while DNA methylations, including 6mA and 5mC, are found in some other Prochlorococcus strains, no methylations were detected in either the parental or dark-tolerant strain used in our experiments -i.e. the NATL2A strain. These findings suggest that Prochlorococcus utilizes a yet-to-be-determined epigenetic mechanism to adapt to the stress of extended light energy deprivation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Coe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biller, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boulias, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bliem, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arellano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dooley, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasmussen, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LeGault, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Keefe, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greer, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chisholm, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.15.341503</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coping with darkness: The adaptive response of marine picocyanobacteria to repeated light energy deprivation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.15.341594v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Behavioral and genomic sensory adaptations underlying the pest activity of Drosophila suzukii 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.15.341594v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Studying how novel phenotypes originate and evolve is fundamental to the field of evolutionary biology as it allows us to understand how organismal diversity is generated and maintained. However, determining the basis of novel phenotypes is challenging as it involves orchestrated changes at multiple biological levels. Here, we aim to overcome this challenge by using a comparative species framework combining behavioral, gene expression, and genomic analyses to understand the evolutionary novel egg-laying substrate-choice behavior of the invasive pest species Drosophila suzukii. First, we used egg-laying behavioral assays to understand the evolution of ripe fruit oviposition preference in D. suzukii as compared to closely related species D. subpulchrella and D. biarmipes, as well as D. melanogaster. We show that D. subpulchrella and D. biarmipes lay eggs on both ripe and rotten fruits, suggesting that the transition to ripe fruit preference was gradual. Secondly, using two-choice oviposition assays, we studied how D. suzukii, D. subpulchrella, D. biarmipes and D. melanogaster differentially process key sensory cues distinguishing ripe from rotten fruit during egg-laying. We found that D. suzukiis preference for ripe fruit is in part mediated through a species-specific preference for stiff substrates. Lastly, we sequenced and annotated a high-quality genome for D. subpulchrella. Using comparative genomic approaches, we identified candidate genes involved in D. suzukiis ability to seek out and target ripe fruits. Our results provide detail to the stepwise evolution of pest activity in D. suzukii, indicating important cues used by this species when finding a host, and the molecular mechanisms potentially underlying their adaptation to a new ecological niche.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Durkin, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abrieux, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewald, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gadau, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svetec, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopyto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emerson, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.15.341594</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Behavioral and genomic sensory adaptations underlying the pest activity of Drosophila suzukii]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.16.343392v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
EfgA is a conserved formaldehyde sensor that halts bacterial translation in response to elevated formaldehyde 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.16.343392v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Normal cellular processes give rise to toxic metabolites that cells must mitigate. Formaldehyde is a universal stressor and potent metabolic toxin that is generated in organisms from bacteria to humans. Methylotrophic bacteria such as Methylorubrum extorquens face an acute challenge due to their production of formaldehyde as an obligate central intermediate of single-carbon metabolism. Mechanisms to sense and respond to formaldehyde were speculated to exist in methylotrophs for decades but had never been discovered. Here we identify a member of the DUF336 domain family, named efgA for enhanced formaldehyde growth, that plays an important role in endogenous formaldehyde stress response in M. extorquens PA1 and is found almost exclusively in methylotrophic taxa. Our experimental analyses reveal that EfgA is a formaldehyde sensor that inhibits translation in response to elevated levels of formaldehyde. Heterologous expression of EfgA in Escherichia coli increases formaldehyde resistance, indicating that its interaction partners are widespread and conserved and may include translational machinery. EfgA represents the first example of a formaldehyde stress response system that does not involve enzymatic detoxification. Thus, EfgA comprises a unique stress response mechanism in bacteria, whereby a single protein directly senses elevated levels of a toxic intracellular metabolite and modulates translational activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bazurto, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nayak, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ticak, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davlieva, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lambert, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benski, O. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quates, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ytreberg, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamoo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marx, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.16.343392</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[EfgA is a conserved formaldehyde sensor that halts bacterial translation in response to elevated formaldehyde]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.18.344481v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural coordination between active sites of a Cas6-reverse transcriptase-Cas1--Cas2 CRISPR integrase complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.18.344481v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas systems provide adaptive immunity in bacteria and archaea by targeting foreign DNA for destruction using CRISPR RNA-guided enzymes. CRISPR immunity begins with integration of foreign sequences into the host CRISPR genomic locus, followed by transcription and maturation of CRISPR RNAs. In a few CRISPR systems, the Cas1 integrase and a Cas6 nuclease are fused to a reverse transcriptase that enables viral sequence acquisition from both DNA and RNA sources. To determine how these components work together, we determined a 3.7 [A] resolution cryo-EM structure of a Cas6-RT-Cas1 protein complexed with Cas2, a subunit of the CRISPR integrase. The structure and accompanying mutagenesis experiments provide evidence of bidirectional crosstalk between the Cas1 and RT active sites and unidirectional crosstalk from Cas6 to the Cas1 and RT active sites. Together, these findings suggest regulated structural rearrangements that may coordinate the complexs different enzymatic activities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoel, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Shayeb, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brohawn, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.18.344481</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural coordination between active sites of a Cas6-reverse transcriptase-Cas1--Cas2 CRISPR integrase complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.19.344077v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comprehensive deletion landscape of CRISPR-Cas9 identifies minimal RNA-guided DNA-binding modules 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.19.344077v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proteins evolve through the modular rearrangement of elements known as domains. It is hypothesized that extant, multidomain proteins are the result of domain accretion, but there has been limited experimental validation of this idea. Here, we introduce a technique for genetic minimization by iterative size-exclusion and recombination (MISER) that comprehensively assays all possible deletions of a protein. Using MISER, we generated a deletion landscape for the CRISPR protein Cas9. We found that Cas9 can tolerate large single deletions to the REC2, REC3, HNH, and RuvC domains, while still functioning in vitro and in vivo, and that these deletions can be stacked together to engineer minimal, DNA-binding effector proteins. In total, our results demonstrate that extant proteins retain significant modularity from the accretion process and, as genetic size is a major limitation for viral delivery systems, establish a general technique to improve genome editing and gene therapy-based therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shams, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higgins, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fellmann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laughlin, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oakes, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lew, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lukarska, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staahl, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.19.344077</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comprehensive deletion landscape of CRISPR-Cas9 identifies minimal RNA-guided DNA-binding modules]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.20.346825v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Contact-dependent traits in Pseudomonas syringae B728a 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.20.346825v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Production of the biosurfactant syringafactin by the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae B728a is a surface contact-dependent trait. Expression of syfA, as measured using a gfp reporter gene fusion was low in planktonic cells in liquid cultures but over 4-fold higher in cells immobilized on surfaces as varied as glass, plastic, paper, parafilm, agar, membrane filters, and leaves. Induction of syfA as measured by GFP fluorescence was rapid, occurring within two hours after immobilization of cells on surfaces. Comparison of the global transcriptome by RNA sequencing of planktonic cells in a nutrient medium with that of cells immobilized for 2 hours on filters placed on this solidified medium revealed that, in addition to syfA, 3156 other genes were differentially expressed. Genes repressed in immobilized cells included those involved in quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) metabolism and transport, compatible solute production, carbohydrate metabolism and transport, organic acid metabolism and transport, phytotoxin synthesis and transport, amino acid metabolism and transport, and secondary metabolism. Genes induced in immobilized cells included syfA plus those involved in translation, siderophore synthesis and transport, nucleotide metabolism and transport, flagellar synthesis and motility, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) synthesis and transport, energy generation, transcription, chemosensing and chemotaxis, replication and DNA repair, iron-sulfur proteins, peptidoglycan/cell wall polymers, terpenoid backbone synthesis, iron metabolism and transport, and cell division. That many genes are rapidly differentially expressed upon transfer of cells from a planktonic to an immobilized state suggests that cells experience the two environments differently. It seems possible that surface contact initiates anticipatory changes in P. syringae gene expression, which enables rapid and appropriate physiological responses to the new environmental conditions. Such responses could help cells survive transitions from aquatic habitats fostering planktonic traits to attachment on surfaces, conditions that alternatively occur on leaves.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindow, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.20.346825</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Contact-dependent traits in Pseudomonas syringae B728a]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.27.356642v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TaqMan Array Cards enable monitoring of diverse enteric pathogens across environmental and host reservoirs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.27.356642v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMultiple bacteria, viruses, protists, and helminths cause enteric infections that greatly impact human health and wellbeing. These enteropathogens are transmitted via several pathways through human, animal, and environmental reservoirs. Individual quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays have been extensively used to detect enteropathogens within these types of samples, whereas the TaqMan Array Card (TAC) that allows simultaneous detection of multiple enteropathogens has only previously been validated in human clinical samples.

MethodsHere, we performed a comprehensive double-blinded comparison of the performance of a custom TAC relative to standard qPCR for the detection of eight enteric targets, by using spiked samples, wastewater from Melbourne (Australia), and human, animal, and environmental samples from informal settlements in Suva, Fiji.

FindingsBoth methods exhibited high and comparable specificity (TAC: 100%, qPCR: 94%), sensitivity (TAC: 92%; qPCR: 100%), and quantitation accuracy (TAC: 91%; qPCR: 99%) in non-inhibited sample matrices. PCR inhibitors substantially impacted detection via TAC, though this issue was alleviated by 10-fold sample dilution. Among samples from informal settlements, the two techniques were comparable for detection (89% agreement) and quantitation (R2 = 0.82). The TAC additionally included 38 other targets, enabling detection of diverse faecal pathogens and extensive environmental contamination that would be prohibitively labour intensive to assay by standard qPCR.

InterpretationOverall, the two techniques produce comparable results across diverse sample types, with qPCR prioritising greater sensitivity and quantitation accuracy, and TAC trading small reductions in these for a cost-effective larger enteropathogen panel that enables a greater number of enteric pathogens to be analysed concurrently, which is beneficial given the abundance and variety of enteric pathogens in environments such as urban informal settlements. The ability to monitor multiple enteric pathogens across diverse reservoirs in turn allows better resolution of pathogen exposure pathways, and the design and monitoring of interventions to reduce pathogen load.

FundingWellcome Trust Our Planet, Our Health program [OPOH grant 205222/Z/16/Z].
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lappan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henry, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chown, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luby, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higginson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bata, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jirapanjawat, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Openshaw, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Toole, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tela, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, T. H. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>French, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leder, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greening, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarthy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.27.356642</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TaqMan Array Cards enable monitoring of diverse enteric pathogens across environmental and host reservoirs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.27.357483v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The mutability of demographic noise in microbial range expansions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.27.357483v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Demographic noise, the change in the composition of a population due to random birth and death events, is an important driving force in evolution because it reduces the efficacy of natural selection. Demographic noise is typically thought to be set by the population size and the environment, but recent experiments with microbial range expansions have revealed substantial strain-level differences in demographic noise under the same growth conditions. Many genetic and phenotypic differences exist between strains; to what extent do single mutations change the strength of demographic noise? To investigate this question, we developed a high-throughput method for measuring demographic noise in colonies without the need for genetic manipulation. By applying this method to 191 randomly-selected single gene deletion strains from the E. coli Keio collection, we find that a typical single gene deletion mutation decreases demographic noise by 8% (maximal decrease: 81%). We find that the strength of demographic noise is an emergent trait at the population level that can be predicted by colony-level traits but not cell-level traits. The observed differences in demographic noise from single gene deletions can increase the establishment probability of beneficial mutations by almost an order of magnitude higher than the wild type. Our results show that single mutations can substantially alter adaptation through their effects on demographic noise and suggest that demographic noise can be an evolvable phenotype of a population.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gralka, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duvernoy, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sousa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harpak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallatschek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.27.357483</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The mutability of demographic noise in microbial range expansions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.27.358424v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacterial microcompartments linked to the flavin-based extracellular electron transfer drives anaerobic ethanolamine utilization in Listeria monocytogenes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.27.358424v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ethanolamine (EA) is a valuable microbial carbon and nitrogen source derived from phospholipids present in cell membranes. EA catabolism is suggested to occur in so-called bacterial microcompartments (BMCs) and activation of EA utilization (eut) genes is linked to bacterial pathogenesis. Despite reports showing that activation of eut in Listeria monocytogenes is regulated by a vitamin B12-binding riboswitch and that upregulation of eut genes occurs in mice, it remains unknown whether EA catabolism is BMC dependent. Here, we provide evidence for BMC-dependent anaerobic EA utilization via metabolic analysis, proteomics and electron microscopy. First, we show B12-induced activation of the eut operon in L. monocytogenes coupled to uptake and utilization of EA thereby enabling growth. Next, we demonstrate BMC formation in conjunction to EA catabolism with the production of acetate and ethanol in a molar ratio of 2:1. Flux via the ATP generating acetate branch causes an apparent redox imbalance due to reduced regeneration of NAD+ in the ethanol branch resulting in a surplus of NADH. We hypothesize that the redox imbalance is compensated by linking eut BMC to anaerobic flavin-based extracellular electron transfer (EET). Using L. monocytogenes wild type, a BMC mutant and a EET mutant, we demonstrate an interaction between BMC and EET and provide evidence for a role of Fe3+ as an electron acceptor. Taken together, our results suggest an important role of anaerobic BMC-dependent EA catabolism in the physiology of L. monocytogenes, with a crucial role for the flavin-based EET system in redox balancing.

IMPORTANCEListeria monocytogenes is a food-borne pathogen causing severe illness and, as such, it is crucial to understand the molecular mechanisms contributing to pathogenicity. One carbon source that allows L. monocytogenes to grow in humans is ethanolamine (EA), which is derived from phospholipids present in eukaryotic cell membranes. It is hypothesized that EA utilization occurs in bacterial microcompartments (BMCs), self-assembling subcellular proteinaceous structures and analogs of eukaryotic organelles. Here, we demonstrate that BMC-driven utilization of EA in L. monocytogenes results in increased energy production essential for anaerobic growth. However, exploiting BMCs and the encapsulated metabolic pathways also requires balancing of oxidative and reductive pathways. We now provide evidence that L. monocytogenes copes with this by linking BMC activity to flavin-based extracellular electron transfer (EET) using iron as an electron acceptor. Our results shed new light on an important molecular mechanism that enables L. monocytogenes to grow using host-derived phospholipid degradation products.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zeng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boeren, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhandula, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Light, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smid, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Notebaart, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abee, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.27.358424</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacterial microcompartments linked to the flavin-based extracellular electron transfer drives anaerobic ethanolamine utilization in Listeria monocytogenes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.28.358325v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The scales and signatures of climate adaptation by the Arabidopsis transcriptome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.28.358325v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clines in allele frequency and trait variation can be highly informative for understanding how populations have historically adapted to climate variation across landscapes. However, as a consequence of the many complexities inherent to this process, these climate-associated differentiation patterns can be confounded, misleading, or obscured. Molecular phenotypes like gene expression levels are a potentially valuable means for resolving these complexities. Their intermediate position between genomes and organismal traits and their interrelatedness structured by gene regulatory networks can help parse how different climatic factors contribute to unique components of range-wide or region-specific diversity patterns. Here, we demonstrate these explanatory values of gene expression variation through integrative analyses of transcriptomic data from 665 Arabidopsis thaliana accessions. Differentiation of co-expressed genes is often associated with source site climate. Although some patterns hold range-wide, many other gene expression clines are specific to particular ancestry groups, reflecting how broad-scale and local combinations of selective agents differentially resolve functional interrelationships between plant defense, drought tolerance, and life history traits. We also extend these analyses to parse how different factors explain climate-associated variation in flowering time and its plasticity. Expression of key regulators FLC and SOC1 strongly predicts time to flower, consistent with previous work, but our results also highlight novel relationships that indicate as yet unexplored climate-related connections between defense signaling and flowering. Finally, we show that integrative models combining genotype and gene expression information predict variation in flowering time under ecologically realistic conditions more accurately than models based on either source alone.

Significance StatementPopulations often adapt to local conditions along climate gradients, and associations between climate parameters and traits or alleles often indicate a history of adaptive differentiation. However, such signals can be obscured or misleading due to the complex genetics underlying trait variation or other historical processes, frustrating our capacity to reveal how populations adapt to diverse climates. As a molecular intermediate between genetic polymorphisms and their impact on organismal traits, gene expression variation is a useful readout for addressing several of these difficulties. Here, we leverage transcriptomic data from hundreds of Arabidopsis thaliana accessions to reveal continental and region-specific patterns of climate-associated differentiation as well as investigate how gene expression adaptation at both scales shapes flowering time variation along climate gradients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Colicchio, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackman, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.28.358325</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The scales and signatures of climate adaptation by the Arabidopsis transcriptome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.01.362269v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An integrated multi-omic analysis of iPSC-derived motor neurons from C9ORF72 ALS patients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.01.362269v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurodegenerative diseases present a challenge for systems biology, due to the lack of reliable animal models and the difficulties in obtaining samples from patients at early stages of disease, when interventions might be most effective. Studying induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons could overcome these challenges and dramatically accelerate and broaden therapeutic strategies. Here we undertook a network-based multi-omic characterization of iPSC-derived motor neurons from ALS patients carrying genetically dominant hexanucleotide expansions in C9orf72 to gain a deeper understanding of the relationship between DNA, RNA, epigenetics and protein in the same pool of tissue. ALS motor neurons showed the expected C9orf72-related alterations to specific nucleoporins and production of dipeptide repeats. RNA-seq, ATAC-seq and data-independent acquisition mass-spectrometry (DIA-MS) proteomics were then performed on the same motor neuron cultures. Using integrative computational methods that combined all of the omics, we discovered a number of novel dysregulated pathways including biological adhesion and extracellular matrix organization and disruption in other expected pathways such as RNA splicing and nuclear transport. We tested the relevance of these pathways in vivo in a C9orf72 Drosophila model, analyzing the data to determine which pathways were causing disease phenotypes and which were compensatory. We also confirmed that some pathways are altered in late-stage neurodegeneration by analyzing human postmortem C9 cervical spine data. To validate that these key pathways were integral to the C9 signature, we prepared a separate set of C9orf72 and control motor neuron cultures using a different differentiation protocol and applied the same methods. As expected, there were major overall differences between the differentiation protocols, especially at the level of in individual omics data. However, a number of the core dysregulated pathways remained significant using the integrated multiomic analysis. This new method of analyzing patient specific neural cultures allows the generation of disease-related hypotheses with a small number of patient lines which can be tested in larger cohorts of patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>The NeuroLINCS Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ornelas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panther, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lei, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandefro, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banuelos, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shelley, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaye, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lima, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stocksdale, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casale, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dardov, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matlock, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkatraman, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holewenski, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wassie, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coyne, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daigle, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilhelm, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lloyd, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escalante-Chong, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lenail, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachs, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel-Murray, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramamoorthy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>NYGC ALS Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finkbeiner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraenkel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothstein, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sareen</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.01.362269</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An integrated multi-omic analysis of iPSC-derived motor neurons from C9ORF72 ALS patients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.02.364935v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Estimating latent positions of actors using Neural Networks in R with GCN4R 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.02.364935v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Network analysis methods are useful to better understand and contextualize relationships between entities. While statistical and machine learning prediction models generally assume independence between actors, network-based statistical methods for social network data allow for dyadic dependence between actors. While numerous methods have been developed for the R statistical software to analyze such data, deep learning methods have not been implemented in this language. Here, we introduce GCN4R, an R library for fitting graph neural networks on independent networks to aggregate actor covariate information to yield meaningful embeddings for a variety of network-based tasks (e.g. community detection, peer effects models, social influence). We provide an extensive overview of insights and methods utilized by the deep learning community on learning on social and biological networks, followed by a tutorial that demonstrates some of the capabilities of the GCN4R framework to make these methods more accessible to the R research community.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Levy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bobak, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christensen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaickus, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Malley, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.02.364935</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Estimating latent positions of actors using Neural Networks in R with GCN4R]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.04.330431v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovering subgenomes of octoploid strawberry with repetitive sequences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.04.330431v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although its sequence was recently determined in a genomic tour de force,{Edger 2019} the ancestry of the cultivated octoploid strawberry Fragaria x ananassa remains controversial.{Liston 2020; Edger 2020} Polyploids that arise by hybridization generally have chromosome sets, or subgenomes, of distinct ancestry.{Stebbins 1947; Garsmeur 2014} The conventional method for partitioning a polyploid genome into its constituent subgenomes relies on establishing phylogenetic relationships between protein-coding genes of the polyploid and its extant diploid relatives,{Edger 2018-sub} but this approach has not led to a consensus for cultivated strawberry.{Liston 2020; Edger 2020} Here we resolve this controversy using a complementary strategy that focuses on the chromosomal distribution of transposable elements and depends only on the octoploid sequence itself.{Session 2016; Mitros 2020} Our method independently confirms the consensus that two of the four subgenomes derived from the diploid lineages of F. vesca and F. iinumae.{Tennessen 2014; Edger 2019} For the remaining two subgenomes, however, we find a statistically well-supported partitioning that differs from ref. {Edger 2019} and other work (reviewed in {Hardigan 2020}). We also provide evidence for a shared allohexaploid intermediate and suggest a neutral explanation for the "dominance" of the F. vesca-related subgenome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Session, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokhsar, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.04.330431</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovering subgenomes of octoploid strawberry with repetitive sequences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.04.368894v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bioarchaeological sex prediction from central Italy using generalized low rank imputation for cross-validated metric craniodental supervised ensemble machine learning with missing data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.04.368894v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
I use a novel supervised ensemble machine learning approach to verify sex estimation of archaeological skeletons from central Italian bioarchaeological contexts with large amounts of missing data present. Eighteen cranial interlandmark distances and five maxillary metric distances were recorded from n = 240 estimated males and n = 180 estimated females from four locations at Alfedena (600-400 BCE) and two locations at Campovalano (750-200 BCE and 9-11th Century CE). A generalized low rank model (GLRM) was used to impute missing data and 20-fold external stratified cross-validation was used to fit an ensemble of eight machine learning algorithms to six different subsets of the data: 1) the face, 2) vault, 3) cranial base, 4) combined face/vault/base, 5) dentition, and 6) combined cranianiodental. Area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC) was used to evaluate the predictive performance of six constituent algorithms, the discrete algorithmic winner(s), and the SuperLearner weighted ensembles classification of males and females from these six bony regions. This approach is useful for predicting male/female sex from central Italy. AUC for the combined craniodental data was the highest (0.9722), followed by the combined cranial data (0.9644), the face (0.9426), vault (0.9116), base (0.9060), and dentition (0.7421). Cross-validated ensemble machine learning of cranial and dental data shows strong potential for estimating sex in the bioarchaeological record and can contribute additional perspectives to help refine our understanding of human sex estimation. Additionally, GLRMs have the potential to handle missing data in ways previously unexplored in the discipline. The main limitation is that the biological sexes of the individuals estimated in this study are not certain, but were estimated macroscopically using common bioarchaeological methods. However, these methods show great promise for estimation of sex in bioarchaeological and forensic contexts and should be investigated on known-sex reference samples for confirmation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Muzzall, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.04.368894</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bioarchaeological sex prediction from central Italy using generalized low rank imputation for cross-validated metric craniodental supervised ensemble machine learning with missing data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.07.368720v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-canonical odor coding ensures unbreakable mosquito attraction to humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.07.368720v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are a persistent human foe, transmitting arboviruses including dengue and yellow fever when they bite us to obtain a blood meal. Mosquitoes are intensely attracted to human-emitted body odor, heat, and carbon dioxide, which they detect using three different large multi-gene families encoding odor-gated ion channels. Genetic mutations that cause profound disruptions to the olfactory system have modest effects on human attraction, suggesting significant redundancy in odor coding. The canonical view is that olfactory sensory neurons each express a single chemosensory receptor that defines its ligand selectivity. Using immunostaining, RNA in situ hybridization, and single nucleus RNA sequencing, we discovered that Aedes aegypti uses an entirely different organizational principle, with many neurons co-expressing multiple chemosensory receptor genes. In vivo electrophysiology demonstrates that the broad ligand-sensitivity of mosquito olfactory neurons is due to this non-canonical co-expression. The redundancy afforded by an olfactory system in which many neurons co-express multiple receptors with different chemical sensitivity may greatly increase the robustness of the mosquito olfactory system and explain our longstanding inability to engineer new compounds that disrupt the detection of human body odor by mosquitoes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Younger, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herre, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehrlich, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, Z. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahiel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthews, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vosshall, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.07.368720</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-canonical odor coding ensures unbreakable mosquito attraction to humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.08.373399v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Drought shifts sorghum root metabolite and microbiome profiles and enriches the stress response factor pipecolic acid 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.08.373399v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Interactions between plants and their root-associated microbiome are important for determining host fitness during periods of stress. During drought, monoderm bacteria are more abundant in sorghum roots than in those of watered controls. Additionally, a reversion from monoderm to diderm dominance occurs in drought-stressed roots one week after rewatering. However, the mechanisms driving this rapid microbiome composition shift is currently unknown. To understand if changes in host metabolism are correlated with this shift, we employed 16S amplicon sequencing and metabolomics of root, rhizosphere, and soil at the peak of a preflowering drought and 24 hours after rewatering. The microbiomes of droughted roots, rhizospheres, and soils differed from watered controls, and shifts in bacterial composition were observed in root and rhizosphere 24 hours after rewatering, highlighting the rapid response of microbes to the cessation of drought. Next, we performed metabolomic profiling to identify putative drivers of this process. During drought, we observed a high abundance of abiotic stress response factors, including antioxidants, osmolytes, amino acids, and plant hormones. After rewatering, large shifts in metabolite abundances were observed in rhizosphere, whereas shifts in root and soil were subtle. In addition, pipecolic acid, a well-characterized systemic acquired resistance signalling compound, was enriched in roots and rhizosphere during drought. We found that exogenous application of pipecolic acid suppresses root growth via a systemic acquired resistance-independent mechanism. Collectively, these data provide a comprehensive characterization of metabolite shifts across three compartments during drought, and elucidate a potential role of pipecolic acid in the sorghum drought response.

IMPORTANCEPlant-associated microbial communities shift in composition and contribute to host fitness during drought. In particular, Actinobacteria are enriched in plant roots and rhizosphere during drought. However, the mechanisms plants use to drive this shift are poorly understood. Here we apply a combination of bacterial and metabolite profiling in root, rhizosphere, and soil during drought and drought-recovery to investigate potential contributions of host metabolism towards shifts in bacterial composition. Our results demonstrate that drought alters metabolic profiles and that the response to rewatering differs between compartments; we identify drought-responsive metabolites that are highly correlated with Actinobacteria abundance. Furthermore, our study reports for the first time that pipecolic acid is a drought-enriched metabolite in sorghum roots. We demonstrate that exogenous application of pipecolic acid is able to provoke one of the classic drought responses in roots, root growth suppression, and that this activity functions independently from the systemic acquired resistance pathway.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Caddell, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louie, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sievert, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hollingsworth, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahlberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purdom, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Northen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman-Derr, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.08.373399</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Drought shifts sorghum root metabolite and microbiome profiles and enriches the stress response factor pipecolic acid]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.09.374413v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of the genetic architecture of local adaptations under genetic rescue is determined by mutational load and polygenicity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.09.374413v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inbred populations often suffer from heightened mutational load and decreased fitness due to lower efficiency of purifying selection at small effective population size. Genetic rescue (GR) is a tool that is studied and deployed with the aim of increasing fitness of such inbred populations. The success of GR is known to depend on certain factors that may vary between different populations, such as their demographic history and distribution of dominance effects of mutations. While we understand the effects of these factors on the evolution of overall ancestry in the inbred population after GR, it is less clear what the effect is on local adaptations and their genetic architecture. To this end, we conduct a population genetic simulation study evaluating the effect of several different factors on the efficacy of GR including trait complexity (Mendelian vs. polygenic), dominance effects, and demographic history. We find that the effect on local adaptations depends highly on the mutational load at the time of GR, which is shaped dynamically by interactions between demographic history and dominance effects of deleterious variation. While local adaptations are generally restored post-GR in the long run, in the short term they are often compromised in the process of purging deleterious variation. We also show that while local adaptations are almost always fully restored, the degree to which ancestral genetic variation comprising the trait is replaced by donor variation can vary drastically, and is especially high for complex traits. Our results provide considerations for practical GR and its effects on trait evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.09.374413</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of the genetic architecture of local adaptations under genetic rescue is determined by mutational load and polygenicity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.09.375931v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A longitudinal study of E. coli lineages and antimicrobial resistance in Ecuadorian children 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.09.375931v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) constitutes a complex and diverse ecosystem. Escherichia coli is one of the most frequently studied and characterized species in the gut ecosystem. Nevertheless, there has been little research to determine their diversity and population dynamics in the intestines of children over time. Many intestinal E. coli lineages carry antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes, which have implications in disease and public health. In this one-year prospective study, a fresh fecal sample was obtained from 30 children longitudinally for one year (n = 82 fecal samples). From each stool sample, five Escherichia coli colonies were randomly selected to characterize their genotype and phenotypic antimicrobial resistance pattern (n = 405 E. coli isolates). We found that the most numerically dominant E. coli lineages in childrens intestines were transient colonizers, and phenotypic antimicrobial resistance varied significantly over time, however, ST131 a multi-drug resistant pathogen, and 3 additional STs persisted in a childs intestine for 3 months or more.

IMPORTANCEThe length of residency and numeric dominance of antimicrobial-resistant E. coli may affect the extent to which an isolate contributes to the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance. We studied the persistence of numerically dominant and antimicrobial-resistant lineages of E. coli in the human intestine and found that E. coli lineages in the gut of children change rapidly over time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Calderon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardenas, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trueba, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.09.375931</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A longitudinal study of E. coli lineages and antimicrobial resistance in Ecuadorian children]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.10.377440v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Precise Estimation of In Vivo Protein Turnover Rates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.10.377440v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Isotopic labeling with deuterium oxide (D2O) is a common technique for estimating in vivo protein turnover, but its use has been limited by two long-standing problems: (1) identifying non-monoisotopic peptides; and (2) estimating protein turnover rates in the presence of dynamic amino acid enrichment. In this paper, we present a novel experimental and analytical framework for solving these two problems. Peptides with high probabilities of labeling in many amino acids present fragmentation spectra that frequently do not match the theoretical spectra used in standard identification algorithms. We resolve this difficulty using a modified search algorithm we call Conditional Ion Distribution Search (CIDS). Increased identifications from CIDS along with direct measurement of amino acid enrichment and statistical modeling that accounts for heterogeneous information across peptides, dramatically improves the accuracy and precision of half-life estimates. We benchmark the approach in cells, where near-complete labeling is possible, and conduct an in vivo experiment revealing, for the first time, differences in protein turnover between mice and naked mole-rats commensurate with their disparate longevity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>O'Brien, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, Y. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seitzer, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandoval, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haste, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rad, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaun, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kukurugya, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin-McNulty, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolumam, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidrauski, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jojic, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McAllister, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buffenstein, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.10.377440</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Precise Estimation of In Vivo Protein Turnover Rates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.13.381947v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Nuclear Pore Complex consists of two independent scaffolds 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.13.381947v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Macromolecular transport between the nucleus and cytoplasm is mediated through Nuclear Pore Complexes (NPCs), which are built from multiple copies of roughly 34 distinct proteins, called nucleoporins1-3. Models of the NPC depict it as a composite of several sub-domains that have been named the outer rings, inner ring, cytoplasmic fibrils and nuclear basket. While the NPC has been extensively studied, the roles of individual nucleoporins within NPCs and their functional interactions remain poorly understood. Here, we applied a rapid degron system to systematically investigate how individual nucleoporins contribute toward NPC architecture. We find that acute depletion of outer ring components (NUP96 or NUP107) disperses the outer ring and cytoplasmic fibrils without disassembly of inner ring members. Conversely, rapid degradation of the inner ring complex component NUP188 disrupts the inner ring without dislodging outer ring members. We also found that depletion of NUP93 destabilized all NPC domains, indicating that it has a unique role as a lynchpin of NPC structure. Our data highlight the modular nature of NPC organization, suggesting that the outer and inner ring complexes do not extensively rely on each other for structural stability after NPC assembly is complete. This dynamic assessment provides new insights regarding the remarkable structural independence of domains within the NPC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Regmi, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufhold, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fichtman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aksenova, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turcotte, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnaoutov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dasso, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.13.381947</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Nuclear Pore Complex consists of two independent scaffolds]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.16.385146v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Degradation of mixed-linkage (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucan in maize is mediated by the CAL1 licheninase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.16.385146v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The presence of mixed-linkage (1,3;1,4)-{beta}-D-glucan (MLG) in plant cell walls is a key feature of grass species such as cereals - the main source of calorie intake for humans and cattle. Accumulation of this polysaccharide involves the coordinated regulation of biosynthetic and metabolic machineries. While several components of the MLG biosynthesis machinery have been identified in diverse plant species, degradation of MLG is poorly understood. A large-scale forward genetic maize screen for mutants with altered cell wall polysaccharide structural properties resulted in the identification of candy-leaf1 (cal1). Cell walls of CAL1-deficient plants contain higher amounts of MLG in several tissues, including adult leaves and senesced organs, where only trace amounts of MLG are usually detected. In addition, cal1 plants exhibit increased saccharification yields upon enzymatic digestion. Stacking cal1 with lignin-deficient mutations results in synergistic saccharification increases. Identification of the causative mutation revealed that CAL1 encodes a GH17 licheninase. Maize plants overexpressing CAL1 exhibit a 90% reduction in MLG content, indicating that CAL1 is not only required, but its expression sufficient to degrade MLG. CAL1 specifically hydrolyzes (1,3;1,4)-{beta}-D-Glucans in vitro, and the single CAL1E262K amino acid substitution is able to block all detectable activity. Time profiling experiments indicate that wall MLG content is modulated during day/night cycles inversely correlating with CAL1 transcript accumulation. This cycling is absent in the cal1 mutant, suggesting that the mechanism involved requires MLG degradation that may in turn regulate CAL1 gene expression.

One sentence summary Mixed-linkage glucan is degraded by the CAL1 licheninase in maize
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kraemer, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lunde, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuhn, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruehl, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffmann, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Göhre, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hake, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pauly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.16.385146</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Degradation of mixed-linkage (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucan in maize is mediated by the CAL1 licheninase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.17.387563v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Hybrid Cellular and Heterogeneous Catalyst Strategy for the Production of Olefins from Glucose 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.17.387563v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Living systems provide a promising approach to chemical synthesis, having been optimized by evolution to convert renewable carbon sources such as glucose to an enormous range of small molecules. However, a large number of synthetic structures can still be difficult to obtain solely from cells, such as unsubstituted hydrocarbons. In this work, we demonstrate the use of a hybrid cellular-heterogeneous catalytic strategy to produce olefins from glucose, using a selective hydrolase to generate an activated intermediate that is readily deoxygenated. Using a new family of iterative thiolase enzymes, we have genetically engineered a microbial strain that produces 4.3 {+/-} 0.4 g L-1 of fatty acid from glucose with 86% captured as 3-hydroxyoctanoic and 3-hydroxydecanoic acids. This 3-hydroxy substituent serves as a leaving group enabling heterogeneous tandem decarboxylation-dehydration routes to olefinic products on Lewis acidic catalysts without the additional redox input required for enzymatic or chemical deoxygenation of simple fatty acids.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hara, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Min, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dauenhauer, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, M. C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.17.387563</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Hybrid Cellular and Heterogeneous Catalyst Strategy for the Production of Olefins from Glucose]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.21.392720v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A conserved strategy for inducing appendage regeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.21.392720v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Can limb regeneration be induced? Few have pursued this question, and an evolutionarily conserved strategy has yet to emerge. This study reports a strategy for inducing regenerative response in appendages, which works across three species that span the animal phylogeny. In Cnidaria, the frequency of appendage regeneration in the moon jellyfish Aurelia was increased by feeding with the amino acid L-leucine and the growth hormone insulin. In insects, the same strategy induced tibia regeneration in adult Drosophila. Finally, in mammals, L-leucine and sucrose administration induced digit regeneration in adult mice, including dramatically from mid-phalangeal amputation. The conserved effect of L-leucine and insulin/sugar suggests a key role for energetic parameters in regeneration induction. The simplicity by which nutrient supplementation can induce appendage regeneration provides a testable hypothesis across animals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abrams, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, F. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basinger, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heithe, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raffiee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leahy, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dabiri, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gold, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goentoro, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.21.392720</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A conserved strategy for inducing appendage regeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.25.398958v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
3D Adaptive Optical Nanoscopy for Thick Specimen Imaging at sub-50 nm Resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.25.398958v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding cellular organization demands the best possible spatial resolution in all three dimensions (3D). In fluorescence microscopy, this is achieved by 4Pi nanoscopy methods that combine the concepts of using two opposing objectives for optimal diffraction-limited 3D resolution with switching fluorescent molecules between bright and dark states to break the diffraction limit. However, optical aberrations have limited these nanoscopes to thin samples and prevented their application in thick specimens. Here, we have developed a nanoscope that, by utilizing an advanced adaptive optics strategy, achieves sub-50 nm isotropic resolution of structures such as neuronal synapses and ring canals previously inaccessible in tissue.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allgeyer, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonello, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watters, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerdes, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bottanelli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kidd, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lessard, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooley, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biederer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Booth, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bewersdorf, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.25.398958</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[3D Adaptive Optical Nanoscopy for Thick Specimen Imaging at sub-50 nm Resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.26.395830v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
EpitopeVec: Linear Epitope Prediction Using DeepProtein Sequence Embeddings 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.26.395830v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationB-cell epitopes (BCEs) play a pivotal role in the development of peptide vaccines, immunodiagnostic reagents, and antibody production, and thus generally in infectious disease prevention and diagnosis. Experimental methods used to determine BCEs are costly and time-consuming. It thus becomes essential to develop computational methods for the rapid identification of BCEs. Though several computational methods have been developed for this task, cross-testing of classifiers trained and tested on different datasets revealed their limitations, with accuracies of 51 to 53%.

ResultsWe describe a new method called EpitopeVec, which utilizes residue properties, modified antigenicity scales, and a Protvec representation of peptides for linear BCE prediction with machine learning techniques. Evaluating on several large and small data sets, as well as cross-testing demonstrated an improvement of the state-of-the-art performances in terms of accuracy and AUC. Predictive performance depended on the type of antigen (viral, bacterial, eukaryote, etc.). In view of that, we also trained our method on a large viral dataset to create a linear viral BCE predictor.

AvailablityThe software is available at https://github.com/hzi-bifo/epitope-prediction under the GPL3.0 license.

Contactalice.mchardy@helmholtz-hzi.de

Supplementary informationSupplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bahai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asgari, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mofrad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kloetgen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McHardy, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.26.395830</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[EpitopeVec: Linear Epitope Prediction Using DeepProtein Sequence Embeddings]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.28.402289v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multielectrode Cortical Stimulation Selectively Induces Unidirectional Wave Propagation in Biophysical/Neural Model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.28.402289v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cortical stimulation is emerging as an experimental tool in basic research and a promising therapy for a range of neuropsychiatric conditions. As multielectrode arrays enter clinical practice, the possibility of using spatiotemporal patterns of electrical stimulation to induce desired physiological patterns has become theoretically possible, but in practice can only be implemented by trial-and-error because of a lack of predictive models. Experimental evidence increasingly establishes travelling waves as fundamental to cortical information-processing, but we lack understanding how to control wave properties despite rapidly improving technologies. This study uses a hybrid biophysical-anatomical and neural-computational model to predict and understand how a simple pattern of cortical surface stimulation could induce directional traveling waves via asymmetric activation of inhibitory interneurons. It reveals local circuit mechanisms to control spatiotemporal cortical dynamics and predicts interventions that can be developed to treat a broad range of cognitive disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Halgren, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegel, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golden, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bazhenov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.28.402289</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multielectrode Cortical Stimulation Selectively Induces Unidirectional Wave Propagation in Biophysical/Neural Model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.30.403683v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization of genetic diversity and population structure within Staphylococcus chromogenes by multilocus sequence Typing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.30.403683v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Staphylococcus chromogenes is a common skin commensal in cattle and has been identified as a frequent cause of bovine mastitis and intramammary infections. To better understand the extent of strain diversity within this species and to facilitate study of strain variation as a factor in pathogenicity, we have developed a seven locus Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) scheme. The scheme was tested on 120 isolates collected from three geographic locations, Vermont and Washington State in the United States and Belgium. A total of 46 sequence types (STs) were identified with most of the STs being location specific. The utility of the typing scheme is indicated by a discrimination power of 95.6% for all isolates and greater than 90% for isolates from each of the three locations. Phylogenetic analysis placed 39 of the 46 STs into single core group consistent with a common genetic lineage; the STs in this group differ by less than 0.5% at the nucleotide sequence level. Most of the diversification in this lineage group can be attributed to mutation; recombination plays a limited role. This lineage group includes two clusters of single nucleotide variants in starburst configurations indicative of recent clonal expansion; nearly 50% of the isolates sampled in this study are in these two clusters. The remaining seven STs were set apart from the core group by having alleles with highly variable sequences at one or more loci. Recombination had a higher impact than mutation in the diversification of these outlier STs. Alleles with hypervariable sequences were detected at five of the seven loci used in the MLST scheme; the average sequence distances between the hypervariable alleles and the common core alleles ranged from 12 to 34 nucleotides. The extent of these sequence differences suggests the hypervariable alleles may be remnants of an ancestral genotype.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huebner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mugabi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hetesy, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Vliegher, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Visscher, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barlow, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sensabaugh, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.30.403683</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization of genetic diversity and population structure within Staphylococcus chromogenes by multilocus sequence Typing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.30.404814v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
u-track 3D: measuring and interrogating intracellular dynamics in three dimensions. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.30.404814v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Particle tracking is a ubiquitous task in the study of dynamic molecular and cellular processes through microscopy. Light-sheet microscopy has opened a path to acquiring complete cell volumes for investigation in 3-dimensions (3D). However, hypothesis formulation and quantitative analysis have remained difficult due to fundamental challenges in the visualization and the verification of large and dense sets of 3D particle trajectories. Here we describe u-track 3D, a software package that addresses these two challenges. Building on the established framework of particle association in space and time implemented for 2D time-lapse sequences, we first report a complete and versatile pipeline for particle tracking in 3D. We then present the concept of dynamic region of interest (dynROI), which allows an experimenter to interact with dynamic 3D processes in 2D views amenable to visual inspection. Third, we present an estimator of trackability which defines a score for every trajectory, thereby overcoming the challenges of trajectory validation by visual inspection. With these combined strategies, u-track 3D provides a framework for the unbiased study of molecular processes in complex volumetric sequences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roudot, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Legant, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dean, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welf, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerlich, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiolka, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betzig, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danuser, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.30.404814</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[u-track 3D: measuring and interrogating intracellular dynamics in three dimensions.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.01.407072v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Versatile labeling and detection ofendogenous proteins using tag-assistedsplit enzyme complementation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.01.407072v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent advances in genome engineering have expanded our capabilities to study proteins in their natural states. In particular, the ease and scalability of knocking-in small peptide tags has enabled high throughput tagging and analysis of endogenous proteins. To improve enrichment capacities and expand the functionality of knock-ins using short tags, we developed the tag-assisted split enzyme complementation (TASEC) approach, which uses two orthogonal small peptide tags and their cognate binders to conditionally drive complementation of a split enzyme upon labeled protein expression. Using this approach, we have engineered and optimized the tag-assisted split HaloTag complementation system (TA-splitHalo) and demonstrated its versatile applications in improving the efficiency of knock-in cell enrichment, detection of protein-protein interaction, and isolation of biallelic gene edited cells through multiplexing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Makhija, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourke, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudlaff, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheloor-Kovilakam, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.01.407072</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Versatile labeling and detection ofendogenous proteins using tag-assistedsplit enzyme complementation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.02.398677v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
THE DYNAMIC INTERPLAY BETWEEN HOMEODOMAIN TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS AND CHROMATIN ENVIRONMENT REGULATES PRONEURAL FACTOR OUTCOMES 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.02.398677v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Generation of neurons of vast diversity involves early spatial and temporal patterning of the neuronal precursors by morphogenic gradients and combinatorial expression of transcription factors. While the proneuronal function of the basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor Ngn2 is well established, its role in neuronal subtype specification remains unclear. Here, we found that coexpressing NGN2 with the forebrain homeobox factor EMX1 converts human pluripotent stem cells into a highly homogeneous glutamatergic forebrain neurons without partial cholinergic and monoaminergic gene programs observed in cells infected with NGN2 only. Our molecular characterization revealed that transcriptional output and genomic targeting of Ngn2 is altered by co-factors such as EMX1 explaining the more focused subtype specification. Ngn2 function is less modified by the chromatin environment and does not affect regionalization of pre-patterned neural progenitors. These results enable improved strategies for generating a plethora of defined neuronal subpopulations from pluripotent stem cells for therapeutic or disease-modeling purposes.

HighlightsO_LINGN2 converts human ES cells into glutamatergic neurons some of which co-express a partial cholinergic program
C_LIO_LINGN2 directly binds to and activates ISL1 in ES cells which together with PHOX2A/B induce cholinergic genes
C_LIO_LIAnterior-posterior regionalization affects NGN2 binding and transcriptional output but does not focus subtype specification
C_LIO_LIForebrain homeobox factors including EMX1 and FOXG1 redirect NGN2 chromatin binding and repress posterior and cholinergic genes, resulting in homogeneous forebrain excitatory neurons
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ang, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olmos, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Q. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayanaswamy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mall, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chesnov, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sudhof, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wernig, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.02.398677</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[THE DYNAMIC INTERPLAY BETWEEN HOMEODOMAIN TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS AND CHROMATIN ENVIRONMENT REGULATES PRONEURAL FACTOR OUTCOMES]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.02.407932v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling Changes in Probabilistic Reinforcement Learning during Adolescence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.02.407932v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the real world, many relationships between events are uncertain and probabilistic. Uncertainty is also likely to be a more common feature of daily experience for youth because they have less experience to draw from than adults. Some studies suggests probabilistic learning may be inefficient in youth compared to adults [1], while others suggest it may be more efficient in youth that are in mid adolescence [2, 3]. Here we used a probabilistic reinforcement learning task to test how youth age 8-17 (N = 187) and adults age 18-30 (N = 110) learn about stable probabilistic contingencies. Performance increased with age through early-twenties, then stabilized. Using hierarchical Bayesian methods to fit computational reinforcement learning models, we show that all participants performance was better explained by models in which negative outcomes had minimal to no impact on learning. The performance increase over age was driven by 1) an increase in learning rate (i.e. decrease in integration time horizon); 2) a decrease in noisy/exploratory choices. In mid-adolescence age 13-15, salivary testosterone and learning rate were positively related. We discuss our findings in the context of other studies and hypotheses about adolescent brain development.

Author summaryAdolescence is a time of great uncertainty. It is also a critical time for brain development, learning, and decision making in social and educational domains. There are currently contradictory findings about learning in adolescence. We sought to better isolate how learning from stable probabilistic contingencies changes during adolescence with a task that previously showed interesting results in adolescents. We collected a relatively large sample size (297 participants) across a wide age range (8-30), to trace the adolescent developmental trajectory of learning under stable but uncertain conditions. We found that age in our sample was positively associated with higher learning rates and lower choice exploration. Within narrow age bins, we found that higher saliva testosterone levels were associated with higher learning rates in participants age 13-15 years. These findings can help us better isolate the trajectory of maturation of core learning and decision making processes during adolescence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xia, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Master, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eckstein, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baribault, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahl, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilbrecht, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, A. G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.02.407932</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling Changes in Probabilistic Reinforcement Learning during Adolescence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.05.412924v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis of FANCD2 deubiquitination by USP1-UAF1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.05.412924v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ubiquitin-Specific Protease 1 (USP1), together with the cofactor UAF1, acts during DNA repair processes to specifically to remove mono-ubiquitin signals. The mono-ubiquitinated FANCI-FANCD2 heterodimer is one such substrate and is involved in the repair of DNA interstrand crosslinks via the Fanconi Anemia pathway. Here we determine structures of human USP1-UAF1 with and without ubiquitin, and bound to mono-ubiquitinated FANCI-FANCD2 substrate. Crystal structures of USP1-UAF1 reveal plasticity in USP1 and key differences to USP12-UAF1 and USP46-UAF1. A cryoEM reconstruction of USP1-UAF1 in complex mono-ubiquitinated FANCI-FANCD2, highlights a highly orchestrated deubiquitination process with USP1-UAF1 driving conformational changes in the substrate. An extensive interface between UAF1 and FANCI, confirmed by mutagenesis and biochemical assays, provides a molecular explanation for their requirement despite neither being directly involved in catalysis. Overall, our data provide molecular details of USP1-UAF1 regulation and substrate recognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rennie, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkinson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaugule, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toth, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walden, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.05.412924</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis of FANCD2 deubiquitination by USP1-UAF1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.07.415521v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic Encoding of Three Distinct Noncanonical Amino Acids Using Reprogrammed Initiator and Nonsense Codons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.07.415521v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We recently described an orthogonal initiator tRNA (itRNATy2) that can initiate protein synthesis with noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs) in response to the UAG nonsense codon. Here we report that a mutant of itRNATy2 (itRNATy2AUA) can efficiently initiate translation in response to the UAU tyrosine codon, giving rise to proteins with an ncAA at their N-terminus. We show that, in cells expressing itRNATy2AUA, UAU can function as a dual-use codon that selectively encodes ncAAs at the initiating position and tyrosine at elongating positions. Using itRNATy2AUA, in conjunction with its cognate tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase and two mutually orthogonal pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetases, we demonstrate that UAU can be reassigned along with UAG or UAA to encode two distinct ncAAs in the same protein. Furthermore, by engineering the substrate specificity of one of the pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetases, we developed a triply orthogonal system that enables simultaneous reassignment of UAU, UAG, and UAA to produce proteins containing three distinct ncAAs at precisely defined sites. To showcase the utility of this system, we produced proteins containing two or three ncAAs, with unique bioorthogonal functional groups, and demonstrate that these proteins can be separately modified with multiple fluorescent probes.

TOC Image

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=108 SRC="FIGDIR/small/415521v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (15K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@10e7ebdorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@a2c26dorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@18ab3aborg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@119cf87_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tharp, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vargas-Rodriguez, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schepartz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Söll, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.07.415521</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic Encoding of Three Distinct Noncanonical Amino Acids Using Reprogrammed Initiator and Nonsense Codons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.10.419739v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coiled coil control of diverse EGFR functions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.10.419739v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
EGFR exhibits biased signaling, whereby growth factor or mutation-dependent changes in receptor conformation and/or dynamics elicit distinct intracellular outcomes. We report that many outcomes associated with activated EGFR are controlled by a two-state coiled coil switch located within the juxtamembrane segment (JM), an essential component of the cytosolic dimer interface. The position of this switch defines the path of endocytic trafficking and whether or not EGFR is degraded within lysosomes. JM coiled coil identity also predicts kinase-independent effects of oncogenic EGFR mutations and clinically relevant tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) that promote efficient, lysosome-based EGFR degradation. These findings provide a model for biased EGFR signaling, insights into kinase-independent activities of EGFR and clinically relevant TKIs, and identify new strategies for modulating protein lifetime.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mozumdar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quach, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doerner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schepartz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.10.419739</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coiled coil control of diverse EGFR functions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.10.419911v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FeRIC-based magnetogenetics: evaluation of methods and protocols in in vitro models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.10.419911v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
FeRIC (Ferritin iron Redistribution to Ion Channels) is a magnetogenetic technique that uses radio frequency (RF) alternating magnetic fields to activate the transient receptor potential channels, TRPV1 and TRPV4, coupled to cellular ferritins. In cells expressing ferritin-tagged TRPV, RF stimulation increases the cytosolic Ca2+ levels via a biochemical pathway. The interaction between RF and ferritin increases the free cytosolic iron levels that in turn, trigger chemical reactions producing reactive oxygen species and oxidized lipids that activate the ferritin-tagged TRPV. In this pathway, it is expected that experimental factors that disturb the ferritin expression, the ferritin iron load, the TRPV functional expression, or the cellular redox state will impact the efficiency of RF in activating ferritin-tagged TRPV. Here, we examined several experimental factors that either enhance or abolish the RF control of ferritin-tagged TRPV. The findings may help optimize and establish reproducible magnetogenetic protocols.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>HERNANDEZ-MORALES, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.10.419911</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FeRIC-based magnetogenetics: evaluation of methods and protocols in in vitro models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.10.420588v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-cell autonomous inhibition of the Shh pathway due to impaired cholesterol biosynthesis requires Ptch1/2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.10.420588v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Congenital birth defects due to mutations of enzymes involved cholesterol synthesis, like Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) and Lathosterolosis are characterized by an accumulation of cholesterol precursors. The phenotype of both SLOS and Lathosterolosis have similarities to syndromes associated with abnormal Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling, consistent with the observation that cholesterol precursors and their derivative can inhibit Shh signaling. Two types of multipass membrane proteins play central roles in Shh signal transduction, the putative Resistance, Nodulation and Division (RND) antiporters Patched (Ptch)1 and -2, and the G-protein coupled receptor Smoothened (Smo). Sterols have been suggested as cargo for Ptch1/2, while Smo activity can affected both positively and negatively by steroidal molecules. We demonstrate that embryonic stem cells with mutations in the 7-dehydroxycholesterol reductase (7Dhcr) or sterol-C5-desaturase (Sc5d) gene reduce the Hh response in adjacent wildtype cells when grown in mosaic organoids. This non-cell autonomous inhibitory activity of the mutant cells requires the presence of both Ptch1 and Ptch2. These observations support a model in which late cholesterol precursors that accumulate in cells lacking 7Dhcr are the cargo for Ptch1 and Ptch2 efflux activity and mediate the non-cell autonomous inhibition of Smo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jaegers, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roelink, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.10.420588</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-cell autonomous inhibition of the Shh pathway due to impaired cholesterol biosynthesis requires Ptch1/2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.14.394403v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A gene regulatory network critical for axillary bud dormancy directly controlled by Arabidopsis BRANCHED1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.14.394403v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The control of branch outgrowth is critical for plant fitness, stress resilience and crop yield. The Arabidopsis thaliana transcription factor BRANCHED1 (BRC1) plays a pivotal role in this process as it integrates signals that inhibit axillary bud growth to control shoot branching. Despite the remarkable activity of BRC1 as a potent growth inhibitor, the mechanisms by which it promotes and maintains bud dormancy are still largely unknown.

Here we combine ChIP-seq, transcriptomic and systems biology approaches to characterise the BRC1-regulated gene network. We identify a group of BRC1 direct target genes encoding transcription factors (BTFs) that orchestrate, together with BRC1, an intricate transcriptional network enriched in abscisic acid signalling components. The BRC1 network is enriched in feed-forward loops and feed-back loops, robust against noise and mutation, reversible in response to stimuli, and stable once established. This knowledge is fundamental to adapt plant architecture and crop production to ever-changing environmental conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>van Es, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz-Gasca, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romero-Campero, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Grandio, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de los Reyes, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarancon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Dijk, A. D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Esse, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angenent, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Immink, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cubas, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.14.394403</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A gene regulatory network critical for axillary bud dormancy directly controlled by Arabidopsis BRANCHED1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.14.422686v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Juvenile exposure to acute traumatic stress leads to long-lasting alterations in grey matter myelination in adult female but not male rats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.14.422686v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stress early in life can have a major impact on brain development, and there is increasing evidence that childhood stress confers vulnerability for later developing psychiatric disorders. In particular, during peri-adolescence, brain regions crucial for emotional regulation, such as the prefrontal cortex (PFC), amygdala (AMY) and hippocampus (HPC), are still developing and are highly sensitive to stress. Changes in myelin levels have been implicated in mental illnesses and stress effects on myelin and oligodendrocytes (OLs) are beginning to be explored as a novel and underappreciated mechanism underlying psychopathologies. Yet there is little research on the effects of acute stress on myelin during peri-adolescence, and even less work exploring sex-differences. Here, we used a rodent model to test the hypothesis that exposure to acute traumatic stress as a juvenile would induce changes in OLs and myelin content across limbic brain regions. Male and female juvenile rats underwent three hours of restraint stress with exposure to a predator odor on postnatal day (p) 28. Acute stress induced a physiological response, increasing corticosterone release and reducing weight gain in stress-exposed animals. Brain sections containing the PFC, AMY and HPC were taken either in adolescence (p40), or in adulthood (p95) and stained for markers of OLs and myelin. We found that acute stress induced sex-specific changes in grey matter (GM) myelination and OLs in both the short- and long-term. Exposure to a single stressor as a juvenile increased GM myelin content in the AMY and HPC in p40 males, compared to the respective control group. At p40, corticosterone release during stress exposure was also positively correlated with GM myelin content in the AMY of male rats. Single exposure to juvenile stress also led to long-term effects exclusively in female rats. Compared to controls, stress-exposed females showed reduced GM myelin content in all three brain regions. Acute stress exposure decreased PFC and HPC OL density in p40 females, perhaps contributing towards this observed long-term decrease in myelin content. Overall, our findings suggest that the juvenile brain is vulnerable to exposure to a brief severe stressor. Exposure to a single short traumatic event during peri-adolescence produces long-lasting changes in GM myelin content in the adult brain of female, but not male, rats. These findings highlight myelin plasticity as a potential contributor to sex-specific sensitivity to perturbation during a critical window of development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Breton, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barraza, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frias, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, K. L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.14.422686</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Juvenile exposure to acute traumatic stress leads to long-lasting alterations in grey matter myelination in adult female but not male rats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.14.422732v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcription of protease and chitinase genes provides a window onto macromolecular organic nitrogen decomposition in soil 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.14.422732v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nitrogen (N) commonly limits terrestrial plant growth partly because most soil-N is present as macromolecular organic compounds and not directly available to plants. Soil microbes degrade these large N-containing substrates to gradually release plant-available inorganic-N throughout the growing season, potentially meeting plant demand. Knowing which microbes are responsible for release of organic N, as well as their spatiotemporal patterns of activity, can enable microbial management strategies that increase plant access to soil-N and reduce dependency on fertilizer-N. We used time-resolved metatranscriptomes to follow taxonomy-resolved differential expression of N-depolymerizing enzymes.

Taxonomic groups show adaptations based on extracellular proteases to specialized habitats in soil characterized by presence (Betaproteobacteria) or absence (Thaumarcheota) of live roots and root detritus (Deltaproteobacteria and Fungi). A similar increase of eukaryotic chitinases near root detritus hints at predation of fungi. Others demonstrate temporal patterns such as increasing expression over time, implying increased competitiveness with substrate depletion (Chloroflexi). Phylotypes from the same genus can have different potential benefits to the plant based on protease expression (e.g., Janthinobacterium), which should be considered when designing bioaugmentation. We identify one Janthinobacterium phylotype and two Burkholderiales that may be candidates for bioaugmentation near young roots and a Rhizobacter which could benefit mature roots.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sieradzki, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuccio, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pett-Ridge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firestone, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.14.422732</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcription of protease and chitinase genes provides a window onto macromolecular organic nitrogen decomposition in soil]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.15.422761v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transformer protein language models are unsupervised structure learners 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.15.422761v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWUnsupervised contact prediction is central to uncovering physical, structural, and functional constraints for protein structure determination and design. For decades, the predominant approach has been to infer evolutionary constraints from a set of related sequences. In the past year, protein language models have emerged as a potential alternative, but performance has fallen short of state-of-the-art approaches in bioinformatics. In this paper we demonstrate that Transformer attention maps learn contacts from the unsupervised language modeling objective. We find the highest capacity models that have been trained to date already outperform a state-of-the-art unsupervised contact prediction pipeline, suggesting these pipelines can be replaced with a single forward pass of an end-to-end model.1
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rao, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sercu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ovchinnikov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rives, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.15.422761</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transformer protein language models are unsupervised structure learners]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.16.423115v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Methane-derived carbon flow through host-virus trophic networks in soil 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.16.423115v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The concentration of atmospheric methane continues to increase with microbial communities controlling soil-atmosphere fluxes. While there is substantial knowledge of the diversity and function of organisms regulating methane production and consumption, the frequency and impact of interactions with viruses on their activity in soil is unknown. Metagenomic sequencing of soil microbial communities has enabled identification of linkages between viruses and hosts. However, determining host-virus linkages through sequencing does not determine whether a virus or a host are active. In this study, we identified active individual interactions in situ by following the transfer of assimilated carbon from active hosts to viruses. Using DNA stable-isotope probing combined with metagenomic analyses, we characterized methane-fueled microbial networks in acidic and neutral pH soils, specifically primary and secondary utilisers of carbon, together with the recent transfer of methane-derived carbon to viruses. Sixty-three percent of viral contigs from replicated soil incubations contained genes associated with known methanotrophic bacteria. Genomic sequences from 13C-enriched viruses were present in clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) arrays of multiple, closely-related Methylocystis populations, revealing differences in their history of viral interaction. Viruses infecting non-methanotrophic methylotrophs and heterotrophic predatory bacteria were also identified through the analysis of shared homologous genes, demonstrating that carbon is transferred to a diverse range of viruses associated with methane-fueled microbial food networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sieradzki, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicolas, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firestone, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hazard, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicol, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.16.423115</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Methane-derived carbon flow through host-virus trophic networks in soil]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.17.423272v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hippocampal neurons construct a map of an abstract value space 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.17.423272v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The hippocampus is thought to encode a  cognitive map, a structural organization of knowledge about relationships in the world. Place cells, spatially selective hippocampal neurons that have been extensively studied in rodents, are one component of this map, describing the relative position of environmental features. However, whether this map extends to abstract, cognitive information remains unknown. Using the relative reward value of cues to define continuous  paths through an abstract value space, we show that single neurons in primate hippocampus encode this space through value place fields, much like a rodents place neurons encode paths through physical space. Value place fields remapped when cues changed, but also became increasingly correlated across contexts, allowing maps to become generalized. Our findings help explain the critical contribution of the hippocampus to value-based decision-making, providing a mechanism by which knowledge of relationships in the world can be incorporated into reward predictions for guiding decisions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Knudsen, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallis, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.17.423272</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hippocampal neurons construct a map of an abstract value space]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.21.423765v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Principled simulation of agent-based models in epidemiology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.21.423765v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
After more than a century of sustained work by mathematicians, biologists, epidemiologists, probabilists, and other experts, dynamic models have become a vital tool for understanding and describing epidemics and disease transmission systems. Such models fulfill a variety of crucial roles including data integration, estimation of disease burden, forecasting trends, counterfactual evaluation, and parameter estimation. These models often incorporate myriad details, from age and social structure to inform population mixing patterns, commuting and migration, and immunological dynamics, among others. This complexity can be daunting, so many researchers have turned to stochastic simulation using agent-based models. Developing agent-based models, however, can present formidable technical challenges. In particular, depending on how the model updates state, unwanted or even unnoticed approximations can be introduced into a simulation model. In this article, we present computational methods for approximating continuous time discrete event stochastic processes based on a discrete time step to speed up complicated simulations which also converges to the true process as the time step goes to zero. Our stochastic models is constructed via hazard functions, and only those hazards which are dependent on the state of other agents (such as infection) are approximated, whereas hazards governing dynamics internal to an agent (such as immune response) are simulated exactly. By partitioning hazards as being either dependent or internal, a generic algorithm can be presented which is applicable to many models of contagion processes, with natural areas of extension and optimization.

Author summaryStochastic simulation of epidemics is crucial to a variety of tasks in public health, encompassing intervention evaluation, trend forecasting, and estimation of epidemic parameters, among others. In many situations, due to model complexity, time constraints, unavailability or unfamiliarity with existing software, or other reasons, agent-based models are used to simulate epidemic processes. However, many simulation algorithms are ad hoc, which may introduce unwanted or unnoticed approximations. We present a method to build approximate, agent-based models from mathematical descriptions of stochastic epidemic processes which will improve simulation speed and converge to exact simulation techniques in limiting cases. The simplicity and generality of our method should be widely applicable to various problems in mathematical epidemiology and its connection to other methods developed in chemical physics should inspire future work and elaboration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolgert, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewnard, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.21.423765</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Principled simulation of agent-based models in epidemiology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.22.423985v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CRISPR-based functional genomics in human dendritic cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.22.423985v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dendritic cells (DCs) regulate processes ranging from antitumor and antiviral immunity to host-microbe communication at mucosal surfaces. It remains difficult, however, to genetically manipulate human DCs, limiting our ability to probe how DCs elicit specific immune responses. Here, we develop a CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing method for human monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs) that mediates knockouts with a median efficiency of >93% across >300 genes. Using this method, we perform genetic screens in moDCs, identifying mechanisms by which DCs tune responses to lipopolysaccharides from the human microbiome. In addition, we reveal donor-specific responses to lipopolysaccharides, underscoring the importance of assessing immune phenotypes in donor-derived cells, and identify genes that control this specificity, highlighting the potential of our method to pinpoint determinants of inter-individual variation in immune responses. Our work sets the stage for a systematic dissection of the immune signaling at the host-microbiome interface and for targeted engineering of DCs for neoantigen vaccination.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jost, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobson, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hussmann, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cirolia, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischbach, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.22.423985</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CRISPR-based functional genomics in human dendritic cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.28.424620v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Diversity and Evolution of Microbial Dissimilatory Phosphite Oxidation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.28.424620v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phosphite is the most energetically favorable chemotrophic electron donor known, with a half-cell potential (E{degrees}) of -650 mV for the PO4 3-/PO3 3- couple. Since the discovery of microbial dissimilatory phosphite oxidation (DPO) in 2000, the environmental distribution, evolution, and diversity of DPO microorganisms (DPOM) has remained enigmatic and only two species have been identified. Here metagenomic sequencing of phosphite enriched microbial communities enabled the reconstruction and metabolic characterization of 21 novel DPOM. These DPOM spanned six classes of bacteria, including the Negativicutes, Desulfotomaculia, Synergistia, Syntrophia, Desulfobacteria and Desulfomonilia_A. Comparing the DPO genes from the genomes of enriched organisms to over 17,000 publicly available metagenomes revealed the global existence of this metabolism in diverse anoxic environments, including wastewaters, sediments, and subsurface aquifers. Despite their newfound environmental and taxonomic diversity, metagenomic analyses suggested that the typical DPOM is a chemolithoautotroph that occupies low-oxygen environments and specializes in phosphite oxidation coupled to CO2 reduction. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that the DPO genes form a highly conserved cluster that likely has ancient origins predating the split of monoderm and diderm bacteria. By coupling microbial cultivation strategies with metagenomics, these studies highlighted the unsampled metabolic versatility latent in microbial communities. We have uncovered the unexpected prevalence, diversity, biochemical specialization, and ancient origins of a unique metabolism central to the redox cycling of phosphorus, a primary nutrient on earth.

Significance StatementGeochemical models of the phosphorus (P) cycle uniquely ignore microbial redox transformations. Yet phosphite is a reduced P source that has been detected in several environments at concentrations that suggest a contemporary P redox cycle. Microbial dissimilatory phosphite oxidation (DPO) converts soluble phosphite into phosphate, and a false notion of rarity has limited our understanding of its diversity and environmental distribution. Here we demonstrate that DPO is an ancient energy metabolism hosted by taxonomically diverse, autotrophic bacteria that exist globally throughout anoxic environments. DPO microorganisms are therefore likely to have provided bioavailable phosphate and fixed carbon to anoxic ecosystems throughout Earths history and continue to do so in contemporary environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ewens, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnum, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wrighton, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coates, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.28.424620</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Diversity and Evolution of Microbial Dissimilatory Phosphite Oxidation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.28.424624v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic and phylogenetic analysis of dissimilatory iodate-reducing bacteria identifies potential niches across the world's oceans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.28.424624v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Iodine is oxidized and reduced as part of a biogeochemical cycle that is especially pronounced in the oceans, where the element naturally concentrates. The use of oxidized iodine in the form of iodate (IO3-) as an electron acceptor by microorganisms is poorly understood. Here, we outline genetic, physiological, and ecological models for dissimilatory IO3- reduction to iodide (I-) by a novel estuarine bacterium, Denitromonas iodocrescerans strain IR-12, sp. nov. Our results show that dissimilatory iodate reduction (DIR) by strain IR-12 is molybdenum-dependent and requires an IO3- reductase (idrA) and likely other genes in a mobile cluster with a conserved association across known and predicted DIR microorganisms (DIRM). Based on genetic and physiological data, IO3- is likely reduced to hypoiodous acid (HIO), which rapidly disproportionates into IO3- and iodide (I-), in a respiratory pathway that provides an energy yield equivalent to that of nitrate or perchlorate respiration. Consistent with the ecological niche expected of such a metabolism, idrA is enriched in the metagenome sequence databases of marine sites with a specific biogeochemical signature and diminished oxygen. Taken together, these data suggest that DIRM help explain the disequilibrium of the IO3-:I- concentration ratio above oxygen minimum zones and support a widespread iodine redox cycle mediated by microbiology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reyes-Umana, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henning, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnum, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coates, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.28.424624</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic and phylogenetic analysis of dissimilatory iodate-reducing bacteria identifies potential niches across the world's oceans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.29.424770v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The size of helical pitch is important for microtubule plus end dynamic instability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.29.424770v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microtubule (MT) dynamic instability is a conserved phenomenon underlying essential cellular functions such as cell division, cell migration and intracellular transport, and is a key target of many chemotherapeutic agents. However, it remains unclear how the organization of tubulin dimers at the nanometer scale translates into dynamic instability as an emergent property at the micrometer scale. Tubulin dimers are organized into left-handed helical MT lattice, and most present-day MTs converge at a 1.5 dimer helical pitch that causes a seam in an otherwise symmetric helix. Because presently there are no experimental methods that can precisely manipulate tubulin subunit with sub-dimer resolution, the impact of helical pitch on dynamic instability remains unknown. Here by using stochastic simulations of microtubule assembly dynamics we demonstrate that helical pitch plays essential roles in MT plus end dynamic instability. By systematically altering helical pitch size, one half-dimer at a time, we found that a helical pitch as small as one half-dimer is sufficient to inhibit short-term MT length plateaus associated with diminishing GTP-tubulin cap. Notably, MT plus end dynamics quantitatively scale with the size of helical pitch, rather than being clustered by the presence or absence of helical symmetry. Microtubules with a 1.5 dimer helical pitch exhibit growth and shrinkage phases and undergo catastrophe and rescue similar to experimentally observed microtubules. Reducing helical pitch to 0 promotes rapid disassembly, while increasing it causes microtubules to undergo persistent growth, and it is the 1.5 dimer helical pitch that yields the highest percentage of MTs that undergo alternating growth and shrinkage without being totally disassembled. Finally, although the 1.5 dimer helical pitch is conserved among most present-day MTs, we find that other parameters, such as GTP hydrolysis rate, can partially compensate for changes in helical pitch. Together our results indicate that helical pitch is a determinant of MT plus end dynamic instability and that the evolutionarily conserved 1.5 dimer helical pitch promotes dynamic instability required for microtubule-dependent cellular functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prahl, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.29.424770</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The size of helical pitch is important for microtubule plus end dynamic instability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.04.425106v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lysosomal retargeting of Myoferlin mitigates membrane stress to enable pancreatic cancer growth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.04.425106v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lysosomes must maintain integrity of their limiting membrane to ensure efficient fusion with incoming organelles and degradation of substrates within their lumen. Pancreatic cancer cells upregulate lysosomal biogenesis to enhance nutrient recycling and stress resistance, but whether dedicated programs for maintaining lysosomal membrane integrity facilitate pancreatic cancer growth is unknown. Using proteomic-based organelle profiling, we identify the Ferlin family plasma membrane repair factor, Myoferlin, as selectively and highly enriched on the membrane of pancreatic cancer lysosomes. Mechanistically, lysosome localization of Myoferlin is necessary and sufficient for maintenance of lysosome health and provides an early-acting protective system against membrane damage that is independent from the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT)-mediated repair network. Myoferlin is upregulated in human pancreatic cancer, predicts poor survival, and its ablation severely impairs lysosome function and tumour growth in vivo. Thus, retargeting of plasma membrane repair factors enhances pro-oncogenic activities of the lysosome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gupta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yano, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Htwe Htwe, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cakir, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ituarte, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zoncu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perera, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.04.425106</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lysosomal retargeting of Myoferlin mitigates membrane stress to enable pancreatic cancer growth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.04.425235v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proton receptors regulate synapse-specific reconsolidation in the amygdala 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.04.425235v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When an extinction procedure is performed within the reconsolidation window, the original aversive memory can be replaced by one that is less traumatic. Recent studies revealed that carbon dioxide (CO2) inhalation during retrieval enhances memory lability. However, the effects of CO2 inhalation on the central nervous system can be extensive, and there is lack of evidence suggesting that the effects of CO2 are selective to a reactivated memory. We discovered that CO2 inhalation paired with memory retrieval potentiates the specific aversive memory trace, resulting in greater memory lability. The specific effects of CO2 depend on acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs), the proton receptors that are involved in synaptic transmission and plasticity in the amygdala. In addition, CO2 inhalation alters memory lability via synaptic plasticity at selectively targeted synapses. Overall, our results suggest that inhaling CO2 during the retrieval event increases the lability of an aversive memory through a synapse-specific reconsolidation process.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koffman, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kruse, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naghavi, F. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egbo, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boateng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houdi, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debiec, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.04.425235</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proton receptors regulate synapse-specific reconsolidation in the amygdala]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.05.425425v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifying low risk insecticides to address both food shortages and the biocontrol of human schistosomiasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.05.425425v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Use of agrochemicals, including insecticides, is vital to food production and predicted to increase 2-5 fold by 2050. Previous studies have shown a positive association between agriculture and the human infectious disease schistosomiasis, which is problematic as this parasitic disease infects approximately 250 million people worldwide. Certain insecticides might runoff fields and be highly toxic to invertebrates, such as prawns in the genus Macrobrachium, that are biocontrol agents for snails that transmit the parasites causing schistosomiasis. We used a laboratory dose-response experiment and an observational field study to determine the relative toxicities of three pyrethroid (esfenvalerate, {lambda}-cyhalothrin, and permethrin) and three organophosphate (chlorpyrifos, malathion, and terbufos) insecticides to Macrobrachium prawns. In the lab, pyrethroids were consistently several orders of magnitude more toxic than organophosphate insecticides, and more likely to runoff fields at lethal levels according to modeling data. In the field, we found that Macrobrachium prawn survival at 31 water contact sites in the lower basin of the Senegal River where schistosomiasis is endemic was predicted by pyrethroid application rates to nearby crop fields after controlling for abiotic and prawn-level factors. Our findings suggest that widely used pyrethroid insecticides can have strong non-target effects on Macrobrachium prawns that are biocontrol agents where 400 million people are at risk of human schistosomiasis. Understanding the ecotoxicology of high-risk insecticides may help improve human health in schistosomiasis-endemic regions undergoing agricultural expansion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haggerty, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delius, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jouanard, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ndao, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Leo, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lund, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Carr, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Remais, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riveau, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sokolow, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohr, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.05.425425</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifying low risk insecticides to address both food shortages and the biocontrol of human schistosomiasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.05.425441v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Crystallographic molecular replacement using an in silico-generated search model of SARS-CoV-2 ORF8 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.05.425441v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The majority of crystal structures are determined by the method of molecular replacement (MR). The range of application of MR is limited mainly by the need for an accurate search model. In most cases, pre-existing experimentally determined structures are used as search models. In favorable cases, ab initio predicted structures have yielded search models adequate for molecular replacement. The ORF8 protein of SARS-CoV-2 represents a challenging case for MR using an ab initio prediction because ORF8 has an all {beta}-sheet fold and few orthologs. We previously determined experimentally the structure of ORF8 using the single anomalous dispersion (SAD) phasing method, having been unable to find an MR solution to the crystallographic phase problem. Following a report of an accurate prediction of the ORF8 structure, we assessed whether the predicted model would have succeeded as an MR search model. A phase problem solution was found, and the resulting structure was refined, yielding structural parameters equivalent to the original experimental solution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Flower, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurley, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.05.425441</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Crystallographic molecular replacement using an in silico-generated search model of SARS-CoV-2 ORF8]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.07.425746v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Widespread bacterial protein flavinylation in functionally distinct extracytosolic redox biochemistries 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.07.425746v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Disparate redox activities that take place beyond the bounds of the prokaryotic cell cytosol must connect to membrane or cytosolic electron pools. Proteins post-translationally flavinylated by the enzyme ApbE mediate electron transfer in several characterized extracytosolic redox systems but the breadth of functions of this modification remains unknown. Here we present a comprehensive bioinformatic analysis of 31,910 prokaryotic genomes that provides evidence of extracytosolic ApbEs within ~50% of bacteria and the involvement of flavinylation in numerous uncharacterized biochemical processes. By mining flavinylation-associated gene clusters, we identify five protein classes responsible for transmembrane electron transfer and two domains of unknown function (DUF2271 and DUF3570) that are flavinylated by ApbE. We observe flavinylation/iron transporter gene colocalization patterns that implicate functions in iron reduction and assimilation. We find associations with characterized and uncharacterized respiratory oxidoreductases that highlight roles of flavinylation in respiratory electron transport chains. Finally, we identify interspecies gene cluster variability consistent with flavinylation/cytochrome functional redundancies and discover a class of "multi-flavinylated proteins'' that may resemble multiheme cytochromes in facilitating longer distance electron transfer. These findings provide key mechanistic insight into an important facet of bacterial physiology and establish flavinylation as a functionally diverse mediator of extracytosolic electron transfer.

Impact StatementBioinformatic and biochemical studies find that covalently bound flavins are common and participate in wide-ranging extracytosolic redox activities throughout bacterial life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Méheust, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera-Lugo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Light, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.07.425746</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Widespread bacterial protein flavinylation in functionally distinct extracytosolic redox biochemistries]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.07.425778v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A simple Agrobacterium-mediated stable transformation technique for the hornwort model Anthoceros agrestis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.07.425778v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We have developed a simple Agrobacterium-mediated method for the stable transformation of the hornwort Anthoceros agrestis, the fifth bryophyte species for which a genetic manipulation technique becomes available. High transformation efficiency was achieved by using thallus tissue grown under low-light conditions. We generated a total of 216 transgenic A. agrestis lines expressing the {beta}-Glucuronidase (GUS), cyan, green, and yellow fluorescent proteins under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter and several endogenous promoters. Nuclear and plasma membrane localization with multiple color fluorescent proteins was also confirmed. The transformation technique described here should pave the way for detailed molecular and genetic studies of hornwort biology, providing much needed insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying symbiosis, carbon-concentrating mechanism, RNA editing, and land plant evolution in general.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Frangedakis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nishiyama, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsukaya, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yue, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjahjadi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunadi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Eck, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, F.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szovenyi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakakibara, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.07.425778</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A simple Agrobacterium-mediated stable transformation technique for the hornwort model Anthoceros agrestis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.08.425958v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reconstitution of cargo-induced LC3 lipidation in mammalian selective autophagy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.08.425958v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Selective autophagy of damaged mitochondria, intracellular pathogens, protein aggregates, endoplasmic reticulum, and other large cargoes is essential for health. The presence of cargo initiates phagophore biogenesis, which entails the conjugation of ATG8/LC3 family proteins to membrane phosphatidylethanolamine. Current models suggest that the presence of clustered ubiquitin chains on a cargo triggers a cascade of interactions from autophagic cargo receptors through the autophagy core complexes ULK1 and class III PI 3-kinase complex I (PI3KC3-C1), WIPI2, and the ATG7, ATG3, and ATG12-ATG5-ATG16L1 machinery of LC3 lipidation. This model was tested using giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs), GST-Ub4 as a model cargo, the cargo receptors NDP52, TAX1BP1, and OPTN, and the autophagy core complexes. All three cargo receptors potently stimulated LC3 lipidation on GUVs. NDP52- and TAX1BP1-induced LC3 lipidation required the ULK1 complex together with all other components, however, ULK1 kinase activity was dispensable. In contrast, OPTN bypassed the ULK1 requirement completely. These data show that the cargo-dependent stimulation of LC3 lipidation is a common property of multiple autophagic cargo receptors, yet the details of core complex engagement vary considerably and unexpectedly between the different receptors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yokom, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fracchiolla, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martens, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurley, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.08.425958</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reconstitution of cargo-induced LC3 lipidation in mammalian selective autophagy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.11.426214v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization of 475 novel, putative small RNAs (sRNAs) in Carbon-starved Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.11.426214v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An increasingly apparent role of noncoding RNA (ncRNAs) is to coordinate gene expression when bacteria faces various environmental stressors. Salmonella enterica, a well-studied foodborne pathogen, is known for its ability to survive in and adapt to various environmental challenges, making it a difficult pathogen to eliminate, as well as an important model for examining ncRNA contributions to cellular stress survival. A mounting body of evidence implicates small RNAs (sRNAs) as key drivers of Salmonella stress response. Generally thought to be 50-500 nucleotides in length and to occur mainly in intergenic regions, sRNAs regulate protein expression through base pairing with mRNA targets. Through employing a refined definition of sRNAs that allows for shorter sequences and for sRNA loci to overlap with annotated protein-coding gene loci, we have identified 475 previously unannotated sRNAs that are significantly differentially expressed during Carbon starvation (C-starvation). Northern blotting and quantitative RT-PCRs confirm the expressions and identities of several of these novel sRNAs. Additionally, our computational analyses find the majority to be highly conserved and structurally-related to known sRNAs. Importantly, we show that deletion of one of the dynamic sRNAs, sRNA4130247, significantly impairs the Salmonella C-starvation response (CSR), confirming its involvement (and suggesting the involvements of many other sRNAs identified in this work) in the Salmonella CSR. Strikingly, the 475 novel sRNAs identified in this study more than double the number of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium SL1344 sRNAs described to date, increasing the total number of annotated Salmonella sRNAs from 396 to 871. In conclusion, the work presented here provides the first-ever characterization of intragenic sRNAs in Salmonella, experimentally confirms that sRNAs dynamically expressed during the CSR are directly involved in stress survival, and strongly suggests that sRNA loci likely outnumber those of protein-coding genes in Salmonella.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Houserova, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahmer, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amin, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnhill, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zambrano, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dean, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>crucello, a.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aria, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spector, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borchert, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.11.426214</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization of 475 novel, putative small RNAs (sRNAs) in Carbon-starved Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.12.426429v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Community RNA-Seq: Multi-kingdom responses to living versus decaying root inputs in soil 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.12.426429v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Roots are the primary source of organic carbon inputs to most soils. Decomposition is a multi-trophic process involving multiple kingdoms of microbial life, but typically microbial ecology studies focus on one or two major lineages in isolation. We used Illumina shotgun RNA sequencing to conduct PCR-independent SSU rRNA community analysis ("community RNA-Seq") to simultaneously study the bacteria, archaea, fungi, and microfauna surrounding both living and decomposing roots of the annual grass, Avena fatua. Plants were grown in 13CO2-labeled microcosms amended with 15N-root litter. We identified rhizosphere substrate preferences for 13C-exudates versus 15N-litter using NanoSIMS microarray imaging (Chip-SIP). When litter was available, rhizosphere and bulk soil had significantly more Amoebozoa, which are potentially important yet often overlooked top-down drivers of detritusphere community dynamics and nutrient cycling. Bulk soil containing litter was depleted in Actinobacteria but had significantly more Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria. While Actinobacteria were abundant in the rhizosphere, Chip-SIP showed Actinobacteria preferentially incorporated litter relative to root exudates, indicating this groups more prominent role in detritus elemental cycling in the rhizosphere. Our results emphasize that decomposition is a multi-trophic process involving cross-kingdom interactions, and the trajectory of carbon through this soil food web likely impacts the fate of carbon in soil.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nuccio, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nunes da Rocha, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayali, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bougoure, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodie, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firestone, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pett-Ridge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.12.426429</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Community RNA-Seq: Multi-kingdom responses to living versus decaying root inputs in soil]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.18.427195v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular programs of fibrotic change in aging human lung 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.18.427195v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aging is associated with both overt and subclinical lung fibrosis, which increases risk for mortality from viruses and other respiratory pathogens. The molecular programs that induce fibrosis in the aging lung are not well understood. To overcome this knowledge gap, we undertook multimodal profiling of distal lung samples from healthy human donors across the lifespan. Telomere shortening, a cause of cell senescence and fibrosis, was progressive with age in a sample of 86 lungs and was associated with foci of DNA damage. Bulk RNA sequencing confirmed activation of cellular senescence and pro-fibrotic pathways as well as genes necessary for collagen processing with increasing age. These findings were validated in independent datasets for lung and sun-exposed skin, but not other organs including heart, liver and kidney. Cell type deconvolution analysis revealed a progressive loss of lung epithelial cells and an increasing proportion of fibroblasts. Consistent with the observed pro-fibrotic transcriptional profile, second harmonic imaging demonstrated increased density of interstitial collagen in aged human lungs. Furthermore, regions of parenchymal fibrosis were associated with decreased alveolar expansion and surfactant secretion. These findings reveal the transcriptional and structural features of fibrosis and associated physiologic impairments in normal lung aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Islam, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boostanpour, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aran, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christenson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthay, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eckalbar, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DePianto, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arron, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magee, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsumoto, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kubota, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farber, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolters, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.18.427195</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular programs of fibrotic change in aging human lung]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.19.427227v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The impact of antigenic escape on the evolution of virulence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.19.427227v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the evolutionary drivers determining the transmission rate and virulence of pathogens remains an important challenge for evolutionary theory with clear implications to the control of human, agricultural and wildlife infectious disease. Although disease is often very dynamic, classical theory examines the long-term outcome of evolution at equilibrium and, in simple models, typically predicts that R0 is maximized. For example, immune escape may lead to complex disease dynamics including repeated epidemics, fluctuating selection and diversification. Here we model the impact of antigenic drift and escape on the evolution of virulence and show analytically that these non-equilibrium dynamics select for more acute pathogens with higher virulence. Specifically, under antigenic drift and when partial cross immunity leads to antigenic escape, our analysis predicts the long-term maximization of the intrinsic growth rate of the parasite resulting in more acute and virulent pathogens than those predicted by classic R0 maximization. Furthermore, it follows that these pathogens will have a lower R0 leading to implications for epidemic, endemic behavior and control. Our analysis predicts both the timings and outcomes of antigenic shifts leading to repeated epidemics and predicts the increase in variation in both antigenicity and virulence before antigenic escape. There is considerable variation in the degree of antigenic escape that occurs across pathogens and our results may help to explain the difference in virulence between related pathogens most clearly seen in the human A, B and C influenzas. More generally our results show the importance of examining the evolutionary consequences of non-equilibrium dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sasaki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lion, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>boots, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.19.427227</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The impact of antigenic escape on the evolution of virulence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.20.427445v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Correlates of Sleep and Arousal via Matrix Methods 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.20.427445v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Conventional computational modeling of sleep and arousal are primarily brain-centric in restricting attention to data from the nervous system. While such a view is warranted, the importance of considering the coupling of peripheral systems in the causes and effects of sleep are being increasingly recognized. An analysis is presented that has the capability to incorporate neural recordings of different modalities as well as data from the metabolic and immune systems. We formulate a matrix-based approach for inference of the arousal state based on the activity level of cell types that will comprise the matrix components. While the presented computations are intended to predict sleep/arousal, it is anticipated that a scrutiny of the structure of the matrices will provide insight into the dynamics of the constituent systems. A model is also proposed to consider the interaction of the signals recorded across the neural, metabolic, and immune systems in leading to the arousal state.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>de Lecea, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorooshyari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.20.427445</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Correlates of Sleep and Arousal via Matrix Methods]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.20.427514v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
How to align arthropod legs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.20.427514v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Arthropods (insects, "crustaceans", myriapods, and chelicerates) display a fascinating diversity of ectodermal structures like plates, horns, helmets, knobs, carapaces, mimicry outgrowths, and wings. The origins and relationships of these structures has tantalized researchers for over a century: did these structures arise de novo in each lineage, or do they emerge from shared, ancestral primordia present in some or even all arthropods? One way to begin answering this is to assess the position and context of these structures on arthropod bodies: do these structures emerge from proximal embryonic leg segments that were converted into the body wall, or do they represent dorsal, non-leg-derived structures? Here, the expression of pannier, araucan, and drumstick - genes previously shown to distinguish proximal leg segments in crustaceans and insects - are examined in a chelicerate representative, the tarantula Acanthoscurria. This gene expression comparison, together with over a century of gene functional, morphological, embryological, and paleontological data, suggests that all arthropod leg segments correspond to each other in a one-to-one fashion, but that in many arthropod lineages, the base of the ancestral leg in the embryo flattens and expands to form the body wall of the adult. This would mean that many arthropod outgrowths which appear to stand on the lateral body wall, such as wings, tergal plates, and gin traps, are derived from the ancestral/embryonic leg base, and likely arose from shared, ancestral primordia present on this leg base in all arthropods. The analysis detailed here means that a simple three- or four-gene in situ expression experiment with pannier, araucan, and drumstick can elucidate the homologies of any arthropod ectodermal structure of interest, including beetle horns, treehopper helmets, and more.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bruce, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.20.427514</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[How to align arthropod legs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.20.427534v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Low photorespiratory capacity is sufficient to block photosynthetic capacity acclimation in high light 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.20.427534v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The induction of high photosynthetic capacity in high light (HL) is a common response among many herbaceous dicot plants, however, the signals that control this response remain largely unknown. Here, multiple independent lines of evidence are presented in support of the conclusion that low photorespiratory capacity acts a negative signal to limit photosynthetic capacity acclimation in HL in Arabidopsis thaliana. Using a panel of natural accessions, primary nitrogen (N) assimilation and photorespiration rates early after a shift to growth in HL, as well as activities for key enzymes in these pathways, were shown to positively correlate with the magnitude of the subsequent induction of photosynthetic capacity, which occurred several days later. Time-resolved metabolomic data during acclimation to HL were collected using a strongly acclimating ecotype and a weakly acclimating ecotype, revealing in greater detail the differences in N assimilation, photorespiration, and triose-phosphate utilization pathways underlying efficient photosynthetic capacity acclimation. When shifted into HL growth conditions under non-photorespiratory conditions, weakly acclimating ecotypes and even photorespiratory mutants gained the ability to strongly induce high photosynthetic capacity in HL. Thus, a negative, photorespiration-dependent signal early in the HL shift appears to block photosynthetic capacity acclimation in accessions with low photorespiratory capacity, whereas accessions with high photorespiratory capacity are licensed to increase photosynthetic capacity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baker, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niyogi, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alonso, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cocuron, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.20.427534</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Low photorespiratory capacity is sufficient to block photosynthetic capacity acclimation in high light]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.24.426445v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Induction of a colitogenic phenotype in Th1 cells depends on IL-23R signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.24.426445v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cytokine receptor IL-23R plays a fundamental role in inflammation and autoimmunity. However, several observations have been difficult to reconcile under the assumption that only Th17 cells critically depend on IL-23 to acquire a pathogenic phenotype. Here, we report that Th1 cells differentiated in vitro with IL-12 + IL-21 show similar levels of IL-23R expression as in pathogenic Th17 cells. We demonstrate that IL-23R is required for Th1 cells to acquire a highly colitogenic phenotype. scRNAseq analysis of intestinal T cells enabled us to identify novel regulators induced by IL-23R-signaling in Th1 cells which differed from those expressed in Th17 cells. The perturbation of one of these regulators (CD160) in Th1 cells inhibited induction of colitis. In this process, we were able to uncouple IL-23R as a purely Th17 cell-specific factor and implicate IL-23R signaling as a pathogenic driver of Th1 cell-mediated tissue inflammation and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pawlak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeTomaso, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer zu Horste, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nyman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dionne, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallrapp, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burkett, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riesenfeld, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xavier, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuchroo, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.24.426445</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Induction of a colitogenic phenotype in Th1 cells depends on IL-23R signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.25.428184v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prior dengue immunity enhances Zika virus infection of the maternal-fetal interface in rhesus macaques 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.25.428184v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Concerns have arisen that pre-existing immunity to dengue virus (DENV) could enhance Zika virus (ZIKV) disease, due to the homology between ZIKV and DENV and the observation of antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) among DENV serotypes. To date, no study has examined the impact of pre-existing DENV immunity on ZIKV pathogenesis during pregnancy in a translational non-human primate model. Here we show that prior DENV-2 exposure enhanced ZIKV infection of maternal-fetal interface tissues in macaques. However, pre-existing DENV immunity had no detectable impact on ZIKV replication kinetics in maternal plasma, and all pregnancies progressed to term without adverse outcomes or gross fetal abnormalities detectable at delivery. Understanding the risks of ADE to pregnant women worldwide is critical as vaccines against DENV and ZIKV are developed and licensed and as DENV and ZIKV continue to circulate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Crooks, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiler, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rybarczyk, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bliss, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaeger, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmons, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mejia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fritsch, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayes, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eickhoff, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitzey, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Razo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braun, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamamoto, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shepherd, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Possell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weaver, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antony, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newman, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudley, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schultz-Darken, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katzelnick, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balmaseda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>OConnor, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohr, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golos, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedrich, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aliota, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.25.428184</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prior dengue immunity enhances Zika virus infection of the maternal-fetal interface in rhesus macaques]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.02.429276v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep Proteome Profiling of Human Mammary Epithelia at Lineage and Age Resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.02.429276v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Age is the major risk factor in most carcinomas, yet little is known about how proteomes change with age in any human epithelium. We present comprehensive proteomes comprised of >9,000 total proteins, and >15,000 phosphopeptides, from normal primary human mammary epithelia at lineage resolution from ten women ranging in age from 19 to 68. Data were quality controlled, and results were biologically validated with cell-based assays. Age-dependent protein signatures were identified using differential expression analyses and weighted protein co-expression network analyses. Up-regulation of basal markers in luminal cells, including KRT14 and AXL, were a prominent consequence of aging. PEAK1 was identified as an age-dependent signaling kinase in luminal cells, which revealed a potential age-dependent vulnerability for targeted ablation. Correlation analyses between transcriptome and proteome revealed age-associated loss of proteostasis regulation. Protein expression and phosphorylation changes in the aging breast epithelium identify potential therapeutic targets for reducing breast cancer susceptibility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hinz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manousopoulou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sayaman, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilera, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Todhunter, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sohn, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaBarge, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.02.429276</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep Proteome Profiling of Human Mammary Epithelia at Lineage and Age Resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.05.429398v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disentangling the effects of climate change, landscape heterogeneity, and scale on phenological metrics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.05.429398v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phenology, the study of the timing of cyclical life history events and seasonal changes, is a fundamental aspect of how individual species, communities, and ecosystems will respond to climate change. Both biotic and abiotic phenological patterns are changing rapidly in response to changing seasonal temperatures and other climate-related drivers, and the consequences of these shifts for individual species and entire ecosystems are largely unknown. Landscape-scale simulations can address some of these needs for better predictions by demonstrating how phenology measures can vary with spatial and temporal grain of observations, and how phenological responses can vary with landscape heterogeneity and climate drivers. To explicitly examine the spatial and temporal scale-dependence of multiple phenology measures, we constructed simulated landscapes populated by virtual plant species with realistic phenologies and environmental sensitivities. This enabled us to examine phenology measures and environmental sensitivities along a continuum of spatial and temporal grains, while also controlling other aspects of sampling design. By relating measures of phenology calculated at a given spatiotemporal grain to average environmental conditions at that same grain size, we are able to determine observed environmental sensitivities for multiple phenological metrics at that spatial and temporal scale. We demonstrate that different phenological events change distinctly and predictably with spatial and temporal measurement scale, opening the way to incorporating scaling laws into predictions. Using plant flowering as our example, we identify that the timing of the beginnings or ends of an event (e.g., First Flower date, Last Flower date), can be especially sensitive to the spatial and temporal grain (or resolution) of observations. Our work provides an initial assessment of the role of observation scale in landscape phenology, and a general approach for incorporating scale-dependence into predictions of a variety of phenological time series.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Newman, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breckheimer, I. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.05.429398</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disentangling the effects of climate change, landscape heterogeneity, and scale on phenological metrics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.05.429839v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Incrementally Updatable and Scalable System for Large-Scale Sequence Search using LSM Trees 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.05.429839v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationIn the past few years, researchers have proposed numerous indexing schemes for searching large databases of raw sequencing experiments. Most of these proposed indexes are approximate (i.e. with one-sided errors) in order to save space. Recently, researchers have published exact indexes--Mantis, VariMerge, and Bifrost--that can serve as colored de Bruijn graph representations in addition to serving as k-mer indexes. This new type of index is promising because it has the potential to support more complex analyses than simple searches. However, in order to be useful as indexes for large and growing repositories of raw sequencing data, they must scale to thousands of experiments and support efficient insertion of new data.

ResultsIn this paper, we show how to build a scalable and updatable exact sequence-search index. Specifically, we extend Mantis using the Bentley-Saxe transformation to support efficient updates. We demonstrate Mantiss scalability by constructing an index of{approx} 40K samples from SRA by adding samples one at a time to an initial index of 10K samples.

Compared to VariMerge and Bifrost, Mantis is more efficient in terms of index-construction time and memory, query time and memory, and index size. In our benchmarks, VariMerge and Bifrost scaled to only 5K and 80 samples, respectively, while Mantis scaled to more than 39K samples. Queries were over 24x faster in Mantis than in Bifrost (VariMerge does not immediately support general search queries we require). Mantis indexes were about 2.5x smaller than Bifrosts indexes and about half as big as VariMerges indexes.

AvailabilityThe updatable Mantis implementation is available at https://github.com/splatlab/mantis/tree/mergeMSTs.

Contactrob@cs.umd.edu

Supplementary informationSupplementary data are available online.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Almodaresi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madaminov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferdman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patro, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.05.429839</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Incrementally Updatable and Scalable System for Large-Scale Sequence Search using LSM Trees]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.05.429970v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacterium-Enabled Transient Gene Activation by Artificial Transcription Factor for Resolving Gene Regulation in Maize 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.05.429970v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular functions are diversified through intricate transcription regulations, and an understanding gene regulation networks is essential to elucidating many developmental processes and environmental responses. Here, we employed the Transcriptional-Activator Like effectors (TALes), which represent a family of transcription factors that are synthesized by members of the {gamma}-proteobacterium genus Xanthomonas and secreted to host cells for activation of targeted host genes. Through delivery by the maize pathogen, Xanthomonas vasicola pv. vasculorum, designer TALes (dTALes), which are synthetic TALes, were used to induce the expression of the maize gene glossy3 (gl3), a MYB transcription factor gene involved in the cuticular wax biosynthesis. RNA-Seq analysis of leaf samples identified 146 gl3 downstream genes. Eight of the nine known genes known to be involved in the cuticular wax biosynthesis were up-regulated by at least one dTALe. A top-down Gaussian graphical model predicted that 68 gl3 downstream genes were directly regulated by GL3. A chemically induced mutant of the gene Zm00001d017418 from the gl3 downstream gene, encoding aldehyde dehydrogenase, exhibited a typical glossy leaf phenotype and reduced epicuticular waxes. The bacterial protein delivery of artificial transcription factors, dTALes, proved to be a straightforward and powerful approach for the revelation of gene regulation in plants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lv, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trick, H. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, M.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, F. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.05.429970</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacterium-Enabled Transient Gene Activation by Artificial Transcription Factor for Resolving Gene Regulation in Maize]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.07.430097v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular and structural mechanisms of ZZ domain-mediated cargo recognition by autophagy receptor Nbr1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.07.430097v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In selective autophagy, cargo selectivity is determined by autophagy receptors. However, it remains scarcely understood how autophagy receptors recognize specific protein cargos. In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, a selective autophagy pathway termed Nbr1-mediated vacuolar targeting (NVT) employs Nbr1, an autophagy receptor conserved across eukaryotes including humans, to target cytosolic hydrolases into the vacuole. Here, we identify two new NVT cargos, the mannosidase Ams1 and the aminopeptidase Ape4, that bind competitively to the first ZZ domain of Nbr1 (Nbr1-ZZ1). High-resolution cryo-EM analyses reveal how a single ZZ domain recognizes two distinct protein cargos. Nbr1-ZZ1 not only recognizes the N-termini of cargos via a conserved acidic pocket, similar to other characterized ZZ domains, but also engages additional parts of cargos in a cargo-specific manner. Our findings unveil a single-domain bispecific mechanism of autophagy cargo recognition, elucidate its underlying structural basis, and expand the understanding of ZZ domain-mediated protein-protein interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, M.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, L.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.07.430097</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular and structural mechanisms of ZZ domain-mediated cargo recognition by autophagy receptor Nbr1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.10.430702v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimized CRISPR tools and site-directed transgenesis in Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes for gene drive development. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.10.430702v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Culex mosquitoes are a global vector for multiple human and animal diseases, including West Nile virus, lymphatic filariasis, and avian malaria, posing a constant threat to public health, livestock, companion animals, and endangered birds. While rising insecticide resistance has threatened the control of Culex mosquitoes, advances in CRISPR genome-editing tools have fostered the development of alternative genetic strategies such as gene drive systems to fight disease vectors. However, though gene-drive technology has quickly progressed in other mosquitoes, advances have been lacking in Culex. Here, we developed a Culex-specific Cas9/gRNA expression toolkit and used site-directed homology-based transgenesis to generate and validate a Culex quinquefasciatus Cas9-expressing line. We showed that gRNA scaffold variants improve transgenesis efficiency in both Culex and Drosophila and boost gene-drive performance in the fruit fly. These findings support future technology development to control Culex mosquitoes and provide valuable insight for improving these tools in other species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez Del Amo, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mameli, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishop, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrimon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gantz, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.10.430702</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimized CRISPR tools and site-directed transgenesis in Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes for gene drive development.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.12.430858v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MSA Transformer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.12.430858v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Unsupervised protein language models trained across millions of diverse sequences learn structure and function of proteins. Protein language models studied to date have been trained to perform inference from individual sequences. The longstanding approach in computational biology has been to make inferences from a family of evo lutionarily related sequences by fitting a model to each family independently. In this work we combine the two paradigms. We introduce a protein language model which takes as input a set of sequences in the form of a multiple sequence alignment. The model interleaves row and column attention across the input sequences and is trained with a variant of the masked language modeling objective across many protein families. The performance of the model surpasses current state-of-the-art unsupervised structure learning methods by a wide margin, with far greater parameter efficiency than prior state-of-the-art protein language models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verkuil, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canny, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbeel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sercu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rives, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.12.430858</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MSA Transformer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.12.431038v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic Representation of the Subjective Value of Information 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.12.431038v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To improve future decisions, people should seek information based on the value of information (VOI), which depends on the current evidence and the reward structure of the upcoming decision. When additional evidence is supplied, people should update VOI to adjust subsequent information seeking, but the neurocognitive mechanisms of this updating process remain unknown. We used a modified beads task to examine how the VOI is represented and updated in the human brain. We theoretically derived, and empirically verified, a normative prediction that the VOI depends on decision evidence and is biased by reward asymmetry. Using fMRI, we found that the subjective VOI is represented in right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Critically, this VOI representation was updated when additional evidence was supplied, showing that DLPFC dynamically tracks the up-to-date VOI over time. These results provide new insights into how humans adaptively seek information in the service of decision making.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kobayashi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filipowicz, A. L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGaughey, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kable, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nassar, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.12.431038</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic Representation of the Subjective Value of Information]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.17.431526v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovery of photosynthesis genes through whole-genome sequencing of acetate-requiring mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.17.431526v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large-scale mutant libraries have been indispensable for genetic studies, and the development of next-generation genome sequencing technologies has greatly advanced efforts to analyze mutants. In this work, we sequenced the genomes of 660 Chlamydomonas reinhardtii acetate-requiring mutants, part of a larger photosynthesis mutant collection previously generated by insertional mutagenesis with a linearized plasmid. We identified 554 insertion events from 509 mutants by mapping the plasmid insertion sites through paired-end sequences, in which one end aligned to the plasmid and the other to a chromosomal location. Nearly all (96%) of the events were associated with deletions, duplications, or more complex rearrangements of genomic DNA at the sites of plasmid insertion, and 1405 genes in total were affected. Functional annotations of these genes were enriched in those related to photosynthesis, signaling, and tetrapyrrole synthesis as would be expected from a library enriched for photosynthesis mutants. Systematic manual analysis of the disrupted genes for each mutant generated a list of 273 higher-confidence candidate photosynthesis genes, and we experimentally validated two genes that are essential for photoautotrophic growth, CrLPA3 and CrPSBP4. The inventory of candidate genes includes 55 genes from a phylogenomically defined set of conserved genes in green algae and plants. Altogether, 68 candidate genes encode proteins with previously characterized functions in photosynthesis in Chlamydomonas, land plants, and/or cyanobacteria, 15 genes encode proteins previously shown to have functions unrelated to photosynthesis, and 190 genes encode proteins without any functional annotation, signifying that our results connect a function related to photosynthesis to these previously unknown proteins. This mutant library, with genome sequences that reveal the molecular extent of the chromosomal lesions and resulting higher-confidence candidate genes, represents a rich resource for gene discovery and protein functional analysis in photosynthesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wakao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schackwitz, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chovatia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, C.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niyogi, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.17.431526</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovery of photosynthesis genes through whole-genome sequencing of acetate-requiring mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.18.431915v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glioblastoma remodeling of neural circuits in the human brain decreases survival 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.18.431915v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gliomas synaptically integrate into neural circuits. Prior work has demonstrated bidirectional interactions between neurons and glioma cells, with neuronal activity driving glioma growth and gliomas increasing neuronal excitability. In this study we wanted to know how glioma induced neuronal changes influence neural circuits underlying cognition and whether these interactions influence patient survival. We use intracranial brain recordings during lexical retrieval language tasks in awake humans in addition to site specific tumor tissue biopsies and cell biology experiments. We find that gliomas remodel functional neural circuitry such that task-relevant neural responses activate tumor-infiltrated cortex, beyond cortical excitation normally recruited in the healthy brain. Site-directed biopsies from functionally connected regions within the tumor are enriched for a glioblastoma subpopulation that exhibits a distinct synaptogenic and neuronotrophic phenotype. Tumor cells from functionally connected regions secrete the synaptogenic factor thrombospondin-1, which contributes to the differential neuron-glioma interactions observed in functionally connected tumor regions compared to tumor regions with less functional connectivity. The degree of functional connectivity between glioblastoma and the normal brain negatively impacts both patient survival and language task performance. These data demonstrate that high-grade gliomas functionally remodel neural circuits in the human brain, which both promotes tumor proliferation and impairs cognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krishna, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choudhury, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kakaizada, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aabedi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sudharshan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egladyous, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almeida, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkatesh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Findlay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagarajan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raleigh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monje, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hervey-Jumper, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.18.431915</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glioblastoma remodeling of neural circuits in the human brain decreases survival]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.19.431931v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parallel Characterization of cis-Regulatory Elements for Multiple Genes UsingCRISPRpath 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.19.431931v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Current pooled CRISPR screens for cis-regulatory elements (CREs) can only accommodate one gene based on its expression level. Here, we describe CRISPRpath, a scalable screening strategy for parallelly characterizing CREs of genes linked to the same biological pathway and converging phenotypes. We demonstrate the ability of CRISPRpath for simultaneously identifying functional enhancers of six genes in the 6-thioguanine-induced DNA mismatch repair pathway using both CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) and CRISPR nuclease (CRISPRn) approaches. 60% of the identified enhancers are known promoters with distinct epigenomic features compared to other active promoters, including increased chromatin accessibility and interactivity. Furthermore, by imposing different levels of selection pressure, CRISPRpath can distinguish enhancers exerting strong impact on gene expression from those exerting weak impact. Our results offer a nuanced view of cis-regulation and demonstrate that CRISPRpath can be leveraged for understanding the complex gene regulatory program beyond transcriptional output at scale.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ren, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamieson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takagi, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maliskova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tam, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abnousi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.19.431931</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parallel Characterization of cis-Regulatory Elements for Multiple Genes UsingCRISPRpath]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.24.432570v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Outcomes of Progranulin Gene Therapy in the Retina are Dependent on Time of Delivery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.24.432570v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL) is a family of neurodegenerative diseases caused by mutations to genes related to lysosomal function. One variant, CNL11, is caused by mutations to the gene encoding the protein progranulin. Primarily secreted by microglia, progranulin regulates neuronal lysosomal function once endocytosed. Absence of progranulin causes cerebellar atrophy, seizures, ataxia, dementia and vision loss. As progranulin gene therapies targeting the brain are developed, it is also advantageous to focus on the retina, as its characteristics are beneficial for gene therapy development: the retina is easily visible through direct imaging, can be assessed through quantitative methods in vivo, requires smaller amounts of AAV and AAV can be administered via a less invasive surgery. In this study we characterize the retinal degeneration in a progranulin knockout mouse model of CLN11 and study the effects of gene replacement at different time points. All mice heterologously expressing progranulin showed reduction in lipofuscin deposits and microglia infiltration. While mice that receive systemic AAV9.2YF-scCAG-PGRN at post-natal day 3 or 4 show a reduction in retina thinning, mice injected intravitreally at months 1 and 6 with 7m8-scCAG-PGRN show no improvement, and mice injected at 12 months of age show increased retinal thinning in comparison to their controls. Thus, delivery of progranulin proves to be time-sensitive, requiring early administration for optimal therapeutic benefit.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zin, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison-Welch, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Visel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuronen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flannery, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.24.432570</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Outcomes of Progranulin Gene Therapy in the Retina are Dependent on Time of Delivery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.25.432826v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The CCL2 Chemokine Promotes Early Seeding of the Latent HIV Reservoir 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.25.432826v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
HIV infects long-lived CD4 memory T cells establishing a latent viral reservoir that necessitates lifelong anti-retroviral therapy (ART). How this reservoir is formed so swiftly remains unknown. We now show the innate inflammatory response to HIV infection results in CCL2 chemokine release, which can drive recruitment of cells expressing the CCR2 receptor including a subset of central memory CD4 T cells. Supporting a role for the CCL2/CCR2 axis in rapid reservoir formation, we find 1) treatment of humanized mice with anti-CCL2 antibodies during HIV infection decreases reservoir seeding and 2) CCR2/5+ cells from the blood of HIV-infected individuals on long term ART contain significantly more provirus than CCR2/5-negative memory or naive cells. Together, these studies support a model where the hosts innate inflammatory CCL2 response to HIV infection recruits CCR2/5+ central memory CD4 T cells to zones of virus-associated inflammation likely contributing to rapid formation of the latent HIV reservoir.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACTWhy is the latent HIV reservoir established so early following infection? An innate immune response occurs during acute infection that establishes a "zone of inflammation" (step 1). The CCL2 chemokine is produced in part through IFI16 sensing of HIV DNA in abortively infected cells. CCL2 promotes rapid recruitment of CCR2/5+ memory CD4 T cells (step 2). Many of these cells become productively infected (step 3) and a fraction become latently infected (step 4). Thus, HIV hijacks the host inflammatory response to rapidly establish the latent reservoir. In support of this model, we find HIV reservoir reduction in humanized mice treated with anti-CCL2 antibodies during early infection. Further, we find that CCR2/5+ CD4 T cells harbor a substantial fraction of detectable proviruses in the blood of HIV-infected individuals on long-term suppressive ART.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=145 SRC="FIGDIR/small/432826v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (37K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@8d6da8org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@11a3a1corg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@dd05dborg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@ab84e6_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Packard, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwarzer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herzig, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egedal, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsiao, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Widera, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hultquist, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimmett, Z. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Messer, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krogan, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deeks, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roan, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dittmer, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasenkrug, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.25.432826</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The CCL2 Chemokine Promotes Early Seeding of the Latent HIV Reservoir]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.26.433123v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A unicellular walker embodies a finite state machine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.26.433123v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells are complex biochemical systems whose behavior emerges from interactions among myriad molecular components. Computation is often invoked as a general framework for navigating this cellular complexity. However, it is unclear how cells might embody computational processes such that theories of computation, including finite state machine models, could be productively applied. Here, we demonstrate finite state machine-like processing embodied in cells using the walking behavior of Euplotes eurystomus, a ciliate that walks across surfaces using fourteen motile appendages (cirri). We found that cellular walking entails regulated transitions between a discrete set of gait states. The set of observed transitions decomposes into a small group of high-probability, temporally irreversible transitions and a large group of low-probability time-symmetric transitions, thus revealing stereotypy in sequential patterns of state transitions. Simulations and experiments suggest that the sequential logic of the gait is functionally important. Taken together, these findings implicate a finite state machine-like process. Cirri are connected by microtubule bundles (fibers), and we found that the dynamics of cirri involved in different state transitions are associated with the structure of the fiber system. Perturbative experiments revealed that the fibers mediate gait coordination, suggesting a mechanical basis of gait control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Larson, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garbus, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollack, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, W. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.26.433123</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A unicellular walker embodies a finite state machine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.28.432901v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Small molecule SWELL1-LRRC8 complex induction improves glycemic control and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in murine Type 2 diabetes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.28.432901v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with insulin resistance, impaired insulin secretion from the pancreatic {beta}-cell, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). SWELL1 (LRRC8a) ablation impairs adipose and skeletal muscle insulin-pAKT2 signaling, {beta}-cell insulin secretion and glycemic control - suggesting that SWELL1-LRRC8 complex dysfunction contributes to T2D pathogenesis. Here, we show that ICl,SWELL and SWELL1 protein are reduced in adipose and {beta}-cells in murine and human T2D. Combining cryo-electron microscopy, molecular docking, medicinal chemistry, and functional studies, we define a structure activity relationship to rationally-designed active derivatives (SN-40X) of a SWELL1 channel inhibitor (DCPIB/SN-401), that bind the SWELL1-LRRC8 hexameric complex, restore SWELL1-LRRC8 protein, plasma membrane trafficking, signaling and islet insulin secretion via SWELL1-dependent mechanisms. In vivo, SN-401 and active SN-40X compounds restore glycemic control and prevents NAFLD by improving insulin-sensitivity and insulin secretion in murine T2D. These findings demonstrate that small molecule SWELL1 modulators restore SWELL1-dependent insulin-sensitivity and insulin secretion in T2D and may represent a first-in-class therapeutic approach for T2D and NAFLD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gunasekar, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chheda, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kern, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>My-Ta, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maurer, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerber, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grzesik, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elliot-Hudson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulkarni, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samuel, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nau, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheldon, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lerner, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norris, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brohawn, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerns, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sah, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.28.432901</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Small molecule SWELL1-LRRC8 complex induction improves glycemic control and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in murine Type 2 diabetes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.01.433490v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synthetic algal-bacteria consortia for space-efficient microalgal growth in a simple hydrogel system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.01.433490v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Photosynthetic microalgae are an attractive source of food, fuel or nutraceuticals, but commercial production of microalgae is limited by low spatial efficiency. In the present study, we developed a simple photosynthetic hydrogel system that cultivates the green microalga, Marinichlorella kaistiae KAS603, together with a novel strain of the bacteria Erythrobacter sp.. We tested the performance of the co-culture in the hydrogel using a combination of chlorophyll-a fluorimetry, microsensing and bio-optical measurements. Our results showed that growth rates in algal-bacterial hydrogels were about 3-fold enhanced compared to hydrogels with algae alone. Chlorophyll-a fluorimetry based light curves found that electron transport rates were enhanced about 20% for algal-bacterial hydrogels compared to algal hydrogels for intermediate irradiance levels. We also show that the living hydrogel is stable under different environmental conditions and when exposed to natural seawater. Our study provides a potential bio-inspired solution for problems that limit the space-efficient cultivation of microalgae for biotechnological applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernat, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinasquet, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stofko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deheyn, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azam, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davey, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vignolini, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wangpraseurt, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.01.433490</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synthetic algal-bacteria consortia for space-efficient microalgal growth in a simple hydrogel system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.08.434320v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A H3K9me2-Binding Protein AGDP3 Limits DNA Methylation and Transcriptional Gene Silencing in Arabidopsis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.08.434320v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA methylation is critical for tuning gene expression to prevent potentially deleterious gene-silencing. The Arabidopsis DNA glycosylase/lyase REPRESSOR OF SILENCING 1 (ROS1) initiates active DNA demethylation and is required for the prevention of DNA hypermethylation at thousands of genomic loci. However, the mechanism recruiting ROS1 to specific loci is not well understood. Here, we report the discovery of Arabidopsis AGENET Domain Containing Protein 3 (AGDP3) as a cellular factor required for ROS1-mediated DNA demethylation, and targets ROS1 to specific loci. We found that AGDP3 could bind to the H3K9me2 mark by its AGD12 cassette. The crystal structure of the AGDP3 AGD12 in complex with an H3K9me2 peptide reveals the molecular basis for the specific recognition, that the dimethylated H3K9 and unmodified H3K4 are specifically anchored into two different surface pockets. Interestingly, a histidine residue located in the methylysine binding aromatic cage enables AGDP3 pH-dependent H3K9me2 binding capacity. Considering the intracellular pH correlates with the histone acetylation status, our results provide the molecular mechanism for the regulation of ROS1 DNA demethylase by the gene silencing H3K9me2 mark and the potential crosstalk with active histone acetylation mark.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nie, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satheesh, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, G.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, J.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lei, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.08.434320</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A H3K9me2-Binding Protein AGDP3 Limits DNA Methylation and Transcriptional Gene Silencing in Arabidopsis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.08.434344v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Efficient graphene oxide coating improves cryo-EM sample preparation and data collection from tilted grids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.08.434344v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent technical developments have made single particle cryo-EM a major structural biology technique, especially in the characterization of challenging samples that resist crystallization, can only be obtained in small amounts, or suffer from compositional or conformational heterogeneity. However, a number of hurdles that often challenge sample preparation still need to be overcome in order to increase the applicability and throughput of cryo-EM. These technical hurdles include obtaining enough particles per image, with close to random orientation, and without damage from interaction with the air-water interface. While coating EM grids with graphene oxide is a promising procedure for the improvement of sample preparation, it suffers from some technical problems that limit its applicability. We have modified the established drop cast method for adhering graphene oxide onto holey patterned grids to increase graphene coverage. Our method relies on the use of a polycationic polymer to coat the surface of the grid prior to graphene oxide application, thereby preventing the repulsion of the negatively charged graphene oxide sheets from the negatively charged grid surface. With this improved preparation method, we show that graphene oxide supports can increase the number of particles in the field of view by an order of magnitude with respect to open holes, while keeping them away from the damaging air-water interface. We also show how graphene oxide coated gold foil grids can be used to collect tilted cryo-EM data in order to overcome preferred orientation issues, without experiencing the large amount of drift observed with conventional amorphous carbon supports, thus allowing data collection that can lead to high-resolution reconstructions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patel, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toso, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Litvak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogales, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.08.434344</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Efficient graphene oxide coating improves cryo-EM sample preparation and data collection from tilted grids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.09.434205v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RS-FISH: Precise, interactive and scalable smFISH spot detection using Radial Symmetry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.09.434205v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fluorescent in-situ hybridization (FISH)-based methods are powerful tools to study molecular processes with subcellular resolution, relying on accurate identification and localization of diffraction-limited spots in microscopy images. We developed the Radial Symmetry-FISH (RS-FISH) software that accurately, robustly, and quickly detects single-molecule spots in two and three dimensions, making it applicable to several key assays, including single-molecule FISH (smFISH), spatial transcriptomics, and spatial genomics. RS-FISH allows interactive parameter tuning and scales to large sets of images as well as tera-byte sized image volumes such as entire brain scans using straight-forward distributed processing on workstations, clusters, and in the cloud.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bahry, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breimann, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Epstein, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolyvanov, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrington, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lionnet, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preibisch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.09.434205</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RS-FISH: Precise, interactive and scalable smFISH spot detection using Radial Symmetry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.12.435197v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Massively parallel reporter perturbation assay uncovers temporal regulatory architecture during neural differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.12.435197v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene regulatory elements play a key role in orchestrating gene expression during cellular differentiation, but what determines their function over time remains largely unknown. Here, we performed perturbation-based massively parallel reporter assays at seven early time points of neural differentiation to systematically characterize how regulatory elements and motifs within them guide cellular differentiation. By perturbing over 2,000 putative DNA binding motifs in active regulatory regions, we delineated four categories of functional elements, and observed that activity direction is mostly determined by the sequence itself, while the magnitude of effect depends on the cellular environment. We also find that fine-tuning transcription rates is often achieved by a combined activity of adjacent activating and repressing elements. Our work provides a blueprint for the sequence components needed to induce different transcriptional patterns in general and specifically during neural differentiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kreimer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashuach, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inoue, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khodaverdian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahituv, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.12.435197</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Massively parallel reporter perturbation assay uncovers temporal regulatory architecture during neural differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.14.435333v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA-BINDING PROTEINS DIRECT MYOGENIC CELL FATE DECISIONS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.14.435333v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are essential for skeletal muscle regeneration and RBP dysfunction causes muscle degeneration and neuromuscular disease. How ubiquitously expressed RBPs orchestrate complex tissue regeneration and direct cell fate decisions in skeletal muscle remains poorly understood. Single cell RNA-sequencing of regenerating skeletal muscle reveals that RBP expression, including numerous neuromuscular disease-associated RBPs, is temporally regulated in skeletal muscle stem cells and correlates to stages of myogenic differentiation. By combining machine learning with RBP engagement scoring, we discover that the neuromuscular disease associated RBP Hnrnpa2b1 is a differentiation-specifying regulator of myogenesis controlling myogenic cell fate transitions during terminal differentiation. The timing of RBP expression specifies cell fate transitions by providing a layer of post-transcriptional regulation needed to coordinate stem cell fate decisions during complex tissue regeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitney, O. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogler, T. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pawlikowski, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lester, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cutler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elston, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalla Betta, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yost, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogel, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rando, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olwin, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.14.435333</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA-BINDING PROTEINS DIRECT MYOGENIC CELL FATE DECISIONS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.17.435888v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nanoparticle Cellular Internalization is Not Required for RNA Delivery to Mature Plant Leaves 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.17.435888v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rapidly growing interest in nanoparticle-mediated delivery of DNA and RNA to plants requires a better understanding of how nanoparticles and their cargoes translocate in plant tissues and into plant cells. However, little is known about how the size and shape of nanoparticles influences transport in plants and use of their cargoes, limiting development and deployment of nanotechnology in plant systems. Here, we employ non-biolistically delivered DNA-modified gold nanoparticles (AuNP) spanning various sizes (5 - 20 nm) and shapes (spheres and rods) to systematically investigate their transport following infiltration into Nicotiana benthamiana (Nb) leaves. Generally, smaller AuNPs demonstrate more rapid, higher, and longer-lasting levels of association with plant cell walls compared to larger AuNPs. We observe internalization of rod-shaped but not spherical AuNPs into plant cells, yet surprisingly, 10 nm spherical AuNP functionalized with small-interfering RNA (siRNA) are most efficient at siRNA delivery and inducing gene silencing in mature plant leaves. These results indicate the importance of nanoparticle size in efficient biomolecule delivery, and, counterintuitively, demonstrate that efficient cargo delivery is possible and potentially optimal in the absence of nanoparticle cellular internalization. Our results highlight nanoparticle features of importance for transport within plant tissues, providing a mechanistic overview of how nanoparticles can be designed to achieve efficacious bio-cargo delivery for future developments in plant nanobiotechnology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goh, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demirer, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butrus, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.17.435888</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nanoparticle Cellular Internalization is Not Required for RNA Delivery to Mature Plant Leaves]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.17.435890v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gold nanocluster mediated delivery of siRNA to intact plant cells for efficient gene knockdown 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.17.435890v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA interference (RNAi), which involves the delivery of small interfering RNA molecules (siRNA), has been used to validate target genes in plants, to understand and control cellular metabolic pathways, and as a  green alternative for crop pest tolerance. Conventional siRNA delivery methods such as viruses and Agrobacterium-mediated delivery exhibit limitations in host plant species range and their use can result in uncontrolled DNA integration into the plant host genome. Here, we synthesize polyethyleneimine functionalized gold nanoclusters (PEI-AuNCs) to mediate siRNA delivery into intact plant cells and show these constructs enable efficient gene knockdown. We demonstrate that functionalized AuNCs protect siRNA from RNase degradation and are small enough (~2 nm) to bypass the plant cell wall which exhibits a size exclusion limit of 5-20 nm. These AuNCs in turn enable up to 76.5 {+/-} 5.9% GFP mRNA knockdown efficiency with no cellular toxicity. Our data suggest this simple and biocompatible platform for passive delivery of siRNA into intact plant cells could have broad applications in plant biotechnology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goh, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demirer, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.17.435890</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gold nanocluster mediated delivery of siRNA to intact plant cells for efficient gene knockdown]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.18.435969v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An fMRI-based brain marker predicts individual differences in delay discounting 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.18.435969v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Individual differences in impatience--how much we discount future compared to immediate rewards--are associated with general life outcomes and related to substance use, psychiatric diseases, and obesity. Here, we use machine-learning on fMRI activity during an intertemporal choice task to develop a brain marker of individual differences in delay discounting. Study 1 (N=110) was used as a training and cross-validation set, resulting in significant prediction accuracy (r = 0.49) and suggesting an interplay between brain regions associated with affect, value, and cognitive control. The validity of the brain marker was replicated in an independent data set (Study 2, N=145, r = 0.45). In both studies, responses of the marker significantly differed between overweight and lean individuals. This pattern is a first step towards a generalizable neuromarker of delay discounting and a potentially transdiagnostic phenotype, which can be used as a brain-based target measure in future studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koban, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schelski, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lerman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kable, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plassmann, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.18.435969</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An fMRI-based brain marker predicts individual differences in delay discounting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.18.436093v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Joint effects of genes underlying a temperature specialization tradeoff in yeast 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.18.436093v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A central goal of evolutionary genetics is to understand, at the molecular level, how organisms adapt to their environments. For a given trait, the answer often involves the acquisition of variants at unlinked sites across the genome. Genomic methods have achieved landmark successes in pinpointing adaptive loci. To figure out how a suite of adaptive alleles work together, and to what extent they can reconstitute the phenotype of interest, requires their transfer into an exogenous background. We studied the joint effect of adaptive, gain-of-function thermotolerance alleles at eight unlinked genes from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, when introduced into a thermosensitive sister species, S. paradoxus. Although the loci damped each others beneficial impact (that is, they were subject to negative epistasis), most boosted high-temperature growth alone and in combination, and none was deleterious. The complete set of eight genes was sufficient to confer [~]15% of the S. cerevisiae phenotype in the S. paradoxus background. The same loci also contributed to a heretofore unknown advantage in cold growth by S. paradoxus. Together, our data establish temperature resistance in yeasts as a model case of a genetically complex evolutionary tradeoff, which can be partly reconstituted from the sequential assembly of unlinked underlying loci.

Author summaryOrganisms adapt to threats in the environment by acquiring DNA sequence variants that tweak traits to improve fitness. Experimental studies of this process have proven to be a particular challenge when they involve manipulation of a suite of genes, all on different chromosomes. We set out to understand how so many loci could work together to confer a trait. We used as a model system eight genes that govern the ability of the unicellular yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to grow at high temperature. We introduced these variant loci stepwise into a non-thermotolerant sister species, and found that the more S. cerevisiae alleles we added, the better the phenotype. We saw no evidence for toxic interactions between the genes as they were combined. We also used the eight-fold transgenic to dissect the biological mechanism of thermotolerance. And we discovered a tradeoff: the same alleles that boosted growth at high temperature eroded the organisms ability to deal with cold conditions. These results serve as a case study of modular construction of a trait from nature, by assembling the genes together in one genome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>AlZaben, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chuong, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abrams, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brem, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.18.436093</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Joint effects of genes underlying a temperature specialization tradeoff in yeast]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.24.436683v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A species-specific retrotransposon drives a conserved Cdk2ap1 isoform essential for preimplantation development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.24.436683v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Retrotransposons mediate gene regulation in multiple developmental and pathological processes. Here, we characterized the transient retrotransposon induction in preimplantation development of eight mammalian species. While species-specific in sequences, induced retrotransposons exhibit a similar preimplantation profile, conferring gene regulatory activities particularly through LTR retrotransposon promoters. We investigated a mouse-specific MT2B2 retrotransposon promoter, which generates an N-terminally truncated, preimplantation-specific Cdk2ap1{Delta}N isoform to promote cell proliferation. Cdk2ap1{Delta}N functionally contrasts to the canonical Cdk2ap1, which represses cell proliferation and peaks in mid-gestation stage. The mouse-specific MT2B2 element is developmentally essential, as its deletion abolishes Cdk2ap1{Delta}N, reduces cell proliferation and impairs embryo implantation. Intriguingly, Cdk2ap1{Delta}N is evolutionarily conserved across mammals, driven by species-specific promoters. The distinct preimplantation Cdk2ap1{Delta}N expression across different mammalian species correlates with their different duration in preimplantation development. Hence, species-specific transposon promoters can yield evolutionarily conserved, alternative protein isoforms, bestowing them with new functions and species-specific expression to govern essential biological divergence.

One Sentence SummaryIn mammalian preimplantation embryos, retrotransposon promoters generate conserved gene isoforms, confer species-specific expression, and perform essential developmental functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Modzelewski, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjokro, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sales, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Speed, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xuan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Risso, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.24.436683</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A species-specific retrotransposon drives a conserved Cdk2ap1 isoform essential for preimplantation development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.24.436770v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-throughput Interpretation of Killer-cell Immunoglobulin-like Receptor Short-read Sequencing Data with PING 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.24.436770v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) complex on chromosome 19 encodes receptors that modulate the activity of natural killer cells, and variation in these genes has been linked to infectious and autoimmune disease, as well as having bearing on pregnancy and transplant outcomes. The medical relevance and high variability of KIR genes makes short-read sequencing an attractive technology for interrogating the region, providing a high-throughput, high-fidelity sequencing method that is cost-effective. However, because this gene complex is characterized by extensive nucleotide polymorphism, structural variation including gene fusions and deletions, and a high level of homology between genes, its interrogation at high resolution has been thwarted by bioinformatic challenges, with most studies limited to examining presence or absence of specific genes. Here, we present the PING (Pushing Immunogenetics to the Next Generation) pipeline, which incorporates empirical data, novel alignment strategies and a custom alignment processing workflow to enable high-throughput KIR sequence analysis from short-read data. PING provides KIR gene copy number classification functionality for all KIR genes through use of a comprehensive alignment reference. The gene copy number determined per individual enables an innovative genotype determination workflow using genotype-matched references. Together, these methods address the challenges imposed by the structural complexity and overall homology of the KIR complex. To determine copy number and genotype determination accuracy, we applied PING to European and African validation cohorts and a synthetic dataset. PING demonstrated exceptional copy number determination performance across all datasets and robust genotype determination performance. Finally, an investigation into discordant genotypes for the synthetic dataset provides insight into misaligned reads, advancing our understanding in interpretation of short-read sequencing data in complex genomic regions. PING promises to support a new era of studies of KIR polymorphism, delivering high-resolution KIR genotypes that are highly accurate, enabling high-quality, high-throughput KIR genotyping for disease and population studies.

Author summaryKiller cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) serve a critical role in regulating natural killer cell function. They are encoded by highly polymorphic genes within a complex genomic region that has proven difficult to interrogate owing to structural variation and extensive sequence homology. While methods for sequencing KIR genes have matured, there is a lack of bioinformatic support to accurately interpret KIR short-read sequencing data. The extensive structural variation of KIR, both the small-scale nucleotide insertions and deletions and the large-scale gene duplications and deletions, coupled with the extensive sequence similarity among KIR genes presents considerable challenges to bioinformatic analyses. PING addressed these issues through a highly-dynamic alignment workflow, which constructs individualized references that reflect the determined copy number and genotype makeup of a sample. This alignment workflow is enabled by a custom alignment processing pipeline, which scaffolds reads aligned to all reference sequences from the same gene into an overall gene alignment, enabling processing of these alignments as if a single reference sequence was used regardless of the number of sequences or of any insertions or deletions present in the component sequences. Together, these methods provide a novel and robust workflow for the accurate interpretation of KIR short-read sequencing data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dandekar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Augusto, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yusufali, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heyn, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofmann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lange, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hollenbach, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.24.436770</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-throughput Interpretation of Killer-cell Immunoglobulin-like Receptor Short-read Sequencing Data with PING]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.26.437188v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA polymerase II depletion from the inactive X chromosome territory is not mediated by physical compartmentalization. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.26.437188v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sub-nuclear compartmentalization has been proposed to play an important role in gene regulation by segregating active and inactive parts of the genome in distinct physical and biochemical environments, where transcription and epigenetic factors are either concentrated or depleted. The inactive X chromosome offers a paradigm for studying sub-nuclear compartmentalization. When the non-coding Xist RNA coats the X chromosome, it recruits repressors and chromatin factors that trigger gene silencing, and forms a dense body of heterochromatin from which the transcription machinery appears to be excluded. Phase separation has been proposed to be involved in X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) and might explain exclusion of the transcription machinery by preventing its diffusion into the Xist-coated territory. Here, using quantitative fluorescence microscopy and single particle tracking, we show that RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) freely accesses the Xist territory during initiation of XCI, and that its diffusion is not prevented by biophysical constraints. Instead, the apparent depletion of RNAPII is due to the loss of its chromatin bound fraction. These findings demonstrate that initial exclusion of RNA Pol2 from the inactive X is a consequence of its reduced binding rate at the chromatin and gene level, rather than the biophysical compartmentalization of the inactive X heterochromatin domain. The Xist silent compartment is thus a biochemical rather than a biophysical compartment, at least during initiation of XCI.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Collombet, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rall, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dugast-Darzacq, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heckert, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halavatyi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>le Saux, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dailey, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darzacq, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heard, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.26.437188</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA polymerase II depletion from the inactive X chromosome territory is not mediated by physical compartmentalization.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.29.436835v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sulfate adenylyl transferase kinetics and mechanisms of metabolic inhibitors of microbial sulfate respiration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.29.436835v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sulfate analog oxyanions that function as selective metabolic inhibitors of dissimilatory sulfate reducing microorganisms (SRM) are widely used in ecological studies and industrial applications. As such, it is important to understand the mode of action and mechanisms of tolerance or adaptation to these compounds. Different oxyanions vary widely in their inhibitory potency and mechanism of inhibition, but current evidence suggests that the sulfate adenylyl transferase/ATP sulfurylase (Sat) enzyme is an important target. We heterologously expressed and purified the Sat from the model SRM, Desulfovibrio alaskensis G20. With this enzyme we determined the turnover kinetics (kcat, KM) for alternative substrates (molybdate, selenate, arsenate, monofluorophosphate, and chromate) and inhibition constants (KI) for competitive inhibitors (perchlorate, chlorate, and nitrate). These measurements enable the first quantitative comparisons of these compounds as substrates or inhibitors of a purified Sat from a respiratory sulfate reducer. We compare predicted half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) based on Sat kinetics with measured IC50 values against D. alaskensis G20 growth and discuss our results in light of known mechanisms of sensitivity or resistance to oxyanions. This analysis helps with the interpretation of recent adaptive laboratory evolution studies and illustrates the value of interpreting gene-microbe-environment interactions through the lens of enzyme kinetics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carlson, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Youngblut, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redford, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williamson, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coates, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.29.436835</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sulfate adenylyl transferase kinetics and mechanisms of metabolic inhibitors of microbial sulfate respiration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.29.437406v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coupling brain cerebrovascular oscillations and CSF flow during wakefulness: An fMRI study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.29.437406v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) plays an important role in the clearance of metabolic waste products from the brain, yet the driving forces of CSF movement are not fully understood. It is commonly believed that CSF movement is facilitated by blood vessel wall movements (i.e., hemodynamic oscillations) in the brain. A coherent pattern of low frequency hemodynamic oscillations and CSF movement was recently found during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep via functional MRI. However, questions remain regarding 1) the explanation of coupling between hemodynamic oscillations and CSF movement from fMRI signals; 2) the existence of the coupling during wakefulness; 3) the direction of CSF movement. In this resting state fMRI study, we proposed a mechanical model to explain the coupling between hemodynamics and CSF movement through the lens of fMRI. We found that the observed delays between hemodynamics and CSF movement match those predicted by the model. Moreover, by conducting separate fMRI scans of the brain and neck, we confirmed the low frequency CSF movement at the fourth ventricle is bidirectional. Our finding also demonstrates that CSF movement is facilitated by hemodynamic oscillations mainly in the low frequency range, even when the individual is awake.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.-C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inglis, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talavage, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vijayakrishnan Nair, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwichtenberg, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.29.437406</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coupling brain cerebrovascular oscillations and CSF flow during wakefulness: An fMRI study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.29.437450v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
OpenCell: proteome-scale endogenous tagging enables the cartography of human cellular organization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.29.437450v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Elucidating the wiring diagram of the human cell is a central goal of the post-genomic era. We combined genome engineering, confocal live-cell imaging, mass spectrometry and data science to systematically map the localization and interactions of human proteins. Our approach provides a data-driven description of the molecular and spatial networks that organize the proteome. Unsupervised clustering of these networks delineates functional communities that facilitate biological discovery, and uncovers that RNA-binding proteins form a specific sub-group defined by unique interaction and localization properties. Furthermore, we discover that remarkably precise functional information can be derived from protein localization patterns, which often contain enough information to identify molecular interactions. Paired with a fully interactive website opencell.czbiohub.org, we provide a resource for the quantitative cartography of human cellular organization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cho, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheveralls, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunner, A.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaelis, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raghavan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobayashi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savy, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canaj, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Setwart, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gnann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarthy, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabrera, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunetti, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chhun, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dingle, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hein, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Sjoberg, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itzhak, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Royer, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonetti, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.29.437450</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[OpenCell: proteome-scale endogenous tagging enables the cartography of human cellular organization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.01.438060v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Time-varying Dynamic Network Model For Dynamic Resting State Functional Connectivity in fMRI and MEG imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.01.438060v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dynamic resting state functional connectivity (RSFC) characterizes fluctuations that occurs over time in functional brain networks. Existing methods to extract dynamic RSFCs, such as sliding-window and clustering methods, have various limitations due to their inherent non-adaptive nature and high-dimensionality including an inability to reconstruct brain signals, insufficiency of data for reliable estimation, insensitivity to rapid changes in dynamics, and a lack of generalizability across multimodal functional imaging datasets. To overcome these deficiencies, we develop a novel and unifying time-varying dynamic network (TVDN) framework for examining dynamic resting state functional connectivity. TVDN includes a generative model that describes the relation between low-dimensional dynamic RSFC and the brain signals, and an inference algorithm that automatically and adaptively learns to detect dynamic state transitions in data and a low-dimensional manifold of dynamic RSFC. TVDN is generalizable to handle multimodal functional neuroimaging data (fMRI and MEG/EEG). The resulting estimated low-dimensional dynamic RSFCs manifold directly links to the frequency content of brain signals. Hence we can evaluate TVDN performance by examining whether learnt features can reconstruct observed brain signals. We conduct comprehensive simulations to evaluate TVDN under hypothetical settings. We then demonstrate the application of TVDN with real fMRI and MEG data, and compare the results with existing benchmarks. Results demonstrate that TVDN is able to correctly capture the dynamics of brain activity and more robustly detect brain state switching both in resting state fMRI and MEG data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cummings, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raj, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagarajan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.01.438060</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Time-varying Dynamic Network Model For Dynamic Resting State Functional Connectivity in fMRI and MEG imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.01.438130v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diverse ATPase proteins in mobilomes constitute a large potential sink for prokaryotic host ATP 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.01.438130v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prokaryote mobilome genomes rely on host machineries for survival and replication. Given that mobile genetic elements (MGEs) derive their energy from host cells, we investigated the diversity of ATP-utilizing proteins in MGE genomes to determine whether they might be associated with proteins that could suppress related host proteins that consume host energy. A comprehensive search of 353 huge phage genomes revealed that up to 9% of the proteins have ATPase domains. For example, ATPase proteins constitute ~3% of the genomes of Lak phages with ~550 kbp genomes that occur in the microbiomes of humans and other animals. Statistical analysis shows the number of ATPase proteins increases linearly with genome length, consistent with a large sink for host ATP during replication of megaphages. Using metagenomic data from diverse environments, we found 505 mobilome proteins with ATPase domains fused to diverse functional domains. Among these composite ATPase proteins, 61.6% have known functional domains that could contribute to host energy diversion during the mobilome life cycle. As many have domains that are known to interact with nucleic acids and proteins, we infer that numerous ATPase proteins are used during replication and for protection from host immune systems. We found a set of uncharacterized ATPase proteins with nuclease and protease activities, displaying unique domain architectures that are energy intensive based on the presence of multiple ATPase domains. In many cases, these composite ATPase proteins genomically co-localize with small proteins in genomic contexts that are reminiscent of toxin-antitoxin systems and phage helicase-antibacterial helicase systems. Small proteins that function as inhibitors may be a common strategy for control of cellular processes, thus could inspire the development of new nucleic acid and protein manipulation tools, with diverse biotechnological applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shivram, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lei, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.01.438130</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diverse ATPase proteins in mobilomes constitute a large potential sink for prokaryotic host ATP]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.01.438134v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High performance microbial opsins for spatially and temporally precise perturbations of large neuronal networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.01.438134v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Patterned optogenetic activation of defined neuronal populations in the intact brain can reveal fundamental aspects of the neural codes of perception and behavior. The biophysical properties of existing optogenetic tools, however, constrain the scale, speed, and fidelity of precise optical control. Here we use structure-guided mutagenesis to engineer opsins that exhibit very high potency while retaining fast kinetics. These new opsins enable large-scale, temporally and spatially precise control of population neural activity in vivo and in vitro. We benchmark these new opsins against existing optogenetics tools with whole-cell electrophysiology and all-optical physiology and provide a detailed biophysical characterization of a diverse family of microbial opsins under two-photon illumination. This establishes a toolkit and a resource for matching the optimal opsin to the goals and constraints of patterned optogenetics experiments. Finally, by combining these new opsins with optimized procedures for cell-specific holographic photo-stimulation, we demonstrate the simultaneous co-activation of several hundred spatially defined neurons with a single hologram, and nearly double that number by temporally interleaving holograms at fast rates. These newly engineered opsins substantially extend the capabilities of patterned illumination optogenetic paradigms for addressing neural circuits and behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sridharan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gajowa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogando, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jagadisan, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdeladim, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadahiro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bounds, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendricks, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gopakumar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tayler, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oldenburg, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brohawn, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adesnik, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.01.438134</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High performance microbial opsins for spatially and temporally precise perturbations of large neuronal networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.03.437906v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Design considerations for workflow management systems use in production genomics research and the clinic 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.03.437906v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe changing landscape of genomics research and clinical practice has created a need for computational pipelines capable of efficiently orchestrating complex analysis stages while handling large volumes of data across heterogeneous computational environments. Workflow Management Systems (WfMSs) are the software components employed to fill this gap.

ResultsThis work provides an approach and systematic evaluation of key features of popular bioinformatics WfMSs in use today: Nextflow, CWL, and WDL and some of their executors, along with Swift/T, a workflow manager commonly used in high-scale physics applications. We employed two use cases: a variant-calling genomic pipeline and a scalability-testing framework, where both were run locally, on an HPC cluster, and in the cloud. This allowed for evaluation of those four WfMSs in terms of language expressiveness, modularity, scalability, robustness, reproducibility, interoperability, ease of development, along with adoption and usage in research labs and healthcare settings. This article is trying to answer, "which WfMS should be chosen for a given bioinformatics application regardless of analysis type?".

ConclusionsThe choice of a given WfMS is a function of both its intrinsic language and engine features. Within bioinformatics, where analysts are a mix of dry and wet lab scientists, the choice is also governed by collaborations and adoption within large consortia and technical support provided by the WfMS team/community. As the community and its needs continue to evolve along with computational infrastructure, WfMSs will also evolve, especially those with permissive licenses that allow commercial use. In much the same way as the dataflow paradigm and containerization are now well understood to be very useful in bioinformatics applications, we will continue to see innovations of tools and utilities for other purposes, like big data technologies, interoperability, and provenance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhat, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burra, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fliege, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hart, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heldenbrand, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudson, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Istanto, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalmbach, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapraun, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kendig, K. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kendzior, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klee, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharif, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkatakrishnan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fadlelmola, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mainzer, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.03.437906</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Design considerations for workflow management systems use in production genomics research and the clinic]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.10.439289v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Engineered Contact Lens for Passive and Sustained Release of Lifitegrast, an Anti-Dry Eye Syndrome Drug 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.10.439289v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lifitegrast is an FDA-approved drug that inhibits T-cell mediated inflammation associated with dry eye syndrome (DES). Lifitegrast is a potent inhibitor of the interaction between LFA-1 on T-cells and ICAM-1 on endothelial cells at the ocular surface. While effective in treating DES, 5% (81.2 mM) lifitegrast has low drug utilization and elicits off-target effects. Here we engineer contact lenses to release therapeutically-relevant doses of lifitegrast to every tear film for up to 10-hours. Lifitegrast is coupled to the polymer of the soft hydrogel lens via a photolabile (caged) crosslinker. Exposures of the lens to the 400-430 nm wavelengths of indoor daylight excite the caged crosslinker molecules and trigger a bond-cleavage reaction that releases authentic lifitegrast passively to the tear film. The photoproduct of the reaction remains chemically-linked to the polymer of the single-use lens. Our studies show that passive exposures of the lens to indoor light would generate an average of 990 nM lifitegrast to every tear film in a zero-order reaction for up to 10-hours. This concentration exceeds the Kd for the interaction between ICAM-1 and LFA-1 by [~]330-fold and would sustain inhibition of inflammatory responses at the ocular surface. The amount of lifitegrast released from the lens increases during exposures to outdoor sunlight. Over a 10-hour exposure to indoor light, a single lens would release 0.44% of the lifitegrast present in two drops of commercial 5% lifitegrast. Compared to tear-drop approaches, our engineered lenses would sustain the passive delivery of therapeutically-relevant doses of lifitegrast over a longer period, and exhibit improved drug utilization at a lower cost. Our technology could easily be integrated into daily-use contact lenses in order to prevent inflammation at the ocular surface, dry-eye and contact lens-mediated discomfort.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=198 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/439289v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (75K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1049076org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@a83fceorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1f52c4borg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@12f0ead_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>marriott, g.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.10.439289</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Engineered Contact Lens for Passive and Sustained Release of Lifitegrast, an Anti-Dry Eye Syndrome Drug]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.11.438354v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Measuring salivary cortisol in wild carnivores 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.11.438354v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Salivary hormone analyses provide a useful alternative to fecal and urinary hormone analyses in non-invasive studies of behavioral endocrinology. Here, we use saliva to assess cortisol levels in a wild population of spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta), a gregarious carnivore living in complex social groups. We first describe a novel, non-invasive method of collecting saliva from juvenile hyenas and validate a salivary cortisol assay for use in this species. We then analyze over 260 saliva samples collected from nearly 70 juveniles to investigate the relationships between cortisol and temporal and social variables in these animals. We obtain evidence of a bimodal daily rhythm with salivary cortisol concentrations dropping around dawn and dusk, times at which cub activity levels are changing substantially. We also find that dominant littermates have lower cortisol than either subordinate littermates or singletons, but that cortisol does not vary with age, sex, or maternal social rank. Finally, we examine how social behaviors such as aggression or play affect salivary cortisol concentrations. We find that inflicting aggression on others was associated with lower cortisol concentrations. We hope that the detailed description of our methods provides wildlife researchers with the tools to measure salivary cortisol in other wild carnivores.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LIWe validated methods for collecting and analyzing saliva from wild carnivores.
C_LIO_LIWe documented a bimodal daily rhythm in juvenile spotted hyena salivary cortisol.
C_LIO_LICortisol varied among juvenile hyenas based on litter size and intra-litter rank.
C_LIO_LIInflicting aggression on others was associated with lower cortisol concentrations.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenberg, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunson, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laubach, Z. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nonnamaker, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Person, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ronis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smale, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinfield, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strong, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holekamp, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beehner, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.11.438354</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Measuring salivary cortisol in wild carnivores]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.12.439485v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular determinants of phase separation for Drosophila DNA replication licensing factors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.12.439485v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) of intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) in proteins can drive the formation of membraneless compartments in cells. Phase-separated structures enrich for specific partner proteins and exclude others. We have shown that the IDRs of metazoan DNA replication initiators drive DNA-dependent phase separation in vitro and chromosome binding in vivo, and that initiator condensates selectively recruit specific partner proteins. How initiator IDRs facilitate LLPS and maintain compositional specificity is unknown. Using D. melanogaster (Dm) Cdt1 as a model initiation factor, we show that phase separation results from a synergy between electrostatic DNA-bridging interactions and hydrophobic inter-IDR contacts. Both sets of interactions depend on sequence composition (but not sequence order), are resistant to 1,6- hexanediol, and do not depend on aromaticity. These findings demonstrate that distinct sets of interactions drive self-assembly and condensate specificity across different phase-separating systems and advance efforts to predict IDR LLPS propensity and specificity a priori.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parker, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kao, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Botchan, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.12.439485</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular determinants of phase separation for Drosophila DNA replication licensing factors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.13.439745v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Visual detection of binary, ternary, and quaternary protein-protein interactions in fission yeast by Pil1 co-tethering assay 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.13.439745v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein-protein interactions are vital for executing nearly all cellular processes. To facilitate the detection of protein-protein interactions in living cells of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, here we present an efficient and convenient method termed the Pil1 co-tethering assay. In its basic form, we tether a bait protein to mCherry-tagged Pil1, which forms cortical filamentary structures, and examine whether a GFP-tagged prey protein colocalizes with the bait. We demonstrate that this assay is capable of detecting pairwise protein-protein interactions of cytosolic proteins, transmembrane proteins, and nuclear proteins. Furthermore, we show that this assay can be used for detecting not only binary protein-protein interactions, but also ternary and quaternary protein-protein interactions. Using this assay, we systematically characterized the protein-protein interactions in the Atg1 complex and in the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PtdIns3K) complexes and found that Atg38 is incorporated into the PtdIns3K complex I via an Atg38-Vps34 interaction. Our data show that this assay is a useful and versatile tool and should be added to the routine toolbox of fission yeast researchers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, Z.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, D.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, L.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.13.439745</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Visual detection of binary, ternary, and quaternary protein-protein interactions in fission yeast by Pil1 co-tethering assay]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.14.439841v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fixational Eye Movements Depend on Task and Target 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.14.439841v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human fixational eye movements are so small and precise that they require high-speed, accurate tools to fully reveal their properties and functional roles. Where the fixated image lands on the retina and how it moves for different levels of visually demanding tasks is the subject of the current study. An Adaptive Optics Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscope (AOSLO) was used to image, track and present Maltese cross, disk, concentric circles, Vernier and tumbling-E letter fixation targets to healthy subjects. During these different passive (static) or active (discriminating) fixation tasks under natural eye motion, the landing position of the target on the retina was tracked in space and time over the retinal image directly. We computed both the eye motion and the exact trajectory of the fixated targets motion over the retina. We confirmed that compared to passive fixation, active tasks elicited a partial inhibition of microsaccades, leading to longer drifts periods compensated by larger corrective saccades. Consequently the fixation stability during active tasks was larger overall than during passive tasks. The preferred retinal locus of fixation was the same for each task and did not coincide with the location of the peak cone density.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bowers, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gautier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roorda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.14.439841</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fixational Eye Movements Depend on Task and Target]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.16.440200v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sonicated fibrils of huntingtin exon-1 preferentially seed neurons and produce toxic assemblies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.16.440200v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Huntingtons disease (HD) is a genetically inherited neurodegenerative disorder caused by expansion of a polyglutamine (polyQ) repeats in the exon-1 of huntingtin protein (HTT). The expanded polyQ enhances the amyloidogenic propensity of HTT exon 1 (HTTex1), which forms a heterogeneous mixture of assemblies with some being neurotoxic. While predominantly intracellular, monomeric and aggregated mutant HTT species are also present in the cerebrospinal fluids of HD patients, however, their biological properties are not well understood. To explore the role of extracellular mutant HTT in aggregation and toxicity, we investigated the possible uptake and amplification of recombinant HTTex1 assemblies in cell culture models. We found seeding-competent species in the sonicated HTTex1 fibrils, which preferentially entered human neurons and triggered the amplification of neurotoxic assemblies; astrocytes or epithelial cells were not permissive to the HTTex1 seeding. The aggregation of HTTex1 seeds in neurons depleted endogenous HTT protein with non-pathogenic polyQ repeat, activated apoptotic caspase-3 pathway and induced nuclear fragmentation. Using a panel of novel monoclonal antibodies and genetic mutation, we identified epitopes within the N-terminal 17 amino acids and proline-rich domain of HTTex1 mediating neural seeding. Synaptosome preparations from the brains of HD mice also contained similar neurotoxic seeding-competent mutant HTT species. Our findings suggest that amyloidogenic extracellular mutant HTT assemblies may selectively enter neurons, propagate and produce neurotoxic assemblies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chongtham, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isas, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rawat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mastro, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khoshnan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.16.440200</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sonicated fibrils of huntingtin exon-1 preferentially seed neurons and produce toxic assemblies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.16.440210v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Thalamocortical mechanisms regulating the relationship between transient beta events and human tactile perception 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.16.440210v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transient neocortical events with high spectral power in the 15-29Hz beta band are among the most reliable predictors of sensory perception. Prestimulus beta event rates in primary somatosensory cortex correlate with sensory suppression, most effectively 100-300ms before stimulus onset. However, the neural mechanisms underlying this perceptual association are unknown. We combined human magnetoencephalography (MEG) measurements with biophysical neural modeling to test potential cellular and circuit mechanisms that underlie observed correlations between prestimulus beta events and tactile detection. Extending prior studies, we found that simulated bursts from higher-order, non-lemniscal thalamus were sufficient to drive beta event generation and to recruit slow supragranular inhibition acting on a 300ms time scale to suppress sensory information. Further analysis showed that the same beta generating mechanism can lead to facilitated perception for a brief period when beta events occur simultaneously with tactile stimulation before inhibition is recruited. These findings were supported by close agreement between model-derived predictions and empirical MEG data. The post-event suppressive mechanism explains an array of studies that associate beta with decreased processing, while the during-event faciliatory mechanism may demand a reinterpretation of the role of beta events in the context of coincident timing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Law, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pugliese, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sliva, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neymotin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.16.440210</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Thalamocortical mechanisms regulating the relationship between transient beta events and human tactile perception]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.18.440284v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evidence for a Nuclear Role for Drosophila Dlg as a Regulator of the NURF Complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.18.440284v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Scrib, Dlg, and Lgl are basolateral regulators of epithelial polarity and tumor suppressors whose molecular mechanisms of action remain unclear. We used proximity biotinylation to identify proteins localized near Dlg in the Drosophila wing imaginal disc epithelium. In addition to expected membrane- and cytoskeleton-associated protein classes, nuclear proteins were prevalent in the resulting mass spectrometry data set, including all four members of the NURF chromatin remodeling complex. Subcellular fractionation demonstrated a nuclear pool of Dlg and proximity ligation confirmed its position near the NURF complex. Genetic analysis showed that NURF activity is also required for the overgrowth of dlg tumors, and this growth suppression correlated with a reduction in Hippo pathway gene expression. Together, these data suggest a nuclear role for Dlg in regulating chromatin and transcription through a more direct mechanism than previously thought.

Highlight SummaryProximity proteomics is used as an entry point towards identifying partners of the polarity-regulating tumor suppressor Dlg. A nuclear pool of the protein associated with NURF chromatin remodelers is revealed, along with evidence of functional interactions during growth regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sharp, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khoury, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirtz-Peitz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bilder, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.18.440284</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evidence for a Nuclear Role for Drosophila Dlg as a Regulator of the NURF Complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.20.440621v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Highly task-specific and distributed neural connectivity in working memory revealed by single-trial decoding in mice and humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.20.440621v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Working memory (WM), the capacity to briefly and intentionally maintain mental items, is key to successful goal-directed behaviour and impaired in a range of psychiatric disorders. To date, several brain regions, connections, and types of neural activity have been correlatively associated with WM performance. However, no unifying framework to integrate these findings exits, as the degree of their species- and task-specificity remains unclear. Here, we investigate WM correlates in three task paradigms each in mice and humans, with simultaneous multi-site electrophysiological recordings. We developed a machine learning-based approach to decode WM-mediated choices in individual trials across subjects from hundreds of electrophysiological measures of neural connectivity with up to 90% prediction accuracy. Relying on predictive power as indicator of correlates of psychological functions, we unveiled a large number of task phase-specific WM-related connectivity from analysis of predictor weights in an unbiased manner. Only a few common connectivity patterns emerged across tasks. In rodents, these were thalamus-prefrontal cortex delta- and beta-frequency connectivity during memory encoding and maintenance, respectively, and hippocampal-prefrontal delta- and theta-range coupling during retrieval, in rodents. In humans, task-independent WM correlates were exclusively in the gamma-band. Mostly, however, the predictive activity patterns were unexpectedly specific to each task and always widely distributed across brain regions. Our results suggest that individual tasks cannot be used to uncover generic physiological correlates of the psychological construct termed WM and call for a new conceptualization of this cognitive domain in translational psychiatry.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Strahnen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapanaiah, S. K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bygrave, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liss, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bannerman, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akam, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grewe, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kätzel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.20.440621</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Highly task-specific and distributed neural connectivity in working memory revealed by single-trial decoding in mice and humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.20.440678v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sentinel cells enable genetic detection of SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.20.440678v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated the need for exploring different diagnostic and therapeutic modalities to tackle future viral threats. In this vein, we propose the idea of sentinel cells, cellular biosensors capable of detecting viral antigens and responding to them with customizable responses. Using SARS-CoV-2 as a test case, we developed a live cell sensor (SARSNotch) using a de novo-designed protein binder against the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein. SARSNotch is capable of driving custom genetically-encoded payloads in immortalized cell lines or in primary T lymphocytes in response to purified SARS-CoV-2 Spike or in the presence of Spike-expressing cells. Furthermore, SARSNotch is functional in a cellular system used in directed evolution platforms for development of better binders or therapeutics. In keeping with the rapid dissemination of scientific knowledge that has characterized the incredible scientific response to the ongoing pandemic, we extend an open invitation for others to make use of and improve SARSNotch sentinel cells in the hopes of unlocking the potential of the next generation of smart antiviral therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weinberg, Z. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilburger, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khalid, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elmes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diwanji, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaefer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>QCRG Structural Biology Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ott, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Samad, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.20.440678</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sentinel cells enable genetic detection of SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.28.441828v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling intracranial electrodes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.28.441828v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundIntracranial electrodes are implanted in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy as part of their pre-surgical evaluation. This allows investigation of normal and pathological brain functions with excellent spatial and temporal resolution. The spatial resolution relies on methods that precisely localize the implanted electrodes in the cerebral cortex, which is critical for drawing valid anatomical inferences about brain function.

Multiple methods have been developed to localize implanted electrodes, mainly relying on pre-implantation MRI and post-implantation CT images. However, there is no standard approach to quantify the performance of these methods systematically.

The purpose of our work is to model intracranial electrodes to simulate realistic implantation scenarios, thereby providing methods to optimize localization algorithm performance.

ResultsWe implemented novel methods to model the coordinates of implanted grids, strips, and depth electrodes, as well as the CT artifacts produced by these.

We successfully modeled a large number of realistic implantation "scenarios", including different sizes, inter-electrode distances, and brain areas. In total, more than 3300 grids and strips were fitted over the brain surface, and more than 850 depth electrode arrays penetrating the cortical tissue were modeled. More than 37000 simulations of electrode array CT artifacts were performed in these "scenarios", mimicking the intensity profile and orientation of real artifactual voxels. Realistic artifacts were simulated by introducing different noise levels, as well as overlapping electrodes.

ConclusionsWe successfully developed the first platform to model implanted intracranial grids, strips, and depth electrodes and realistically simulate CT artifacts and noise.

These methods set the basis for developing more complex models, while simulations allow the performance evaluation of electrode localization techniques systematically.

The methods described in this article, and the results obtained from the simulations, are freely available via open repositories. A graphical user interface implementation is also accessible via the open-source iElectrodes toolbox.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blenkmann, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solbakk, A.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivanovic, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larsson, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Endestad, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.28.441828</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling intracranial electrodes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.29.442020v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PeakVI: A Deep Generative Model for Single Cell Chromatin Accessibility Analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.29.442020v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWSingle-cell ATAC sequencing (scATAC-seq) is a powerful and increasingly popular technique to explore the regulatory landscape of heterogeneous cellular populations. However, the high noise levels, degree of sparsity, and scale of the generated data make its analysis challenging. Here we present PeakVI, a probabilistic framework that leverages deep neural networks to analyze scATAC-seq data. PeakVI fits an informative latent space that preserves biological heterogeneity while correcting batch effects and accounting for technical effects such as library size and region-specific biases. Additionally, PeakVI provides a technique for identifying differential accessibility at a single region resolution, which can be used for cell-type annotation as well as identification of key cis-regulatory elements. We use public datasets to demonstrate that PeakVI is scalable, stable, robust to low-quality data, and outperforms current analysis methods on a range of critical analysis tasks. PeakVI is publicly available and implemented in the scvi-tools framework: https://docs.scvi-tools.org/.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ashuach, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reidenbach, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gayoso, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.29.442020</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PeakVI: A Deep Generative Model for Single Cell Chromatin Accessibility Analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.03.442482v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recovering mixtures of fast diffusing states from short single particle trajectories 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.03.442482v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single particle tracking (SPT) directly measures the dynamics of proteins in living cells and is a powerful tool to dissect molecular mechanisms of cellular regulation. Interpretation of SPT with fast-diffusing proteins in mammalian cells, however, is complicated by technical limitations imposed by fast image acquisition. These limitations include short trajectory length due to photobleaching and shallow depth of field, high localization error due to the low photon budget imposed by short integration times, and cell-to-cell variability. To address these issues, we developed methods to infer distributions of diffusion coefficients from SPT data with short trajectories, variable localization accuracy, and absence of prior knowledge about the number of underlying states. We discuss advantages and disadvantages of these approaches relative to other frameworks for SPT analysis.

Significance statementSingle particle tracking (SPT) uses fluorescent probes to track the motions of individual molecules inside living cells, providing biologists with a close view of the cells inner machinery at work. Commonly used SPT imaging approaches, however, result in fragmentation of trajectories into small pieces as the probes move through the microscopes plane of focus. This makes it challenging to extract usable biological information. This paper describes a method to reconstruct an SPT targets dynamic profile from these trajectory fragments. The method builds on previous approaches to provide information about challenging SPT targets without discrete dynamic states while accounting for some known biases, enabling observation of previously hidden features in mammalian SPT experiments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Heckert, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahal, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darzacq, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.03.442482</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recovering mixtures of fast diffusing states from short single particle trajectories]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.10.443188v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cold survival and its molecular mechanisms in a locally adapted nematode population 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.10.443188v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Since Darwin, evolutionary biologists have sought to understand the drivers and mechanisms of natural trait diversity. The field advances toward this goal with the discovery of phenotypes that vary in the wild, their relationship to ecology, and their underlying genes. Here, we established resistance to extreme low temperature in the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis briggsae as an ecological and evolutionary model system. We found that C. briggsae strains of temperate origin were strikingly more cold-resistant than those isolated from tropical localities. Transcriptional profiling revealed expression patterns unique to the resistant temperate ecotype, including dozens of genes expressed at high levels even after multiple days of cold-induced physiological slowdown. Mutational analysis validated a role in cold resistance for seven such genes. As the temperate C. briggsae population likely diverged only ~700 years ago from tropical ancestors, our findings highlight a candidate case of very rapid, robust, and genetically complex adaptation, and shed light on the mechanisms at play.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flury, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrison, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brem, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.10.443188</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cold survival and its molecular mechanisms in a locally adapted nematode population]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.10.443516v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Repeated origins, gene flow, and allelic interactions of herbicide resistance mutations in a widespread agricultural weed 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.10.443516v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Causal mutations and their frequency in agricultural fields are well-characterized for herbicide resistance. However, we still lack an understanding of their evolutionary history: the extent of parallelism in the origins of target-site resistance (TSR), how long these mutations persist, how quickly they spread, and allelic interactions that mediate their selective advantage. We addressed these questions with genomic data from 18 agricultural populations of common waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus), which we show to have undergone a massive expansion over the past century with a contemporary effective population size estimate of 8 x 107. We found variation at seven characterized TSR loci, two of which had multiple amino acid substitutions, and three of which were common. These three common resistance variants show parallelism in their mutational origins, with gene flow having shaped their distribution across the landscape. Allele age estimates supported a strong role of adaptation from de novo mutations, with a median allele age of 30 suggesting that most resistance alleles arose soon after the onset of herbicide use. However, resistant lineages varied in both their age and evidence for selection over two different timescales, implying considerable heterogeneity in the forces that govern their persistence. The evolutionary history of TSR has also been shaped by both intra- and inter-locus allelic interactions. We report a signal of extended haplotype competition between two common TSR alleles, and extreme linkage with genome-wide alleles with known functions in resistance adaptation. Together, this work reveals a remarkable example of spatial parallel evolution in a metapopulation, with important implications for the management of herbicide resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kreiner, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandler, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tranel, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weigel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stinchcombe, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.10.443516</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Repeated origins, gene flow, and allelic interactions of herbicide resistance mutations in a widespread agricultural weed]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.12.443249v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Syntrophic H2 production enhances the performance of primarily acetate-supplemented reactors treating sulphate contaminated solutions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.12.443249v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biological sulfate reduction (BSR) represents a promising bioremediation strategy, yet the impact of metabolic interactions on performance has been largely unexplored. Here, genome-resolved metagenomics was used to characterise 17 microbial communities associated with reactors operated with defined sulfate-contaminated solutions. Pairs of reactors were supplemented with lactate or with acetate plus a small amount of fermentable substrate. At least thirty draft quality genomes, representing all the abundant bacteria, were recovered from each metagenome. All of the 22 SRB genomes encode genes for H2 consumption. And of the total 163 genomes recovered, 130 encode 321 NiFe and FeFe hydrogenases. The lactate-supplemented packed-bed bioreactor was particularly interesting as it resulted in stratified microbial communities that were distinct in their predominant metabolisms. Pathways for fermentation of lactate and hydrogen production were enriched towards the inlet whereas increased autotrophy and acetate-oxidizing SRB were evident towards the end of the flow path. We hypothesized that high sulfate removal towards the end of the flow path, despite acetate being an electron donor that typically sustains low SRB growth rates, was stimulated by H2 consumption. This hypothesis was supported by sustained performance of the predominantly acetate-supplemented stirred-tank reactor, which was dominated by diverse fermentative, hydrogen-evolving bacteria and low-abundance SRB capable of acetate and hydrogen consumption. We conclude that the performance of BSR reactors supplemented with inexpensive acetate can be improved by the addition of a low concentration of fermentable material due to stimulation of syntrophic relationships among hydrogen-producing non-SRB and dual hydrogen- and acetate-utilising SRB.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hessler, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, S. T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huddy, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.12.443249</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Syntrophic H2 production enhances the performance of primarily acetate-supplemented reactors treating sulphate contaminated solutions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.12.443896v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Uncoupling of Chromatin Assembly from DNA Replication in Sciara Reveals a Domain of Postreplicative Immature Chromatin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.12.443896v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA replication in dividing eukaryotic cells imposes a requirement for the faithful recreation on the newly synthesized chromatids of the nucleoprotein architecture of parent chromosomes. Practically nothing is known about the structure of postreplicative immature chromatin--a very short-lived entity (< 30 min.). We report here the unexpected discovery that during DNA amplification of locus II/9A in salivary gland polytene chromosomes of the fungus fly Sciara coprophila, DNA replication fork passage is uncoupled from postreplicative chromatin assembly; this enables visualization and analysis of chromatin fibers disassembled by DNA replication. We used electron microscopy to visualize a wealth of low nucleosome density immature chromatin fibers in preparations of Sciara chromatin from amplification-stage tissue. Remarkably, as gauged by high sensitivity to micrococcal nuclease and an unusually short length of DNA associated with each histone octamer, we found that locus II/9A which undergoes amplification and is replicated once every 4-6 hrs.--but not the bulk genome or a replicatively quiescent DNA stretch--was maintained in such an ummature fiber for ca. 24 hrs. Following amplification, locus II/9A assumed conventional chromatin organization, indicating that the epigenetic mark targeting nascent DNA to the chromatin assembly machinery is stable for several hours. We propose that this very unusual prolonged maintenance of a segment of the genome in immature chromatin facilitates access by the basal transcriptional machinery to the amplified DNA, and thus is an evolutionary adaptation to the demand for high transcription from genes that reside in the amplified loci.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Urnov, F. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheer, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zentgraf, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerbi, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.12.443896</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Uncoupling of Chromatin Assembly from DNA Replication in Sciara Reveals a Domain of Postreplicative Immature Chromatin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.13.443778v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
STING mediates immune responses in a unicellular choanoflagellate 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.13.443778v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals have evolved unique repertoires of innate immune genes and pathways that provide their first line of defense against pathogens. To reconstruct the ancestry of animal innate immunity, we have developed the choanoflagellate Monosiga brevicollis, one of the closest living relatives of animals, as a model for studying mechanisms underlying pathogen recognition and immune response. We found that M. brevicollis is killed by exposure to Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria. Moreover, M. brevicollis expresses STING, which, in animals, activates innate immune pathways in response to cyclic dinucleotides during pathogen sensing. M. brevicollis STING increases the susceptibility of M. brevicollis to P. aeruginosa-induced cell death and is required for responding to the cyclic dinucleotide 23 cGAMP. Furthermore, similar to animals, autophagic signaling in M. brevicollis is induced by 23 cGAMP in a STING-dependent manner. This study provides evidence for a pre-animal role for STING in antibacterial immunity and establishes M. brevicollis as a model system for the study of immune responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Woznica, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sturge, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfeiffer, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.13.443778</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[STING mediates immune responses in a unicellular choanoflagellate]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.16.444353v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A toolbox for efficient proximity-dependent biotinylation in zebrafish embryos 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.16.444353v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding how proteins are organized in compartments is essential to elucidating their function. While proximity-dependent approaches such as BioID have enabled a massive increase in information about organelles, protein complexes and other structures in cell culture, to date there have been only a few studies in living vertebrates. Here, we adapted proximity labeling for protein discovery in vivo in the vertebrate model organism, zebrafish. Using lamin A (LMNA) as bait and green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a negative control, we developed, optimized, and benchmarked in vivo TurboID and miniTurbo labeling in early zebrafish embryos. We developed both an mRNA injection protocol and a transgenic system in which transgene expression is controlled by a heat shock promoter. In both cases, biotin is provided directly in the egg water, and we demonstrate that 12 hours of labeling are sufficient for biotinylation of prey proteins, which should permit time-resolved analysis of development. After statistical scoring, we found that the proximal partners of LMNA detected in each system were enriched for nuclear envelope and nuclear membrane proteins, and included many orthologs of human proteins identified as proximity partners of lamin A in mammalian cell culture. The tools and protocols developed here will allow zebrafish researchers to complement genetic tools with powerful proteomics approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosenthal, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misra, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdouni, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Branon, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ting, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, I. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gingras, A.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.16.444353</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A toolbox for efficient proximity-dependent biotinylation in zebrafish embryos]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.18.444631v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantitative reverse transcription PCR assay to detect pyrethroid resistance in Culex mosquitoes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.18.444631v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pyrethroid insecticides are widely used to control mosquitoes that transmit diseases such as West Nile virus (WNV) to humans. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the knockdown resistance locus (kdr) of the voltage gated sodium channel (Vgsc) gene of Culex mosquitoes confers knockdown resistance to pyrethroids. PCR-based assays that detect these SNPs in Culex species are currently available for Culex pipiens Linnaeus and Culex quinquefasciatus Say. RNAseq was employed to sequence the coding region of Vgsc for Culex tarsalis Coquillett and Culex erythrothorax Dyar, two WNV vectors. We utilized the cDNA sequence to develop a quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR assay that detects the L1014F mutation in the kdr of Vgsc. Because this locus is conserved, the assay successfully detected the SNPs in multiple Culex spp. vectors of WNV in the United States. The resulting Culex RTkdr assay was validated using quantitative PCR, CDC bottle bioassays, and sequencing of PCR products. Using sequencing, we determined the accuracy of the Culex RTkdr assay was 99%. Pyrethroid resistance was more common among Cx. pipiens than other Culex spp. and co-occured with agriculture. We anticipate that public health and vector control agencies may utilize the Culex RTkdr assay to map the distribution of pyrethroid resistance in Culex species to more efficiently control mosquitoes and the diseases they transmit.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hager, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaona, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kistler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratnasiri, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Retallack, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barretto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoover, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haas-Stapleton, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.18.444631</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantitative reverse transcription PCR assay to detect pyrethroid resistance in Culex mosquitoes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.19.444701v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cortical Representations of Concrete and Abstract Concepts in Language Combine Visual and Linguistic Representations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.19.444701v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human semantic system stores knowledge acquired through both perception and language. To study how semantic representations in cortex integrate perceptual and linguistic information, we created semantic word embedding spaces that combine models of visual and linguistic processing. We then used these visually-grounded semantic spaces to fit voxelwise encoding models to fMRI data collected while subjects listened to hours of narrative stories. We found that cortical regions near the visual system represent concepts by combining visual and linguistic information, while regions near the language system represent concepts using mostly linguistic information. Assessing individual representations near visual cortex, we found that more concrete concepts contain more visual information, while even abstract concepts contain some amount of visual information from associated concrete concepts. Finally we found that these visual grounding effects are localized near visual cortex, suggesting that semantic representations specifically reflect the modality of adjacent perceptual systems. Our results provide a computational account of how visual and linguistic information are combined to represent concrete and abstract concepts across cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LeBel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huth, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.19.444701</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cortical Representations of Concrete and Abstract Concepts in Language Combine Visual and Linguistic Representations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.20.444979v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
VIP neurons desynchronize cortical assemblies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.20.444979v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gamma band synchronization can facilitate local and long-range communication in neural circuits. In the primary visual cortex (V1) the strength of synchronization on the local level is strongly tuned to the contrast, size and center/surround orientation of grating stimuli. On the global level, the synchronization of gamma oscillations across the retinotopic map crucially depends on matched stimulus properties in the corresponding locations in the visual field. Although these features of V1 gamma rhythms are likely to be crucial for how they might support cortico-cortical communication and visual perception, their neural basis remains largely unknown. We hypothesized VIP disinhibitory interneurons, which shape other tuning properties in V1 by inhibiting SST neurons, may be responsible for tuning local gamma band power and global gamma synchronization. To test these ideas, we combined multi-electrode electrophysiology, cell-type specific optogenetic suppression of VIP neurons and computational modeling. Contrary to expectations, our data show that on the local level, VIP activity has no role in tuning gamma power to stimulus properties; rather, it scales the gain of gamma oscillations linearly across stimulus space and across behavioral state. Conversely, on the global level, VIP neurons specifically suppress gamma synchronization (as measured by spectral coherence) between spatially separated cortical ensembles when they are processing non-matched stimulus features. A straightforward computational model of V1 shows that like-to-like connectivity across retinotopic space, and specific, but powerful VIPSST inhibition are sufficient to capture these seemingly opposed effects. These data demonstrate how VIP neurons differentially impact local and global properties of gamma rhythms depending on the global statistics of the retinal image. VIP neurons may thus construct temporal filters in the gamma band for spatially continuous image features, such as contours, to facilitate the downstream generation of coherent visual percepts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Veit, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mossing, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adesnik, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.20.444979</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[VIP neurons desynchronize cortical assemblies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.21.445166v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cap-dependent translation initiation monitored in living cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.21.445166v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite extensive biochemical, genetic, and structural studies, a complete understanding of mRNA translation initiation is still lacking. Imaging methodologies able to resolve the binding dynamics of translation factors at single-cell and single-molecule resolution are necessary to fully elucidate regulation of this paramount process. We fused tags suitable for live imaging to eIF4E, eIF4G1 and 4E-BP1 without affecting their function. We combined Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS) and Single-Particle Tracking (SPT) to interrogate the binding dynamics of initiation factors to the 5cap. Both FCS and SPT were able to detect eIF4E:eIF4G1 binding to the mRNA in the cytoplasm of proliferating cells and neuronal processes. Upon inhibition of phosphorylation by mTOR, 4E-BP1:eIF4E complexes rapidly dissociated from the 5cap followed by eIF4G1 dissociation. Imaging of the binding dynamics of individual translation factors in living cells revealed the temporal regulation of translation at unprecedented resolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gandin, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>English, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freeman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leroux, L.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preibisch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walpita, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaramillo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singer, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.21.445166</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cap-dependent translation initiation monitored in living cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.26.443018v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A ratiometric dual color luciferase reporter for fast characterization of transcriptional regulatory elements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.26.443018v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plant synthetic biology requires precise characterization of genetic elements to construct complex genetic circuits that can improve plant traits or confer them new characteristics. Transcriptional reporter assays are essential to quantify the effect of gene expression regulator elements. Therefore, transcriptional reporter systems are a key tool in understanding control of gene expression in biology.

In this work we construct and characterize a dual-color luciferase ratiometric reporter system that possesses several advantages over currently used reporters. It is ratiometric, reducing variability and increasing consistency between experiments; it is fast, as both reporters can be measured at the same time in a single reaction, and it is cheaper to perform than current dual-luciferase reporter assays. We have validated our system quantifying the transcriptional capability of a panel of promoters and terminators commonly used in synthetic biology with a broad range of expression magnitudes, and in a biologically relevant system, nitrate response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Grandio, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demirer, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brady, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.26.443018</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A ratiometric dual color luciferase reporter for fast characterization of transcriptional regulatory elements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.27.446036v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Universal Approach to Analyzing Transmission Electron Microscopy with ImageJ 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.27.446036v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
2Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a scientific research standard for producing nanometer-resolution ultrastructural images of subcellular components within cells and tissues. Mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), lysosomes, and autophagosomes are organelles of particular interest to those investigating metabolic disorders. However, there is no clear consensus amongst regarding the best methods for quantifying the features of organelles in TEM images. In this protocol, we propose a standardized approach to accurately measure the morphology of these important subcellular structures using the free program ImageJ, developed by the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Specifically, we detail procedures for obtaining mitochondrial length, width, area, and circularity, in addition to assessing cristae morphology. We further provide methods for measuring interactions between the mitochondria and ER and measuring the length and width of lysosomes and autophagosomes. This standardized method can be used to quantify key features of organelle morphology, allowing investigators to produce accurate and reproducible measurements of organelle structures in their experimental samples.

1 SUMMARYWe discuss a standardized method for measuring and quantifying organelle features using transmission electron microscopy and accessing for interactions between subcellular structures; organelles of focus include mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, and autophagosomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lam, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biete, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mungai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>AshShareef, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neikirk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garza Lopez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christensen, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salisbury, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katti, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glancy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, R. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abel, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.27.446036</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Universal Approach to Analyzing Transmission Electron Microscopy with ImageJ]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.01.446624v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular characterization of inversion breakpoints in the Drosophila nasuta species group 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.01.446624v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromosomal inversions are fundamental drivers of genome evolution. In the Drosophila genus, inversions have been widely characterized cytologically, and play an important role in local adaptation. Here, we characterize chromosomal inversions in the Drosophila nasuta species group using chromosome-level, reference-quality assemblies of seven species and subspecies in this clade. Reconstruction of ancestral karyotypes allowed us to infer the order in which the 22 identified inversions occurred along the phylogeny. We found a higher rate of inversions on the X chromosome, and heterogeneity in the rate of accumulation across the phylogeny. We molecularly characterize the breakpoints of six autosomal inversions, and found that repeated sequences are associated with inversion breakpoints in four of these inversions, suggesting that ectopic recombination is an important mechanism in generating inversion. Characterization of inversions in this species group provides a foundation for future population genetic and functional studies in this recently diverged species group.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mai, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bachtrog, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.01.446624</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular characterization of inversion breakpoints in the Drosophila nasuta species group]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.02.446694v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A unifying mechanism governing inter-brain neural relationship during social interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.02.446694v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A key goal of social neuroscience is to understand the relationship between the neural activity of socially interacting individuals. Decades of research have focused on a single aspect of that relationship: the similarity in neural activity across brains. Here we instead asked how neural activity differs between brains, and how that difference evolves alongside activity patterns shared between brains. Applying this framework to pairs of bats engaged in spontaneous social interactions revealed two complementary phenomena characterizing the inter-brain neural relationship: fast "inter-brain catch-up" unfolding in parallel with slow activity covariation across brains. A model reproduced these observations, generated multiple predictions that we confirmed using experimental data, and provided testable hypotheses for studying the inter-brain relationship in larger social groups. Together, the data and model suggest a parsimonious computational mechanism--opposite feedback to neural activity components reflecting inter-brain difference and similarity--that unifies diverse aspects of the inter-brain neural relationship.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yartsev, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.02.446694</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A unifying mechanism governing inter-brain neural relationship during social interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.02.446776v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extremely bright, near-IR emitting spontaneously blinking fluorophores enable ratiometric multicolor nanoscopy in live cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.02.446776v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
New bright, photostable, emission-orthogonal fluorophores that blink without toxic additives are needed to enable multi-color, live-cell, single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM), especially for experiments that demand ultra-high-resolution live imaging. Here we report the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of Yale676sb, a photostable, near-IR emitting fluorophore that achieves these goals in the context of an exceptional quantum yield (0.59). When used alongside HMSiR, Yale676sb enables simultaneous, live-cell, two-color SMLM of two intracellular organelles (ER + mitochondria) with only a single laser and no chemical additives.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tyson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kidd, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dadina, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toomre, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bewersdorf, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schepartz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.02.446776</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extremely bright, near-IR emitting spontaneously blinking fluorophores enable ratiometric multicolor nanoscopy in live cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.04.447000v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Physical basis for distinct basal and mechanically-gated activity of the human K+ channel TRAAK 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.04.447000v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
TRAAK is a mechanosensitive two-pore domain K+ (K2P) channel localized to nodes of Ranvier in myelinated neurons. TRAAK deletion in mice results in mechanical and thermal allodynia and gain-of-function mutations cause the human neurodevelopmental disorder FHEIG. TRAAK displays basal and stimulus-gated activities typical of K2Ps, but the mechanistic and structural differences between these modes are unknown. Here, we demonstrate that basal and mechanically-gated openings are distinguished by their conductance, kinetics, and structure. Basal openings are low conductance, short duration, and occur through a channel with an interior cavity exposed to the surrounding membrane. Mechanically-gated openings are high conductance, long duration, and occur through a channel that is sealed to the surrounding membrane. Our results explain how dual modes of activity are produced by a single ion channel and provide a basis for the development of state-selective pharmacology with the potential to treat disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rietmeijer, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorum, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brohawn, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.04.447000</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Physical basis for distinct basal and mechanically-gated activity of the human K+ channel TRAAK]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.04.447134v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Retinoic acid exerts sexually dimorphic effects over muscle energy metabolism and function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.04.447134v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The retinol dehydrogenase Rdh10 catalyzes the rate-limiting reaction that converts retinol into retinoic acid (RA), an autacoid that regulates energy balance and suppresses adiposity. Relative to WT, Rdh10+/- males experienced reduced fatty-acid oxidation, glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. Running endurance decreased 40%. Rdh10+/- females increased reliance on fatty acid oxidation and did not experience glucose intolerance nor insulin resistance. Running endurance improved 2.2-fold. Estrogen increased, revealed by a 40% increase in uterine weight. Because skeletal muscle energy use restricts adiposity and insulin resistance, we assessed the mixed fiber type gastrocnemius muscle (GM) to determine the effects of endogenous RA on muscle metabolism in vivo. RA in Rdh10+/- male GM decreased 38% relative to WT. TAG content increased 1.7-fold. Glut1 mRNA and glucose decreased >30%. Rdh10+/- male GM had impaired electron transport chain activity, and a 60% reduction in fasting ATP. The share of oxidative fibers increased, as did expression of the myogenic transcription factors Myog and Myf5. Centralized nuclei increased 5-fold in fibers--indicating muscle malady or repair. In Rdh10+/- female GM, RA decreased only 17%, due to a 1.8-fold increase in the estrogen-induced retinol dehydrogenase, Dhrs9. Rdh10+/- female GM did not amass TAG, increase oxidative fibers, decrease Glut1 mRNA or glucose, nor increase centralized nuclei. Expression of Myog and Myf5 decreased. Electron transport chain activity increased, elevating fasting ATP >3-fold. Thus, small decreases in skeletal muscle RA affect whole body energy use, insulin resistance and adiposity, in part through estrogen-related sexual dimorphic effects on mitochondria function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vuckovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKessy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Napoli, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.04.447134</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Retinoic acid exerts sexually dimorphic effects over muscle energy metabolism and function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.10.447922v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unified classification of mouse retinal ganglion cells using function, morphology, and gene expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.10.447922v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Classification and characterization of neuronal types are critical for understanding their function and dysfunction. Neuronal classification schemes typically rely on measurements of electrophysiological, morphological, and molecular features, but aligning such datasets has been challenging. Here, we present a unified classification of mouse retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), the sole retinal output neurons. We used visually-evoked responses to classify 1859 mouse RGCs into 42 types. We also obtained morphological or transcriptomic data from subsets and used these measurements to align the functional classification to publicly available morphological and transcriptomic data sets. We created an online database that allows users to browse or download the data and to classify RGCs from their light responses using a machine learning algorithm. This work provides a resource for studies of RGCs, their upstream circuits in the retina, and their projections in the brain, and establishes a framework for future efforts in neuronal classification and open data distribution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goetz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jessen, Z. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segal, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shekhar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.10.447922</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unified classification of mouse retinal ganglion cells using function, morphology, and gene expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.10.447945v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ovule siRNAs methylate and silence protein-coding genes in trans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.10.447945v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
24-nt small interfering siRNAs maintain asymmetric DNA methylation at thousands of euchromatic transposable elements in plant genomes in a process call RNA-directed DNA Methylation (RdDM). RdDM is dispensable for growth and development in Arabidopsis, but is required for reproduction in other plant species, such as Brassica rapa. 24-nt siRNAs are particularly abundant in maternal reproductive tissue, due largely to overwhelming expression from a small number of loci in the ovule and developing seed coat, termed siren loci. Recently it was shown that abundantly expressed 24-nt siRNAs produced in the tapetal tissue of anthers can methylate male meiocyte genes in trans (Long et al., 2021). Here we show that a similar process takes place in female tissue. siRNAs are produced from gene fragments embedded in some siren loci, and these siRNAs can trigger methylation in trans at related protein-coding genes. This trans-methylation is associated with silencing of some target genes and may be responsible for seed abortion in RdDM mutants. Furthermore, we demonstrate that a consensus sequence in at least two families of DNA transposons is associated with abundant siren expression, most likely through recruitment of the CLSY3 putative chromatin remodeller. This research describes a new mechanism whereby RdDM influences gene expression and sheds light on the role of RdDM during plant reproduction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Burgess, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grover, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freeling, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosher, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.10.447945</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ovule siRNAs methylate and silence protein-coding genes in trans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.11.448167v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolomic analysis of diverse mice reveals hepatic arginase-1 as source of plasma arginase in Plasmodium chabaudi infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.11.448167v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Infections disrupt host metabolism, but the factors that dictate the nature and magnitude of metabolic change are incompletely characterized. To determine how host metabolism changes in relation to disease severity in murine malaria, we performed plasma metabolomics on eight Plasmodium chabaudi-infected mouse strains with diverse disease phenotypes. We identified plasma metabolic biomarkers for both the nature and severity of different malarial pathologies. A subset of metabolic changes, including plasma arginine depletion, match the plasma metabolomes of human malaria patients, suggesting new connections between pathology and metabolism in human malaria. In our malarial mice, liver damage, which releases hepatic arginase-1 (Arg1) into circulation, correlated with plasma arginine depletion. We confirmed that hepatic Arg1 was the primary source of increased plasma arginase activity in our model, which motivates further investigation of liver damage in human malaria patients. More broadly, our approach shows how leveraging phenotypic diversity can identify and validate relationships between metabolism and the pathophysiology of infectious disease.

ImportanceMalaria is a severe and sometimes fatal infectious disease endemic to tropical and subtropical regions. Effective vaccines against malaria-causing Plasmodium parasites remain elusive, and malaria treatments often fail to prevent severe disease. Small molecules that target host metabolism have recently emerged as candidates for therapeutics in malaria and other diseases. However, our limited understanding of how metabolites affect pathophysiology limits our ability to develop new metabolite therapies. By providing a rich dataset of metabolite-pathology correlations, and by validating one of those correlations, our work is an important step toward harnessing metabolism to mitigate disease. Specifically, we showed that liver damage in P. chabaudi-infected mice releases hepatic arginase-1 into circulation, where it may deplete plasma arginine, a candidate malaria therapeutic that mitigates vascular stress. Our data suggest that liver damage may confound efforts to increase levels of arginine in human malaria patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Davis, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lissner, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Massis, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richards, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chevee, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gherardini, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monack, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.11.448167</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolomic analysis of diverse mice reveals hepatic arginase-1 as source of plasma arginase in Plasmodium chabaudi infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.12.448192v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Harnessing methylotrophs as a bacterial platform to reduce adverse effects of the use of the heavy lanthanide gadolinium in magnetic resonance imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.12.448192v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gadolinium is a key component of magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents that are critical tools for enhanced detection and diagnosis of tissue and vascular abnormalities. Untargeted post-injection deposition of gadolinium in vivo, and association with diseases like nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, has alerted regulatory agencies to re-evaluate their widespread use and generated calls for safer gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs). Increasing anthropogenic gadolinium in surface water has also raised concerns of potential bioaccumulation in plants and animals. Methylotrophic bacteria can acquire, transport, store and use light lanthanides as part of a cofactor complex with pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ), an essential component of XoxF-type methanol dehydrogenases (MDHs), a critical enzyme for methylotrophic growth with methanol. We report robust gadolinium-dependent methanol growth of a genetic variant of Methylorubrum extorquens AM1, named evo-HLn, for "evolved for heavy lanthanides". Genetic adaptation of evo-HLn resulted in increased xox1 promoter and XoxF MDH activities, transport and storage of Gd3+, and augmented biosynthesis of PQQ. Gadolinium-grown cells exhibited a shorter T1 relaxation time compared to cells with lanthanum or no lanthanide when analyzed by MRI. In addition, evo-HLn was able to grow on methanol using the GBCA Gd-DTPA as the sole gadolinium source, showing the potential of this strain for the development of novel GBCAs and gadolinium recovery from medical waste and/or wastewater.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Good, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawker, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilad, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Gomez, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.12.448192</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Harnessing methylotrophs as a bacterial platform to reduce adverse effects of the use of the heavy lanthanide gadolinium in magnetic resonance imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.14.041913v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The atypical RNA-binding protein TAF15 regulates dorsoanterior neural development through diverse mechanisms in Xenopus tropicalis. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.14.041913v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The FET family of atypical RNA-binding proteins includes Fused in sarcoma (Fus), Ewings sarcoma (EWS), and the TATA-binding protein-associate factor 15 (TAF15). FET proteins are highly conserved, suggesting specialized requirements for each protein. Fus regulates splicing of transcripts required for mesoderm differentiation and cell adhesion in Xenopus, but roles that EWS and TAF15 play remain unknown. Here we analyze the roles of maternally deposited and zygotically transcribed TAF15, which is essential for the proper development of dorsoanterior neural tissues. By measuring changes in exon usage and transcript abundance from TAF15-depleted embryos we found TAF15 may regulate dorsoanterior neural development through fgfr4 and ventx2.1. TAF15 uses distinct mechanisms to downregulate FGFR4 expression: 1) retention of a single intron within fgfr4 when maternal and zygotic TAF15 is depleted, and 2) reduction of total fgfr4 transcript when zygotic TAF15 alone is depleted. The two mechanisms of gene regulation (post-transcriptional vs transcriptional) suggest TAF15-mediated gene regulation is target and cofactor-dependent, depending on the milieu of factors that are present at different times of development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DeJong, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dichmann, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Exner, C. R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harland, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.14.041913</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The atypical RNA-binding protein TAF15 regulates dorsoanterior neural development through diverse mechanisms in Xenopus tropicalis.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.16.448133v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oxytocin receptor antagonism during song tutoring in zebra finches reduces preference for and learning of the tutor's song 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.16.448133v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In species with vocal learning, acquiring species-typical vocalizations relies on early social orienting. In zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata), for example, learning song requires dynamic social interactions with a "tutor" during an early sensitive period. The oxytocin system plays a central role in social orienting across species, yet it is unknown whether this system participates in the attentional and motivational processes that support vocal learning. Here, we tested whether blocking oxytocin receptors during exposure to tutors would impact learning from those tutors. Juvenile, song-naive males were each tutored by two unfamiliar adults. During exposure to one tutor, juveniles were treated with oxytocin receptor antagonist (OTA) and during exposure to the other, saline (control). We found that OTA significantly reduced behaviors associated with approach and attention during tutoring sessions. Next, using an operant assay in which exposure to the two songs was balanced, we found that the juveniles preferred the control song over the OTA song. The developmental trajectory of preference for the control song resembled the pattern shown by father-reared birds choosing to hear their fathers song. Finally, the adult songs of the tutored birds more closely resembled control song than OTA song. The magnitude of this difference was significantly predicted by the early preference for the control song. Overall, oxytocin antagonism during exposure to a tutor seemed to bias juveniles against that tutor and his song. Our results suggest that oxytocin receptors play a role in socially-guided vocal learning in zebra finches, perhaps by affecting attention and motivation during tutoring.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pilgeram, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baran, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhise, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Saltos, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maney, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.16.448133</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oxytocin receptor antagonism during song tutoring in zebra finches reduces preference for and learning of the tutor's song]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.17.448791v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PLEKHA5, PLEKHA6 and PLEKHA7 bind to PDZD11 to target the Menkes ATPase ATP7A to the cell periphery and regulate copper homeostasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.17.448791v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Copper homeostasis is crucial for cellular physiology and development, and its dysregulation leads to disease. The Menkes ATPase ATP7A plays a key role in copper efflux, by trafficking from the Golgi to the plasma membrane upon cell exposure to elevated copper, but the mechanisms that target ATP7A to the cell periphery are poorly understood. PDZD11 interacts with the C-terminus of ATP7A, which contains sequences involved in ATP7A trafficking, but the role of PDZD11 in ATP7A localization is unknown. Here we identify PLEKHA5 and PLEKHA6 as new interactors of PDZD11, which similarly to the junctional protein PLEKHA7 bind to PDZD11 N-terminus through their WW domains. Using CRISPR-KO kidney epithelial cells, we show by immunofluorescence that WW-PLEKHAs (PLEKHA5, PLEKHA6, PLEKHA7) recruit PDZD11 to distinct plasma membrane localizations, and that they are required for the efficient anterograde targeting of ATP7A to the cell periphery in elevated copper. Pulldown experiments show that WW-PLEKHAs promote PDZD11 interaction with the C-terminus of ATP7A. However, WW-PLEKHAs and PDZD11 are not necessary for ATP7A Golgi localization in basal copper, ATP7A copper-induced exit from the Golgi, and ATP7A retrograde trafficking to the Golgi. Finally, measuring bioavailable copper with the labile copper probe CF4 shows that WW-PLEKHAs and PDZD11 are required to maintain low intracellular copper levels when cells are exposed to elevated copper. These data indicate that WW-PLEKHAs-PDZD11 complexes regulate the localization and function of ATP7A to modulate cellular copper homeostasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Citi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sluysmans, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mean, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boukhatemi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferreira, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jond, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.17.448791</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PLEKHA5, PLEKHA6 and PLEKHA7 bind to PDZD11 to target the Menkes ATPase ATP7A to the cell periphery and regulate copper homeostasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.20.449180v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct Processing of Sensory Prediction Error and Task Error during Motor Learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.20.449180v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Implicit motor recalibration allows us to flexibly move in novel and changing environments. Conventionally, implicit recalibration is thought to be driven by errors in predicting the sensory outcome of movement (i.e., sensory prediction errors). However, recent studies have shown that implicit recalibration is also influenced by errors in achieving the movement goal (i.e., task errors). Exactly how sensory prediction errors and task errors interact to drive implicit recalibration and, in particular, whether task errors alone might be sufficient to drive implicit recalibration remain unknown. To test this, we induced task errors in the absence of sensory prediction errors by displacing the target mid-movement. We found that task errors alone failed to induce implicit recalibration. In additional experiments, we simultaneously varied the size of sensory prediction errors and task errors. We found that implicit recalibration driven by sensory prediction errors could be continuously modulated by task errors, revealing an unappreciated dependency between these two sources of error. Moreover, implicit recalibration was attenuated when the target was simply flickered in its original location, even though this manipulation did not affect task error - an effect likely attributed to attention being directed away from the feedback cursor. Taken as a whole, the results were accounted for by a computational model in which sensory prediction errors and task errors, modulated by attention, interact to determine the extent of implicit recalibration.

Authors summaryWhat information does the brain use to maintain precise calibration of the sensorimotor system? Using a reaching task paired with computational modeling, we find that movements are implicitly recalibrated by errors in predicting both the sensory outcome of movement (i.e., sensory prediction errors) as well as errors in achieving the movement goal (i.e., task errors). Even though task errors alone do not elicit implicit recalibration, they nonetheless modulate implicit recalibration when sensory prediction error is present. The results elucidate an unappreciated interaction between these two sources of error in driving implicit recalibration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tsay, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haith, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.20.449180</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct Processing of Sensory Prediction Error and Task Error during Motor Learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.22.449487v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic code expansion in the engineered organism Vmax X2: High yield and exceptional fidelity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.22.449487v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We report that the recently introduced commercial strain of V. natriegens (Vmax X2) supports robust unnatural amino acid mutagenesis, generating exceptional yields of soluble protein containing up to 5 non-canonical -amino acids (ncAA). The isolated yields of ncAA-containing superfolder green fluorescent protein (sfGFP) expressed in Vmax X2 are up to 25-fold higher than those achieved using commercial expression strains (Top10 and BL21) and more than10-fold higher than those achieved using two different genomically recoded E. coli strains that lack endogenous UAG stop codons and release factor 1 and have been optimized for improved fitness and preferred growth temperature (C321.{Delta}A.opt and C321.{Delta}A.exp). In addition to higher yields of soluble protein, Vmax X2 cells also generate proteins with significantly lower levels of mis-incorporated natural -amino acids at the UAG-programmed position, especially in cases where the ncAA is an imperfect substrate for the chosen orthogonal aminoacyl tRNA synthetase (aaRS). This increase in fidelity implies that use of Vmax X2 cells as the expression host can obviate the need for time-consuming directed evolution experiments to improve specific activity of highly desirable but imperfect ncAA substrates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Santiago, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ad, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schepartz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.22.449487</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic code expansion in the engineered organism Vmax X2: High yield and exceptional fidelity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.23.449636v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aberrant FGF signaling promotes granule neuron precursor expansion in SHH subgroup infantile medulloblastoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.23.449636v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) signaling pathway genes, e.g., Suppressor of Fused (SUFU), drive granule neuron precursors (GNP) to form medulloblastomas (MBSHH). However, how different molecular lesions in the Shh pathway drive transformation is frequently unclear, and SUFU mutations in the cerebellum seem distinct. In this study, we show that fibroblast growth factor 5 (FGF5) signaling is integral for many infantile MBSHH cases and that FGF5 expression is uniquely upregulated in infantile MBSHH tumors. Similarly, mice lacking SUFU (Sufu-cKO) ectopically express Fgf5 specifically along the secondary fissure where GNPs harbor preneoplastic lesions and show that FGFR signaling is also ectopically activated in this region. Treatment with an FGFR antagonist rescues the severe GNP hyperplasia and restores cerebellar architecture. Thus, direct inhibition of FGF signaling may be a promising and novel therapeutic candidate for infantile MBSHH.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yabut, O. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arela, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castillo, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pleasure, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.23.449636</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aberrant FGF signaling promotes granule neuron precursor expansion in SHH subgroup infantile medulloblastoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.23.449662v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polygenic variation in sexual investment across an ephemerality gradient in Daphnia pulex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.23.449662v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Species across the tree of life can switch between asexual and sexual reproduction. In facultatively sexual species, the ability to switch between reproductive modes is often environmentally dependent and subject to local adaptation. However, the ecological and evolutionary factors that influence the maintenance and turnover of polymorphism associated with facultative sex remain unclear. To address this basic question, we studied the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of polymorphism in reproductive strategy in a metapopulation of the model facultative sexual, Daphnia pulex, located in the southern United Kingdom. We found that patterns of clonal diversity, but not genetic diversity varied with ephemerality. Reconstruction of a multi-year pedigree demonstrated the co-existence of clones that were found to differ in their investment into male production. Mapping of quantitative variation in male production using lab-generated and field-collected individuals identified multiple putative QTL underlying this trait, and we identified a plausible candidate gene. The evolutionary history of these QTL suggests that they are relatively young, and male limitation in this system is a rapidly evolving trait. Our work highlights the dynamic nature of the genetic structure and composition of facultative sex across space and time and suggests that quantitative genetic variation in reproductive strategy can undergo rapid evolutionary turnover.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barnard-Kubow, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porter, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erickson, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nunez, J. C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voss, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suryamohan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckerman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergland, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.23.449662</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polygenic variation in sexual investment across an ephemerality gradient in Daphnia pulex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.26.449999v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic basis and dual adaptive role of floral pigmentation in sunflowers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.26.449999v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Variation in floral displays, both between and within species, has been long known to be shaped by the mutualistic interactions that plants establish with their pollinators. However, increasing evidence suggests that abiotic selection pressures influence floral diversity as well. Here we analyze the genetic and environmental factors that underlie patterns of floral pigmentation in wild sunflowers. While sunflower inflorescences appear invariably yellow to the human eye, they display extreme diversity for patterns of ultraviolet pigmentation, which are visible to most pollinators. We show that this diversity is largely controlled by cis-regulatory variation at a single MYB transcription factor, HaMYB111, through accumulation of UV-absorbing flavonol glycosides. As expected, different patterns of ultraviolet pigments in flowers have a strong effect on pollinator preferences. However, variation for floral ultraviolet patterns is also associated with environmental variables, especially relative humidity, across populations of wild sunflowers. Larger ultraviolet patterns, which are found in drier environments, limit transpiration, therefore reducing water loss. The dual role of floral UV patterns in pollination attraction and abiotic responses reveals the complex adaptive balance underlying the evolution of floral traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Todesco, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bercovich, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imerovski, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owens, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorado Ruiz, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holalu, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madilao, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Legare, J.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackman, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rieseberg, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.26.449999</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic basis and dual adaptive role of floral pigmentation in sunflowers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.01.450736v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A role for worm cutl-24 in background- and parent-of-origin-dependent ER stress resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.01.450736v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Organisms in the wild can acquire disease- and stress-resistance traits that outstrip the programs endogenous to humans. Finding the molecular basis of such natural resistance characters is a key goal of evolutionary genetics. Standard statistical-genetic methods toward this end can perform poorly in organismal systems that lack high rates of meiotic recombination, like Caenorhabditis worms. Here we discovered unique ER stress resistance in a wild Kenyan C. elegans isolate, which in inter-strain crosses was passed by hermaphrodite mothers to hybrid offspring. We developed an unbiased version of the reciprocal hemizygosity test, RH-seq, to explore the genetics of this parent-of-origin-dependent phenotype. Among top-scoring gene candidates from a partial-coverage RH-seq screen, we focused on the neuronally-expressed, cuticlin-like gene cutl-24 for validation. In gene disruption and controlled crossing experiments, we found that cutl-24 was required in Kenyan hermaphrodite mothers for ER stress tolerance in their inter-strain hybrid offspring; cutl-24 was also a contributor to the trait in purebred backgrounds. These data establish the Kenyan strain allele of cutl-24 as a determinant of a natural stress-resistant state, and they set a precedent for the dissection of natural trait diversity in invertebrate animals without the need for a panel of meiotic recombinants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brem, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrison, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flury, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.01.450736</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A role for worm cutl-24 in background- and parent-of-origin-dependent ER stress resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.02.449101v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss of GdpP function in Staphylococcus aureus leads to β-lactam tolerance and enhanced evolution of β-lactam resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.02.449101v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SynopsisO_ST_ABSBackgroundC_ST_ABSWe previously reported the presence of mutations in gdpP among Staphylococcus aureus strains that were obtained by serial passaging in {beta}-lactam drugs. gdpP codes for a phosphodiesterase that cleaves cyclic-di-AMP (CDA), a newly discovered second messenger.

ObjectivesWe sought to identify the role of gdpP in {beta}-lactam resistance of S. aureus.

MethodsCDA concentrations in bacterial cytosol were measured through mass-spectrometric analysis. gdpP deletion mutagenesis and their complemented strains were created in clinically relevant S. aureus strains to characterize its function.

ResultsgdpP associated mutations among passaged strains were identified to cause loss of phosphodiesterase function, leading to increased CDA accumulation in the bacterial cytosol. Deletion of gdpP led to an enhanced ability of the bacteria to withstand a {beta}-lactam challenge (two to three log increase in bacterial colony forming units) by promoting tolerance without enhancing MICs of {beta}-lactam antibiotics. Our results demonstrate that increased drug tolerance due to loss of GdpP function can provide a selective advantage in acquisition of high-level {beta}-lactam resistance and could lead to {beta}-lactam treatment failure of S. aureus infections.

ConclusionsLoss of GdpP function increases tolerance to {beta}-lactams that can lead to its therapy failure and can permit {beta}-lactam resistance to occur more readily.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Poon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basuino, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satishkumar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukkayyan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buggeln, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Argudin, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Datta, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chambers, H. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.02.449101</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss of GdpP function in Staphylococcus aureus leads to β-lactam tolerance and enhanced evolution of β-lactam resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.02.450934v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accurately positioning functional residues with robotics-inspired computational protein design 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.02.450934v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurate positioning of functional residues is critical for the design of new protein functions, but has remained difficult because of the prevalence of irregular local geometries in active sites. Here we introduce two computational methods that build local protein geometries from sequence with atomic accuracy: fragment kinematic closure (FKIC) and loophash kinematic closure (LHKIC). FKIC and LHKIC integrate two approaches: robotics-inspired kinematics of protein backbones and insertion of peptide fragments, and show up to 140-fold improvements in native-like predictions over either approach alone. We then integrate these methods into a new design protocol, pull-into-place (PIP), to position functionally important sidechains via design of new structured loop conformations. We validate PIP by remodeling a sizeable active site region in an enzyme and confirming the engineered new conformations of two designs with crystal structures. The described methods can be applied broadly to the design of many new protein geometries and functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krivacic, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kundert, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pache, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O Conchuir, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeliazkov, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraser, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kortemme, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.02.450934</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accurately positioning functional residues with robotics-inspired computational protein design]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.06.451383v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DiMeLo-seq: a long-read, single-molecule method for mappingprotein-DNA interactions genome-wide 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.06.451383v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Molecular studies of genome regulation often rely on the ability to map where specific proteins interact with genomic DNA. Existing techniques for mapping protein-DNA interactions genome-wide rely on DNA amplification methods followed by sequencing with short reads, which dissociates joint binding information at neighboring sites, removes endogenous DNA methylation information, and precludes the ability to reliably map interactions in repetitive regions of the genome. To address these limitations, we created a new protein-DNA mapping method, called Directed Methylation with Long-read sequencing (DiMeLo-seq), which methylates DNA near each target proteins DNA binding site in situ, then leverages the ability to distinguish methylated and unmethylated bases on long, native DNA molecules using long-read, single-molecule sequencing technologies. We demonstrate the optimization and utility of this method by mapping the interaction sites of a variety of different proteins and histone modifications across the human genome, achieving a single-molecule binding site resolution of less than 200 bp. Furthermore, we mapped the positions of the centromeric histone H3 variant CENP-A in repetitive regions that are unmappable with short reads, while simultaneously analyzing endogenous CpG methylation and joint binding events on single molecules. DiMeLo-seq is a versatile method that can provide multimodal and truly genome-wide information for investigating protein-DNA interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Altemose, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maslan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, O. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundararajan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Detweiler, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neff, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miga, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Straight, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streets, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.06.451383</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DiMeLo-seq: a long-read, single-molecule method for mappingprotein-DNA interactions genome-wide]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.09.450648v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Language models enable zero-shot prediction of the effects of mutations on protein function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.09.450648v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Modeling the effect of sequence variation on function is a fundamental problem for understanding and designing proteins. Since evolution encodes information about function into patterns in protein sequences, unsupervised models of variant effects can be learned from sequence data. The approach to date has been to fit a model to a family of related sequences. The conventional setting is limited, since a new model must be trained for each prediction task. We show that using only zero-shot inference, without any supervision from experimental data or additional training, protein language models capture the functional effects of sequence variation, performing at state-of-the-art.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verkuil, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sercu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rives, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.09.450648</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Language models enable zero-shot prediction of the effects of mutations on protein function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.09.450705v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Photoprotective qH in Arabidopsis occurs in the light-harvesting complex II trimer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.09.450705v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plants and algae are faced with a conundrum: harvesting sufficient light to drive their metabolic needs while dissipating light in excess to prevent photodamage, a process known as non-photochemical quenching. A slowly relaxing form of energy dissipation, termed qH, is critical for plants survival under abiotic stress. Here, we tested whether we could isolate photosynthetic subcomplexes (from plants in which qH was induced) that would remain in an energy-dissipative state. Interestingly chlorophyll fluorescence lifetimes were decreased by qH in isolated major trimeric antenna complexes, providing a natively quenched complex with physiological relevance to natural conditions. Next, we monitored the changes in thylakoid pigment, protein or lipid content of antenna with active or inactive qH, and no evident differences were detected. Finally, we investigated whether specific antenna subunits of the major antenna were required for qH but found it insensitive to trimer composition. Because qH can occur in the absence of specific xanthophylls, and no changes in pigments were detected, we propose that the energy-dissipative state reported here may stem from chlorophyll-chlorophyll excitonic interaction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bru, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steen, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amstutz, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sylak-Glassman, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leuenberger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Longoni, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleming, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niyogi, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malnoë, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.09.450705</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Photoprotective qH in Arabidopsis occurs in the light-harvesting complex II trimer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.09.451618v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Myosin-driven Nucleation of Actin Filaments Drives Stereocilia Development Critical for Hearing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.09.451618v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The assembly and maintenance of actin-based mechanosensitive stereocilia in the cochlea is critical for lifelong hearing. Myosin-15 (MYO15) is hypothesized to modulate stereocilia height by trafficking actin regulatory proteins to their tip compartments, where actin polymerization must be precisely controlled during development. We identified a mutation (p.D1647G) in the MYO15 motor-domain that initially maintained trafficking, but caused progressive hearing loss by stunting stereocilia growth, revealing an additional function for MYO15. Consistent with its maintenance of tip trafficking in vivo, purified p.D1647G MYO15 modestly reduced actin-stimulated ATPase activity in vitro. Using ensemble and single-filament fluorescence in vitro assays, we demonstrated that wild-type MYO15 directly accelerated actin filament polymerization by driving nucleation, whilst p.D1647G MYO15 blocked this activity. Collectively, our studies suggest direct actin nucleation by MYO15 at the stereocilia tip is necessary for elongation in vivo, and that this is a primary mechanism disrupted in DFNB3 hereditary human hearing loss.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moreland, Z. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilar, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barzik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shams, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faaborg-Andersen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werth, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutton, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morse, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takagi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sellers, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alushin, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowl, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bird, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.09.451618</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Myosin-driven Nucleation of Actin Filaments Drives Stereocilia Development Critical for Hearing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.09.451843v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis for tunable control of actin dynamics by myosin-15 in mechanosensory stereocilia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.09.451843v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The motor protein myosin-15 is necessary for the development and maintenance of mechanosensory stereocilia, and myosin-15 mutations cause profound deafness. In a companion study, we report that myosin-15 nucleates actin filament ("F-actin") assembly and identify a progressive hearing loss mutation (p.D1647G, "jordan") which disrupts stereocilia elongation by inhibiting actin polymerization. Here, we present cryo-EM structures of myosin-15 bound to F-actin, providing a framework for interpreting deafness mutations and their impacts on myosin-stimulated actin assembly. Rigor myosin-15 evokes conformational changes in F-actin yet maintains flexibility in actins D-loop, which mediates inter-subunit contacts, while the jordan mutant locks the D-loop in a single conformation. ADP-bound myosin-15 also locks the D-loop, which correspondingly blunts actin-polymerization stimulation. We propose myosin-15 enhances polymerization by bridging actin protomers, regulating nucleation efficiency by modulating actins structural plasticity in a myosin nucleotide-state dependent manner. This tunable regulation of actin polymerization could be harnessed to precisely control stereocilium height.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gong, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreland, Z. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynolds, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espinosa de los Reyes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurel, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shams, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowl, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bird, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alushin, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.09.451843</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis for tunable control of actin dynamics by myosin-15 in mechanosensory stereocilia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.12.452099v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Probing remdesivir nucleotide analogue insertion to SARS-CoV-2 RNA dependent RNA polymerase in viral replication 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.12.452099v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Remdesivir (RDV) prodrug can be metabolized into a triphosphate form nucleotide analogue (RDV-TP) to bind and insert into the active site of viral RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) to further interfere with the viral genome replication. In this work, we computationally studied how RDV-TP binds and inserts to the SARS-CoV-2 RdRp active site, in comparison with natural nucleotide substrate adenosine triphosphate (ATP). To do that, we first constructed atomic structural models of an initial binding complex (active site open) and a substrate insertion complex (active site closed), based on high-resolution cryo-EM structures determined recently for SARS-CoV-2 RdRp or non-structural protein (nsp) 12, in complex with accessory protein factors nsp7 and nsp8. By conducting all-atom molecular dynamics simulation with umbrella sampling strategies on the nucleotide insertion between the open and closed state RdRp complexes, our studies show that RDV-TP can bind comparatively stabilized to the viral RdRp active site, as it primarily forms base stacking with the template Uracil nucleotide (at +1), which is under freely fluctuations and supports a low free energy barrier of the RDV-TP insertion ([~] 1.5 kcal/mol). In comparison, the barrier ([~] 2.6 kcal/mol), when the fluctuations of the template nt are well quenched. The simulations also show that the initial base stacking of RDV-TP with the template can be particularly stabilized by motif B-N691, S682, and motif F-K500 with the sugar, base, and the template backbone, respectively. Although the RDV-TP insertion can be hindered by motif-F R555/R553 interaction with the triphosphate, the ATP insertion seems to be facilitated by such interactions. The inserted RDV-TP and ATP can be further distinguished by specific sugar interaction with motif B-T687 and motif-A D623, respectively.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Romero, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>La Rocco, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keerthi, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.12.452099</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Probing remdesivir nucleotide analogue insertion to SARS-CoV-2 RNA dependent RNA polymerase in viral replication]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.14.452329v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ECM dimensionality tunes actin tension to modulate the endoplasmic reticulum and spheroid phenotype 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.14.452329v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Primary tissue organoids and cell spheroids recapitulate tissue physiology with remarkable fidelity. We investigated how engagement with a three dimensional laminin-rich extracellular matrix supports the polarized, stress resilient spheroid phenotype of mammary epithelial cells. Cells within a three dimensional laminin-rich extracellular matrix decreased and redistributed the actin crosslinker filamin to reduce their cortical actin tension. Cells with low cortical actin tension had increased plasma membrane protrusions that promoted negative plasma membrane curvature and fostered protein associations with the plasma membrane, consistent with efficient protein secretion. By contrast, cells engaging a laminin-rich extracellular matrix in two dimensions had high filamin-dependent cortical actin tension, exhibited compromised endoplasmic reticulum function including increased expression of PKR-like Endoplasmic Reticulum Kinase signaling effectors, and had compromised protein secretion. Cells with low filamin-mediated cortical actin tension and reduced endoplasmic reticulum stress response signaling secreted, and assembled, a polarized endogenous basement membrane and survived better, and their spheroids were more resistant to exogenous stress. The findings implicate filamin-dependent cortical actin tension in endoplasmic reticulum function and highlight a role for mechanics in organoid homeostasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kai, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ou, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tourdot, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stashko, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaietta, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swift, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Volkmann, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Northey, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leidal, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viasnoff, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryant, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiita, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumont, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanein, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radhakrishnan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weaver, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.14.452329</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ECM dimensionality tunes actin tension to modulate the endoplasmic reticulum and spheroid phenotype]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.15.452373v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Plumage balances camouflage and thermoregulation in Horned Larks (Eremophila alpestris) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.15.452373v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animal coloration serves many biological functions and must therefore balance potentially competing selective pressures. For example, many animals have camouflage, in which coloration matches the visual background against which predators scan for prey. However, different colors reflect different amounts of solar radiation and may therefore have thermoregulatory implications as well. In this study, we examined geographic variation in dorsal patterning, color, and solar reflectance among Horned Larks (Eremophila alpestris) of the western United States. We found associations between dorsal plumage brightness, hue, and patterning relative to the soil conditions where specimens were collected. Specifically, brighter dorsal plumage corresponded to brighter soil, while redder, more saturated hues in dorsal plumage corresponded to redder soils. Furthermore, backs with more high-contrast patterning were more common among females and also associated with soil that had coarser soil fragments, suggesting that lark plumage has been selected to optimize background matching in different environments. We also found that larks exhibited higher solar reflectance in hotter and more arid environments, which lowers the water requirements for homeothermy. Taken together, these findings suggest that natural selection has balanced camouflage and thermoregulation in Horned Larks across a wide variety of soil types and abiotic conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mason, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riddell, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romero, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cicero, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowie, R. C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.15.452373</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Plumage balances camouflage and thermoregulation in Horned Larks (Eremophila alpestris)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.15.452420v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Induced Membrane Curvature Bypasses Clathrin's Essential Endocytic Function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.15.452420v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During membrane trafficking, flat membrane is rapidly remodeled to produce nanometer-scale vesicles. The mechanisms underlying this shape change are not completely understood, but coat proteins such as clathrin are implicated. Clathrins ability to bind to membranes of many different geometries casts uncertainty on its specific role in curvature generation and stabilization. Here, we used nanopatterning to produce substrates of ideal optical properties for live-cell imaging, with U-shaped features that bend a cells ventral plasma membrane into shapes characteristic of the energetically-unfavorable intermediate of clathrin- mediated endocytosis (CME). This induced plasma membrane curvature recruits the endocytic machinery, promoting productive endocytosis. Upon clathrin or AP2 disruption, CME sites on flat substrates are diminished. However, induced curvature rescues the localization, turnover and transferrin cargo uptake activities of CME sites after clathrin, but not AP2, disruption. These data establish that clathrins essential function during CME is to facilitate the evolution of membrane curvature rather than to scaffold CME protein recruitment.

SummaryCail et al. demonstrate that induced nanoscale membrane curvature recruits endocytic sites and produces vesicles in cells lacking the coat protein clathrin, while the adaptor protein AP2 is still required, showing that clathrins essential function is to facilitate curvature development of the nascent vesicle.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cail, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shirazinejad, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drubin, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.15.452420</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Induced Membrane Curvature Bypasses Clathrin's Essential Endocytic Function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.20.453126v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differences in the dynamics of the tandem-SH2 modules of the Syk and ZAP-70 tyrosine kinases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.20.453126v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The catalytic activity of Syk-family tyrosine kinases is regulated by a tandem-SH2 module (tSH2 module). In the autoinhibited state, this module adopts a conformation which stabilizes an inactive conformation of the kinase domain. The binding of the tSH2 module to doubly-phosphorylated tyrosine-containing motifs necessitates a conformational change, thereby relieving kinase inhibition and promoting activation. We determined the crystal structure of the isolated tSH2 module of Syk and find, in contrast to ZAP-70, that its conformation more closely resembles that of the peptide-bound state, rather than the autoinhibited state. Hydrogen-deuterium exchange by mass spectrometry, as well as molecular dynamics simulations, reveal that the dynamics of the tSH2 modules of Syk and ZAP-70 differ, with most of these differences occurring in the C-terminal SH2 domain. Our data suggest that the conformational landscapes of the tSH2 modules in Syk and ZAP-70 have been tuned differently, such that the auto-inhibited conformation of the Syk tSH2 module is less stable. This feature of Syk likely contributes to its ability to more readily escape autoinhibition when compared to ZAP-70, consistent with tighter control of downstream signaling pathways in T cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hobbs, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badroos, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gee, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marqusee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuriyan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.20.453126</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differences in the dynamics of the tandem-SH2 modules of the Syk and ZAP-70 tyrosine kinases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.21.453214v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Manipulation of RNA Polymerase III by Herpes Simplex Virus-1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.21.453214v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA Polymerase III (Pol III) transcribes noncoding RNA, including transfer RNA (tRNA), and acts as a pathogen sensor during the innate immune response. To promote enhanced proliferation, the Pol III machinery is commonly targeted during cancer and viral infection. Herein we employ DM-RNA-Seq, 4SU-Seq, ChIP-Seq, and ATAC-Seq to characterize how Herpes Simplex Virus-1 (HSV-1) perturbs the Pol III landscape. We find that HSV-1 stimulates tRNA expression 10-fold, with mature tRNAs exhibiting a 2-fold increase within 12 hours of infection. Perturbation of host tRNA synthesis requires nuclear viral entry, but not synthesis of specific viral transcripts, nascent viral genomes, or viral progeny. Host tRNA with a specific codon bias were not targeted--rather increased transcription was observed from euchromatic, actively transcribed loci. tRNA upregulation is linked to unique crosstalk between the Pol II and III transcriptional machinery. While viral infection is known to mediate host transcriptional shut off and lead to a depletion of Pol II on host mRNA promoters, we find that Pol II binding to tRNA loci increases. Finally, we report Pol III and associated factors bind the HSV genome, which suggests a previously unrecognized role in HSV-1 gene expression. These data provide insight into novel mechanisms by which HSV-1 alters the host nuclear environment, shifting key processes in favor of the pathogen.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dremel, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivrich, F. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tucker, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaunsinger, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeLuca, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.21.453214</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Manipulation of RNA Polymerase III by Herpes Simplex Virus-1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.22.453433v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of Learning in Technology Adoption: The case of the U.S. Soybean Seed Industry. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.22.453433v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This paper examines how the evolution of learning affects technology adoption. We use a sequential adoption model that accounts for differences between forward-looking adopters, who consider future impacts of their learning, and myopic adopters, who only consider past learning. We apply the analysis to three panels of U.S. soybean farmers representing different stages of the genetically modified (GM) seed technology diffusion path. We show that uncertainty is considerably reduced over time due to increased learning efficiency. Our results indicate that a forward-looking model fits the early adopters and early majority stages better, while both models perform equally well in the laggard stage.

JEL classificationD83, Q31, Q33, Q16
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ilin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.22.453433</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of Learning in Technology Adoption: The case of the U.S. Soybean Seed Industry.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.23.453507v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Toxin breakdown does not preclude the potential for defensive toxin use in a fruit fly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.23.453507v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals that ingest toxins can become unpalatable and even toxic to predators and parasites through toxin sequestration. Because most animals rapidly eliminate toxins to survive their ingestion, it is unclear how populations transition from susceptibility and toxin elimination to tolerance and accumulation as chemical defense emerges. Studies of chemical defense have generally focused on species with active toxin sequestration and target-site insensitivity mutations or toxin-binding proteins that permit survival without necessitating toxin elimination. Here, we investigate whether animals that presumably rely on toxin elimination for survival can utilize ingested toxins for defense. We use the A4 and A3 Drosophila melanogaster fly strains from the Drosophila Synthetic Population Resource (DSPR), which respectively possess elevated and reduced metabolic nicotine resistance amongst DSPR fly lines. We find that ingesting nicotine increased A4 but not A3 fly survival against Leptopilina heterotoma wasp parasitism.Further, we find that despite possessing genetic variants that enhance toxin elimination, A4 flies accrued more nicotine than A3 individuals likely by consuming more media. Our results suggest that enhanced toxin metabolism can allow for greater toxin intake by offsetting the cost of toxin ingestion. Passive toxin accumulation that accompanies increased toxin intake may underlie the early origins of chemical defense.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Douglas, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beskid, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gernand, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nirtaut, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamsil, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitch, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarvin, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.23.453507</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Toxin breakdown does not preclude the potential for defensive toxin use in a fruit fly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.29.454146v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stabilizing selection shapes variation in phenotypic plasticity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.29.454146v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The adaptive nature of phenotypic plasticity is widely documented in natural populations. However, little is known about the evolutionary forces that shape genetic variation in plasticity within populations. Here we empirically address this issue by testing the hypothesis that stabilizing selection shapes genetic variation in the anti-predator developmental plasticity of Daphnia pulex. The anti-predator morphological defense is characterized by pedestal and spikes that grow on the back of the Daphnia neck following exposure to predator cure. We characterized variation in this plasticity using a novel, high-throughput phenotyping method that describes the entire dorsal shape amongst >100 D. pulex strains originating from a natural population in the UK. We found low genetic diversity for morphological defenses among genetically diverse clones upon predation risk exposure. The strongest reduction in genetic variation was observed in areas of greatest phenotypic plasticity, which we interpret as evidence of stabilizing selection. By assessing among-clone variance in clonally related, field derived strains, we contrasted mutational variation (Vm) to standing variation (Vg). We found that Vg/Vm is lowest in areas of greatest plasticity. These data strongly suggest that stabilizing selection operates directly on phenotypic plasticity, providing a rare glimpse into the evolution of fitness related traits in natural populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Becker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnard-Kubow, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porter, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voss, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckerman, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergland, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.29.454146</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stabilizing selection shapes variation in phenotypic plasticity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.29.454330v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovering molecular features of intrinsically disordered regions by using evolution for contrastive learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.29.454330v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A major challenge to the characterization of intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs), which are widespread in the proteome, but relatively poorly understood, is the identification of molecular features that mediate functions of these regions, such as short motifs, amino acid repeats and physicochemical properties. Here, we introduce a proteome-scale feature discovery approach for IDRs. Our approach, which we call "reverse homology", exploits the principle that important functional features are conserved over evolution. We use this as a contrastive learning signal for deep learning: given a set of homologous IDRs, the neural network has to correctly choose a held-out homologue from another set of IDRs sampled randomly from the proteome. We pair reverse homology with a simple architecture and standard interpretation techniques, and show that the network learns conserved features of IDRs that can be interpreted as motifs, repeats, or bulk features like charge or amino acid propensities. We also show that our model can be used to produce visualizations of what residues and regions are most important to IDR function, generating hypotheses for uncharacterized IDRs. Our results suggest that feature discovery using unsupervised neural networks is a promising avenue to gain systematic insight into poorly understood protein sequences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, A. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, A. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pritisanac, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forman-Kay, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moses, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.29.454330</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovering molecular features of intrinsically disordered regions by using evolution for contrastive learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.30.454553v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitochondrial TRAK adaptors coordinate dynein and kinesin motility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.30.454553v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In neurons, mitochondria are transported to distal regions for supplying energy and buffer Ca2+. Mitochondrial transport is mediated by Miro and TRAK adaptors that recruit kinesin and dynein-dynactin. To understand how mitochondria are transported by these opposing motors and stalled at regions with elevated Ca2+, we reconstituted the mitochondrial transport machinery in vitro. We show that the coiled-coil domain of TRAK activates dynein-dynactin motility, but kinesin requires an additional factor to efficiently transport Miro/TRAK. Unexpectedly, TRAK adaptors that recruit both motors move towards kinesins direction, whereas kinesin is excluded from binding TRAK transported by dynein-dynactin. The assembly and motility of the transport machinery are not affected by Ca2+. Instead, the mitochondrial docking protein syntaphilin is sufficient to oppose the forces generated by kinesin and stall the motility. Our results provide mechanistic insight into how mitochondria are transported by the coordinated action of motors and statically anchored to regions with high neuronal activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Canty, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hensley, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yildiz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.30.454553</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitochondrial TRAK adaptors coordinate dynein and kinesin motility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.30.454556v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Social selectivity and social motivation in voles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.30.454556v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Selective relationships are fundamental to humans and many other animals, but relationships between mates, family members, or peers may be mediated differently. We examined connections between social reward and social selectivity, aggression, and oxytocin receptor signaling pathways in rodents that naturally form enduring, selective relationships with mates and peers (prairie voles) or peers (meadow voles). Female prairie and meadow voles worked harder to access familiar vs. unfamiliar individuals, regardless of sex, and huddled extensively with familiar subjects. Male prairie voles also displayed strongly selective huddling preferences for familiar animals, but worked hardest to repeatedly access females vs. males, with no difference in effort by familiarity. This demonstrates a fundamental disconnect between motivation and social selectivity in males, and reveals a striking sex difference in pathways underlying social monogamy. Meadow voles exhibited social preferences but low social motivation, consistent with tolerance rather than reward supporting social groups in this species. Natural variation in oxytocin receptor genotype was associated with oxytocin receptor density, and both genotype and receptor binding predicted individual variation in prosocial and aggressive behaviors. These results provide a basis for understanding species, sex, and individual differences in the mechanisms underlying the role of social reward in social preference.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Beery, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blandino, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourdon, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahern, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.30.454556</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Social selectivity and social motivation in voles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.01.454649v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mixed Effects Machine Learning Models for Colon Cancer Metastasis Prediction using Spatially Localized Immuno-Oncology Markers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.01.454649v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatially resolved characterization of the transcriptome and proteome promises to provide further clarity on cancer pathogenesis and etiology, which may inform future clinical practice through classifier development for clinical outcomes. However, batch effects may potentially obscure the ability of machine learning methods to derive complex associations within spatial omics data. Profiling thirty-five stage three colon cancer patients using the GeoMX Digital Spatial Profiler, we found that mixed-effects machine learning (MEML) methods{dagger} may provide utility for overcoming significant batch effects to communicate key and complex disease associations from spatial information. These results point to further exploration and application of MEML methods within the spatial omics algorithm development life cycle for clinical deployment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Levy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bobak, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nasir-Moin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veziroglu, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palisoul, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barney, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salas, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christensen, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsongalis, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaickus, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.01.454649</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mixed Effects Machine Learning Models for Colon Cancer Metastasis Prediction using Spatially Localized Immuno-Oncology Markers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.04.455085v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GEPSi: A Python Library to Simulate GWAS Phenotype Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.04.455085v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationMany computational methods aim to identify genetic variants associated with diseases and complex traits. Due to the absence of ground truth data, simulated genotype and phenotype data is needed to benchmark these methods. However, phenotypes are frequently simulated as an additive function of randomly selected variants, neglecting biological complexity such as non-random occurrence of causal SNPs, epistatic effects, heritability and dominance. Including such features would improve benchmarking studies and accelerate the development of methods for genetic analysis.

ResultsHere, we describe GEPSi (GWAS Epistatic Phenotype Simulator), a user-friendly python package to simulate phenotype data based on user-supplied genotype data for a population. GEPSi incorporates diverse biological parameters such as heritability, dominance, population stratification and epistatic interactions between SNPs. We demonstrate the use of this package to compare machine learning methods for GWAS analysis.

Availability and ImplementationGEPSi is freely available under an Apache 2.0 license, and can be downloaded from https://github.com/clara-parabricks/GEPSi.

Supplementary informationSupplementary data are available online.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reidenbach, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slim, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosafi, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Israeli, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.04.455085</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GEPSi: A Python Library to Simulate GWAS Phenotype Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.04.455148v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The lesser Pacific striped octopus, Octopus chierchiae: an emerging laboratory model for the study of octopuses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.04.455148v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cephalopods have the potential to become useful experimental models in various fields of science, particularly in neuroscience, physiology, and behavior. Their complex nervous systems, intricate color- and texture-changing body patterns, and problem-solving abilities have attracted the attention of the biological research community, while the high growth rates and short life cycles of some species render them suitable for laboratory culture. Octopus chierchiae is a small octopus native to the central Pacific coast of North America whose predictable reproduction, short time to maturity, small adult size, and ability to lay multiple egg clutches (iteroparity) make this species ideally suited to laboratory culture. Here we describe novel methods for culture of O. chierchiae, with emphasis on enclosure designs, feeding regimes, and breeding management. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of multigenerational culture of O. chierchiae. Specifically, O. chierchiae bred in the laboratory grows from a 3.5-millimeter mantle length at hatching to an adult mantle length of approximately 20-30 millimeters in 250-300 days, with 14-15% survivorship to over 400 days of age in first and second generations. O. chierchiae sexually matures at around an estimated six months of age and, unlike most octopus species, can lay multiple clutches of eggs, approximately every 30-90 days. Eggs are large and hatchlings emerge as direct developing octopuses. Based on these results, we propose that O. chierchiae possesses both the practical and biological features needed for a model octopus that can be cultured repeatedly to address a wide range of fundamental biological questions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grearson, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dugan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakmar, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gire, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivitilli, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caldwell, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grasse, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.04.455148</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The lesser Pacific striped octopus, Octopus chierchiae: an emerging laboratory model for the study of octopuses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.07.455531v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Automated tracking reveals the social network of beach mice and their burrows 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.07.455531v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Evolutionary biologists have long sought to understand the selective pressures driving phenotypic evolution. While most experimental data come from the study of morphological evolution, we know much less about the ultimate drivers of behavioral variation. Among the most striking examples of behavioral evolution are the long, complex burrows constructed by oldfield mice (Peromyscus polionotus ssp.). Yet how these mice use burrows in the wild, and whether burrow length may affect fitness, remains unknown. A major barrier to studying behavior in the wild has been the lack of technologies to continuously monitor - in this case, nocturnal and underground - behavior. Here, we designed and implemented a novel radio frequency identification (RFID) system to track patterns of burrow use in a natural population of beach mice. We combine RFID monitoring with burrow measurements, genetic data, and social network analysis to uncover how these monogamous mice use burrows under fully natural ecological and social conditions. We first found that long burrows provide a more stable thermal environment and have higher juvenile activity than short burrows, underscoring the likely importance of long burrows for rearing young. We also find that adult mice consistently use multiple burrows throughout their home range and tend to use the same burrows at the same time as their genetic relatives, suggesting that inclusive fitness benefits may accrue for individuals that construct and maintain multiple burrows. Our study highlights how new automated tracking approaches can provide novel insights into animal behavior in the wild.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bedford, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gable, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wooldridge, T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sokolov, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lassance, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoekstra, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.07.455531</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Automated tracking reveals the social network of beach mice and their burrows]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.09.455683v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inhibiting retinoic acid mitigates vision loss in a mouse model of retinal degeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.09.455683v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In degenerative retinal disorders, rod and cone photoreceptors die, causing vision impairment and blindness. Downstream neurons survive but undergo morphological and physiological remodeling, with some retinal ganglion cells (RGC) exhibiting heightened spontaneous firing. Retinoic acid (RA) has been implicated as the key signaling molecule that induces RGC hyperactivity, obscuring RGC light responses and reducing light avoidance behaviors triggered by residual rods and cones. However, evidence that RA-dependent remodeling corrupts image-forming vision has been lacking. Here we show that disulfiram, an FDA-approved drug that inhibits RA synthesis, and BMS 493, an RA receptor (RAR) inhibitor, reduce RGC hyperactivity and augment image detection in visually impaired mice. Functional imaging of visual cortical neurons shows that disulfiram and BMS 493 sharpen orientation-tuning and strengthen response fidelity to naturalistic scenes. These findings establish a causal link between RA-induced retinal hyperactivity and vision impairment and define molecular targets and candidate drugs for boosting image-forming vision in retinal degeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Telias, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sit, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frozenfar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goard, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.09.455683</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inhibiting retinoic acid mitigates vision loss in a mouse model of retinal degeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.09.455754v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineering site-selective incorporation of fluorine into natural product analogs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.09.455754v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While bioactive compounds are commonly derived both by human design as well as from living organisms, man-made and natural products typically display very different structural characteristics. As such, a longstanding goal in the discovery of new molecular function is to develop approaches to incorporate the advantageous elements of both groups of molecules, thereby expanding the molecular space accessible for this purpose. In this work, we report the engineering a fluorine-selective enzyme that can complement mutated acyltransferase (AT) domains of a modular polyketide synthase, which are the main determinants of the identity and location of substituents on polyketides, to produce different fluorinated regioisomers of the erythromycin precursor in vitro. We further show that by engineering cell uptake of fluorinated building blocks, we can control fluorine selectivity in vivo to produce selectively fluorinated polyketides using engineered E. coli. These results demonstrate that it is possible to introduce fluorine, a key synthetic design element for drug development, selectively into the scaffold of a complex natural product and produce these analogs by microbial fermentation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sirirungruang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ad, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Privalsky, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramesh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sax, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baidoo, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khosla, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.09.455754</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineering site-selective incorporation of fluorine into natural product analogs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.12.456124v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gut bacteria regulate the pathogenesis of Huntington's disease in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.12.456124v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Changes in the composition of gut microbiota are implicated in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we investigated whether gut bacteria affect the progression of Huntingtons disease (HD) in transgenic Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) models expressing human full-length or N-terminal fragments of mutant huntingtin (HTT) protein, here referred to as HD flies. We find that elimination of commensal gut bacteria by antibiotics reduces the aggregation of amyloidogenic N-terminal fragments of HTT and delays the development of motor defects. Conversely, colonization of HD flies with Escherichia coli (E. coli), a known pathobiont of human gut with links to neurodegeneration, accelerates HTT aggregation, aggravates immobility and shortens lifespan. Similar to antibiotics, treatment of HD flies with small compounds such as luteolin, a flavone, or crocin a beta-carotenoid, ameliorates disease phenotypes and promotes survival. Crocin prevents colonization of E. coli in the gut and alters the abundance of commensal bacteria, which may be linked to its protective effects. The opposing effects of E. coli and crocin on HTT aggregation, motor defects and survival in transgenic Drosophila models support the involvement of gut-brain networks in the pathogenesis of HD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chongtham, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chin, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akingbesote, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khoshnan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.12.456124</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gut bacteria regulate the pathogenesis of Huntington's disease in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.13.456308v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural transitions in the GTP cap visualized by cryo-EM of catalytically inactive microtubules 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.13.456308v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microtubules (MTs) are polymers of /{beta}-tubulin heterodimers that stochastically switch between growth and shrinkage phases. This dynamic instability is critically important for MT function. It is believed that GTP hydrolysis within the MT lattice is accompanied by destabilizing conformational changes, and that MT stability depends on a transiently existing GTP cap at the growing MT end. Here we use cryo-EM and TIRF microscopy of GTP hydrolysis-deficient MTs assembled from mutant recombinant human tubulin to investigate the structure of a GTP-bound MT lattice. We find that the GTP-MT lattice of two mutants in which the catalytically active glutamate in -tubulin was substituted by inactive amino acids (E254A and E254N) is remarkably plastic. Undecorated E254A and E254N MTs with 13 protofilaments both have an expanded lattice, but display opposite protofilament twists, making these lattices distinct from the compacted lattice of wildtype GDP-MTs. End binding proteins of the EB family have the ability to compact both mutant GTP-lattices and to stabilize a negative twist, suggesting that they promote this transition also in the GTP cap of wildtype MTs, thereby contributing to the maturation of the MT structure. We also find that the MT seam appears to be stabilized in mutant GTP-MTs and destabilized in GDP-MTs, supporting the proposal that the seam plays an important role in MT stability. Together, these first high-resolution structures of truly GTP-bound MTs add mechanistic insight to our understanding of MT dynamic instability.

Significance StatementMicrotubules (MTs) are non-equilibrium polymers that switch between states of growth and shrinkage. This property is critical for their function and is a consequence of GTP hydrolysis in the MT. The structure of the stable GTP part of the MT (the GTP cap) has previously been inferred from MTs polymerized with non-hydrolyzable GTP analogs. Here, we report the first high-resolution structures of MTs truly containing GTP, polymerized from mutated, hydrolysis-deficient tubulins. We find that GTP-MTs have an "expanded lattice" and a "closed seam", structural characteristics possibly responsible for stabilizing the GTP cap. These results provide new insight into the structural transitions at growing MT ends, furthering our understanding of the bistable nature of MTs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>LaFrance, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roostalu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henkin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greber, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Normanno, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCollum, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Surrey, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogales, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.13.456308</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural transitions in the GTP cap visualized by cryo-EM of catalytically inactive microtubules]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.13.456315v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping the genetic landscape of biomineralization in Magnetospirillum magneticum AMB-1 with RB-Tnseq 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.13.456315v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are a phylogenetically diverse group of bacteria remarkable for their ability to biomineralize magnetite (Fe3O4) or greigite (Fe3S4) in organelles called magnetosomes. The majority of genes required for magnetosome formation are encoded by a magnetosome gene island (MAI). Most previous genetic studies in MTB have focused on the MAI, using screens to identify key MAI genes or targeted genetics to isolate specific genes and their function in one specific growth condition. Here, we conducted random barcoded transposon mutagenesis (RB-TnSeq) in Magnetospirillum magneticum AMB-1 to identify the global genetic requirements for magnetosome formation under different growth conditions. We generated a library of 184,710 unique strains in a wild-type background, generating ~34 mutant strains for each gene. RB-TnSeq also allowed us to determine the essential gene set of AMB-1 under standard laboratory growth conditions. To pinpoint novel genes that are important for magnetosome formation, we subjected the library to magnetic selection screens in varied growth conditions. We compared biomineralization in standard growth conditions to biomineralization in high iron and anaerobic conditions, respectively. Strains with transposon insertions in the MAI gene mamT had an exacerbated biomineralization defect under both high iron and anerobic conditions compared to standard conditions, adding to our knowledge of the role of MamT in magnetosome formation. Mutants in amb4151, a gene outside of the MAI, are more magnetic than wild-type cells under anaerobic conditions. All three of these phenotypes were validated by creating a markerless deletion strain of the gene and evaluating with TEM imaging. Overall, our results indicate that growth conditions affect which genes are required for biomineralization and that some MAI genes may have more nuanced functions than was previously understood.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McCausland, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wetmore, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Komeili, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.13.456315</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping the genetic landscape of biomineralization in Magnetospirillum magneticum AMB-1 with RB-Tnseq]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.16.456540v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Columnar localization and laminar origin of cortical surface electrical potentials 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.16.456540v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Electrocorticography (ECoG) methodologically bridges basic neuroscience and understanding of human brains in health and disease. However, the localization of ECoG signals across the surface of the brain and the spatial distribution of their generating neuronal sources are poorly understood. To address this gap, we recorded from rat auditory cortex using customized ECoG, and simulated cortical surface electrical potentials with a full-scale, biophysically detailed cortical column model. Experimentally, ECoG-derived auditory representations were tonotopically organized and signals were anisotropically localized to [&le;]{+/-}200 m, i.e., a single cortical column. Biophysical simulations reproduce experimental findings, and indicate that neurons in cortical layers V and VI contribute [~]85% of evoked high-gamma signal recorded at the surface. Cell number and synchronicity were the primary biophysical properties determining laminar contributions to evoked ECoG signals, while distance was only a minimal factor. Thus, evoked ECoG signals primarily originate from neurons in the infragranular layers of a single cortical column.

In BriefBaratham et al., investigated the localization and origins of sensory evoked ECoG responses. They experimentally found that ECoG responses were anisotropically localized [&le;]{+/-}200 m, i.e., a single cortical column. Biophysically detailed simulations revealed that neurons in layers V &VI were the primary sources of evoked ECoG responses, in contrast to common thinking.

HighlightsEvoked ECoG signals are localized on the surface to a cortical column.

Neurons in cortical layers V and VI constitute the vast majority of the signal recorded at the surface.

Different laminar contributions to ECoG signal are driven by cell density and synchronicity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baratham, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dougherty, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ledochowitsch, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maharbiz, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouchard, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.16.456540</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Columnar localization and laminar origin of cortical surface electrical potentials]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.17.456584v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of INSR protein structural differences in Diabetes Mellitus type 2 subjects from protein sequences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.17.456584v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In this paper, we constructed several models of the Insulin Receptor protein(abbreviated INSR) from protein sequences from pathogenic and benign variants of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients. Through modeling these variants, we were able to determine which sections of the tertiary structure of the INSR protein were linked to type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Ultimately, we created a map of the INSR protein and indicated which parts of the protein structure had significant effects on type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. We concluded differences in the charged/polar amino acids on the lower right section of the structure(amino acid numbers 487 and 750) were associated with pathogenic variants, while charged/polar differences on the lower left of the structure(amino acid numbers 669 and 784) had no impact on pathogenicity. We observed several differences in the amino acid chain structure, however they were not unique to the pathogenic variants; they were also seen in the benign variants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carroll, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.17.456584</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of INSR protein structural differences in Diabetes Mellitus type 2 subjects from protein sequences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.17.456726v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bridge Category Models: Development of Bayesian Modelling Procedures to Account for Bridge Ordinal Ratings for Disease Staging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.17.456726v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Disease grading and staging is accomplished through the assignment of an ordinal rating. Bridge ratings occur when a rater assigns two adjacent categories. Most statistical methodology necessitates the use of a single ordinal category. Consequently, bridge ratings often go unreported in clinical research studies. We propose three methodologies (Expanded, Mixture, and Collapsed) Bridge Category Models, to account for bridge ratings. We perform simulations to examine the impact of our approaches on detecting treatment effects, and comment on a real-world scenario of staging liver biopsies. Results indicate that if bridge ratings are not accounted for, disease staging models may exhibit significant bias and precision loss. All models worked well when they corresponded to the data generating mechanism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Levy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bobak, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azizgolshani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suriawinata, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lisovsky, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christensen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaickus, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Malley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.17.456726</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bridge Category Models: Development of Bayesian Modelling Procedures to Account for Bridge Ordinal Ratings for Disease Staging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.18.456915v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ubiquitin modulates 26S proteasome conformational dynamics and promotes substrate degradation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.18.456915v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The 26S proteasome is the major ATP-dependent protease in eukaryotic cells, where it catalyzes the degradation of thousands of proteins for general homeostasis and the control of vital processes. It specifically recognizes appropriate substrates through attached ubiquitin chains and uses its ATPase motor for mechanical unfolding and translocation into a proteolytic chamber. Here, we used single-molecule Forster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) measurements to provide unprecedented insights into the mechanisms of selective substrate engagement, ATP-dependent degradation, and the regulation of these processes by ubiquitin chains. Our assays revealed the proteasome conformational dynamics and allowed monitoring individual substrates as they progress through the central channel during degradation. We found that rapid transitions between engagement- and processing-competent conformations of the proteasome control substrate access to the ATPase motor. Ubiquitin-chain binding functions as an allosteric regulator to slow these transitions, stabilize the engagement-competent state, and facilitate degradation initiation. The global conformational transitions cease upon substrate engagement, and except for apparent motor slips when encountering stably folded domains, the proteasome remains in processing-competent states for substrate translocation and unfolding, which is further accelerated by ubiquitin chains. Our studies revealed the dependence of ATP-dependent substrate degradation on the conformational dynamics of the proteasome and its allosteric regulation by ubiquitin chains, which ensure substrate selectivity and prioritization in a crowded cellular environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jonsson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Htet, Z. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bard, J. A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.18.456915</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ubiquitin modulates 26S proteasome conformational dynamics and promotes substrate degradation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.19.456875v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Course-based Undergraduate Research Module for Enzyme Discovery Using Protein Structure Prediction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.19.456875v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A major challenge for science educators is teaching foundational concepts while introducing their students to current research. Here we describe an active learning module developed to teach protein structure fundamentals while supporting ongoing research in enzyme discovery. It can be readily implemented in both entry-level and upper-division college biochemistry or biophysics courses. Pre-activity lectures introduced fundamentals of protein secondary structure and provided context for the research projects, while a homework assignment familiarized students with 3D visualization of biomolecules using UCSF Chimera, a free protein structure viewer. The activity is an online survey in which students compare structure elements in papain, a well-characterized cysteine protease from Carica papaya, to novel homologous proteases identified from the genomes of an extremophilic microbe (Halanaerobium praevalens) and two carnivorous plants (Drosera capensis and Cephalotus follicularis). Students were then able to identify, with varying levels of accuracy, a number of structural features in cysteine proteases that could expedite the identification of novel or biochemically interesting cysteine proteases for experimental validation in a university laboratory. Student responses to a post-activity survey were largely positive and constructive, describing points in the activity that could be improved and indicating that the activity helped them learn about protein structure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kelz, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takahashi, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safizadeh, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farahmand, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crosby, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uribe, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sprague-Piercy, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diessner, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norton-Baker, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damo, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadandale, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.19.456875</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Course-based Undergraduate Research Module for Enzyme Discovery Using Protein Structure Prediction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.20.457057v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MultiVI: deep generative model for the integration of multi-modal data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.20.457057v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Jointly profiling the transcriptional and chromatin accessibility landscapes of single-cells is a powerful technique to characterize cellular populations. Here we present MultiVI, a probabilistic model to analyze such multiomic data and integrate it with single modality datasets. MultiVI creates a joint representation that accurately reflects both chromatin and transcriptional properties of the cells even when one modality is missing. It also imputes missing data, corrects for batch effects and is available in the scvi-tools framework: https://docs.scvi-tools.org/.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ashuach, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabitto, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.20.457057</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MultiVI: deep generative model for the integration of multi-modal data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.24.457428v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Membrane Constriction by ESCRT-III Proteins Induces Structural Lipid Bilayer Asymmetries 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.24.457428v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lipids in biological membranes are thought to be functionally organized, but few experimental tools can probe nanoscale membrane structure. Using brominated lipids as contrast probes for cryo-EM and a model ESCRT-III membrane remodeling system, we observed leaflet-level and protein-localized lipid structural patterns within highly constricted and thinned membrane nanotubes. These nanotubes differed markedly from protein-free, flat bilayers in leaflet thickness, lipid diffusion rates, and lipid compositional and conformational asymmetries. Simulations and cryo-EM imaging of brominated SDPC showed how a pair of phenylalanine residues scored the outer leaflet with a helical hydrophobic defect where polyunsaturated docosahexaenoyl (DHA) tails accumulated at the bilayer surface. Combining cryo-EM of halogenated lipids with molecular dynamics thus enables new characterizations of the composition and structure of membranes on molecular length scales.

One-Sentence SummaryCryo-EM imaging of halogenated lipids and MD simulations provide molecular-scale insight into constricted bilayer structure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moss, F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lincoff, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tucker, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohammed, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grabe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frost, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.24.457428</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Membrane Constriction by ESCRT-III Proteins Induces Structural Lipid Bilayer Asymmetries]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.25.457626v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The B.1.427/1.429 (epsilon) SARS-CoV-2 variants are more virulent than ancestral B.1 (614G) in Syrian hamsters 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.25.457626v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As novel SARS-CoV-2 variants continue to emerge, it is critical that their potential to cause severe disease and evade vaccine-induced immunity is rapidly assessed in humans and studied in animal models. In early January 2021, a novel variant of concern (VOC) designated B.1.429 comprising 2 lineages, B.1.427 and B.1.429, was originally detected in California (CA) and shown to enhance infectivity in vitro and decrease antibody neutralization by plasma from convalescent patients and vaccine recipients. Here we examine the virulence, transmissibility, and susceptibility to pre-existing immunity for B 1.427 and B 1.429 in the Syrian hamster model. We find that both strains exhibit enhanced virulence as measured by increased body weight loss compared to hamsters infected with ancestral B.1 (614G), with B.1.429 causing the most body weight loss among all 3 lineages. Faster dissemination from airways to parenchyma and more severe lung pathology at both early and late stages were also observed with B.1.429 infections relative to B.1. (614G) and B.1.427 infections. In addition, subgenomic viral RNA (sgRNA) levels were highest in oral swabs of hamsters infected with B.1.429, however sgRNA levels in lungs were similar in all three strains. This demonstrates that B.1.429 replicates to higher levels than ancestral B.1 (614G) or B.1.427 in the upper respiratory tract (URT) but not in the lungs. In multi-virus in-vivo competition experiments, we found that epsilon (B.1.427/B.1.429) and gamma (P.1) dramatically outcompete alpha (B.1.1.7), beta (B.1.351) and zeta (P.2) in the lungs. In the URT gamma, and epsilon dominate, but the highly infectious alpha variant also maintains a moderate size niche. We did not observe significant differences in airborne transmission efficiency among the B.1.427, B.1.429 and ancestral B.1 (614G) variants in hamsters. These results demonstrate enhanced virulence and high relative fitness of the epsilon (B.1.427/B.1.429) variant in Syrian hamsters compared to an ancestral B.1 (614G) strain.

Author SummaryIn the last 12 months new variants of SARS-CoV-2 have arisen in the UK, South Africa, Brazil, India, and California. New SARS-CoV-2 variants will continue to emerge for the foreseeable future in the human population and the potential for these new variants to produce severe disease and evade vaccines needs to be understood. In this study, we used the hamster model to determine the epsilon (B.1.427/429) SARS-CoV-2 strains that emerged in California in late 2020 cause more severe disease and infected hamsters have higher viral loads in the upper respiratory tract compared to the prior B.1 (614G) strain. These findings are consistent with human clinical data and help explain the emergence and rapid spread of this strain in early 2021.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carroll, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Doremalen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ball, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sotomayor-Gonzalez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Servellita, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rustagi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yinda, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fritts, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Port, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Z.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holbrook, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blish, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munster, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.25.457626</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The B.1.427/1.429 (epsilon) SARS-CoV-2 variants are more virulent than ancestral B.1 (614G) in Syrian hamsters]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.26.457843v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stop codon recoding is widespread in diverse phage lineages and has the potential to regulate translation of late stage and lytic genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.26.457843v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The genetic code is a highly conserved feature of life. However, some "alternative" genetic codes use reassigned stop codons to code for amino acids. Here, we survey stop codon recoding across bacteriophages (phages) in human and animal gut microbiomes. We find that stop codon recoding has evolved in diverse clades of phages predicted to infect hosts that use the standard code. We provide evidence for an evolutionary path towards recoding involving reduction in the frequency of TGA and TAG stop codons due to low GC content, followed by acquisition of suppressor tRNAs and the emergence of recoded stop codons in structural and lysis genes. In analyses of two distinct lineages of recoded virulent phages, we find that lysis-related genes are uniquely biased towards use of recoded stop codons. This convergence supports the inference that stop codon recoding is a strategy to regulate the expression of late stage genes and control lysis timing. Interestingly, we identified prophages with recoded stop codons integrated into genomes of bacteria that use standard code, and hypothesize that recoding may control the lytic-lysogenic switch. Alternative coding has evolved many times, often in closely related lineages, indicating that genetic code is plastic in bacteriophages and adaptive recoding can occur over very short evolutionary timescales.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Borges, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lou, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachdeva, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Shayeb, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lei, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santini, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.26.457843</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stop codon recoding is widespread in diverse phage lineages and has the potential to regulate translation of late stage and lytic genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.30.458294v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Edible fire buffers: mitigation of wildfire with multifunctional landscapes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.30.458294v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Wildfires ravage lands in seasonally-dry regions, imposing high costs on infrastructure maintenance and human habitation at the wildland-urban interface (WUI). Current fire mitigation approaches present upfront costs with uncertain long-term payoffs. Instead, we show that a simple landscape intervention on human-managed wildlands - buffers of a low-flammability crop species such as banana irrigated using recycled water - can mitigate wildfires, produce food profitably, and provide additional ecosystem services. Recreating a recent, major fire in simulation, we find that a medium-sized banana buffer decreases fireline intensity by 96%, similar to prescribed burns and mechanical thinning combined, and delays the fire by 316 minutes, enabling safe and effective firefighting. We find that under climate change, despite worsened fires, banana buffers will still have a protective effect. We also find that banana buffers with average yield could produce a profit of $56k USD/hectare through fruit sales, in addition to fire mitigation and other benefits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lidar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kantar, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raghavan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.30.458294</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Edible fire buffers: mitigation of wildfire with multifunctional landscapes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.31.458351v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure and RNA template requirements of Arabidopsis RNA-DEPENDENT RNA POLYMERASE 2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.31.458351v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA-dependent RNA polymerases play essential roles in RNA-mediated gene silencing in eukaryotes. In Arabidopsis, RNA-DEPENDENT RNA POLYMERASE 2 (RDR2) physically interacts with DNA-dependent NUCLEAR RNA POLYMERASE IV (Pol IV) and their activities are tightly coupled, with Pol IV transcriptional arrest or termination, involving the nontemplate DNA strand, somehow enabling RDR2 to engage Pol IV transcripts and generate double-stranded RNAs. The dsRNAs are then released from the Pol IV-RDR2 complex and diced into siRNAs that guide RNA-directed DNA methylation and silencing. Here we report the structure of full-length RDR2, at an overall resolution of 3.1 [A], determined by cryo-electron microscopy. The N-terminal region contains an RNA-recognition motif (RRM) adjacent to a positively charged channel that leads to a catalytic center with striking structural homology to the catalytic centers of multisubunit DNA-dependent RNA polymerases. We show that RDR2 initiates 1-2 nucleotides (nt) internal to the 3 ends of its templates and can transcribe the RNA of an RNA-DNA hybrid provided that 9 or more nucleotides at the RNAs 3 end is unpaired. Using a nucleic acid configuration that mimics the arrangement of RNA and DNA strands upon Pol IV transcriptional arrest, we show that displacement of the RNA 3 end occurs as the DNA template and non-template strands reanneal, enabling RDR2 transcription. These results suggest a model in which Pol IV arrest and backtracking displaces the RNA 3 end as the DNA strands reanneal, allowing RDR2 to engage the RNA and transcribe the second strand.

SignificanceRDR2 is critical for siRNA-directed DNA methylation in Arabidopsis, functioning in physical association with DNA-dependent Pol IV to synthesize the second strands of double-stranded siRNA precursors. Basepairing between the DNA template strand transcribed by Pol IV and the nontemplate DNA strand is known to induce Pol IV arrest and Pol IV-RDR2 transcriptional coupling, but how this occurs is unknown. We report the structure of RDR2 and experimental evidence for how RDR2 engages its RNA templates and initiates transcription. RDR2 engages the ends of RNAs displaced from RNA-DNA hybrids, suggesting a model in which Pol IV arrest and backtracking, accompanied by DNA strand reannealing, extrudes the 3 end of the Pol IV transcript, allowing RNA engagement and second-strand synthesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fukudome, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddem, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Marquez, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wenzel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiozaki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J. C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takagi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pikaard, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.31.458351</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure and RNA template requirements of Arabidopsis RNA-DEPENDENT RNA POLYMERASE 2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.01.458610v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex differences in the reward value of familiar mates in prairie voles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.01.458610v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The rewarding properties of social interactions facilitate relationship formation and maintenance. Prairie voles are one of the few laboratory species that form selective relationships, manifested as "partner preferences" for familiar partners versus strangers. While both sexes exhibit strong partner preferences, this similarity in outward behavior likely results from sex-specific neurobiological mechanisms. We recently used operant conditioning to demonstrate that females work harder for access to a familiar versus unfamiliar conspecific of either sex, while males worked equally hard for access to any female, indicating a key sex difference in social motivation. As tests were performed with one social target at a time, males might have experienced a ceiling effect, and familiar females might be more relatively rewarding in a choice scenario. Here we performed a social choice operant task in which voles could repeatedly lever-press to gain temporary access to either the chamber containing their mate or one containing a novel opposite-sex vole. Females worked hardest to access their mate, while males pressed at similar rates for either female. Individual male behavior was heterogeneous, congruent with multiple mating strategies in the wild. Voles exhibited preferences for favorable over unfavorable environments in a non-social operant task, indicating that lack of social preference does not reflect lack of discrimination between chambers. Oxytocin receptor genotype at the intronic SNP NT213739 replicated a prior association with stranger-directed aggression within the test. These findings suggest that convergent preference behavior in male and female voles results from sex-divergent pathways, particularly in the realm of social motivation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vahaba, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halstead, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donaldson, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahern, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beery, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.01.458610</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex differences in the reward value of familiar mates in prairie voles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.05.458952v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Community science designed ribosomes with beneficial phenotypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.05.458952v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Functional design of ribosomes with mutant ribosomal RNA (rRNA) could expand opportunities for understanding molecular translation, building cells from the bottom-up, and engineering ribosomes with altered capabilities. However, such efforts have been hampered by cell viability constraints, an enormous combinatorial sequence space, and limitations on large-scale, 3D design of RNA structures and functions. To address these challenges, we developed an integrated community science and experimental screening approach for rational design of ribosomes. This approach couples Eterna, an online video game that crowdsources RNA sequence design to community scientists in the form of puzzles, with in vitro ribosome synthesis, assembly, and translation in multiple design-build-test-learn cycles. We applied our framework to discover mutant rRNA sequences that improve protein synthesis in vitro and cell growth in vivo, relative to wild type ribosomes, under diverse environmental conditions. This work provides new insights into ribosome rRNA sequence-function relationships, with implications for synthetic biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kruger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watkins, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wellington-Oguri, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romano, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kofman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeFoe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson-Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisker, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Townley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eterna participants,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>d'Aquino, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jewett, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.05.458952</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Community science designed ribosomes with beneficial phenotypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.06.459219v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas9 bends and twists DNA to read its sequence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.06.459219v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In bacterial defense and genome editing applications, the CRISPR-associated protein Cas9 searches millions of DNA base pairs to locate a 20-nucleotide, guide-RNA-complementary target sequence that abuts a protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM)1. Target capture requires Cas9 to unwind DNA at candidate sequences using an unknown ATP-independent mechanism2,3. Here we show that Cas9 sharply bends and undertwists DNA at each PAM, thereby flipping DNA nucleotides out of the duplex and toward the guide RNA for sequence interrogation. Cryo-electron-microscopy (EM) structures of Cas9:RNA:DNA complexes trapped at different states of the interrogation pathway, together with solution conformational probing, reveal that global protein rearrangement accompanies formation of an unstacked DNA hinge. Bend-induced base flipping explains how Cas9 "reads" snippets of DNA to locate target sites within a vast excess of non-target DNA, a process crucial to both bacterial antiviral immunity and genome editing. This mechanism establishes a physical solution to the problem of complementarity-guided DNA search and shows how interrogation speed and local DNA geometry may influence genome editing efficiency.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cofsky, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soczek, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knott, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogales, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.06.459219</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CRISPR-Cas9 bends and twists DNA to read its sequence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.08.459370v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Methylothon: a versatile course-based high school research experience in microbiology and bioinformatics-- with pink bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.08.459370v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Methylothon is an inquiry-based high school learning module in microbial ecology, molecular biology, and bioinformatics that centers around pink-pigmented plant-associated methylotrophic bacteria. Here we present an overview of the modules learning goals, describe course resources (available for public use on http://methylothon.com), and relate lessons learned from adapting Methylothon for remote learning during the pandemic in spring of 2021. The original in-person version of the module allows students to isolate their own strains of methylotrophic bacteria from plants they sample from the environment, to identify these using PCR, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis, and to contribute their strains to original research in a university lab. The adapted version strengthens the focus on bioinformatics and increases its flexibility and accessibility by making the lab portion optional and adopting free web-based tools. Student feedback and graded assignments from Spring 2021 revealed that the lesson was especially effective at introducing the concepts of BLAST and phylogenetic trees, and that students valued and felt inspired by the opportunity to conduct hands-on work and to participate in community science.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jones, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frischer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwanes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Govindaraju, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shalvarjian, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leducq, J.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marx, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Gomez, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.08.459370</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Methylothon: a versatile course-based high school research experience in microbiology and bioinformatics-- with pink bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.10.459853v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Probing neuropeptide volume transmission in vivo by a novel all-optical approach 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.10.459853v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuropeptides are essential signaling molecules in the nervous system involved in modulating neural circuits and behavior. Although hypothesized to signal via volume transmission through G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR), remarkably little is known about their extrasynaptic diffusion. Here, we developed an all-optical approach to probe neuropeptide volume transmission in mouse neocortex. To control neuropeptide release, we engineered photosensitive nanovesicles with somatostatin-14 (SST) that is released with near-infrared light stimulation. To detect SST, we created a new cell-based neurotransmitter fluorescent engineered reporter (CNiFER) using the SST2 GPCR. Under two-photon imaging, we determined the time to activate SST2R at defined distances as well as the maximal distance and loss rate for SST volume transmission in neocortex. Importantly, we determined that SST transmission is significantly faster in neocortex with a chemically degraded extracellular matrix, a diseased condition indicated in neuroinflammation and Parkinsons disease. These new neurotechnologies can reveal important biological signaling processes previously not possible, and provide new opportunities to investigate volume transmission in the brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xiong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ouyang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Youn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kern, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aisenberg, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kircher, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zasadzinski, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mateo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinfeld, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hrabetova, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slesinger, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qin, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.10.459853</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Probing neuropeptide volume transmission in vivo by a novel all-optical approach]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.10.459863v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Convergent patterns of gene expression and protein evolution associated with adaptation to desert environments in rodents 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.10.459863v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Desert specialization has arisen multiple times across rodents and is often associated with a suite of convergent phenotypes, including modification of the kidneys to mitigate water loss. However, the extent to which phenotypic convergence in desert rodents is mirrored at the molecular level is unknown. Here, we sequenced kidney mRNA and assembled transcriptomes for three pairs of rodent species to search for convergence in gene expression and amino acid sequence associated with adaptation to deserts. We conducted phylogenetically-independent comparisons between a desert specialist and a non-desert relative in three families representing [~]70 million years of evolution. Overall, patterns of gene expression faithfully recapitulated the phylogeny of these six taxa. However, we found that 8.6% of all genes showed convergent patterns of expression evolution between desert and non-desert taxa, a proportion that is much higher than expected by chance. In addition to these convergent changes, we observed many species-pair specific changes in gene expression indicating that different instances of adaptation to deserts include a combination of unique and shared changes. Patterns of protein evolution revealed a small number of genes showing evidence of positive selection, the majority of which did not show convergent changes in gene expression. Overall, our results suggest convergent changes in gene regulation play a primary role in the complex trait of desert adaptation in rodents.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bittner, N. K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mack, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nachman, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.10.459863</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Convergent patterns of gene expression and protein evolution associated with adaptation to desert environments in rodents]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.11.459896v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cold shock induces a terminal investment reproductive response in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.11.459896v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Challenges from environmental stressors have a profound impact on many life-history traits of an organism, including reproductive strategy. Examples across multiple taxa have demonstrated that maternal reproductive investment resulting from stress can improve offspring survival; a form of matricidal provisioning when death appears imminent is known as terminal investment. Here we report a reproductive response in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans upon exposure to acute cold shock at 2{degrees}C, whereby vitellogenic lipid movement from the soma to the germline appears to be massively upregulated at the expense of parental survival. This response is dependent on functional TAX-2;TAX-4 cGMP-gated channels that are part of canonical thermosensory mechanisms in worms and can be prevented in the presence of activated SKN-1/Nrf2, the master stress regulator. Increased maternal provisioning promotes improved embryonic cold shock survival, which is notably suppressed in animals with impaired vitellogenesis. These findings suggest that cold shock in C. elegans triggers terminal investment to promote progeny fitness at the expense of parental survival and may serve as a tractable model for future studies of stress-induced progeny plasticity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gulyas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.11.459896</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cold shock induces a terminal investment reproductive response in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.11.459899v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accumulation of auranofin in white adipose tissues lowers leptin levels and exerts anti-diabetic effects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.11.459899v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Low-grade, sustained inflammation in white adipose tissue (WAT) characterizes obesity and frequently coincides with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, pharmacological targeting of WAT inflammation lacks durable therapeutic effects. Through a computational screen, we identified the FDA-approved rheumatoid arthritis drug auranofin is a putative small molecule for obesity treatment. We discovered that allometrically scaled safe auranofin doses homed to WAT and improved insulin sensitivity in obese wild-type mice. Auranofin treatment also normalized other obesity-associated abnormalities, including hepatic steatosis and hyperinsulinemia. Surprisingly, the anti-diabetic effects of auranofin required leptin lowering and beta-adrenergic receptors in WAT. These metabolic benefits of leptin reduction were superior to any immune impacts of auranofin in WAT. Our studies reveal important metabolic properties of anti-inflammatory treatments and contribute to the notion that leptin reduction in the periphery can be accomplished to treat obesity and T2D.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cox, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masschelin, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Felix, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharp, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lian, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chernis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bader, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshino, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coarfa, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartig, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.11.459899</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accumulation of auranofin in white adipose tissues lowers leptin levels and exerts anti-diabetic effects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.13.460142v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PhyloVision: Interactive Software for Integrated Analysis of Single-Cell Transcriptomic and PhylogeneticData 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.13.460142v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent advances in CRISPR-Cas9 engineering and single-cell assays have enabled the simultaneous measurement of single-cell transcriptomic and phylogenetic profiles. However, there are few computational tools enabling users to integrate and derive insight from a joint analysis of these two modalities. Here, we describe PhyloVision: an open source software for interactively exploring data from both modalities and for identifying and interpreting heritable gene modules whose concerted expression are associated with phylogenetic relationships. PhyloVision provides a feature-rich, interactive, and shareable web-based report for investigating these modules, while also supporting several other data and meta-data exploration capabilities. We demonstrate the utility of PhyloVision using a published dataset of metastatic lung adenocarcinoma cells, whose phylogeny was resolved using a CRISPR/Cas9-based lineage-tracing system. Together, we anticipate that PhyloVision and the methods it implements will be a useful resource for scalable and intuitive data exploration for any assay that simultaneously measures cell state and lineage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jones, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.13.460142</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PhyloVision: Interactive Software for Integrated Analysis of Single-Cell Transcriptomic and PhylogeneticData]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.14.460355v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Land use, macroecology, and the accuracy of the Maximum Entropy Theory of Ecology: A case study of Azorean arthropods 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.14.460355v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human activity and land management practices, in particular land use change, have resulted in the global loss of biodiversity. These types of disturbance affect the shape of macroecological patterns, and therefore analyzing these patterns can provide insights into how ecosystems are affected by land use change. We here use arthropod census data from 96 sites at Terceira Island in the Azores archipelago across four different land uses of increasing management intensity: native forest, exotic forest, semi-natural pasture, and intensive pasture, to examine the effects of land use type on three macroecological patterns: the species abundance distribution, the metabolic rate distribution of individuals, and the species-area relationship. The Maximum Entropy Theory of Ecology (METE) has successfully predicted these patterns across habitats and taxa in undisturbed ecosystems, and thus provides a null expectation for their shapes. Across these patterns, we find that the forest habitats are the best fit by METE predictions, while the semi-natural pasture is consistently the worst fit, and the intensive pasture is intermediately well fit. We show that the direction of failure of the METE predictions at the pasture sites is likely due to the hyper-dominance of introduced spider species present there. We hypothesize that the particularly poor fit for the semi-natural pasture is due to the mix of arthropod communities out of equilibrium, leading to greater heterogeneity in composition and complex dynamics that violate METEs assumption of static state variables. The comparative better fit for the intensive pasture plausibly results from more homogeneous arthropod communities that are well adapted to intensive management, and thus whose state variables are less in flux. Analyzing deviations from theoretical predictions across land use type provides useful information about how land use and disturbance affect ecosystems, and such comparisons could be useful across other habitats and taxa.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brush, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthews, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borges, P. A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harte, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.14.460355</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Land use, macroecology, and the accuracy of the Maximum Entropy Theory of Ecology: A case study of Azorean arthropods]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.15.460516v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Long-term Motor Learning in the Wild with High Volume Video Game Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.15.460516v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Motor learning occurs over long periods of practice during which motor acuity - the ability to execute actions more accurately, precisely, and within a shorter amount of time - improves. Laboratory-based motor learning studies are typically limited to a small number of participants and a time frame of minutes to several hours per participant. Thus, there is a need to assess the generalizability of theories and findings from lab-based motor learning studies on much larger samples across longer time scales. In addition, laboratory-based studies of motor learning use relatively simple motor tasks which participants are unlikely to be intrinsically motivated to learn, limiting the interpretation of their findings in more ecologically valid settings. We studied the acquisition and longitudinal refinement of a complex sensorimotor skill embodied in a first-person shooter video game scenario, with a large sample size (N = 7174 participants, 682,564 repeats of the 60 sec game) over a period of months. Participants voluntarily practiced the gaming scenario for as much as several hours per day up to 100 days. We found improvement in performance accuracy (quantified as hit rate) was modest over time but motor acuity (quantified as hits per second) improved considerably, with 40-60% retention from one day to the next. We observed steady improvements in motor acuity across multiple days of video game practice, unlike most motor learning tasks studied in the lab that hit a performance ceiling rather quickly. Learning rate was a nonlinear function of baseline performance level, amount of daily practice, and to a lesser extent, number of days between practice sessions. In addition, we found that the benefit of additional practice on any given day was non-monotonic; the greatest improvements in motor acuity were evident with about an hour of practice and 90% of the learning benefit was achieved by practicing 30 minutes per day. Taken together, these results provide a proof-of-concept in studying motor skill acquisition outside the confines of the traditional laboratory and provide new insights into how a complex motor skill is acquired in an ecologically valid setting and refined across much longer time scales than typically explored.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Listman, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsay, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackey, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heeger, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.15.460516</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Long-term Motor Learning in the Wild with High Volume Video Game Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.19.460975v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome wide profiling of histone H3 lysine 4 methylation during the Chlamydomonas cell cycle reveals stable and dynamic properties of lysine 4 trimethylation at gene promoters and near ubiquitous lysine 4 monomethylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.19.460975v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromatin modifications are key epigenetic regulatory features with roles in various cellular events, yet histone mark identification, gene wide distribution and relationship to gene expression remains understudied in green algae. Histone lysine methylation is regarded as an active chromatin mark in many organisms, and is implicated in mediating active euchromatin. We interrogated the genome wide distribution pattern of mono- and trimethylated H3K4 using Chromatin-Immunoprecipitation followed by deep-sequencing (ChIP-Seq) during key phases of the Chlamydomonas cell cycle: early G1 phase (ZT1) when cells initiate biomass accumulation, S/M phase (ZT13) when cells are undergoing DNA replication and mitosis, and late G0 phase (ZT23) when they are quiescent. Tri-methylated H3K4 was predominantly enriched at TSSs of the majority of protein coding genes (85%). The likelihood of a gene being marked by H3K4me3 correlated with it being transcribed at one or more time points during the cell cycle but not necessarily by continuous active transcription. This finding even applied to early zygotic genes whose expression may be dormant for hundreds or thousands of generations between sexual cycles; but core meiotic genes were completely missing H3K4me3 peaks at their TSS. In addition, bi-directional promoters regulating expression of replication dependent histone genes, had transient H3K4me3 peaks that were present only during S/M phase when their expression peaked. In agreement with biochemical studies, mono-methylated H3K4 was the default state for the vast majority of histones that were outside of TSS and terminator regions of genes. A small fraction of the genome which was depleted of any H3 lysine methylation was enriched for DNA cytosine methylation and the genes within these DNA methylation islands were poorly expressed. Genome wide H3K4me3 ChIP-Seq data will be a valuable resource, facilitating gene structural annotation, as exemplified by our validation of hundreds of long non-coding RNA genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Strenkert, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yildirim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshinaga, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pellegrini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Malley, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merchant, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Umen, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.19.460975</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome wide profiling of histone H3 lysine 4 methylation during the Chlamydomonas cell cycle reveals stable and dynamic properties of lysine 4 trimethylation at gene promoters and near ubiquitous lysine 4 monomethylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.22.461349v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improved antibody structure prediction by deep learning of side chain conformations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.22.461349v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibody engineering is becoming increasingly popular in medicine for the development of diagnostics and immunotherapies. Antibody function relies largely on the recognition and binding of antigenic epitopes via the loops in the complementarity determining regions. Hence, accurate high-resolution modeling of these loops is essential for effective antibody engineering and design. Deep learning methods have previously been shown to effectively predict antibody backbone structures described as a set of inter-residue distances and orientations. However, antigen binding is also dependent on the specific conformations of surface side chains. To address this shortcoming, we created DeepSCAb: a deep learning method that predicts inter-residue geometries as well as side chain dihedrals of the antibody variable fragment. The network requires only sequence as input, rendering it particularly useful for antibodies without any known backbone conformations. Rotamer predictions use an interpretable self-attention layer, which learns to identify structurally conserved anchor positions across several species. We evaluate the performance of our model for discriminating near-native structures from sets of decoys and find that DeepSCAb outperforms similar methods lacking side chain context. When compared to alternative rotamer repacking methods, which require an input backbone structure, DeepSCAb predicts side chain conformations competitively. Our findings suggest that DeepSCAb improves antibody structure prediction with accurate side chain modeling and is adaptable to applications in docking of antibody-antigen complexes and design of new therapeutic antibody sequences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Akpinaroglu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruffolo, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahajan, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.22.461349</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improved antibody structure prediction by deep learning of side chain conformations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.25.461819v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative genomics reveals electron transfer and syntrophic mechanisms differentiating methanotrophic and methanogenic archaea 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.25.461819v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The anaerobic oxidation of methane coupled to sulfate reduction is a microbially mediated process requiring a syntrophic partnership between anaerobic methanotrophic (ANME) archaea and sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB). Based on genome taxonomy, ANME lineages are polyphyletic within the phylum Halobacterota, none of which have been isolated in pure culture. Here we reconstruct 28 ANME genomes from environmental metagenomes and flow sorted syntrophic consortia. Together with a reanalysis of previously published datasets, these genomes enable a comparative analysis of all marine ANME clades. We review the genomic features which separate ANME from their methanogenic relatives and identify what differentiates ANME clades. Large multiheme cytochromes and bioenergetic complexes predicted to be involved in novel electron bifurcation reactions are well-distributed and conserved in the ANME archaea, while significant variations in the anabolic C1 pathways exists between clades. Our analysis raises the possibility that methylotrophic methanogenesis may have evolved from a methanotrophic ancestor.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chadwick, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skennerton, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laso-Perez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leu, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Speth, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan-Lang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatzenpichler, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goudeau, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malmstrom, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brazelton, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woyke, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallam, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyson, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wegener, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boetius, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orphan, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.25.461819</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative genomics reveals electron transfer and syntrophic mechanisms differentiating methanotrophic and methanogenic archaea]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.27.462052v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Plant neighborhood shapes diversity and reduces interspecific variation of the phyllosphere microbiome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.27.462052v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial communities associated with plant leaf surfaces (i.e. the phyllosphere) are increasingly recognized for their role in plant health. While accumulating evidence suggests a role for host filtering of its microbiota, far less is known about how community composition is shaped by dispersal, including from neighboring plants. We experimentally manipulated the local plant neighborhood within which tomato, pepper, or bean plants were grown in a three-month field trial. Focal plants were grown in the presence of con- or hetero-specific neighbors (or no neighbors) in a fully factorial combination. At 30-day intervals, focal plants were harvested and replaced with a new age- and species-matched cohort while allowing neighborhood plants to continue growing. 16S community profiling revealed that the strength of host filtering effects (i.e. interspecific differences in composition) decreased over time. In contrast, the strength of neighborhood effects increased over time, suggesting dispersal from neighboring plants becomes more important as neighboring plant biomass increases. We next implemented a cross-inoculation study in the greenhouse using inoculum generated from the field plants to directly test host filtering of microbiomes while controlling for directionality and source of dispersal. This experiment further demonstrated that focal host species, the host from which the microbiome came, and in one case the donor hosts neighbors, contribute to variation in phyllosphere bacterial composition. Overall, our results suggest that local dispersal is a key factor in phyllosphere assembly, and that demographic factors such as nearby neighbor identity and biomass or age are important determinants of phyllosphere microbiome diversity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meyer, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porch, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muscettola, I. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasconcelos, A. L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherman, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metcalf, C. J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindow, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koskella, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.27.462052</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Plant neighborhood shapes diversity and reduces interspecific variation of the phyllosphere microbiome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.29.462483v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Variation in the response to malaria in Diversity Outbred mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.29.462483v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We infected Diversity Outbred mice with Plasmodium chabaudi to better understand how the host response to infection can vary and to try to identify genetic loci responsible for this variation. We identified two loci correlating with binary traits: one on chromosome two was linked to undetectable parasite loads and another on chromosome ten which was linked to death. Though we tested many variable traits, none of those reached statistical significance using the 489 mice we tested.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gupta, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chevee, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirosingh, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.29.462483</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Variation in the response to malaria in Diversity Outbred mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.01.462589v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Induction of autotetraploidy and microbiome associations mediate differential responses to pathogens 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.01.462589v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It has become increasingly clear that the microbiome plays a critical role in shaping the host organisms response to disease. There also exists mounting evidence that an organisms ploidy level is important in their response to pathogens and parasites. However, no study has determined if or how these two factors influence one another. We investigate the effect of whole-genome duplication in Arabidopsis thaliana on their above-ground (phyllosphere) microbiome, and determine the interacting impacts of ploidy and the microbiome on disease outcome. Using seven independently derived synthetic auto-tetraploid Arabidopsis accessions, a synthetic leaf-associated bacterial community, and the model pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. Tomato DC3000, we confirm that polyploids are generally more resistant to pathogens, but illustrate that this resistance may be in part due to a decrease in the reliance on beneficial bacteria. Polyploids fare better against the pathogen than diploids regardless of microbial inoculation, while we observed that diploids harboring an intact microbiome have lower pathogen densities than those without. We then use RNA sequencing to show that diploids have many more differentially expressed defense-related genes in the presence of their phyllosphere microbiota, while polyploids exhibit constitutively activated defenses regardless of exposure to the synthetic community. These results imply that whole-genome duplication can disrupt historical host-microbiome associations, and suggest that a potential cause or consequence of disruption is a heightened capacity for pathogen defense that is less impacted by the microbiome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mehlferber, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pelaez, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaenisch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coate, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koskella, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothfels, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.01.462589</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Induction of autotetraploidy and microbiome associations mediate differential responses to pathogens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.04.462588v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeting ON-bipolar cells by AAV gene therapy stably reverses LRIT3-congenital stationary night blindness 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.04.462588v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AAV gene therapies aimed at curing inherited retinal diseases to date have typically focused on photoreceptors and retinal pigmented epithelia within the relatively accessible outer retina. However, therapeutic targeting in diseases such as congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB) that involve defects in ON-bipolar cells (ON-BCs) within the mid-retina has been challenged by the relative inaccessibility of the target cell in intact retinas, the limited transduction efficiency of these cells by existing AAV serotypes, poor availability of established ON-BC-specific promoters, and absence of appropriate patient-relevant large animal models. Here, we demonstrate safe and effective ON-BC targeting by AAV gene therapy in a recently characterized naturally-occurring canine model of CSNB, LRIT3-CSNB. To effectively target ON-BCs, new AAV capsid variants with ON-BC tropism and ON-BC specific modified GRM6 promoters were adopted to ensure cell-specific transgene expression. Notably, subretinal injection of one vector, AAVK9#4-shGRM6-cLRIT3-WPRE, significantly recovered rod-derived b-wave in all treated eyes (6/6) of adult dogs injected at 1-3 years of age. The robust therapeutic effect was evident 7 weeks post-injection and was sustained for at least 1 year in all treated eyes. Scotopic vision was significantly improved in treated eyes based on visually-guided obstacle course navigation. Restoration of LRIT3 signals was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Thus, we report on the first ON-BC functional rescue in a large animal model using a novel AAV capsid variant and modified promoter construct optimized for ON-BC specificity, thereby establishing both proof-of-concept and a novel translational platform for treatment of CSNB in patients with defects in photoreceptor-to-bipolar signaling.

SignificanceCanine models of inherited retinal diseases have informed and advanced AAV gene therapies targeting specific cells, including photoreceptors in the outer retina, for treatment of blinding diseases in human patients. However, therapeutic targeting of diseases such as congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB) that exhibit defects in ON-bipolar cells (ON-BCs) of the mid-retina remains under-developed. Using a new LRIT3 mutant canine model of CSNB exhibiting ON-BC dysfunction, we tested the ability of a cell-specific AAV capsid and promotor to specifically target ON-BCs for gene delivery. Notably, subretinal injection of AAV-LRIT3 vector demonstrated safety and efficacy with robust and stable rescue of ERG signals and night vision up to 1 year, paving the way for clinical trials in CNSB patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miyadera, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santana, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roszak, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iffrig, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Visel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwabe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyd, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartoe, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sato, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ripolles Garcia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dufour, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byrne, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flannery, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beltran, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguirre, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.04.462588</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeting ON-bipolar cells by AAV gene therapy stably reverses LRIT3-congenital stationary night blindness]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.04.463079v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A mitochondrial electron transport chain with atypical subunit composition confers oxygen sensitivity to a mammalian chemoreceptor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.04.463079v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The carotid body (CB) is the major chemoreceptor for blood oxygen in the control of ventilation in mammals, contributing to physiological adaptation to high altitude, pregnancy, and exercise, and its hyperactivity is linked to chronic conditions such as sleep-disorder breathing, hypertension, chronic heart failure, airway constriction, and metabolic syndrome (1-3). Upon acute hypoxia (PO2=100 mmHg to <80 mmHg), K+ channels on CB glomus cells are inhibited, causing membrane depolarization to trigger Ca+2 influx and neurotransmitter release that stimulates afferent nerves (1-3). A longstanding model proposes that the CB senses hypoxia through atypical mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) metabolism that is more sensitive to decreases in oxygen than other tissues. This model is supported by observations that ETC inhibition by pharmacology and gene knockout activates CB sensory activity and that smaller decreases in oxygen concentration inhibit ETC activity in CB cells compared to other cells (1-5). Determining the composition of atypical ETC subunits in the CB and their specific activities is essential to delineate molecular mechanisms underlying the mitochondrial hypothesis of oxygen sensing. Here, we identify HIGD1C, a novel hypoxia inducible gene domain factor isoform, as an ETC Complex IV (CIV) protein highly and selectively expressed in glomus cells that mediates acute oxygen sensing by the CB. We demonstrate that HIGD1C negatively regulates oxygen consumption by CIV and acts with the hypoxia-induced CIV subunit COX4I2 to enhance the sensitivity of CIV to hypoxia, constituting an important component of mitochondrial oxygen sensing in the CB. Determining how HIGD1C and other atypical CIV proteins expressed in the CB work together to confer exquisite oxygen sensing to the ETC will help us better understand how tissue- and condition-specific CIV subunits contribute to physiological function and disease (6) and allow us to potentially target these proteins to treat chronic diseases characterized by CB dysfunction (7).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Timon-Gomez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scharr, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, N. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chau, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lampert, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hireed, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Day, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardner, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrientos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.04.463079</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A mitochondrial electron transport chain with atypical subunit composition confers oxygen sensitivity to a mammalian chemoreceptor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.04.463114v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Local conjugation of auxin by the GH3 amido synthetases is required for normaldevelopment of roots and flowers in Arabidopsis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.04.463114v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gretchen Hagen 3 (GH3) amido synthetases conjugate amino acids to a carboxyl group of small molecules including hormones auxin, jasmonate, and salicylic acid. The Arabidopsis genome harbors 19 GH3 genes, whose exact roles in plant development have been difficult to define because of genetic redundancy among the GH3 genes. Here we use CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology to delete the Arabidopsis group II GH3 genes, which are able to conjugate indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) to amino acids. We show that plants lacking the eight group II GH3 genes (gh3 octuple mutants) accumulate free IAA and fail to produce IAA-Asp and IAA-Glu conjugates. Consequently, gh3 octuple mutants have extremely short roots, long and dense root hairs, and long hypocotyls and petioles. Our characterization of gh3 septuple mutants, which provide sensitized backgrounds, reveals that GH3.17 and GH3.9 play prominent roles in root elongation and seed production, respectively. We show that GH3 functions correlate with their expression patterns, suggesting that local deactivation of auxin also contributes to maintaining auxin homeostasis and is important for plant development. Moreover, this work provides a method for elucidating functions of individual members of a gene family, whose members have overlapping functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aoi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hira, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasahara, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.04.463114</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Local conjugation of auxin by the GH3 amido synthetases is required for normaldevelopment of roots and flowers in Arabidopsis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.05.463134v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Boundary domain genes were recruited to suppress bract growth and promote branching in maize 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.05.463134v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Grass inflorescence development is diverse and complex and involves sophisticated but poorly understood interactions of genes regulating branch determinacy and leaf growth. Here, we use a combination of transcript profiling, genetic and phylogenetic analyses to investigate tasselsheath1 (tsh1) and tsh4, two maize genes that simultaneously suppress inflorescence leaf growth and inhibit branching. We identify a regulatory network of inflorescence leaf suppression that involves the phase change gene tsh4 upstream of tsh1 and the ligule identity gene liguleless2 (lg2). We also find that a series of duplications in the tsh1 gene lineage facilitated its shift from boundary domain in non-grasses to suppressed inflorescence leaves of grasses. Collectively, these results suggest that the boundary domain genes tsh1 and lg2 were recruited to inflorescence leaves where they suppress growth and regulate a non-autonomous signaling center that promotes inflorescence branching, an important component of yield in cereal grasses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xiao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mangrum, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bybee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertolini, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartlett, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chuck, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eveland, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scanlon, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whipple, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.05.463134</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Boundary domain genes were recruited to suppress bract growth and promote branching in maize]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.07.463535v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of a novel modulator of the actin cytoskeleton, mitochondria, nutrient metabolism and lifespan in yeast 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.07.463535v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In yeast, actin cables are F-actin bundles that are essential for cell division through their function as tracks for cargo movement from mother to daughter cell. Actin cables also affect yeast lifespan by promoting transport and inheritance of higher-functioning mitochondria to daughter cells. Here, we report that actin cable stability declines with age. Our genome-wide screen for genes that affect actin cable stability identified the open reading frame YKL075C. Deletion of YKL075C results in increases in actin cable stability and abundance, mitochondrial fitness, and replicative lifespan. Transcriptome analysis revealed a role for YKL075C in regulating branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) metabolism. Consistent with this, modulation of BCAA metabolism or decreasing leucine levels promotes actin cable stability and function in mitochondrial quality control. Our studies support a role for actin stability in yeast lifespan, and demonstrate that this process is controlled by BCAA and a previously uncharacterized ORF YKL075C, which we refer to as actin, aging and nutrient modulator protein 1 (AAN1).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sing, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipkin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huckaba, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsang, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coughlin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boldogh, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higuchi-Sanabria, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pon, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.07.463535</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of a novel modulator of the actin cytoskeleton, mitochondria, nutrient metabolism and lifespan in yeast]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.08.463283v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
VIP interneurons in mouse whisker S1 exhibit sensory and action-related signals during goal-directed behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.08.463283v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons, which constitute 10-15% of the cortical inhibitory neuron population1,2, have emerged as an important cell type for regulating excitatory cell activity based on behavioral state. VIP cells in sensory cortex are potently engaged by neuromodulatory and motor inputs during active exploratory behaviors like locomotion and whisking, which in turn promote pyramidal cell firing via disinhibition3-5. Such state-dependent modulation of activity by VIP cells in sensory cortex has been studied widely in recent years. However, the function of VIP cells during goal-directed behavior is less well understood. It is not clear how task-related events like sensory stimuli, motor actions, or reward activate VIP cells in sensory cortex since there is often temporal overlap in the occurrence of these events. We developed a Go/NoGo whisker touch detection task which incorporates a post-stimulus delay period to separate sensory-driven activity from action- or reward-related activity during behavior. We used 2-photon calcium imaging to measure task-related signals of L2/3 VIP neurons in S1 of behaving mice. We report for the first time that VIP cells in mouse whisker S1 are activated by both whisker stimuli and goal-directed licking. Whisker- and lick-related signals were spatially organized in relation to anatomical columns in S1. Sensory responses of VIP cells were tuned to specific whiskers, whether or not they also displayed lick-related activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ramamurthy, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bharghavan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishna, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casale, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldman, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.08.463283</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[VIP interneurons in mouse whisker S1 exhibit sensory and action-related signals during goal-directed behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.08.463725v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mutagenesis-visualization: analysis of site saturation mutagenesis datasets in Python 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.08.463725v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummarySite-saturation mutagenesis experiments have been transformative in our study of protein function. Despite the rich data generated from such experiments, current tools for processing, analyzing, and visualizing the data offer only a limited set of static visualization tools that are difficult to customize. Furthermore, usage of the tools requires extensive experience and programming knowledge, slowing the research process for those in the biological field who are unfamiliar with programming. Here, we introduce mutagenesis-visualization, a Python package for creating publication-quality figures for site-saturation mutagenesis datasets without the need for prior Python or statistics experience, where each of the graphs is generated with a one-line command. The plots can be rendered as native Matplotlib objects (easy to stylize) or Plotly objects (interactive graphs). Additionally, the software offers the possibility to visualize the datasets on Pymol.

Availability and implementationThe software can be installed from PyPI or GitHub using the pip package manager and is compatible with Python [&ge;] 3.8. The documentation can be found at readthedocs and the source code on GitHub.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hidalgo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Templeton, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olavaria Gallegos, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.08.463725</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mutagenesis-visualization: analysis of site saturation mutagenesis datasets in Python]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.12.464111v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lineage Recording Reveals the Phylodynamics, Plasticity and Paths of Tumor Evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.12.464111v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tumor evolution is driven by the progressive acquisition of genetic and epigenetic alterations that enable uncontrolled growth, expansion to neighboring and distal tissues, and therapeutic resistance. The study of phylogenetic relationships between cancer cells provides key insights into these processes. Here, we introduced an evolving lineage-tracing system with a single-cell RNA-seq readout into a mouse model of Kras;Trp53(KP)-driven lung adenocarcinoma which enabled us to track tumor evolution from single transformed cells to metastatic tumors at unprecedented resolution. We found that loss of the initial, stable alveolar-type2-like state was accompanied by transient increase in plasticity. This was followed by adoption of distinct fitness-associated transcriptional programs which enable rapid expansion and ultimately clonal sweep of rare, stable subclones capable of metastasizing to distant sites. Finally, we showed that tumors develop through stereotypical evolutionary trajectories, and perturbing additional tumor suppressors accelerates tumor progression by creating novel evolutionary paths. Overall, our study elucidates the hierarchical nature of tumor evolution, and more broadly enables the in-depth study of tumor progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naranjo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rideout, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Min, K. H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Replogle, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinn, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horns, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freed-Pastor, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGinnis, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gartner, Z. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bivona, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacks, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.12.464111</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lineage Recording Reveals the Phylodynamics, Plasticity and Paths of Tumor Evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.23.465204v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
End-to-end learning of multiple sequence alignments with differentiable Smith-Waterman 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.23.465204v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiple Sequence Alignments (MSAs) of homologous sequences contain information on structural and functional constraints and their evolutionary histories. Despite their importance for many downstream tasks, such as structure prediction, MSA generation is often treated as a separate pre-processing step, without any guidance from the application it will be used for. Here, we implement a smooth and differentiable version of the Smith-Waterman pairwise alignment algorithm that enables jointly learning an MSA and a downstream machine learning system in an end-to-end fashion. To demonstrate its utility, we introduce SMURF (Smooth Markov Unaligned Random Field), a new method that jointly learns an alignment and the parameters of a Markov Random Field for unsupervised contact prediction. We find that SMURF learns MSAs that mildly improve contact prediction on a diverse set of protein and RNA families. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate that by connecting our differentiable alignment module to AlphaFold and maximizing predicted confidence, we can learn MSAs that improve structure predictions over the initial MSAs. Interestingly, the alignments that improve AlphaFold predictions are self-inconsistent and can be viewed as adversarial. This work highlights the potential of differentiable dynamic programming to improve neural network pipelines that rely on an alignment and the potential dangers of relying on black-box methods for optimizing predictions of protein sequences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Petti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dauparas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rush, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koo, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ovchinnikov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.23.465204</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[End-to-end learning of multiple sequence alignments with differentiable Smith-Waterman]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.24.465625v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fast and parallel nanoscale 3D tracking of heterogeneous mammalian chromatin dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.24.465625v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromatin organization and dynamics are critical for gene regulation. In this work we present a methodology for fast and parallel 3D tracking of multiple chromosomal loci of choice over many thousands of frames on various time scales. We achieved this by developing and combining fluorogenic and replenishable nanobody arrays, engineered point spread functions, and light sheet illumination. The result is gentle live-cell 3D tracking with excellent spatiotemporal resolution throughout the mammalian cell nucleus. Correction for both sample drift and nuclear translation facilitated accurate long-term tracking of the chromatin dynamics. We demonstrate tracking of both fast dynamics (50 Hz) and over time scales extending to several hours, and we find both large heterogeneity between cells and apparent anisotropy in the dynamics in the axial direction. We further quantify the effect of inhibiting actin polymerization on the dynamics and find an overall increase in both the apparent diffusion coefficient D* and anomalous diffusion exponent , and a transition to more isotropic dynamics in 3D after such treatment. We think that our methodology in the future will allow researchers to obtain a better fundamental understanding of chromatin dynamics and how it is altered during disease progression and after perturbations of cellular function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gustavsson, A.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrov, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liphardt, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moerner, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.24.465625</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fast and parallel nanoscale 3D tracking of heterogeneous mammalian chromatin dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.26.465357v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hepatitis C Virus Infects and Perturbs Liver Stem Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.26.465357v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the leading cause of death from liver disease. How HCV infection causes lasting liver damage and increases cancer risk beyond viral clearance remains unclear. We identify bipotent liver stem cells as novel targets for HCV infection, and their erroneous differentiation as the potential cause of impaired liver regeneration and cancer development. We show 3D organoids generated from liver stem cells from actively HCV-infected individuals carry replicating virus and maintain low-grade infection over months. Organoids can be infected with a primary HCV isolate. Virus-inclusive single-cell RNA-sequencing uncovered extensive transcriptional reprogramming in HCV+ cells supporting hepatocytic differentiation, cancer stem cell development and viral replication while stem cell proliferation and interferon signaling are disrupted. Our data adds a pathogenesis factor - infection of liver stem cells - to the biology of HCV infection that explains persistent liver damage and enhanced cancer risk through an altered stem cell state.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meyers, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashuach, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyons, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simoneau, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erickson, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouhaddou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khalid, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taha, T. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natarajan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baron, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neff, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zanini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahmoudi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quake, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krogan, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDevitt, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ott, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.26.465357</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hepatitis C Virus Infects and Perturbs Liver Stem Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.27.466144v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Estimating the Inter- and Intra-Rater Reliability for NASH Fibrosis Staging in the Presence of Bridge Ordinal Ratings with Hierarchical Bridge Category Models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.27.466144v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The public health burden of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a liver condition characterized by excessive lipid accumulation and subsequent tissue inflammation and fibrosis, has burgeoned with the spread of western lifestyle habits. Progression of fibrosis into cirrhosis is assessed using histological staging scales (e.g., NASH Clinical Research Network (NASH CRN)). These scales are used to monitor disease progression as well as to evaluate the effectiveness of therapies. However, clinical drug trials for NASH are typically underpowered due to lower than expected inter-/intra-rater reliability, which impacts measurements at screening, baseline, and endpoint. Bridge ratings represent a phenomenon where pathologists assign two adjacent stages simultaneously during assessment and may further complicate these analyses when ad hoc procedures are applied. Statistical techniques, dubbed Bridge Category Models, have been developed to account for bridge ratings, but not for the scenario where multiple pathologists assess biopsies across time points. Here, we develop hierarchical Bayesian extensions for these statistical methods to account for repeat observations and use these methods to assess the impact of bridge ratings on the inter-/intra-rater reliability of the NASH CRN staging scale. We also report on how pathologists may differ in their assignment of bridge ratings to highlight different staging practices. Our findings suggest that Bridge Category Models can capture additional fibrosis staging heterogeneity with greater precision, which translates to potentially higher reliability estimates in contrast to the information lost through ad hoc approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Levy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bobak, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azizgolshani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lisovsky, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suriawinata, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christensen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Malley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaickus, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.27.466144</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Estimating the Inter- and Intra-Rater Reliability for NASH Fibrosis Staging in the Presence of Bridge Ordinal Ratings with Hierarchical Bridge Category Models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.27.466146v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metacognition, cortical thickness, and tauopathy in aging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.27.466146v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We investigated two aspects of metacognition and their relationship with cortical thickness and Alzheimers Disease (AD) biomarkers, amyloid and tau, in cognitively healthy older adults (N=151). The two metacognition measures were self-appraisal rating of task performance and the difference between self-appraisal rating and actual task performance (appraisal discrepancy). All participants underwent neuropsychological testing and 1.5T structural MRI. A subset (N=66) received amyloid-PET with [11C] PiB and tau-PET with [18F] Flortaucipir. We found that worse performers had lower self-appraisal ratings, but still overestimated their performance, consistent with the Dunning-Kruger effect. Self-appraisal rating and appraisal discrepancy revealed distinct relationships with cortical thickness and AD pathology. Greater appraisal discrepancy, indicating overestimation, was related to thinning of inferior-lateral temporal, fusiform, and rostral anterior cingulate cortices. Lower self-appraisal was associated with higher entorhinal and inferior temporal tau. These results suggest that overestimation could implicate structural atrophy beyond AD pathology, while lower self-appraisal could indicate early behavioral alteration due to AD pathology, supporting the notion of subjective cognitive decline prior to objective deficits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhuang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jagust, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.27.466146</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metacognition, cortical thickness, and tauopathy in aging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.28.466352v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic features of persistently antimicrobial drug-susceptible extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli pandemic sequence type 95 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.28.466352v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) belonging to multilocus sequence type 95 (ST95) is one of the most geographically widespread ExPEC lineages causing bloodstream (BSI) and urinary tract infections (UTI). In contrast to other widespread ExPEC sequence types, a large proportion ST95 strains remains susceptible to all antimicrobial agents used to treat BSI or UTI. We aimed to identify genomic features of ST95 associated with its relatively high drug-susceptible frequency. We analyzed whole genomes of 1749 ST95 isolates, 80 from patients with BSI or UTI in Northern California, and 1669 isolates from the Enterobase database. We first compared whole-genome sequences (WGS) of 887 drug-susceptible strains and 862 strains resistant to one or more drugs (defined genotypically as strains harboring drug-resistance genes annotated in the ResFinder database) to identify genetic features associated with strains devoid of drug-resistance genes. We then conducted a pan-genome-wide association study on human clinical isolates of ST95, which included 553 UTI and BSI ST95 isolates. We found 44 accessory genes to be significantly associated with ST95 strains lacking drug resistance genes. Fifteen of these were not found in any of the WGSs of ST131 ExPEC strains, which are frequently multidrug-resistant. These genes were annotated to encode transporter or transfer systems and DNA repair polymerases. A large proportion of ST95 strains may have evolved to adapt to antibiotic-imposed stresses without acquiring drug-resistance genes.

ImportanceDespite the increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli strains that cause urinary tract and bloodstream infections, a major pandemic lineage of extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) ST95 has a comparatively low frequency of drug resistance. We compared genomes of 1749 ST95 isolates to identify genetic features that may explain why most strains of ST95 resist becoming drug-resistant. Identification of such genomic features could contribute to the development of novel strategies to prevent the spread of antibiotic-resistant genes and devise new measures to control antibiotic-resistant infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Allegretti, Y. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamaji, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams-Sapper, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riley, L. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.28.466352</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic features of persistently antimicrobial drug-susceptible extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli pandemic sequence type 95]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.28.466356v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Elevated Hoxb5b expands vagal neural crest pool and blocks enteric neuronal development in zebrafish 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.28.466356v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural crest cells (NCCs) are a migratory, transient, and multipotent stem cell population essential to vertebrate embryonic development, contributing to numerous cell lineages in the adult organism. While great strides have been made in elucidating molecular and cellular events that drive NCC specification, comprehensive knowledge of the genetic factors that orchestrate NCC developmental programs is still far from complete. We discovered that elevated Hoxb5b levels promoted an expansion of zebrafish NCCs, which persisted throughout multiple stages of development. Correspondingly, elevated Hoxb5b also specifically expanded expression domains of the vagal NCC markers foxd3 and phox2bb. Increases in NCCs were most apparent after pulsed ectopic Hoxb5b expression at early developmental stages, rather than later during differentiation stages, as determined using a novel transgenic zebrafish line. The increase in vagal NCCs early in development led to supernumerary Phox2b+ enteric neural progenitors, while leaving many other NCC-derived tissues without an overt phenotype. Surprisingly, these NCC-derived enteric progenitors failed to expand properly into sufficient quantities of enterically fated neurons and stalled in the gut tissue. These results suggest that while Hoxb5b participates in vagal NCC development as a driver of progenitor expansion, the supernumerary, ectopically localized NCC fail to initiate expansion programs in timely fashion in the gut. All together, these data point to a model in which Hoxb5b regulates NCCs both in a tissue specific and temporally restricted manner.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Howard, A. G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tworig, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravisankar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singleton, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotzur, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waxman, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uribe, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.28.466356</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Elevated Hoxb5b expands vagal neural crest pool and blocks enteric neuronal development in zebrafish]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.29.466535v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diverse operant control of different motor cortex populations during learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.29.466535v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During motor learning, as well as during neuroprosthetic learning, animals learn to control motor cortex activity in order to generate behavior. Two different population of motor cortex neurons, intra-telencephalic (IT) and pyramidal tract (PT) neurons, convey the resulting cortical signals within and outside the telencephalon. Although a large amount of evidence demonstrates contrasting functional organization among both populations, it is unclear whether the brain can equally learn to control the activity of either class of motor cortex neurons. To answer this question, we used a Calcium imaging based brain-machine interface (CaBMI) and trained different groups of mice to modulate the activity of either IT or PT neurons in order to receive a reward. We found that animals learn to control PT neuron activity faster and better than IT neuron activity. Moreover, our findings show that the advantage of PT neurons is the result of characteristics inherent to this population as well as their local circuitry and cortical depth location. Taken together, our results suggest that motor cortex is optimized to control the activity of pyramidal track neurons, embedded deep in cortex, and relaying motor commands outside of the telencephalon.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vendrell-Llopis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qu, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmena, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.29.466535</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diverse operant control of different motor cortex populations during learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.30.466521v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A new tripartite landmark in posterior cingulate cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.30.466521v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding brain structure-function relationships, and their development and evolution, is central to neuroscience research. Here, we show that morphological differences in posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), a hub of functional brain networks, predict individual differences in macroanatomical, microstructural, and functional features of PCC. Manually labeling 4,319 sulci in 552 hemispheres, we discovered a consistently localized shallow cortical indentation (termed the inframarginal sulcus; ifrms) within PCC that is absent from neuroanatomical atlases, yet co-localized with a region within the cognitive control, but not default mode, network. Morphological analyses in humans and chimpanzees showed that unique properties of the ifrms differ across the lifespan and between hominoid species. Intriguingly, the consistency of the ifrms also debunks the uniqueness of the morphology of Einsteins PCC. These findings support a classic theory that shallow, tertiary sulci serve as landmarks in association cortices. They also beg the question: how many other cortical indentations have we missed?
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Willbrand, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voorhies, W. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyu, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallock, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aponik-Gremillion, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bunge, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.30.466521</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A new tripartite landmark in posterior cingulate cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.01.466752v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacterial growth in multicellular aggregates leads to the emergence of complex lifecycles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.01.466752v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In response to environmental stresses such as starvation, many bacteria facultatively aggregate into multicellular structures that can attain new metabolic functions and behaviors. Despite the ubiquity and relevance of this form of collective behavior, we lack an understanding of how the spatiotemporal dynamics of aggregate development emerge from cellular physiology. Here, we show that the coupling between growth and spatial gradient formation leads to the emergence of a complex lifecycle, akin to those known for multicellular bacteria. Under otherwise carbon-limited growth conditions, the marine bacterium Vibrio splendidus 12B01 forms multicellular groups to collectively harvest carbon from the brown-algal polysaccharide alginate. This is achieved during growth on dissolved alginate polymer through formation of spherical, clonal clusters of cells that grow up to 40 {micro}m in radius. Clusters develop striking spatial patterning as they grow due to phenotypic differentiation of sub-populations into a  shell of static cells surrounding a motile  core. Combining in situ measurements of cell physiology with transcriptomics, we show that shell cells express adhesive type IV pili, while motile core cells express carbon storage granules. The emergence of shell and core phenotypes is cued by opposing gradients of carbon and nitrogen that form within cell clusters due to local metabolic activity. Eventually, the shell ruptures, releasing the carbon-storing core, and we show that carbon-storing cells more readily propagate on alginate than non-carbon storing cells. We propose that phenotypic differentiation promotes the resilience of 12B01 groups by enabling clonal groups to grow larger and propagate more effectively. Phenotypic differentiation may be a widespread, but overlooked, strategy among bacteria to enhance resilience in the context of resource limitation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schwartzman, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebrahimi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chadwick, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sato, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orphan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordero, O. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.01.466752</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacterial growth in multicellular aggregates leads to the emergence of complex lifecycles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.02.465022v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Powerful synergistic effects of a STING agonist and an IL-2 superkine in cancer immunotherapy against MHC I-deficient and MHC I+ tumors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.02.465022v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) and TLR ligands mobilize antitumor responses by NK cells and T cells, potentially serving as complementary therapies to immune checkpoint therapy. In the clinic thus far, however, CDN therapy has yielded mixed results, perhaps because it initiates responses potently, but does not provide signals to sustain activation and proliferation of activated cytotoxic lymphocytes. To improve efficacy, we combined CDNs with a half-life extended IL-2 superkine, H9-MSA. CDN/H9-MSA therapy induced dramatic long-term remissions of the most difficult-to-treat MHC I-deficient and MHC I+ tumor transplant models. H9-MSA combined with CpG oligonucleotide also induced potent responses. Mechanistically, tumor elimination required CD8 T cells and not NK cells in the case of MHC I+ tumors and NK cells but not CD8 T cells in the case of MHC-deficient tumors. Furthermore, combination therapy resulted in more prolonged and more intense NK cell activation, cytotoxicity and expression of cytotoxic effector molecules in comparison to monotherapy. Remarkably, in a primary autochthonous sarcoma model that is refractory to PD-1 checkpoint therapy, the combination of CDN/H9-MSA combined with checkpoint therapy yielded long-term remissions in the majority of animals, mediated by T cells and NK cells. This novel combination therapy has potential to activate responses in tumors resistant to current therapies and prevent MHC I-loss accompanying acquired resistance of tumors to checkpoint therapy.

One sentence summaryPowerful immunotherapy effects mediated by the combination of innate agonists and superkine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wolf, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blaj, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picton, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicolai, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ndubaku, C. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McWhirter, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raulet, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.02.465022</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Powerful synergistic effects of a STING agonist and an IL-2 superkine in cancer immunotherapy against MHC I-deficient and MHC I+ tumors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.04.467237v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic spreading of chromatin-mediated gene silencing and reactivation between neighboring genes in single cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.04.467237v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In mammalian cells genes that are in close proximity are coupled transcriptionally: silencing or activating one gene can affect its neighbors. Understanding these dynamics is important for natural processes, such as heterochromatin spreading during development and aging, and when designing synthetic gene regulation. Here, we systematically dissect this process in single cells by recruiting and releasing repressive chromatin regulators at dual-gene synthetic reporters, and measuring how fast gene silencing and reactivation spread as a function of intergenic distance and configuration of insulator elements. We find that silencing by KRAB, associated with histone methylation, spreads between two genes within hours, with a time delay that increases with distance. This fast KRAB-mediated spreading is not blocked by the classical cHS4 insulators. Silencing by histone deacetylase HDAC4 of the upstream gene can also lead to downstream gene silencing, but with a days-long delay that does not change with distance. This slower silencing can sometimes be stopped by insulators. Gene reactivation of neighboring genes is also coupled, with strong promoters and insulators determining the order of reactivation. We propose a new model of multi-gene regulation, where both gene silencing and gene reactivation can act at a distance, allowing for coordinated dynamics via chromatin regulator recruitment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lensch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herschl, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ludwig, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinks, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukund, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fujimori, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bintu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.04.467237</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic spreading of chromatin-mediated gene silencing and reactivation between neighboring genes in single cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.04.467261v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid ecological and evolutionary divergence during a poleward range expansion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.04.467261v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In response to climate change, a northward range expansion has been observed in many species. The wasp spider, Argiope bruennichi, has expanded from its historic range in the Mediterranean ("core"), now reaching as far as the Baltic States and Scandinavia ("edge"), even faster than the pace of climate change. We explored life history traits, adult phenotypes, offspring cold tolerance, and genomic patterns across the European range of A. bruennichi, and found origin-, environment- and life stage-specific responses to the cold northern climate. Wasp spiders have shifted their phenology at the edge, with females maturing earlier and at a smaller size, but maintaining similar pigmentation, clutch sizes, and hatching success compared to the core region. Using a reciprocal common garden experiment on overwintering offspring from the core and edge, we found evidence for genetic adaptation and considerable phenotypic plasticity. Overwintering survival was lower under the cold winter treatment for spiderlings from both origins. However, the edge-origin spiderlings that survived the winter had lower lethal temperatures and enhanced supercooling ability with reduced phenotypic plasticity in supercooling points compared to core spiderlings, while the chill coma recovery time was similar. Metabolomic analysis revealed accumulations of amino acids and myo-inositol in the cold winter treatment, particularly in spiderlings from the edge population, suggesting a role of these metabolites in improving cold tolerance. Genotype-environment tests showed strong genetic association across the genome to seasonality and minimum winter temperature. The population genomic analysis across the European range splits A. bruennichi into two distinct genetic clusters through the center of Germany, which roughly aligns with turnover from an oceanic to continental climate zone, complementing the genotype-environment test results. Overall, our study highlights the importance of integrating data on phenological shifts, changes in life-history, and life stage-specific phenotypic plasticity and genetic adaptation to understand the impacts of range expansions and shifts. The nuanced processes of acclimation and adaptation we uncovered advocate for holistic investigations of evolutionary fitness and fitness-related traits in the context of organismal responses to novel and changing environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sheffer, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zander, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulze, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mouginot, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naef, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreyling, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillespie, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoff, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prost, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krehenwinkel, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uhl, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.04.467261</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid ecological and evolutionary divergence during a poleward range expansion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.05.467513v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-Cell Multiomics Defines Tolerogenic Extrathymic Aire-Expressing Populations with Unique Homology to Thymic Epithelium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.05.467513v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Autoimmune Regulator (Aire) gene, well defined for its role in medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) and immune self-tolerance, is also expressed in extrathymic Aire-expressing cells (eTACs) in the secondary lymphoid organs. eTACs have been shown to be hematopoietic antigen presenting cells (APCs) and potent inducers of immune tolerance (1-3). However, the precise identity and function of these cells remain unclear. Here, we use high-dimensional single-cell multiomics and functional approaches to define eTACs at the transcriptional, genomic, and proteomic level. We find that eTACs consist of two similar cell types: CCR7+ Aire-expressing migratory dendritic cells (AmDCs) and a unique Aire-hi population co-expressing Aire and RAR-related orphan receptor gamma-t (ROR{gamma}t). The latter, which have significant transcriptional and genomic homology to migratory dendritic cells (migDCs) and mTECs, we term Janus cells (JCs). All eTACs, and JCs in particular, have a highly accessible chromatin structure and high levels of broad gene expression, including tissue-specific antigens, as well as remarkable transcriptional and genomic homology to thymic medullary epithelium. As in the thymus, Aire expression in eTACs is also dependent on RANK-RANK-ligand interactions. Furthermore, lineage-tracing shows that JCs are not precursors to the majority of AmDCs. Finally, self-antigen expression by eTACs is sufficient to mediate negative selection of T cells escaping thymic selection and can prevent autoimmune diabetes in non-obese diabetic mice. This transcriptional, genomic, and functional symmetry between a hematopoietic Aire-expressing population in the periphery and an epithelial Aire-expressing population in the thymus suggests that a core biological program may influence self-tolerance and self-representation across the spectrum of immune development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lareau, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bautista, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandor, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Germino, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arvedson, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reeder, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cramer, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ntranos, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satpathy, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardner, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.05.467513</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-Cell Multiomics Defines Tolerogenic Extrathymic Aire-Expressing Populations with Unique Homology to Thymic Epithelium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.09.467890v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FLIP: Benchmark tasks in fitness landscape inference for proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.09.467890v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Machine learning could enable an unprecedented level of control in protein engineering for therapeutic and industrial applications. Critical to its use in designing proteins with desired properties, machine learning models must capture the protein sequence-function relationship, often termed fitness landscape. Existing bench-marks like CASP or CAFA assess structure and function predictions of proteins, respectively, yet they do not target metrics relevant for protein engineering. In this work, we introduce Fitness Landscape Inference for Proteins (FLIP), a benchmark for function prediction to encourage rapid scoring of representation learning for protein engineering. Our curated tasks, baselines, and metrics probe model generalization in settings relevant for protein engineering, e.g. low-resource and extrapolative. Currently, FLIP encompasses experimental data across adeno-associated virus stability for gene therapy, protein domain B1 stability and immunoglobulin binding, and thermostability from multiple protein families. In order to enable ease of use and future expansion to new tasks, all data are presented in a standard format. FLIP scripts and data are freely accessible at https://benchmark.protein.properties.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dallago, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wittmann, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.09.467890</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FLIP: Benchmark tasks in fitness landscape inference for proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.12.468330v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptomic plasticity and symbiont shuffling underpin Pocillopora acclimatization across heat-stress regimes in the Pacific Ocean 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.12.468330v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The characterization of adaptation and acclimation capacities of coral holobionts is crucial for anticipating the impact of global climate change on coral reefs. Understanding the extent to which the coral host and its photosymbionts contribute to adaptive and/or plastic responses in the coral metaorganism is important. In this study, we highlight new and complex links between coral genomes, transcriptomes, and environmental features in Pocilloporid corals at basin-wide scale. We analyzed metagenomic and metatranscriptomic sequence data from Pocillopora colonies sampled from 11 islands across the Pacific Ocean in order to investigate patterns of gene expression in both the host and photosymbiont across an environmental gradient. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) analysis partitioned coral hosts and algal photosymbionts into five genetic lineages each. We observed strong host-symbiont fidelity across environments except at islands where recent and/or historical heat stress may have induced a symbiont shift towards more heat-tolerant lineages in some colonies. Host gene expression profiles were strongly segregated by genetic lineage and environment, and were significantly correlated with several historical sea surface temperature (SST) traits. Symbiont expression profiles were less dependent on environmental context than the host and were primarily driven by algal genotype. Overall, our results suggest a three-tiered strategy underpinning thermal acclimatization in Pocillopora holobionts with 1) host-photosymbiont fidelity, 2) host transcriptomic plasticity, and 3) photosymbiont shuffling playing progressive roles in response to elevated SSTs. Our data provide a reference for the biological state of coral holobionts across the Indo-Pacific and demonstrate the power of disentangling environmental and genetic effects to provide new insights into corals capacities for acclimatization and adaptation under environmental change.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Armstrong, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le-Hoang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carradec, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aury, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poulain, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belser, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Da Silva, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wincker, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tara Pacific Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.12.468330</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptomic plasticity and symbiont shuffling underpin Pocillopora acclimatization across heat-stress regimes in the Pacific Ocean]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.15.468727v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Cryptic K48 Ubiquitin Chain Binding Site on UCH37 is Required for its Role in Proteasomal Degradation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.15.468727v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Degradation by the 26S proteasome is an intricately regulated process fine-tuned by the precise nature of ubiquitin modifications attached to a protein substrate. By debranching ubiquitin chains composed of K48 linkages, the proteasome-associated ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase UCHL5/UCH37 serves as a positive regulator of protein degradation. How UCH37 achieves specificity for K48 chains is unclear. Here, we use a combination of hydrogen-deuterium mass spectrometry, chemical crosslinking, small-angle X-ray scattering, NMR, molecular docking, and targeted mutagenesis to uncover a cryptic K48 ubiquitin chain specific binding site on the opposite face of UCH37 relative to the canonical S1 ubiquitin-binding site. Biochemical assays demonstrate the K48 chain-specific binding site is required for chain debranching and proteasome-mediated degradation of proteins modified with branched chains. Using quantitative proteomics, translation shutoff experiments, and linkage-specific affinity tools, we then identify specific proteins whose degradation depends on the debranching activity of UCH37. Our findings suggest that UCH37 and potentially other DUBs could use more than one S1 site to perform different biochemical functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Du, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babik, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deol, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eyles, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fejzo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tonelli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strieter, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.15.468727</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Cryptic K48 Ubiquitin Chain Binding Site on UCH37 is Required for its Role in Proteasomal Degradation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.16.468862v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Complementary population codes in the dorsal and ventral hippocampus during associative learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.16.468862v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals associate cues with outcomes and continually update these associations as new information is presented. The hippocampus is crucial for this, yet how neurons track changes in cue-outcome associations remains unclear. Using 2-photon calcium imaging, we tracked the same dCA1 and vCA1 neurons across days to determine how responses evolve across phases of odor-outcome learning. We find that, initially, odors elicited robust responses in dCA1, whereas in vCA1 responses emerged after learning, including broad representations that stretched across cue, trace, and outcome periods. Population dynamics in both regions rapidly reorganized with learning, then stabilized into ensembles that stored odor representations for days, even after extinction or pairing with a different outcome. Finally, we found stable, robust signals across CA1 when anticipating reward, but not when anticipating inescapable shock. These results identify how the hippocampus encodes, stores, and updates learned associations, and illuminates the unique contributions of dorsal and ventral hippocampus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Biane, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ladow, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefanini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boddu, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dundar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apodaca-Montano, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woods, N. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khierbek, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.16.468862</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Complementary population codes in the dorsal and ventral hippocampus during associative learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.17.465477v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
kTMP: A New Non-invasive Magnetic Induction Method to Modulate Cortical Excitability. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.17.465477v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) provides a method for safely perturbing brain activity, and has been employed in basic research to test hypotheses concerning brainbehavior relationships with increasing translational applications. We introduce and evaluate a novel subthreshold NIBS method: kilohertz transcranial magnetic perturbation (kTMP). kTMP is a magnetic induction method that delivers continuous kHz-frequency cortical electric fields (E-fields) which may be amplitude-modulated to potentially mimic electrical activity at endogenous frequencies. We used TMS to compare the amplitude of motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) in a hand muscle before and after kTMP. In Experiment 1, we applied kTMP for 10 min over motor cortex to induce an E-field amplitude of approximately 2.0 V/m, comparing the effects of waveforms at frequencies of 2.0, 3.5, or 5.0 kHz. In Experiments 2 and 3 we used two forms of amplitude-modulated kTMP with a carrier frequency at 3.5 kHz and modulation frequencies of either 20 or 140 Hz. The only percept associated with kTMP was an auditory tone, making kTMP amenable for doubleblind experimentation. Relative to sham stimulation, non-modulated kTMP at 2.0 and 3.5 kHz resulted in an increase in cortical excitability, with Experiments 2 and 3 providing a replication of this effect for the 3.5 kHz condition. Although amplitude-modulated kTMP increased MEP amplitude compared to sham, no enhancement was found compared to non-modulated kTMP. kTMP opens a new experimental NIBS space inducing relatively large amplitude subthreshold E-fields able to increase cortical excitability with minimal sensation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Labruna, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merrick, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inglis, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheltraw, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.17.465477</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[kTMP: A New Non-invasive Magnetic Induction Method to Modulate Cortical Excitability.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.17.469016v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Edaphic controls on genome size and GC content of bacteria in soil microbial communities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.17.469016v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria in soil microbial communities are crucial to terrestrial ecosystem function, yet our understanding of the fundamental characteristics of their genomes, such as GC content and genome size, is not complete. Much of our understanding of the mechanisms which shape their genomic traits is derived from other systems or from isolated bacteria. Here we determined average genome size, GC content, codon usage, and amino acid content from 398 soil metagenomes across a broad geographic range and used machine-learning to determine which environmental parameters most strongly explain the distribution of these traits. We found that genomic trait averages were most related to pH, which we suggest is primarily due to the correlation of pH with several environmental parameters, especially soil carbon content. Low pH soils had higher carbon to nitrogen ratios (C:N) and tended to have communities with lower GC content and larger genomes, potentially a response to increased physiological stress and a requirement for metabolic diversity. Conversely, smaller genomes with high GC content were associated with high pH and low soil C:N, indicating potential resource driven selection against AT base pairs. As soil bacteria tend to be more carbon limited, smaller genomes with higher GC content may reduce the cost of reproduction in carbon-limited soils. Similarly, we found that nutrient conservation also applied to amino acid stoichiometry, where bacteria in soils with low C:N ratios tended to code for amino acids with lower C:N. Together, these relationships point towards fundamental mechanisms that underpin nucleotide and amino acid selection in soil bacterial communities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chuckran, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flagg, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Propster, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rutherford, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sieradzki, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blazewicz, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hungate, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pett-Ridge, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dijkstra, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.17.469016</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Edaphic controls on genome size and GC content of bacteria in soil microbial communities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.17.469047v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Awake ripples enhance emotional memory encoding in the human brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.17.469047v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intracranial recordings from the human amygdala and the hippocampus during an emotional memory encoding and discrimination task reveal increased awake sharp-wave/ripples (aSWR) after encoding of emotional compared to neutral stimuli. Further, post-encoding aSWR-locked memory reinstatement in the amygdala and the hippocampus was predictive of later memory discrimination. These findings provide electrophysiological evidence that post-encoding aSWRs enhance memory for emotional events.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skelin, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yassa, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.17.469047</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Awake ripples enhance emotional memory encoding in the human brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.18.469194v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Joint estimation of selection intensity and mutation rate under balancing selection withapplications to HLA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.18.469194v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A composite likelihood method is introduced for jointly estimating the intensity of selection and the rate of mutation, both scaled by the effective population size, when there is balancing selection at a single multi-allelic locus in an isolated population at demographic equilibrium. The performance of the method is tested using simulated data. Average estimated mutation rates and selection intensities are close to the true values but there is considerable variation about the averages. Allowing for both population growth and population subdivision do not result in qualitative differences but the estimated mutation rates and selection intensities do not in general reflect the current effective population size. The method is applied to three class I (HLA-A, HLA-B and HLA-C) and two class II loci (HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQA1) in the 1000 Genomes populations. Allowing for asymmetric balancing selection has only a slight effect on the results from the symmetric model. Mutations that restore symmetry of the selection model are preferentially retained because of the tendency of natural selection to maximize average fitness. However, slight differences in selective effects result in much longer persistence time of some alleles. Trans-species polymorphism (TSP), which is characteristic of MHC in vertebrates, is more likely when there are small differences in allelic fitness than when complete symmetry is assumed. Therefore, variation in allelic fitness expands the range of parameter values consistent with observations of TSP.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Slatkin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.18.469194</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Joint estimation of selection intensity and mutation rate under balancing selection withapplications to HLA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.23.469762v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In vitro and in vivo CRISPR-Cas9 screens reveal drivers of aging in neural stem cells of the brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.23.469762v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aging impairs the ability of neural stem cells to transition from quiescence to activation (proliferation) in the adult mammalian brain. Neural stem cell (NSC) functional decline results in decreased production of new neurons and defective regeneration upon injury during aging1-9, and this is exacerbated in Alzheimers disease10. Many genes are upregulated with age in NSCs3, 11-13, and the knockout of some of these boosts old NSC activation and rejuvenates aspects of old brain function14-18. But systematic functional testing of genes in old NSCs - and more generally in old cells - has not been done. This has been a major limiting factor in identifying the most promising rejuvenation interventions. Here we develop in vitro and in vivo high-throughput CRISPR-Cas9 screening platforms to systematically uncover gene knockouts that boost NSC activation in old mice. Our genome-wide screening pipeline in primary cultures of young and old NSCs identifies over 300 gene knockouts that specifically restore old NSC activation. Interestingly, the top gene knockouts are involved in glucose import, cilium organization and ribonucleoprotein structures. To determine which gene knockouts have a rejuvenating effect for the aging brain, we establish a scalable CRISPR-Cas9 screening platform in vivo in old mice. Of the 50 gene knockouts we tested in vivo, 23 boost old NSC activation and production of new neurons in old brains. Notably, the knockout of Slc2a4, which encodes for the GLUT4 glucose transporter, is a top rejuvenating intervention for old NSCs. GLUT4 protein expression increases in the stem cell niche during aging, and we show that old NSCs indeed uptake [~]2-fold more glucose than their young counterparts. Transient glucose starvation increases the ability of old NSCs to activate, which is not further improved by knockout of Slc2a4/GLUT4. Together, these results indicate that a shift in glucose uptake contributes to the decline in NSC activation with age, but that it can be reversed by genetic or external interventions. Importantly, our work provides scalable platforms to systematically identify genetic interventions that boost old NSC function, including in vivo in old brains, with important implications for regenerative and cognitive decline during aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ruetz, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kashiwagi, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morton, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leeman, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgens, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsui, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassik, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunet, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.23.469762</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In vitro and in vivo CRISPR-Cas9 screens reveal drivers of aging in neural stem cells of the brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.24.469827v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Host Species is Linked to Pathogen Genotype for the Amphibian Chytrid Fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.24.469827v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Host-pathogen specificity can arise from certain selective environments mediated by both the host and pathogen. Therefore, understanding the degree to which host species identity is correlated with pathogen genotype can help reveal historical host-pathogen dynamics. One animal disease of particular concern is chytridiomycosis, typically caused by the global panzootic lineage of the amphibian chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, Bd), termed the Bd-GPL. This pathogen lineage has caused devastating declines in amphibian communities around the world. However, the origin of Bd-GPL and the fine-scale transmission dynamics of this lineage have remained a mystery. This is especially the case in North America where Bd-GPL is widespread, but disease outbreaks occur sporadically. Herein, we use Bd genetic data collected throughout the United States from amphibian skin swab and cultured isolate samples to investigate Bd genetic patterns. We highlight two case studies in Pennsylvania and Nevada where Bd-GPL genotypes are strongly correlated with host species identity. Specifically, in some localities bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) are infected with Bd-GPL lineages that are distinct from those infecting other sympatric amphibian species. Overall, we reveal a previously unknown association of Bd genotype with host species and identify the eastern United States as a Bd diversity hotspot and potential ancestral population for Bd-GPL.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Byrne, A. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waddle, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saenz, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohmer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaeger, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richards-Zawacki, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voyles, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenblum, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.24.469827</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Host Species is Linked to Pathogen Genotype for the Amphibian Chytrid Fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.25.469692v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The DOMINO web-server for active module identification analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.25.469692v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Active module identification (AMI) is an essential step in many omics analyses. Such algorithms receive a gene network and a gene activity profile as input and report subnetworks that show significant over-representation of accrued activity signal ("active modules"). Such modules can point out key molecular processes in the analyzed biological conditions.

ResultsWe recently introduced a novel AMI algorithm called DOMINO, and demonstrated that it detects active modules that capture biological signals with markedly improved rate of empirical validation. Here, we provide an online server that executes DOMINO, making it more accessible and user-friendly. To help the interpretation of solutions, the server provides GO enrichment analysis, module visualizations, and accessible output formats for customized downstream analysis. It also enables running DOMINO with various gene identifiers of different organisms.

Availability and implementationThe server is available at http://domino.cs.tau.ac.il. Its codebase is available at https://github.com/Shamir-Lab.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Levi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahmanian, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elkon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.25.469692</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The DOMINO web-server for active module identification analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.29.470430v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pontin/Reptin-associated complexes differentially impact plant development and viral pathology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.29.470430v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pontin and Reptin are essential eukaryotic AAA+ ATPases that work together in several multiprotein complexes, contributing to chromatin remodeling and TARGET OF RAPAMCYIN (TOR) kinase complex assembly, among other functions. Null alleles of pontin or reptin are gametophyte lethal in plants, which has hindered studies of their crucial roles in plant biology. Here, we used virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) to interrogate the functions of Pontin and Reptin in plant growth and physiology, focusing on Nicotiana benthamiana, a model species for the agriculturally significant Solanaceae family. Silencing either Pontin or Reptin caused pleiotropic developmental and physiological reprogramming, including aberrant leaf shape, reduced apical growth, delayed flowering, increased branching, chlorosis, and decreased spread of the RNA viruses Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and Potato virus X (PVX). To dissect these pleiotropic phenotypes, we took a comparative approach and silenced expression of key genes that encode subunits of each of the major Pontin/Reptin-associated chromatin remodeling or TOR complexes (INO80, SWR-C/PIE1, TIP60, TOR, and TELO2). We found that many of the pontin/reptin phenotypes could be attributed specifically to disruption of one of these complexes, with tip60 and tor knockdown plants each phenocopying a large subset of pontin/reptin phenotypes. We conclude that Pontin/Reptin complexes are crucial for proper plant development, physiology, and stress responses, highlighting the multifaceted roles these conserved enzymes have evolved in eukaryotic cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shemyakina, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunkard, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.29.470430</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pontin/Reptin-associated complexes differentially impact plant development and viral pathology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.29.470434v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adolescent rats extend help to outgroup members, highlighting a neural network for group identity categorization. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.29.470434v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prosocial behavior, in particular helping others in need, occurs preferentially in response to the perceived distress of ones own group members, or ingroup. The development of neural mechanisms underlying social selectivity towards ingroup members are not well established. Here, we used a rat helping behavior test to explore the development and neural basis of ingroup bias for prosocial behavior in adolescent rats. We previously found that adult rats selectively help others from their own social group, and that this selectivity is associated with activation in reward and motivation circuits. Surprisingly, we found that adolescent rats helped both ingroup and outgroup members, evidence suggesting that ingroup bias emerges in adulthood. Analysis of brain-wide neural activity, indexed by expression of the early-immediate gene c-Fos, revealed increased activity for ingroup members across a broad set of regions, which was congruent for adults and adolescents. However, adolescents showed reduced hippocampal and insular activity, and increased orbitofrontal cortex activity compared to adults. Adolescent rats who did not help trapped others also demonstrated increased amygdala connectivity. Together, these findings demonstrate that biases for group-dependent prosocial behavior develop with age in rats and suggest that specific brain regions contribute to this prosocial selectivity, overall pointing to possible targets for the functional modulation of ingroup bias.

One Sentence SummaryProsocial selectivity increases with age in parallel with hippocampal and insular activation, providing insight into the neural classification of group membership.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Breton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisner, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gandhi, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musick, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, K. L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perloff, O. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lalchandani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barraza, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kantor, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Ami Bartal, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.29.470434</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adolescent rats extend help to outgroup members, highlighting a neural network for group identity categorization.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.29.470438v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential EDS1 requirement for cell death activities of plant TIR-domain proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.29.470438v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Toll/interleukin-1 Receptor (TIR) domains are integral to immune systems across all domains of life. TIRs exist as single-domain and as larger receptor or adaptor proteins. In plants, TIRs constitute N-terminal domains of nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) immune receptors. Although TIR-NLR and TIR signaling requires the Enhanced disease susceptibility 1 (EDS1) protein family, TIR domains persist in species that have incomplete or no EDS1 members. To assess whether particular TIR groups appear with EDS1, we searched for TIR-EDS1 co-occurrence patterns. Using a large-scale phylogenetic analysis of TIR domains from 39 algae and land plant species, we identify four conserved TIR groups, two of which are TIR-NLRs present in eudicots and two are more widespread. Presence of one TIR-only protein group is highly correlated with EDS1 and members of this group elicit EDS1-dependent cell death. By contrast, a more widely represented TIR group of TIR-NB-WD40/TPR (TNP) proteins (formerly called XTNX) has at least one member which can induce EDS1-independent cell death. Our data provide a new phylogeny-based plant TIR classification and identify TIR groups that appear to have evolved with and are dependent on EDS1, while others have EDS1-independent activity.

One sentence summaryLand plants have evolved four conserved TIR groups
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lapin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johanndrees, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baggs, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uhlmann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Locci, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laessle, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melkonian, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaeufer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dongus, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakagami, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krasileva, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.29.470438</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential EDS1 requirement for cell death activities of plant TIR-domain proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.29.470455v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structured connectivity in the cerebellum enables noise-resilient pattern separation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.29.470455v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cerebellum is thought to detect and correct errors between intended and executed commands1-3 and is critical for social behaviors, cognition and emotion4-6. Computations for motor control must be performed quickly to correct errors in real time and should be sensitive to small differences between patterns for fine error correction while being resilient to noise7. Influential theories of cerebellar information processing have largely assumed random network connectivity, which increases the encoding capacity of the networks first layer8-13. However, maximizing encoding capacity reduces resiliency to noise7. To understand how neuronal circuits address this fundamental tradeoff, we mapped the feedforward connectivity in the mouse cerebellar cortex using automated large-scale transmission electron microscopy (EM) and convolutional neural network-based image segmentation. We found that both the input and output layers of the circuit exhibit redundant and selective connectivity motifs, which contrast with prevailing models. Numerical simulations suggest these redundant, non-random connectivity motifs increase discriminability of similar input patterns at a minimal cost to the networks overall encoding capacity. This work reveals how neuronal network structure can balance encoding capacity and redundancy, unveiling principles of biological network architecture with implications for artificial neural network design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhoades, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricchi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, X. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheridan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hildebrand, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Funke, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regehr, W. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, W.-C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.29.470455</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structured connectivity in the cerebellum enables noise-resilient pattern separation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.01.470853v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Evolutionary Dynamics of Hyperparasites 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.01.470853v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Evolutionary theory has typically focused on pairwise interactions, such as those between hosts and parasites, with relatively little work on more complex interactions including hyperparasites: parasites of parasites. Hyperparasites are common in nature, with the chestnut blight fungus virus CHV-1 a well-known natural example, but also notably include the phages of important human bacterial diseases. Theory on hyperparasitism has mostly focused on their impact on the evolution of virulence of their parasite host and relatively little is known about evolutionary trajectories of hyperparasites themselves. Our general modeling framework highlights the central role the that ability of a hyperparasite to be transmitted with its parasite plays in their evolution. Hyperparasites which transmit with their parasite hosts (hitchhike) will be selected for lower virulence, trending towards hypermutualism or hypercommensalism and select against causing a reduction in parasite virulence (hypovirulence). We examine the impact on the evolution of hyperparasite systems a of a wide range of host and parasite traits showing, for example, that high parasite virulence selects for higher hyperparasite virulence feeding back into selection for hypovirulence in the parasite. Our results have implications for hyperparasite research, both as biocontrol agents and for understanding of how hyperparasites shape community ecology and evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Northrup, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parratt, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozins, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laine, A.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boots, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.01.470853</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Evolutionary Dynamics of Hyperparasites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.02.471016v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Substrate-triggered μ-Peroxodiiron(III) Intermediate in the 4-Choro-L-Lysine-Fragmenting Heme-Oxygenase-like Diiron Oxidase (HDO) BesC: Substrate Dissociation from, and C4 Targeting by, the Intermediate 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.02.471016v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The enzyme BesC from the {beta}-ethynyl-L-serine biosynthetic pathway in Streptomyces cattleya fragments 4-chloro-L-lysine (produced from L-Lysine by BesD) to ammonia, formaldehyde, and 4-chloro-L-allylglycine and can analogously fragment L-Lys itself. BesC belongs to the emerging family of O2-activating non-heme-diiron enzymes with the "heme-oxygenase-like" protein fold (HDOs). Here we show that binding of L-Lys or an analog triggers capture of O2 by the proteins diiron(II) cofactor to form a blue {micro}-peroxodiiron(III) intermediate analogous to those previously characterized in two other HDOs, the olefin-installing fatty acid decarboxylase, UndA, and the guanidino-N-oxygenase domain of SznF. The [~] 5- and [~] 30-fold faster decay of the intermediate in reactions with 4-thia-L-Lys and (4RS)-chloro-DL-lysine than in the reaction with L-Lys itself, and the primary deuterium kinetic isotope effects (D-KIEs) on decay of the intermediate and production of L-allylglycine in the reaction with 4,4,5,5-[2H]-L-Lys, imply that the peroxide intermediate or a successor complex with which it reversibly interconverts initiates the oxidative fragmentation by abstracting hydrogen from C4. Surprisingly, the sluggish substrate L-Lys can dissociate after triggering the intermediate to form, thereby allowing one of the better substrates to bind and react. Observed linkage between Fe(II) and substrate binding suggests that the triggering event involves a previously documented (in SznF) ordering of the dynamic HDO architecture that contributes one of the iron sites, a hypothesis consistent with the observation that the diiron(III) product cluster produced upon decay of the intermediate spontaneously degrades, as it has been shown to do in all other HDOs studied to date.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McBride, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sil, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slater, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neugebauer, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krebs, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bollinger, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.02.471016</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Substrate-triggered μ-Peroxodiiron(III) Intermediate in the 4-Choro-L-Lysine-Fragmenting Heme-Oxygenase-like Diiron Oxidase (HDO) BesC: Substrate Dissociation from, and C4 Targeting by, the Intermediate]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.05.471009v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Kinetic frustration by limited bond availability controls the LAT protein condensation phase transition on membranes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.05.471009v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
LAT is a membrane-linked scaffold protein that undergoes a phase transition to form a two-dimensional protein condensate on the membrane during T cell activation. Governed by tyrosine phosphorylation, LAT recruits various proteins that ultimately enable condensation through a percolation network of discrete and selective protein-protein interactions. Here we describe detailed kinetic measurements of the phase transition, along with coarse-grained model simulations, that reveal LAT condensation is kinetically frustrated by the availability of bonds to form the network. Unlike typical miscibility transitions in which compact domains may coexist at equilibrium, the LAT condensates are dynamically arrested in extended states, kinetically trapped out of equilibrium. Modeling identifies the structural basis for this kinetic arrest as the formation of spindle arrangements, favored by limited multivalent binding interactions along the flexible, intrinsically disordered LAT protein. These results reveal how local factors controlling the kinetics of LAT condensation enable formation of different, stable condensates, which may ultimately coexist within the cell.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GrandPre, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Limmer, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groves, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.05.471009</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Kinetic frustration by limited bond availability controls the LAT protein condensation phase transition on membranes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.05.471291v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic conversion of a split-drive into a full-drive element 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.05.471291v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene-drive systems offer an important new avenue for spreading beneficial traits into wild populations. Their core components, Cas9 and guide RNA (gRNA), can either be linked within a single cassette (full gene drive, fGD) or provided in two separate elements (split gene drive, sGD) wherein the gRNA-bearing element drives in the presence of an independent static source of Cas9. We previously designed a system engineered to turn split into full gene drives. Here, we provide experimental proof-of-principle for such a convertible system inserted at the spo11 locus, which is recoded to restore gene function. In multigenerational cage studies, the reconstituted spo11 fGD cassette initially drives with slower kinetics than the unlinked sGD element (using the same Mendelian vasa-Cas9 source), but eventually reaches a similar level of final introgression. Different kinetic behaviors may result from transient fitness costs associated with individuals co-inheriting Cas9 and gRNA transgenes during the drive process.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Terradas, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bier, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.05.471291</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic conversion of a split-drive into a full-drive element]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.06.471377v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Omicron Variant Increases the Interactions of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein with ACE2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.06.471377v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 infection is initiated by binding of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of its spike glycoprotein to the peptidase domain (PD) of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors in host cells. Recently detected Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 (B.1.1.529) is heavily mutated on RBD. Currently, the most common Omicron variants are the original BA.1 Omicron strain and the BA.2 variant, which became more prevalent since it first appeared. To investigate how these mutations affect RBD-PD interactions, we performed all-atom molecular dynamics simulations of the BA.1 and BA.2 RBD-PD in the presence of full-length glycans, explicit water and ions. Simulations revealed that RBDs of BA.1 and BA.2 variants exhibit a more dispersed interaction network and make an increased number of salt bridges and hydrophobic interactions with PD compared to wild-type RBD. Although BA.1 and BA.2 differ in two residues at the RBD-ACE2 interface, no major difference in RBD-PD interactions and binding strengths were observed between these variants. Using the conformations sampled in each trajectory, the Molecular Mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann Surface Area (MMPBSA) method estimated ~34% and ~51% stronger binding free energies for BA.1 and BA.2 RBD, respectively, than wild-type RBD, which may result in higher binding efficiency of the Omicron variant to infect host cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Golcuk, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yildiz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gur, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.06.471377</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Omicron Variant Increases the Interactions of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein with ACE2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.08.471835v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chlorine redox chemistry is not rare in biology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.08.471835v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chlorine is abundant in cells and biomolecules, yet the biology of chlorine oxidation and reduction is poorly understood. Some bacteria encode the enzyme chlorite dismutase (Cld), which detoxifies chlorite (CIO2-) by converting it to chloride (Cl-) and molecular oxygen (O2). Cld is highly specific for chlorite and aside from low hydrogen peroxide activity has no known alternative substrate. Here, we reasoned that because chlorite is an intermediate oxidation state of chlorine, Cld can be used as a biomarker for oxidized chlorine species in microorganisms and microbial habitats. Cld was abundant in metagenomes from soils and freshwater to water treatment systems. About 5% of bacterial and archaeal genera contain an organism encoding Cld in its genome, and within some genera Cld is nearly conserved. Cld has been subjected to extensive horizontal gene transfer, suggesting selection by chlorite is episodic yet strong. Cld was also used as a biomarker to predict genes related to chlorine redox chemistry. Genes found to have a genetic association with Cld include known genes for responding to reactive chlorine species and uncharacterized genes for transporters, regulatory elements, and putative oxidoreductases that present targets for future research. Cld was repeatedly co-located in genomes with genes for enzymes that can inadvertently reduce perchlorate (CIO4-) or chlorate (CIO3-), confirming that in nature (per)chlorate reduction does not only occur in specialized anaerobic respiratory metabolisms. The presence of Cld in genomes of obligate aerobes without such enzymes suggested that chlorite, like hypochlorous acid (HOCl), might be formed by oxidative processes within natural habitats. In summary, the comparative genomics of Cld has provided an atlas for a deeper understanding of chlorine oxidation and reduction reactions that are an underrecognized feature of biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barnum, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coates, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.08.471835</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chlorine redox chemistry is not rare in biology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.09.471909v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Seeing the future: predictive control in neural models of ocular accommodation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.09.471909v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ocular accommodation is the process of adjusting the eyes crystalline lens so as to bring the retinal image into sharp focus. The major stimulus to accommodation is therefore retinal defocus, and in essence, the job of accommodative control is to send a signal to the ciliary muscle which will minimize the magnitude of defocus. In this paper, we first provide a tutorial introduction to control theory to aid vision scientists without this background. We then present a unified model of accommodative control that explains properties of the accommodative response for a wide range of accommodative stimuli. Following previous work, we conclude that most aspects of accommodation are well explained by dual integral control, with a "fast" or "phasic" integrator enabling response to rapid changes in demand, which hands over control to a "slow" or "tonic" integrator which maintains the response to steady demand. Control is complicated by the sensorimotor latencies within the system, which delay both information about defocus and the accommodation changes made in response, and by the sluggish response of the motor plant. These can be overcome by incorporating a Smith predictor, whereby the system predicts the delayed sensory consequences of its own motor actions. For the first time, we show that critically-damped dual integral control with a Smith predictor accounts for adaptation effects as well as for the gain and phase for sinusoidal oscillations in demand. In addition, we propose a novel proportional-control signal to account for the power spectrum of accommodative microfluctuations during steady fixation, which may be important in hunting for optimal focus, and for the nonlinear resonance observed for low-amplitude, high-frequency input. Complete Matlab/Simulink code implementing the model is provided at https://doi.org/10.25405/data.ncl.14945550.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Read, J. C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaspiris-Rousellis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vlaskamp, B. N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schor, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.09.471909</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Seeing the future: predictive control in neural models of ocular accommodation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.09.472016v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nitrogen metabolism in Pseudomonas putida: functional analysis using random barcode transposon sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.09.472016v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pseudomonas putida KT2440 has long been studied for its diverse and robust metabolisms, yet many genes and proteins imparting these growth capacities remain uncharacterized. Using pooled mutant fitness assays, we identified genes and proteins involved in the assimilation of 52 different nitrogen containing compounds. To assay amino acid biosynthesis, 19 amino acid drop- out conditions were also tested. From these 71 conditions, significant fitness phenotypes were elicited in 672 different genes including 100 transcriptional regulators and 112 transport-related proteins. We divide these conditions into 6 classes, and propose assimilatory pathways for the compounds based on this wealth of genetic data. To complement these data, we characterize the substrate range of three promiscuous aminotransferases relevant to metabolic engineering efforts in vitro. Furthermore, we examine the specificity of five transcriptional regulators, explaining some fitness data results and exploring their potential to be developed into useful synthetic biology tools. In addition, we use manifold learning to create an interactive visualization tool for interpreting our BarSeq data, which will improve the accessibility and utility of this work to other researchers.

IMPORTANCEUnderstanding the genetic basis of P. putidas diverse metabolism is imperative for us to reach its full potential as a host for metabolic engineering. Many target molecules of the bioeconomy and their precursors contain nitrogen. This study provides functional evidence linking hundreds of genes to their roles in the metabolism of nitrogenous compounds, and provides an interactive tool for visualizing these data. We further characterize several aminotransferases, lactamases, and regulators--which are of particular interest for metabolic engineering.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Incha, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baidoo, E. E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kakumanu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukhopadhyay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutschbauer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blank, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keasling, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.09.472016</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nitrogen metabolism in Pseudomonas putida: functional analysis using random barcode transposon sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.14.472623v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prolyl-hydroxylase inhibitor-induced regeneration of alveolar bone and soft tissue in a mouse model of ligature-induced periodontitis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.14.472623v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bone injuries and fractures reliably heal through a process of regeneration with restoration to original structure and function when the gap between adjacent sides of a fracture site is small. However, when there is significant volumetric loss of bone, bone regeneration usually does not occur.

In the present studies, we explore a particular case of volumetric bone loss in a mouse model of human periodontal disease (PD) in which alveolar bone surrounding teeth is permanently lost and not replaced. This model employs the placement a ligature around the upper second molar which leads to inflammation and bone breakdown and faithfully replicates the bacterially-induced inflammatory etiology of human PD to induce bone degeneration. After 10 days, the ligature is removed and the mice are treated with a timed-release formulation of a small molecule inhibitor of prolylhydroxylases (PHDi; 1,4-DPCA) previously shown to induce epimorphic regeneration of soft tissue in non-regenerating mice. This PHDi induces high expression of HIF-1 and the regenerative response is completely blocked by siHIF1a. Here, we observe that timed-release 1,4-DPCA rapidly and completely restores bone and soft tissue with normal anatomic fidelity and with increased stem cell markers due to stem cell migration into the site and/or de-differentiation of local tissue, PDL cell proliferation, and increased vascularization. In-vitro studies using gingival tissue show that 1,4-DPCA indeed induces de-differentiation and the expression of stem cell markers but does not exclude the role of migrating stem cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zebrowitz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kajikawa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedelbaeva, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bollinger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarfatti, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Messersmith, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hajishengallis, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heber-Katz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.14.472623</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prolyl-hydroxylase inhibitor-induced regeneration of alveolar bone and soft tissue in a mouse model of ligature-induced periodontitis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.15.472839v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Semantic representations during language comprehension are affected by context 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.15.472839v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The meaning of words in natural language depends crucially on context. However, most neuroimaging studies of word meaning use isolated words and isolated sentences with little context. Because the brain may process natural language differently from how it processes simplified stimuli, there is a pressing need to determine whether prior results on word meaning generalize to natural language. fMRI was used to record human brain activity while four subjects (two female) read words in four conditions that vary in context: narratives, isolated sentences, blocks of semantically similar words, and isolated words. We then compared the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of evoked brain responses, and we used a voxelwise encoding modeling approach to compare the representation of semantic information across the four conditions. We find four consistent effects of varying context. First, stimuli with more context evoke brain responses with higher SNR across bilateral visual, temporal, parietal, and prefrontal cortices compared to stimuli with little context. Second, increasing context increases the representation of semantic information across bilateral temporal, parietal, and prefrontal cortices at the group level. In individual subjects, only natural language stimuli consistently evoke widespread representation of semantic information. Third, context affects voxel semantic tuning. Finally, models estimated using stimuli with little context do not generalize well to natural language. These results show that context has large effects on the quality of neuroimaging data and on the representation of meaning in the brain. Thus, neuroimaging studies that use stimuli with little context may not generalize well to the natural regime.

Significance StatementContext is an important part of understanding the meaning of natural language, but most neuroimaging studies of meaning use isolated words and isolated sentences with little context. Here we examined whether the results of neuroimaging studies that use out-of-context stimuli generalize to natural language. We find that increasing context improves the quality of neuroimaging data and changes where and how semantic information is represented in the brain. These results suggest that findings from studies using out-of-context stimuli may not generalize to natural language used in daily life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deniz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tseng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wehbe, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallant, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.15.472839</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Semantic representations during language comprehension are affected by context]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.16.473013v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping information-rich genotype-phenotype landscapes with genome-scale Perturb-seq 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.16.473013v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A central goal of genetics is to define the relationships between genotypes and phenotypes. High-content phenotypic screens such as Perturb-seq (pooled CRISPR-based screens with single-cell RNA-sequencing readouts) enable massively parallel functional genomic mapping but, to date, have been used at limited scales. Here, we perform genome-scale Perturb-seq targeting all expressed genes with CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) across >2.5 million human cells and present a framework to power biological discovery with the resulting genotype-phenotype map. We use transcriptional phenotypes to predict the function of poorly-characterized genes, uncovering new regulators of ribosome biogenesis (including CCDC86, ZNF236, and SPATA5L1), transcription (C7orf26), and mitochondrial respiration (TMEM242). In addition to assigning gene function, single-cell transcriptional phenotypes allow for in-depth dissection of complex cellular phenomena - from RNA processing to differentiation. We leverage this ability to systematically identify the genetic drivers and consequences of aneuploidy and to discover an unanticipated layer of stress-specific regulation of the mitochondrial genome. Our information-rich genotype-phenotype map reveals a multidimensional portrait of gene function and cellular behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Replogle, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saunders, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pogson, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hussmann, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lenail, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guna, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mascibroda, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adelman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonnar, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jost, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.16.473013</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping information-rich genotype-phenotype landscapes with genome-scale Perturb-seq]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.16.473015v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IFN-γ-independent control of M. tuberculosis requires CD4 T cell-derived GM-CSF and activation of HIF-1α 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.16.473015v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The prevailing model of protective immunity to tuberculosis is that CD4 T cells produce the cytokine IFN-{gamma} to activate bactericidal mechanisms in infected macrophages. Recent evidence has expanded this model, and it is now clear that CD4 T cells can control M. tuberculosis infection in the absence of IFN-{gamma} production. To identify factors and pathways involved in IFN-{gamma}-independent control, we developed a co-culture model using CD4 T cells isolated from the lungs of infected mice and M. tuberculosis-infected murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). We show that IFN-{gamma}-independent control is primarily mediated by CD4 T cell production of the cytokine GM-CSF and requires activation of the macrophage transcription factor HIF-1. HIF-1 activation drives a metabolic shift toward aerobic glycolysis and leads to the production of lipid droplets, both of which support host defense against infection. Surprisingly, recombinant GM-CSF is insufficient to rescue the absence of control by GM-CSF-deficient CD4 T cells during co-culture with BMDMs. In peritoneal macrophages, GM-CSF is sufficient to control growth, induces lipid droplet biogenesis, and requires HIF-1 expression for control. While HIF-1-mediated control following IFN-{gamma} stimulation requires nitric oxide, we find that HIF-1 activation by CD4 T cells and recombinant GM-CSF is nitric oxide-independent, implying a distinct pathway of activation. In addition to GM-CSF, CD4 T cells produce a factor that helps maintain phagosome membrane integrity during infection and blocks bacterial access to host lipids, a primary nutrient source. These results advance our understanding of CD4 T cell-mediated immunity to M. tuberculosis, clarify the role of nitric oxide as primarily immunomodulatory during M. tuberculosis infection, and reveal a novel mechanism for the activation of HIF-1. Furthermore, we establish a previously unknown functional link between GM-CSF and HIF-1 and provide evidence that CD4 T cell-derived GM-CSF is a potent bactericidal effector.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Van Dis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fines, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babirye, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCann, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rawal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanley, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.16.473015</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IFN-γ-independent control of M. tuberculosis requires CD4 T cell-derived GM-CSF and activation of HIF-1α]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.17.473010v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Well-Lit: A programmable and customizable assistant for manual multi-well plate pipetting 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.17.473010v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A very large number of biology and biochemistry laboratory protocols require transferring liquid aliquots from individual containers into individual wells of a multi-well plate, from plates to individual containers, or from one plate to another. Doing this by hand without errors, such as skipping wells, placing two samples in the same well, or swapping sample locations, especially when using plates with 96 wells or more, is difficult and requires enormous operator focus and/or a tedious manual error checking system. We present here a device built to facilitate error-free pipetting of samples from individual barcoded tubes to a multi-well plate or between multi-well plates (both 96 and 384 wells are supported). The device is programmable, modular and easily customizable to accommodate plates with different form-factors, and different protocols. The main components are only a 12.3" touch screen, a small form-factor PC, and a barcode scanner, combined with custom-made parts can be easily fabricated with a laser cutter and a hobby-grade 3D printer. The total cost is between approximately US$550 and US$600, depending on the configuration.

Specifications table

O_TBL View this table:
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@8554f4org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@18c8878org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@153b050org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@15c7de6org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@14daeb7_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_TBL C_TBL
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Sjöberg, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabrera, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cote, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.17.473010</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Well-Lit: A programmable and customizable assistant for manual multi-well plate pipetting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.17.473174v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MicroRNA-like snoRNA-derived RNAs (sdRNAs) promote castration resistant prostate cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.17.473174v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We have identified 38 specifically excised, differentially expressed snoRNA fragments (sdRNAs) in TCGA prostate cancer (PCa) patient samples as compared to normal prostate controls. SnoRNA-derived fragments sdRNA-D19b and -A24 emerged among the most differentially expressed and were selected for further experimentation. We found that overexpression of either sdRNA significantly increased PC3 (a well-established model of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC)) cell proliferation, and that sdRNA-D19b overexpression also markedly increased the rate of PC3 cell migration. In addition, both sdRNAs provided drug-specific resistances with sdRNA-D19b levels correlating with paclitaxel resistance and sdRNA-24A conferring dasatinib resistance. In silico and in vitro analyses revealed that two established PCa tumor suppressor genes, CD44 and CDK12, represent targets for sdRNA-D19b and sdRNA-A24 respectively. This outlines a biologically coherent mechanism by which sdRNAs downregulate tumor suppressors in AR-PCa to enhance proliferative and metastatic capabilities and to encourage chemotherapeutic resistance. Aggressive proliferation, rampant metastasis, and recalcitrance to chemotherapy are core characteristics of CRPC that synergize to produce a pathology that ranks 2nd in cancer-related deaths for men. This study defines sdRNA-D19b and -A24 as contributors to AR-PCa potentially providing novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets of use in PCa clinical intervention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Coley, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stahly, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasukurthi, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barchie, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutcheson, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houserova, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watters, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dean, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeMeis, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McInnis, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godang, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haider, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piracha, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ijaz, Z. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, O. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borchert, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.17.473174</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MicroRNA-like snoRNA-derived RNAs (sdRNAs) promote castration resistant prostate cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.21.473747v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proprioceptive Re-alignment drives Implicit Sensorimotor Adaptation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.21.473747v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiple learning processes contribute to successful goal-directed actions in the face of changing physiological states, biomechanical constraints, and environmental contexts. Amongst these processes, implicit sensorimotor adaptation is of primary importance, ensuring that movements remain well-calibrated and accurate. A large body of work on reaching movements has emphasized how adaptation centers on an iterative process designed to minimize visual errors. The role of proprioception has been largely neglected, thought to play a passive role in which proprioception is affected by the visual error but does not directly contribute to adaptation. Here we present an alternative to this visuo-centric framework, arguing that that implicit adaptation can be understood as minimizing a proprioceptive error, the distance between the perceived hand position and its intended goal. We use this proprioceptive re-alignment model (PReMo) to re-examine many phenomena that have previously been interpreted in terms of learning from visual errors, as well as offer novel accounts for unexplained phenomena. We discuss potential challenges for this new perspective on implicit adaptation and outline a set of predictions for future experimentation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tsay, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haith, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.21.473747</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proprioceptive Re-alignment drives Implicit Sensorimotor Adaptation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.31.474662v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interplay between LHCSR proteins and state transitions governs the NPQ response in intact cells of Chlamydomonas during light fluctuations. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.31.474662v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Photosynthetic organisms use sunlight as the primary energy source to fix CO2. However, in the environment, light energy fluctuates rapidly and often exceeds saturating levels for periods ranging from seconds to hours, which can lead to detrimental effects for cells. Safe dissipation of excess light energy occurs primarily by non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) processes. In the model green microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, photoprotective NPQ is mostly mediated by pH-sensing light-harvesting complex stress-related (LHCSR) proteins and the redistribution of light-harvesting antenna proteins between the photosystems (state transition). Although each component underlying NPQ has been documented, their relative contributions to the dynamic functioning of NPQ under fluctuating light conditions remains unknown. Here, by monitoring NPQ throughout multiple high light-dark cycles with fluctuation periods ranging from 1 to 10 minutes, we show that the dynamics of NPQ depend on the frequency of light fluctuations. Mutants impaired in the accumulation of LHCSRs (npq4, lhcsr1, and npq4lhcsr1) showed significantly less quenching during illumination, demonstrating that LHCSR proteins are responsible for the majority of NPQ during repetitive exposure to high light fluctuations. Activation of NPQ was also observed during the dark phases of light fluctuations, and this was exacerbated in mutants lacking LHCSRs. By analyzing 77K chlorophyll fluorescence spectra and chlorophyll fluorescence lifetimes and yields in a mutant impaired in state transition, we show that this phenomenon arises from state transition. Finally, we quantified the contributions of LHCSRs and state transition to the overall NPQ amplitude and dynamics for all light periods tested and show that both processes interact to facilitate NPQ during light fluctuations. We further assess the role of LHCSRs in cell growth under various periods of fluctuating light. These results highlight the dynamic functioning of photoprotection under light fluctuations and open a new way to systematically characterize the photosynthetic response to an ever-changing light environment.

One sentence summaryThe roles of LHCSR and STT7 in NPQ vary with the light fluctuation period and duration of light fluctuation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burlacot, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Short, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niyogi, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleming, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.31.474662</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interplay between LHCSR proteins and state transitions governs the NPQ response in intact cells of Chlamydomonas during light fluctuations.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.03.474829v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Low vision impairs implicit sensorimotor adaptation in response to small errors, but not large errors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.03.474829v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Successful goal-directed actions require constant fine-tuning of the motor system. This fine-tuning is thought to rely on an implicit adaptation process that is driven by sensory prediction errors (i.e., where you see your hand after reaching versus where you expected it to be). Individuals with low vision experience challenges with visuomotor control, but whether they also experience challenges with implicit adaptation is unknown. To explore this question, we assessed individuals with low vision and matched controls with normal vision on a visuomotor task designed to isolate implicit adaptation. We found that low vision was associated with attenuated implicit adaptation only for small visual errors, but not large visual errors. This result not only underscores an unappreciated motor learning impairment associated with low vision, but also highlights an important constraint on how low-fidelity visual information is processed by the nervous system to enable successful implicit adaptation.

New and NoteworthyWhether implicit adaptation is also impacted by visual uncertainty intrinsic to the nervous system remains unknown. To test this, we examined 20 people who live with visual uncertainty in daily life due to low vision on a visuomotor task that isolates implicit adaptation. We found that low vision attenuates adaptation in response to small errors only, paving the way for new developments in rehabilitation and assistive devices for individuals with sensory impairments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tsay, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.03.474829</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Low vision impairs implicit sensorimotor adaptation in response to small errors, but not large errors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.03.474864v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Encoding of speech in convolutional layers and the brain stem based on language experience 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.03.474864v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Comparing artificial neural networks with outputs of neuroimaging techniques has recently seen substantial advances in (computer) vision and text-based language models. Here, we propose a framework to compare biological and artificial neural computations of spoken language representations and propose several new challenges to this paradigm. The proposed technique is based on a similar principle that underlies electroencephalography (EEG): averaging of neural (artificial or biological) activity across neurons in the time domain, and allows to compare encoding of any acoustic property in the brain and in intermediate convolutional layers of an artificial neural network. Our approach allows a direct comparison of responses to a phonetic property in the brain and in deep neural networks that requires no linear transformations between the signals. We argue that the brain stem response (cABR) and the response in intermediate convolutional layers to the exact same stimulus are highly similar and quantify this observation. The proposed technique not only reveals similarties, but also allows for analysis of the encoding of actual acoustic properties in the two signals: we compare peak latency (i) in cABR relative to the stimulus in the brain stem and in (ii) intermediate convolutional layers relative to the input/output in deep convolutional networks. We also examine and compare the effect of prior language exposure on the peak latency in cABR and in intermediate convolutional layers. Substantial similarities in peak latency encoding between the human brain and intermediate convolutional networks emerge based on results from eight trained networks (including a replication experiment). The proposed technique can be used to compare encoding between the human brain and intermediate convolutional layers for any acoustic property and for other neuroimaging techniques.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Begus, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.03.474864</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Encoding of speech in convolutional layers and the brain stem based on language experience]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.05.475141v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Redirecting RiPP biosynthetic enzymes to proteins and backbone-modified substrates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.05.475141v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs) are peptide-derived natural products that include the FDA-approved analgesic ziconotide1,2 as well as compounds with potent antibiotic, antiviral, and anticancer properties.3 RiPP enzymes known as cyclodehydratases and dehydrogenases represent an exceptionally well-studied enzyme class.3 These enzymes work together to catalyze intramolecular, interresidue condensation3,4 and aromatization reactions that install oxazoline/oxazole and thiazoline/thiazole heterocycles within ribosomally produced polypeptide chains. Here we show that the previously reported enzymes MicD-F and ArtGox accept backbone-modified monomers, including aramids and beta-amino acids, within leader-free polypeptides, even at positions immediately preceding or following the site of cyclization/dehydrogenation. The products are sequence-defined chemical polymers with multiple, diverse, non-alpha-amino acid subunits. We show further that MicD-F and ArtGox can install heterocyclic backbones within protein loops and linkers without disrupting the native tertiary fold. Calculations reveal the extent to which these heterocycles restrict conformational space; they also eliminate a peptide bond. Both features could improve the stability or add function to linker sequences now commonplace in emerging biotherapeutics. Moreover, as thiazoles and thiazoline heterocycles are replete in natural products,5-7 small molecule drugs,8,9 and peptide-mimetic therapeutics,10 their installation in protein-based biotherapeutics could improve or augment performance, activity, stability, and/or selectivity. This work represents a general strategy to expand the chemical diversity of the proteome beyond and in synergy with what can now be accomplished by expanding the genetic code.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Walker, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamlish, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tytla, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brauer, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francis, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schepartz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.05.475141</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Redirecting RiPP biosynthetic enzymes to proteins and backbone-modified substrates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.06.475225v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Validation that human microbiome phages use alternative genetic coding with TAG stop read as Q 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.06.475225v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metagenomic findings suggesting that bacteriophages (phages) can use genetic codes different from those of their host bacteria reveal a new dimension of phage-host interaction dynamics. Whereas reassignment of stop codons to code for amino acids has been predicted, there has been no proteomic validation of alternative coding in phages. In fact, one code where the stop codon TAG is reassigned to glutamine (code 15) has never been experimentally validated in any biological system. Here, we characterized stop codon reassignment in two crAss-like phages found in the human gut microbiome using LC-MS/MS-based metaproteomics. The proteome data from several phage structural proteins clearly demonstrates reassignment of the TAG stop codon to glutamine, establishing for the first time the expression of genetic code 15.

One-Sentence SummaryMass spectrometry confirms protein expression of predicted alternate genetic coding in phage genomes from human microbiomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peters, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borges, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giannone, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morowitz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hettich, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.06.475225</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Validation that human microbiome phages use alternative genetic coding with TAG stop read as Q]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.11.475728v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting patient treatment response and resistance via single-cell transcriptomics of their tumors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.11.475728v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tailoring the best treatments to cancer patients is an important open challenge. Here, we build a precision oncology data science and software framework for PERsonalized single-Cell Expression-based Planning for Treatments In Oncology (PERCEPTION). Our approach capitalizes on recently published matched bulk and single-cell transcriptome profiles of large-scale cell-line drug screens to build treatment response models from patients single-cell (SC) tumor transcriptomics. First, we show that PERCEPTION successfully predicts the response to monotherapy and combination treatments in screens performed in cancer and patient-tumor-derived primary cells based on SC-expression profiles. Second, it successfully stratifies responders to combination therapy based on the patients tumors SC-expression in two very recent multiple myeloma and breast cancer clinical trials. Thirdly, it captures the development of clinical resistance to five standard tyrosine kinase inhibitors using tumor SC-expression profiles obtained during treatment in a lung cancer patients cohort. Notably, PERCEPTION outperforms state-of-the-art bulk expression-based predictors in all three clinical cohorts. In sum, this study provides a first-of-its-kind conceptual and computational method that is predictive of response to therapy in patients, based on the clonal SC gene expression of their tumors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sinha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>vegesna, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhruba, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerr, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stroganov, O. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grishagin, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldape, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blakely, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bivona, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaffer, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruppin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.11.475728</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting patient treatment response and resistance via single-cell transcriptomics of their tumors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.11.475974v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Longitudinal Study of Dominant E. coli Lineages and Antimicrobial Resistance in the Gut of Children Living in an Upper Middle-income Country 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.11.475974v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The gastrointestinal tract constitutes a complex and diverse ecosystem. Escherichia coli is one of the most frequently studied and characterized species in the gut ecosystem, nevertheless, there has been little research to determine their diversity and population dynamics in the intestines of children over time. In this prospective study, a fresh fecal sample was obtained from children longitudinally over one year (30 fecal samples at sampling period 1 and 22 fecal samples at sampling periods 2 and 3). From each stool sample, five E. coli colonies were randomly selected (n = 405 E. coli isolates total) in order to characterize the genotype and phenotypic antimicrobial resistance patterns. We found that all numerically dominant E. coli lineages in childrens intestines were transient colonizers, and antimicrobial resistance phenotypes of these strains varied significantly over time without any apparent selective force. Whole-genome sequencing of 3 isolates belonging to ST131 found in one child during the sampling period I and II indicated that isolates were three different ST 131 clones that carried extended-spectrum {beta}-lactamase (ESBL) genes.

IMPORTANCEThe length of residency and numeric dominance of antimicrobial-resistant E. coli may affect the extent to which an isolate contributes to the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance in a community. We studied the persistence of numerically dominant and antimicrobial-resistant lineages of E. coli in the human intestine. We found that E. coli lineages in the children's gut change considerably and rapidly over time. This study suggests that some phenotypic resistance patterns may result from the random distribution of genes in E. coli populations over time and may not be associated with differential exposure to antimicrobials.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Trueba, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calderon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardenas, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prado, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.11.475974</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Longitudinal Study of Dominant E. coli Lineages and Antimicrobial Resistance in the Gut of Children Living in an Upper Middle-income Country]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.22.475505v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterizing Potential Tetrodotoxin Resistance in Domain IV of the Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Nav1.4 of Pacific Chorus Frogs, Pseudacris regilla 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.22.475505v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals that frequently encounter toxins often select for mechanisms of toxin resistance. Both predators that consume toxic prey and organisms in physical contact with a toxin or pollutant in their environment may experience natural selection for resistance. Based on field observations that Pacific Chorus Frogs (Pseudacris regilla) sometimes eat and mistakenly amplect tetrodotoxin (TTX)-defended Taricha newts, we predicted that P. regilla may possess resistance to TTX. We tested this prediction by comparing the amino acid sequences of the molecular target of TTX, the muscle voltage-gated sodium channel gene SCN4A (NaV1.4), in populations of P. regilla that are sympatric and allopatric with Taricha. We identified a single substitution in NaV1.4 of P. regilla in a conserved site near the pore loop where TTX binds. Although the role of this site in TTX resistance has not been functionally assessed, both allopatric and sympatric P. regilla had this substitution, suggesting that it may be unrelated to TTX exposure from Taricha. Thus, there is no conclusive evidence that P. regilla has selected for TTX resistance encoded by amino acid substitutions in this domain. In addition, California occurrence data from the last 50 years indicate that Taricha activity peaks in January while the activity of P. regilla peaks in April. These relatively distinct activity patterns suggest that P. regilla may not be exposed to levels of TTX from Taricha that are high enough to select for mutations in the sodium channel. Nevertheless, other unidentified mechanisms of TTX resistance could be present in P. regilla and other species that are sympatric with toxic newts.

ResumenLos animales que tienen contacto frecuente con toxinas suelen desarrollar mecanismos de resistencia a las mismas. Tanto los depredadores que consumen presas toxicas como los organismos en contacto cercano con una toxina o contaminante en su entorno pueden experimentar una presion de seleccion que los lleva a evolucionar resistencia a toxinas. Basandose en las observaciones de que las ranas coro del Pacifico (Pseudacris regilla) a veces comen por error y/o amplexan salamandras del genero Taricha que poseen tetrodotoxina (TTX), se planteo la hipotesis de que P. regilla podria poseer resistencia a la TTX. Esta prediccion fue probada comparando las secuencias de aminoacidos en el loop del poro del dominio IV en el gen del canal de sodio voltaje dependiente muscular SCN4A (proteina NaV1.4) en poblaciones de P. regilla que son simpatricas y alopatricas con Taricha. Se identifico una unica sustitucion en el NaV1.4 de P. regilla en un sitio conservado cerca del loop del poro donde se une la TTX. Aunque el papel de este sitio en la resistencia a la TTX no ha sido evaluado funcionalmente, tanto el P. regilla alopatrico como el simpatrico tienen esta sustitucion, lo que sugiere que no esta relacionado con la exposicion a la TTX secretada por Taricha. Por lo tanto, no hay evidencias concluyentes de que P. regilla haya evolucionado resistencia a la TTX por medio de sustituciones de aminoacidos en este dominio. Por otro lado, los datos de ocurrencia en California de la actividad de Taricha en los ultimos 50 anos indican alcanza su maximo en enero, mientras que la de P. regilla lo hace en abril. Estos patrones de actividad relativamente distintos sugieren que P. regilla puede no estar expuesta a niveles de TTX provenientes de Taricha que sean lo suficientemente altos como para inducir la evolucion de mutaciones en el canal de sodio. Sin embargo, otros mecanismos no identificados de resistencia a la TTX podrian estar presentes en P. regilla y en otras especies simpaticas a los salamandras toxicas.

Palabras clave: Resistencia a las toxinas; California; Toxinas ambientales; Insensibilidad en el sitio de union; Salamandras; Ecologia quimica
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Montana, K. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez Castaneda, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarvin, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.22.475505</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterizing Potential Tetrodotoxin Resistance in Domain IV of the Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Nav1.4 of Pacific Chorus Frogs, Pseudacris regilla]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.24.477483v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Crystal structure of an RNA/DNA strand exchange junction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.24.477483v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Short segments of RNA displace one strand of a DNA duplex during diverse processes including transcription and CRISPR-mediated immunity and genome editing. These strand exchange events involve the intersection of two geometrically distinct helix types--an RNA:DNA hybrid (A-form) and a DNA:DNA homoduplex (B-form). Although previous evidence suggests that these two helices can stack on each other, it is unknown what local geometric adjustments could enable A-on-B stacking. Here we report the X-ray crystal structure of an RNA-5/DNA-3 strand exchange junction at an anisotropic resolution of 1.6 to 2.2 [A]. The structure reveals that the A-to-B helical transition involves a combination of helical axis misalignment, helical axis tilting and compression of the DNA strand within the RNA:DNA helix, where nucleotides exhibit a mixture of A- and B-form geometry. These structural principles explain previous observations of conformational stability in RNA/DNA exchange junctions, enabling a nucleic acid architecture that is repeatedly populated during biological strand exchange events.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cofsky, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knott, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gee, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.24.477483</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Crystal structure of an RNA/DNA strand exchange junction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.24.477570v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human sialomucin CD164 is an essential entry factor for lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.24.477570v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is a well-studied mammarenavirus that can be fatal in congenital infections. However, our understanding of LCMV and its interactions with human host factors remain incomplete. Here, host determinants affecting LCMV infection were investigated through a genome-wide CRISPR knockout screen in A549 cells, a human lung adenocarcinoma line. We identified and validated a variety of novel host factors that play a functional role in LCMV infection. Among these, knockout of the sialomucin CD164, a heavily glycosylated transmembrane protein, was found to ablate infection with multiple LCMV strains but not other hemorrhagic mammarenaviruses, in several cell types. Further characterization revealed a dependency of LCMV entry on the cysteine-rich domain of CD164, including a N-linked glycosylation site at residue 104 in that region. Given the documented role of LCMV with respect to transplacental human infections, CD164 expression was investigated in human placental tissue and placental cell lines. CD164 was found to be highly expressed in the cytotrophoblast cells, an initial contact site for pathogens within the placenta, and LCMV infection in placental cells was effectively blocked using a monoclonal antibody specific to the cysteine-rich domain of CD164. Together, this study identifies novel factors associated with LCMV infection of human tissues, and highlights the importance of CD164, a sialomucin that has previously not been associated with viral infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knopp, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rackaityte, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurie, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sunshine, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puschnik, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeRisi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.24.477570</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human sialomucin CD164 is an essential entry factor for lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.25.477777v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A high-throughput approach to identify reproductive toxicants among environmental chemicals using an in vivo evaluation of gametogenesis in budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.25.477777v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundEnvironmental chemical exposures are likely making important contributions to current levels of infertility and its increasing incidence. Yet the US produces high volumes of industrial chemicals for which there is limited data on their potential human reproduction toxicity. Current assays typically used in policy and regulatory settings involve costly and timeconsuming whole-animal rodent tests which limit the rapidity with which one can assess the thousands of chemicals yet to be tested.

ObjectiveOur aim was to develop a fast and reliable strategy to evaluate a large number of chemicals for reproductive toxicity by developing a high-throughput toxicity assessment using the yeast S. cerevisiae.

MethodsYeast are chronically exposed to each environmental chemical at two doses, 30 M and 100 M, in a 96-well plate-based format throughout gametogenesis. Non-gametes are removed and chemicals are washed away before gamete viability is measured using absorbance at 600 nm to produce growth curves. The difference in time at half-maximal saturation with and without exposure is used to determine the extent of reproductive toxicity.

ResultsWe validated our assay using bisphenol A (BPA), a well-established mammalian reproductive toxicant. We find that BPA in yeast has similar detrimental effects in meiosis as shown in worms and mammals. Competition assays with BPA analogs reveal that two of out of 19 BPA analogs examined (bisphenol E and 17{beta}-estradiol) show synergistic effects with BPA at doses tested and none show antagonistic effects. Out of 179 additional environmental chemicals, we designated 57 chemicals as reproductively toxic. Finally, by comparing chemicals in our cohort that have been evaluated for reproductive toxicity in mammalian studies, we find a statistically significant association between toxic chemicals in yeast and mammals.

ConclusionWe show that a high-throughput assay using yeast may be a useful approach for rapidly and reliably identifying chemicals that pose a reproductive risk.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kumar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rockmill, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Cruz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verduzco, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madeira, X. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abrahamsson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allard, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodruff, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.25.477777</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A high-throughput approach to identify reproductive toxicants among environmental chemicals using an in vivo evaluation of gametogenesis in budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.26.477811v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Archaea-Specific c-type Cytochrome Maturation Machinery is Crucial for Methanogenesis in Methanosarcina acetivorans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.26.477811v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
C-type cytochromes (cyt c) are proteins that covalently bind heme and are integral to electron transport chains. A growing body of evidence suggests that cyt c play a vital role in both intra- and extra-cellular electron transfer processes in Archaea, especially in members that metabolize methane and other short chain alkanes. Elaborate mechanisms for the biogenesis of cyt c are known in Bacteria and Eukarya but this process remains largely uncharacterized in Archaea. Here, we have used the model methanogenic archaeon Methanosarcina acetivorans to characterize a distinct form of the system I cyt c maturation machinery (referred to as the Ccm machinery henceforth) that is broadly distributed in members of the Archaea. Phenotypic analyses of M. acetivorans mutants deficient in essential components of the Ccm machinery reveal that cyt c are broadly important for growth and methanogenesis, but the magnitude of their impact can vary substantially depending on the growth substrate. Heterologous expression of a synthetic operon with the Ccm machinery (CcmABCEF) from M. acetivorans is both necessary and sufficient for cyt c biogenesis in a non-native host (M. barkeri Fusaro) that is incapable of cyt c biogenesis. Even though components of the Ccm machinery are universally conserved across the Archaea, our evolutionary analyses indicate that different clades of Archaea acquired this pathway through multiple independent horizontal gene transfer events from different groups of Bacteria. Overall, we have demonstrated the convergent evolution of a novel Archaea-specific Ccm machinery for cyt c biogenesis and its role in methane metabolism.

Significance StatementMicroorganisms belonging to the domain Archaea play an especially important role in regulating atmospheric methane levels. Specifically, methanogens are the primary source of biogenic methane and anaerobic methanotrophic archaea (ANME) consume a substantial proportion of methane released in marine sediments. Genomic studies have implicated a class of electron-transfer proteins called c-type cytochromes as being crucial in mediating archaeal methane metabolism in the environment. However, neither the biogenesis nor the role of c-type cytochromes in methane metabolism has ever been investigated. Here, we have used a model methanogen, Methanosarcina acetivorans, to characterize a distinct pathway for maturation of c-type cytochromes that seems to be uniformly conserved across the Archaea and have also identified substrate-specific functional roles for c-type cytochromes during methanogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nayak, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shalvarjian, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.26.477811</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Archaea-Specific c-type Cytochrome Maturation Machinery is Crucial for Methanogenesis in Methanosarcina acetivorans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.27.478115v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifying systematic variation at the single-cell level by leveraging low-resolution population-level data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.27.478115v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A major limitation in single-cell genomics is a lack of ability to conduct cost-effective population-level studies. As a result, much of the current research in single-cell genomics focuses on biological processes that are broadly conserved across individuals, such as cellular organization and tissue development. This limitation prevents us from studying the etiology of experimental or clinical conditions that may be inconsistent across individuals owing to molecular variation and a wide range of effects in the population. In order to address this gap, we developed "kernel of integrated single cells" (Keris), a novel model-based framework to inform the analysis of single-cell gene expression data with population-level effects of a condition of interest. By inferring cell-type-specific moments and their variation across conditions using large tissue-level bulk data representing a population, Keris allows us to generate testable hypotheses at the single-cell level that would otherwise require collecting single-cell data from a large number of donors. Within the Keris framework, we show how the combination of low-resolution, large bulk data with small but high-resolution single-cell data enables the identification of changes in cell-subtype compositions and the characterization of subpopulations of cells that are affected by a condition of interest. Using Keris we estimate linear and non-linear age-associated changes in cell-type expression in large bulk peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) data. Combining with three independent single-cell PBMC datasets, we demonstrate that Keris can identify changes in cell-subtype composition with age and capture cell-type-specific subpopulations of senescent cells. This demonstrates the promise of enhancing single-cell data with population-level information to study compositional changes and to profile condition-affected subpopulations of cells, and provides a potential resource of targets for future clinical interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rahmani, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.27.478115</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifying systematic variation at the single-cell level by leveraging low-resolution population-level data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.01.478723v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A widespread group of large plasmids in methanotrophic Methanoperedens archaea 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.01.478723v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anaerobic methanotrophic (ANME) archaea conserve energy from the breakdown of methane, an important driver of global warming, yet the extrachromosomal genetic elements that impact the activities of ANME archaea are little understood. Here we describe large plasmids associated with ANME archaea of the Methanoperedens genus. These have been maintained in two bioreactors that contain enrichment cultures dominated by different Methanoperedens species and co-occur with Methanoperedens species in other anoxic environments. By manual curation we show that two of the plasmids are large (155,607 bp and 191,912 bp), circular, and replicate bidirectionally. The group of Methanoperedens species that carry these plasmids is related to "Ca. Methanoperedens nitroreducens", "Ca. Methanoperedens ferrireducens", "Ca. Methanoperedens manganicus" and the plasmids occur in the same copy number as the main chromosome. The larger plasmid encodes transporters that potentially enhance access to Ni, which is required for the methyl-CoM reductase (Mcr), Co required for the cobalamin cofactor needed for methyltransferases, and amino acid uptake. We show that many plasmid genes are actively transcribed, including genes involved in plasmid chromosome maintenance and segregation, a Co2+/Ni2+ transporter and cell protective proteins. Notably, one plasmid carries three tRNAs and two colocalized genes encoding ribosomal protein uL16 and elongation factor eEF2. These are not encoded in the host Methanoperedens genome and uL16 and eEF2 were highly expressed, indicating an obligate interdependence between this plasmid and its host. The finding of plasmids of Methanoperedens opens the way for the development of genetic vectors that could be used to probe little understood aspects of Methanoperedens physiology. Ultimately, this may provide a route to introduce or alter genes that may enhance growth and overall metabolism to accelerate methane oxidation rates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schoelmerich, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ouboter, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachdeva, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penev, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amano, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West-Roberts, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welte, C. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.01.478723</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A widespread group of large plasmids in methanotrophic Methanoperedens archaea]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.03.479044v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SKN-1 is a metabolic surveillance factor that monitors amino acid catabolism to control stress resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.03.479044v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The deleterious potential to generate oxidative stress and damage is a fundamental challenge to metabolism. The oxidative stress response transcription factor, SKN-1/NRF2, can sense and respond to changes in metabolic state, although the mechanism and physiological consequences of this remain unknown. To explore this connection, we performed a genetic screen in C. elegans targeting amino acid catabolism and identified multiple metabolic pathways as regulators of SKN-1 activity. We found that genetic perturbation of the conserved amidohydrolase T12A2.1/amdh-1 activates a unique subset of SKN-1 regulated detoxification genes. Interestingly, this transcriptional program is independent of canonical P38-MAPK signaling components but requires the GATA transcription factor ELT-3, nuclear hormone receptor NHR-49, and mediator complex subunit MDT-15. This activation of SKN-1 is dependent on upstream histidine catabolism genes HALY-1 and Y51H4A.7/UROC-1 and may occur through accumulation of a catabolite, 4-imidazolone-5-propanoate (IP). Triggering SKN-1 activation results in a physiological trade off of increased oxidative stress resistance but decreased survival to heat stress. Together, our data suggest that SKN-1 is a key surveillance factor which senses and responds to metabolic perturbations to influence physiology and stress resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Frankino, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siddiqi, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolas, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Ziv, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gildea, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higuchi-Sanabria, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dillin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.03.479044</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SKN-1 is a metabolic surveillance factor that monitors amino acid catabolism to control stress resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.15.480620v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Substrate topology and cognate immunity modulate antibacterial toxicity of Tae cell wall hydrolases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.15.480620v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Members of the bacterial T6SS amidase effector (Tae) superfamily of toxins are delivered between competing bacteria to degrade cell wall peptidoglycan. Although Taes share a common substrate, they exhibit distinct antimicrobial potency across different competitor species. To investigate the molecular basis governing these differences, we quantitatively defined the functional determinants of Tae1 from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 using a combination of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and a high-throughput in vivo genetic approach called deep mutational scanning (DMS). As expected, combined analyses confirmed the role of critical residues near the Tae1 catalytic center. Unexpectedly, DMS revealed substantial contributions to enzymatic activity from a much larger, ring-like functional hot spot extending around the entire circumference of the enzyme. Comparative DMS across distinct growth conditions highlighted how functional contribution of different surfaces is highly context-dependent, varying alongside composition of targeted cell walls. These observations suggest that Tae1 engages with the intact cell wall network through a more distributed three-dimensional interaction interface than previously appreciated, providing an explanation for observed differences in antimicrobial potency across divergent Gram-negative competitors. Further binding studies of several Tae1 variants with their cognate immunity protein demonstrate that requirements to maintain protection from Tae activity may be a significant constraint on the mutational landscape of tae1 toxicity in the wild. In total, our work reveals that Tae diversification has likely been shaped by multiple independent pressures to maintain interactions with binding partners that vary across bacterial species and conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Radkov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sapiro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henderson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saunders, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Massa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mateusiak, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biboy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Starita, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatleberg, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vollmer, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simorre, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anthony-Cahill, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brzovic, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayes, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.15.480620</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Substrate topology and cognate immunity modulate antibacterial toxicity of Tae cell wall hydrolases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.17.480881v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Randomized gates eliminate bias in sort-seq assays 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.17.480881v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sort-seq assays are a staple of the biological engineering toolkit, allowing researchers to profile many groups of cells based on any characteristic that can be tied to fluorescence. However, current approaches, which segregate cells into bins deterministically based on their measured fluorescence, introduce systematic bias. We describe a surprising result: one can obtain unbiased estimates by incorporating randomness into sorting. We validate this approach in simulation and experimentally, and describe extensions for both estimating group level variances and for using multi-bin sorters.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Trippe, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeBenedictis, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coventry, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.17.480881</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Randomized gates eliminate bias in sort-seq assays]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.18.480996v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Self-organization of songbird neural sequences during social isolation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.18.480996v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Behaviors emerge via a combination of experience and innate predis-positions. As the brain matures, it undergoes major changes in cellular, network and functional properties that can be due to sensory experience as well as developmental processes. In normal birdsong learning, neural sequences emerge to control song syllables learned from a tutor. Here, we disambiguate the role of experience and development in neural sequence formation by delaying exposure to a tutor. Using functional calcium imaging, we observe neural sequences in the absence of tutoring, demonstrating that experience is not necessary for the formation of sequences. However, after exposure to a tutor, pre-existing sequences can become tightly associated with new song syllables. Since we delayed tutoring, only half our birds learned new syllables following tutor exposure. The birds that failed to learn were the birds in which pre-tutoring neural sequences were most  crystallized, that is, already tightly associated with their (untutored) song.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mackevicius, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denisenko, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.18.480996</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Self-organization of songbird neural sequences during social isolation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.19.481146v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Data-Driven Flow-Map Models for Data-Efficient Discovery of Dynamics and Fast Uncertainty Quantification of Biological and Biochemical Systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.19.481146v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Computational models are increasingly used to investigate and predict the complex dynamics of biological and biochemical systems. Nevertheless, governing equations of a biochemical system may not be (fully) known, which would necessitate learning the system dynamics directly from, often limited and noisy, observed data. On the other hand, when expensive models are available, systematic and efficient quantification of the effects of model uncertainties on quantities of interest can be an arduous task. This paper leverages the notion of flow-map (de)compositions to present a framework that can address both of these challenges via learning data-driven models useful for capturing the dynamical behavior of biochemical systems. Data-driven flow-map models seek to directly learn the integration operators of the governing differential equations in a black-box manner, irrespective of structure of the underlying equations. As such, they can serve as a flexible approach for deriving fast-toevaluate surrogates for expensive computational models of system dynamics, or, alternatively, for reconstructing the long-term system dynamics via experimental observations. We present a data-efficient approach to data-driven flow-map modeling based on polynomial chaos Kriging. The approach is demonstrated for discovery of the dynamics of various benchmark systems and a co-culture bioreactor subject to external forcing, as well as for uncertainty quantification of a microbial electrosynthesis reactor. Such data-driven models and analyses of dynamical systems can be paramount in the design and optimization of bioprocesses and integrated biomanufacturing systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Makrygiorgos, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berliner, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mesbah, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.19.481146</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Data-Driven Flow-Map Models for Data-Efficient Discovery of Dynamics and Fast Uncertainty Quantification of Biological and Biochemical Systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.21.481295v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tyrosine phosphorylation of mitofusin 2 regulates endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria tethering 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.21.481295v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Contact sites between the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) regulate the exchange of lipids, Ca2+, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) across the two organelles. Mitofusin 2 (Mfn2) has been identified as one of the major components tethering these two organelles together. Several post-translational modifications (PTMs) of Mfn2 have been shown to modulate canonical (i.e., mitochondrial fusion) and non-canonical Mfn2 functions, such as mitophagy and activation of ER stress signaling. However, there is little information about whether any PTMs can regulate mitochondrial and ER tethering. Basal tyrosine phosphorylation of Mfn2 was detected by mass spectroscopy, but it is unknown whether Mfn2 is a substrate of mitochondria-localized tyrosine kinases. Here, we show that mitochondria-localized c-Src can phosphorylate the C-terminal tail of Mfn2, which decreases the distance between the mitochondria and ER and facilitates Ca2+ transfer from the ER to mitochondria, followed by changes in ROS generation and mitochondrial bioenergetics. Our findings suggest that tyrosine phosphorylation of Mfn2 may uniquely work to fine-tune ER-mitochondrial Ca2+ transport under physiological and pathological conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ford, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sung, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moeller, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polina, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tachibana, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kusakari, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cypress, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaput, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drenkova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landherr, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adaniya, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mende, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jhun, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O-Uchi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.21.481295</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tyrosine phosphorylation of mitofusin 2 regulates endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria tethering]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.23.481665v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coursing hyenas and stalking lions: the potential for inter- and intraspecific interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.23.481665v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Resource partitioning promotes coexistence among guild members, and carnivores reduce interference competition through behavioural mechanisms that promote spatio-temporal separation. We analyzed sympatric lion and spotted hyena movements and activity patterns to ascertain the mechanisms facilitating their coexistence within semi-arid and wetland ecosystems. We identified recurrent high-use (revisitation) and extended stay (duration) areas within home ranges, and correlated environmental variables with movement-derived measures of inter- and intraspecific interactions. Spatial overlaps among lions and hyenas occurred at edges of home ranges, around water-points, along pathways between patches of high-use areas, and expanded during the wet season. Lions shared more of their home ranges with spotted hyenas in arid ecosystems, but shared more of their ranges with conspecifics in mesic environments. Despite shared space use, we found evidence for subtle temporal differences in the nocturnal movement and activity patterns between the two predators, suggesting a fine localized-scale avoidance strategy. Revisitation frequency and duration within home ranges were influenced by interspecific interactions, subsequent to land cover categories and diel cycles. Intraspecific interactions were also important for lions and, for hyenas, moon illumination and ungulates attracted to former anthrax carcass sites in Etosha, with distance to water in Chobe/Linyanti. Recursion and duration according to locales of competitor probabilities were similar among female lions and both sexes of hyenas, but different for male lions. Our results suggest that lions and spotted hyenas mediate the potential for interference competition through subtle differences in temporal activity, fine-scale habitat use differentiation, and localized reactive-avoidance behaviours. These findings enhance our understanding of the potential effects of interspecific interactions among large carnivore space-use patterns within an apex predator system, and show adaptability across heterogeneous and homogeneous environments. Future conservation plans should emphasize the importance of inter- and intraspecific competition within large carnivore communities, particularly moderating such effects within increasingly fragmented landscapes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barker, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joubert, F. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasaona, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shatumbu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stowbunenko, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slotow, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Getz, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.23.481665</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coursing hyenas and stalking lions: the potential for inter- and intraspecific interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.24.481860v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FtsH Protease Inactivation Allows Accumulation of Aberrant Photosystem II in a Chlamydomonas Rubredoxin Mutant 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.24.481860v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The assembly of photosystem II (PSII) requires the participation of assembly proteins that facilitate the step-wise association of its protein and pigment components into a functional complex capable of oxidizing water and reducing plastoquinone. We previously identified one such factor, the membrane-bound rubredoxin RBD1, but its precise role remains unknown in part due to the inability of the 2pac mutant strain of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, which lacks RBD1, to accumulate PSII. Here, we show that decreased PSII accumulation in 2pac is due to increased proteolytic degradation. Inactivating the thylakoid membrane FtsH protease in the 2pac mutant background led to an increase in the abundance of PSII subunits and their integration into higher molecular weight complexes, including PSII dimers, capable of sustaining photoautotrophic growth. Dark- and low light-grown 2pac ftsh1-1 both accumulated a 23-kD fragment of the D1 protein, a marker typically associated with structural changes resulting from photodamage or photoinhibition. We introduced a HIS-tagged version of the PsbH protein into the 2pac ftsh1-1 background to purify and examine PSII. We found no detectable changes with respect to cofactor composition relative to the wild-type, leading to us to propose a model in which RBD1 promotes the proper folding of D1, possibly via delivery or reduction of the non-heme iron during PSII assembly. Our results demonstrate that introduction of the ftsh1-1 mutation into mutants defective in the biogenesis of thylakoid membrane complexes can allow for the accumulation and study of aberrant complexes that would otherwise be degraded due to their high protease sensitivity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Calderon, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Vitry, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wollman, F.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niyogi, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.24.481860</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FtsH Protease Inactivation Allows Accumulation of Aberrant Photosystem II in a Chlamydomonas Rubredoxin Mutant]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.24.481905v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Construction of a constitutively active type III secretion system for heterologous protein secretion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.24.481905v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proteins comprise a multibillion-dollar industry in enzymes and therapeutics, but bacterial protein production can be costly and inefficient. Proteins of interest (POIs) must be extracted from lysed cells, purified, and resolubilized. The Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 type III secretion system (T3SS) is a protein secretion complex in Salmonella that has been engineered to secrete heterologous proteins and addresses the problems associated with bacterial protein production. However, the current best practices method of T3SS pathway activation for secretion is not ideal for industrial scaleup. Previously, the T3SS was activated by plasmid-based overexpression of the T3SS transcriptional regulator, hilA, which requires the addition of a small molecule inducer to the culture media and adds significant cost to the production media. Plasmid-based expression is also subject to instability in large-scale fermentation. Here, we show that we can constitutively activate the T3SS by modulating the upstream transcriptional regulator, hilD, either through knocking out hilE, a repressor of HilD, or by adding transcriptional fusions to hilD. Finally, we combine the two most promising genomic modifications to build a constitutively active T3SS capable of secreting a range of heterologous proteins at titers comparable to those reported with synthetic induction of hilA. These improvements further our goal of making an industrially competitive protein production strain that reduces the challenges associated with plasmid induction and maintenance.

ImportanceProteins are used in our everyday lives as therapeutics (insulin), industrial enzymes (laundry detergent), and bio-based materials (spider silk). Current industrial protein production in bacteria is costly because it requires purification of the target protein from the other proteins inside the cell. We solve this problem by engineering the Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 type III secretion system (T3SS) to export the target protein into the cell growth media. This makes the protein purification process more efficient and cheaper. However, this system currently requires an expensive inducer reagent to activate it which significantly increases the cost of the production media. We show here the creation of a constitutively active T3SS, meaning the T3SS pathway is always on. In doing so, we successfully created a Salmonella strain that eliminates the need for the inducer reagent and exports proteins at levels comparable to the inducer-activated system, ultimately reducing the cost of T3SS protein production.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liang, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burdette, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tullman-Ercek, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.24.481905</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Construction of a constitutively active type III secretion system for heterologous protein secretion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.28.482149v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Orthogonal synthetases for polyketide precursors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.28.482149v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The absence of orthogonal aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases that accept non-L--amino acids is the primary bottleneck hindering the in vivo translation of sequence-defined hetero-oligomers. Here we report PylRS enzymes that accept -hydroxy acids, -thio acids, N-formyl-L--amino acids, and -carboxyl acid monomers (malonic acids) that are formally precursors to polyketide natural products. These monomers are all accommodated and accepted by the translation apparatus in vitro. High-resolution structural analysis of the complex between one such PylRS enzyme and a meta-substituted 2-benzylmalonate derivative reveals an active site that discriminates pro-chiral carboxylates and accommodates the large size and distinct electrostatics of an -carboxyl acid substituent. This work emphasizes the potential of PylRS-derived enzymes for acylating tRNA with monomers whose -substituent diverges significantly from the -amine embodied in proteinogenic amino acids. These enzymes could act in synergy with natural or evolved ribosomes to generate diverse sequence-defined non-protein hetero-oligomers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schepartz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fricke, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swenson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roe, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamlish, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ad, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smaga, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gee, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.28.482149</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Orthogonal synthetases for polyketide precursors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.28.482278v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reconstructing the ancestral vertebrate brain using a lamprey neural cell type atlas 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.28.482278v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The vertebrate brain emerged more than [~]500 million years ago in common evolutionary ancestors. To systematically trace its cellular and molecular origins, we established a spatially resolved cell type atlas of the entire brain of the sea lamprey - a jawless species whose phylogenetic position affords the reconstruction of ancestral vertebrate traits - based on extensive single-cell RNA-seq and in situ sequencing data. Comparisons of this atlas to neural data from the mouse and other jawed vertebrates unveiled various shared features that enabled the reconstruction of the core cell type composition, tissue structures, and gene expression programs of the ancestral brain. However, our analyses also revealed key tissues and cell types that arose later in evolution. For example, the ancestral vertebrate brain was likely devoid of cerebellar cell types and oligodendrocytes (myelinating cells); our data suggest that the latter emerged from astrocyte-like evolutionary precursors on the jawed vertebrate lineage. Our work illuminates the cellular and molecular architecture of the ancestral vertebrate brain and provides a foundation for exploring its diversification during evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lamanna, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hervas-Sotomayor, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oel, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jandzik, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobrido-Camean, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martik, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brüning, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mössinger, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sepp, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murat, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bronner, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodicio, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barreiro-Iglesias, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meulemans Medeiros, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arendt, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaessmann, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.28.482278</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reconstructing the ancestral vertebrate brain using a lamprey neural cell type atlas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.01.482473v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Individually unique, fixed body patterns of Octopus chierchiae allow for photo-identification in long-term studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.01.482473v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Lesser Pacific Striped Octopus, Octopus chierchiae, is a small iteroparous octopus known to inhabit intertidal regions of the Pacific coast of Central America. Many details about its life history and ecology remain unknown. For apparently rare and delicate animals such as O. chierchiae, non-extractive sampling methods are necessary to study individuals and populations over time. After photographically documenting the physical development of 25 octopuses from hatching, we have concluded that O. chierchiae has individually unique stripe configurations that remain constant throughout their post-hatchling lifetimes. Furthermore, using photographs taken of animals in captivity on different dates over many months, we show that untrained volunteers can accurately identify whether or not a pair of images depicts the same individual octopus. These results demonstrate that laboratory-reared individuals could be identified via photographs taken at different points in their lifetimes, which suggests wild individuals can also be recognized and observed for longitudinal field studies. In addition, our results imply potential for photoidentification and community science to be used as non-extractive, non-intrusive sampling methods for future studies of wild O. chierchiae.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelkar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramji, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caldwell, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.01.482473</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Individually unique, fixed body patterns of Octopus chierchiae allow for photo-identification in long-term studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.02.482660v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neovascularization and the recruitment of CD31+ cells from the bone marrow are unique under regenerative but not wound repair conditions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.02.482660v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The long-noted observation that endostatin is a potent inhibitor of tumor vasculature but has little or no effect on wound repair or pregnancy remains an "as of yet unexplained but remarkable phenomenon"(1). However, there is another path to wound healing, epimorphic regeneration, and here we present data in mice demonstrating that endostatin is, in fact, a potent inhibitor of epimorphic regeneration. In this study, we show that a rege nerative response seen in the spontaneously regenerating MRL mouse involves CD31+ endothelial precursors that migrate from the bone marrow into the wound site and form new vessels, unlike that seen in the non-regenerating C57BL/6 mouse injury site. Furthermore, this appears to relate to the induction of HIF-1a, an inducer of regeneration (2). Inducing epimorphic regeneration in otherwise non-regenerating mice via an enhanced HIF-1a response by employing the PHD inhibitor 1,4-DPCA/hydrogel, a HIF-1a stabilizer, results in the same increased bone marrow-derived CD31+ endothelial precursor response and increased vasculogenesis. This regenerative response is completely blocked by endostatin, supporting the notion that vascularization induced during regeneration shares similarities to the tumor vasculature.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bedelbaevak, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azlanukov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gourevitch, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strehin, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Messersmith, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heber-Katz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.02.482660</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neovascularization and the recruitment of CD31+ cells from the bone marrow are unique under regenerative but not wound repair conditions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.03.482929v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mouse Genomic Associations with Ex Vivo Sensitivity to Simulated Space Radiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.03.482929v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Exposure to ionizing radiation is considered by NASA to be a major health hazard for deep space exploration missions. Ionizing radiation sensitivity is modulated by both genomic and environmental factors. Understanding their contributions is crucial for designing experiments in model organisms, evaluating the risk of deep space (i.e. high-linear energy transfer, or LET, particle) radiation exposure in astronauts, and also selecting therapeutic irradiation regimes for cancer patients. We identified single nucleotide polymorphisms in 15 strains of mice, including 10 collaborative cross model strains and 5 founder strains, associated with spontaneous and ionizing radiation-induced ex vivo DNA damage quantified based on immunofluorescent 53BP1+ nuclear foci. Statistical analysis suggested an association with pathways primarily related to cellular signaling, metabolism, tumorigenesis and nervous system damage. We observed different genomic associations in early (4 and 8 hour) responses to different LET radiation, while later (24 hour) DNA damage responses showed a stronger overlap across all LETs. Furthermore, a subset of pathways was associated with spontaneous DNA damage, suggesting 53BP1+ foci as a potential biomarker for DNA integrity in mouse models. Based on our results, we suggest several mouse strains as new models to further study the impact of ionizing radiation and validate the identified genetic loci. We also highlight the importance of future human ex vivo studies to refine the association of genes and pathways with the DNA damage response to ionizing radiation and identify targets for space travel countermeasures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cekanaviciute, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez Macha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pariset, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babbi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malkani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penninckx, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schisler, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karpen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costes, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.03.482929</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mouse Genomic Associations with Ex Vivo Sensitivity to Simulated Space Radiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.04.482982v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Estimating spatially variable and density-dependent survival using open-population spatial capture-recapture models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.04.482982v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Open-population spatial capture-recapture (OPSCR) models use the spatial information contained in individual detections collected over multiple consecutive occasions to estimate occasion-specific density, but also demographic parameters. OPSCR models can also estimate spatial variation in vital rates, but such models are neither widely used nor thoroughly tested. We developed a Bayesian OSPCR model that not only accounts for spatial variation in survival using spatial covariates, but also estimates local density-dependent effects on survival within a unified framework. Using simulations, we show that OPSCR models provide sound inferences on the effect of spatial covariates on survival, including multiple competing sources of mortality, each with potentially different spatial determinants. Estimation of local density-dependent survival was possible but required more data due to the greater complexity of the model. Not accounting for spatial heterogeneity in survival led to positive bias in abundance estimates (up to 10% relative bias). We provide a set of features in R package nimbleSCR that allow computationally efficient fitting of Bayesian OPSCR models with spatially varying survival. The ability to make population-level inferences of spatial variation in survival is an essential step towards a fully spatially-explicit OPSCR model that can disentangle the role of multiple spatial drivers on population dynamics.

Open Research statementcode to reproduce the analysis is available on github; https://github.com/Cyril-Milleret/Public/tree/master/SpatialSurvivalOPSCR
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Milleret, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dupont, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turek, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Valpine, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bischof, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.04.482982</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Estimating spatially variable and density-dependent survival using open-population spatial capture-recapture models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.05.483112v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mycorrhizal fungi stabilize bacterial growth and diversity in water-limited soils 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.05.483112v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Drought disrupts soil microbial activity and many biogeochemical processes. Although plant-associated fungi can support plant performance and nutrient cycling during drought, their effects on nearby drought-exposed soil microbial communities are not well resolved. We used H 18O quantitative stable isotope probing (qSIP) and 16S rRNA gene profiling to investigate bacterial community dynamics following water limitation in the hyphospheres of two distinct fungal lineages (Rhizophagus irregularis and Serendipita bescii) grown with the bioenergy model grass Panicum hallii. In uninoculated soil, a history of water limitation resulted in significantly lower bacterial growth potential and growth efficiency, as well as lower diversity in the actively growing bacterial community. In contrast, both fungal lineages had a protective effect on hyphosphere bacterial communities exposed to water limitation: bacterial growth potential, growth efficiency, and the diversity of the actively growing bacterial community were not suppressed by a history of water limitation in soils inoculated with either fungus. Despite their similar effects at the community level, the two fungal lineages did elicit different taxon-specific responses, and bacterial growth potential was greater in R. irregularis- compared in S. bescii- inoculated soils. Several of the bacterial taxa that responded positively to fungal inocula belong to lineages that are considered drought-susceptible. Overall, H 18O qSIP highlighted treatment effects on bacterial community structure that were less pronounced using traditional 16S rRNA gene profiling. Together, these results indicate that fungal-bacterial synergies may support bacterial resilience to moisture limitation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hestrin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lafler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wollard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimbrel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blazewicz, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stuart, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craven, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firestone, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuccio, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pett-Ridge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.05.483112</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mycorrhizal fungi stabilize bacterial growth and diversity in water-limited soils]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.08.483559v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Do lanthanide-dependent microbial metabolisms drive the release of REEs from weathered granites? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.08.483559v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prior to soil formation, phosphate liberated by rock weathering is often sequestered into highly insoluble lanthanide phosphate minerals. Dissolution of these minerals is critical for the release of phosphate to the biosphere, yet the microorganisms involved, and the genes required for lanthanide metabolism, are poorly understood. Here, we sampled weathered granite and associated soil to identify the zones of lanthanide phosphate mineral solubilization and genomically define the organisms implicated in lanthanide utilisation. We reconstructed 136 genomes from 11 bacterial phyla and found gene clusters implicated in lanthanide-based metabolism of methanol (primarily XoxF3 and XoxF5) are surprisingly common in microbial communities in moderately weathered granite where lanthanide phosphate minerals are dissolving. Notably, XoxF3 systems were found in Verrucomicrobia for the first time, and in Acidobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, and Alphaproteobacteria. The XoxF-containing gene clusters are shared by diverse Acidobacteria and Gemmatimonadetes, and include conserved hypothetical proteins and transporters not associated with the few well studied XoxF systems. Given that siderophore-like molecules that strongly bind lanthanides may be required to solubilize lanthanide phosphates, it is notable that candidate siderophore biosynthesis systems were most prevalent in bacteria in moderately weathered rock, especially in Acidobacteria with lanthanide-based systems. We conclude that the confluence in the zone of moderate weathering of phosphate mineral dissolution, lanthanide utilisation, and methanol oxidation (thus carbonic acid production) may be important during the conversion of granitic rock to soil.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Voutsinos, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West-Roberts, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachdeva, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreau, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.08.483559</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Do lanthanide-dependent microbial metabolisms drive the release of REEs from weathered granites?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.11.484047v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Implicit sensorimotor adaptation is preserved in Parkinson's Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.11.484047v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our ability to enact successful goal-directed actions involves multiple learning processes. Among these processes, implicit motor adaptation ensures that the sensorimotor system remains finely tuned in response to changes in the body and environment. Whether Parkinsons Disease (PD) impacts implicit motor adaptation remains a contentious area of research: whereas multiple reports show impaired performance in this population, many others show intact performance. While there are a range of methodological differences across studies, one critical issue is that performance in many of the studies may reflect a combination of implicit adaptation and strategic re-aiming. Here, we revisited this controversy using a visuomotor task designed to isolate implicit adaptation. In two experiments, we found that adaptation in response to a wide range of visual perturbations (3{degrees} - 45{degrees}) was similar in PD and matched control participants. Moreover, in a meta-analysis of previously published work, we found that the mean effect size contrasting PD and controls across 16 experiments was not significant. Together, these analyses indicate that implicit adaptation is preserved in PD, offering a fresh perspective on the role of the basal ganglia in sensorimotor learning.

Significance statementAmong multiple motor learning processes, implicit adaptation ensures that our motor system remains exquisitely calibrated. Whether Parkinsons disease affects implicit motor adaptation has been a point of controversy. We revisited this issue using a visuomotor task designed to isolate implicit adaptation and found that individuals with PD and matched controls showed indistinguishable performance. A meta-analysis based on data from 16 previous experiments yielded a similar null result, strongly supporting the notion that implicit adaptation is preserved in PD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tsay, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Najafi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuck, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.11.484047</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Implicit sensorimotor adaptation is preserved in Parkinson's Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.12.484109v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comprehensive phylogenomics of Methylobacterium reveals four evolutionary distinct groups and underappreciated phyllosphere diversity. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.12.484109v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Methylobacterium is a group of methylotrophic microbes associated with soil, fresh water, and particularly the phyllosphere, the aerial part of plants that has been well-studied in terms of physiology but whose evolutionary history and taxonomy are unclear. Recent work has suggested that Methylobacterium is much more diverse than thought previously, questioning its status as an ecologically and phylogenetically coherent taxonomic genus. However, taxonomic and evolutionary studies of Methylobacterium have mostly been restricted to model species, often isolated from habitats other than the phyllosphere, and have yet to utilize comprehensive phylogenomic methods to examine gene trees, gene content, or synteny. By analyzing 189 Methylobacterium genomes from a wide range of habitats, including the phyllosphere, we inferred a robust phylogenetic tree while explicitly accounting for the impact of horizontal gene transfers. We showed that Methylobacterium contains four evolutionary distinct groups of bacteria (namely A, B, C, D), characterized by different genome size, GC content, gene content and genome architecture, revealing the dynamic nature of Methylobacterium genomes. In addition of recovering 59 described species, we identified 45 candidate species, mostly phyllosphere-associated, stressing the significance of plants as a reservoir of Methylobacterium diversity. We inferred an ancient transition from a free-living lifestyle to association with plant roots in Methylobacteriaceae ancestor, followed by phyllosphere association of three of the major groups (A, B, D), which early branching in Methylobacterium history was heavily obscured by HGT. Together, our work lays the foundations for a thorough redefinition of Methylobacterium taxonomy, beginning with the abandon of Methylorubrum.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leducq, J.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sneddon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Condrain-Morel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourret, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Gomez, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kembel, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marx, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.12.484109</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comprehensive phylogenomics of Methylobacterium reveals four evolutionary distinct groups and underappreciated phyllosphere diversity.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.17.484479v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evidence-based calibration of computational tools for missense variant pathogenicity classification and ClinGen recommendations for clinical use of PP3/BP4 criteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.17.484479v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recommendations from the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics and the Association for Molecular Pathology (ACMG/AMP) for interpreting sequence variants specify the use of computational predictors as Supporting level of evidence for pathogenicity or benignity using criteria PP3 and BP4, respectively. However, score intervals defined by tool developers, and ACMG/AMP recommendations that require the consensus of multiple predictors, lack quantitative support. Previously, we described a probabilistic framework that quantified the strengths of evidence (Supporting, Moderate, Strong, Very Strong) within ACMG/AMP recommendations. We have extended this framework to computational predictors and introduce a new standard that converts a tools scores to PP3 and BP4 evidence strengths. Our approach is based on estimating the local positive predictive value and can calibrate any computational tool or other continuous-scale evidence on any variant type. We estimate thresholds (score intervals) corresponding to each strength of evidence for pathogenicity and benignity for thirteen missense variant interpretation tools, using carefully assembled independent data sets. Most tools achieved Supporting evidence level for both pathogenic and benign classification using newly established thresholds. Multiple tools reached score thresholds justifying Moderate and several reached Strong evidence levels. One tool reached Very Strong evidence level for benign classification on some variants. Based on these findings, we provide recommendations for evidence-based revisions of the PP3 and BP4 ACMG/AMP criteria using individual tools and future assessment of computational methods for clinical interpretation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pejaver, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byrne, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, B.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pagel, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mooney, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karchin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Donnell-Luria, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tavtigian, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenblatt, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biesecker, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radivojac, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ClinGen Sequence Variant Interpretation Working Group,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.17.484479</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evidence-based calibration of computational tools for missense variant pathogenicity classification and ClinGen recommendations for clinical use of PP3/BP4 criteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.17.484705v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sparse coding models predict a spectral bias in the development of primary visual cortex (V1) receptive fields 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.17.484705v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It is well known that sparse coding models trained on natural images learn basis functions whose shapes resemble the receptive fields (RFs) of simple cells in the primary visual cortex (V1). However, few studies have considered how these basis functions develop during training. In particular, it is unclear whether certain types of basis functions emerge more quickly than others, or whether they develop simultaneously. In this work, we train an overcomplete sparse coding model (Sparsenet) on natural images and find that there is indeed order in the development of its basis functions, with basis functions tuned to lower spatial frequencies emerging earlier and higher spatial frequency basis functions emerging later. We observe the same trend in a biologically plausible sparse coding model (SAILnet) that uses leaky integrate-and-fire neurons and synaptically local learning rules, suggesting that this result is a general feature of sparse coding. Our results are consistent with recent experimental evidence that the distribution of optimal stimuli for driving neurons to fire shifts towards higher frequencies during normal development in mouse V1. Our analysis of sparse coding models during training yields an experimentally testable prediction for V1 development that this shift may be due in part to higher spatial frequency RFs emerging later, as opposed to a global shift towards higher frequencies across all RFs, which may also play a role. We also find that at least two explanations could account for the order of RF development: 1) high frequency RFs require more information to be specified accurately, and thus may require more visual experience in order to learn, and 2) early development of low frequency RFs improves the sparseness and fidelity of the visual representation more than early development of high frequency RFs.

Author summaryWe are interested in how visual neurons learn representations of the natural world. In particular, we want to know whether certain visual features are learned by the visual cortex earlier in development than others. To address this question, we turn to a class of algorithms that can learn to represent natural scenes in a sparse fashion, with only a few neurons active at any given time (population sparseness). While sparse coding has been used extensively to model the response properties of neurons in the visual cortex, we use it here to arrive at a quantitative description of the way neurons might learn to encode visual information during development. We find that receptive fields (RFs) tuned to lower spatial frequencies develop earlier in our sparse coding models compared to high frequency RFs. If our prediction is accurate, such a description would provide a general framework for understanding the development of the functional properties of V1 neurons and serve as a guide for future experimental studies. It could also lead to new computational models that learn from input statistics, as well as advances in the design of devices that can augment or replace human vision.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ligeralde, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeWeese, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.17.484705</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sparse coding models predict a spectral bias in the development of primary visual cortex (V1) receptive fields]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.18.484957v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coenzyme Q regulates UCP1 expression and thermogenesis through the integrated stress responses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.18.484957v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coenzyme Q (CoQ) is an essential component of mitochondrial respiration1 and required for thermogenic activity in brown adipose tissues2 (BAT). CoQ deficiency leads to a wide range of pathological manifestations3 but mechanistic consequences of CoQ deficiency in specific tissues such as BAT remain poorly understood. Here we show that pharmacological or genetic CoQ deficiency (50-75% reduction) in BAT leads to accumulation of cytosolic mitochondrial RNAs (mtRNAs) and activation of the eIF2 kinase PKR resulting in the induction of the integrated stress response (ISR) and suppression of UCP1 expression in an ATF4-dependent fashion. Surprisingly, despite diminished UCP1 levels, BAT CoQ deficiency increases whole-body metabolic rates at room temperature and thermoneutrality resulting in decreased weight gain on high fat diets (HFD). This mitohormesis like effect of BAT CoQ insufficiency is dependent on the ATF4-FGF21 axis in BAT revealing an unexpected role for CoQ in the modulation of whole-body energy expenditure with wide-ranging implications for primary and secondary CoQ deficiencies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chang, C.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunawan, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zushin, P.-J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timblin, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertholet, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saijo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirichok, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stahl, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.18.484957</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coenzyme Q regulates UCP1 expression and thermogenesis through the integrated stress responses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.20.485070v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Liguleless narrow and narrow odd dwarf act in overlapping pathways to regulate maize development & physiology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.20.485070v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
narrow odd dwarf (nod) and Liguleless narrow (Lgn) are pleiotropic maize mutants that both encode plasma membrane proteins, cause similar developmental patterning defects, and constitutively induce stress signaling pathways. To investigate how these mutants coordinate maize development and physiology, we screened for protein interactors of NOD by affinity purification. LGN was identified by this screen as a strong candidate interactor, and we confirmed the NOD-LGN molecular interaction through orthogonal experiments. We further demonstrated that LGN, a receptor-like kinase, can phosphorylate NOD in vitro, hinting that they could act in intersecting signal transduction pathways. To test this hypothesis, we generated Lgn-R;nod mutants in two backgrounds (B73 and A619) and found that these mutations enhance each other, causing more severe developmental defects than either single mutation on its own, with phenotypes including very narrow leaves, increased tillering, and failure of the main shoot. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses of the single and double mutants in the two genetic backgrounds revealed widespread induction of pathogen defense genes and a shift in resource allocation away from primary metabolism in favor of specialized metabolism. These effects were similar in each single mutant and heightened in the double mutant, leading us to conclude that NOD and LGN act cumulatively in overlapping signaling pathways to coordinate growth-defense tradeoffs in maize.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abraham-Juarez, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Busche, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lunde, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winders, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christensen, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunter, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hake, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunkard, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.20.485070</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Liguleless narrow and narrow odd dwarf act in overlapping pathways to regulate maize development & physiology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.21.485216v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An E3 ligase network engages GCN1 to promote elongation factor-1α degradation on stalled ribosomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.21.485216v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How cells monitor the status of translating ribosomes is a major question in gene regulation. Elongating ribosomes frequently stall during mRNA translation, resulting in context- dependent activation of quality control pathways. However, surveillance mechanisms that specifically respond to stalled ribosomes with an elongation factor occupying the GTPase center have not been identified. By employing ternatin-4, an allosteric elongation factor-1 (eEF1A) inhibitor, we unveil an E3 ligase network that triggers ubiquitination and degradation of eEF1A on stalled ribosomes. A CRISPRi screen revealed two E3 ligases of unknown function, RNF14 and RNF25, which are both essential for ternatin-induced eEF1A degradation. Based on quantitative proteomics analysis, we find that RNF14 and RNF25 promote ubiquitination of eEF1A and a discrete set of ribosomal proteins. By forming a complex with RNF14, the ribosome collision sensor GCN1 plays an essential role in eEF1A degradation. Our findings illuminate a translation elongation checkpoint that monitors the ribosomal GTPase center.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oltion, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carelli, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>See, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kampmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taunton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.21.485216</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An E3 ligase network engages GCN1 to promote elongation factor-1α degradation on stalled ribosomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.22.485254v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct gene programs underpinning 'disease tolerance' and 'resistance' in influenza virus infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.22.485254v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When challenged with an invading pathogen, the host defense response is engaged to eliminate the pathogen (resistance) and to maintain health in the presence of the pathogen (disease tolerance). However, the identification of distinct molecular programs underpinning disease tolerance and resistance remained obscure. We exploited transcriptional and physiological monitoring across 33 mouse strains, during in vivo influenza virus infection, to identify two host-defense gene programs - one is associated with hallmarks of disease tolerance and the other with hallmarks of resistance. Both programs constitute generic responses in multiple mouse and human cell types. Our study describes the organizational principles of these programs and validates Arhgdia as a regulator of disease-tolerance states in epithelial cells. We further reveal that the baseline disease-tolerance state in macrophages is associated with the pathophysiological response to injury and infection. Our framework provides a paradigm for the understanding of disease tolerance and resistance at the molecular level.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cohn, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yankovitz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peshes-Yaloz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steuerman, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frishberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandes, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandelboim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>R. Hamilton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagai, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amit, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>G. Netea, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hacohen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>A. Iraqi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bacharach, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gat-Viks, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.22.485254</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct gene programs underpinning 'disease tolerance' and 'resistance' in influenza virus infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.23.485460v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
From neural border to migratory stage: A comprehensive single cell roadmap of the timing and regulatory logic driving cranial and vagal neural crest emergence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.23.485460v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural crest cells exemplify cellular diversification from a multipotent progenitor population. However, the full sequence of molecular choices orchestrating the emergence of neural crest heterogeneity from the embryonic ectoderm remains elusive. Gene-regulatory-networks (GRN) govern early development and cell specification towards definitive neural crest. Here, we combine ultra-dense single cell transcriptomes with machine-learning and large-scale experimental validation to provide a comprehensive GRN underlying neural crest fate diversification from induction to early migration stages in the frog Xenopus tropicalis. During gastrulation, a transient neural border zone state precedes the choice between neural crest and placodes which includes multiple and converging gene programs. Transcription factor connectome and bifurcation analyses demonstrate the early emergence of neural crest fates at the neural plate stage, alongside an unbiased multipotent lineage persisting until after epithelial-mesenchymal transition. We decipher the circuits driving cranial and vagal neural crest formation and provide a broadly applicable strategy for investigating SC transcriptomes in vertebrate GRNs in development, evolution, and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kotov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alkobtawi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kappes, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medina Ruiz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arbes, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harland, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peshkin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monsoro-Burq, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.23.485460</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[From neural border to migratory stage: A comprehensive single cell roadmap of the timing and regulatory logic driving cranial and vagal neural crest emergence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.25.485874v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA-targeting CRISPR-Cas13 Provides Broad-spectrum Phage Immunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.25.485874v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas13 proteins are RNA-guided RNA nucleases that defend against invasive phages through general, non-specific RNA degradation upon complementary target transcript binding. Despite being RNA nucleases, Cas13 effectors are capable of inhibiting the infection of dsDNA phages but have only been investigated across a relatively small sampling of phage diversity. Here, we employ a systematic, phage-centric approach to determine the anti-phage capacity of Cas13 and find LbuCas13a to be a remarkably potent phage inhibitor. LbuCas13a confers robust, consistent antiviral activity regardless of gene essentiality, gene expression timing or target sequence location. Furthermore, after challenging LbuCas13a with eight diverse E. coli phages distributed across E. coli phage phylogenetic groups, we find no apparent phage-encoded limits to its potent antiviral activity. In contrast to other Class 2 CRISPR-Cas proteins, these results suggest that DNA phages are generally vulnerable to Cas13a targeting. Leveraging this effective anti-phage activity, LbuCas13a can be used seamlessly as a counter-selection agent for broad-spectrum phage editing. Using a two-step phage editing and enrichment approach, we show that LbuCas13a enables markerless genome edits in phages with exceptionally high efficiency and precision, including edits as small as a single codon. By taking advantage of the broad vulnerability of RNA during viral infection, Cas13a enables a generalizable strategy for editing the most abundant and diverse biological entities on Earth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adler, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hessler, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cress, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mutalik, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrangou, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.25.485874</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA-targeting CRISPR-Cas13 Provides Broad-spectrum Phage Immunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.30.486450v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Endothelial Caspase-9 Promotes Glial Changes, Inflammation, and Contrast Sensitivity Decline in Retinal Vascular Injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.30.486450v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Retinal glial cells-- microglia, astrocytes, and Muller glia--provide homeostatic support, regulate vascular blood flow, and react to injury by releasing inflammatory cytokines. Glial reactivity has been shown to be relevant for retinal vascular pathology and neuronal death. Non-apoptotic expression of endothelial caspase-9 (EC Casp9) was recently identified as a key mediator of retinal edema, hypoxic-ischemic injury, and neurodegeneration in retinal vein occlusion (RVO). In the current study we aimed to determine the glial responses that are modulated by EC Casp9 as a means to identify relevant neuro-immune mechanisms for the development of retinal edema and neurodegeneration. To this end we used a mouse model of RVO and a tamoxifen inducible EC Casp9 KO mouse line. We show that EC Casp9 leads to an increase in reactive microglia and to macrogliosis in a time-dependent manner. RVO induced an EC Casp9 dependent astroglial caspase-6 and cleavage of GFAP. Cytokine array analysis revealed that RVO increases expression of inflammatory cytokines out of which CX3CL1, IGF-1, IL-4, LIX, IL-1, M-CSF, TNF-, IL-1{beta}, IL-10, and VEGF-A, were regulated by EC Casp9. Moreover, we found that EC Casp9 deletion resulted in protection from contrast sensitivity decline one day post-RVO. These results demonstrate that caspase-9 in hypoxic endothelial cells regulates retinal inflammatory signaling in microglia, astrocytes and Muller cells and changes in visual function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ortiz, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avrutsky, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smart, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troy, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.30.486450</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Endothelial Caspase-9 Promotes Glial Changes, Inflammation, and Contrast Sensitivity Decline in Retinal Vascular Injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.30.486478v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ultra-deep Sequencing of Hadza Hunter-Gatherers Recovers Vanishing Microbes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.30.486478v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The gut microbiome is a key modulator of immune and metabolic health. Human microbiome data is biased towards industrialized populations, providing limited understanding of the distinct and diverse non-industrialized microbiomes. Here, we performed ultra-deep metagenomic sequencing and strain cultivation on 351 fecal samples from the Hadza, hunter-gatherers in Tanzania, and comparative populations in Nepal and California. We recover 94,971 total genomes of bacteria, archaea, bacteriophages, and eukaryotes, 43% of which are absent from existing unified datasets. Analysis of in situ growth rates, genetic pN/pS signatures, high-resolution strain tracking, and 124 gut-resident species vanishing in industrialized populations reveals differentiating dynamics of the Hadza gut microbiome. Industrialized gut microbes are enriched in genes associated with oxidative stress, possibly a result of microbiome adaptation to inflammatory processes. This unparalleled view of the Hadza gut microbiome provides a valuable resource that expands our understanding of microbes capable of colonizing the human gut and clarifies the extensive perturbation brought on by the industrialized lifestyle.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Merrill, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olm, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tripathi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spencer, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, F. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neff, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jha, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sonnenburg, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sonnenburg, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.30.486478</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ultra-deep Sequencing of Hadza Hunter-Gatherers Recovers Vanishing Microbes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.31.486235v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporal and Spatial Resolution of a Protein Quake that Activates Hydrogen Tunneling in Soybean Lipoxygenase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.31.486235v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The enzyme soybean lipoxygenase (SLO) provides a prototype for deep tunneling mechanisms in hydrogen transfer catalysis. This work combines room temperature X-ray studies with extended hydrogen deuterium exchange experiments to detect a radiating cone of aliphatic side chains that extends from the iron active site of SLO to the protein-solvent interface. Employing eight variants of SLO, nanosecond fluorescence Stokes shifts have been measured using a probe appended to the identified surface loop. We report a remarkable identity of the enthalpies of activation for the Stokes shifts decay rates and the millisecond C-H bond cleavage step that is restricted to side chain mutants within the identified thermal network. While the role of dynamics in enzyme function has been predominantly attributed to a distributed protein conformational landscape, these new data implicate a thermally initiated, cooperative protein quake as the source of the activation of SLO. These findings indicate a direct coupling of distal protein motions surrounding the exposed fluorescent probe to active site motions controlling catalysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zaragoza, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Offenbacher, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gee, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firestein, Z. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minnetian, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iavarone, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klinman, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.31.486235</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporal and Spatial Resolution of a Protein Quake that Activates Hydrogen Tunneling in Soybean Lipoxygenase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.01.486768v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Death-seq identifies regulators of cell death and senolytic therapies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.01.486768v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Selectively ablating senescent cells ("senolysis") is an evolving therapeutic approach for age-related diseases. Current senolytics are limited to local administration by potency and side effects. While genetic screens could identify senolytics, current screens are underpowered for identifying genes that regulate cell death due to limitations in screen methodology. Here, we establish Death-seq, a positive selection CRISPR screen optimized to identify enhancers and mechanisms of cell death. Our screens identified synergistic enhancers of cell death induced by the known senolytic ABT-263, a BH3 mimetic. SMAC mimetics, enhancers in our screens, synergize with ABT-199, another BH3 mimetic that is not senolytic alone, clearing senescent cells in models of age-related disease while sparing human platelets, avoiding the thrombocytopenia associated with ABT-263. Death-seq enables the systematic screening of cell death pathways to uncover molecular mechanisms of regulated cell death subroutines and identify drug targets for diverse pathological states such as senescence, cancer, and neurodegeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Colville, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishak, H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, J. D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgens, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goshayeshi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salvi, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spees, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassik, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rando, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.01.486768</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Death-seq identifies regulators of cell death and senolytic therapies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.01.486781v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NSMCE2, a Novel Super-Enhancer Regulated Gene, is Linked to Poor Prognosis and Therapy Resistance in Breast Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.01.486781v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In this study, we identified two novel super-enhancer associated genes: NSMCE2 and MAL2, highly upregulated in breast tumors, for which high RNA levels significantly and specifically correlate with breast cancer patients poor prognosis. To approach this, we took advantage of existing datasets containing super-enhancers associated genes identified in primary breast tumors and public databases comprising gene expression, genomic and clinical outcomes for patients diagnosed with breast cancer. Through in-vitro pharmacological super-enhancer disruption assays in breast cancer cells we confirmed that super-enhancers are involved in NSMCE2 and MAL2 transcript upregulation and through bioinformatics we found that high levels of NSMCE2 strongly associate with poor response to chemotherapy. This was observed especially for patients diagnosed with aggressive triple negative and HER2 positive tumor types. Finally, we showed that treating breast cancer cells with chemotherapeutic agents while simultaneously decreasing NSMCE2 gene expression by super-enhancer blockade or by directly silencing it, reduces cell viability thus increasing the effectiveness of chemotherapy. Our results indicate that moderating the transcript levels of the novel identified super-enhancer associated gene NSMCE2 could improve patients response to standard chemotherapy and, consequently, may improve disease outcome. In summary by mining existing public breast cancer datasets, our work demonstrates that searching for super-enhancer regulated genes and their association to patients survival and response to treatment, could be an effective method for identifying a signature of tumor specific -not frequently mutated, but super-enhancer dysregulated genes. Our approach offers a new avenue to identify novel biomarkers of poor prognosis and potential pharmacological targets for improving cancer treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Di Benedetto, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choidhery, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valdes, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betancur, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.01.486781</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NSMCE2, a Novel Super-Enhancer Regulated Gene, is Linked to Poor Prognosis and Therapy Resistance in Breast Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.04.487059v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In Utero Activation of NK Cells in Congenital CMV Infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.04.487059v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundCongenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is the most common infectious cause of birth defects and neurological damage in newborns. Despite a well-established role for NK cells in control of CMV infection in older children and adults, it remains unknown whether fetal NK cells can sense and respond to CMV infection acquired in utero.

MethodsHere, we investigate the impact of congenital CMV infection on the neonatal NK cell repertoire by assessing the frequency, phenotype, and functional profile of NK cells in cord blood samples from newborns with congenital CMV and from uninfected controls enrolled in a birth cohort of Ugandan mothers and infants.

ResultsWe find that neonatal NK cells from congenitally CMV infected newborns show increased expression of cytotoxic mediators, signs of maturation and activation, and an expansion of mature CD56-negative NK cells, an NK cell subset associated with chronic viral infections in adults. Activation was particularly prominent in NK cell subsets expressing the Fc{gamma} receptor CD16, indicating a role for antibody-mediated immunity against CMV in utero.

ConclusionThese findings demonstrate that NK cells can be activated in utero and suggest that NK cells may be an important component of the fetal and infant immune response against CMV.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vaaben, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, C. B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callaway, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prahl, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warrier, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nankya, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musinguzi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kakuru, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muhindo, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorsey, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamya, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feeney, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.04.487059</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In Utero Activation of NK Cells in Congenital CMV Infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.05.487229v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impact of temperature and time on DNA-free Cas9-ribonucleoprotein mediated gene editing in wheat protoplasts and immature embryos 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.05.487229v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The advancement of precision engineering for crop trait improvement is important in the face of rapid population growth, climate change, and disease. To this end, targeted double-stranded break technology using RNA-guided Cas9 has been adopted widely for genome editing in plants. Agrobacterium or particle bombardment-based delivery of plasmids encoding Cas9 and guide RNA (gRNA) is common, but requires optimization of expression and often results in random integration of plasmid DNA into the plant genome. Recent advances have described gene editing by the delivery of Cas9 and gRNA as pre-assembled ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) into various plant tissues, but with moderate efficiency in resulting regenerated plants. In this report we describe significant improvements to Cas9-RNP mediated gene editing in wheat. We demonstrate that Cas9-RNP assays in protoplasts are a fast and effective tool for rational selection of optimal gRNAs for gene editing in regenerable immature embryos (IEs), and that high temperature treatment enhances gene editing rates in both tissue types. We also show that Cas9-mediated editing persists for at least 14 days in gold particle bombarded wheat IEs. The regenerated edited wheat plants in this work are recovered at high rates in the absence of exogenous DNA and selection. With this method, we produce knockouts of a set of three homoeologous genes and two pathogenic effector susceptibility genes that result in insensitivity to corresponding necrotrophic effectors produced by Parastagonospora nodorum. The establishment of highly efficient, DNA-free gene editing technology holds promise for accelerated trait diversity production in an expansive array of crops.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Poddar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Running, K. L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kariyawasam, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faris, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friesen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, M.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cate, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staskawicz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.05.487229</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impact of temperature and time on DNA-free Cas9-ribonucleoprotein mediated gene editing in wheat protoplasts and immature embryos]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.06.487267v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryo-EM reveals a mechanism of USP1 inhibition through a cryptic binding site 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.06.487267v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Repair of DNA damage is critical to genomic integrity and frequently disrupted in cancers. USP1, a nucleus-localized deubiquitinase, lies at the interface of multiple DNA repair pathways and is a promising drug target for certain cancers. Although multiple inhibitors of this enzyme, including one in phase I clinical trials, have been established, their binding mode is unknown. Here we use cryo-Electron Microscopy to study an assembled enzyme-substrate-inhibitor complex of USP1 and the well-established inhibitor, ML323. Achieving 2.5 [A] resolution, we discover an unusual binding mode in which the inhibitor displaces part of the hydrophobic core of USP1. The consequent conformational changes in the secondary structure lead to subtle rearrangements in the active site that underlie the mechanism of inhibition. These structures provide a platform for structure-based drug design targeting USP1.

One Sentence SummaryUSP1, a cancer target, is inhibited by ML323 displacing part of the protein fold, allosterically disrupting the active site.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rennie, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkinson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaugule, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walden, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.06.487267</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryo-EM reveals a mechanism of USP1 inhibition through a cryptic binding site]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.06.487337v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SOX9 binds TCFs to mediate Wnt/β catenin target gene activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.06.487337v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Activation of the Wnt/{beta}-catenin pathway regulates gene expression by promoting the formation of a {beta}-catenin-TCF complex on target gene chromatin. The transcription factor SOX9 antagonises Wnt signalling in many contexts through its ability to down-regulate {beta}-catenin protein levels. Here, we find that SOX9 promotes the proliferation of Wnt-driven colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. We identify multiple enhancers activated by SOX9 working in concert with the Wnt pathway. These enhancers are co-occupied by TCFs and SOX9 and contain TCF and SOX9 binding sites that are necessary for transcriptional activation. In addition, we identify a physical interaction between the DNA-binding domains of TCFs and SOX9 and show that TCF-SOX9 interactions are important for target gene regulation and CRC cell growth. Our work demonstrates a highly context-dependent effect of SOX9 on Wnt targets, with activation or repression being dependent on the presence or absence of SOX9 binding sites on Wnt-regulated enhancers respectively.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ramakrishnan, A.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burby, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adiga, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cadigan, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.06.487337</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SOX9 binds TCFs to mediate Wnt/β catenin target gene activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.08.487667v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Spiking Neural Network Model for the Control of Oscillatory Phase Differences Between Multiple Brain Areas 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.08.487667v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The causal mechanisms which underlie rapid, transient, and dynamic coordination of large-scale functional brain networks remain unknown. Neuronal oscillations have been hypothesized to play a critical role influencing long-range communication between brain areas, with oscillatory phase differences influencing the effective connectivity between areas (Fries, 2005). However, it remains unclear how networks of spiking neurons could causally and mechanistically control the relative phase difference between cortical regions. Here we describe a simple model of spiking neurons that can dynamically control the relative phase differences between multiple brain areas. The model applies to any inhibition-based rhythm, and has four essential elements: a) tonic excitation of local recurrent networks of excitatory and inhibitory cells produces oscillations (Borgers et al., 2012); b) winner-take-all (WTA) dynamics permit only a small fraction of cells to fire on any given cycle (de Almeida et al., 2009); c) di-synaptic feed-forward inhibition leads to oscillatory phase resetting in a target area (Traub et al., 1996); and d) the range of conduction delays for inter-regional axonal projections span the duration of one oscillatory cycle (Swadlow, 1998). The key assumption of our model is to link WTA dynamics to conduction delays, such that only axons with a narrow range of delays are active at one time and are selected via local activity. Phase resetting in the target area converts this conduction delay into a specific phase difference. Thus, the model converts local differences in cellular excitation into inter-areal phase differences via WTA dynamics and feed-forward inhibition, where excitatory cells act as phase difference effectors or detectors. Including several WTA modules within a given area allows it to serve as a coordinating hub, controlling the relative phase differences of multiple distributed brain regions. Finally, we show how this model can help explains recent empirical results showing that individual neurons are sensitive to the relative phase difference between areas (Canolty et al., 2010).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Canolty, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stimberg, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.08.487667</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Spiking Neural Network Model for the Control of Oscillatory Phase Differences Between Multiple Brain Areas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.12.487820v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Radioactive Contamination in Feral Dogs in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone: Population Body-Burden Survey and Implications for Human Radiation Exposure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.12.487820v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This report describes a two-year effort to survey the internal 137Cs and external {beta}-emitter contamination present in the feral dog population near the Chernobyl nuclear power plant (ChNPP) site, and to quantify the potential for human radiation exposure from this contamination. This work was performed as an integral part of the radiation safety and control procedures of an animal welfare oriented trap-neuter-release (TNR) program. The measurement program employed handheld {beta}-sensitive probes, and a simple whole-body counter to measure internal 137Cs burden during post-surgical observation and recovery. External {beta} contamination surveys performed during intake showed that 21/288 animals had significant, removable external contamination. Measurements with the whole-body counter indicated internal 137Cs body burdens ranging from undetectable (minimum detection level [~]100 Bq/kg in 2017, [~] 30 Bq/kg in 2018) to approximately 30,000 Bq/kg. A total of 33 animals had 137Cs body-burdens above 1 kBq/kg. We observe that internal contamination levels are positively correlated with capture locations within ChNPP boundaries. The large variation in the 137Cs concentration in these animals is not well-understood, could be due to prey selection, access to human food scraps, or extended residence in highly contaminated areas. These internally-contaminated animals are unlikely to pose an exposure hazard despite their large body-burdens due to their limited exposure to humans. However, the small minority of animals with external contamination may pose a contamination hazard to workers, tourists, and others interacting with the dogs, as evidenced by total quantity of removable activity and incidents of transfer to materials used in animal capture.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hecla, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kambarian, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tubbs, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKinley, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berliner, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spatola, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chertok, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braun, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hank, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marquette, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paik, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chenery, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cagan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mousseau, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.12.487820</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Radioactive Contamination in Feral Dogs in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone: Population Body-Burden Survey and Implications for Human Radiation Exposure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.12.487989v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Causal contributions of the domain-general (Multiple Demand) and the language-selective brain networks to perceptual and semantic challenges in speech comprehension 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.12.487989v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1.Listening to spoken language engages domain-general Multiple Demand (MD, fronto-parietal) regions of the human brain, in addition to domain-selective (fronto-temporal) language regions, particularly when comprehension is challenging. However, there is limited evidence that the MD network makes a functional contribution to core aspects of comprehension. In a behavioural study of volunteers (n=19) with chronic brain lesions, but without aphasia, we assessed the causal role of these networks in perceiving, comprehending and adapting to challenging spoken sentences. A first task measured word report for acoustically degraded (noise-vocoded) sentences before and after training. Participants with greater damage to MD but not language regions required more vocoder channels to achieve 50% word report indicating impaired perception. Perception improved following training, reflecting adaptation to acoustic degradation, but perceptual learning was unrelated to lesion location or extent. A second task used sentence coherence judgements to measure the speed and accuracy of comprehension of spoken sentences using lower-frequency meanings of semantically ambiguous words. Comprehension accuracy was high and unaffected by lesion location or extent. The availability of the lower-frequency meaning, as measured in a subsequent word association task, increased following comprehension (word-meaning priming). Word-meaning priming was reduced for participants with greater damage to language but not MD regions. We conclude that language and MD networks make dissociable contributions to challenging speech comprehension: using recent experience to update word meaning preferences depends on language specialised regions, whereas the domain-general MD network plays a causal role in reporting words from degraded speech.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>MacGregor, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balewski, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erzinclioglu, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodd, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duncan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedorenko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.12.487989</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Causal contributions of the domain-general (Multiple Demand) and the language-selective brain networks to perceptual and semantic challenges in speech comprehension]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.13.488089v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Is It A Barrel? General Features of Transmembrane Beta Barrels from a Large Database 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.13.488089v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large datasets contribute new insights to subjects formerly investigated by exemplars. We used co-evolution data to create a large, high-quality database of transmembrane {beta}-barrels (TMBB). By applying simple feature detection on generated evolutionary contact maps, our method (IsItABarrel) achieves 95.88% balanced accuracy when discriminating among protein classes. Moreover, comparison with IsItABarrel revealed a high rate of false positives in previous TMBB algorithms. In addition to being more accurate than previous datasets, our database (available online) contains 1,894,206 bacterial TMBB proteins from 20 evolutionary classes, respectively 17 and 2.2 times larger than the previous sets TMBB-DB and OMPdb. We anticipate that due to its quality and size the database will serve as a useful resource where high quality TMBB sequence data is required. We found that TMBBs can be divided into 10 types, three of which have not been previously reported. We find tremendous variance in proteome percentage among TMBB-containing organisms with some using 6.79% of their proteome for TMBBs and others using as little as 0.27% of their proteome. The distribution of the lengths of the TMBBs is suggestive of previously hypothesized duplication events. In addition, we find that the C-terminal {beta}-signal varies among different classes of bacteria though it is most commonly HyGHyGY+F. However, this {beta}-signal is only characteristic of prototypical TMBBs. The nine non-prototypical barrel types have other C-terminal motifs and it remains to be determined if these alternative motifs facilitate TMBB insertion or perform any other signaling function.

Significance StatementOuter membrane proteins (OMPs) control all interactions between Gram negative bacteria and their environments including uptake and efflux of antibiotics. We created an algorithm that identifies bacterial OMPs from sequence. The quality of our algorithm allows us to identify most OMPs ([~]1.8 million) from prokaryotic genomes including >240,000 unrelated to previously structurally-resolved OMPs. We identify ten types of OMPs in our database. The largest types signal sequence--used for targeting the membrane-insertion machinery--varies by phylogenetic class. All other types of OMPs do not have a related signal sequence, raising new questions of how these proteins fold. Our web-accessible database will allow for further exploration of the varieties of outer membrane proteins to uncover new targets for controlling antibiotic resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Montezano, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernstein, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Copeland, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slusky, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.13.488089</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Is It A Barrel? General Features of Transmembrane Beta Barrels from a Large Database]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.14.488406v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dcifer: an IBD-based method to calculate genetic distance between polyclonal infections 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.14.488406v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An essential step toward reconstructing pathogen transmission and answering epidemiologically relevant questions from genomic data is obtaining pairwise genetic distance between infections. For recombining organisms such as malaria parasites, relatedness measures quantifying recent shared ancestry would provide a meaningful distance, suggesting methods based on identity by descent (IBD). While the concept of relatedness and consequently an IBD approach is fairly straightforward for individual parasites, the distance between polyclonal infections, which are prevalent in malaria, presents specific challenges and awaits a general solution that could be applied to infections of any clonality and accommodate multiallelic (e.g. microsatellite or microhaplotype) and biallelic (SNP) data. Filling this methodological gap, we present Dcifer (Distance for complex infections: fast estimation of relatedness), a method for calculating genetic distance between polyclonal infections, which is designed for unphased data, explicitly accounts for population allele frequencies and complexity of infection, and provides reliable inference. Dcifers IBD-based framework allows us to define model parameters that represent interhost relatedness and to propose corresponding estimators with attractive statistical properties. By using combinatorics to account for unobserved phased haplotypes, Dcifer is able to quickly process large datasets and estimate pairwise relatedness along with measures of uncertainty. We show that Dcifer delivers accurate and interpretable results and detects related infections with statistical power that is 2-4 times greater than that of approaches based on identity by state. Applications to real data indicate that relatedness structure aligns with geographic locations. Dcifer is implemented in a comprehensive publicly available software package.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gerlovina, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerlovin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Barraquer, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenhouse, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.14.488406</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dcifer: an IBD-based method to calculate genetic distance between polyclonal infections]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.25.489409v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early dosage compensation of zygotically-expressed genes in Drosophila melanogaster is mediated through a post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.25.489409v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many key regulators of early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster are X-linked. However, the canonical, MSL-mediated dosage compensation, which involves hyper-transcription of the genes on the single X chromosome in males, is not active until the post-syncytial stage of development. A separate MSL-independent dosage compensation system active earlier in development has been described, though the mechanism through which the process functions remain unclear. In this study, we quantified transcription in living embryos at single-locus resolution to determine if early dosage compensation of the X-linked genes buttonhead and giant is sensitive to X chromosome dose. We found no evidence for a transcriptionally regulated mechanism of early dosage compensation, suggesting that the previously observed compensation of mRNA levels for these genes is achieved via a post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blake, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.25.489409</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early dosage compensation of zygotically-expressed genes in Drosophila melanogaster is mediated through a post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.25.489424v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Geographic Name Resolution Service: A tool for the standardization and indexing of world political division names, with applications to species distribution modeling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.25.489424v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Massive biological databases of species occurrences, or georeferenced locations where a species has been observed, are essential inputs for modeling present and future species distributions. Location accuracy is often assessed by determining whether the observation geocoordinates fall within the boundaries of the declared political divisions. This otherwise simple validation is complicated by the difficulty of matching political division names to the correct geospatial object. Spelling errors, abbreviations, alternative codes, and synonyms in multiple languages present daunting name disambiguation challenges. The inability to resolve political division names reduces usable data and analysis of erroneous observations can lead to flawed results.

Here, we present the Geographic Name Resolution Service (GNRS), an application for the correction, standardization and indexing of world political division names. The GNRS resolves political division names against a reference database that combines names and codes from GeoNames with geospatial object identifiers from the Global Administrative Areas Database (GADM). In a trial resolution of political division names extracted from >270 million species occurrences, only 1.9%, representing just 6% of occurrences, matched exactly to GADM political divisions in their original form. The GNRS was able to resolve, completely or in part, 92% of the remaining 378,568 political division names, or 86% of the full biodiversity occurrence dataset. In an assessment of geocoordinate accuracy for >239 million species occurrences, resolution of political divisions by the GNRS enabled detection of an order of magnitude more errors and an order of magnitude more error-free occurrences. By providing a novel solution to a major data quality impediment, the GNRS liberates a tremendous amount of biodiversity data for quantitative biodiversity research. The GNRS runs as a web service and can be accessed via an API, an R package, and a web-based graphical user interface. Its modular architecture is easily integrated into existing data validation workflows.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boyle, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maitner, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbosa, G. G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sajja, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merow, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newman, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roehrdanz, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enquist, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.25.489424</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Geographic Name Resolution Service: A tool for the standardization and indexing of world political division names, with applications to species distribution modeling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.25.489459v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Feed-forward Pathway Drives LRRK2 kinaseMembrane Recruitment and Apparent Activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.25.489459v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Activating mutations in the Leucine Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) cause Parkinsons disease and previously we showed that activated LRRK2 phosphorylates a subset of Rab GTPases (Steger et al., 2017). Moreover, Golgi-associated Rab29 can recruit LRRK2 to the surface of the Golgi and activate it there for both auto- and Rab substrate phosphorylation. Here we define the precise Rab29 binding region of the LRRK2 Armadillo domain between residues 360-450 and show that this domain, termed "Site #1", can also bind additional LRRK2 substrates, Rab8A and Rab10. Moreover, we identify a distinct, N-terminal, higher affinity interaction interface between LRRK2 phosphorylated Rab8 and Rab10 termed "Site #2", that can retain LRRK2 on membranes in cells to catalyze multiple, subsequent phosphorylation events. Kinase inhibitor washout experiments demonstrate that rapid recovery of kinase activity in cells depends on the ability of LRRK2 to associate with phosphorylated Rab proteins, and phosphorylated Rab8A stimulates LRRK2 phosphorylation of Rab10 in vitro. Reconstitution of purified LRRK2 recruitment onto planar lipid bilayers decorated with Rab10 protein demonstrates cooperative association of only active LRRK2 with phospho-Rab10-containing membrane surfaces. These experiments reveal a feed-forward pathway that provides spatial control and membrane activation of LRRK2 kinase activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vides, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adhikari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purlyte, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shumate, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lasso, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhekne, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alessi, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfeffer, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.25.489459</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Feed-forward Pathway Drives LRRK2 kinaseMembrane Recruitment and Apparent Activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.26.489345v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Relative abundance data can misrepresent heritability of the microbiome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.26.489345v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Host genetics can shape microbiome composition, but to what extent it does, remains unclear. Like any other complex trait, this question can be addressed by estimating the heritability (h2) of the microbiome - the proportion of variance in the abundance of each taxon that is attributable to host genetic variation. However, unlike most complex traits, microbiome heritability is typically based on relative abundance data, where taxon-specific abundances are expressed as the proportion of the total microbial abundance in a sample. We derived an analytical approximation for the heritability that one obtains when using such relative abundances and we uncovered three problems: 1) The interdependency between taxa leads to imprecise heritability estimates. 2) Large sample size leads to high false discovery rates, overestimating the number of heritable taxa. 3) Microbial co-abundances lead to biased heritability estimates. We conclude that caution must be taken when interpreting heritability estimates and comparing values across studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bruijning, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayroles, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henry, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koskella, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metcalf, C. J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.26.489345</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Relative abundance data can misrepresent heritability of the microbiome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.27.489632v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A fast machine-learning-guided primer design pipeline for selective whole genome amplification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.27.489632v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Addressing many of the major outstanding questions in the fields of microbial evolution and pathogenesis will require analyses of populations of microbial genomes. Although population genomic studies provide the analytical resolution to investigate evolutionary and mechanistic processes at fine spatial and temporal scales - precisely the scales at which these processes occur - microbial population genomic research is currently hindered by the practicalities of obtaining sufficient quantities of the relatively pure microbial genomic DNA necessary for next-generation sequencing. Here we present swga2.0, an optimized and parallelized pipeline to design selective whole genome amplification (SWGA) primer sets. Unlike previous methods, swga2.0 incorporates active and machine learning methods to evaluate the amplification efficacy of individual primers and primer sets. Additionally, swga2.0 optimizes primer set search and evaluate strategies, including parallelization at each stage of the pipeline, to dramatically decrease program runtime from weeks to minutes. Here we describe the swga2.0 pipeline, including the empirical data used to identify primer and primer set characteristics, that improve amplification performance. Additionally, we evaluated the novel swga2.0 pipeline by designing primers sets that successfully amplify Prevotella melaninogenica, an important component of the lung microbiome in cystic fibrosis patients, from samples dominated by human DNA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oppler, Z. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brisson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.27.489632</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A fast machine-learning-guided primer design pipeline for selective whole genome amplification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.29.490107v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Minimal functional domains of the core polarity regulator Dlg 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.29.490107v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The compartmentalized domains of polarized epithelial cells arise from mutually antagonistic actions between the apical Par complex and the basolateral Scrib module. In Drosophila, the Scrib module proteins Scribble (Scrib) and Discs-large (Dlg) are required to limit Lgl phosphorylation at the basolateral cortex, but how Scrib and Dlg could carry out such a  protection activity is not clear. We tested Protein Phosphatase 1 (PP1) as a potential mediator of this activity but demonstrate that a significant component of Scrib and Dlg regulation of Lgl is PP1-independent and found no evidence for a Scrib-Dlg-PP1 protein complex. However, the Dlg SH3 domain plays a role in Lgl protection and, in combination with the N-terminal region of the Dlg HOOK domain, in recruitment of Scrib to the membrane. We identify a  minimal Dlg comprised of the SH3 and HOOK domains that is both necessary and sufficient for Scrib localization and epithelial polarity function in vivo.

Summary StatementA minimal SH3-HOOK fragment of Dlg is sufficient to support epithelial polarity through mechanisms independent of the PP1 phosphatase.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khoury, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bilder, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.29.490107</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Minimal functional domains of the core polarity regulator Dlg]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.02.490339v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantitative stable-isotope probing (qSIP) with metagenomics links microbial physiology and activity to soil moisture in Mediterranean-climate grassland ecosystems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.02.490339v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The growth and physiology of soil microorganisms, which play vital roles in biogeochemical cycling, are likely dependent on current and prior soil moisture levels. Here, we developed and applied a genome-resolved metagenomic implementation of quantitative stable isotope probing (qSIP) to an H218O labeling experiment to determine which microbial community members, and with what capacities, are growing under in situ conditions. qSIP enabled measurement of taxon-specific growth because isotopic incorporation into microbial DNA requires production of new genome copies. We studied three Mediterranean grassland soils across a rainfall gradient to evaluate the hypothesis that historic precipitation levels are an important factor controlling trait selection. We used qSIP-informed genome-resolved metagenomics to resolve an active subset of soil community members and identify the ecophysiological traits that characterize them. Higher year-round precipitation levels correlated with higher activity and growth rates of flagellar motile microorganisms. In addition to bacteria that were heavily isotopically labeled, we identified abundant isotope-labeled phages suggesting phage-induced cell lysis likely contributed to necromass production at all three sites. Further, there was a positive correlation between phage activity and the activity of putative phage hosts. Contrary to our expectations, the capabilities to decompose the diverse complex carbohydrates common in soil necromass or oxidize methanol and carbon monoxide were broadly distributed across active and inactive bacteria in all three soils, implying that these traits are not highly selected for by historical precipitation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Greenlon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sieradzki, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zablocki, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koch, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foley, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimbrel, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hungate, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blazewicz, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuccio, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chew, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mancilla, C.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firestone, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pett-Ridge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.02.490339</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantitative stable-isotope probing (qSIP) with metagenomics links microbial physiology and activity to soil moisture in Mediterranean-climate grassland ecosystems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.03.490515v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantification of cell penetrating peptide mediated delivery of proteins in plant leaves 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.03.490515v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein delivery to plants offers many opportunities for plant bioengineering via gene editing and through direction of protein-protein interactions. However, the delivery and confirmation of successful protein delivery to plants presents both practical and analytical challenges. We present a GFP bimolecular fluorescence complementation-based tool, delivered complementation in planta (DCIP), which allows for unambiguous and quantitative measurement of protein delivery in leaves. Using DCIP, we demonstrate cell-penetrating peptide mediated cytosolic delivery of peptides and recombinant proteins in Nicotiana benthamiana. We show that DCIP enables measurement of delivery efficiency and enables functional screening of cell penetrating peptide efficacies for in-plant protein delivery. Finally, we demonstrate that DCIP detects cell penetrating peptide mediated delivery of recombinantly expressed proteins such as mCherry and Lifeact into intact leaves. Finally, we also demonstrate, for the first time, delivery of a recombinant plant transcription factor, WUSCHEL (AtWUS), in N. benthamiana. RT-qPCR analysis of AtWUS delivery in Arabidopsis seedlings also suggests delivered WUS can recapitulate AtWUS-overexpression transcriptional changes. All combined, DCIP offers a new and powerful tool for interrogating cytosolic delivery of proteins in plants and highlights future avenues for engineering plant physiology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, J. W.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goh, N. S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lien, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Grandio, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.03.490515</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantification of cell penetrating peptide mediated delivery of proteins in plant leaves]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.03.490522v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Membrane curvature sensing and stabilization by the autophagic LC3 lipidation machinery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.03.490522v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How the highly curved phagophore membrane is stabilized during autophagy initiation is a major open question in autophagosome biogenesis. Here, we use in vitro reconstitution on membrane nanotubes and molecular dynamics simulations to investigate how core autophagy proteins in the LC3 lipidation cascade interact with curved membranes, providing insight into possible roles in regulating membrane shape during autophagosome biogenesis. ATG12-5-16L1 was up to 100-fold enriched on highly curved nanotubes relative to flat membranes. At high surface density, ATG12-5-16L1 binding increased the curvature of the nanotubes. While WIPI2 binding directs membrane recruitment, the amphipathic helix 2 of ATG16L1 is responsible for curvature sensitivity. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that helix 2 of ATG16L1 inserts shallowly into the membrane, explaining its curvature-sensitive binding to the membrane. These observations show how the binding of the ATG12-5-16L1 complex to the early phagophore rim could stabilize membrane curvature and facilitate autophagosome growth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jensen, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuschnig, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cada, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martens, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hummer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurley, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.03.490522</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Membrane curvature sensing and stabilization by the autophagic LC3 lipidation machinery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.07.491018v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A synthetic tear protein resolves dry eye through promoting corneal nerve regeneration. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.07.491018v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Corneal architecture is essential for vision and is greatly perturbed by the absence of tears due to the highly prevalent disorder dry eye. With no regenerative therapies available, pathological alterations of the ocular surface in response to dryness, including persistent epithelial defects and poor wound healing, result in lifelong morbidity. Here, using a mouse model of aqueous-deficient dry eye, we reveal that topical application of the synthetic tear protein lacripep reverses the pathological outcomes of dry eye through restoring the extensive network of corneal nerves that are essential for tear secretion, barrier function, epithelial homeostasis and wound healing. Intriguingly, the restorative effects of lacripep occur despite extensive immune cell infiltration, suggesting tissue reinnervation and regeneration can be achieved under chronic inflammatory conditions. In summary, our data highlight lacripep as a first-in-class regenerative therapy for returning the cornea to a near homeostatic state in individuals who suffer from dry eye.

TeaserTopical application of a synthetic tear protein repairs dry eye-mediated corneal damage through driving functional sensory reinnervation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Efraim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, F. Y. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheong, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaylord, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNamara, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knox, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.07.491018</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A synthetic tear protein resolves dry eye through promoting corneal nerve regeneration.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.11.491512v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multimodal disease transmission as a limiting factor for the spatial extent of a host plant 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.11.491512v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Theoretical models suggest that infectious diseases could play a substantial role in determining species ranges, but few studies have collected the empirical data required to test this hypothesis. Pathogens that sterilize their hosts or spread through frequency-dependent transmission could have especially strong effects on the limits of species distributions because sterilized hosts can serve as long-lived disease reservoirs and frequency-dependent transmission mechanisms are effective even at very low population densities. We collected spatial disease prevalence data and population abundance data for alpine carnations infected by the sterilizing pathogen M. violaceum, a disease that is spread through both frequency-dependent (vector-borne) and density-dependent (aerial spore transmission) mechanisms. Our 13-year study reveals rapid declines in population abundance without a compensatory decrease in disease prevalence. We apply a stochastic, spatial model of disease spread that accommodates spatial habitat heterogeneity to investigate how the population dynamics depend on multimodal (frequency-dependent and density-dependent) transmission. We found that the observed rate of population decline can be readily explained by multimodal transmission, but is unlikely to be explained by either frequency-dependent or density-dependent mechanisms alone. Multimodal disease transmission rates high enough to explain the observed decline predicted that eventual local extinction of the host species is highly likely. Our results add to a growing body of literature showing how multimodal transmission can constrain species distributions in nature.

Open ResearchAll scripts associated with the analyses in this manuscript, as well as the data we collected, are available at https://github.com/uricchio/antherSmutDis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Uricchio, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruns, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hood, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boots, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonovics, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.11.491512</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multimodal disease transmission as a limiting factor for the spatial extent of a host plant]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.11.491522v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systemic coagulopathy drives host lethality in a new Drosophila tumor model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.11.491522v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Malignant tumors trigger a complex network of inflammatory and wound repair responses, prompting Dvoraks characterization of tumors as  wounds that never heal 1. Some of these responses lead to profound defects in blood clotting, such as Disseminated Intravascular Coagulopathy (DIC), which correlate with poor prognoses 2-4. Here, we demonstrate that a new tumor model in Drosophila provokes phenotypes that recapitulate coagulopathies observed in patients. Fly ovarian tumors overproduce multiple secreted components of the clotting cascade and trigger hypercoagulation of fly blood (hemolymph). Hypercoagulation occurs shortly after tumor induction and is transient; it is followed by a hypocoagulative state that is defective in wound healing. Cellular clotting regulators accumulate on the tumor over time and are depleted from the body, suggesting that hypocoagulation is caused by malignant growth exhaustion of host clotting components. Interestingly, clinical studies have suggested that lethality in patients with high serum levels of clotting components can be independent of thrombotic events 5,6. We show that rescuing coagulopathy improves survival of tumor-bearing flies, despite the fact that flies have an open circulatory system. Our work establishes a platform for identifying alternative mechanisms by which tumor-driven coagulopathy triggers early mortality, as well as exploring other conserved mechanisms of host responses to chronic wounds.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hsi, T.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sepers, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bilder, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.11.491522</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systemic coagulopathy drives host lethality in a new Drosophila tumor model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.20.492864v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AGS3 antagonizes LGN to balance oriented cell divisions and cell fate choices in mammalian epidermis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.20.492864v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oriented cell divisions balance self-renewal and differentiation in stratified epithelia such as the skin epidermis. During peak epidermal stratification, the distribution of division angles among basal keratinocyte progenitors is bimodal, with planar and perpendicular divisions driving symmetric and asymmetric daughter cell fates, respectively. An apically-polarized, evolutionarily-conserved spindle orientation complex that includes the scaffolding protein LGN/Pins/Gpsm2 plays a central role in promoting perpendicular divisions and stratification, but little is known about the molecular regulation of planar divisions. Here, we demonstrate that the LGN paralog, AGS3/Gpsm1, is a novel negative regulator of LGN, and inhibits perpendicular divisions. Static and ex vivo live imaging reveal that AGS3 overexpression displaces LGN from the apical cortex and increases planar orientations, while AGS3 loss prolongs cortical LGN localization and leads to a perpendicular orientation bias. Genetic epistasis experiments in double mutants confirm that AGS3 operates through LGN. Finally, clonal lineage tracing shows that LGN and AGS3 promote asymmetric and symmetric fates, respectively, while also influencing differentiation through delamination. Collectively, these studies shed new light into how spindle orientation influences epidermal stratification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Descovich, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lough, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jena, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yom, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spitzer, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uppalapati, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kedziora, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.20.492864</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AGS3 antagonizes LGN to balance oriented cell divisions and cell fate choices in mammalian epidermis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.20.492866v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oncogenic KRAS alters splicing factor phosphorylation and alternative splicing in lung cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.20.492866v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAlternative RNA splicing is widely dysregulated in cancers including lung adenocarcinoma, where aberrant splicing events are frequently caused by somatic splice site mutations or somatic mutations of splicing factor genes. However, the majority of mis-splicing in cancers is unexplained by these known mechanisms. We hypothesize that the aberrant Ras signaling characteristic of lung cancers plays a role in promoting the alternative splicing observed in tumors.

MethodsWe recently performed transcriptome and proteome profiling of human lung epithelial cells ectopically expressing oncogenic KRAS and another cancer-associated Ras GTPase, RIT1. Unbiased analysis of phosphoproteome data identified altered splicing factor phosphorylation in KRAS-mutant cells, so we performed differential alternative splicing analysis using rMATS to identify significantly altered isoforms in lung epithelial. To determine whether these isoforms were uniquely regulated by KRAS, we performed a large-scale splicing screen in which we generated over 300 unique RNA sequencing profiles of isogenic A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells ectopically expressing 75 different wild-type or variant alleles across 28 genes implicated in lung cancer.

ResultsMass spectrometry data showed widespread downregulation of splicing factor phosphorylation in lung epithelial cells expressing mutant KRAS compared to cells expressing wild-type KRAS. We observed alternative splicing in the same cells, with 2196 and 2416 skipped exon events in KRASG12V and KRASQ61H cells, respectively, 997 of which were shared (p < 0.001 by hypergeometric test). In the high-throughput splicing screen, mutant KRAS induced the greatest number of differential alternative splicing events, second only to the RNA binding protein RBM45 and its mutant allele RBM45M126I. We identified ten high confidence cassette exon events across multiple KRAS variants and cell lines. These included differential splicing of the Myc Associated Zinc Finger (MAZ). As MAZ regulates expression of KRAS, this splice variant may be a mechanism for the cell to modulate wild-type KRAS levels in the presence of oncogenic KRAS.

ConclusionProteomic and transcriptomic profiling of lung epithelial cells uncovered splicing factor phosphorylation and mRNA splicing events regulated by oncogenic KRAS. These data suggest that in addition to widespread transcriptional changes, Ras signaling pathways in cancer promote post-transcriptional splicing changes that may contribute to oncogenic processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McSharry, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.20.492866</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oncogenic KRAS alters splicing factor phosphorylation and alternative splicing in lung cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.23.493040v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rates and spectra of de novo structural mutation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.23.493040v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic variation originates from several types of spontaneous mutation, including single nucleotide substitutions, short insertions and deletions (INDELs), and larger structural changes. Structural mutations (SMs) drive genome evolution and are thought to play major roles in evolutionary adaptation, speciation and genetic disease, including cancers. Sequencing of mutation accumulation (MA) lines has provided estimates of rates and spectra of single nucleotide and INDEL mutations in many species, yet the rate of new SMs is largely unknown. Here, we use long-read sequencing to determine the full mutation spectrum in MA lines derived from two strains (CC-1952 and CC-2931) of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The SM rate is highly variable between strains and MA lines, and SMs represent a substantial proportion of all mutations in both strains (CC-1952 6%; CC-2931 12%). The SM spectra also differs considerably between the two strains, with almost all inversions and translocations occurring in CC-2931 MA lines. This variation is associated with heterogeneity in the number and type of active transposable elements (TEs), which comprise major proportions of SMs in both strains (CC-1952 22% and CC-2931 38% of SMs). In CC-2931, a Crypton and a previously undescribed type of DNA element caused 71% of chromosomal rearrangements, while in CC-1952 a Dualen LINE was associated with 87% of duplications. Other SMs, notably many large duplications in CC-2931, were likely products of various double-strand break repair pathways. Our results demonstrate that diverse types of SMs occur at substantial rates and support prominent roles for SMs and TEs in evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Cortegano, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craig, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chebib, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balogun, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keightley, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.23.493040</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rates and spectra of de novo structural mutation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.23.493153v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiplexed microfluidic platform for stem-cell derived pancreatic islet β cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.23.493153v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stem-cell derived {beta} cells offer an alternative to primary islets for biomedical discoveries as well as a potential surrogate for islet transplantation. The expense and challenge of obtaining and maintaining functional stem-cell derived {beta} cells calls for a need to develop better high-content and high-throughput culture systems. Microphysiological systems (MPS) are promising high-content in vitro platforms, but scaling for high-throughput screening and discoveries remain a challenge. Traditionally, simultaneous multiplexing of liquid handling and cell loading poses a challenge in the design of high-throughput MPS. Furthermore, although MPS for islet beta culture/testing have been developed, studies on multi-day culture of stem-cell derived {beta} cells in MPS have been limited. We present a scalable, multiplexed islet beta MPS device that incorporates microfluidic gradient generators to parallelize fluid handling for culture and test conditions. We demonstrated the viability and functionality of the stem-cell derived enriched {beta} clusters (eBCs) for a week, as assessed by the ~2 fold insulin release by the clusters to glucose challenge. To show the scalable multiplexing for drug testing, we demonstrated the exhaustion of eBC insulin reserve after long term exposure to logarithmic concentration range of glybenclamide. The MPS cultured eBCs also revealed a glycolytic bottleneck as inferred by insulin secretion responses to metabolites methyl succinate and glyceric acid. Thus, we present an innovative culture platform for eBCs with a balance of high-content and high-throughput characteristics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goswami, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Klerk, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carnese, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hebrok, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Healy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.23.493153</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiplexed microfluidic platform for stem-cell derived pancreatic islet β cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.24.493289v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impact of Shelterin Complex on Telomere Accessibility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.24.493289v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Shelterin plays critical roles in maintaining and protecting telomeres by regulating access of various physiological agents to telomeric DNA. We present single molecule measurements investigating the impact of the POT1 and a four-component shelterin complex on the accessibility of human telomeric DNA overhangs with physiologically relevant lengths (28-150 nt), which to our knowledge is the first direct approach to measure this effect on such telomeric constructs. To quantify telomere accessibility, we monitored transient binding events of a short peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probe that is complementary to telomeric overhangs using FRET-PAINT. Although POT1 has a mild G-quadruplex unfolding activity, it reduced accessibility of the PNA probe by [~]2.5 fold, indicating that POT1 effectively binds to and protects otherwise exposed telomeric sequences. In comparison, a four-component shelterin reduced the accessibility of telomeric overhangs by [~]5-fold. This enhanced protection suggests shelterin restructures the region between single and double stranded telomere, which is otherwise the most accessible part of the overhang, by a synergistic cooperation of shelterin components located on single and double stranded telomere.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shiekh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jack, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mustafa, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kodikara, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gyawali, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoque, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yildiz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balci, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.24.493289</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impact of Shelterin Complex on Telomere Accessibility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.24.493321v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Short tandem repeats bind transcription factors to tune eukaryotic gene expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.24.493321v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Short tandem repeats (STRs) are enriched in eukaryotic cis-regulatory elements and their polymorphisms alter gene expression, yet how they regulate transcription remains unknown. We find that STRs can modulate transcription factor (TF)-DNA affinities and on rates by up to 70-fold by directly binding TF DNA-binding domains, with energetic impacts approaching or exceeding mutations to consensus sites. STRs maximize the number of weakly preferred microstates near target sites, thereby increasing TF density near motifs to speed target search. Confirming that STRs also impact TF binding in cells, neural networks trained only on in vivo occupancies predict identical effects to those observed in vitro. Approximately 90% of TFs preferentially bind STRs that need not resemble known motifs, providing a novel cis-regulatory mechanism to target TFs to cognate sites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Horton, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandari, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayes, M. G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marklund, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaepe, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aditham, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shrikumar, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afek, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenleaf, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeitlinger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kundaje, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fordyce, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.24.493321</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Short tandem repeats bind transcription factors to tune eukaryotic gene expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.28.493726v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IDPConformerGenerator: A Flexible Software Suite for Sampling Conformational Space of Disordered Protein States 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.28.493726v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The power of structural information for informing biological mechanism is clear for stable folded macromolecules, but similar structure-function insight is more difficult to obtain for highly dynamic systems such as intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) which must be described as structural ensembles. Here we present IDPConformerGenerator, a flexible, modular open source software platform for generating large and diverse ensembles of disordered protein states that builds conformers that obey geometric, steric and other physical restraints on the input sequence. IDPConformerGenerator samples backbone phi ({varphi}), psi ({psi}), and omega ({omega}) torsion angles of relevant sequence fragments from loops and secondary structure elements extracted from folded protein structures in the RCSB Protein Data Bank, and builds side chains from robust Monte Carlo algorithms using expanded rotamer libraries. IDPConformerGenerator has many user-defined options enabling variable fractional sampling of secondary structures, supports Bayesian models for assessing agreement of IDP ensembles for consistency with experimental data, and introduces a machine learning approach to transform between internal to Cartesian coordinates with reduced error. IDPConformerGenerator will facilitate the characterization of disordered proteins to ultimately provide structural insights into these states that have key biological functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Teixeira, J. M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Namini, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vernon, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krzeminski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamandy, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haghighatlari, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Head-Gordon, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forman-Kay, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.28.493726</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IDPConformerGenerator: A Flexible Software Suite for Sampling Conformational Space of Disordered Protein States]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.29.493901v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Uncovering Hidden Enhancers Through Unbiased In Vivo Testing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.29.493901v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcriptional enhancers are a predominant class of noncoding regulatory elements that activate cell type-specific gene expression. Tissue-specific enhancer-associated chromatin signatures have proven useful to identify candidate enhancer elements at a genome-wide scale, but their sensitivity for the comprehensive detection of all enhancers active in a given tissue in vivo remains unclear. Here we show that a substantial proportion of in vivo enhancers are hidden from discovery by conventional chromatin profiling methods. In an initial comparison of over 1,200 in vivo validated tissue-specific enhancers with tissue-matched mouse developmental epigenome data, 14% (n=286) of active enhancers did not show canonical enhancer-associated chromatin signatures in the tissue in which they are active. To assess the prevalence of enhancers not detectable by conventional chromatin profiling approaches in more detail, we used a high throughput transgenic enhancer reporter assay to systematically screen over 1.3 Mb of mouse genomic sequence at two critical developmental loci, assessing a total of 281 consecutive 5kb regions for in vivo enhancer activity in mouse embryos. We observed reproducible enhancer-reporter activity in 88 tissue-specific elements, 26% of which did not show canonical enhancer-associated chromatin signatures in the corresponding tissues. Overall, we find these hidden enhancers are indistinguishable from marked enhancers based on levels of evolutionary conservation, enrichment of transcription factor families, and genomic positioning relative to putative target genes. In combination, our retrospective and prospective studies assessed only 0.1% of the mouse genome and identified 309 tissue-specific enhancers that are hidden from current chromatin-based enhancer identification approaches. Our findings suggest the existence of tens of thousands of active enhancers throughout the genome that remain undetected by current chromatin profiling approaches and are an unappreciated source of additional genome function of import in interpreting growing whole human genome sequencing data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mannion, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osterwalder, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plajzer-Frick, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novak, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afzal, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akiyama, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barton, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garvin, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godfrey, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godoy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunter, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kato, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosicki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kronshage, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meky, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, Q. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Maydell, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Rios, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickel, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Visel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pennacchio, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.29.493901</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Uncovering Hidden Enhancers Through Unbiased In Vivo Testing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.30.493844v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Effect of Perturbation Variability on Sensorimotor Adaptation Does Not Require an Implicit Memory of Errors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.30.493844v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In a recent paper1 entitled, "An implicit memory of errors limits human sensorimotor adaptation" Albert and colleagues presented a model in which the adaptive response of the sensorimotor system is flexibly modulated by recent experience, or what they refer to as a "memory of errors". This hypothesis stands in contrast to prevailing models in which automatic and implicit responses to movement errors are relatively insensitive to the statistical properties of the environment2-6. A prime example of this rigidity is that the adaptation system exhibits a saturated response to large errors, resulting in a non-linear motor correction function, a feature that is independent of experience4,5,7. Here we show that the key results reported in Albert et al. are fully explained by presupposing this rigid "motor correction" function without reference to memory-dependent changes in error sensitivity. As such, the evidence presented in Albert et. al. does not support the claim that the history of errors modulates implicit adaptation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avraham, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsay, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.30.493844</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Effect of Perturbation Variability on Sensorimotor Adaptation Does Not Require an Implicit Memory of Errors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.30.494067v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MEBOCOST: Metabolic Cell-Cell Communication Modeling by Single Cell Transcriptome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.30.494067v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We developed MEBOCOST, a computational algorithm for quantitatively inferring metabolite-mediated intercellular communications using single cell RNA-seq data. The algorithm identifies cell-cell communications in which metabolites, such as lipids, are secreted by sender cells and traveled to interact with sensor proteins of receiver cells. The sensor proteins on receiver cell might be cell surface receptors, transporters across the cell membrane, or nuclear receptors. MEBOCOST relies on a comprehensive database of metabolite-sensor partners, which we manually curated from the literatures and other public sources. MEBOCOST defines sender and receiver cells for an extracellular metabolite based on the expression levels of the enzymes and sensors, respectively, thus identifies metabolite-sensor communications between the cells. Applying MEBOCOST to mouse brown adipose tissue (BAT) successfully recaptured known metabolite-mediated cell communications and further identified new communications. Additionally, MEBOCOST identified a set of BAT intercellular metabolite-sensor communications that was regulated by cold exposure of the mice. MEBOCOST will be useful to numerous researchers to investigate metabolite-mediated cell-cell communications in many biological and disease models. The MEBOCOST software is freely available at https://github.com/zhengrongbin/MEBOCOST.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zheng, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsuji, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tseng, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.30.494067</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MEBOCOST: Metabolic Cell-Cell Communication Modeling by Single Cell Transcriptome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.03.494724v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Towards generalizable prediction of antibody thermostability using machine learning on sequence and structure features 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.03.494724v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over the last three decades, the appeal for monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) as therapeutics has been steadily increasing as evident with FDAs recent landmark approval of the 100th mAb. Unlike mAbs that bind to single targets, multispecific biologics (bsAbs) with their single-chain variable fragment (scFv) modules have garnered particular interest owing to the advantage of engaging distinct targets. Despite their exquisite specificity and affinity, the relatively poor thermostability of these scFv modules often hampers their development as a potential therapeutic drug. In recent years, engineering antibody sequences to enhance their stability by mutations has gained considerable momentum. As experimental methods for antibody engineering are time-intensive, laborious, and expensive, computational methods serve as a fast and inexpensive alternative to conventional routes. In this work, we show two machine learning methods - one with pre-trained language models (PTLM) capturing functional effects of sequence variation, and second, a supervised convolutional neural network (CNN) trained with Rosetta energetic features - to better classify thermostable scFv variants from sequence. Both these models are trained over temperature-specific data (TS50 measurements) derived from multiple libraries of scFv sequences. In this work, we show that a sufficiently simple CNN model trained with energetic features generalizes better than a pre-trained language model on out-of-distribution (blind) sequences (average Spearman correlation coefficient of 0.4 as opposed to 0.15). Further, we demonstrate that for an independent mAb with available thermal melting temperatures for 20 experimentally characterized thermostable mutations, these models trained on TS50 data could identify 18 residue positions and 5 identical amino-acid mutations showing remarkable generalizability. Our results suggest that such models can be broadly applicable for improving the biological characteristics of antibodies. Further, transferring such models for alternative physico-chemical properties of scFvs can have potential applications in optimizing large-scale production and delivery of mAbs or bsAbs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harmalkar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deisting, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anlahr, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoenig, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Czwikla, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sienz-Widmann, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rau, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rice, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riley, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Catterall, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tinberg, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.03.494724</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Towards generalizable prediction of antibody thermostability using machine learning on sequence and structure features]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.05.494847v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Arabidopsis MLO4 Functions as a Ca2+ Channel Essential for Mechanosensing in Root Tips 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.05.494847v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mechanical stimuli guide root growth to avoid obstacles in the soil. Although mechanisms underlying root mechanosensing remain largely unknown, calcium signaling is proposed to be an early event that proceeds directional root growth. In response to mechanical perturbations, root cells produce transient spikes in the cytosolic free Ca2+ levels. Loss-of-function mutations of MLOs cause root curling upon contact with hard surface of obstacles, the mechanism for MLOs action in root thigmomorphogenesis has been enigmatic. WT and mlo4 seedlings were grown on MS media containing gradient agar concentrations mimicking different levels of soil hardness and compared their root growth into the agar gradient mlo4 had much less roots penetrated the harder agar barrier as compared to WT roots. The channel activity of MLO4 was examined in Xenopus oocytes using the two-electrode voltage clamp (TEVC) method. The TEVC recording showed that the oocytes injected with MLO cRNA displayed large inward currents in the presence of Ca2+. MLO4 rescued the cch1/mid1 from growth arrest by the pheromone, these results indicate that MLO4 constitutes a novel Ca2+-permeable channel. Ca2+ spike was hardly detectable in mlo4/GCaMP6s seedings in response to a hard surface during root elongation. In summary, MLO4 functions as a typical Ca2+ channel that links touch stimulation to Ca2+ elevation in root tip cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>HOU, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.05.494847</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Arabidopsis MLO4 Functions as a Ca2+ Channel Essential for Mechanosensing in Root Tips]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.08.495145v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling the Diverse Effects of Divisive Normalization on Noise Correlations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.08.495145v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Divisive normalization, a prominent descriptive model of neural activity, is employed by theories of neural coding across many different brain areas. Yet, the relationship between normalization and the statistics of neural responses beyond single neurons remains largely unexplored. Here we focus on noise correlations, a widely studied pairwise statistic, because its stimulus and state dependence plays a central role in neural coding. Existing models of covariability typically ignore normalization despite empirical evidence suggesting it affects correlation structure in neural populations. We therefore propose a pairwise stochastic divisive normalization model that accounts for the effects of normalization and other factors on covariability. We first show that normalization modulates noise correlations in qualitatively different ways depending on whether normalization is shared between neurons, and we discuss how to infer when normalization signals are shared. We then apply our model to calcium imaging data from mouse primary visual cortex (V1), and find that it accurately fits the data, often outperforming a popular alternative model of correlations. Our analysis indicates that normalization signals are often shared between V1 neurons in this dataset. Our model will enable quantifying the relation between normalization and covariability in a broad range of neural systems, which could provide new constraints on circuit mechanisms of normalization and their role in information transmission and representation.

Author SummaryCortical responses are often variable across identical experimental conditions, and this variability is shared between neurons (noise correlations). These noise correlations have been studied extensively to understand how they impact neural coding and what mechanisms determine their properties. Here we show how correlations relate to divisive normalization, a mathematical operation widely adopted to describe how the activity of a neuron is modulated by other neurons via divisive gain control. We introduce the first statistical model of this relation. We extensively validate the model and investigate parameter inference in synthetic data. We find that our model, when applied to data from mouse visual cortex, outperforms a popular model of noise correlations that does not include normalization, and it reveals diverse influences of normalization on correlations. Our work demonstrates a framework to measure the relation between noise correlations and the parameters of the normalization model, which could become an indispensable tool for quantitative investigations of noise correlations in the wide range of neural systems that exhibit normalization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weiss, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bounds, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adesnik, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coen-Cagli, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.08.495145</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling the Diverse Effects of Divisive Normalization on Noise Correlations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.08.495228v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic Phaeodactylum tricornutum Exometabolites Shape Surrounding Bacterial Communities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.08.495228v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The roles of exometabolites in mediating algal-bacterial interactions and regulating microbial community composition are not well understood. Here, we identified specific exometabolites from the model diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum affecting abundance of specific bacterial taxa in isolation and in a community setting. We examined the response of a P. tricornutum-adapted enrichment community and found that both algal exudates and algal presence drove similar changes in community composition compared to controls. Using LC-MS/MS, we identified 50 metabolites produced by axenic P. tricornutum and found that different exometabolites accumulated during different algal growth phases. Profiling growth of 12 bacterial isolates representative of the enrichment community uncovered two algal exometabolites (out of 12 tested) which supported growth of a subset of isolates as a primary carbon source. We compared enrichment community response with and without the addition of two contrasting metabolites: 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, which supported isolate growth, and lumichrome, which did not. Exogenous metabolite additions did promote increased abundances of taxa that were able to utilize the metabolite in the isolate study, but also revealed the importance of factors relating to algal presence in regulating community composition. Collectively, this work demonstrates the influence of specific algal exometabolites in driving microbial community composition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brisson, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swink, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimbrel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayali, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosina, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thelen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Northen, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stuart, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.08.495228</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic Phaeodactylum tricornutum Exometabolites Shape Surrounding Bacterial Communities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.09.495408v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Beyond winglets: evolution of flight-related morphology in stick insects (Phasmatodea) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.09.495408v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The first winged insects evolved from a wingless ancestor, but details of the transition to a fully-winged morphology remain unclear. Studying extant pterygotes with partial wings, such as the stick insects (Order Phasmatodea), may help us to understand such a transition. Here, we address how a series of flight-related morphological parameters may correlate with flight evolution by studying different phasmids representing a volancy continuum ranging from miniaturized to full-sized wings. Variation in phasmid wing shape, venation, wing mass and the mass of flight muscle can be described by specific scaling laws referenced to wing length and wing loading. Also, the mass distribution of the body-leg system is conserved in spite of a wide range of variation in body shape. With reduced wing size and increased wing loading, the longitudinal position of the wing-bearing thoracic segments is shifted closer to the insects center of body mass. These results demonstrate complex reconfiguration of the flight system during wing morphological transitions in phasmids, with various anatomical features potentially correlated with reduced flight performance attained with partial wings. Although these data represent phasmid-specific features of the flight apparatus and body plan, the associated scaling relationships can provide insight into functionality of intermediate conditions between wingless and fully-winged insects more generally.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zeng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzales, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahim, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.09.495408</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Beyond winglets: evolution of flight-related morphology in stick insects (Phasmatodea)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.10.495648v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial variation in population genomic responses to over a century of anthropogenic change within a tidal marsh songbird 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.10.495648v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Combating the current biodiversity crisis requires the accurate documentation of population responses to human-induced ecological change. To this end, museum collections preserve a record of population responses to anthropogenic change that can provide critical baseline data on patterns of genetic diversity, connectivity, and population structure. We leveraged spatially-replicated time series of specimens to document population genomic responses to the destruction of nearly 90% of coastal habitats occupied by the Savannah sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis) in California. Spatial-temporal analyses of genetic diversity from 219 sparrows collected between 1889-2017 showed that the amount of habitat lost was not predictive of genetic diversity loss. Despite experiencing the greatest levels of habitat loss, we found that genetic diversity in the San Francisco Bay Area remained relatively high. Over the past century, immigration into the Bay Area from interior populations has also increased. This may have minimized genetic diversity declines, but likely led to the erosion of divergence at loci associated with tidal marsh adaptation. Tracing the genomic trajectories of multiple populations over time provided unique insights into how shifting patterns of gene flow through time in response to human-induced habitat loss may contribute to negative fitness consequences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benham, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowie, R. C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.10.495648</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial variation in population genomic responses to over a century of anthropogenic change within a tidal marsh songbird]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.10.495702v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiple memory systems for efficient temporal order memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.10.495702v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We report the distinct contribution of multiple memory systems to retrieval of the temporal order of events. The neural dynamics related to retrieval of movie scenes revealed that recalling the temporal order of close events elevates hippocampal theta power, like that observed for recalling close spatial relationships. In contrast, recalling far events elevates beta power in the orbitofrontal cortex, reflecting recall based on the overall movie structure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jafarpour, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buffalo, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.10.495702</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiple memory systems for efficient temporal order memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.13.495712v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Running modulates primate and rodent visual cortex via common mechanism but quantitatively distinct implementation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.13.495712v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When mice run, activity in their primary visual cortex (V1) is strongly modulated. This observation has altered conceptions of a brain region assumed to be a passive image processor. Extensive work has followed to dissect the circuits and functions of running-correlated modulation. However, it remains unclear whether visual processing in primates might similarly change during locomotion. We therefore measured V1 activity in marmosets while they viewed stimuli on a treadmill. In contrast to mouse, running-correlated modulations of marmoset V1 were small, and tended to be slightly suppressive. Population-level analyses revealed trial- to-trial fluctuations of shared gain across V1 in both species, but while strongly correlated with running in mice, gain modulations were smaller and more often negatively correlated with running in marmosets. Thus, population-wide fluctuations of V1 may reflect a common feature of mammalian visual cortical function, but important quantitative differences point to distinct consequences for the relation between vision and action in primates versus rodents.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liska, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rowley, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T. T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muthmann, J.-O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butts, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yates, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huk, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.13.495712</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Running modulates primate and rodent visual cortex via common mechanism but quantitatively distinct implementation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.20.496908v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Precise Transcript Targeting by CRISPR-Csm Complexes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.20.496908v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Robust and precise transcript targeting in mammalian cells remains a difficult challenge using existing approaches due to inefficiency, imprecision, and subcellular compartmentalization. Here, we show that the CRISPR-Csm complex, a multi-protein effector from type III CRISPR immune systems in prokaryotes, provides surgical RNA ablation of both nuclear and cytoplasmic transcripts. As part of the most widely occurring CRISPR adaptive immunity pathway, CRISPR-Csm uses a programmable RNA-guided mechanism to find and degrade target RNA molecules without inducing indiscriminate trans-cleavage of cellular RNAs, giving it an important advantage over the CRISPR-Cas13-family enzymes. Using single-vector delivery of the S. thermophilus Csm complex, we observe high-efficiency RNA knockdown (90-99%) and minimal off-target effects in human cells, outperforming existing technologies including shRNA- and Cas13-mediated knockdown. We also find that catalytically inactivated Csm achieves specific and durable RNA binding, a property we harness for live-cell RNA imaging. These results establish the feasibility and efficacy of multi-protein CRISPR-Cas effector complexes as RNA-targeting tools in eukaryotes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Colognori, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trinidad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.20.496908</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Precise Transcript Targeting by CRISPR-Csm Complexes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.21.496980v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Abundant Phenotypic Parallelism, Incomplete Lineage Sorting, and Introgression in Open-Habitat Chats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.21.496980v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Insights into the processes underpinning convergent evolution advance our understanding of the contributions of ancestral, introgressed, and novel genetic variation to phenotypic evolution. Phylogenomic analyses characterizing genome-wide gene tree heterogeneity can provide first clues about the extent of ILS and of introgression and thereby into the potential of these processes or (in their absence) the need to invoke novel mutations to underpin convergent evolution. Here, we were interested in understanding the processes involved in convergent evolution in open-habitat chats (wheatears of the genus Oenanthe and their relatives). To this end, based on whole-genome resequencing data from 50 taxa of 44 species, we established the species tree, characterized gene tree heterogeneity, and investigated the footprints of ILS and introgression within the latter. The species tree corroborates the pattern of abundant convergent evolution, especially in wheatears. The high levels of gene tree heterogeneity in wheatears are explained by ILS alone only for 30% of internal branches. For multiple branches with high gene tree heterogeneity, D-statistics and phylogenetic networks identified footprints of introgression. Finally, long branches without extensive ILS between clades sporting similar phenotypes provide suggestive evidence for a role of novel mutations in the evolution of these phenotypes. Together, our results suggest that convergent evolution in open-habitat chats involved diverse processes and highlight that phenotypic diversification is often complex and best depicted as a network of interacting lineages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alaei Kakhki, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schweizer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lutgen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowie, R. C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shirihai, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schielzeth, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burri, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.21.496980</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Abundant Phenotypic Parallelism, Incomplete Lineage Sorting, and Introgression in Open-Habitat Chats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.21.497019v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolic traits and the niche of bulk soil bacteria in a Mediterranean grassland 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.21.497019v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Soil microorganisms have adapted to compete and exploit different metabolic niches in their physically and chemically diverse environment via evolution and acquisition of distinct physiological and biochemical traits. As the interface for most carbon and nutrient exchange between plants and microorganisms, the rhizosphere has received substantial attention. By comparison, what is commonly termed bulk-soil (soil free of living roots) represents a far greater volume and surface area throughout the season, and substantially higher taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity; the traits and activity of its inhabitants may also have a significant impact on overall soil function. We used a combination of comparative genomics and exoproteomics to identify metabolic traits of bacteria adapted to life in bulk soil and compared these with traits of bacteria living in the rhizosphere of wild oat, Avena barbata. In bulk soil bacteria, we observed: (i) greater investment in extracellular polymer-degrading enzyme production; (ii) greater potential for secretion (presence of signal peptides) of polymer-degrading enzymes; (iii) production of accessory proteins (carbohydrate binding modules) fused with glycoside hydrolases that enhance substrate affinity, stabilize, and increase reaction rates of polymer degrading enzymes; and (iv) organization of polymer degradation machinery within gene clusters that facilitate co-transcription of enzymes, transcription factors and transporters for polymer depolymerization products. Together, these findings suggest that unlike rhizosphere-adapted bacteria--which specialize on small molecules released primarily as root exudates--bulk soil-adapted bacteria have evolved to exploit plant polymers. This biochemically costly strategy may be mitigated by protein-level adaptations that enhance the efficiency of extracellular enzyme-mediated substrate acquisition.

IMPORTANCEPlant-soil-microbe interactions are dynamic and complex, with significant implications for ecosystem functioning. Microbial traits, such as nutrient acquisition and growth yield, combined with soil and climate parameters, impact major biogeochemical processes and can define the future fate of soil carbon. Diverse soil microorganisms occupy different physical habitats within soil and exploit distinct niches by expressing different metabolic traits. Identifying and quantifying traits that underlie their fitness and function is key for understanding and predicting how soil carbon transformation and stabilization will change in the future or can be managed through intervention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhalnina, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Raad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicora, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karaoz, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pett-Ridge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firestone, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipton, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Northen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodie, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.21.497019</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolic traits and the niche of bulk soil bacteria in a Mediterranean grassland]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.22.497249v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large-scale genetic screens identify BET-1 as a cytoskeleton regulator promoting actin health and lifespan. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.22.497249v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The actin cytoskeleton is a three-dimensional scaffold of proteins that is a regulatory, energy-consuming network with dynamic properties to shape the structure and function of the cell. Proper actin function is required for many cellular pathways, including cell division, autophagy, chaperone function, endocytosis, and exocytosis. Deterioration of these processes manifests during aging and exposure to stress, which is in part due to the breakdown of the actin cytoskeleton. However, the regulatory mechanisms involved in preservation of cytoskeletal form and function are not well understood. Here, we performed a multi-pronged, cross-organismal screen combining a whole-genome CRISPR-Cas9 screen in human fibroblasts with in vivo C. elegans synthetic lethality screening. We identified the bromodomain protein, BET-1, as a key regulator of actin health and longevity. Overexpression of bet-1 preserves actin health at late age and promotes lifespan and healthspan in C. elegans. These beneficial effects are mediated through actin preservation by the transcriptional regulator function of BET-1. Together, our discovery assigns a key role for BET-1 in cytoskeletal health, highlighting regulatory cellular networks promoting cytoskeletal homeostasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garcia, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Ziv, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutta, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moaddeli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Averbukh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alcala, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsui, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moehle, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shalem, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thorwald, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higuchi-Sanabria, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.22.497249</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large-scale genetic screens identify BET-1 as a cytoskeleton regulator promoting actin health and lifespan.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.23.497363v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early life tolerance depends on a subset of specialized dendritic cells and is reinforced by the skin microbiota 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.23.497363v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Early life establishment of tolerance to commensal bacteria at barrier surfaces carries enduring implications for immune health but remains poorly understood. Here we show that this process is controlled by microbial interaction with a specialized subset of antigen presenting cells. More particularly, we identify CD301b+ type 2 conventional dendritic cells (DC) as a subset in neonatal skin specifically capable of uptake, presentation and generation of regulatory T cells (Tregs) to commensal antigens. In early life, CD301b+ DC2 are enriched for programs of phagocytosis and maturation, while also expressing tolerogenic markers. In both human and murine skin, these signatures were reinforced by microbial uptake. In contrast to their adult counterparts or other early life DC subsets, neonatal CD301b+ DC2 highly expressed the retinoic acid-producing enzyme, RALDH2, deletion of which limited commensal-specific Tregs. Thus, synergistic interactions between bacteria and a specialized DC subset critically support early life tolerance at the cutaneous interface.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weckel, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhariwala, M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ly, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ojewumi, O. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riggs, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dwyer, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okoro, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leech, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bacino, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>merana, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anandasabapathy, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumamoto, Y. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scharschmidt, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.23.497363</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early life tolerance depends on a subset of specialized dendritic cells and is reinforced by the skin microbiota]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.24.497532v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proteome-wide antigenic profiling in Ugandan cohorts identifies associations between age, exposure intensity, and responses to repeat-containing antigens in Plasmodium falciparum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.24.497532v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protection against Plasmodium falciparum, which is primarily antibody-mediated, requires recurrent exposure to develop. The study of both naturally acquired limited immunity and vaccine induced protection against malaria remains critical for ongoing eradication efforts. Towards this goal, we deployed a customized P. falciparum PhIP-seq T7 phage display library containing 238,068 tiled 62-amino acid peptides, covering all known coding regions, including antigenic variants, to systematically profile antibody targets in 198 Ugandan children and adults from high and moderate transmission settings. Repeat elements - short amino acid sequences repeated within a protein - were significantly enriched in antibody targets. While breadth of responses to repeat-containing peptides was twofold higher in children living in the high versus moderate exposure setting, no such differences were observed for peptides without repeats, suggesting that antibody responses to repeat-containing regions may be more exposure dependent and/or less durable in children than responses to regions without repeats. Additionally, short motifs associated with seroreactivity were extensively shared among hundreds of antigens, potentially representing cross- reactive epitopes. PfEMP1 shared motifs with the greatest number of other antigens, partly driven by the diversity of PfEMP1 sequences. These data suggest that the large number of repeat elements and potential cross-reactive epitopes found within antigenic regions of P. falciparum could contribute to the inefficient nature of malaria immunity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Raghavan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalantar, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duarte, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teyssier, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takahashi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kung, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajan, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tetteh, K. K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drakeley, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ssewanyana, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Barraquer, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenhouse, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeRisi, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.24.497532</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proteome-wide antigenic profiling in Ugandan cohorts identifies associations between age, exposure intensity, and responses to repeat-containing antigens in Plasmodium falciparum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.27.497784v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Use of a ubiquitous gene-editing tool in budding yeast causes off-target repression of neighboring gene protein synthesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.27.497784v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Precision genome-editing approaches have long been available in budding yeast, enabling introduction of gene deletions, epitope tag fusions, and promoter swaps through a selection-based strategy. Such approaches allow loci to be modified without disruption of coding or regulatory sequences of neighboring genes. Use of this approach to delete DBP1 however, led to silencing of expression and the resultant loss of function for the neighboring gene MRP51. We found that insertion of a resistance cassette to delete DBP1, drove a 5 extended alternative transcript for MRP51 which dampened Mrp51 protein synthesis. Misregulation of MRP51 occurred through an integrated transcriptional and translational repressive long undecoded transcript isoform (LUTI)-based mechanism that was recently shown to naturally regulate gene expression in yeast and other organisms. Cassette-induced MRP51 repression drove all mutant phenotypes we detected in cells deleted for DBP1. Selection cassette-mediated aberrant transcription events are not specific to this locus or a unique cassette but can be prevented by insertion of transcription insulators flanking the cassette. Our study suggests the existence of confounding off-target mutant phenotypes resulting from misregulated neighboring loci following genome edits in yeast. Furthermore, features of LUTI-based regulation are broadly conserved to eukaryotic organisms which indicates the potential that similar misregulation could be unnoticed in other edited organisms as well.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Powers, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Llacsahuanga Allcca, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doron-Mandel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovanovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brar, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.27.497784</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Use of a ubiquitous gene-editing tool in budding yeast causes off-target repression of neighboring gene protein synthesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.27.497797v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extravascular spaces are reservoirs of antigenic diversity in Trypanosoma brucei infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.27.497797v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Summary paragraphThe protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei evades clearance by the host immune system through antigenic variation of its dense variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) coat, periodically "switching" expression of the VSG using a large genomic repertoire of VSG-encoding genes1-6. Recent studies of antigenic variation in vivo have focused near exclusively on parasites in the bloodstream4,7,8, but research has shown that many, if not most, parasites reside in the interstitial spaces of tissues9-13. We sought to explore the dynamics of antigenic variation in extravascular parasite populations using VSG-seq7, a high-throughput sequencing approach for profiling VSGs expressed in populations of T. brucei. Here we show that tissues, not the blood, are the primary reservoir of antigenic diversity during both needle- and tsetse bite-initiated T. brucei infections, with more than 75% of VSGs found exclusively within extravascular spaces. We found that this increased diversity is correlated with slower parasite clearance in tissue spaces. Together, these data support a model in which the slower immune response in extravascular spaces provides more time to generate the antigenic diversity needed to maintain a chronic infection. Our findings reveal the important role that extravascular spaces can play in pathogen diversification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Beaver, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crilly, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hakim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bobb, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rijo-Ferreira, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Figueiredo, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mugnier, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.27.497797</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extravascular spaces are reservoirs of antigenic diversity in Trypanosoma brucei infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.28.498006v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Meiotic resetting of the cellular Sod1 pool is driven by protein aggregation, degradation, and transient LUTI-mediated repression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.28.498006v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gametogenesis requires packaging of the cellular components needed for the next generation. In budding yeast, this process includes degradation of many mitotically stable proteins, followed by their resynthesis. Here, we show that one such case--Superoxide dismutase 1 (Sod1), a protein that commonly aggregates in human ALS patients--is regulated by an integrated set of events, beginning with the formation of pre-meiotic Sod1 aggregates. This is followed by degradation of a subset of the prior Sod1 pool and clearance of Sod1 aggregates. As degradation progresses, Sod1 protein production is transiently blocked during mid-meiotic stages by transcription of an extended and poorly translated SOD1 mRNA isoform, SOD1LUTI. Expression of SOD1LUTI is induced by the Unfolded Protein Response, and it acts to repress canonical SOD1 mRNA expression. SOD1LUTI is no longer expressed following the meiotic divisions, enabling a resurgence of canonical mRNA and synthesis of new Sod1 protein such that gametes inherit a full complement of this important enzyme that is essential for gamete viability. Altogether, this work reveals meiosis to be an unusual cellular context in which Sod1 levels are tightly regulated. Our findings also suggest that further investigation of Sod1 during yeast gametogenesis could shed light on conserved aspects of its aggregation and degradation that could have implications for our understanding of human disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wende, H. M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gopi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Onyundo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medrano, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adanlawo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brar, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.28.498006</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Meiotic resetting of the cellular Sod1 pool is driven by protein aggregation, degradation, and transient LUTI-mediated repression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.28.498032v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional succession of actively growing soil microorganisms during rewetting is shaped by precipitation history 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.28.498032v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rewetting of seasonally dry soils induces a burst of microbial activity and carbon mineralization that changes nutrient availability and leads to succession. Yet the microbial functions that underpin this succession are not well described. Further, its unclear how previous precipitation frames microbial capacities after rewetting and how long these effects persist. We used isotopically-labeled water to rewet seasonally dry annual grassland soil that experienced either mean annual or reduced precipitation during the previous two years, and sampled at five subsequent time points. We used quantitative stable isotope probing (qSIP)-informed genome- resolved metagenomics to identify growing microorganisms, predict their capabilities, and analyze how these traits differed over time and between precipitation treatments. Organisms that grew after wetup were more abundant than non-growing organisms prior to the wet-up, suggesting that traits that initiate succession are pre-defined at the end of the prior plant growing season or via survival over the summer. Fast-growing organisms had fewer carbohydrate active enzyme (CAZy) genes per genome than slower-growing organisms, suggesting that although fast-growers were capable of degrading complex C, they may not specialize in this process. Differential abundance of CAZy genes in growing organisms throughout the succession implies that substrate availability varied with time. In contrast, the abundance of peptidases in growing organisms differed between precipitation treatments, but not over time following wet-up. Before wet-up, the soil organisms gene inventories were different between the two precipitation treatments. Surprisingly, this legacy effect waned after just one week. Thus, pre-wetup differences in microbial functional capacity converged shortly after rewetting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sieradzki, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenlon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicolas, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firestone, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pett-Ridge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blazewicz, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.28.498032</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional succession of actively growing soil microorganisms during rewetting is shaped by precipitation history]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.29.496132v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Paracrine signaling by pancreatic delta cells determines the glycemic set point in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.29.496132v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pancreatic islets contain several endocrine cell types that coordinate to maintain blood glucose homeostasis. While {beta} and  cells are thought to be the main drivers of glucose homeostasis through insulin and glucagon secretion respectively, the contribution of {delta} cells and somatostatin (SST) secretion to establishing the glycemic set point remains unresolved. Here we remove local SST signaling from {delta} cells within the pancreatic islet to investigate their contribution to the glycemic set point. Our data demonstrate that ablating {delta} cells or SST leads to a sustained decrease in the glycemic set point. This coincides with a decreased glucose threshold for insulin response from {beta} cells, leading to increased insulin secretion to the same glucose challenge. In contrast,  cell ablation had no effect on glycemic set point. Collectively, these data establish the physiological role of {delta} cells in determining the glycemic set point through their interaction with {beta} cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pourhosseinzadeh, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krämer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guillen, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cinque, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aniceto, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koike, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huising, M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.29.496132</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Paracrine signaling by pancreatic delta cells determines the glycemic set point in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.29.498137v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Life history strategies and niches of soil bacteria emerge from interacting thermodynamic, biophysical, and metabolic traits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.29.498137v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Efficient biochemical transformation of belowground carbon by microorganisms plays a critical role in determining the long-term fate of soil carbon. As plants assimilate carbon from the atmosphere, up to 50% is exuded into the area surrounding growing roots, where it may be transformed into microbial biomass and subsequently stabilized through mineral associations. However, due to a hierarchy of interacting microbial traits, it remains elusive how emergent life-history strategies of microorganisms influence the processing of root exudate carbon. Here, by combining theory-based predictions of substrate uptake kinetics for soil bacteria and a new genome-informed trait-based dynamic energy budget model, we predicted life history traits and trade-offs of a broad range of soil bacteria growing on 82 root exudate metabolites. The model captured resource-dependent trade-offs between growth rate (power) and growth efficiency (yield) that are fundamental to microbial fitness in communities. During early phases of plant development, growth rates of bacteria were largely constrained by maximum growth potential, highlighting the predictive power of genomic traits during nutrient-replete soil conditions. In contrast, selection for efficiency was important later in the plant growing season, where the model successfully predicted microbial substrate preferences for aromatic organic acids and plant hormones. The predicted carbon-use efficiencies for growth on organics acids were much higher than typical values observed in soil. These predictions provide mechanistic underpinning for the apparent efficiency of the microbial route to mineral stabilization in the rhizosphere and add an additional layer of complexity to rhizosphere microbial community assembly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marschmann, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhalnina, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karaoz, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pett-Ridge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodie, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.29.498137</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Life history strategies and niches of soil bacteria emerge from interacting thermodynamic, biophysical, and metabolic traits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.30.498297v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Acetaminophen production in the edible, filamentous cyanobacterium Arthrospira platensis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.30.498297v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spirulina is the common name for the edible, non-heterocystous, filamentous cyanobacterium Arthrospira platensis that is grown industrially as a food supplement, animal feedstock, and pigment source. Although there are many applications for engineering this organism1-3, until recently no genetic tools or reproducible transformation methods have been published. While recent work showed the production of a diversity of proteins in A. platensis, including single domain antibodies for oral delivery, there remains a need for a modular, characterized genetic toolkit4. Here, we establish and characterize a genetic toolkit and reproducible method for the transformation of A. platensis and engineer this bacterium to produce acetaminophen as proof-of-concept for small molecule production in an edible host from CO2, H2O, and light. This work opens A. platensis to the wider scientific community for future engineering as a functional food for nutritional enhancement, modification of organoleptic traits, and production of pharmaceuticals for oral delivery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hilzinger, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freidline, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivanandan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamazaki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skerker, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.30.498297</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Acetaminophen production in the edible, filamentous cyanobacterium Arthrospira platensis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.03.498608v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Signatures of contextual interference in implicit sensorimotor adaptation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.03.498608v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Contextual interference refers to the phenomenon whereby a blocked practice schedule results in faster acquisition but poorer retention of new motor skills compared to a random practice schedule. While contextual interference has been observed under a broad range of tasks, it remains unclear if this effect generalizes to the implicit and automatic recalibration of an overlearned motor skill. To address this question, we compared blocked and random practice schedules on a reaching task in which we used a feedback perturbation method that isolates implicit adaptation. The degree of implicit adaptation was quantified as the change in hand angle in the opposite direction of the perturbation, and retention was quantified as the percent of adaptation remaining after visual feedback was extinguished. In two experiments, participants tested under a random practice schedule exhibited slower implicit adaptation, but better retention compared to participants tested under a blocked practice schedule, the signature of contextual interference. These results indicate that contextual interference is not limited to the acquisition of new motor skills but also applies to the implicit adaptation of established motor skills.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tsay, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irving, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.03.498608</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Signatures of contextual interference in implicit sensorimotor adaptation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.499062v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epidermal threads reveal the origin of hagfish slime 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.499062v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fiber-reinforced soft materials possess high flexibility with high strength but are rare in nature. Hagfishes can produce a tough, fibrous slime within a fraction of a second by ejecting two cellular products, mucus and threads, into seawater. With thousands of silk-like threads, the slime is highly effective in defending against large predators. However, the evolutionary origin of hagfish slime remains unresolved, with the presence of another, putatively homologous thread in the epidermis providing circumstantial evidence for an epidermal origin. Here, we investigated the epidermal threads produced in hagfish skin. We found that these threads average [~]2 mm in length and [~]0.5 m in diameter, or [~]80 times shorter and [~]4 times thinner than the slime threads, characterizing the second longest intracellular fiber. The entire hagfish body is covered by a dense layer of epidermal thread cells, with each square millimeter of skin storing a total of [~]96 cm threads. Experimentally induced damage to a hagfishs skin caused the release of threads, which together with mucus, formed an adhesive epidermal slime that is more fibrous and less dilute than the defensive slime. Transcriptome analyses further revealed that the epidermal threads are ancestral to the slime threads, with duplication and diversification of thread genes in parallel with the evolution of slime glands. These results support an epidermal origin of hagfish slime and slime glands, as driven by predator selection for stronger and more voluminous slime.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zeng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plachetzki, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nieders, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cartee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guillen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fudge, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.06.499062</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epidermal threads reveal the origin of hagfish slime]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.07.499099v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting and prioritizing species coexistence: learning outcomes via experiments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.07.499099v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Community assembly provides the foundation for applications in biodiversity conservation, climate change, invasion ecology, restoration ecology, and synthetic ecology. Predicting and prioritizing community assembly outcomes remains challenging. We address this challenge via a mechanism-free LOVE (Learning Outcomes Via Experiments) approach suitable for cases where little data or knowledge exist: we carry out actions (randomly-sampled combinations of species additions), measure abundance outcomes, and then train a model to predict arbitrary outcomes of actions, or prioritize actions that would yield the most desirable outcomes. When trained on <100 randomly-selected actions, LOVE predicts outcomes with 2-5% error across datasets, and prioritizes actions for maximizing richness, maximizing abundance, or minimizing abundances of unwanted species, with 94-99% true positive rate and 12-83% true negative rate across tasks. LOVE complements existing approaches for community ecology by providing a foundation for additional mechanism-first study, and may help address numerous ecological applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blonder, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godoy, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.07.499099</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting and prioritizing species coexistence: learning outcomes via experiments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.08.499368v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Directed Shortest Walk on Temporal Graphs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.08.499368v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe use of graphs as a way of abstracting and representing biological systems has provided a powerful analysis paradigm. Specifically, graph optimization algorithms are routinely used to address various connectivity queries, such as finding paths between proteins in a protein-protein interaction network, while maximizing objectives such as parsimony. While present studies in this field mostly concern static graphs, new types of data now motivate the need to account for changes that might occur to the elements (nodes) that are represented by the graph on the relationships (edges) between them.

Results and DiscussionWe define the notion of Directed Temporal Graphs as a series of directed subgraphs of an underlying graph, ordered by time, where only a subset of vertices and edges are present. We then build up towards the Time Conditioned Shortest Walk problem on Directed Temporal Graphs: given a series of time ordered directed graphs, find the shortest walk from any given source node at time point 1 to a target node at time T [&ge;] 1, such that the walk is consistent (monotonically increasing) with the timing of nodes and edges. We show, contrary to the Directed Shortest Walk problem which can be solved in polynomial time, that the Time Conditioned Shortest Walk (TCSW) problem is NP-Hard, and is hard to approximate to factor [Formula] for T [&ge;] 3 and{varepsilon} > 0. Lastly, we develop an integer linear program to solve a generalized version of TCSW, and demonstrate its ability to reach optimality with instances of the human protein interaction network.

ConclusionWe demonstrate that when extending the shortest walk problem in computational biology to account for multiple ordered conditions, the problem not only becomes hard to solve, but hard to approximate, a limitation which we address via a new solver. From this narrow definition of TCSW, we relax the constraint of time consistency within the shortest walk, deriving a direct relationship between hardness of approximation and the allowable step size in our walk between time conditioned networks. Lastly we briefly explore a variety of alternative formulations for this problem, providing insight into both tractable and intractable variants.

AvailabilityOur solver for the general k-Time Condition Shortest Walk problem is available at https://github.com/YosefLab/temporal_condition_shortest_walk
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khodaverdian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.08.499368</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Directed Shortest Walk on Temporal Graphs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.10.499469v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporal single cell atlas of non-neuronal retinal cells reveals dynamic, coordinated multicellular responses to central nervous system injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.10.499469v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Non-neuronal cells play key roles in the complex cellular interplay that follows central nervous system (CNS) insult. To understand this interplay at a tissue level, we generated a single-cell atlas of immune, glial and retinal pigment epithelial cells from adult mouse retina before and at multiple time points after axonal transection (optic nerve crush; ONC), identifying rare and undescribed subsets, and delineating changes in cell composition, expression programs, and interactions. Computational analysis charted an inflammatory cascade after injury with three phases. The early phase consisted of reactivation of retinal macroglia and microglia, providing chemotactic signals for immune infiltration, concurrent with infiltration of CCR2+ monocytes from the circulation. In the second phase, these differentiated to macrophage subsets resembling resident border-associated macrophages. In parallel, a multicellular interferon program, likely driven by microglia-derived type-I interferon, was synchronously activated across resident glia, expanding beyond rare interferon-responding subsets of glia unexpectedly present in the naive retina. Our findings provide insights regarding post-injury CNS tissue dynamics and a framework to decipher cellular circuitry, spatial relationships and molecular interactions following tissue injury.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benhar, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitney, I. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sud, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shekhar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanes, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.10.499469</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporal single cell atlas of non-neuronal retinal cells reveals dynamic, coordinated multicellular responses to central nervous system injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.10.499478v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Longitudinal Urine Metabolic Profiling and Gestational Age Prediction in Pregnancy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.10.499478v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pregnancy is a critical time that has long-term impacts on both maternal and fetal health. During pregnancy, the maternal metabolome undergoes dramatic systemic changes, although correlating longitudinal changes in maternal urine remain largely unexplored. We applied an LCMS-based untargeted metabolomics profiling approach to analyze 346 longitudinal maternal urine samples collected throughout pregnancy for 36 women from diverse ethnic backgrounds with differing clinical characteristics. We detected 20,314 metabolic peaks and annotated 875 metabolites. Altered metabolites include a broad panel of glucocorticoids, lipids, and amino acid derivatives, which revealed systematic pathway alterations during pregnancy. We also developed a machine-learning model to precisely predict gestational age (GA) at time of sampling using urine metabolites that provides a non-invasive method for pregnancy dating. This longitudinal maternal urine study demonstrates the clinical utility of using untargeted metabolomics in obstetric settings.

One Sentence SummaryMachine-learning based gestational age and due date using longitudinal urine samples of pregnancy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avina, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zackriah, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jelliffe-Pawlowski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rand, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.10.499478</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Longitudinal Urine Metabolic Profiling and Gestational Age Prediction in Pregnancy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.11.499635v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Liquid-liquid phase separation recapitulates the thermodynamics and kinetics of heterochromatin formation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.11.499635v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The spatial segregation of pericentromeric heterochromatin (PCH) into distinct, membrane-less nuclear compartments involves the binding of Heterochromatin Protein 1 (HP1) to H3K9me2/3-rich genomic regions. While HP1 exhibits liquid-liquid phase separation properties in vitro, its mechanistic impact on the structure and dynamics of PCH condensate formation in vivo remains largely unresolved. Here, using biophysical modeling, we systematically investigate the mutual coupling between self-interacting HP1-like molecules and the chromatin polymer. We reveal that the specific affinity of HP1 for H3K9me2/3 loci facilitates coacervation in nucleo, and promotes the formation of stable PCH condensates at HP1 levels far below the concentration required to observe phase separation in purified protein assays in vitro. These heterotypic HP1-chromatin interactions give rise to a strong dependence of the nucleoplasmic HP1 density on HP1-H3K9me2/3 stoichiometry, consistent with the thermodynamics of multicomponent phase separation. The dynamical crosstalk between HP1 and the viscoelastic chromatin scaffold also leads to anomalously-slow equilibration kinetics, which strongly depend on the genomic distribution of H3K9me2/3 domains, and result in the coexistence of multiple long-lived, microphase-separated PCH compartments. The morphology of these complex coacervates is further found to be governed by the dynamic establishment of the underlying H3K9me2/3 landscape, which may drive their increasingly abnormal, aspherical shapes during cell development. These findings compare favorably to 4D microscopy measurements of HP1 condensates that we perform in live Drosophila embryos, and suggest a general quantitative model of PCH formation based on the interplay between HP1-based phase separation and chromatin polymer mechanics.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe compartmentalization of pericentromeric heterochromatin (PCH), the highly-repetitive part of the genome, into membrane-less organelles enriched in HP1 proteins, is critical to both genetic stability and cell fate determination. While HP1 can self-organize into liquid-like condensates in vitro, the roles of HP1 and the polymer chromatin in forming 3D PCH domains in vivo are still unclear. Using molecular simulations, we show that key kinetic and thermodynamic features of PCH condensates are consistent with a phase-separation mode of organization driven by the genomic distribution of methylated domains and HP1 self-attraction and affinity for heterochromatin. Our predictions are corroborated by live-microscopy performed during early fly embryogenesis, suggesting that a strong crosstalk between HP1-based phase separation and chromosome mechanics drive PCH condensate formation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tortora, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brennan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karpen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jost, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.11.499635</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Liquid-liquid phase separation recapitulates the thermodynamics and kinetics of heterochromatin formation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.13.499814v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Maximizing CRISPRi efficacy and accessibility with dual-sgRNA libraries and optimal effectors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.13.499814v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) enables programmable, reversible, and titratable repression of gene expression (knockdown) in mammalian cells. Initial CRISPRi-mediated genetic screens have showcased the potential to address basic questions in cell biology, genetics, and biotechnology, but wider deployment of CRISPRi screening has been constrained by the large size of single guide RNA (sgRNA) libraries and challenges in generating cell models with consistent CRISPRi-mediated knockdown. Here, we present next-generation CRISPRi sgRNA libraries and effector expression constructs that enable strong and consistent knockdown across mammalian cell models. First, we combine empirical sgRNA selection with a dual-sgRNA library design to generate an ultra-compact (1-3 elements per gene), highly active CRISPRi sgRNA library. Next, we rigorously compare CRISPRi effectors to show that the recently published Zim3-dCas9 provides the best balance between strong on-target knockdown and minimal nonspecific effects on cell growth or the transcriptome. Finally, we engineer a suite of cell lines with stable expression of Zim3-dCas9 and robust on-target knockdown. Our results and publicly available reagents establish best practices for CRISPRi genetic screening.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Replogle, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonnar, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pogson, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liem, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maier, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leng, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guna, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pak, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kampmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jost, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.13.499814</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Maximizing CRISPRi efficacy and accessibility with dual-sgRNA libraries and optimal effectors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.15.500267v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Probing the KRas Switch II Groove by Fluorine NMR Spectroscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.15.500267v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While there has been recent success in the development of KRasG12C inhibitors, unmet needs for selective inhibitors and tool compounds targeting the remaining oncogenic KRas proteins remain. Here, we applied trifluoromethyl-containing ligands of KRas proteins as competitive probe ligands to assay the occupancy of the switch II pocket by 19F NMR spectroscopy. Structure-activity-relationship studies of probe ligands increased the sensitivity of the assay and identified structures that differentially detected each nucleotide state of KRasG12D. These differences in selectivity, combined with the high resolution of 19F NMR spectroscopy, enabled this method to be expanded to assay both nucleotide states of the protein simultaneously.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=115 SRC="FIGDIR/small/500267v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (22K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@2fe99corg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@19223bdorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1686090org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@19b9d05_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peacock, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, M. J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shokat, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.15.500267</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Probing the KRas Switch II Groove by Fluorine NMR Spectroscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.17.500356v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AGO2 silences mobile transposons in the nucleus of quiescent cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.17.500356v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Argonaute 2 (AGO2) is a cytoplasmic component of the miRNA pathway with essential roles in development and disease. Yet, little is known about its regulation in vivo. Here, we show that in quiescent mouse splenocytes, AGO2 localizes almost exclusively to the nucleus. AGO2 subcellular localization is modulated by the Pi3K-AKT-mTOR pathway, a well-established regulator of quiescence. Signaling through this pathway in proliferating cells promotes AGO2 cytoplasmic accumulation, at least in part by stimulating the expression of TNRC6, an essential AGO2 binding partner in the miRNA pathway. In quiescent cells where mTOR signaling is low, AGO2 accumulates in the nucleus where it binds to young mobile transposons co-transcriptionally to repress their expression via its catalytic domain. Our data point to an essential but previously unrecognized nuclear role for AGO2 during quiescence as part of a genome-defense system against young mobile elements and provide evidence of RNA interference in the soma of mammals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sala, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandrasekhar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cosby, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>La Rocca, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macfarlan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awasthi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chari, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kruhlak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vidigal, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.17.500356</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AGO2 silences mobile transposons in the nucleus of quiescent cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.498444v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Combined oral vaccination with niche competition can generate sterilizing immunity against entero-pathogenic bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.498444v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Colonization of the intestinal lumen precedes invasive infection for a wide range of enteropathogenic and opportunistic pathogenic bacteria. Here we show that combining oral vaccination with engineered or selected niche-competitor strains permits pathogen exclusion and strain replacement in the mouse gut lumen. This approach can be applied both prophylactically to prevent invasion of non-typhoidal Salmonella strains, or therapeutically to displace an established Escherichia coli. Both intact adaptive immunity and metabolic niche competition are necessary for efficient vaccine-enhanced competition. Our findings imply that mucosal antibodies have evolved to work in the context of gut microbial ecology, by influencing the outcome of competition. This has broad implications for the elimination of pathogenic and antibiotic-resistant bacterial reservoirs, and for rational microbiota engineering.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lentsch, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woller, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moresi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fattinger, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aslani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardt, W.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loverdo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slack, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.20.498444</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Combined oral vaccination with niche competition can generate sterilizing immunity against entero-pathogenic bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500911v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The dual role of a multi-heme cytochrome in methanogenesis: MmcA is important for energy conservation and carbon metabolism in Methanosarcina acetivorans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500911v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Methanogenic archaea belonging to the Order Methanosarcinales conserve energy using an electron transport chain (ETC). In the genetically tractable strain Methanosarcina acetivorans, ferredoxin donates electrons to the ETC via the Rnf (Rhodobacter nitrogen fixation) complex. The Rnf complex in M. acetivorans, unlike its counterpart in Bacteria, contains a multiheme c-type cytochrome (MHC) subunit called MmcA. Early studies hypothesized MmcA is a critical component of Rnf, however recent work posits that the primary role of MmcA is facilitating extracellular electron transport. To explore the physiological role of MmcA, we characterized M. acetivorans mutants lacking either the entire Rnf complex ({Delta}rnf) or just the MmcA subunit ({Delta}mmcA). Our data show that MmcA is essential for growth during acetoclastic methanogenesis but neither Rnf nor MmcA are required for methanogenic growth on methylated compounds. On methylated compounds, the absence of MmcA alone leads to a more severe growth defect compared to a Rnf deletion likely due to different strategies for ferredoxin regeneration that arise in each strain. Transcriptomic data suggest that the {Delta}mmcA mutant might regenerate ferredoxin by upregulating the cytosolic Wood-Ljundahl pathway for acetyl-CoA synthesis, whereas the {Delta}rnf mutant may repurpose the F420 dehydrogenase complex (Fpo) to regenerate ferredoxin coupled to proton translocation. Beyond energy conservation, the deletion of Rnf or MmcA leads to some shared and some unique transcriptional changes in methyltransferase genes and regulatory proteins. Overall, our study provides systems-level insights into the non-overlapping roles of the Rnf bioenergetic complex and the associated MHC, MmcA.

ImportanceMethane is a greenhouse gas that is ten times more potent than carbon dioxide and efforts to curb emissions are crucial to meet climate goals. Methane emissions primarily stem from the metabolic activity of microorganisms called methanogenic archaea (methanogens). The electron transport chain (ETC) in methanogens that belong to the Order Methanosarcinales has been the focus of many in vitro studies to date, but the endogenous functions of the bioenergetic complexes that comprise the ETC have rarely been investigated. In this study, we use genetic techniques to functionally characterize the Rnf bioenergetic complex and the associated multi-heme c-type cytochrome MmcA in the model methanogen, Methanosarcina acetivorans. Our results show that MmcA and Rnf have shared and unique roles in the cell, and that, contrary to current knowledge, M. acetivorans has the capacity to induce at least two alternative pathways for ferredoxin regeneration in the absence of a functional Rnf complex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nayak, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Downing, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.20.500911</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The dual role of a multi-heme cytochrome in methanogenesis: MmcA is important for energy conservation and carbon metabolism in Methanosarcina acetivorans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.22.500861v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep self-supervised learning for biosynthetic gene cluster detection and product classification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.22.500861v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Natural products are chemical compounds that form the basis of many therapeutics used in the pharmaceutical industry. In microbes, natural products are synthesized by groups of colocalized genes called biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs). With advances in high-throughput sequencing, there has been an increase of complete microbial isolate genomes and metagenomes, from which a vast number of BGCs are undiscovered. Here, we introduce a self-supervised learning approach designed to identify and characterize BGCs from such data. To do this, we represent BGCs as chains of functional protein domains and train a masked language model on these domains. We assess the ability of our approach to detect BGCs and characterize BGC properties in bacterial genomes. We also demonstrate that our model can learn meaningful representations of BGCs and their constituent domains, detect BGCs in microbial genomes, and predict BGC product classes. These results highlight self-supervised neural networks as a promising framework for improving BGC prediction and classification.

Author summaryBiosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) encode for natural products of diverse chemical structures and function, but they are often difficult to discover and characterize. Many bioinformatic and deep learning approaches have leveraged the abundance of genomic data to recognize BGCs in bacterial genomes. However, the characterization of BGC properties remains the main bottleneck in identifying novel BGCs and their natural products. In this paper, we present a self-supervised masked language model that learns meaningful representations of BGCs with improved downstream detection and classification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rios-Martinez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amini, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.22.500861</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep self-supervised learning for biosynthetic gene cluster detection and product classification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.22.501192v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oxytocin receptor is not required for social attachment in prairie voles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.22.501192v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prairie voles are among a small group of mammals that display long-term social attachment between mating partners. Many pharmacological studies show that signaling via the oxytocin receptor (OxtR) is critical for the display of social monogamy in these animals. We used CRISPR-mutagenesis to independently generate three different OxtR null mutant prairie vole lines. OxtR mutants displayed social attachment such that males and females showed a behavioral preference for their mating partners over a stranger of the opposite sex when assayed using different paradigms. Mothers lacking OxtR delivered viable pups, and parents displayed care of their young and raised them to the weanling stage. Together, our studies unexpectedly reveal that OxtR-mediated signaling is genetically dispensable for social attachment, parturition, and parental behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Berendzen, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarado, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, F. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seelke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmons, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bond, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larios, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parthasarathy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espineda, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knoedler, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beery, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bales, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manoli, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.22.501192</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oxytocin receptor is not required for social attachment in prairie voles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.24.501321v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A widely distributed gene cluster compensates for uricase loss in hominids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.24.501321v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Approximately 15% of US adults have circulating levels of uric acid above its solubility limit, which is causally linked to the disease gout. In most mammals, uric acid elimination is facilitated by the enzyme uricase. However, human uricase is a pseudogene, having been inactivated early in hominid evolution. Though it has long been known that uric acid is eliminated in the gut, the role of the gut microbiota in hyperuricemia has not been studied. Here we identify a widely distributed bacterial gene cluster that encodes a pathway for uric acid degradation. Stable isotope tracing demonstrates that gut bacteria metabolize uric acid to xanthine or short chain fatty acids. Ablation of the microbiota in uricase-deficient mice causes severe hyperuricemia, and anaerobe-targeted antibiotics increase the risk of gout in humans. These data reveal a role for the gut microbiota in uric acid excretion and highlight the potential for microbiome-targeted therapeutics in hyperuricemia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarman, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Low, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Defeo, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sekiba, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, B.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganesan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pao, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gombar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dodd, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.24.501321</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A widely distributed gene cluster compensates for uricase loss in hominids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.28.501447v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
JBrowse 2: A modular genome browser with views of synteny and structural variation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.28.501447v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present JBrowse 2, a general-purpose genome annotation browser offering enhanced visualization of complex structural variation and evolutionary relationships. JBrowse 2 retains the core features of the open-source JavaScript genome browser JBrowse while adding new views for synteny, dotplots, breakpoints, gene fusions, and whole-genome overviews. The software readily allows users to share sessions, open multiple genomes or views, and navigate quickly between these views. It can be embedded in a web page, used as a standalone desktop application, or run from Jupyter notebooks or R sessions. Using a plugin framework, developers can create new data adapters, track types, and visualizations. These improvements are enabled by a ground-up redesign of the JBrowse architecture using modern web technology. We describe application functionality, use cases, performance benchmarks, and implementation notes for web administrators and developers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Diesh, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, T. D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hershberg, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dider, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bridge, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hogue, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duncan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bimber, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haw, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buels, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.28.501447</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[JBrowse 2: A modular genome browser with views of synteny and structural variation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.28.501885v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Basolateral amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex, but not dorsal hippocampus, are necessary for the control of reward-seeking by occasion setters 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.28.501885v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reward-seeking in the world is driven by cues that can have ambiguous predictive and motivational value. To produce adaptive, flexible reward-seeking it is necessary to exploit occasion setters, other distinct features in the environment, to resolve the ambiguity of Pavlovian reward-paired cues. Despite this, very little research has investigated the neurobiological underpinnings of occasion setting and as a result little is known about which brain regions are critical for occasion setting. To address this, we exploited a recently developed task that was amenable to neurobiological inquiry where a conditioned stimulus is only predictive of reward delivery if preceded in time by the non-overlapping presentation of a separate cue - an occasion setter. This task required male rats to maintain and link cue-triggered expectations across time to produce adaptive reward-seeking. We interrogated the contributions of the basolateral amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex to occasion setting as these regions are thought to be critical for the computation and exploitation of state value, respectively. Reversible inactivation of either structure prior to the occasion-setting task resulted in a profound inability of rats to use the occasion setter to guide reward seeking. In contrast, inactivation of the dorsal hippocampus, a region fundamental for context-specific responding was without effect nor did inactivation of the basolateral amygdala or orbitofrontal cortex in a standard Pavlovian conditioning preparation affect conditioned responding. We conclude that neural activity within the orbitofrontal cortex and basolateral amygdala circuit is necessary to update and resolve ambiguity in the environment to promote cue-driven reward-seeking.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fraser, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janak, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.28.501885</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Basolateral amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex, but not dorsal hippocampus, are necessary for the control of reward-seeking by occasion setters]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.29.501968v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dually targeted proteins regulate proximity between peroxisomes and partner organelles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.29.501968v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Peroxisomes play a central role in fatty acid metabolism. To correctly target to peroxisomes, proteins require specialized targeting signals. One mystery in the field is sorting of proteins that carry both a targeting signal for peroxisomes as well as for other organelles such as mitochondria or the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Exploring several of these dually localized proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we observed that they can act as dynamic tethers bridging organelles together through an affinity for organelle-destined targeting factors. We show that this mode of tethering involves the peroxisome import machinery, the ER- mitochondria encounter structure (ERMES) in the case of mitochondria and the GET complex in the case of the ER. Depletion of each of the targeting factors resulted in the accumulation of smaller peroxisomes. We propose that dual targeting of proteins occurs at contact sites and that protein import per se contributes to the maintenance of these membrane proximities. This introduces a previously unexplored concept of how targeting of dual affinity proteins can support organelle attachment, growth and communication.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stehlik, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bittner, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimitrov, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schöck, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harberding, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heymons, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuldiner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zalckvar, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bölker, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schekman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freitag, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.29.501968</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dually targeted proteins regulate proximity between peroxisomes and partner organelles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.30.502108v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization, Comparison, and Optimization of Lattice Light Sheets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.30.502108v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lattice light sheet microscopy excels at the non-invasive imaging of three-dimensional (3D) dynamic processes at high spatiotemporal resolution within cells and developing embryos. Recently, several papers have called into question the performance of lattice light sheets relative to the Gaussian sheets most common in light sheet microscopy. Here we undertake a comprehensive theoretical and experimental analysis of various forms of light sheet microscopy which both demonstrates and explains why lattice light sheets provide significant improvements in resolution and photobleaching reduction. The analysis provides a procedure to select the correct light sheet for a desired experiment and specifies the processing that maximizes the use of all fluorescence generated within the light sheet excitation envelope for optimal resolution while minimizing image artifacts and photodamage. Development of a new type of "harmonic balanced" lattice light sheet is shown to improve performance at all spatial frequencies within its 3D resolution limits and maintains this performance over lengthened propagation distances allowing for expanded fields of view.

Significance StatementDespite its rapidly growing use, several misconceptions remain concerning the physics of image formation and its optimization in light sheet microscopy, particularly in high resolution variants tailored for subcellular imaging. These include the role of excitation sidelobes, the significance of out-of-focus fluorescence, the importance and optimization of deconvolution, and the perceived advantages of Gaussian beams. Here we attempt to shatter these misconceptions by showing that the professed tradeoffs between axial resolution and background haze, photobleaching rate, phototoxicity, and propensity for image artifacts do not exist for well-crafted lattice light sheets whose data is acquired and processed rigorously. The framework we provide should enable others to optimize light sheets and extract the most information at the lowest cost in their experiments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ruan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milkie, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorlitz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hercule, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kililea, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betzig, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upadhyayula, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.30.502108</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization, Comparison, and Optimization of Lattice Light Sheets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.03.502739v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optogenetic control of RelA reveals effect of transcription factor dynamics on downstream gene expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.03.502739v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many transcription factors (TFs) translocate to the nucleus with varied dynamic patterns in response to different inputs. A notable example of such behavior is RelA, a subunit of NF-{kappa}B, which translocates to the nucleus with either pulsed or sustained dynamics, depending on the stimulus. Our understanding of how these dynamics are interpreted by downstream genes has remained incomplete, partly because ubiquitously used environmental inputs activate other transcriptional regulators in addition to RelA. Here, we use an optogenetic tool, CLASP (controllable light-activated shuttling and plasma membrane sequestration), to control RelA spatiotemporal dynamics in mouse fibroblasts and quantify their effect on downstream genes using RNA-seq. Using RelA-CLASP, we show for the first time that nuclear translocation of RelA, without post-translational modifications or activation of other transcriptional regulators, is sufficient to activate downstream genes. Furthermore, we find that TNF, a common endogenous input, regulates many genes independently of RelA, and that this gene regulation is different from that induced by RelA-CLASP. Genes responsive to RelA-CLASP show a wide range of dynamics in response to a constant RelA input. We use a simple promoter model to recapitulate these diverse dynamic responses, as well as data collected in response to a pulsed RelA-CLASP input, and extract features of many RelA-responsive promoters. We also pinpoint many genes for which more complex models, involving feedback or multi-step promoters, may be needed to explain their response to constant and pulsed TF inputs. This study introduces a new robust tool for studying mammalian transcriptional regulation and demonstrates the power of optogenetic tools in dissecting the quantitative features of important cellular pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Osimiri, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonny, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takagishi, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luecke, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riehs, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Samad, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.03.502739</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optogenetic control of RelA reveals effect of transcription factor dynamics on downstream gene expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.04.502697v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dissecting the contributions of tumor heterogeneity on metastasis at single-cell resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.04.502697v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metastasis is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths, but metastasis research is challenged by limited access to patient material and a lack of experimental models that appropriately recapitulate tumor heterogeneity. Here, we analyzed single-cell transcriptomes of matched primary tumor and metastasis from patient-derived xenograft models of breast cancer, demonstrating that primary tumor and metastatic cells show profound transcriptional differences across heterogeneous tumors. While primary tumor cells upregulated several metabolic genes, metastatic cells displayed a motility phenotype in micrometastatic lesions and increased stress response signaling during metastatic progression. Additionally, we identified gene signatures that are associated with the metastatic potential and correlated with patient outcomes. Poorly metastatic primary tumors showed increased immune-regulatory control that may prevent metastasis, whereas highly metastatic primary tumors upregulated markers of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). We found that intra-tumor heterogeneity is dominated by epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity (EMP) which presented as a dynamic continuum with intermediate cell states that were characterized by novel, specific markers. These intermediate EMP markers correlated with worse patient outcomes and could serve as potential new therapeutic targets to block metastatic development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Winkler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diadhiou, C. M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGinnis, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbasi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasnain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durney, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atamaniuc, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Superville, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awni, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinrichs, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hein, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borja, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Detweiler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nanjaraj, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sitarama, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rugo, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neff, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gartner, Z. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pisco, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goga, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darmanis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werb, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.04.502697</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dissecting the contributions of tumor heterogeneity on metastasis at single-cell resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.04.502752v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitochondrial uncouplers impair human sperm motility without altering ATP content 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.04.502752v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sperm motility is necessary for successful fertilization, but there remains controversy about whether human sperm motility is primarily powered by glycolysis or oxidative phosphorylation. To evaluate the plausibility of reducing human sperm mitochondrial ATP production as an avenue for contraceptive development, we treated human sperm with small-molecule mitochondrial uncouplers, which reduce mitochondrial membrane potential by inducing passive proton flow, and evaluated the effects on a variety of physiological processes that are critical for fertilization. We also sought to clarify the subcellular localization of Adenosine Nucleotide Translocator 4 (ANT4), a gamete-specific protein that has been suggested as a contraceptive target. We determined that ANT4 is mitochondrially localized, that induced mitochondrial uncoupling can be partially mediated by the ANT family, and that two uncouplers, Niclosamide Ethanolamine and BAM15, significantly decreased sperm progressive motility. However, these uncouplers did not reduce sperm ATP content or impair other physiological processes, implying that human sperm can rely on glycolysis for ATP production in the absence of functional mitochondria. Thus, since certain mitochondrial uncouplers impair motility through ATP-independent mechanisms, they could be useful ingredients in on-demand, vaginally-applied contraceptives. However, systemically delivered contraceptives that target sperm mitochondria to reduce their ATP production would need to be paired with sperm-specific glycolysis inhibitors.

Significance StatementDevelopment of novel contraceptives is critical, since half of all pregnancies are still unplanned, even in developed countries. This high unplanned pregnancy rate contributes to a wide variety of social, environmental, and ecological problems. Impairing human sperm is a way to develop male and unisex contraceptives, but much remains unknown about these unique cells. Here we settle a long-running debate about human sperm metabolism, finding that human sperm can maintain their ATP levels without mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. This finding will help focus future contraceptive development efforts. We also identify the potential use of an FDA-approved compound (Niclosamide) as a motility-impairing ingredient in spermicides and correct the misunderstood subcellular localization of an existing contraceptive target, Adenosine Nucleotide Translocator 4.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Skinner, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petersen, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabarsi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamm, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jalalian, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertholet, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirichok, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lishko, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.04.502752</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitochondrial uncouplers impair human sperm motility without altering ATP content]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.04.502809v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Kinesin-1, -2 and -3 motors use family-specific mechanochemical strategies to effectively compete with dynein during bidirectional transport 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.04.502809v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bidirectional cargo transport in neurons requires competing activity of motors from the kinesin-1, -2 and -3 superfamilies against cytoplasmic dynein-1. Previous studies demonstrated that when kinesin-1 attached to dynein-dynactin-BicD2 (DDB) complex, the tethered motors move slowly with a slight plus-end bias, suggesting kinesin-1 overpowers DDB but DDB generates a substantial hindering load. Compared to kinesin-1, motors from the kinesin-2 and -3 families display a higher sensitivity to load in single-molecule assays and are thus predicted to be overpowered by dynein complexes in cargo transport. To test this prediction, we used a DNA scaffold to pair DDB with members of the kinesin-1, -2 and -3 families to recreate bidirectional transport in vitro, and tracked the motor pairs using two-channel TIRF microscopy. Unexpectedly, we find that when both kinesin and dynein are engaged and stepping on the microtubule, kinesin-1, -2, and -3 motors are able to effectively withstand hindering loads generated by DDB. Stochastic stepping simulations reveal that kinesin-2 and -3 motors compensate for their faster detachment rates under load with faster reattachment kinetics. The similar performance between the three kinesin transport families highlights how motor kinetics play critical roles in balancing forces between kinesin and dynein, and emphasizes the importance of motor regulation by cargo adaptors, regulatory proteins, and the microtubule track for tuning the speed and directionality of cargo transport in cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gicking, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, T.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badieyan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cianfrocco, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hancock, W. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.04.502809</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Kinesin-1, -2 and -3 motors use family-specific mechanochemical strategies to effectively compete with dynein during bidirectional transport]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.04.502814v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regioselective control of biocatalytic C-H activation and halogenation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.04.502814v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biocatalytic C-H activation has the potential to merge enzymatic and synthetic strategies for bond formation. FeII/KG-dependent halogenases are particularly distinguished for their ability both to control selective C-H activation as well as to direct group transfer of a bound anion along a reaction axis separate from oxygen rebound, enabling the development of new transformations. In this context, we elucidate the basis for selectivity of enzymes that perform selective halogenation to yield 4-Cl-lysine (BesD), 5-Cl-lysine (HalB), and 4-Cl-ornithine (HalD), allowing us to probe how regioselectivity and chain length selectivity are achieved. We now report the crystal structure of the HalB and HalD, revealing the key role of the substrate-lid in positioning the substrate for C4 vs C5 chlorination and recognition of lysine vs ornithine. Targeted engineering of the substrate-binding lid further demonstrates that these selectivities can be altered or switched, showcasing the potential to develop halogenases for biocatalytic applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kissman, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neugebauer, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sumida, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swenson, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sambold, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchand, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millar, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, M. C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.04.502814</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regioselective control of biocatalytic C-H activation and halogenation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.05.502885v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Plant species within Streptanthoid Complex associate with distinct microbial communities that shift to be more similar under drought 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.05.502885v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prolonged water stress can reduce plant growth and fitness and may shift rhizoplane microbial communities. Although drought affects microbial structure of many plant species, it is still poorly understood whether closely related plant species host distinct microbial communities or respond similarly to drought. To explore this question, eight members of the Streptanthus clade with varying affinity to serpentine were subjected to three watering regimes. Rhizoplane bacterial communities were described using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and we explored the impact of watering treatment and plant species on alpha diversity, differential abundance, and beta diversity of soil bacterial communities. Among most plant species, reduced watering also reduced alpha diversity, but plant species did not strongly impact alpha diversity. Drought treatment reduced microbial community dissimilarity among samples: bacterial communities were more similar when plants received less water. Watering altered the relative abundance of bacterial genera within Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Planctomycetes, and Acidobacteria, which responded similarly in the rhizoplane of most plant species. These results suggest that prolonged water stress in Streptanthus spp. can result in convergent microbial communities among plant species. We suggest the functional consequences of these shifts be examined to assess effects on plant and microbial fitness under drought conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Igwe, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearse, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilar, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strauss, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vannette, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.05.502885</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Plant species within Streptanthoid Complex associate with distinct microbial communities that shift to be more similar under drought]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.11.503553v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nanomolar inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 infection by an unmodified peptide targeting the pre-hairpin intermediate of the spike protein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.11.503553v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) challenge currently available COVID-19 vaccines and monoclonal antibody therapies through epitope change on the receptor binding domain of the viral spike glycoprotein. Hence, there is a specific urgent need for alternative antivirals that target processes less likely to be affected by mutation, such as the membrane fusion step of viral entry into the host cell. One such antiviral class includes peptide inhibitors which block formation of the so-called HR1HR2 six-helix bundle of the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein and thus interfere with viral membrane fusion. Here we performed structural studies of the HR1HR2 bundle, revealing an extended, well-folded N-terminal region of HR2 that interacts with the HR1 triple helix. Based on this structure, we designed an extended HR2 peptide that achieves single-digit nanomolar inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 in cell-based fusion, VSV-SARS-CoV-2 chimera, and authentic SARS-CoV-2 infection assays without the need for modifications such as lipidation or chemical stapling. The peptide also strongly inhibits all major SARS-CoV-2 variants to date. This extended peptide is ~100-fold more potent than all previously published short, unmodified HR2 peptides, and it has a very long inhibition lifetime after washout in virus infection assays, suggesting that it targets a pre-hairpin intermediate of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein. Together, these results suggest that regions outside the HR2 helical region may offer new opportunities for potent peptide-derived therapeutics for SARS-CoV-2 and its variants, and even more distantly related viruses, and provide further support for the pre-hairpin intermediate of the S protein.

Significance StatementSARS-CoV-2 infection requires fusion of viral and host membranes, mediated by the viral spike glycoprotein (S). Due to the importance of viral membrane fusion, S has been a popular target for developing vaccines and therapeutics. We discovered a simple peptide that inhibits infection by all major variants of SARS-CoV-2 with nanomolar efficacies. In marked contrast, widely used shorter peptides that lack a key N-terminal extension are about 100 x less potent than this peptide. Our results suggest that a simple peptide with a suitable sequence can be a potent and cost-effective therapeutic against COVID-19 and they provide new insights at the virus entry mechanism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreutzberger, A. J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ojha, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuivanen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Couoh-Cardel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muratcioglu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisen, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, K. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Held, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramanian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcus, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfuetzner, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esquivies, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doyle, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuriyan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vapalahti, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balistreri, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirchhausen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunger, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.11.503553</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nanomolar inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 infection by an unmodified peptide targeting the pre-hairpin intermediate of the spike protein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.13.503842v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Atomistic simulations of the E. coli ribosome provide selection criteria for translationally active substrates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.13.503842v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As genetic code expansion advances beyond L--amino acids to backbone modifications and new polymerization chemistries, the field faces an increasingly broad challenge to discover what the ribosome can accommodate. Although the E. coli ribosome tolerates non-L--amino acids in vitro, few structural insights are available, and the boundary conditions for efficient bond formation are unknown. We describe a 2.1 [A] cryo-EM structure of the E. coli ribosome containing well-resolved -amino acid monomers coupled with a computational approach for which energy surface minima produced by metadynamics trend in agreement with established incorporation efficiencies. Reactive monomers across diverse structural classes favor a conformational space characterized by an A-site nucleophile to P-site carbonyl distance of < 4 [A] and a Burgi-Dunitz angle of 90-110{degrees}. Monomers whose free energy minima fall outside these regions do not react. Application of this model should accelerate the in vivo and in vitro ribosomal synthesis and application of sequence-defined, non-peptide heterooligomers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Watson, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knudson, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cate, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schepartz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abramyan, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.13.503842</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Atomistic simulations of the E. coli ribosome provide selection criteria for translationally active substrates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.15.501890v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
From Prediction to Action: Dissociable Roles of Ventral Tegmental Area and Substantia Nigra Dopamine Neurons in Instrumental Reinforcement 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.15.501890v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reward-seeking requires the coordination of motor programs to achieve goals. Midbrain dopamine neurons are critical for reinforcement and their activation is sufficient for learning about cues, actions, and outcomes. Here we examine in detail the mechanisms underlying the ability of ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra (SNc) dopamine neurons to support instrumental learning. By exploiting numerous behavioral tasks in combination with time-limited optogenetic manipulations, we reveal that VTA and SNc dopamine neurons generate reinforcement through separable psychological processes. VTA dopamine neurons imbue actions and their associated cues with motivational value that allows flexible and persistent pursuit whereas SNc dopamine neurons support time-limited, precise, action-specific learning that is non-scalable and inflexible. This architecture is reminiscent of actor-critic reinforcement learning models with VTA and SNc instructing the critic and actor, respectively. Our findings indicate that heterogeneous dopamine systems support unique forms of instrumental learning that ultimately result in disparate reward-seeking strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fraser, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pribut, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janak, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keiflin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.15.501890</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[From Prediction to Action: Dissociable Roles of Ventral Tegmental Area and Substantia Nigra Dopamine Neurons in Instrumental Reinforcement]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.16.504082v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modulation of xanthophyll cycle impacts biomass productivity in the marine microalga Nannochloropsis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.16.504082v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Life on earth depends on photosynthetic primary producers that exploit sunlight to fix CO2 into biomass. Approximately half of global primary production is associated with microalgae living in aquatic environments. Microalgae also represent a promising source of biomass to complement crop cultivation, and they could contribute to the development of a more sustainable bioeconomy. Photosynthetic organisms evolved multiple mechanisms involved in the regulation of photosynthesis to respond to highly variable environmental conditions. While essential to avoid photodamage, regulation of photosynthesis results in dissipation of absorbed light energy, generating a complex trade-off between protection from stress and light-use efficiency. This work investigates the impact of the xanthophyll cycle, the light-induced reversible conversion of violaxanthin into zeaxanthin, on the protection from excess light and on biomass productivity in the marine microalgae of the genus Nannochloropsis. Zeaxanthin is shown to have an essential role in protection from excess light, contributing to the induction of Non-Photochemical Quenching and scavenging of reactive oxygen species. On the other hand, the overexpression of Zeaxanthin Epoxidase, enables a faster re-conversion of zeaxanthin to violaxanthin that is shown to be advantageous for biomass productivity in dense cultures in photobioreactors. These results demonstrate that zeaxanthin accumulation is critical to respond to strong illumination, but it may lead to unnecessary energy losses in light-limiting conditions, and accelerating its re-conversion to violaxanthin provides an advantage for biomass productivity in microalgae.

Significance StatementThis work investigates the impact of the xanthophyll cycle in marine microalgae on the trade-off between photoprotection and light-use efficiency. Our results demonstrate that whilst zeaxanthin is essential for photoprotection upon exposure to strong illumination, it leads to unnecessary energy losses in light-limiting conditions and thus accelerating its re-conversion to violaxanthin provides an advantage for biomass productivity in microalgae.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Perin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyska, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niyogi, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morosinotto, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.16.504082</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modulation of xanthophyll cycle impacts biomass productivity in the marine microalga Nannochloropsis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.19.503518v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Allosteric Inhibition of the T Cell Receptor by a Designed Membrane Ligand 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.19.503518v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The T cell receptor (TCR) is a complex molecular machine that directs the activation of T cells, allowing the immune system to fight pathogens and cancer cells. Despite decades of investigation, the molecular mechanism of TCR activation is still controversial. One of the leading activation hypotheses is the allosteric model. This model posits that binding of pMHC at the extracellular domain triggers a dynamic change in the transmembrane (TM) domain of the TCR subunits, which leads to signaling at the cytoplasmic side. We sought to test this hypothesis by creating a TM ligand for TCR. Previously we described a method to create a soluble peptide capable of inserting into membranes and bind to the TM domain of the receptor tyrosine kinase EphA2 (Alves et al., eLife 2018). Here we show that the approach is generalizable to complex membrane receptors, by designing a membrane ligand for TCR. We observed that the designed peptide caused a reduction of Lck phosphorylation of TCR at the CD3{zeta} subunit. As a result, in the presence of this Peptide Inhibitor of TCR (PITCR), the proximal signaling cascade downstream of TCR activation was significantly dampened in T cells. Co-localization and co-immunoprecipitation results in DIBMA native nanodiscs confirmed that PITCR was able to bind to the TCR. We propose that PITCR binds into a crevice present between the TM helices of the CD3{zeta} and CD3{varepsilon}({delta}) subunits. Our results additionally indicate that PITCR disrupts the allosteric changes in the compactness of the TM bundle that occur upon TCR activation, lending support to the allosteric TCR activation model. The TCR inhibition achieved by PITCR might be useful to treat inflammatory and autoimmune diseases and to prevent organ transplant rejection, as in these conditions aberrant activation of TCR contributes to disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ye, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morita, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groves, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrera, F. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.19.503518</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Allosteric Inhibition of the T Cell Receptor by a Designed Membrane Ligand]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.22.504863v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Mesp1-dependent developmental breakpoint in transcriptional and epigenomic specification of early cardiac precursors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.22.504863v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcriptional networks governing cardiac precursor cell (CPC) specification are incompletely understood due in part to limitations in distinguishing CPCs from non-cardiac mesoderm in early gastrulation. We leveraged detection of early cardiac lineage transgenes within a granular single cell transcriptomic time course of mouse embryos to identify emerging CPCs and describe their transcriptional profiles. Mesp1, a transiently-expressed mesodermal transcription factor (TF), is canonically described as an early regulator of cardiac specification. However, we observed perdurance of CPC transgene-expressing cells in Mesp1 mutants, albeit mis-localized, prompting us to investigate the scope of Mesp1s role in CPC emergence and differentiation. Mesp1 mutant CPCs failed to robustly activate markers of cardiomyocyte maturity and critical cardiac TFs, yet they exhibited transcriptional profiles resembling cardiac mesoderm progressing towards cardiomyocyte fates. Single cell chromatin accessibility analysis defined a Mesp1-dependent developmental breakpoint in cardiac lineage progression at a shift from mesendoderm transcriptional networks to those necessary for cardiac patterning and morphogenesis. These results reveal Mesp1-independent aspects of early CPC specification and underscore a Mesp1-dependent regulatory landscape required for progression through cardiogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krup, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winchester, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranade, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agrawal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devine, W. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choudhary, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominguez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Black, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srivastava, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruneau, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.22.504863</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Mesp1-dependent developmental breakpoint in transcriptional and epigenomic specification of early cardiac precursors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.23.504847v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A dynamic sequence of visual processing initiated by gaze shifts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.23.504847v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals move their head and eyes as they explore and sample the visual scene. Previous studies have demonstrated neural correlates of head and eye movements in rodent primary visual cortex (V1), but the sources and computational roles of these signals are unclear. We addressed this by combining measurement of head and eye movements with high density neural recordings in freely moving mice. V1 neurons responded primarily to gaze shifts, where head movements are accompanied by saccadic eye movements, but not to head movements where compensatory eye movements stabilize gaze. A variety of activity patterns immediately followed gaze shifts, including units with positive, biphasic, or negative responses, and together these responses formed a temporal sequence following the gaze shift. These responses were greatly diminished in the dark for the vast majority of units, replaced by a uniform suppression of activity, and were similar to those evoked by sequentially flashed stimuli in head-fixed conditions, suggesting that gaze shift transients represent the temporal response to the rapid onset of new visual input. Notably, neurons responded in a sequence that matches their spatial frequency preference, from low to high spatial frequency tuning, consistent with coarse-to-fine processing of the visual scene following each gaze shift. Recordings in foveal V1 of freely gazing head-fixed marmosets revealed a similar sequence of temporal response following a saccade, as well as the progression of spatial frequency tuning. Together, our results demonstrate that active vision in both mice and marmosets consists of a dynamic temporal sequence of neural activity associated with visual sampling.

HighlightsO_LIDuring free movement, neurons in mouse V1 respond to head movements that are accompanied by a gaze-shifting saccadic eye movement, but not a compensatory eye movement.
C_LIO_LINeurons respond to gaze shifts with diverse temporal dynamics that form a sequence across the population, from early positive responses to biphasic and negative responses.
C_LIO_LIIn darkness, most neurons show a uniform suppression following a gaze shift.
C_LIO_LITemporal dynamics of responses correspond to a neurons temporal and spatial frequency preferences, consistent with a coarse-to-fine processing sequence.
C_LIO_LIA similar temporal sequence following saccades is observed in foveal V1 of freely gazing head-fixed marmosets, demonstrating shared aspects of active visual processing across species.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parker, P. R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martins, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonard, E. S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casey, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharp, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abe, E. T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smear, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yates, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niell, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.23.504847</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A dynamic sequence of visual processing initiated by gaze shifts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.23.504990v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gene amplification mutations originate prior to selective stress in Acinetobacter baylyi 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.23.504990v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The controversial theory of adaptive amplification states gene amplification mutations are induced by selective environments where they are enriched due to the stress caused by growth restriction on unadapted cells. We tested this theory with three independent assays using an Acinetobacter baylyi model system that exclusively selects for cat gene amplification mutants. Our results demonstrate all cat gene amplification mutant colonies arise through a multistep process. While the late steps occur during selection exposure, these mutants derive from low-level amplification mutant cells that form before growth-inhibiting selection is imposed. During selection, these partial mutants undergo multiple secondary steps generating higher amplification over several days to multiple weeks to eventually form visible high-copy amplification colonies. Based on these findings, amplification in this Acinetobacter system can be explained by a natural selection process that does not require a stress response. These findings have fundamental implications to understanding the role of growth-limiting selective environments on cancer development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reams, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrmann, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koprowska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winters, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villanueva, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikityuk, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pek, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reis, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominguez, C. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McPherson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocco, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Recendez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Difuntorum, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faeth, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awwad, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghobashy, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cappiello, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neidle, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinones-Soto, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.23.504990</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gene amplification mutations originate prior to selective stress in Acinetobacter baylyi]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.24.505169v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human anti-ACE2 monoclonal antibodies as pan-sarbecovirus prophylactic agents 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.24.505169v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human monoclonal antibodies from convalescent individuals that target the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein have been deployed as therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2. However, nearly all of these antibodies have been rendered obsolete by SARS-CoV-2 variants that evolved to resist similar, naturally occurring antibodies. Here, we describe the development of human monoclonal antibodies that bind the ACE2 receptor rather than the viral spike protein. These antibodies block infection by all ACE2 binding sarbecoviruses, including emergent SARS-CoV-2 variants. Structural and biochemical analyses revealed that the antibodies target an ACE2 epitope that engages SARS-CoV-2 spike. Importantly, the antibodies do not inhibit ACE2 enzymatic activity, nor do they induce ACE depletion from cell surfaces. The antibodies exhibit favorable pharmacology and protect human ACE2 knock-in mice against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Such antibodies should be useful prophylactic and treatment agents against any current and future SARS-CoV-2 variants, as well as ACE2-binding sarbecoviruses that might emerge as future pandemic threats.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Carvalho, R. V. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakandakari-Higa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abernathy, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nyakatura, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lebedeva, I. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorenz, I. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffmann, H.- H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rice, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Victora, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, C. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatziioannou, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bieniasz, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.24.505169</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human anti-ACE2 monoclonal antibodies as pan-sarbecovirus prophylactic agents]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.25.504005v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Jagged1 overexpression on T cells induces thymic regulatory T cells leading to thymic involution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.25.504005v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We previously described a mouse model, tg66, with a severe defect resulting in diminished thymic size and complete involution by early adulthood. In the current study, we identified overexpression of Jagged1 as a mechanism for the alterations in thymic development in tg66 mice. T cells in the tg66 thymus were skewed towards CD8+ T cells, and within the CD4+ T cell compartment there was an over-representation of Foxp3+ cells. Regulatory Foxp3+ T cells (Tregs) isolated from tg66 mice had increased ST2 and CD103 expression. These Tregs could suppress proliferation to the same extent as conventional Tregs. Corroborating these results, tg66 mice were resistant to experimental induction of neuroinflammation in a common animal model for multiple sclerosis (EAE). Using bone marrow chimeras, we recorded a stark reduction in the number of thymocytes and a corresponding increase in Tregs in the thymus of mice receiving tg66 bone marrow. Conversely, through blocking Jagged1, the number of thymocytes was significantly increased, being concomitantly associated with a drop in the frequency of Tregs. We conclude that Tregs may play a role in thymic involution and could explain early thymic involution or loss as it is observed in diseases of thymic atrophy such as Down syndrome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kritikou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Pascual, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz-Miranda, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vashist, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Assarsson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominguez-Villar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yagita, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Cozar, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riese, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ljunggrean, H.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chambers, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.25.504005</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Jagged1 overexpression on T cells induces thymic regulatory T cells leading to thymic involution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.25.505359v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A megaprotein-based molecular bridge critical for lipid trafficking and cold resilience 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.25.505359v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells adapt to cold by increasing levels of unsaturated phospholipids and membrane fluidity through homeostatic mechanisms conserved in nearly all forms of life. As most eukaryotic enzymes for lipid synthesis and desaturation localize on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes, it remains unknown how ER-resident lipids rapidly distribute to plasma membranes (PM). Here we report an exceptionally large and evolutionarily conserved protein LPD-3 in C. elegans that plays critical roles in lipid trafficking and cold resilience. We identified lpd-3 mutants in a mutagenesis screen for genetic suppressors of the lipid desaturase FAT-7, and found that the 452 kDa megaprotein LPD-3 bridges ER and PM, consisting of a structurally predicted hydrophobic tunnel for lipid trafficking. Loss of LPD-3 caused abnormal cellular distribution of phospholipids, diminished FAT-7 abundance, and organismic vulnerability to cold. These phenotypic defects of lpd-3 mutants were rescued by Lecithin comprising unsaturated phospholipids. Importantly, we found that deficient lpd-3 homologues in Zebrafish and mammalian cells led to defects similar to those observed in C. elegans. As mutations in KIAA1109/BLTP1, the human orthologue of lpd-3, cause Alkuraya-Kucinskas syndrome, we propose that the LPD-3 family proteins may serve as evolutionarily conserved "highway bridges" critical for ER-associated non-vesicular trafficking of lipids and resilience to cold stress in eukaryotic cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sima, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassik, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vale, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.25.505359</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A megaprotein-based molecular bridge critical for lipid trafficking and cold resilience]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.26.505340v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Combined single-sample metabolomics and RNAseq reveals a hepatic pyrimidine metabolic response to acute viral infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.26.505340v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveMetabolomics and RNA sequencing (RNAseq) each provide powerful readouts of phenotype, and integration of these data can provide information greater than the sum of their parts. The ability to conduct such analysis on a single sample has many practical advantages, especially when dealing with rare or difficult-to-obtain samples. While methods exist to isolate multiple biomolecular subclasses from the same sample, in-depth analysis of the suitability of these approaches for multi- omics readouts is lacking.

MethodsMice were injected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) or vehicle (Veh) control and liver tissue was harvested 2.5-days later. RNA was isolated from aliquots of pulverized liver tissue either following metabolite extraction using 80% methanol (MetRNA) or directly from frozen tissue (RNA). RNA sequencing data was evaluated by differential expression analysis via edgeR and dispersion using Ginis mean differences. Differential metabolite abundance was assessed using LIMMA. Pathway enrichment analysis was conducted on metabolomics and RNAseq data using MetaboAnalysts joint-integration tools.

ResultsPrior metabolite extraction had no deleterious effects on quality or quantity of isolated RNA. RNA and MetRNA generated from the same sample clustered together by principal component analysis, indicating that inter-individual differences were the largest source of variance. Of the 2,169 genes that were differentially expressed between LCMV and Veh, the vast majority (n=1,848) were shared between extraction method, with the remainder evenly divided between RNA (n=165) and MetRNA (n=156). These differentially expressed genes unique to extraction method were attributed to randomness around the false discovery rate (FDR) = 0.05 cutoff and stochastic changes in variance estimation. Gini analysis further revealed that extraction method had no effect on the dispersion of detected transcripts across the entire dataset. To demonstrate the power of multi-omics integration on interrogated metabolic phenotypes, we next performed integrated pathway enrichment analysis on RNAseq data and metabolomics data. Our analysis revealed pyrimidine metabolism as the most impacted pathway by LCMV infection. Plotting up- and down-regulated genes and metabolites on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pyrimidine pathway exposed a pattern enzymatic degradation of pyrimidine nucleotides to generate the nucleobase uracil. Further, uracil was among the most differentially abundant metabolite in serum of LCMV infected mice, suggesting a novel mechanism of hepatic uracil export in acute infection response.

ConclusionsWe demonstrate that prior metabolite extraction does not have a deleterious effect on RNAseq quality, which enables investigators to confidently perform metabolomics and RNAseq on the same sample. Implementation of this approach revealed a novel involvement of the hepatic pyrimidine metabolism during acute viral infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Madaj, Z. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahabieh, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamalumpundi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muhire, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pettinga, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siwicki, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellis, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isaguirre, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escobar Galvis, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeCamp, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Givan, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheldon, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.26.505340</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Combined single-sample metabolomics and RNAseq reveals a hepatic pyrimidine metabolic response to acute viral infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.26.505350v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A small molecule screen reveals the essentiality of p38 kinase for choanoflagellate cell proliferation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.26.505350v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animal kinases regulate cellular responses to environmental stimuli, including cell differentiation, migration, survival, and response to stress, but the ancestry of these functions is poorly understood. Choanoflagellates, the closest living relatives of animals, encode homologs of diverse animal kinases and have emerged as model organisms for reconstructing animal origins. However, efforts to identify key kinase regulators in choanoflagellates have been constrained by the limitations of currently available genetic tools. Here, we report on a framework that combines small molecule-driven kinase discovery with targeted genetics to reveal kinase function in choanoflagellates. To study the physiological roles of choanoflagellate kinases, we established two high-throughput platforms to screen the model choanoflagellate Salpingoeca rosetta with a curated library of human kinase inhibitors. We identified 95 diverse kinase inhibitors that disrupt S. rosetta cell proliferation. By focusing on one inhibitor, sorafenib, we identified a p38 kinase as a regulator of the heat shock response in S. rosetta. This finding reveals a conserved p38 function between choanoflagellates, animals, and fungi. Moreover, this study demonstrates that existing kinase inhibitors can serve as powerful tools to examine the ancestral roles of kinases that regulate modern animal development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rutaganira, F. U. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scopton, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.26.505350</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A small molecule screen reveals the essentiality of p38 kinase for choanoflagellate cell proliferation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.26.505372v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep surveys of transcriptional modules with Massive Associative Kbiclustering (MAK) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.26.505372v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biclustering can reveal functional patterns in common biological data such as gene expression. Biclusters are ordered submatrices of a larger matrix that represent coherent data patterns. A critical requirement for biclusters is high coherence across a subset of columns, where coherence is defined as a fit to a mathematical model of similarity or correlation. Biclustering, though powerful, is NP-hard, and existing biclustering methods implement a wide variety of approximations to achieve tractable solutions for real world datasets. High bicluster coherence becomes more computationally expensive to achieve with high dimensional data, due to the search space size and because the number, size, and overlap of biclusters tends to increase. This complicates an already difficult problem and leads existing methods to find smaller, less coherent biclusters.

Our unsupervised Massive Associative K-biclustering (MAK) approach corrects this size bias while preserving high bicluster coherence both on simulated datasets with known ground truth and on real world data without, where we apply a new measure to evaluate biclustering. Moreover, MAK jointly maximizes bicluster coherence with biological enrichment and finds the most enriched biological functions. Another long-standing problem with these methods is the overwhelming data signal related to ribosomal functions and protein production, which can drown out signals for less common but therefore more interesting functions. MAK reports the second-most enriched non-protein production functions, with higher bicluster coherence and arrayed across a large number of biclusters, demonstrating its ability to alleviate this biological bias and thus reflect the mediation of multiple biological processes rather than recruitment of processes to a small number of major cell activities. Finally, compared to the union of results from 11 top biclustering methods, MAK finds 21 novel S. cerevisiae biclusters. MAK can generate high quality biclusters in large biological datasets, including simultaneous integration of up to four distinct biological data types.

Author summaryBiclustering can reveal functional patterns in common biological data such as gene expression. A critical requirement for biclusters is high coherence across a subset of columns, where coherence is defined as a fit to a mathematical model of similarity or correlation. Biclustering, though powerful, is NP-hard, and existing biclustering methods implement a wide variety of approximations to achieve tractable solutions for real world datasets. This complicates an already difficult problem and leads existing biclustering methods to find smaller and less coherent biclusters. Using the MAK methodology we can correct the bicluster size bias while preserving high bicluster coherence on simulated datasets with known ground truth as well as real world datasets, where we apply a new data driven bicluster set score. MAK jointly maximizes bicluster coherence with biological enrichment and finds more enriched biological functions, including other than protein production. These functions are arrayed across a large number of MAK biclusters, demonstrating ability to alleviate this biological bias and reflect the mediation of multiple biological processes rather than recruitment of processes to a small number of major cell activities. MAK can generate high quality biclusters in large biological datasets, including simultaneous integration of up to four distinct biological data types.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Joachimiak, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuglus, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salamzade, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Laan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.26.505372</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep surveys of transcriptional modules with Massive Associative Kbiclustering (MAK)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.30.505937v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extending Conway's Game of Life 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.30.505937v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We introduce an extension to Conways Game of Life (GoL) that allows more than 2 states (dead/alive; 0/1) to be specified. State 0 is reserved for dead or lifeless cells, and states 1 to n - 1 for cells that are "alive." Associated with state{sigma} is the value v{sigma} of cells such that v0 = 0, v1 = 1, and for{sigma} = 2, ..., n - 1 the cell value v{sigma} is free to be assigned any positive integer value. The value Vij of the Moore neighborhood surrounding cells at array locations (i, j) (i = 1, ..., r rows, j = 1, ..., c) is the sum of state values of the 8 cells that touch the cell at location (i, j) (4 north, south, east and west side cells and 4 NE, NW, SE, and SW corner cells; except for boundary cells, which have 5 neighbors on an edge or 3 neighbors on a corner, and noting that torroidal arrays have no boundaries). The game is based on a set of rules involving the values Vij that determine whether cells at locations (i, j) in state{sigma} , stay in this state or progress to state{sigma} + 1,{sigma} = 0, ..., n - 2, or die (remain dead in the case of dead cells). Specifically, for two non-negative constants 0 [&le;] p{sigma}L [&le;] p{sigma}U, if Vij < p{sigma}L, Vij [isin] [p{sigma}L, p{sigma}U] or Vij > p{sigma}U then a cell in state{sigma} at location (i, j) respectively stays in state{sigma} , progresses to state{sigma} + 1, or dies. In this paper, we illustrate some of the properties of such games of life with three, four and six states, identifying still-life, oscillator, glider and replicator pattern sequences. We also examine the long term behavior of patterns arising from random and regular (stripped diagonals) starting configurations, as well as set-piece motifs. Most importantly, we introduce two freely downloadable, Numerus runtime alterable model platforms (Numerus RAMPs) that can be used to simulate the three and four state GoLs discussed in this paper, and provide a guide on how these RAMPs can be used to explore the behavior of our GoLs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Getz, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salter, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.30.505937</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extending Conway's Game of Life]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.31.506083v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A two-compartment system for subfreezing temperatures preservation of large volumes of organic matter in an isochoric system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.31.506083v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This is a technology paper on the design of and test results from an 11-liter isochoric (constant volume) chamber, for the preservation of large, organs in a supercooled state. Details of the design are given, as well as a proof that the chamber is isochoric. Five repeats show that in this large chamber, ice nucleation of steam distilled water occurs at - 2 {degrees}C within less than 12 hours, in all the repeats. An examination of the experimental results suggests that the ice nucleation starts on the inner walls of the isochoric chamber. A new two compartment isochoric chamber was designed to reduces the probability of ice nucleation on the walls of the chamber. In the two-compartment system, the biological matter and the preservation fluid are introduced in a sealed low-density polyethylene bag, and placed in the center of the isochoric chamber, in such a way that the bag does not touch the walls. The space between the inner walls of the isochoric chamber and the outer walls of the bag are filled with a fluid with a composition that does not freeze at the storage temperature. Three repeat experiments with steam distilled water and with in vitro pig liver show that with this technique, the system remained supercooled, without any ice nucleation for the duration of the experiments. Experiments were voluntary terminated at 48 hours of supercooling. This new technology may hold promise for long term preservation of large biological organs in a supercooled state, without the use of any chemical additives.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nastase, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Botea, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beschea, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campean, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barcu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popescu, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubinsky, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serban, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.31.506083</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A two-compartment system for subfreezing temperatures preservation of large volumes of organic matter in an isochoric system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.02.506384v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Divergent microbial traits influence the transformation of living versus dead root inputs to soil carbon 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.02.506384v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Soil microorganisms influence the global carbon cycle by transforming plant inputs into soil organic carbon (SOC), but the microbial traits that facilitate this process are unresolved. While current theory and biogeochemical models suggest microbial carbon-use efficiency and growth rate are positive predictors of SOC, recent observations demonstrate these relationships can be positive, negative, or neutral. To parse these contradictory effects, we used a 13C-labeling experiment to test whether different microbial traits influenced the transformation of plant C into SOC within the microbial habitats surrounding living root inputs (rhizosphere) versus decaying root litter (detritusphere), under both normal soil moisture and droughted conditions. In the rhizosphere, bacterial-dominated communities with fast growth, high carbon-use efficiency, and high production of extracellular polymeric substances formed microbial-derived SOC under normal moisture conditions. However, in the detritusphere - and the rhizosphere under drought - more fungal-dominated communities with slower growth but higher exoenzyme activity formed plant-derived SOC. These findings emphasize that microbial traits linked with SOC accrual are not universal, but contingent on how microorganisms allocate carbon under different resource conditions and environmental stressors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sokol, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foley, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blazewicz, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battacharyya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estera-Molina, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firestone, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenlon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hungate, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimbrel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liquet, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lafler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marple, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nico, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slessarev, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pett-Ridge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.02.506384</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Divergent microbial traits influence the transformation of living versus dead root inputs to soil carbon]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.05.506590v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rad51-mediated interhomolog recombination during budding yeast meiosis is promoted by the meiotic recombination checkpoint and the conserved Pif1 helicase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.05.506590v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During meiosis, recombination between homologous chromosomes (homologs) generates crossovers that promote proper segregation at the first meiotic division. Recombination is initiated by Spo11-catalyzed double strand breaks (DSBs). 5 end resection of the DSBs creates 3 single strand tails that two recombinases, Rad51 and Dmc1, bind to form presynaptic filaments that search for homology, mediate strand invasion and generate displacement loops (D-loops). D-loop processing then forms crossover and non-crossover recombinants. Meiotic recombination occurs in two temporally distinct phases. During Phase 1, Rad51 is inhibited and Dmc1 mediates the interhomolog recombination that promotes homolog synapsis. In Phase 2, Rad51 becomes active and functions with Rad54 to repair residual DSBs, making increasing use of sister chromatids. The transition from Phase 1 to Phase 2 is controlled by the meiotic recombination checkpoint through the meiosis-specific effector kinase Mek1. This work shows that constitutive activation of Rad51 in Phase 1 results in a subset of DSBs being repaired by a Rad51-mediated interhomolog recombination pathway that is distinct from that of Dmc1. Strand invasion intermediates generated by Rad51 require more time to be processed into recombinants, resulting in a meiotic recombination checkpoint delay in prophase I. Without the checkpoint, Rad51-generated intermediates are more likely to be repaired using a sister chromatid, thereby increasing Meiosis I chromosome nondisjunction. This Rad51 interhomolog recombination pathway is specifically promoted by the conserved 5-3 helicase PIF1 and its paralog, RRM3 and requires Pif1 helicase activity and its interaction with PCNA. This work demonstrates that (1) inhibition of Rad51 during Phase 1 is important to prevent competition with Dmc1 for DSB repair, (2) Rad51-mediated meiotic recombination intermediates are initially processed differently than those made by Dmc1, (3) the meiotic recombination checkpoint provides time during prophase 1 for processing of Rad51-generated recombination intermediates.

AUTHOR SUMMARYTo sexually reproduce, cells containing two copies of each chromosome must undergo the specialized cell division of meiosis to sort the chromosomes into gametes containing a single copy of each chromosome. But how do homologous chromosomes know who is who? The answer is by recombination, a process in which double strand breaks on one chromosome are converted to single stranded ends that can search for the complementary sequence on the homolog. In yeast and mammals, this homology search involves binding of single strand ends by two highly conserved recombinases, Rad51 and the meiosis specific Dmc1. Rad51 is used in mitotic cells to repair breaks, primarily using sister chromatids as templates, while Dmc1 functions in meiosis to generate interhomolog crossovers. In budding yeast, Rad51 strand exchange activity is normally inhibited while Dmc1 is active. We show here that when Rad51 and Dmc1 are active at the same time, Rad51 competes with Dmc1 to mediate interhomolog recombination of a subset of double strand breaks. However, because Rad51- generated recombination intermediates take longer to process, there is a need to keep Rad51 inactive while interhomolog recombination is occurring.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ziesel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahuja, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutta, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Börner, G. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lichten, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hollingsworth, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.05.506590</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rad51-mediated interhomolog recombination during budding yeast meiosis is promoted by the meiotic recombination checkpoint and the conserved Pif1 helicase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.06.506725v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bayesian inference of admixture graphs on Native American and Arctic populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.06.506725v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Admixture graphs are mathematical structures that describe the ancestry of populations in terms of divergence and merging (admixing) of ancestral populations as a graph. An admixture graph consists of a graph topology, branch lengths, and admixture proportions. The branch lengths and admixture proportions can be estimated using numerous numerical optimization methods, but inferring the topology involves a combinatorial search for which no polynomial algorithm is known. In this paper, we present a reversible jump MCMC algorithm for sampling high-probability admixture graphs and show that this approach works well both as a heuristic search for a single best-fitting graph and for summarizing shared features extracted from posterior samples of graphs. We apply the method to 11 Native American and Siberian populations and exploit the shared structure of high-probability graphs to address the relationship between Saqqaq, Inuit, Koryaks, and Athabascans. Our analyses show that the Saqqaq is not a good proxy for the previously identified gene flow from Arctic people into the Na-Dene speaking Athabascans.

Author SummaryOne way of summarizing historical relationships between genetic samples is by constructing an admixture graph. An admixture graph describes the demographic history of a set of populations as a directed acyclic graph representing population splits and mergers. The inference of admixture graphs is currently done via greedy search algorithms that may fail to find the global optimum. We here improve on these approaches by developing a novel MCMC sampling method, AdmixtureBayes, that can sample from the posterior distribution of admixture graphs. This enables an efficient search of the entire state space as well as the ability to report a level of confidence in the sampled graphs. We apply AdmixtureBayes to a set of Native American and Arctic genomes to reconstruct the demographic history of these populations and report posterior probabilities of specific admixture events. While some previous studies have identified the ancient Saqqaq culture as a source of introgression into Athabascans, we instead find that it is the Siberian Koryak population, not the Saqqaq, that serves as the best proxy for gene flow into Athabascans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaughn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leppälä, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landis, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mailund, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.06.506725</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bayesian inference of admixture graphs on Native American and Arctic populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.07.507005v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Actin-driven protrusions generate rapid long-range membrane tension propagation in cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.07.507005v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Membrane tension is thought to be a long-range integrator of cell physiology. This role necessitates effective tension transmission across the cell. However, the field remains strongly divided as to whether cell membranes support or resist tension propagation, in part due to a lack of adequate tools for locally manipulating membrane tension. We overcome these limitations by leveraging optogenetics to generate localized actinbased protrusions while concurrently monitoring the propagation of membrane tension using dual-trap optical tweezers. Surprisingly, actin-driven protrusions elicit rapid global membrane tension propagation with little to no attenuation, while forces applied to the cell membrane only do not. We present a simple unifying mechanical model in which mechanical forces that act on both the membrane and actin cortex drive rapid, robust membrane tension propagation.

SummaryMechanical perturbations acting on both actin cortex and plasma membrane drive global membrane tension increase within seconds
]]></description>
<dc:creator>De Belly, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borja da Rocha, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ichbiah, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Town, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turlier, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustamante, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, O. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.07.507005</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Actin-driven protrusions generate rapid long-range membrane tension propagation in cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.08.507006v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activity in primate visual cortex is minimally driven by spontaneous movements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.08.507006v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Organisms process sensory information in the context of their own moving bodies, an idea referred to as embodiment. This idea is important for developmental neuroscience, and increasingly plays a role in robotics and systems neuroscience. The mechanisms that support such embodiment are unknown, but a manifestation could be the observation in mice of brain-wide neuromodulation, including in the primary visual cortex, driven by task-irrelevant spontaneous body movements. Here we tested this hypothesis in macaque monkeys, a primate model for human vision, by simultaneously recording visual cortex activity and facial and body movements. Activity in the visual cortex (V1, V2, V3/V3A) was associated with the animals own movements, but this modulation was largely explained by the impact of the movements on the retinal image. These results suggest that embodiment in primate vision may be realized by input provided by the eyes themselves.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thalluri, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazere, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinn, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaliss, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yates, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butts, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nienborg, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.08.507006</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activity in primate visual cortex is minimally driven by spontaneous movements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.08.507180v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A membrane-associated light harvesting model is enabled by functionalized assemblies of gene-doubled TMV proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.08.507180v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Photosynthetic light harvesting requires efficient energy transfer within dynamic networks of light harvesting complexes embedded within phospholipid membranes. Artificial light harvesting models are valuable tools for understanding the structural features underpinning energy absorption and transfer within chromophore arrays. Most artificial light harvesting complexes are static or in the solution phase, rather than in a two-dimensional fluid environment as in natural photosynthesis. We have developed a method for attaching a protein-based light harvesting model to a supported lipid bilayer (SLB), which provides an extended fluid membrane surface stably associated with a solid substrate. The protein model consisted of the tobacco mosaic viral capsid proteins (TMV) that were gene-doubled to create a tandem dimer (dTMV). Assemblies of dTMV were shown to break the facial symmetry of the double disk to allow for differentiation between the disk faces. Single reactive lysine and cysteine residues were incorporated into opposing surfaces of each monomer of the dTMV assemblies. This allowed for the site-selective attachment of both chromophores for light absorption and a peptide for attachment to the SLB. A cysteine modification strategy using the enzyme tyrosinase was employed for the bioconjugation of a peptide containing a polyhistidine tag for association with SLBs. The dual-modified dTMV complexes showed significant association with SLBs and exhibited mobility on the bilayer. The techniques used herein offer a new method for protein-surface attachment and provide a platform for evaluating excited state energy transfer events in a dynamic, fully synthetic artificial light harvesting system.

Significance StatementHere we have constructed a model photosynthetic membrane containing proteins, chromophores, lipids, and aqueous components, all of which can be modified in their composition. This model is based on an asymmetric disk assembly consisting of engineered tandem dimers of the tobacco mosaic viral capsid protein (dTMV). We have developed methods to achieve dye conjugation and attachment of a supported lipid bilayers (SLB) site selectively on distinct protein surfaces. These dye-labeled protein complexes exhibit mobility on the SLB, resulting in a dynamic model of light harvesting membranes using entirely synthetic components. Additionally, this unique asymmetric assembly of TMV and the facile methods for protein functionalization are expected to expand the tunability of model light harvesting systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilhelm, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bischoff, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dedeo, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Almedina, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groves, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francis, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.08.507180</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A membrane-associated light harvesting model is enabled by functionalized assemblies of gene-doubled TMV proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.09.507123v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanism of small molecule inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum myosin A informs antimalarial drug design 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.09.507123v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Malaria is responsible for more than a half million deaths per year. The Plasmodium parasites responsible continue to develop resistance to all known agents, despite treatment with different antimalarial combinations. The atypical Myosin A motor (PfMyoA) is part of a core macromolecular complex called the glideosome, essential for Plasmodium parasite mobility and therefore an attractive drug target. Here, we characterize the interaction of a small molecule (KNX-002) with PfMyoA. KNX-002 inhibits PfMyoA ATPase activity in vitro and blocks asexual blood stage growth of merozoites, one of three motile Plasmodium life-cycle stages. Combining biochemical assays, X-ray crystallography and molecular dynamics, we demonstrate that KNX-002 targets a novel pocket in PfMyoA, sequestering it in a post-rigor state detached from actin. KNX-002 binding affects Mg2+ coordination near ATP, preventing ATP hydrolysis and thus inhibiting motor activity. This first-in-class small-molecule inhibitor of PfMyoA paves the way for developing a new generation of antimalarial treatments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moussaoui, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robblee, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auguin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fagnant, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacFarlane, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaletzky, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wehri, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller-Dieckmann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baum, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert-Paganin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trybus, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houdusse, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.09.507123</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanism of small molecule inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum myosin A informs antimalarial drug design]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.09.507210v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of KNX-002, a novel inhibitor of Toxoplasma motility targeting the Class XIV myosin, TgMyoA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.09.507210v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Toxoplasma gondii is a widespread apicomplexan parasite that can cause severe disease in its human hosts. The ability of T. gondii and other apicomplexan parasites to invade into, egress from, and move between cells of the hosts they infect is critical to parasite virulence and disease progression. An unusual and highly conserved parasite myosin motor (TgMyoA) plays a central role in T. gondii motility. The goal of this work was to test whether pharmacological inhibition of TgMyoA can alter disease progression in an animal model of infection. To this end, we sought to identify small molecule inhibitors of TgMyoA by screening a collection of 50,000 structurally diverse small molecules for inhibitors of the recombinant motors actin-activated ATPase activity. The top hit to emerge from the screen, KNX-002, inhibited TgMyoA with little to no effect on any of the vertebrate myosins tested. KNX-002 was also active against parasites, inhibiting parasite motility and growth in culture in a dose-dependent manner. We used chemical mutagenesis, selection in KNX-002, and targeted sequencing to identify a mutation in TgMyoA (T130A) that renders the recombinant motor less sensitive to compound. Compared to wild-type parasites, parasites expressing the T130A mutation showed reduced sensitivity to KNX-002 in motility and growth assays, confirming TgMyoA as a biologically relevant target of KNX-002. Finally, KNX-002 was shown to slow disease progression in mice infected with wild-type parasites, but not parasites expressing the resistance-conferring TgMyoA T130A mutation. These data demonstrate the specificity of KNX-002 for TgMyoA, both in vitro and in vivo, and validate TgMyoA as a druggable target for toxoplasmosis. Since TgMyoA is essential for virulence, conserved in apicomplexan parasites, and distinctly different from the myosins found in humans, pharmacological inhibition of MyoA offers a promising new approach to treating the devastating diseases caused by T. gondii and other apicomplexan parasites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kelsen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kent, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wehri, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishop, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stadler, R. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rompikuntal, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boulanger, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warshaw, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westwood, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaletzky, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.09.507210</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of KNX-002, a novel inhibitor of Toxoplasma motility targeting the Class XIV myosin, TgMyoA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.09.507361v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cik1 and Vik1 Accessory Proteins Confer Distinct Functions to the Kinesin-14, Kar3 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.09.507361v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has a closed mitosis in which the mitotic spindle and cytoplasmic microtubules (MTs) used to segregate chromosomes remain separated by the nuclear envelope throughout the cell cycle. Kar3, the yeast kinesin-14, has unique roles in both compartments and has been implicated in capturing unattached kinetochores, stabilizing crosslinked interpolar microtubules (MT), and creating intranuclear and cytoplasmic MT arrays at the spindle pole body for kinetochore capture and karyogamy, respectively. Here, we show that two proteins, Cik1 and Vik1, that form heterodimers with Kar3, regulate its localization and function within the cell and along MTs in a cell cycle-dependent manner. Using a cell cycle synchronized, yeast MT dynamics reconstitution assay in cell lysate, we found that Kar3Vik1 induces MT catastrophes in S phase and metaphase and limits MT polymerization in G1 and anaphase. In contrast, Kar3Cik1 is a catastrophe and pause promoter in G1, while increasing catastrophes in metaphase and anaphase. Adapting this assay to track single-molecules, we saw that Kar3Cik1 is necessary for tracking MT plus-ends in S phase and metaphase, but, surprisingly, not during anaphase. These experiments demonstrate how the binding partners of Kar3 modulate its diverse functions both spatially and temporally.

SUMMARY STATEMENTWe show through biochemical reconstitution experiments and live-cell imaging that the functions and localization of the budding yeast kinesin-14, Kar3, are dictated by which of its two accessory protein binding partners, Cik1 or Vik1, it binds to and by the cell cycle stage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bergman, Z. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drubin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.09.507361</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cik1 and Vik1 Accessory Proteins Confer Distinct Functions to the Kinesin-14, Kar3]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.11.507465v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Trajectory classification method for anchored molecular motor-biopolymer interactions in the C. elegans first mitosis. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.11.507465v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During zygotic mitosis, forces generated at the cell cortex are required for the separation and migration of paternally provided centrosomes, pronuclear migration, proper segregation of genetic material, and successful cell division. Identification of individual cortical force generating units in vivo is necessary to study the regulation of microtubule dependent force generation throughout the cell cycle, to further understanding of asymmetric cell division, and to identify the molecular mechanism of force generation. Here we present a method to determine both the location and relative number of microtubule dependent cortical force generating units using single molecule imaging of fluorescently labelled dynein. Dynein behavior is modeled to differentiate and categorize trajectories that correspond to that which is cortically bound and interacting with a microtubule, and is cortically bound and not interacting with a microtubule. The categorization strategy recapitulates well known force asymmetries in the first mitosis of the C. elegans embryo. To evaluate the robustness of categorization, we RNAi depleted the microtubule subunit TBA-2 resulting in reduction of the number of trajectories categorized as engaged with a microtubule. This technique will be a valuable tool to provide new insight to the molecular mechanisms of dynein cortical force generation and its regulation as well as other instances wherein anchored motors interact with biopolymers (eg. Actin, tubulin, DNA).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Linehan, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boudreau, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maddox, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.11.507465</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Trajectory classification method for anchored molecular motor-biopolymer interactions in the C. elegans first mitosis.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.13.507852v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IL-10 suppresses T cell expansion while promoting tissue-resident memory cell formation during SARS-CoV-2 infection in rhesus macaques 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.13.507852v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The pro- and anti-inflammatory pathways that determine the balance of inflammation and viral control during SARS-CoV-2 infection are not well understood. Here we examine the roles of IFN{gamma} and IL-10 in regulating inflammation, immune cell responses and viral replication during SARS-CoV-2 infection of rhesus macaques. IFN{gamma} blockade tended to decrease lung inflammation based on 18FDG-PET/CT imaging but had no major impact on innate lymphocytes, neutralizing antibodies, or antigen-specific T cells. In contrast, IL-10 blockade transiently increased lung inflammation and enhanced accumulation of virus-specific T cells in the lower airways. However, IL-10 blockade also inhibited the differentiation of virus-specific T cells into airway CD69+CD103+ TRM cells. While virus-specific T cells were undetectable in the nasal mucosa of all groups, IL-10 blockade similarly reduced the frequency of total TRM cells in the nasal mucosa. Neither cytokine blockade substantially affected viral load and infection ultimately resolved. Thus, in the macaque model of mild COVID-19, the pro- and anti-inflammatory effects of IFN{gamma} and IL-10 have no major role in control of viral replication. However, IL-10 has a key role in suppressing the accumulation of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in the lower airways, while also promoting TRM at respiratory mucosal surfaces.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nelson, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foreman, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kauffman, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakai, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleegle, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>NIAID/DIR Tuberculosis Imaging Program,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Nouen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burdette, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garza, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lafont, B. A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arlehamn, C. S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiskopf, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sette, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hickman, H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchhholz, U. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenchley, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Via, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barber, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.13.507852</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IL-10 suppresses T cell expansion while promoting tissue-resident memory cell formation during SARS-CoV-2 infection in rhesus macaques]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.01.510447v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modulation of tooth regeneration through opposing responses to Wnt and BMP signals in teleosts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.01.510447v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most vertebrate species undergo tooth replacement throughout adult life. This process is marked by the shedding of existing teeth and the regeneration of tooth organs. However, little is known about the genetic circuitry regulating tooth replacement. Here we tested whether fish orthologs of genes known to regulate mammalian hair regeneration have effects on tooth replacement. Using two fish species that demonstrate distinct modes of tooth regeneration, threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) and zebrafish (Danio rerio), we found that transgenic overexpression of four different genes changed tooth replacement rates in direction predicted by a hair regeneration model: Wnt10a and Grem2a increased tooth replacement rate, while Bmp6 and Dkk2 strongly inhibited tooth formation. Thus, similar to known roles in hair regeneration, Wnt and BMP signals promote and inhibit regeneration, respectively. Regulation of total tooth number was separable from regulation of replacement rates. RNA-seq on stickleback dental tissue showed that Bmp6 overexpression resulted in an upregulation of Wnt inhibitors. Together these data support a model where different epithelial organs like teeth and hair share genetic circuitry driving organ regeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Square, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackey, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundaram, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.01.510447</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modulation of tooth regeneration through opposing responses to Wnt and BMP signals in teleosts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.14.511948v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ULTRAFAST STRUCTURAL CHANGES DIRECT THE FIRST MOLECULAR EVENTS OF VISION 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.14.511948v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vision is initiated by the rhodopsin family of light-sensitive G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). A photon is absorbed by the 11-cis retinal chromophore of rhodopsin which isomerises within 200 femtoseconds to the all-trans conformation, thereby initiating the cellular signal transduction processes that ultimately lead to vision. However, the intramolecular mechanism by which the photoactivated retinal induces the activation events inside rhodopsin remains elusive. In this work, we use ultrafast time-resolved crystallography at room temperature to determine how an isomerised twisted all-trans retinal stores the photon energy required to initiate protein conformational changes associated with the formation of the G protein-binding signalling state. The distorted retinal at 1 ps time-delay of photoactivation has pulled away from half of its numerous interactions with its binding pocket, and the excess of the photon energy is released through an anisotropic protein breathing motion in the direction of the extracellular space. Strikingly, the very early structural motions in the protein side chains of rhodopsin appear in regions involved in later stages of the conserved Class A GPCR activation mechanism. Our work sheds light on the earliest stages of vision in vertebrates and points to fundamental aspects of the molecular mechanisms of agonist-mediated GPCR activation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gruhl, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinert, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milne, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortolani, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nass, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nango, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cirelli, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furrer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mous, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skopintsev, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dworkowski, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bath, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kekilli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozerov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glover, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bacellar, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunle, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadei, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diethelm, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gashi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gotthard, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guixa-Gonzalez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joti, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kabanova, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knopp, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lesca, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martiel, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muhle, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owada, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pamula, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarabi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tejero, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, C.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varma, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wach, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boutet, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tono, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogly, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deupi, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwata, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neutze, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Standfuss, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scher</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.14.511948</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ULTRAFAST STRUCTURAL CHANGES DIRECT THE FIRST MOLECULAR EVENTS OF VISION]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.14.512277v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ATGL is differentially required for adipocyte FABP4 secretion in vivo and ex vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.14.512277v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4) is linked with the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases, including diabetes and cardiovascular disease in both mice and humans. It has also been demonstrated that the levels of hormonal FABP4 are strongly associated with obesity, and secretion is stimulated under conditions of fasting and lipolysis both in vivo and in vitro. Here, we utilized adipocyte-specific deficiency of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) in a mouse model (ATGLAdpKO) to evaluate the regulation of FABP4 secretion by lipolytic signals in the absence of actual lipolysis in vivo. Previously, lipolysis-induced FABP4 secretion was found to be significantly reduced upon pharmacological inhibition of ATGL, and from adipose tissue explants from ATGLAdpKO mice. Unexpectedly, upon activation beta-adrenergic receptors, ATGLAdpKO mice exhibited significantly higher levels of circulating FABP4 as compared to ATGLfl/fl controls in vivo, with no corresponding increase in non-esterified free fatty acids or glycerol, confirming the lack of lipolysis. We also generated an additional model with adipocyte-specific deletion of FABP4 in the background of ATGLAdpKO mice (ATGL/FABP4AdpKO or DKO) to evaluate the cellular source of circulating FABP4. In these animals, there was no evidence of lipolysis-induced FABP4 secretion, indicating that the elevated FABP4 hormone levels in the ATGLAdpKO mice were indeed from the adipocytes. ATGLAdpKO mice did not exhibit an increase in insulin secretion upon stimulation of lipolysis, but had a normal insulin response to glucose injection along with increased FABP4 secretion, suggesting the elevated FABP4 secretion is not due to lack of insulin. Inhibition of sympathetic signaling during lipolysis using hexamethonium significantly reduced FABP4 secretion in ATGLAdpKO mice compared to controls. Therefore, activity of a key enzymatic step of lipolysis mediated by ATGL, per se, is not required for stimulated in vivo FABP4 secretion from adipocytes, which can be induced through sympathetic signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Prentice, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cedillo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inouye, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ertunc, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, G. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hotamisligil, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.14.512277</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ATGL is differentially required for adipocyte FABP4 secretion in vivo and ex vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.08.515719v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
First superferromagnetic remanence characterization and scan optimization for super-resolution Magnetic Particle Imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.08.515719v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) is a sensitive, high contrast tracer modality that images superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIOs), enabling radiation-free theranostic imaging. MPI resolution is currently limited by scanner and particle constraints. Recent tracers have experimentally shown 10x resolution and signal improvements, with dramatically sharper M-H curves. Experiments suggest that this results from interparticle interactions, conforming to literature definitions of superferromagnetism. We thus call our tracers superferromagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SFMIOs). While SFMIOs provide excellent signal and resolution, they exhibit hysteresis, with non-negligible remanence and coercivity. We provide the first report on MPI scanning with remanence and coercivity, including the first quantitative measurements of SFMIO remanence decay and reformation using a novel multi-echo pulse sequence. We also describe an SNR-optimized pulse sequence for SFMIOs under human electromagnetic safety limitations. The resolution from SFMIOs could enable clinical MPI with 10x reduced scanner selection fields, reducing hardware costs by up to 100x.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fung, K. L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saayujya, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mokkarala-Lopez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartley, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yousuf, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fellows, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandrasekharan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conolly, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.08.515719</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[First superferromagnetic remanence characterization and scan optimization for super-resolution Magnetic Particle Imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.22.517304v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phylogenomics reveals extensive misidentification of fungal strains from the genus Aspergillus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.22.517304v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Modern taxonomic classification is often based on phylogenetic analyses of a few molecular markers, although single-gene studies are still common. However, the use of one or few molecular markers can lead to inaccurate inferences of species history and errors in classification. Here, we leverage genome-scale molecular phylogenetics (phylogenomics) of species and populations to reconstruct evolutionary relationships in a dense dataset of 711 fungal genomes from the biomedically and technologically important genus Aspergillus. To do so, we generated a novel set of 1,362 high-quality molecular markers specific for Aspergillus and provide profile Hidden Markov Models for each, facilitating others to use these molecular markers. Examination of the resulting genome-scale phylogeny: (1) helped resolve ongoing taxonomic controversies and identified new ones; (2) revealed extensive strain misidentification, underscoring the importance of population-level sampling in species classification; and (3) identified novel lineages that may shed light on the early evolution of an important genus. These findings suggest that phylogenomics of species and populations can facilitate accurate taxonomic classifications and reconstructions of the tree of life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steenwyk, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balamurugan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raja, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goncalves, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oberlies, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbons, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geiser, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hibbett, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.22.517304</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phylogenomics reveals extensive misidentification of fungal strains from the genus Aspergillus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.30.518425v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computational modeling reveals latent components of mouse behavior in the sucrose preference test 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.30.518425v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The sucrose preference test (SPT) measures the relative preference of a sucrose solution over water to assess hedonic behaviors in rodents. The SPT involves numerous complex behaviors, including learning, motivation, and choice. Yet, it remains uncertain whether its main outcome measure, sucrose preference, can reflect these behavioral subcomponents. Here, we conducted an experimental and computational decomposition of mouse behavior in the SPT and discovered previously unrecognized behavioral subcomponents associated with changes in sucrose preference. While both acute and chronic stress reduced sucrose preference, only chronic stress evoked anhedonia. Additionally, reduced sucrose preference induced by optogenetics is not always indicative of anhedonia but can also reflect learning deficits. Even small variations in experimental conditions influence behavior, task outcome and interpretation. Thus, an ostensibly simple behavioral task can entail high levels of complexity, demonstrating the need for careful dissection of behavior into its subcomponents when studying the underlying neurobiology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Verharen, J. P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Jong, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lammel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.30.518425</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computational modeling reveals latent components of mouse behavior in the sucrose preference test]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.01.518715v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mcr-dependent methanogenesis in Archaeoglobaceae enriched from a terrestrial hot spring 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.01.518715v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The preeminent source of biological methane on Earth is methyl coenzyme M reductase (Mcr)-dependent archaeal methanogenesis. A growing body of evidence suggests a diversity of archaea possess Mcr, however, experimental validation of hypothesized methane metabolisms has been missing. Here, we provide evidence of a functional Mcr-based methanogenesis pathway in a novel member of the family Archaeoglobaceae, designated Methanoproducendum nevadense, which we enriched from a terrestrial hot spring on the polysaccharide xyloglucan. Our incubation assays demonstrate methane production that is highly sensitive to the Mcr-inhibitor bromoethanesulfonate, stimulated by xyloglucan and xyloglucan-derived sugars, concomitant with the consumption of molecular hydrogen, and causing a deuterium fractionation in methane characteristic of hydrogenotrophic and methylotrophic methanogens. Combined with the recovery and analysis of a high-quality M. nevadense metagenome-assembled genome encoding a divergent Mcr and diverse potential electron and carbon transfer pathways, our observations suggest methanogenesis in M. nevadense occurs via Mcr and is fueled by the consumption of cross-fed byproducts of xyloglucan fermentation mediated by other community members. Phylogenetic analysis shows close affiliation of the M. nevadense Mcr with those from Korarchaeota, Nezhaarchaeota, Verstraetearchaeota, and other Archaeoglobales that are divergent from well-characterized Mcrs. We propose these archaea likely also use functional Mcr complexes to generate methane on the basis of our experimental validation in M. nevadense. Although our stable isotope approach reveals that microbial methanogenesis contributes only a small proportion of the overall methane abundance in the native habitat, divergent Mcr-encoding archaea may be underestimated sources of biological methane in terrestrial and marine hydrothermal environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Buessecker, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chadwick, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quan, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hedlund, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dodsworth, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekas, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.01.518715</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mcr-dependent methanogenesis in Archaeoglobaceae enriched from a terrestrial hot spring]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.21.521494v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex-biased Yap1 oncogene function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.21.521494v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The incidence of many human cancers differs according to sex, but little is known about the interplay between oncogenic events and sex as a variable in tumorigenesis. Here we report that the oncogene Yap1 is sexually dimorphic in medulloblastoma progression and immune suppression. We show that Yap1 promotes stemness and blocks differentiation in sonic hedgehog (SHH)-subtype medulloblastoma by at least two distinct but complementary molecular mechanisms to regulate the RNA expression and protein functions of Sox2, Atoh1, NeuroD1, and Zic1/2. Yap1 also promotes an immune suppressive tumor microenvironment by directly regulating Csf1, Igf1, and Igfbp3 transcription and modulating IL6-JAK-STAT3, TNFR1, TGF-{beta}, and CCL5 immune pathways. Notably, Yap1 function is more critical in males and this is evolutionarily conserved: genes downstream of YAP1 identified in mouse models stratify male but not female medulloblastoma patient survival. In summary, we demonstrate a sex-based function for an oncogene, underscoring the critical need to incorporate sex as a variable in cancer mechanism and clinical response studies, particularly those involving YAP1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abdelfattah, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natarajan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maldonado, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, H. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMinimy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borland, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.-h.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camargo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yun, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.21.521494</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex-biased Yap1 oncogene function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/202242v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Potential for Methanosarcina to contribute to uranium reduction during acetate-promoted groundwater bioremediation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/202242v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Previous studies of in situ bioremediation of uranium-contaminated groundwater with acetate injections have focused on the role of Geobacter species in U(VI) reduction because of a lack of other abundant known U(VI)-reducing microorganisms. Monitoring the levels of methyl CoM reductase subunit A (mcrA) transcripts during an acetate-injection field experiment demonstrated that acetoclastic methanogens from the genus Methanosarcina were enriched after 40 days of acetate amendment. The increased abundance of Methanosarcina corresponded with an accumulation of methane in the groundwater. An enrichment culture dominated by a Methanosarcina species with the same Methanosarcina mcrA sequence that predominated in the field experiment could effectively convert acetate to methane. In order to determine whether Methanosarcina species could be participating in U(VI) reduction in the subsurface, cell suspensions of M. barkeri were incubated in the presence of U(VI) with acetate provided as the electron donor. U(VI) was reduced by metabolically active M. barkeri cells, however, no U(VI) reduction was observed in inactive controls. These results demonstrate that Methanosarcina species could play an important role in the long-term bioremediation of uranium-contaminated aquifers after depletion of Fe(III) oxides limits the growth of Geobacter species. The results also suggest that Methanosarcina have the potential to influence uranium geochemistry in a diversity of anaerobic sedimentary environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Holmes, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orelana, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giloteaux, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shrestha, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lovley, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotaru, A.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/202242</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Potential for Methanosarcina to contribute to uranium reduction during acetate-promoted groundwater bioremediation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.30.526360v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A comprehensive rRNA variation atlas in health and disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.30.526360v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ribosomal DNA and RNA (rDNA and rRNA) sequences are usually discarded from sequencing analyses. But with hundreds of copies of rDNA genes it is unknown whether they possess sequence variations that form different types of ribosomes that affect human physiology and disease. Here, we developed an algorithm for variant-calling between paralog genes (termed RGA) and compared rDNA variations found in short- and long-read sequencing data from the 1,000 Genomes Project (1KGP) and Genome In A Bottle (GIAB). We additionally developed a novel protocol for long-read sequencing full-length rRNA (RIBO-RT) from actively translating ribosomes. Our analyses identified hundreds of rDNA variants, most of which, surprisingly, are short insertion-deletions (indels) and dozens of highly abundant rRNA variants that are incorporated into translationally active ribosomes. To visualize variant ribosomes at the single cell level, we developed an in-situ rRNA sequencing method (SWITCH-seq) which revealed that variants are co-expressed within individual cells. Strikingly, by analyzing rDNA, we found that variants assemble into distinct ribosome subtypes. We discovered that these subtypes acquire different rRNA structures by successfully employing dimethyl sulfate (DMS) probing of full length rRNA. With this atlas we investigated rRNA variation changes across human tissues and cancer types. This revealed tissue-specific rRNA subtype expression in endoderm/ectoderm-derived tissues. In cancer, low abundant rRNA variants can become highly expressed, which suggests the presence of cancer-specific ribosomes. Together, this study identifies and comprehensively characterizes the diversity of ribosomes at the level of rRNA variants which is dominated by indel variants, their chromosomal location and unique structure as well as the association of ribosome variation with tissue-specific biology and cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rothschild, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Susanto, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spence, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genuth, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinnott-Armstrong, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pritchard, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barna, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.30.526360</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A comprehensive rRNA variation atlas in health and disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.01.526549v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-input drug-controlled switches of mammalian gene expression based on engineered nuclear hormone receptors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.01.526549v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein-based switches that respond to different inputs to regulate cellular outputs, such as gene expression, are central to synthetic biology. For increased controllability, multi-input switches that integrate several cooperating and competing signals for the regulation of a shared output are of particular interest. The nuclear hormone receptor (NHR) superfamily offers promising starting points for engineering multi-input-controlled responses to clinically approved drugs. Starting from the VgEcR/RXR pair, we demonstrate that novel (multi-)drug regulation can be achieved by exchange of the ecdysone receptor (EcR) ligand binding domain (LBD) for other human NHR-derived LBDs. For responses activated to saturation by an agonist for the first LBD, we show that outputs can be boosted by an agonist targeting the second LBD. In combination with an antagonist, output levels are tunable by up to three simultaneously present small-molecule drugs. Such high-level control validates NHRs as a versatile, engineerable platform for programming multi-drug-controlled responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kretschmer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kortemme, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.01.526549</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-input drug-controlled switches of mammalian gene expression based on engineered nuclear hormone receptors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.27.530238v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
From Policy to Practice: Tracking an Open Science Funding Initiative 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.27.530238v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This is a critical moment in the open science landscape. Over the past few years there has been growing momentum to improve open research policies and require grantees to share all research outputs, from datasets to code to protocols, in FAIR (findable, accessible, interoperable and reusable [FAIR]) repositories with persistent identifiers attached. The Aligning Science Across Parkinsons (ASAP) initiative has made substantial investments in improving open science compliance monitoring for its grantees, requiring grantees to update their manuscripts if not all research outputs have been linked in the initial manuscript version. Here, we evaluate ASAPs effectiveness in improving research output sharing for all articles processed through the ASAP compliance workflow between March 1, 2022, and October 1, 2022. Our ultimate goal in sharing our findings is to assist other funders and institutions as they consider open science implementation. By normalizing the open science and compliance process across funding bodies, we hope to simplify and streamline researcher, institutional, and funder workflows, allowing researchers to focus on science by easily leveraging resources and building upon the work of others.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ratan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McIntosh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, H. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumanis, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vines, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schekman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riley, E. A. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.27.530238</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[From Policy to Practice: Tracking an Open Science Funding Initiative]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.27.530270v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of a pharmaceutical biostasis inducer that slows metabolism in multiple vertebrates that do not hibernate 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.27.530270v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Drugs that induce reversible slowing of metabolic and physiological processes would have great value for organ preservation, especially for organs with high susceptibility to hypoxia-reperfusion injury, such as the heart. Using whole-organism screening of metabolism, mobility, and development in Xenopus, we identified an existing drug, SNC80, that rapidly and reversibly slows biochemical and metabolic activities while preserving cell and tissue viability. Although SNC80 was developed as a delta opioid receptor activator, we discovered that its ability to slow metabolism is independent of its opioid modulating activity as a novel SNC80 analog (WB3) with almost 1,000 times less delta opioid receptor binding activity is equally active. Metabolic suppression was also achieved using SNC80 in microfluidic human organs-on-chips, as well as in explanted whole porcine hearts and limbs, demonstrating the cross-species relevance of this approach and potential clinical relevance for surgical transplantation. Pharmacological induction of physiological slowing in combination with organ perfusion transport systems may offer a new therapeutic approach for tissue and organ preservation for transplantation, trauma management, and enhancing patient survival in remote and low-resource locations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sperry, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charrez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fotowat, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardner, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pilobello, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izadifar, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuelker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewandowski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lightbown, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marquez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sesay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shcherbina, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takeda, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrijauskaite, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cisneros, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cano, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maxwell, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veraza, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bunegin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Percival, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yracheta, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pena, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Homas, Z. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinshaw, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox-Hinshaw, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parry, O. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sleeter, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weitzel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Super, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novak, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingber, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.27.530270</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of a pharmaceutical biostasis inducer that slows metabolism in multiple vertebrates that do not hibernate]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.04.531098v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A phylogeny-informed characterization of global tetrapod traits addresses data gaps and biases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.04.531098v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tetrapods (amphibian, reptiles, birds and mammals) are model systems for global biodiversity science, but continuing data gaps, limited data standardisation, and ongoing flux in taxonomic nomenclature constrain integrative research on this group and potentially cause biased inference. We combined and harmonised taxonomic, spatial, phylogenetic, and attribute data with phylogeny-based multiple imputation to provide a comprehensive data resource (TetrapodTraits 1.0.0) that includes values, predictions, and sources for body size, activity time, micro- and macrohabitat, ecosystem, threat status, biogeography, insularity, environmental preferences and human influence, for all 33,281 tetrapod species covered in recent fully sampled phylogenies. We assess gaps and biases across taxa and space, finding that shared data missing in attribute values increased with taxon-level completeness and richness across clades. Prediction of missing attribute values using multiple imputation revealed substantial changes in estimated macroecological patterns. These results highlight biases incurred by non-random missingness and strategies to best address them. While there is an obvious need for further data collection and updates, our phylogeny--informed database of tetrapod traits can support a more comprehensive representation of tetrapod species and their attributes in ecology, evolution, and conservation research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moura, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ceron, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guedes, J. J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sica, Y. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Catenazzi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werneck, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toledo, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jetz, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.04.531098</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A phylogeny-informed characterization of global tetrapod traits addresses data gaps and biases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.07.536060v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DRMY1 promotes robust morphogenesis by sustaining translation of a hormone signaling protein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.07.536060v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Robustness is the invariant development of phenotype despite environmental changes and genetic perturbations. In the Arabidopsis flower bud, four sepals robustly initiate and grow to constant size to enclose and protect the inner floral organs. We previously characterized the mutant development related myb-like1 (drmy1), where 3-5 sepals initiate variably and grow to different sizes, compromising their protective function. The molecular mechanism underlying this loss of robustness was unclear. Here, we show that drmy1 has reduced TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN (TOR) activity, ribosomal content, and translation. Translation reduction decreases the protein level of ARABIDOPSIS RESPONSE REGULATOR7 (ARR7) and ARABIDOPSIS HISTIDINE PHOSPHOTRANSFER PROTEIN 6 (AHP6), two cytokinin signaling inhibitors that are normally rapidly produced before sepal initiation. The resultant upregulation of cytokinin signaling disrupts robust auxin patterning and sepal initiation. Our work shows that the homeostasis of translation, a ubiquitous cellular process, is crucial for the robust spatiotemporal patterning of organogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scarpin, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alamos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vadde, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, S.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunkard, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roeder, A. H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.07.536060</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DRMY1 promotes robust morphogenesis by sustaining translation of a hormone signaling protein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.26.538479v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel discovery of a lymphatic bridge connecting Schlemm's canal to limbal and conjunctival lymphatic pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.26.538479v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeSchlemms canal (SC) is a critical structure regulating aqueous humor (AH) drainage and intraocular pressure (IOP). It is known that in the conventional outflow pathway, AH flows from SC to episcleral veins. We recently reported a high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) imaging technology for intact eyeballs, SC and ocular surface. Using this advanced technology, we herein report the discovery of a new structure, termed lymphatic bridge, that directly connects SC to the limbal and conjunctival lymphatic pathway. Further investigation on this novel outflow pathway may provide new mechanisms and therapeutic approaches for glaucoma.

MethodsAs reported previously, intact eyeballs were harvested from Prox-1-GFP (green fluorescent protein) mice and processed by a tissue clearing technique with CLARITY. Samples were immunolabeled with specific antibodies for CD31 (pan-endothelial marker) and LYVE-1 (lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor-1) and imaged by light-sheet fluorescent microscopy. The limbal areas were examined to locate connecting channels between SC and limbal and conjunctival lymphatic vessels. Moreover, in vivo anterior chamber dye injection was performed with Texas Red dextran for functional analysis on AH outflow.

ResultsA novel lymphatic bridge structure that expressed both Prox-1 and LYVE-1 was discovered between the SC and limbal lymphatic vessels connected with conjunctival lymphatic pathway. Results from the anterior chamber dye injection showed AH drainage into the conjunctival lymphatic outflow pathway.

ConclusionsThis study provides the first evidence on the direct connection between SC and limbal and conjunctival lymphatic pathway. This new pathway is distinctive from the conventional episcleral vein pathway and merits further investigation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.26.538479</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel discovery of a lymphatic bridge connecting Schlemm's canal to limbal and conjunctival lymphatic pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/205583v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Oxidative Pathway of Deoxyribose Catabolism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/205583v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Using genome-wide mutant fitness assays in diverse bacteria, we identified novel oxidative pathways for the catabolism of 2-deoxy-D-ribose and 2-deoxy-D-ribonate. We propose that deoxyribose is oxidized to deoxyribonate, oxidized to ketodeoxyribonate, and cleaved to acetyl-CoA and glyceryl-CoA. We have genetic evidence for this pathway in three genera of bacteria, and we confirmed the oxidation of deoxyribose to ketodeoxyribonate in vitro. In Pseudomonas simiae, the expression of enzymes in the pathway is induced by deoxyribose or deoxyribonate, while in Paraburkholderia bryophila and in Burkholderia phytofirmans, the pathway proceeds in parallel with the known deoxyribose 5-phosphate aldolase pathway. We identified another oxidative pathway for the catabolism of deoxyribonate, with acyl-CoA intermediates, in Klebsiella michiganensis. Of these four bacteria, only P. simiae relies entirely on an oxidative pathway to consume deoxyribose. The deoxyribose dehydrogenase of P. simiae is either non-specific or evolved recently, as this enzyme is very similar to a novel vanillin dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas putida that we identified. So, we propose that these oxidative pathways evolved primarily to consume deoxyribonate, which is a waste product of metabolism.nnImportanceDeoxyribose is one of the building blocks of DNA and is released when cells die and their DNA degrades. We identified a bacterium that can grow with deoxyribose as its sole source of carbon even though its genome does not encode any of the known genes for breaking down deoxyribose. By growing many mutants of this bacterium together on deoxyribose and using DNA sequencing to measure the change in the mutants abundance, we identified multiple protein-coding genes that are required for growth on deoxyribose. Based on the similarity of these proteins to enzymes of known function, we propose a 6-step pathway in which deoxyribose is oxidized and then cleaved. Diverse bacteria use a portion of this pathway to break down a related compound, deoxyribonate, which is a waste product of human metabolism and is present in urine. Our study illustrates the utility of large-scale bacterial genetics to identify previously unknown metabolic pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ray, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iavarone, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malmstrom, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutschbauer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/205583</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Oxidative Pathway of Deoxyribose Catabolism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/205591v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA-stabilized silver nanoclusters as specific, ratiometric fluorescent dopamine sensors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/205591v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurotransmitters are small molecules that orchestrate complex patterns of brain activity. Unfortunately, there exist few sensors capable of directly detecting individual neurotransmitters. Those sensors that do exist are either unspecific or fail to capture the temporal or spatial dynamics of neurotransmitter release. DNA-stabilized silver nanoclusters (DNA-AgNCs) are a new class of biocompatible, fluorescent nanostructures that have recently been demonstrated to offer promise as biosensors. In this work, we identify two different DNA sequences which form dopamine-sensitive nanoclusters. We demonstrate that each sequence supports two distinct DNA-AgNCs capable of providing specific, ratiometric fluorescent sensing of dopamine concentration in vitro. DNA-Ag nanoclusters therefore offer a novel, low-cost approach to quantification of dopamine, creating the potential for real-time monitoring in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Del Bonis-O'Donnell, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thakrar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wain Hirschberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vong, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Queenan, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fygenson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pennathur, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/205591</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA-stabilized silver nanoclusters as specific, ratiometric fluorescent dopamine sensors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/207142v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Specific hippocampal representations are linked to generalized cortical representations in memory. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/207142v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Memories link information about specific experiences to more general knowledge that is abstracted from and contextualizes those experiences, but how neuronal activity patterns support this link is not known. Here we show that during memory reactivation in a foraging task with multiple spatial paths, specific hippocampal place representations are concurrently and preferentially reactivated with a subset of prefrontal cortical task representations that generalize across different paths. This link between specific and general representations may serve as a neural substrate for abstraction and task guidance in mammals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loback, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grossrubatscher, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/207142</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Specific hippocampal representations are linked to generalized cortical representations in memory.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/207837v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lineage and stage-specific expressed CYCD7;1 coordinates the single symmetric division that creates stomatal guard cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/207837v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plants, with cells fixed in place by rigid walls, often utilize spatial and temporally distinct cell division programs to organize and maintain organs. This leads to the question of how developmental regulators interact with the cell cycle machinery to link cell division events with particular developmental trajectories. In Arabidopsis leaves, the development of stomata, two-celled epidermal valves that mediate plant-atmosphere gas exchange, relies on a series of oriented stem-cell-like asymmetric divisions followed by a single symmetric division. The stomatal lineage is embedded in a tissue whose cells transition from proliferation to post-mitotic differentiation earlier, necessitating stomatal lineage-specific factors to prolong competence to divide. We show that the D-type cyclin, CYCD7;1 is specifically expressed just prior to the symmetric guard-cell forming division, and that it is limiting for this division. Further, we find that CYCD7;1 is capable of promoting divisions in multiple contexts, likely through RBR-dependent promotion of the G1/S transition, but that CYCD7;1 is regulated at the transcriptional level by cell-type specific transcription factors that confine its expression to the appropriate developmental window.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weimer, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matos, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dewitte, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergmann, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/207837</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lineage and stage-specific expressed CYCD7;1 coordinates the single symmetric division that creates stomatal guard cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/209676v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synthesizing Signaling Pathways from Temporal Phosphoproteomic Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/209676v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Advances in proteomics reveal that pathway databases fail to capture the majority of cellular signaling activity. Our mass spectrometry study of the dynamic epidermal growth factor (EGF) response demonstrates that over 89% of significantly (de)phosphorylated proteins are excluded from individual EGF signaling maps, and 63% are absent from all annotated pathways. We present a computational method, the Temporal Pathway Synthesizer (TPS), to discover missing pathway elements by modeling temporal phosphoproteomic data. TPS uses constraint solving to exhaustively explore all possible structures for a signaling pathway, eliminating structures that are inconsistent with protein-protein interactions or the observed phosphorylation event timing. Applied to our EGF response data, TPS connects 83% of the responding proteins to receptors and signaling proteins in EGF pathway maps. Inhibiting predicted active kinases supports the TPS pathway model. The TPS algorithm is broadly applicable and also recovers an accurate model of the yeast osmotic stress response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Köksal, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beck, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cronin, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKenna, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camp, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srivastava, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacGilvray, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodik, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf-Yadlin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraenkel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gitter, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/209676</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synthesizing Signaling Pathways from Temporal Phosphoproteomic Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/210765v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heritable plant phenotypes track light and herbivory levels at fine spatial scales 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/210765v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The biotic and the abiotic environment play a major role in shaping plant phenotypes and their geographic distributions. However, little is known about the extent to which plant phenotypes match local patterns of herbivory across fine-grained habitat mosaics, despite the strong effect of herbivory on plant fitness. Through a reciprocal transplant-common garden experiment with clonally propagated rhizomes, we tested for local phenotypic differentiation in bittercress (Brassicaceae: Cardamine cordifolia) plants collected across an ecotonal habitat mosaic. We found that bittercress in sunny meadows (high herbivory) and shaded understories (low herbivory) have diverged in heritable growth and herbivore resistance phenotypes. The expression of these differences was habitat dependent, mirroring patterns of adaptive divergence in phenotypic plasticity between plant populations in meadow and understory habitats at broader geographic scales, and showed no evidence for a constraint imposed by growth-defense tradeoffs. Most notably, plants derived from shade habitats exhibited a weaker shade-induced elongation response (i.e., shade avoidance syndrome, SAS) and reduced resistance to herbivory, relative to plants derived from sun habitats, when both were grown in shade common gardens. Greenhouse experiments revealed that divergent SAS phenotypes in shade conditions were expressed in offspring grown from seed as well. Finally, we observed partially non-overlapping flowering phenology between habitat-types in the field, which may be at least one factor that helps to reinforce habitat-specific phenotypic divergence. Altogether, our study illuminates how a native plant may cope with overlapping biotic and abiotic stressors across a fine-grained habitat mosaic.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Humphrey, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gloss, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frazier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson-Dittrich, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faries, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiteman, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/210765</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heritable plant phenotypes track light and herbivory levels at fine spatial scales]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/217950v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hospitalized premature infants are colonized by related bacterial strains with distinct proteomic profiles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/217950v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During the first weeks of life, microbial colonization of the gut impacts human immune system maturation and other developmental processes. In premature infants, aberrant colonization has been implicated in the onset of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), a life-threatening intestinal disease. To study the premature infant gut colonization process, genome-resolved metagenomics was conducted on 343 fecal samples collected during the first three months of life from 35 premature infants housed in a neonatal intensive care unit, 14 of which developed NEC, and metaproteomic measurements were made on 87 samples. Microbial community composition and proteomic profiles remained relatively stable on the time scale of a week, but the proteome was more variable. Although genetically similar organisms colonized many infants, most infants were colonized by distinct strains with metabolic profiles that could be distinguished using metaproteomics. Microbiome composition correlated with infant, antibiotics administration, and NEC diagnosis. Communities were found to cluster into seven primary types, and community type switched within infants, sometimes multiple times. Interestingly, some communities sampled from the same infant at subsequent time points clustered with those of other infants. In some cases, switches preceded onset of NEC; however, no species or community type could account for NEC across the majority of infants. In addition to a correlation of protein abundances with organism replication rates, we found that organism proteomes correlated with overall community composition. Thus, this genome-resolved proteomics study demonstrates that the contributions of individual organisms to microbiome development depend on microbial community context.nnImportancennHumans are colonized by microbes at birth, a process that is important to health and development. However, much remains to be known about the fine-scale microbial dynamics that occur during the colonization period. We conducted a genome-resolved study of microbial community composition, replication rates, and proteomes during the first three months of life of both healthy and sick premature infants. Infants were found to be colonized by similar microbes, but each underwent a distinct colonization trajectory.nnInterestingly, related microbes colonizing different infants were found to have distinct proteomes, indicating that microbiome function is not only driven by which organisms are present, but also largely depends on microbial responses to the unique set of physiological conditions in the infant gut.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brown, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olm, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firek, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morowitz, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hettich, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/217950</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hospitalized premature infants are colonized by related bacterial strains with distinct proteomic profiles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/222299v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
iterative Random Forests to discover predictive and stable high order interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/222299v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genomics has revolutionized biology, enabling the interrogation of whole transcriptomes, genome-wide binding sites for proteins, and many other molecular processes. However, individual genomic assays measure elements that interact in vivo as components of larger molecular machines. Understanding how these high-order interactions drive gene expression presents a substantial statistical challenge. Building on Random Forests (RF), Random Intersection Trees (RITs), and through extensive, biologically inspired simulations, we developed the iterative Random Forest algorithm (iRF). iRF trains a feature-weighted ensemble of decision trees to detect stable, high-order interactions with same order of computational cost as RF. We demonstrate the utility of iRF for high-order interaction discovery in two prediction problems: enhancer activity in the early Drosophila embryo and alternative splicing of primary transcripts in human derived cell lines. In Drosophila, among the 20 pairwise transcription factor interactions iRF identifies as stable (returned in more than half of bootstrap replicates), 80% have been previously reported as physical interactions. Moreover, novel third-order interactions, e.g. between Zelda (Zld), Giant (Gt), and Twist (Twi), suggest high-order relationships that are candidates for follow-up experiments. In human-derived cells, iRF re-discovered a central role of H3K36me3 in chromatin-mediated splicing regulation, and identified novel 5th and 6th order interactions, indicative of multi-valent nucleosomes with specific roles in splicing regulation. By decoupling the order of interactions from the computational cost of identification, iRF opens new avenues of inquiry into the molecular mechanisms underlying genome biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Basu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumbier, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/222299</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[iterative Random Forests to discover predictive and stable high order interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/232652v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The preprophase band-associated kinesin-14 OsKCH2 is a processive minus-end-directed microtubule motor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/232652v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In animals and fungi, cytoplasmic dynein is a processive motor that plays dominant roles in various intracellular processes. In contrast, land plants lack cytoplasmic dynein but contain many minus-end-directed kinesin-14s. No plant kinesin-14 is known to produce processive motility as a homodimer. OsKCH2 is a plant-specific kinesin-14 with an N-terminal actin-binding domain and a central motor domain flanked by two predicted coiled-coils (CC1 and CC2). Here, we show that OsKCH2 specifically decorates preprophase band microtubules in vivo and transports actin filaments along microtubules in vitro. Importantly, OsKCH2 exhibits processive minus-end-directed motility on single microtubules as individual homodimers. We find that CC1 but not CC2 forms the coiled-coil for OsKCH2 dimerization. Instead, CC2 functions to enable OsKCH2 processivity by enhancing its binding to microtubules. Collectively, these results show that land plants have evolved unconventional kinesin-14 homodimers with inherent minus-end-directed processivity that may function to compensate for the loss of cytoplasmic dynein.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tseng, K.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y.-R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gicking, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/232652</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The preprophase band-associated kinesin-14 OsKCH2 is a processive minus-end-directed microtubule motor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/232959v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-dimensional microbiome interactions shape host fitness 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/232959v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gut bacteria can affect key aspects of host fitness, such as development, fecundity, and lifespan, while the host in turn shapes the gut microbiome. Microbiomes co-evolve with their hosts and have been implicated in host speciation. However, it is unclear to what extent individual species versus community interactions within the microbiome are linked to host fitness. Here we combinatorially dissect the natural microbiome of Drosophila melanogaster and reveal that interactions between bacteria shape host fitness through life history tradeoffs. We find that the same microbial interactions that shape host fitness also shape microbiome abundances, suggesting a potential evolutionary mechanism by which microbiome communities (rather than just individual species) may be intertwined in co-selection with their hosts. Empirically, we made germ-free flies colonized with each possible combination of the five core species of fly gut bacteria. We measured the resulting bacterial community abundances and fly fitness traits including development, reproduction, and lifespan. The fly gut promoted bacterial diversity, which in turn accelerated development, reproduction, and aging: flies that reproduced more died sooner. From these measurements we calculated the impact of bacterial interactions on fly fitness by adapting the mathematics of genetic epistasis to the microbiome. Host physiology phenotypes were highly dependent on interactions between bacterial species. Higher-order interactions (involving 3, 4, and 5 species) were widely prevalent and impacted both host physiology and the maintenance of gut diversity. The parallel impacts of bacterial interactions on the microbiome and on host fitness suggest that microbiome interactions may be key drivers of evolution.nnSignificanceAll animals have associated microbial communities called microbiomes that can influence the physiology and fitness of their host. It is unclear to what extent individual microbial species versus ecology of the microbiome influences fitness of the host. Here we mapped all the possible interactions between individual species of bacteria with each other and with the hosts physiology. Our approach revealed that the same bacterial interactions that shape microbiome abundances also shape host fitness traits. This relationship provides a feedback that may favor the emergence of co-evolving microbiome-host units.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gould, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamberti, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obadia, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gavryushkin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beerenwinkel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ludington, W. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/232959</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-dimensional microbiome interactions shape host fitness]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/235614v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
S1PR3 mediates inflammatory pain and itch via distinct TRP channel-dependent pathways 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/235614v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive signaling lipid associated with a variety of chronic pain and itch disorders. S1P signaling has been linked to cutaneous pain, but its role in itch has not yet been studied. Here we find that S1P triggers itch and pain in mice in a concentration-dependent manner, with low levels triggering acute itch alone, and high levels triggering both pain and itch. Calcium imaging and electrophysiological experiments revealed that S1P signals via S1PR3 and TRPA1 in a subset of pruriceptors, and via S1PR3 and TRPV1 in a subset of heat nociceptors. And in behavioral assays, S1P-evoked itch was selectively lost in mice lacking TRPA1, whereas S1P-evoked acute pain and heat hypersensitivity were selectively lost in mice lacking TRPV1. We conclude that S1P acts via different cellular and molecular mechanisms to trigger itch and pain. Our discovery elucidates the diverse roles that S1P signaling plays in somatosensation and provides insight into how itch and pain are discriminated in the periphery.nnSignificance StatementItch and pain are major health problems with few effective treatments. Here, we show that the pro-inflammatory lipid S1P and its receptor S1PR3 trigger itch and pain behaviors via distinct molecular and cellular mechanisms. Our results provide a detailed understanding of the roles that S1P and S1PR3 play in somatosensation, highlighting their potential as targets for analgesics and antipruritics, and provide new insight into the mechanistic underpinnings of itch versus pain discrimination in the periphery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hill, R. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morita, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brem, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bautista, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/235614</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[S1PR3 mediates inflammatory pain and itch via distinct TRP channel-dependent pathways]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/236778v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The signaling lipid sphingosine 1-phosphate regulates mechanical pain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/236778v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Somatosensory neurons mediate responses to diverse mechanical stimuli, from innocuous touch to noxious pain. While recent studies have identified distinct populations of A mechanonociceptors (AMs) that are required for mechanical pain, the molecular underpinnings of mechanonociception remain unknown. Here, we show that the bioactive lipid sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) and S1P Receptor 3 (S1PR3) are critical regulators of acute mechanonociception. Genetic or pharmacological ablation of S1PR3, or blockade of S1P production, significantly impaired the behavioral response to noxious mechanical stimuli, with no effect on responses to innocuous touch or thermal stimuli. These effects are mediated by fast-conducting A mechanonociceptors, which displayed a significant decrease in mechanosensitivity in S1PR3 mutant mice. We show that S1PR3 signaling tunes mechanonociceptor excitability via modulation of KCNQ2/3 channels. Our findings define a new role for S1PR3 in regulating neuronal excitability and establish the importance of S1P/S1PR3 signaling in the setting of mechanical pain thresholds.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hill, R. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morita, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campos, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lumpkin, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brem, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bautista, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/236778</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The signaling lipid sphingosine 1-phosphate regulates mechanical pain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/237891v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Going through the motions: incorporating movement analyses into disease research 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/237891v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Though epidemiology dates back to the 1700s, most mathematical representations of epidemics still use transmission rates averaged at the population scale, especially for wildlife diseases. In simplifying the contact process, we ignore the heterogeneities in host movements that complicate the real world, and overlook their impact on spatiotemporal patterns of disease burden. Movement ecology offers a set of tools that help unpack the transmission process, letting researchers more accurately model how animals within a population interact and spread pathogens. Analytical techniques from this growing field can also help expose the reverse process: how infection impacts movement behaviors, and therefore other ecological processes like feeding, reproduction, and dispersal. Here, we synthesize the contributions of movement ecology in disease research, with a particular focus on studies that have successfully used movement-based methods to quantify individual heterogeneity in exposure and transmission risk. Throughout, we highlight the rapid growth of both disease and movement ecology, and comment on promising but unexplored avenues for research at their overlap. Ultimately, we suggest, including movement empowers ecologists to pose new questions expanding our understanding of host-pathogen dynamics, and improving our predictive capacity for wildlife and even human diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dougherty, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidel, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Speigel, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Getz, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/237891</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Going through the motions: incorporating movement analyses into disease research]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/239277v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Competitive release from native range does not predict invasive success of a globally dominant exotic ant species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/239277v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A major goal of invasion biology is to understand under what conditions exotic species thrive in the introduced range. High competitive abilities are thought to be an important characteristic of exotic species. Most invasion studies focus on the competitive ability of exotic species in the introduced range and attribute their ecological success to competitive release, but fewer studies have compared the relative competitive differences within the native range. These comparative studies are important in order to determine if competitive abilities of exotic species are strong predictors of invasion success. The little fire ant Wasmmnia auropunctata is a highly invasive species that has spread from its original range (Central and South America) to becoming a globally distributed exotic species in recent decades. It is generally accepted that island ecosystems offer weak biotic resistance to exotic species as compared to their native range. Here, we examined this empirically by comparing the relative competitive difference of W. auropunctata and locally dominant ants, between its native range of Mexico and introduced range of Puerto Rico. Resource competition was assessed between W. auropunctata and native ants under field conditions and in the laboratory. Furthermore, we compared resource competition at different temporal intervals ranging from short-term (< 2 hours) to long-term (14-days) dynamics. Our results are in contrast to common invasion predictions on island communities because we show that native species were resistant to W. auropunctata in its introduced range of Puerto Rico. We observed that the ground-foraging ant Solenopsis invicta competitive displaced W. auropunctata in Puerto Rico during short-term experiments. Meanwhile, the native arboreal ant Linepithema iniquum withstood competitive pressure from W. auropunctata. In the native range of Mexico, W. auropunctata was superior against Solenopsis Picea and Pheidole protensa species, but was outcompeted by dominant ants Solenopsis geminata and Pheidole synanthropica. This study challenges the relative importance of competitive ability in predicting invasion success. This is one of the few detailed comparative studies that examines exotic species performance between native and introduced habitats.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yitbarek, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perfecto, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandermeer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/239277</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Competitive release from native range does not predict invasive success of a globally dominant exotic ant species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/240374v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An ordered pattern of Ana2 phosphorylation by Plk4 is required for centriole assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/240374v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polo-like kinase 4 (Plk4) initiates an early step in centriole assembly by phosphorylating Ana2/STIL, a structural component of the procentriole. Here, we show that Plk4 binding to the central coiled-coil (CC) of Ana2 is a conserved event, involving Polo-box 3 and a previously unidentified putative CC located adjacent to the kinase domain. Ana2 binding stimulates Plk4 kinase activity in vitro, and, in turn, is phosphorylated along its length. Previous studies showed that Plk4 phosphorylates the C-terminal STAN domain of Ana2/STIL, triggering binding and recruitment of the cartwheel protein Sas6 to the procentriole assembly site. However, the physiological relevance of N-terminal phosphorylation was unknown. We found that Plk4 first phosphorylates the extreme N-terminus of Ana2 which is critical for subsequent STAN domain modification. Phosphorylation of the central region then breaks the Plk4-Ana2 interaction. This phosphorylation pattern is important for centriole assembly and integrity because replacement of endogenous Ana2 with phospho-Ana2 mutants disrupts distinct steps in Ana2 function and inhibits centriole duplication.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McLamarrah, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buster, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galletta, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boese, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryniawec, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hollingsworth, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byrnes, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brownlee, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slep, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rusan, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/240374</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An ordered pattern of Ana2 phosphorylation by Plk4 is required for centriole assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/242156v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Multi-layer, Self-aligning Hydrogel Micro-molding Process Offering a Fabrication Route to Perfusable 3D In-Vitro Microvasculature 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/242156v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The in-vitro fabrication of hierarchical biological systems such as human vasculature, which are made up of two or more cell types with intricate co-culture architectures, is by far one of the most complicated challenges that tissue engineers have faced. Here, we introduce a versatile method to create multi-layered, cell-laden hydrogel microstructures with coaxial geometries and heterogeneous mechanical and biological properties. The technique can be used to build in-vitro vascular networks that are fully embedded in hydrogels of physiologically realistic mechanical stiffness. Our technique produces free-standing 3D structures, eliminating rigid polymeric surfaces from the vicinity of cells and allowing layers of multiple cell types to be defined with tailored extracellular matrix (ECM) composition and stiffness, and in direct contact with each other. We demonstrate co-axial geometries with diameters ranging from 200-2000 m and layer thicknesses as small as 50-200 {micro}m in agarose- collagen (AC) composite hydrogels. Coaxial geometries with such fine feature sizes are beyond the capabilities of most bioprinting techniques. A potential application of such a structure is to simulate vascular networks in the brain with endothelial cells surrounded by multiple layers of pericytes and other glial cells. For this purpose, the composition and mechanical properties of the composite AC hydrogels have been optimized for cell viability and biological performance of endothelial and glial cell types in both 2D and 3D culture modes. Multi-layered vascular constructs with an endothelial layer surrounded by layers of glial cells have been fabricated. This prototype in-vitro model resembles vascular geometries and opens the way for complex multi-luminal blood vessels to be fabricated.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Heidari, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/242156</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Multi-layer, Self-aligning Hydrogel Micro-molding Process Offering a Fabrication Route to Perfusable 3D In-Vitro Microvasculature]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/242222v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Listeria monocytogenes InlP interacts with afadin and facilitates basement membrane crossing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/242222v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During pregnancy, the placenta protects the fetus against the maternal immune response, as well as bacterial and viral pathogens. Bacterial pathogens that have evolved specific mechanisms of breaching this barrier, such as Listeria monocytogenes, present a unique opportunity for learning how the placenta carries out its protective function. We previously identified the L. monocytogenes protein Internalin P (InlP) as a secreted virulence factor critical for placental infection (1). Here, we show that InlP, but not the highly similar L. monocytogenes internalin Lmo2027, binds to human afadin (encoded by AF-6), a protein associated with cell-cell junctions. A crystal structure of InlP reveals several unique features, including an extended leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain with a distinctive Ca2+-binding site. Despite afadins involvement in the formation of cell-cell junctions, MDCK epithelial cells expressing InlP displayed a decrease in the magnitude of the traction stresses they could exert on deformable substrates, similar to the decrease in traction exhibited by AF-6 knock-out MDCK cells. L. monocytogenes {Delta}inlP mutants were deficient in their ability to form actin-rich protrusions from the basal face of polarized epithelial monolayers, a necessary step in the crossing of such monolayers (transcytosis). A similar phenotype was observed for bacteria expressing an internal in-frame deletion in inlP (inlP DLRR5) that specifically disrupts its interaction with afadin. However, afadin deletion in the host cells did not rescue the transcytosis defect. We conclude that secreted InlP targets cytosolic afadin to specifically promote L. monocytogenes transcytosis across the basal face of epithelial monolayers, which may contribute to the crossing of the basement membrane during placental infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Faralla, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastounis, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortega, F. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Light, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rizzuto, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nocadello, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, W. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robbins, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theriot, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakardjiev, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/242222</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Listeria monocytogenes InlP interacts with afadin and facilitates basement membrane crossing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/242552v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protein-coding variation and introgression of regulatory alleles drive plumage pattern diversity in the rock pigeon 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/242552v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Birds and other vertebrates display stunning variation in pigmentation patterning, yet the genes controlling this diversity remain largely unknown. Rock pigeons (Columba livia) are fundamentally one of four color pattern phenotypes, in decreasing order of melanism: T-check, checker, bar (ancestral), or barless. Using whole-genome scans, we identified NDP as a candidate gene for this variation. Allele-specific expression differences in NDP indicate cis-regulatory differences between ancestral and melanistic alleles. Sequence comparisons suggest that derived alleles originated in the speckled pigeon (Columba guinea), providing a striking example of introgression of alleles that are favored by breeders and are potentially advantageous in the wild. In contrast, barless rock pigeons have an increased incidence of vision defects and, like two human families with hereditary blindness, carry start-codon mutations in NDP. In summary, we find unexpected links between color pattern, introgression, and vision defects associated with regulatory and coding variation at a single locus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vickrey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruders, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kronenberg, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackey, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohlender, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maclary, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osborne, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huff, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yandell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/242552</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protein-coding variation and introgression of regulatory alleles drive plumage pattern diversity in the rock pigeon]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/244541v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Insect wings and body wall evolved from ancient leg segments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/244541v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The origin of insect wings has long been debated. Central to this debate is whether wings evolved from an epipod (outgrowth, e.g., a gill) on ancestral crustacean leg segments, or represent a novel outgrowth from the dorsal body wall that co-opted some of the genes used to pattern the epipods. To determine whether wings can be traced to ancestral, pre-insect structures, or arose by co-option, comparisons are necessary between insects and arthropods more representative of the ancestral state, where the hypothesized proximal leg region is not fused to the body wall. To do so, we examined the function of five leg patterning genes in the crustacean Parhyale hawaiensis and compared this to previous functional data from insects. By comparing gene knockout phenotypes of leg patterning genes in a crustacean with those of insects, we show that two ancestral crustacean leg segments were incorporated into the insect body, moving the legs epipod dorsally, up onto the back to form insect wings. Thus, our data shows that much of the body wall of insects, including the entire wing, is derived from these two ancestral proximal leg segments. This model explains all observations in favor of either the body wall origin or proximal leg origin of insect wings. Thus, our results show that insect wings are not novel structures, but instead evolved from existing, ancestral structures.nnOne Sentence SummaryCRISPR-Cas9 knockout of leg gap genes in a crustacean reveals that insect wings are not novel structures, they evolved from crustacean leg segments
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bruce, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/244541</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Insect wings and body wall evolved from ancient leg segments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/245316v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Causal contribution and dynamical encoding in the striatum during evidence accumulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/245316v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A broad range of decision-making processes involve gradual accumulation of evidence over time, but the neural circuits responsible for this computation are not yet established. Recent data indicates that cortical regions prominently associated with accumulating evidence, such as posterior parietal cortex and the frontal orienting fields, are not necessary for computing it. Which, then, are the regions responsible? Regions directly involved in evidence accumulation should satisfy the criteria of being necessary for accumulation-based decision-making behavior, having a graded neural encoding of accumulated evidence and causal contributing throughout the accumulation process. Here, we investigated the role of the anterior dorsal striatum (ADS) in a rodent auditory evidence accumulation task using a combination of behavioral, pharmacological, optogenetic, electrophysiological and computational approaches. We find that the ADS is the first brain region known to satisfy these criteria. Thus, the ADS may be the first identified node in the network responsible for evidence accumulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yartsev, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanks, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brody, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/245316</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Causal contribution and dynamical encoding in the striatum during evidence accumulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/252155v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Latin Americans show wide-spread Converso ancestry and the imprint of local Native ancestry on physical appearance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/252155v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Historical records and genetic analyses indicate that Latin Americans trace their ancestry mainly to the admixture of Native Americans, Europeans and Sub-Saharan Africans1. Using novel haplotype-based methods here we infer the sub-populations involved in admixture for over 6,500 Latin Americans and evaluate the impact of sub-continental ancestry on the physical appearance of these individuals. We find that pre-Columbian Native genetic structure is mirrored in Latin Americans and that sources of non-Native ancestry, and admixture timings, match documented migratory flows. We also detect South/East Mediterranean ancestry across Latin America, probably stemming from the clandestine colonial migration of Christian converts of non-European origin (Conversos). Furthermore, we find that Central Andean ancestry impacts on variation of facial features in Latin Americans, particularly nose morphology, possibly relating to environmental adaptation during the evolution of Native Americans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chacon-Duque, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adhikari, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuentes-Guajardo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendoza-Revilla, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acuna-Alonzo, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barquera Lozano, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinto-Sanchez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Valdes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Everardo Martinez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villamil-Ramirez, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunemeier, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramallo, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva de Cerqueira, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurtado, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villegas, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granja, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villena, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasquez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Llop, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandoval, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salazar-Granara, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parolin, M.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandoval, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penaloza-Espinosa, R. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangel-Villalobos, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winkler, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klitz, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bravi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molina, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corach, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrantes, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomes, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Resende, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gusmao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amorim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dugoujon, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mo</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/252155</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Latin Americans show wide-spread Converso ancestry and the imprint of local Native ancestry on physical appearance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/256875v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptomic analyses reveal tissue-specific selection on genes related to apoptotic processes in the subterranean rodent, Ctenomys sociabilis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/256875v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Specialization for a subterranean existence is expected to impact multiple aspects of an organisms biology, including behavior, physiology, and genomic structure. While the phenotypic correlates of life underground have been extensively characterized, the genetic bases for these traits are not well understood, due in part to the challenges of generating large, multi-locus data sets using traditional DNA sequencing strategies. To begin exploring the genomic architecture of adaptation to a subterranean existence, we generated high-quality de novo transcriptome assemblies for 8 different tissue types (hippocampus, hypothalamus, kidney, liver, spleen, ovary, testis, skin) obtained from the colonial tuco-tuco (Ctenomys sociabilis), a group-living species of subterranean rodent that is endemic to southwestern Argentina. From these transcriptomes, we identified genes that are evolving more rapidly in the C. sociabilis lineage compared to other subterranean species of rodents. These comparisons suggest that genes associated with immune response, cell-cycle regulation, and heavy metal detoxification have been subject to positive selection in C. sociabilis. Comparisons of transcripts from different tissues suggest that the spleen and liver - organs involved in immune function and detoxification - may be particularly important sites for these adaptations, thereby underscoring the importance of including multiple tissue types in analyses of transcriptomic variation. In addition to providing an important resource for future genomic studies of C. sociabilis, our analyses generate new insights into the genomic architecture of functionally significant phenotypic traits in free-living mammals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kordonowy, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacey, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacManes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/256875</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptomic analyses reveal tissue-specific selection on genes related to apoptotic processes in the subterranean rodent, Ctenomys sociabilis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/257451v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A stable mode of bookmarking by TBP recruits RNA Polymerase II to mitotic chromosomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/257451v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How a cell maintains transcriptional fidelity across mitosis has remained an enduring mystery in biology. One challenge arises during mitosis when chromatin becomes condensed and transcription is shut off. How do the daughter cells re-establish the original transcription program? Here, we report that the TATA-binding protein (TBP), a key component of the core transcriptional machinery, remains bound globally to active promoters in ES cells during mitosis. Using live-cell single-molecule imaging, we observed that TBP mitotic binding is highly stable, with an average residence time of minutes. This stable binding is in stark contrast to typical TFs with residence times of seconds. To test the functional effect of mitotic TBP binding, we used a drug-inducible degron system and found that TBP promotes the association of RNA Polymerase II with mitotic chromosomes, and facilitates transcriptional reactivation following mitosis. These results suggest that the core transcriptional machinery maintains global transcriptional memory during mitosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Teves, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhargava-Shah, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darzacq, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/257451</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A stable mode of bookmarking by TBP recruits RNA Polymerase II to mitotic chromosomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/258863v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activity of Antimicrobial Peptides Decreases with Increased Cell Membrane Crossing Free Energy Cost 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/258863v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a promising alternative to mitigating bacterial infections in light of increasing bacterial resistance to antibiotics. However, predicting, understanding, and controlling the antibacterial activity of AMPs remains a significant challenge. While peptide intramolecular interactions are known to modulate AMP antimi-crobial activity, peptide intermolecular interactions remain elusive in their impact on peptide bioactivity. Herein, we test the relationship between AMP intermolecular interactions and antibacterial efficacy by controlling AMP intermolecular hydrophobic and hydrogen bonding interactions. Molecular dynamics simulations and Gibbs free energy calculations in concert with experimental assays show that increasing intermolecular interactions via inter-peptide aggregation increases the energy cost for the peptide to cross the bacterial cell membrane, which in turn decreases the AMP antibacterial activity. Our findings provide a route for predicting and controlling the antibacterial activity of AMPs against Gramnegative bacteria via reductions of intermolecular AMP interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zou, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/258863</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activity of Antimicrobial Peptides Decreases with Increased Cell Membrane Crossing Free Energy Cost]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/260653v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sensations from a single M-cone depend on the activity of surrounding S-cones 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/260653v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Color vision requires the activity of cone photoreceptors to be compared in post-receptoral circuitry. Decades of psychophysical measurements have quantified the nature of these comparative interactions on a coarse scale. How such findings generalize to a cellular scale remains unclear. To answer that question, we quantified the influence of surrounding light on the appearance of spots targeted to individual cones. The eyes aberrations were corrected with adaptive optics and retinal position was precisely tracked in real-time to compensate for natural movement. Subjects reported the color appearance of each spot. A majority of L-and M-cones consistently gave rise to the sensation of white, while a smaller group repeatedly elicited hue sensations. When blue sensations were reported they were more likely mediated by M- than L-cones. Blue sensations were elicited from M-cones against a short-wavelength light that preferentially elevated the quantal catch in surrounding S-cones, while stimulation of the same cones against a white background elicited green sensations. In one of two subjects, proximity to S-cones increased the probability of blue reports when M-cones were probed. We propose that M-cone increments excited both green and blue opponent pathways, but the relative activity of neighboring cones favored one pathway over the other.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabesan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuten, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roorda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/260653</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sensations from a single M-cone depend on the activity of surrounding S-cones]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/261198v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Using movement data to estimate contact rates in a simulated environmentally-transmitted disease system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/261198v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Agent-based models have become important tools in ecology, particularly in the study of infectious disease dynamics. Simulations of near-continuous movement paths guided by empirical data offer new avenues of investigation into disease transmission. Here, we simulate the spatiotemporal transmission dynamics of anthrax, the acute disease caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, a pathogen transmitted primarily via environmental reservoirs. We explore how calculations of the probabilities of contact between a host and infectious reservoirs are affected by the scale and method of analysis. At both the landscape and individual scales, empirical movement tracks offer previously unattainable estimates of impacts of movement decisions on contact rate metrics. However, the analytical method selected for the calculation of the probability of contact has notable impacts on the resulting estimates, with convex polygons virtually canceling out variation, and unions of local convex hulls (LoCoH methods) and space-time prisms reflecting reasonable variation, but differing in the magnitude of their estimates. The explicit consideration of behavioral states along movement pathways also impacts evaluations of exposure risk, though its effects differ across methods of analysis. Ultimately, simulations demonstrate that the incorporation of movement data into pathogen transmission analyses helps clarify the role of movement processes underlying the observed dynamics of infectious disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dougherty, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidel, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Getz, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/261198</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Using movement data to estimate contact rates in a simulated environmentally-transmitted disease system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/262170v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ATP-dependent force generation and membrane scission by ESCRT-III and Vps4 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/262170v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ESCRTs catalyze reverse-topology scission from the inner face of membrane necks in HIV budding, multivesicular endosome biogenesis, cytokinesis, and other pathways. We encapsulated a minimal ESCRT module consisting of ESCRT-III subunits Snf7, Vps24, and Vps2, and the AAA+ ATPase Vps4 such that membrane nanotubes reflecting the correct topology of scission could be pulled from giant vesicles. Upon ATP release by photo-uncaging, this system was capable of generating forces within the nanotubes in a manner dependent upon Vps4 catalytic activity, Vps4 coupling to the ESCRT-III proteins, and membrane insertion by Snf7. At physiological concentrations, single scission events were observed that correlated with forces of ~6 pN, verifying predictions that ESCRTs are capable of exerting forces on membranes. Imaging of scission with subsecond resolution revealed Snf7 puncta at the sites of membrane cutting, directly verifying longstanding predictions for the ESCRT scission mechanism.nnOne Sentence SummaryESCRT-III and Vps4 were reconstituted from within the interior of nanotubes pulled from giant vesicles, revealing that this machinery couples ATP-dependent force production for membrane scission.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schoeneberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Righini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Remec Pavlin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, I.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, L.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahrami, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hummer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustamante, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/262170</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ATP-dependent force generation and membrane scission by ESCRT-III and Vps4]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/262972v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure of the 30S ribosomal decoding complex at ambient temperature 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/262972v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ribosome translates nucleotide sequences of messenger RNA to proteins through selection of cognate transfer RNA according to the genetic code. To date, structural studies of ribosomal decoding complexes yielding high-resolution data have predominantly relied on experiments performed at cryogenic temperatures. New lightsources like the X-ray free electron laser (XFEL) have enabled data collection from macromolecular crystals at ambient temperature. Here, we report an X-ray crystal structure of the Thermus thermophilus 30S ribosomal subunit decoding complex to 3.45 [A] resolution using data obtained at ambient temperature at the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS). We find that this ambient-temperature structure is largely consistent with existing cryogenic-temperature crystal structures, with key residues of the decoding complex exhibiting similar conformations, including adenosine residues 1492 and 1493. Minor variations were observed, namely an alternate conformation of cytosine 1397 near the mRNA channel and the A-site. Our serial crystallography experiment illustrates the amenability of ribosomal microcrystals to routine structural studies at ambient temperature, thus overcoming a long-standing experimental limitation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dao, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poitevin, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sierra, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gati, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciftci, H. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aksit, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGurk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obrinski, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mgbam, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayes, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Lichtenberg, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardo-Avila, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corsepius, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seaberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunter, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koglin, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wakatsuki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demirci, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/262972</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure of the 30S ribosomal decoding complex at ambient temperature]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/264366v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Hierarchical Anti-Hebbian Network Model for the Formation of Spatial Cells in Three-Dimensional Space 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/264366v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Three dimensional (3D) spatial cells in the mammalian hippocampalformationare believed to support the existence of 3D cognitive maps. Modeling studies are crucial to comprehend the neural principles governing the formation of these maps, yet to date very few have addressed this topic in 3D space. Here, we present a hierarchical network model for the formation of 3D spatial cells using anti-hebbian network. Built on empirical data, the model accounts for the natural emergence of 3D place, border and grid-cells as well as a new type of previously undescribed spatial cell type which we call plane cells. It further explains the plausible reason behind the place and grid-cell anisotropic coding that has been observed in rodents and the potential discrepancy with the predicted periodic coding during 3D volumetric navigation. Lastly, it provides evidence for the importance of unsupervised learning rules in guiding the formation of higher dimensional cognitive maps.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Soman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakravarthy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yartsev, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/264366</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Hierarchical Anti-Hebbian Network Model for the Formation of Spatial Cells in Three-Dimensional Space]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/266163v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Somatic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors control the activity of dopamine neurons and reward-related behaviors. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/266163v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dopamine (DA) neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) integrate cholinergic inputs to regulate key functions such as motivation and goal-directed behaviors. Yet the temporal dynamic range and mechanism of action of acetylcholine (ACh) on the modulation of VTA circuits and reward-related behaviors are not known. Here we used a chemical-genetic approach for rapid and precise optical manipulation of nicotinic neurotransmission in VTA neurons in vivo. We provide direct evidence that the ACh tone fine-tunes the firing properties of VTA DA neurons through somatic {beta}2-containing ({beta}2*) nicotinic ACh receptors (nAChRs). Furthermore, locally photo-antagonizing these receptors in the VTA was sufficient to reversibly switch nicotine reinforcement on and off. By enabling control of nicotinic transmission in targeted brain circuits, this technology will help unravel the various physiological functions of nAChRs and may assist in the design of novel therapies relevant to neuropsychiatric disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Durand-de Cuttoli, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mondoloni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marti, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemoine, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naude, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>d'Izarny-Gargas, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pons, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maskos, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trauner, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faure, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mourot, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/266163</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Somatic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors control the activity of dopamine neurons and reward-related behaviors.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/266700v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metagenomic analysis with strain-level resolution reveals fine-scale variation in the human pregnancy microbiome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/266700v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent studies suggest that the microbiome has an impact on gestational health and outcome. However, characterization of the pregnancy-associated microbiome has largely relied on 16S rRNA gene amplicon-based surveys. Here, we describe an assembly-driven, metagenomics-based, longitudinal study of the vaginal, gut, and oral microbiomes in 292 samples from ten subjects sampled every three weeks throughout pregnancy. 1.53 Gb of non-human sequence was assembled into scaffolds, and functional genes were predicted for gene-and pathway-based analyses. Vaginal assemblies were binned into 97 draft quality genomes. Redundancy analysis (RDA) of microbial community composition at all three body sites revealed gestational age to be a significant source of variation in patterns of gene abundance. In addition, health complications were associated with variation in community functional gene composition in the mouth and gut. The diversity of Lactobacillus iners-dominated communities in the vagina, unlike most other vaginal community types, significantly increased with gestational age. The genomes of co-occurring Gardnerella vaginalis strains with predicted distinct functions were recovered in samples from two subjects. In seven subjects, gut samples contained strains of the same Lactobacillus species that dominated the vaginal community of that same subject, and not other Lactobacillus species; however, these within-host strains were divergent. CRISPR spacer analysis suggested shared phage and plasmid populations across body sites and individuals. This work underscores the dynamic behavior of the microbiome during pregnancy and suggests the potential importance of understanding the sources of this behavior for fetal development and gestational outcome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goltsman, D. S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Proctor, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiGiulio, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robaczewska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevenson, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Relman, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/266700</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metagenomic analysis with strain-level resolution reveals fine-scale variation in the human pregnancy microbiome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/267096v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DeepLoco: Fast 3D Localization Microscopy Using Neural Networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/267096v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-molecule localization super-resolution microscopy (SMLM) techniques like STORM and PALM have transformed cellular microscopy by substantially increasing spatial resolution. In this paper we introduce a new algorithm for a critical part of the SMLM process: estimating the number and locations of the fluorophores in a single frame. Our algorithm can analyze a 20000-frame experimental 3D SMLM dataset in about one second -- substantially faster than real-time and existing algorithms. Our approach is straightforward but very different from existing algorithms: we train a neural network to minimize the Bayes risk under a generative model for single SMLM frames. The neural network maps a frame directly to a collection of fluorophore locations, which we compare to the ground truth using a novel loss function. While training the neural network takes several hours, it only has to be done once for a given experimental setup. After training, localizing fluorophores in new images is extremely fast -- orders of magnitude faster than existing algorithms. Faster recovery opens the door to real-time calibration and accelerated acquisition, and future work could tackle more complicated optical systems and more realistic simulators.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boyd, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babcock, H. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Recht, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/267096</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DeepLoco: Fast 3D Localization Microscopy Using Neural Networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/272047v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Subset-based genomic prediction provides insights into the genetic architecture of free amino acid levels in dry Arabidopsis thaliana seeds 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/272047v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plant growth, development, and nutritional quality depends upon amino acid homeostasis, especially in seeds. However, our understanding of the underlying genetics influencing amino acid content and composition remains limited, with only a few candidate genes and quantitative trait loci identified to date. Improved knowledge of the genetics and biological processes that determine amino acid levels will enable researchers to use this information for plant breeding and biological discovery. Towards this goal, we used genomic prediction to identify biological processes that are associated with, and therefore potentially influence, free amino acid (FAA) composition in seeds of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Markers were split into categories based on metabolic pathway annotations and fit using a genomic partitioning model to evaluate the influence of each pathway on heritability explained, model fit, and predictive ability. Selected pathways included processes known to influence FAA composition, albeit to an unknown degree, and spanned four categories: amino acid, core, specialized, and protein metabolism. Using this approach, we identified associations for pathways containing known variants for FAA traits, in addition to finding new trait-pathway associations. Markers related to amino acid metabolism, which are directly involved in the FAA regulation, improved predictive ability for branched chain amino acids and histidine. The use of genomic partitioning also revealed patterns across biochemical families, in which serine-derived FAAs were associated with protein related annotations and aromatic FAAs were associated with specialized metabolic pathways. Taken together, these findings provide evidence that genomic partitioning is a viable strategy to uncover the relative contributions of biological processes to FAA traits in seeds, offering a promising framework to guide hypothesis testing and narrow the search space for candidate genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bird, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beissinger, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angelovici, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/272047</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Subset-based genomic prediction provides insights into the genetic architecture of free amino acid levels in dry Arabidopsis thaliana seeds]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/272328v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel xenograft model reveals invasive mesenchymal transition and ineffective angiogenic response during the evolution of resistance to anti-angiogenic therapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/272328v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bevacizumab treatment of glioblastoma is limited by transient responses and acquired resistance. Because of the lengthy duration of treatment that can precede resistance in patients, in order to study changes underlying the evolution of bevacizumab resistance, we created a novel multigenerational xenograft model of acquired bevacizumab resistance. Glioblastoma xenografts were treated with bevacizumab or IgG, and the fastest growing tumor re-implanted into new mice, generating paired isogeneic responsive or resistant multigenerational xenografts. Microarray analysis revealed significant overexpression across generations of the mesenchymal subtype gene signature, paralleling results from patient bevacizumab-resistant glioblastomas (BRGs) that exhibited increasing mesenchymal gene expression correlating with increased bevacizumab treatment duration. Key mesenchymal markers, including YKL-40, CD44, SERPINE1, and TIMP1 were upregulated across generations, with altered morphology, increased invasiveness, and increased neurosphere formation confirmed in later xenograft generations. Interestingly, YKL-40 levels were elevated in serum of patients with bevacizumab-resistant vs. bevacizumab-naive glioblastomas. Finally, despite upregulation of VEGF-independent pro-angiogenic genes across xenograft generations, immunostaining revealed increased hypoxia and decreased vessel density with increasing generation of treatment, mirroring our findings in patient BRGs and suggesting tumor growth despite effective devascularization caused by VEGF blockade. Besides identifying novel targets for preventing the evolution of resistance and offering a xenograft model for testing resistance inhibitors, our work suggests YKL-40 as a blood biomarker of bevacizumab resistance worthy of further evaluation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jahangiri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rick, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidorov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flanigan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yagnik, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carbonell, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aghi, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/272328</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel xenograft model reveals invasive mesenchymal transition and ineffective angiogenic response during the evolution of resistance to anti-angiogenic therapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/276295v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Hedgehog signaling domain was acquired from a prokaryote. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/276295v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) coordinates Zn2+ in a manner that resembles that of peptidases. The ability of Shh to undergo autoproteolytic processing is impaired in mutants that affect the Zn2+ coordination, while mutating residues essential for catalytic activity results in more stable forms of Shh. The residues involved in Zn2+ coordination in Shh are found mutated in some individuals with the congenital birth defect holoprosencephaly, demonstrating their importance in development. Highly conserved Shh domains are found a parts of some bacterial proteins that are members of the larger family of DD-peptidases, supporting the notion that Shh acts as a peptidase. Whereas this Hh/DD-peptidase motif is present in Hedgehog (Hh) proteins of nearly all animals, it is not present in Drosophila Hh, indicating that Hh signaling in fruit flies is derived, and perhaps not a good model for vertebrate Shh signaling. Sequence analysis of Hh proteins and their possible evolutionary precursors suggest that the evolution of modern Hh might have involved horizontal transfer of a bacterial gene coding of a Hh/DD-peptidase into a Cnidarian ancestor, recombining to give rise to modern Hh.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roelink, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/276295</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Hedgehog signaling domain was acquired from a prokaryote.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/276733v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HIV-1 Nefs are cargo-sensitive AP-1 trimerization switches in tetherin and MHC-I downregulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/276733v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The HIV accessory protein Nef counteracts immune defenses by subverting coated vesicle pathways. The 3.7 [A] cryo-EM structure of a closed trimer of the clathrin adaptor AP-1, the small GTPase Arf1, HIV-1 Nef, and the cytosolic tail of the restriction factor tetherin suggested a mechanism for inactivating tetherin by Golgi retention. The 4.3 [A] structure of a mutant Nef-induced dimer of AP-1 showed how the closed trimer is regulated by the dileucine loop of Nef. HDX-MS and mutational analysis were used to show how cargo dynamics leads to alternative Arf1 trimerization, directing Nef targets to be either retained at the trans-Golgi or sorted to lysosomes. Phosphorylation of the NL4-3 M-Nef was shown to regulate AP-1 trimerization, explaining how O-Nefs lacking this phosphosite counteract tetherin but most M-Nefs do not. These observations show how the higher-order organization of a vesicular coat can be allosterically modulated to direct cargoes to distinct fates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morris, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buffalo, C. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sturzel, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heusinger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirchhoff, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurley, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/276733</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HIV-1 Nefs are cargo-sensitive AP-1 trimerization switches in tetherin and MHC-I downregulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/279141v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacteriophage cooperation suppresses CRISPR-Cas3 and Cas9 immunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/279141v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
>Bacteria utilize CRISPR-Cas adaptive immune systems for protection from bacteriophages (phages), and some phages produce anti-CRISPR (Acr) proteins that inhibit immune function. Despite thorough mechanistic and structural information for some Acr proteins, how they are deployed and utilized by a phage during infection is unknown. Here, we show that Acr production does not guarantee phage replication, but instead, infections fail when phage population numbers fall below a critical threshold. Failing infections can be rescued by related phages that act as Acr donors, demonstrating that infections succeed if a sufficient Acr dose is contributed to a single cell by multiple phage genomes. The production of Acr proteins by phage genomes that fail to replicate leave the cell immunosuppressed, which predisposes the cell for successful infection by other phages in the population. This "cooperative" phage mechanism for CRISPR-Cas inhibition demonstrates inter-virus cooperation that may also manifest in other host-parasite interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Borges, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rollins, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osuna, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiedenheft, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bondy-Denomy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/279141</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacteriophage cooperation suppresses CRISPR-Cas3 and Cas9 immunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/279182v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Zika Virus Outbreak, Barbados, 2015 - 2016 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/279182v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Barbados is a Caribbean island country of approximately 285,000 people, with a thriving tourism industry. In 2015, Zika spread rapidly throughout the Americas, and its proliferation through the Caribbean islands followed suit. Barbados reported its first confirmed autochthonous Zika transmission to the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) in January 2016, a month before the global public health emergency was declared. Following detection of suspected Zika cases on Barbados in 2015, 926 individuals were described as suspected cases, and 147 lab confirmed cases were reported through December 2016, the end of the most recent epidemiological year. In this short report, we describe the epidemiological characteristics of 926 clinical case records which were originally suspected as cases of Zika, and which were subsequently sent for testing and confirmation; 147 were found positive for Zika, using RT-PCR methods, another 276 tested negative, and the remaining 503 were either pending results or still in the suspected category. Women were represented at about twice the rate of men in case records where sex was reported (71.9%), and confirmed cases (78.2%), and 19 of the confirmed positive cases were children under the age of 10.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ryan, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippi, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart-Ibarra, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borbor Cordova, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romero, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, S.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trotman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rollock, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gittens-St. Hilaire, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/279182</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Zika Virus Outbreak, Barbados, 2015 - 2016]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/279349v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization of Diverse Homoserine Lactone Synthases in Escherichia coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/279349v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Quorum sensing networks have been identified in over one hundred bacterial species to date. A subset of these networks regulate group behaviors, such as bioluminescence, virulence, and biofilm formation, by sending and receiving small molecules called homoserine lactones (HSLs). Bioengineers have incorporated quorum sensing pathways into genetic circuits to connect logical operations. However, the development of higher-order genetic circuitry is inhibited by crosstalk, in which one quorum sensing network responds to HSLs produced by a different network. Here, we report the construction and characterization of a library of ten synthases including some that are expected to produce HSLs that are incompatible with the Lux pathway, and therefore show no crosstalk. We demonstrated their function in a common lab chassis, Escherichia coli BL21, and in two contexts, liquid and solid agar cultures, using decoupled Sender and Receiver pathways. We observed weak or strong stimulation of a Lux Receiver by longer-chain or shorter-chain HSL-generating Senders, respectively. We also considered the under-investigated risk of unintentional release of incompletely deactivated HSLs in biological waste. We found that HSL-enriched media treated with bleach is still bioactive, while autoclaving deactivates LuxR induction. This work represents the most extensive comparison of quorum sensing synthases to date and greatly expands the bacterial signaling toolkit while recommending practices for disposal based on empirical, quantitative evidence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Daer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrett, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melendez, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tekel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dennison, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muller, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haynes, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/279349</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization of Diverse Homoserine Lactone Synthases in Escherichia coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/279679v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial extinction date estimation: a novel method for reconstructing spatiotemporal patterns of extinction and identifying potential zones of rediscovery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/279679v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIThe estimation of extinction dates from limited and incomplete sighting records is a key challenge in conservation (when experts are uncertain whether a species has gone extinct) and historical ecology (when the date and mechanism of extinction is controversial).nC_LIO_LIWe introduce a spatially-explicit method of interpolating extinction date estimators, allowing users to estimate spatiotemporal surfaces of population persistence from georeferenced sighting data of variable quality.nC_LIO_LIWe present the R package spatExtinct, which produces spatially-explicit extinction date surfaces from geolocated sightings, including options for custom randomization schemes to improve accuracy with limited datasets. We use simulations to illustrate the sensitivity of the method to parameterization, and apply the method to identify potential areas where Bachmans warbler (Vermivora bachmanii) might be rediscovered.nC_LIO_LIOur method, and the spatExtinct package, has the potential to help describe and differentiate different drivers of extinction for historical datasets, and could be used to identify possible regions of population persistence for species with an uncertain extinction status, improving on non-spatial or imprecise methods that are currently in use.nC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carlson, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgio, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dallas, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bond, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/279679</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial extinction date estimation: a novel method for reconstructing spatiotemporal patterns of extinction and identifying potential zones of rediscovery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/280438v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mosaic patterns of B-vitamin synthesis and utilization in a natural marine microbial community 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/280438v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aquatic environments contain diverse microbial communities whose complex interactions mediate the cycling of major and trace nutrients such as vitamins. B-vitamins are essential coenzymes that many organisms cannot synthesize. Thus their exchange among de-novo synthesizers and auxotrophs is expected to play an important role in the microbial consortia and explain some of the temporal and spatial changes observed in diversity. In this study, we analyzed metatranscriptomes of a natural coastal microbial community, diel sampled-quarterly over one year to try to identify the potential major B-vitamin synthesizers and consumers. Our transcriptomic data show that the best-represented taxa dominated the expression of synthesis genes for some B-vitamins but lacked transcripts for others. For instance, Rhodobacterales dominated the expression of vitamin-B12 synthesis, but not of vitamin-B7, whose synthesis transcripts were mainly represented by Flavobacteria.In contrast, bacterial groups that constituted less than 4% of the community (e.g., Verrucomicrobia) accounted for most of the vitamin-B1 synthesis transcripts. Furthermore, ambient vitamin-B1 concentrations were higher in samples collected during the day, and were positively correlated with chlorophyll-a concentration. Our analysis supports the hypothesis that the mosaic of metabolic interdependencies through B-vitamin synthesis and exchange are key processes that contribute to shaping microbial communities in nature.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Consarnau, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachdeva, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gifford, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cutter, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuhrman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanudo-Wilhelmy, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moran, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/280438</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mosaic patterns of B-vitamin synthesis and utilization in a natural marine microbial community]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/281881v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Estimation of population divergence times from SNP data and a test for treeness 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/281881v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present a method for estimating population divergence times from genome sequences when one individual is sampled from each population. Our method is a simplified version of one presented by Rassmussen et al. (2014) for testing for direct ancestry of an archaic genome. Our method does not require distinguishing ancestral from derived alleles or assumptions about demographic history before population divergence. We discuss the relationship of our method to two similar methods, one introduced by Green et al. (2010) and denoted by F(A | B) and the other introduced by Schlebusch et al. (2017) and called the TT method. When our method is applied to individuals from three or more populations, it provides a test of whether the population history is treelike. We illustrate the use of our method by applying it to three high-coverage archaic genomes, two Neanderthals (Vindija and Altai) and a Denisovan.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Theunert, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slatkin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/281881</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Estimation of population divergence times from SNP data and a test for treeness]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/281931v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A network of MAP-Kinase pathways and transcription factors regulates cell-to-cell communication and cell wall integrity in Neurospora crassa 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/281931v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Maintenance of cell integrity and cell-to-cell communication are fundamental biological processes. Filamentous fungi, such as Neurospora crassa, depend on communication to locate compatible cells, coordinate cell fusion, and establish a robust hyphal network. Two MAP-Kinase pathways are essential for communication and cell fusion in N. crassa; the Cell Wall Integrity/MAK-1 pathway and the MAK-2 (signal response) pathway. Previous studies have demonstrated several points of cross talk between the MAK-1 and MAK-2 pathways, which is likely necessary for oordinating chemotropic growth toward an extracellular signal, and then mediating cell fusion. Canonical MAP-Kinase pathways begin with signal reception and end with a transcriptional response. Two transcription factors, ADV-1 and PP-1, are essential for communication and cell fusion. PP-1 is the conserved target of MAK-2, while it is unclear what targets ADV-1. We did RNAseq on{Delta} adv-1, {Delta}pp-1, and wild-type cells and found that ADV-1 and PP-1 have a shared regulon including many genes required for communication, cell fusion, growth, development, and stress response. We identified ADV-1 and PP-1 binding sites across the genome by adapting the in vitro method of DNA-Affinity Purification sequencing (DAP-seq) for N. crassa. To elucidate the regulatory network, we misexpressed each transcription factor in each upstream MAPK deletion mutant. Misexpression of adv-1 was sufficient to fully suppress the phenotype of the{Delta} pp-1 mutant and partially suppress the phenotype of the{Delta} mak-1 mutant. Collectively, our data demonstrate that the MAK-1-ADV-1 and MAK-2- PP-1 pathways form a tight regulatory network that maintains cell integrity and mediates communication and cell fusion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Glass, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, V. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Malley, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/281931</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A network of MAP-Kinase pathways and transcription factors regulates cell-to-cell communication and cell wall integrity in Neurospora crassa]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/284000v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Switch-like activation of Bruton’s tyrosine kinase by membrane-mediated dimerization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/284000v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The transformation of molecular binding events into cellular decisions is the basis of most biological signal transduction. A fundamental challenge faced by these systems is that protein-ligand chemical affinities alone generally result in poor sensitivity to ligand concentration, endangering the system to error. Here, we examine the lipid-binding pleckstrin homology and Tec homology (PH-TH) module of Brutons tyrosine kinase (Btk) Using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) and membrane-binding kinetic measurements, we identify a self-contained phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PIP3) sensing mechanism that achieves switch-like sensitivity to PIP3 levels, surpassing the intrinsic affinity discrimination of PIP3:PH binding. This mechanism employs multiple PIP3 binding as well as dimerization of Btk on the membrane surface. Mutational studies in live cells confirm that this mechanism is critical for activation of Btk in vivo. These results demonstrate how a single protein module can institute a minimalist coincidence detection mechanism to achieve high-precision discrimination of ligand concentration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chung, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nocka, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadlecek, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuriyan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groves, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/284000</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Switch-like activation of Bruton’s tyrosine kinase by membrane-mediated dimerization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/287433v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conservation and Divergence of YODA MAPKKK Function in Regulation of Grass Epidermal Patterning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/287433v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
All multicellular organisms must properly pattern cell types to generate functional tissues and organs. The organized and predictable cell lineages of the Brachypodium leaf enabled us to characterize the role of the MAPK kinase kinase gene BdYODA1 in regulating asymmetric cell divisions. We find that YODA genes promote normal stomatal spacing patterns in both Arabidopsis and Brachypodium, despite species-specific differences in those patterns. Using lineage tracing and cell fate markers, we show that, unexpectedly, patterning defects in bdyoda1 mutants do not arise from faulty physical asymmetry in cell divisions but rather from improper enforcement of alternative cellular fates after division. These cross-species comparisons allow us to refine our interpretations of MAPK activities during plant asymmetric cell divisions.nnSummary StatementAnalysis of Brachypodium leaf epidermis development reveals that the MAPKKK, BdYODA1, regulates asymmetric divisions by enforcing resultant cell fates rather than driving initial physical asymmetries.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abrash, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anleu Gil, M. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matos, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergmann, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/287433</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conservation and Divergence of YODA MAPKKK Function in Regulation of Grass Epidermal Patterning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/288290v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Low-Cost Touchscreen Driven Programmable Dual Syringe Pump for Life Science Applications 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/288290v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Syringe pumps are powerful tools able to automate routine laboratory practices that otherwise consume large amounts of manual labor time. Commercially available syringe pumps are expensive, difficult to customize, and often preset for a narrow range of operations. Here, we show how to build a programmable dual syringe pump (PDSP) that overcomes these limitations. The PDSP is driven by a Raspberry Pi paired with a stepper motor controller to allow maximal customization via Python scripting. The entire setup can be controlled by a touchscreen for use without a keyboard or mouse. Furthermore, the PDSP is structured around 3D printed parts, enabling users to change any component for their specific application. We demonstrate one application of the PDSP by using it to generate whole cell lysates using a cell homogenizer in an automated fashion.nnSpecifications tablennO_TBL View this table:norg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@17fdadorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@10f7536org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1d854c6org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1a5d4bcorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@31ad8b_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_TBL C_TBL
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garcia, V. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeRisi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/288290</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Low-Cost Touchscreen Driven Programmable Dual Syringe Pump for Life Science Applications]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/289686v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oblique plane single-molecule localization microscopy for thick samples 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/289686v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We introduce single-molecule oblique plane microscopy (obSTORM) to directly image oblique sections of thick samples into depth without lengthy axial stack acquisition. Using oblique light-sheet illumination and oblique fluorescence detection, obSTORM offers uniform super-resolution throughout imaging depth in diverse biological specimens from cells to tissues. In particular, we demonstrate an isotropic resolution of [~]51 nm over a depth of 32 m for a tissue sample, and comparable resolution over a depth of 100 m using fluorescent beads.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wojcik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/289686</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oblique plane single-molecule localization microscopy for thick samples]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/295972v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Global changes in mRNA abundance drive differential shuttling of RNA binding proteins, linking cytoplasmic RNA degradation to transcription 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/295972v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alterations in global mRNA decay broadly impact multiple stages of gene expression, although signals that connect these processes are incompletely defined. Here, we used tandem mass tag labeling coupled with mass spectrometry to reveal that changing the mRNA decay landscape, as frequently occurs during viral infection, results in subcellular redistribution of RNA binding proteins (RBPs) in human cells. Accelerating Xrn1-dependent mRNA decay through expression of a gammaherpesviral endonuclease drove nuclear translocation of many RBPs, including poly(A) tail-associated proteins. Conversely, cells lacking Xrn1 exhibited changes in the localization or abundance of numerous factors linked to mRNA turnover. Using these data, we uncovered a new role for relocalized cytoplasmic poly(A) binding protein in repressing recruitment of TATA binding protein and RNA polymerase II to promoters. Collectively, our results show that changes in cytoplasmic mRNA decay can directly impact protein localization, providing a mechanism to connect seemingly distal stages of gene expression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gilbertson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Federspiel, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartenian, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cristea, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaunsinger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/295972</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Global changes in mRNA abundance drive differential shuttling of RNA binding proteins, linking cytoplasmic RNA degradation to transcription]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/298240v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A 3D Topographical Model of Parenchymal Infiltration and Perivascular Invasion in Glioblastoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/298240v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and invasive primary brain cancer. GBM tumors are characterized by diffuse infiltration, with tumor cells invading slowly through the hyaluronic acid (HA)-rich parenchyma toward vascular beds and then migrating rapidly along microvasculature. Progress in understanding local infiltration, vascular homing, and perivascular invasion is limited by an absence of culture models that recapitulate these hallmark processes. Here we introduce a platform for GBM invasion consisting of a tumor-like cell reservoir and a parallel open channel "vessel" embedded in 3D HA-RGD matrix. We show that this simple paradigm is sufficient to capture multi-step invasion and transitions in cell morphology and speed reminiscent of those seen in GBM. Specifically, seeded tumor cells grow into multicellular masses that expand and invade the surrounding HA-RGD matrices while extending long (10-100 {micro}m), thin protrusions resembling those observed for GBM in vivo. Upon encountering the channel, cells orient along the channel wall, adopt a 2D-like morphology, and migrate rapidly along the channel. Structured illumination microscopy reveals distinct cytoskeletal architectures for cells invading through the HA matrix versus those migrating along the vascular channel. Substitution of collagen I in place of HA-RGD supports the same sequence of events but with faster local invasion and a more mesenchymal morphology. These results indicate that topographical effects are generalizable across matrix formulations, but that mechanisms underlying invasion are matrix-dependent. We anticipate that our reductionist paradigm should speed the development of mechanistic hypotheses that could be tested in more complex tumor models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wolf, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/298240</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A 3D Topographical Model of Parenchymal Infiltration and Perivascular Invasion in Glioblastoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/300012v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Connectivity Problems on Heterogeneous Graphs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/300012v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundNetwork connectivity problems are abundant in computational biology research, where graphs are used to represent a range of phenomena: from physical interactions between molecules to more abstract relationships such as gene co-expression. One common challenge in studying biological networks is the need to extract meaningful, small subgraphs out of large databases of potential interactions. A useful abstraction for this task turned out to be the Steiner network problems: given a reference "database" graph, find a parsimonious subgraph that satisfies a given set of connectivity demands. While this formulation proved useful in a number of instances, the next challenge is to account for the fact that the reference graph may not be static. This can happen for instance, when studying protein measurements in single cells or at different time points, whereby different subsets of conditions can have different protein milieu.nnResults and DiscussionWe introduce the condition Steiner network problem in which we concomitantly consider a set of distinct biological conditions. Each condition is associated with a set of connectivity demands, as well as a set of edges that are assumed to be present in that condition. The goal of this problem is to find a minimal subgraph that satisfies all the demands through paths that are present in the respective condition. We show that introducing multiple conditions as an additional factor makes this problem much harder to approximate. Specifically, we prove that for C conditions, this new problem is NP-hard to approximate to a factor of C -{epsilon} , for every C [&ge;] 2 and{epsilon} > 0, and that this bound is tight. Moving beyond the worst case, we explore a special set of instances where the reference graph grows monotonically between conditions, and show that this problem admits substantially improved approximation algorithms. We also developed an integer linear programming solver for the general problem and demonstrate its ability to reach optimality with instances from the human protein interaction network.nnConclusionOur results demonstrate that in contrast to most connectivity problems studied in computational biology, accounting for multiplicity of biological conditions adds considerable complexity, which we propose to address with a new solver. Importantly, our results extend to several network connectivity problems that are commonly used in computational biology, such as Prize-Collecting Steiner Tree, and provide insight into the theoretical guarantees for their applications in a multiple condition setting.nnAvailabilityOur solver for the general condition Steiner network problem is available at https://github.com/YosefLab/condition_connectivity_problems
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khodaverdian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weitz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/300012</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Connectivity Problems on Heterogeneous Graphs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/302158v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stress relaxation in epithelial monolayers is controlled by actomyosin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/302158v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epithelial monolayers are one-cell thick tissue sheets that separate internal and external environments. As part of their function, they withstand extrinsic mechanical stresses applied at high strain rate. However, little is known about how monolayers respond to mechanical deformations. In stress relaxation tests, monolayers respond in a biphasic manner and stress dissipation is accompanied by an increase in monolayer resting length, pointing to active remodelling of cell architecture during relaxation. Consistent with this, actomyosin remodels at a rate commensurate with mechanical relaxation and governs the rate of monolayer stress relaxation - as in single cells. By contrast, junctional complexes and intermediate filaments form stable connections between cells, enabling monolayers to behave rheologically as single cells. Together, these data show actomyosin cytoskeletal dynamics govern the rheological properties of monolayers by enabling active, ATP-dependent changes in the resting length. These findings have far-reaching consequences for our understanding of developmental morphogenesis and tissue response to mechanical stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khalilgharibi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fouchard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asadipour, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yonis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosaffa, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fujita, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kabla, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baum, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miodownik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charras, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/302158</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stress relaxation in epithelial monolayers is controlled by actomyosin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/305706v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamics of ion fluxes between neurons, astrocytes and the extracellular space during neurotransmission 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/305706v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ionic homeostasis in the brain involves redistribution of ionic fluxes in several cell types and compartments, including neurons, astrocytes and the extracellular space. How the major ionic activity-dependent fluxes of potassium and sodium are individually regulated remains difficult to dissociate and to track experimentally. We here review recent progress in modeling the ionic fluxes evoked by neuronal activity based on mass conservation. Excitability of neurons indeed relies on inward sodium and outward potassium fluxes during action potential firing. Recently, we have developed a tri-compartment model based on mass-action kinetics equations that account for potassium dynamics between neurons, astrocytes and the extracellular space. This review describes how such type of model can be used to spatially and temporally predict potassium fluxes during various regimes of neuronal activity. In particular, the model initially showed that it takes several seconds for astrocytes to buffer the majority of the potassium rapidly released by neurons in both basal and high regime of activity. Such model can also probe the selective contribution of ionic channels, and revealed for instance that disruption of the main astroglial potassium Kir4.1 channels not only favors the emergence of epileptiform activity, but also dysregulates neuronal excitability specifically during slow rhythmic activities. We here also extend the predictions of the model by assessing the selective contribution of the astroglial and neuronal Na/K ATPase, or volume of the extracellular space on potassium dynamics. We discuss these findings and their implications for neuronal information processing in the healthy and diseased brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rouach, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dao Duc, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sibille, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holcman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/305706</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamics of ion fluxes between neurons, astrocytes and the extracellular space during neurotransmission]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/314617v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Estimating the timing of multiple admixture pulses during local ancestry inference. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/314617v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Admixture, the mixing of genetically distinct populations, is increasingly recognized as a fundamental biological process. One major goal of admixture analyses is to estimate the timing of admixture events. Whereas most methods today can only detect the most recent admixture event, here we present coalescent theory and associated software that can be used to estimate the timing of multiple admixture events in an admixed population. We extensively validate this approach and evaluate the conditions under which it can succesfully distinguish one from two-pulse admixture models. We apply our approach to real and simulated data of Drosophila melanogaster. We find evidence of a single very recent pulse of cosmopolitan ancestry contributing to African populations as well as evidence for more ancient admixture among genetically differentiated populations in sub-Saharan Africa. These results suggest our method can quantify complex admixture histories involving genetic material introduced by multiple discrete admixture pulses. The new method facilitates the exploration of admixture and its contribution to adaptation, ecological divergence, and speciation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Medina, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thornlow, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbett-Detig, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/314617</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Estimating the timing of multiple admixture pulses during local ancestry inference.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/315689v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The developing premature infant gut microbiome is a major factor shaping the microbiome of neonatal intensive care unit rooms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/315689v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1.1BackgroundThe neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) contains a unique cohort of patients with underdeveloped immune systems and nascent microbiome communities. Patients often spend several months in the same room and it has been previously shown that the gut microbiomes of these infants often resemble the microbes found in the NICU. Little is known, however, about the identity, persistence and absolute abundance of NICU room-associated bacteria over long stretches of time. Here we couple droplet digital PCR (ddPCR), 16S rRNA gene surveys, and recently published metagenomics data from infant gut samples to infer the extent to which the NICU microbiome is shaped by its room occupants.nnResultsOver 2,832 swabs, wipes, and air samples were collected from sixteen private-style NICU rooms housing very low birthweight (<1,500 g), premature (<31 weeks gestation) infants. For each infant, room samples were collected daily, Monday through Friday, for one month. The first samples from the first infant and last samples from the last infant were collected 383 days apart. Twenty-two NICU locations spanning room surfaces, hands, electronics, sink basins, and air were collected. Results point to an incredibly simple room community where 5-10 taxa, mostly skin associated, account for over 50% of 16S reads. Biomass estimates reveal 4-5 orders of magnitude difference between the least to the most dense microbial communities, air and sink basins, respectively. Biomass trends from bioaerosol samples and petri dish dust collectors suggest occupancy to be a main driver of suspended biological particles within the NICU. Using a machine learning algorithm to classify the origin of room samples, we show that each room has a unique microbial fingerprint. Several important taxa driving this model were dominant gut colonizers of infants housed within each room.nnConclusionsDespite regular cleaning of hospital surfaces, bacterial biomass was detectable at varying densities. A room specific microbiome signature was detected, suggesting microbes seeding NICU surfaces are sourced from reservoirs within the room and that these reservoirs contain actively dividing cells. Collectively, the data suggests that hospitalized infants, in combination with their caregivers, shape the microbiome of NICU rooms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brooks, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olm, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firek, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geller-McGrath, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reimer, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soenjoyo, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yip, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morowitz, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/315689</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The developing premature infant gut microbiome is a major factor shaping the microbiome of neonatal intensive care unit rooms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/317693v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Increased excitation-inhibition ratio stabilizes synapse and circuit excitability in four autism mouse models. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/317693v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Distinct genetic forms of autism are hypothesized to share a common increase in excitation-inhibition (E-I) ratio in cerebral cortex, causing hyperexcitability and excess spiking. We provide the first systematic test of this hypothesis across 4 mouse models (Fmr1-/y, Cntnap2-/-, 16p11.2del/+, Tsc2+/-), focusing on somatosensory cortex. All autism mutants showed reduced feedforward inhibition in layer 2/3 coupled with more modest, variable reductions in feedforward excitation, driving a common increase in E-I conductance ratio. Despite this, feedforward spiking, synaptic depolarization and spontaneous spiking were essentially normal. Modeling revealed that E and I conductance changes in each mutant were quantitatively matched to yield stable, not increased, synaptic depolarization for cells near spike threshold. Correspondingly, whisker-evoked spiking was not increased in vivo, despite detectably reduced inhibition. Thus, elevated E-I ratio is a common circuit phenotype, but appears to reflect homeostatic stabilization of synaptic drive, rather than driving network hyperexcitability in autism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Antoine, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnepel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langberg, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldman, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/317693</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Increased excitation-inhibition ratio stabilizes synapse and circuit excitability in four autism mouse models.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/317750v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The spectral identity of foveal cones is preserved in hue perception 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/317750v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Organisms are faced with the challenge of making inferences about the physical world from incomplete incoming sensory information. One strategy to combat ambiguity in this process is to combine new information with prior experiences. We investigated the strategy of combining these information sources in color vision. Single cones in human subjects were stimulated and the associated percepts were recorded. Subjects rated each flash for brightness, hue and saturation. Brightness ratings were proportional to stimulus intensity. Saturation was independent of intensity, but varied between cones. Hue, in contrast, was assigned in a stereotyped manner that was predicted by cone type. These experiments revealed that, near the fovea, long (L) and middle (M) wavelength sensitive cones produce sensations that can be reliably distinguished on the basis of hue, but not saturation or brightness. Taken together, these observations implicate the high-resolution, color-opponent parvocellular pathway in this low-level visual task.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boehm, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foote, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roorda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/317750</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The spectral identity of foveal cones is preserved in hue perception]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/317776v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CDK19 is a Regulator of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Growth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/317776v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a poor prognosis disease with no clinically approved targeted therapies. Here, using in vitro and in vivo RNA interference (RNAi) screens in TNBC patient-derived xenografts (PDX), we identify cyclin dependent kinase 19 (CDK19) as a potential therapeutic target. Using in vitro and in vivo TNBC PDX models, we validated the inhibitory effect of CDK19 knockdown on tumor initiation, proliferation and metastases. Despite this, CDK19 knockdown did not affect the growth of non-transformed mammary epithelial cells. Using CD10 and EpCAM as novel tumor initiating cell (TIC) markers, we found the EpCAMmed/high/CD10-/low TIC sub-population to be enriched in CDK19 and a putative cellular target of CDK19 inhibition. Comparative gene expression analysis of CDK19 and CDK8 knockdowns revealed that CDK19 regulates a number of cancer-relevant pathways, uniquely through its own action and others in common with CDK8. Furthermore, although it is known that CDK19 can act at enhancers, our CHIP-Seq studies showed that CDK19 can also epigenetically modulate specific H3K27Ac enhancer signals which correlate with gene expression changes. Finally, to assess the potential therapeutic utility of CDK19, we showed that both CDK19 knockdown and chemical inhibition of CDK19 kinase activity impaired the growth of pre-established PDX tumors in vivo. Current strategies inhibiting transcriptional co-factors and targeting TICs have been limited by toxicity to normal cells. Because of CDK19s limited tissue distribution and the viability of CDK19 knockout mice, CDK19 represents a promising therapeutic target for TNBC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheeren, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarnegar, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sikandar, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antony, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heitink, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Periyakoil, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalisky, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malhotra, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Somlo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dirbas, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jadhav, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newman, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/317776</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CDK19 is a Regulator of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Growth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/324566v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Strain-level overlap between infant and hospital fungal microbiomes revealed through de novo assembly of eukaryotic genomes from metagenomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/324566v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eukaryotes are a leading cause of nosocomial infections in neonates, but their diversity and population heterogeneity are rarely investigated. This has led to an incomplete understanding of eukaryotic strains that colonize infants and of the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) as a possible source of these strains. Analysis of 1,174 time-series metagenomes from 161 premature infants revealed fungal colonization of 13 infants, primarily in the first two weeks of life. Nearly all 24 NICU samples contained eukaryotes, and the most diverse communities were in NICU sinks. Five of fourteen newly-assembled eukaryotic genomes derived from genomically undescribed species. Purpureocillium lilacinum genomes from infant and NICU samples shared 99.999% average nucleotide identity, highlighting the potential of hospital-associated fungi to colonize hospitalized infants. We quantified zygosity and within-population variation associated with the diploid eukaryotes, and thus defined the genetic reservoirs of eukaryotes in room environments and infants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Olm, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firek, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morowitz, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/324566</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Strain-level overlap between infant and hospital fungal microbiomes revealed through de novo assembly of eukaryotic genomes from metagenomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/326140v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nucleo-cytoplasmic trafficking regulates nuclear surface area during nuclear organogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/326140v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Throughout development, nuclei must be assembled following every cell division to establish a functional organelle from compact, mitotic chromatin. During nuclear organogenesis, chromatin expands to establish a nucleus of a given size seperate from the cytoplasm. Determining how nuclear organogenesis is regulated is particularly significant in the context of certain cancers in which scaling relationships between cell and nuclear sizes are not maintained. Controlling cell size in vitro using a microfluidics approach, we determined that neither nuclear volume nor surface area scale directly with cell size. Looking to explain differential nuclear scaling relationships, we developed a simple mechano-chemical mathematical model. In simulating biological perturbations in silico, our model predicted crucial roles for nucleo-cytoplasmic trafficking in regulating nuclear expansion and in restricting the recruitment of a potential nuclear surface area factor. In mammalian tissue culture, inhibiting nuclear export increased nuclear expansion rates and reduced the amount of nuclear lamin, a candidate surface area factor, being recruited to assembling nuclei, supporting our models predictions. Targeting the principal nuclear export component in the Drosophila syncytial embryo, Embargoed, we show that nuclear expansion rates are also increased in this developmental context, consistent with our model. Using the MS2-reporter system in fly embryos, we demonstrate a role for nuclear export in regulating transcription activation timing and dynamics, suggesting that regulating nuclear assembly is crucial for downstream nuclear function. Taken together, we propose a simple model through which nuclear organogenesis is achieved and demonstrate a role for nuclear export in regulating nuclear assembly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boudreau, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hazel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sellinger, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manakova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radzyminski, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gatlin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maddox, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/326140</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nucleo-cytoplasmic trafficking regulates nuclear surface area during nuclear organogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/328245v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Revealing biases in the sampling of ecological interaction networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/328245v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The structure of ecological interactions is commonly understood through analyses of interaction networks. However, these analyses may be sensitive to sampling biases in both the interactors (the nodes of the network) and interactions (the links between nodes), because the detectability of species and their interactions is highly heterogeneous. These issues may affect the accuracy of empirically constructed ecological networks. Yet statistical biases introduced by sampling error are difficult to quantify in the absence of full knowledge of the underlying ecological networks structure. To explore properties of large-scale modular networks, we developed EcoNetGen, which constructs and samples networks with predetermined topologies. These networks may represent a wide variety of communities that vary in size and types of ecological interactions. We sampled these networks with different sampling designs that may be employed in field observations. The observed networks generated by each sampling process were then analyzed with respect to the number of components, size of components and other network metrics. We show that the sampling effort needed to estimate underlying network properties accurately depends both on the sampling design and on the underlying network topology. In particular, networks with random or scale-free modules require more complete sampling to reveal their structure, compared to networks whose modules are nested or bipartite. Overall, the modules with nested structure were the easiest to detect, regardless of sampling design. Sampling according to species degree (number of interactions) was consistently found to be the most accurate strategy to estimate network structure. Conversely, sampling according to module (representing different interaction types or taxa) results in a rather complete view of certain modules, but fails to provide a complete picture of the underlying network. We recommend that these findings be incorporated into field sampling design of projects aiming to characterize large species interactions networks to reduce sampling biases.nnAuthor SummaryEcological interactions are commonly modeled as interaction networks. Analyses of such networks may be sensitive to sampling biases and detection issues in both the interactors and interactions (nodes and links). Yet, statistical biases introduced by sampling error are difficult to quantify in the absence of full knowledge of the underlying networks structure. For insight into ecological networks, we developed software EcoNetGen (available in R and Python). These allow the generation and sampling of several types of large-scale modular networks with predetermined topologies, representing a wide variety of communities and types of ecological interactions. Networks can be sampled according to designs employed in field observations. We demonstrate, through first uses of this software, that underlying network topology interacts strongly with empirical sampling design, and that constructing empirical networks by starting with highly connected species may be the give the best representation of the underlying network.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>de Aguiar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newman, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pires, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeakel, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hembry, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boettinger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burkle, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gravel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guimaraes, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Donnell, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poisot, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fortin, M.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ecological Network Dynamics Working Group at the National Institute for Mathematical and Biological,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/328245</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Revealing biases in the sampling of ecological interaction networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/329243v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of African spurfowls (Galliformes, Phasianidae, Coturnicinae, Pternistis spp.) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/329243v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During much of the 20th Century, partridge/quail-like, Afro-Asian phasianine birds referred to commonly as African spurfowls, francolins and/or partridges had a tortuous taxonomic history. Because of striking autapomorphic differences in plumage, vocalizations and ecology in some of these taxa, as many as nine genera and nearly 200 clinal and/or idiosyncratic subspecies, embedded within a polyphyletic Perdicinae, were recognized. In 1963, two clades, 28  francolin and  spurfowl species (fisante in Afrikaans) and 13 Afro-Asiatic  francolins and  partridges (patryse in Afrikaans), were combined into a single genus (Francolinus) - the largest within the Galliformes - comprising about 100 subspecies. Furthermore, fisante and patryse were partitioned into several unnamed "Groups" and four "Unplaced" species. Here, we use morphological, behavioural and DNA evidence to produce: a comprehensive revision of the taxonomy and phylogeny of the fisante clade; a stable classification system for tis component taxa; and hypotheses vis-a-vis eco-biogeographical processes that promoted their speciation and cladogenesis. We shift Francolinus spp. sensu stricto (members of the Spotted Group) and the Unplaced  Francolinus gularis from the fisante clade to the patryse [discussed in Mandiwana-Neudani et al., in review]. An Unplaced fisant,  F. nahani, is linked with Ptilopachus petrosus (another African endemic  partridge ) within the Odontophoridae (New World  Quails ). We recognize 25 species of fisante (hereafter spurfowls), including seven with subspecies. They comprise 34 terminal taxa placed within a single genus, Pternistis, sister to Ammoperdix and Perdicula spp., Coturnix  quails and Alectoris  partridges , within the now monophyletic Coturnicinae. Only one of four putative Groups of spurfowls, the Bare-throated Group, is monophyletic. The other three Groups (Montane, Scaly and Vermiculated) are para- or polyphyletic. Several species pairs of spurfowls, most notably P. afer and cranchii, hybridize in para/sympatry. One Bare-throated spurfowl, P. rufopictus, may be the product of stabilized hybridization between P. afer and/or cranchii and P. leucoscepus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Crowe, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandiwana-Neudani, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Little, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowie, R. C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>N/A,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/329243</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of African spurfowls (Galliformes, Phasianidae, Coturnicinae, Pternistis spp.)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/330159v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A synthesis of mapping experiments reveals extensive genomic structural diversity in the Mimulus guttatus species complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/330159v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding genomic structural variation such as inversions and translocations is a key challenge in evolutionary genetics. In this paper, we tackle this challenge by developing a novel statistical approach to comparative genetic mapping. The procedure couples a Hidden Markov Model with a Genetic Algorithm to detect large-scale structural variation using low-level sequencing data from multiple genetic mapping populations. We demonstrate the method using five distinct crosses within the flowering plant genus Mimulus. The synthesis of data from these experiments is first used to correct numerous errors (misplaced sequences) in the M. guttatus reference genome. Second, we confirm and/or detect eight large inversions polymorphic within the M. guttatus species complex. Finally, we show how this method can be applied in genomic scans to improve the accuracy and resolution of Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) mapping.nnAUTHOR SUMMARYGenome sequences have proved to be a critical experimental resource for genetic research in many species. However, in some species there is considerable variation in genomic organization, making a single reference genome sequence inadequate. This variation can cause issues in interpreting genomic signals, such as those coming from trait mapping. We introduce a new statistical method and computational tools that use linkage information to reorganize a single reference genome to 1) repair genome assembly errors, and 2) identify variation between individuals or populations of the same species. Using this method we can create a new genome order that improves upon the reference genome. We apply this method to five crosses among plants in the Mimulus guttatus species complex. In this system we detect eight large chromosomal inversions and improve the resolution of a trait mapping study. This work highlights the utility of our method, and indicates how others studying diverse species might use them to improve their own research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Flagel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackman, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fishman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monnahan, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sweigart, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/330159</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A synthesis of mapping experiments reveals extensive genomic structural diversity in the Mimulus guttatus species complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/335083v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biological capacities clearly define a major subdivision in Domain Bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/335083v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ResumePhylogenetic analyses separate candidate phyla radiation (CPR) bacteria from other bacteria, but the degree to which their proteomes are distinct remains unclear. Here, we leveraged a proteome database that includes sequences from thousands of uncultivated organisms to identify protein families and examine their organismal distributions. We focused on widely distributed protein families that co-occur in genomes, as they likely foundational for metabolism. Clustering of genomes using the protein family presence/absence patterns broadly recapitulates the phylogenetic structure of the tree, suggesting persistence of core sets of protein families after lineage divergence. CPR bacteria group together and away from all other bacteria and archaea, in part due to novel proteins, some of which may be involved in cell-cell interactions. The diversity of combinations of protein families in CPR may exceed that of all other bacteria. Overall, the results extend the phylogeny-based suggestion that the CPR represent a major subdivision within Bacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meheust, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burstein, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castelle, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/335083</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biological capacities clearly define a major subdivision in Domain Bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/335729v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas9 interrogation of a putative fetal globin repressor in human erythroid cells. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/335729v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sickle Cell Disease and {beta}-thalassemia, which are caused by defective or deficient adult {beta}-globin (HBB) respectively, are the most common serious genetic blood diseases in the world. Expression of the fetal {beta}-like globin, also known as {gamma}-globin, can ameliorate both disorders by serving in place of the adult {beta}-globin. Here we use CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing to explore a putative {gamma}-globin silencer region identified by comparison of naturally-occurring deletion mutations associated with up-regulated {gamma}-globin. We find that deletion of a 1.7 kb consensus element or select 350 bp sub-regions from bulk populations of cells increases levels of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) or {gamma}-globin. Screening of individual sgRNAs in one sub-region revealed three single guides that caused mild increases in {gamma}-globin expression. However, clonal cell lines with the 1.7 kb region deleted did not up-regulate {gamma}-globin and neither did lines with either of two of sub-regions identified in the screen deleted. These data suggest that the region is not an autonomous {gamma}-globin silencer, and thus by itself is not a suitable therapeutic target in the {beta}-hemoglobinopathies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chung, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magis, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heo, S.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wartiovaara, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walters, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurita, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakamura, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boffelli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corn, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dewitt, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/335729</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CRISPR-Cas9 interrogation of a putative fetal globin repressor in human erythroid cells.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/336065v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Leveraging pathogen community distributions to understand outbreak and emergence potential 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/336065v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding pathogen outbreak and emergence events has important implications to the management of infectious disease. Apart from preempting infectious disease events, there is considerable interest in determining why certain pathogens are consistently found in some regions, and why others spontaneously emerge or reemerge over time. Here, we use a trait-free approach which leverages information on the global community of human infectious diseases to estimate the potential for pathogen outbreak, emergence, and re-emergence events over time. Our approach uses pairwise dissimilarities among pathogen distributions between countries and country-level pathogen composition to quantify pathogen outbreak, emergence, and re-emergence potential as a function of time (e.g., number of years between training and prediction), pathogen type (e.g., virus), and transmission mode (e.g., vector-borne). We find that while outbreak and re-emergence potential are well captured by our simple model, prediction of emergence events remains elusive, and sudden global emergences like an influenza pandemic seem beyond the predictive capacity of the model. While our approach allows for dynamic predictability of outbreak and re-emergence events, data deficiencies and the stochastic nature of emergence events may preclude accurate prediction. Together, our results make a compelling case for incorporating a community ecological perspective into existing disease forecasting efforts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dallas, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poisot, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/336065</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Leveraging pathogen community distributions to understand outbreak and emergence potential]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/341149v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrating Host Response and Unbiased Microbe Detection for Lower Respiratory Tract Infection Diagnosis in Critically Ill Adults 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/341149v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) lead to more deaths each year than any other infectious disease category(1). Despite this, etiologic LRTI pathogens are infrequently identified due to limitations of existing microbiologic tests(2). In critically ill patients, non-infectious inflammatory syndromes resembling LRTI further complicate diagnosis. To address the need for improved LRTI diagnostics, we performed metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) on tracheal aspirates from 92 adults with acute respiratory failure and simultaneously assessed pathogens, the lung microbiome and the host transcriptome. To differentiate pathogens from respiratory commensals, we developed rules-based and logistic regression models (RBM, LRM) in a derivation cohort of 20 patients with LRTI or non-infectious acute respiratory illnesses. When tested in an independent validation cohort of 24 patients, both models achieved accuracies of 95.5%. We next developed pathogen, microbiome diversity, and host gene expression metrics to identify LRTI-positive patients and differentiate them from critically ill controls with non-infectious acute respiratory illnesses. When tested in the validation cohort, the pathogen metric performed with an AUC of 0.96 (95% CI = 0.86 - 1.00), the diversity metric with an AUC of 0.80 (95% CI = 0.63 - 0.98), and the host transcriptional classifier with an AUC of 0.91 (95% CI = 0.80 - 1.00). Combining all three achieved an AUC of 0.99 (95% CI = 0.97 - 1.00) and negative predictive value of 100%. This study suggests that a single streamlined protocol offering an integrated genomic portrait of pathogen, microbiome and host transcriptome may hold promise as a novel tool for LRTI diagnosis.nnSIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTLower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) are the leading cause of infectious disease-related death worldwide yet remain challenging to diagnose because of limitations in existing microbiologic tests. In critically ill patients, non-infectious respiratory syndromes that resemble LRTI further complicate diagnosis and confound targeted treatment. To address this, we developed a novel metagenomic sequencing-based approach that simultaneously interrogates three core elements of acute airway infections: the pathogen, lung microbiome and host response. We studied this approach in a prospective cohort of critically ill patients with acute respiratory failure and found that combining pathogen, microbiome and host gene expression metrics achieved accurate LRTI diagnosis and identified etiologic pathogens in patients with clinically identified infections but otherwise negative testing.nnFundingNHLBI K12HL119997 (Langelier C), NHLBI K23HL123778 (Christensen S), NIAID P01AI091575 and the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (DeRisi JL), NHLBI K23 HL136844 (Moazed F), NHLBI R01HL110969, K24HL133390, R35HL140026 (Calfee C), Gladstone Institutes (Pollard KS).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Langelier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalantar, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moazed, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deiss, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belzer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolourchi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caldera, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fung, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jauregui, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malcolm, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyden, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vessel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zinter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthay, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christenson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calfee, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeRisi, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/341149</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrating Host Response and Unbiased Microbe Detection for Lower Respiratory Tract Infection Diagnosis in Critically Ill Adults]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/351627v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ultralarge Modulation of Single Wall Carbon Nanotube Fluorescence Mediated by Neuromodulators Adsorbed on Arrays of Oligonucleotide Rings 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/351627v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Non-covalent interactions between single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) oligonucleotides and single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) have provided a unique class of tunable chemistries for a variety of applications. However, mechanistic insight into both the photophysical and intermolecular phenomena underlying their utility is lacking, resulting in obligate heuristic approaches for producing ssDNA-SWNT based technologies. In this work, we present an ultrasensitive "turn-on" nanosensor for neuromodulators dopamine and norepinephrine with strong {Delta}F/F0 of up to 3500%, a signal appropriate for in vivo imaging, and uncover the photophysical principles and intermolecular interactions that govern the molecular recognition and fluorescence modulation of this nanosensor synthesized from the non-covalent conjugation of (GT)6 ssDNA strands on SWNTs. The fluorescence modulation of the ssDNA-SWNT conjugate is shown to exhibit remarkable sensitivity to the ssDNA sequence chemistry, length, and surface density, providing a wealth of parameters with which to tune nanosensor dynamic range and strength of fluorescence turn-on. We employ classical and quantum mechanical molecular dynamics simulations to rationalize our experimental findings. Calculations show that (GT)6 ssDNA form ordered loops around SWNT, inducing periodic surface potentials that modulate exciton recombination lifetimes. Further evidence is presented to elucidate how analyte binding modulates SWNT fluorescence. We discuss the implications of our findings for SWNT-based molecular sensing applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Beyene, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alizadehmojarad, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorlhiac, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streets, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kral, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vukovic, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/351627</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ultralarge Modulation of Single Wall Carbon Nanotube Fluorescence Mediated by Neuromodulators Adsorbed on Arrays of Oligonucleotide Rings]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/356543v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Imaging Striatal Dopamine Release Using a Non-Genetically Encoded Near-Infrared Fluorescent Catecholamine Nanosensor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/356543v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuromodulation plays a critical role in brain function in both health and disease. New optical tools, and their validation in biological tissues, are needed that can image neuromodulation with high spatial and temporal resolution, which will add an important new dimension of information to neuroscience research. Here, we demonstrate the use of a catecholamine nanosensor with fluorescent emission in the 1000-1300 nm near-infrared window to measure dopamine transmission in ex vivo brain slices. These near-infrared catecholamine nanosensors (nIRCats) represent a broader class of nanosensors that can be synthesized from non-covalent conjugation of single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNT) with single strand oligonucleotides. We show that nIRCats can be used to detect catecholamine efflux in brain tissue driven by both electrical stimulation or optogenetic stimulation. Spatial analysis of electrically-evoked signals revealed dynamic regions of interest approximately 2 microns in size in which transients scaled with simulation intensity. Optogenetic stimulation of dopaminergic terminals produced similar transients, whereas optogenetic stimulation of glutamatergic terminals showed no effect on nIRCat signal. Bath application of nomifensine prolonged nIRCat fluorescence signal, consistent with reuptake blockade of dopamine. We further show that the chemically synthetic molecular recognition elements of nIRCats permit measurement of dopamine dynamics in the presence of dopamine receptor agonists and antagonists. These nIRCat nanosensors may be advantageous for future use because i) they do not require virus delivery, gene delivery, or protein expression, ii) their near-infrared fluorescence facilitates imaging in optically scattering brain tissue and is compatible for use in conjunction with other optical neuroscience tool sets, iii) the broad availability of unique near-infrared colors have the potential for simultaneous detection of multiple neurochemical signals, and iv) they are compatible with pharmacology. Together, these data suggest nIRCats and other nanosensors of this class can serve as versatile new optical tools to report dynamics of extracellular neuromodulation in the brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Beyene, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delevich, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Del Bonis ODonnell, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piekarski, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosillo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilbrecht, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/356543</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Imaging Striatal Dopamine Release Using a Non-Genetically Encoded Near-Infrared Fluorescent Catecholamine Nanosensor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/356790v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Megaphage infect Prevotella and variants are widespread in gut microbiomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/356790v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteriophage (phage) dramatically shape microbial community composition, redistribute nutrients via host lysis, and drive evolution through horizontal gene transfer. Despite their importance, much remains to be learned about phage in the human microbiome. We investigated gut microbiomes of humans from Bangladesh and Tanzania, two African baboon social groups, and Danish pigs, and report that many contain phage belonging to a clade with genomes >540 kb in length, the largest yet reported in the human microbiome and close to the maximum size ever reported for phage. We refer to these as Lak phage. CRISPR spacer targeting indicates that the Lak phage infect bacteria of the genus Prevotella. We manually curated to completion 15 distinct Lak phage genomes recovered from metagenomes. The genomes display several interesting features, including use of an alternative genetic code, large intergenic regions that are highly expressed, and up to 35 putative tRNAs, some of which contain enigmatic introns. Different individuals have distinct phage genotypes, and shifts in variant frequencies over consecutive sampling days reflect changes in relative abundance of phage sub-populations. Recent homologous recombination has resulted in extensive genome admixture of nine baboon Lak phage populations. We infer that Lak phage are widespread in gut communities that contain Prevotella species, especially in individuals in the developing world, and conclude that megaphage, with fascinating and underexplored biology, may be common but largely overlooked components of human and animal gut microbiomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Devoto, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santini, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olm, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anantharaman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munk, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Archie, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turnbaugh, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seed, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blekhman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aarestrup, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/356790</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Megaphage infect Prevotella and variants are widespread in gut microbiomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/357731v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-embryo and single-blastomere immunoblotting reports protein expression heterogeneity in early-stage preimplantation embryos 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/357731v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding how a zygote develops from a single cell into a multicellular organism has benefitted from single-cell tools, including RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) and immunofluorescence (IF). However, scrutinizing inter- and intra-embryonic phenotypic variation is hindered by two fundamental limitations; the loose correlation between transcription and translation and the cross-reactivity of immunoreagents. To address these challenges, we describe a high-specificity microfluidic immunoblot optimized to quantify protein expression from all stages of mouse preimplantation development. Despite limited availability of isoform-specific immunoreagents, the immunoblot resolves inter-embryonic heterogeneity of embryo-specific isoforms (i.e., DICER-1). We observed significantly higher DICER-1 isoform expression in oocytes when compared to two-cell embryos, and further find that protein expression levels follow the same trend as mRNA for both the full-length and truncated DICER-1 isoforms. At the morula stage, we assayed both whole and disaggregated embryos for loading controls ({beta}-tubulin, GAPDH) and markers that regulate cell fate decisions (CDX-2, SOX-2). In disaggregated morula, we found that cell volume showed positive, linear correlation with expression of {beta}-tubulin and SOX-2. In dissociated two-cell and four-cell blastomeres, we detect significant inter-blastomeric variation in GADD45a expression, corroborating suspected cellular heterogeneity even in the earliest multicellular stage of preimplantation embryos. As RNA-Seq and other transcript-centric approaches continue to further probe preimplantation development, the demand for companion protein-based techniques rises. The reported microfluidic immunoblot serves as an essential tool for understanding mammalian development by providing high-specificity and direct measurements of protein targets at single-embryo and single-blastomere resolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Modzelewski, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herr, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/357731</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-embryo and single-blastomere immunoblotting reports protein expression heterogeneity in early-stage preimplantation embryos]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/359695v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deconvolution of substrate processing by the 26S proteasome reveals a selective kinetic gateway to degradation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/359695v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The 26S proteasome is the principle macromolecular machine responsible for protein degradation in eukaryotes. However, little is known about the detailed kinetics and coordination of the underlying substrate-processing steps of the proteasome, and their correlation with observed conformational states. Here, we used reconstituted 26S proteasomes with unnatural amino acid-attached fluorophores in a series of FRET and anisotropy-based assays to probe substrate-proteasome interactions, the individual steps of the processing pathway, and the conformational state of the proteasome itself. We develop a complete kinetic picture of proteasomal degradation, which reveals that the engagement steps prior to substrate commitment are fast relative to subsequent deubiquitination, translocation and unfolding. Furthermore, we find that non-ideal substrates are rapidly rejected by the proteasome, which thus employs a kinetic proofreading mechanism to ensure degradation fidelity and substrate prioritization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bard, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bashore, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/359695</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deconvolution of substrate processing by the 26S proteasome reveals a selective kinetic gateway to degradation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/360255v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The return to water in ancestral Xenopus was accompanied by a novel mechanisms for producing and shaping vocal signals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/360255v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Species-specific vocal signals allow listeners to locate potential mates. During the tetrapod transition from water to land, lungs replaced gills, allowing expiration to drive sound production. Several groups, e.g. cetaceans and some frogs, then returned to water. Here we explore how air-driven sound production changed upon re-entry and how essential acoustic information on species identity was preserved in the secondarily aquatic frog Xenopus. We filmed movements of cartilage and muscles during evoked sound production in isolated larynges. Our results refute the current theory for Xenopus vocalization, cavitation, and instead favor sound production by mechanical excitation of laryngeal resonance modes following rapid separation of laryngeal arytenoid discs. The resulting frequency resonance modes (dyads) are intrinsic to the larynx rather than due to neuromuscular control. We show that dyads are a distinctive acoustic signature across species. While dyad component frequencies overlap across species, their ratio is shared within each Xenopus clade and thus provide information on species identity, potentially facilitating both conspecific localization and ancient species divergence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kwong-Brown, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tobias, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elias, D. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, I. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elemans, C. P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelley, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/360255</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The return to water in ancestral Xenopus was accompanied by a novel mechanisms for producing and shaping vocal signals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/360842v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mango: Distributed Visualization for Genomic Analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/360842v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The decreasing cost of DNA sequencing over the past decade has led to an explosion of available sequencing datasets, leaving us with terabytes to petabytes of data to explore and analyze. It is critical for analysts in research and clinical settings to be able to develop new data-driven hypotheses from these datasets through bias identification, analysis of data quality, and testing different algorithms and parameter settings. However, current interactive tools for sequence analysis are designed to run on single machines that do not scale to the size of modern genomic datasets, and rely on precomputed static views, rather than allowing direct interaction with the primary dataset. Mango is a genomic sequence visualization and analysis platform that removes these constraints regarding scalability and staticity by leveraging the power of multi-node compute clusters in the cloud to allow interactive analysis over terabytes of sequencing data. Mango provides both a genome browser graphical user interface and programmable notebook form factor to allow users of varying analytical experience to explore large sequencing datasets on both private clusters and in the cloud. These tools provide a flexible environment for interactive exploration of genomic datasets, while surpassing the computational limits of single-node genomic visualization tools.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morrow, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, G. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nothaft, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paschall, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/360842</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mango: Distributed Visualization for Genomic Analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/364265v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A smartphone-based tool for rapid, portable, and automated wide-field retinal imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/364265v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeHigh-quality, wide-field retinal imaging is a valuable method to screen preventable, vision-threatening diseases of the retina. Smartphone-based retinal cameras hold promise for increasing access to retinal imaging, but variable image quality and restricted field of view can limit their utility. We developed and clinically tested a smartphone-based system that addresses these challenges with automation-assisted imaging.nnMethodsThe system was designed to improve smartphone retinal imaging by combining automated fixation guidance, photomontage, and multi-colored illumination with optimized optics, user-tested ergonomics, and touch-screen interface. System performance was evaluated from images of ophthalmic patients taken by non-ophthalmic personnel. Two masked ophthalmologists evaluated images for abnormalities and disease severity.nnResultsThe system automatically generated 100-degree retinal photomontages from five overlapping images in under 1 minute at full resolution (52.3 pixels per retinal degree) fully on-phone, revealing numerous retinal abnormalities. Feasibility of the system for DR screening using the retinal photomontages was performed in 71 diabetics by masked graders. DR grade matched perfectly with dilated clinical examination in 55.1% of eyes and within 1 severity level for 85.2% of eyes. For referral-warranted DR, average sensitivity was 93.3% and specificity 56.8%.nnConclusionsAutomation-assisted imaging produced high-quality, wide-field retinal images that demonstrate the potential of smartphone-based retinal cameras to be used for retinal disease screening.nnTranslational RelevanceEnhancement of smartphone-based retinal imaging through automation and software intelligence holds great promise for increasing the accessibility of retinal screening.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reber, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loury, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loumou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webster, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Echanique, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davila, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maamari, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Switz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keenan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodward, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulus, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margolis, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fletcher, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/364265</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A smartphone-based tool for rapid, portable, and automated wide-field retinal imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/364448v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Expression reflects population structure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/364448v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Population structure in genotype data has been extensively studied, and is revealed by looking at the principal components of the genotype matrix. However, no similar analysis of population structure in gene expression data has been conducted, in part because a naive principal components analysis of the gene expression matrix does not cluster by population. We identify a linear projection that reveals population structure in gene expression data. Our approach relies on the coupling of the principal components of genotype to the principal components of gene expression via canonical correlation analysis. Futhermore, we analyze the variance of each gene within the projection matrix to determine which genes significantly influence the projection. We identify thousands of significant genes, and show that a number of the top genes have been implicated in diseases that disproportionately impact African Americans.nnAuthor SummaryHigh dimensional, multi-modal genomics datasets are becoming increasingly common, which warrants investigation into analysis techniques that can reveal structure in the data without over-fitting. Here, we show that the coupling of principal component analysis to canonical correlation analysis offers an efficient approach to exploratory analysis of this kind of data. We apply this method to the GEUVADIS dataset of genotype and gene expression values of European and Yoruban individuals, finding as-of-yet unstudied population structure in the gene expression values. Moreover, many of the top genes identified by our method have been previously implicated in diseases that disproportionately impact African Americans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brown, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bray, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pachter, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/364448</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Expression reflects population structure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/370452v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Massively parallel characterization of regulatory dynamics during neural induction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/370452v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The molecular components governing neural induction remain largely unknown. Here, we applied a suite of genomic and computational tools to comprehensively identify these components. We performed RNA-seq, ChIP-seq (H3K27ac, H3K27me3) and ATAC-seq on human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) at seven early neural differentiation time points (0-72 hours) and identified thousands of induced genes and regulatory regions. We analyzed the function of ~2,500 selected regions using massively parallel reporter assays at all time points. We found numerous temporal enhancers that correlated with similarly timed epigenetic marks and gene expression. Development of a prioritization method that incorporated all genomic data identified key transcription factors (TFs) involved in neural induction. Individual overexpression of eleven TFs and several combinations in hESCs found novel neural induction regulators. Combined, our results provide a comprehensive map of genes and functional regulatory elements involved in neural induction and identify master regulator TFs that are instrumental for this process.nnOne Sentence SummaryUsing numerous genomic assays and computational tools we characterized the dynamic changes that take place during neural induction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Inoue, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreimer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashuach, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahituv, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/370452</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Massively parallel characterization of regulatory dynamics during neural induction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/370650v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Architectural Features of 3D Genome Organization Revealed by Counting CTCF and Cohesin Molecules 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/370650v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Achieving a quantitative and predictive understanding of 3D genome architecture remains a major challenge, as it requires quantitative measurements of the key proteins involved. Here we report the quantification of CTCF and cohesin, two causal regulators of topologically associating domains (TADs) in mammalian cells. Extending our previous imaging studies (Hansen et al., 2017), we estimate bounds on the density of putatively DNA loop-extruding cohesin complexes and CTCF binding site occupancy. Furthermore, co-immunoprecipitation studies of an endogenously tagged subunit (Rad21) suggest the presence of cohesin dimers and/or oligomers. Finally, based on our cell lines with accurately measured protein abundances, we report a method to conveniently determine the number of molecules of any Halo-tagged protein in the cell. We anticipate that our results and the established tool for measuring cellular protein abundances will advance a more quantitative understanding of 3D genome organization, and facilitate protein quantification, key to comprehend diverse biological processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cattoglio, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pustova, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inouye, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dailey, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darzacq, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/370650</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Architectural Features of 3D Genome Organization Revealed by Counting CTCF and Cohesin Molecules]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/371526v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Entomophthovirus: An insect-derived iflavirus that infects a behavior manipulating fungal pathogen of dipterans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/371526v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We discovered a virus infecting Entomophthora muscae, a behavior-manipulating fungal pathogen of dipterans. The virus, which we name Entomophthovirus, is a capsid-forming, positive-strand RNA virus in the viral family iflaviridae, whose known members almost exclusively infect insects. We show that the virus RNA is expressed at high levels in fungal cells in vitro and during in vivo infections of Drosophila melanogaster, and that virus particles are present in E. muscae. Two close relatives of the virus had been previously described as insect viruses based on the presence of viral genomes in transcriptomes assembled from RNA extracted from wild dipterans. By analyzing sequencing data from these earlier reports, we show that both dipteran samples were co-infected with E. muscae. We also find the virus in RNA sequencing data from samples of two other species of dipterans, Musca domestica and Delia radicum, known to be infected with E. muscae. These data establish that Entomophthovirus is widely, and seemingly obligately, associated with E. muscae. As other members of the iflaviridae cause behavioral changes in insects, we speculate on the possibility that Entomophthovirus plays a role in E. muscae involved host manipulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Coyle, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elya, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bronski, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisen, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/371526</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Entomophthovirus: An insect-derived iflavirus that infects a behavior manipulating fungal pathogen of dipterans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/375071v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transient DNA Binding Induces RNA Polymerase II Compartmentalization During Herpesviral Infection Distinct From Phase Separation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/375071v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During lytic infection, Herpes Simplex Virus 1 generates replication compartments (RCs) in host nuclei that efficiently recruit protein factors, including host RNA Polymerase II (Pol II). Pol II and other cellular factors form hubs in uninfected cells that are proposed to phase separate via multivalent protein-protein interactions mediated by their intrinsically disordered regions. Using a battery of live cell microscopic techniques, we show that although RCs superficially exhibit many characteristics of phase separation, the recruitment of Pol II instead derives from nonspecific interactions with the viral DNA. We find that the viral genome remains nucleosome-free, profoundly affecting the way Pol II explores RCs by causing it to repetitively visit nearby binding sites, thereby creating local Pol II accumulations. This mechanism, distinct from phase separation, allows viral DNA to outcompete host DNA for cellular proteins. Our work provides new insights into the strategies used to create local molecular hubs in cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McSwiggen, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marie-Nelly, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teves, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heckert, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dugast-Darzacq, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Umemoto, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darzacq, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/375071</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transient DNA Binding Induces RNA Polymerase II Compartmentalization During Herpesviral Infection Distinct From Phase Separation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/375360v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Metagenomic Comparison of Tracheal Aspirate and Mini-Bronchial Alveolar Lavage for Assessment of Respiratory Microbiota 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/375360v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) lead to more deaths each year than any other infectious disease category. Despite this, etiologic LRTI pathogens are infrequently identified due to limitations of existing microbiologic tests. In critically ill patients, non-infectious inflammatory syndromes resembling LRTI further complicate diagnosis. To address the need for improved LRTI diagnostics, we performed metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) on tracheal aspirates from 92 adults with acute respiratory failure and simultaneously assessed pathogens, the airway microbiome and the host transcriptome. To differentiate pathogens from respiratory commensals, we developed rules-based and logistic regression models (RBM, LRM) in a derivation cohort of 20 patients with LRTI or non-infectious acute respiratory illnesses. When tested in an independent validation cohort of 24 patients, both models achieved accuracies of 95.5%. We next developed pathogen, microbiome diversity, and host gene expression metrics to identify LRTI-positive patients and differentiate them from critically ill controls with non-infectious acute respiratory illnesses. When tested in the validation cohort, the pathogen metric performed with an AUC of 0.96 (95% CI = 0.86 - 1.00), the diversity metric with an AUC of 0.80 (95% CI = 0.63 - 0.98), and the host transcriptional classifier with an AUC of 0.88 (95% CI = 0.75 - 1.00). Combining these achieved a negative predictive value of 100%. This study suggests that a single streamlined protocol offering an integrated genomic portrait of pathogen, microbiome and host transcriptome may hold promise as a novel tool for LRTI diagnosis.nnSIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTLower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) are the leading cause of infectious disease-related death worldwide yet remain challenging to diagnose because of limitations in existing microbiologic tests. In critically ill patients, non-infectious respiratory syndromes that resemble LRTI further complicate diagnosis and confound targeted treatment. To address this, we developed a novel metagenomic sequencing-based approach that simultaneously interrogates three core elements of acute airway infections: the pathogen, airway microbiome and host response. We studied this approach in a prospective cohort of critically ill patients with acute respiratory failure and found that combining pathogen, microbiome and host gene expression metrics achieved accurate LRTI diagnosis and identified etiologic pathogens in patients with clinically identified infections but otherwise negative testing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kalantar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moazed, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christenson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deiss, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belzer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vessell, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jauregui, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boulourchi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeRisi, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calfee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langelier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/375360</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Metagenomic Comparison of Tracheal Aspirate and Mini-Bronchial Alveolar Lavage for Assessment of Respiratory Microbiota]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/376244v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting HIV Incidence in the SEARCH Trial: A Mathematical Modelling Study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/376244v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionSEARCH is one of four randomized-controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the strategy of community-based treatment-as-prevention (TasP) for the reduction of HIV incidence in sub-Saharan Africa. SEARCH takes place among 32 pair-matched rural communities in three regions of East Africa and exceeded the UNAIDS 90-90-90 targets for HIV testing, linkage to care, and viral suppression in the intervention arm. We used mathematical modeling to estimate expected 3-year cumulative HIV incidence in both arms of the trial, using different assumptions about two main sources of uncertainty: scale-up of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in the control arm, and the degree of mixing between SEARCH residents and non-residents.nnMethodsWe used the HIV modelling software EMOD-HIV to configure and calibrate a new model of the SEARCH communities. The 32 trial communities were clustered into six nodes (three for the control arm and three for the intervention arm) using k-means clustering based on community HIV prevalence, male circumcision rates, mobility, and geographic region. The model was parameterized using data on demographics, HIV prevalence, male circumcision rates, and viral suppression data collected at trial baseline in 2013, and calibrated to nodespecific and age-specific HIV prevalence, ART coverage, and population size. Using data on ART scale-up in subsequent follow-up years in the trial, we varied linkage to ART in the control arm and the degree of external mixing between SEARCH residents and non-residents.nnResultsIf no external mixing and no additional control arm ART linkage occurred, we estimate the trial would report a relative risk (RR) of 0.60 (95% CI 0.54-0.67, p<0.001), with all simulations showing a significant result. However, if SEARCH residents mixed equivalently with non-residents and ART linkage in the control arm also increased such that the control arm also exceeded the 73% viral suppression target, the RR is estimated to be 0.96 (95% CI 0.87-1.06, p=0.458) and 72% of simulations are non-significant. Given our "best guess" assumptions about external mixing and year 3 data on ART linkage in the control arm, the RR is estimated to be 0.90 (95% CI 0.81-1.00, p=0.05), with 49% non-significant simulations.nnConclusionThe SEARCH trial is predicted to show a 4-40% reduction in cumulative 3-year incidence, but between 18-72% of simulations were non-significant if either or both ART linkage in the control arm and external mixing are substantial. Despite achieving the 90-90-90 targets, our "best guess" is that the SEARCH trial has an equal probability of reporting a non-significant reduction in HIV incidence as it does a significant reduction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jewell, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bershteyn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/376244</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting HIV Incidence in the SEARCH Trial: A Mathematical Modelling Study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/376509v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Developmental Regulation of an Organelle Tether Coordinates Mitochondrial Remodeling in Meiosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/376509v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular differentiation involves remodeling cellular architecture to transform one cell type to another. By investigating mitochondrial dynamics during meiotic differentiation in budding yeast, we sought to understand how organelle morphogenesis is developmentally controlled in a system where regulators of differentiation as well as organelle architecture are known, but the interface between them remains unexplored. We found that mitochondria abruptly detach from the cell cortex shortly before segregating into gametes. Mitochondrial detachment is enabled by the programmed destruction of the mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum-cortex anchor (MECA), an organelle tether that forms contact sites between mitochondria and the plasma membrane. MECA regulation is governed by a meiotic transcription factor, Ndt80, which promotes the activation of a conserved kinase, Ime2. We found that MECA undergoes Ime2-dependent phosphorylation. Furthermore, Ime2 promotes MECA degradation in a temporally controlled manner. Our study defines a key mechanism that coordinates mitochondrial morphogenesis with the landmark events of meiosis and demonstrates that cells can developmentally regulate tethering to induce organelle remodeling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Unal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawyer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berchowitz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/376509</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Developmental Regulation of an Organelle Tether Coordinates Mitochondrial Remodeling in Meiosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/376657v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
3D-printable tools for developmental biology: Improving embryo injection and screening techniques through 3D-printing technology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/376657v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Developmental biology requires rapid embryo injections and screening. We applied new affordable high-resolution 3D-printing to create five easily modifiable stamp-mold tools that greatly increase injection and screening speed, while simultaneously reducing the harmful aspects of these processes. We designed two stamps that use different approaches to improve the injection efficiency for two different types of embryo, first for embryos from the snail Crepidula fornicata, and second, for those from the spider Parasteatoda tepidariorum. Both drastically improved injection speeds and embryo survival rates, even in novice hands. The other three tools were designed for rapid side-by-side organism orientating and comparison. The first screening tool allows for optimal imaging in Xenopus laevis tadpoles, while the second and third facilitate rapid high-throughput screening of Xenopus tropicalis tadpoles and Danio rerio juveniles, respectively. These designs can act as templates for many injection or screening applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Truchado-Garcia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harland, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abrams, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/376657</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[3D-printable tools for developmental biology: Improving embryo injection and screening techniques through 3D-printing technology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/376814v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tsc1-mTOR signaling controls the structure and function of midbrain dopamine neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/376814v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) is a central coordinator of cell growth and metabolism. Mutations in regulators of mTORC1 cause syndromic disorders with a high prevalence of cognitive and psychiatric conditions. To elucidate the cellular origins of these manifestations, we conditionally deleted the gene encoding the mTORC1 negative regulator Tsc1 from mouse midbrain dopamine neurons, which modulate motor, affective, and cognitive behaviors that are frequently affected in psychiatric disorders. Loss of Tsc1 and constitutive activation of mTORC1 strongly impacted the properties of dopamine neurons, causing somatodendritic hypertrophy, reduced intrinsic excitability, altered axon terminal ultrastructure, and severely impaired dopamine release. These perturbations were associated with selective deficits in cognitive flexibility, which could be prevented by genetic reduction of the obligatory mTORC1 protein Raptor. Our results establish a critical role for mTORC1 in setting the functional properties of midbrain dopamine neurons, and indicate that dopaminergic dysfunction may underlie cognitive inflexibility in mTOR-related syndromes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kosillo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doig, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agopyan-Miu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conyers, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Threlfell, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magill, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bateup, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/376814</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tsc1-mTOR signaling controls the structure and function of midbrain dopamine neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/378646v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SymSim: simulating multi-faceted variability in single cell RNA sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/378646v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The abundance of new computational methods for processing and interpreting transcriptomes at a single cell level raises the need for in-silico platforms for evaluation and validation. Simulated datasets which resemble the properties of real datasets can aid in method development and prioritization as well as in questions in experimental design by providing an objective ground truth. Here, we present SymSim, a simulator software that explicitly models the processes that give rise to data observed in single cell RNA-Seq experiments. The components of the SymSim pipeline pertain to the three primary sources of variation in single cell RNA-Seq data: noise intrinsic to the process of transcription, extrinsic variation that is indicative of different cell states (both discrete and continuous), and technical variation due to low sensitivity and measurement noise and bias. Unlike other simulators, the parameters that govern the simulation process directly represent meaningful properties such as mRNA capture rate, the number of PCR cycles, sequencing depth, or the use of unique molecular identifiers. We demonstrate how SymSim can be used for benchmarking methods for clustering and differential expression and for examining the effects of various parameters on their performance. We also show how SymSim can be used to evaluate the number of cells required to detect a rare population and how this number deviates from the theoretical lower bound as the quality of the data decreases. SymSim is publicly available as an R package and allows users to simulate datasets with desired properties or matched with experimental data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/378646</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SymSim: simulating multi-faceted variability in single cell RNA sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/378745v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stabilizing Obligatory Non-native Intermediates Along Co-transcriptional Folding Trajectories of SRP RNA Affects Cell Viability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/378745v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Signal recognition particle (SRP) in Escherichia coli comprises protein Ffh and SRP RNA. Its essential functionality--co-translational protein-targeting/delivery to cellular membranes-- hinges on the RNA attaining a native long-hairpin fold that facilitates protein conformational rearrangements within the SRP complex. Since RNA folds co-transcriptionally on RNA polymerase, we use high-resolution optical tweezers to first characterize the mechanical unfolding/refolding of incrementally lengthened RNAs from stalled transcription complexes until reaching the full-length transcript. This analysis allows identification of folding intermediates adopted during the real-time co-transcriptional folding of SRP RNA. The co-transcriptional folding trajectories are surprisingly invariant to transcription rates, and involve formation of an obligatory non-native hairpin intermediate that eventually resolves into the native fold. SRP RNA variants designed to stabilize this non-native intermediate--likely sequestering the SRP ribonucleoprotein complex in an inactive form--greatly reduce cell viability, indicating that the same co-transcriptional folding mechanism operates in vivo and possible alternative antibiotic strategies.nnHighlightsO_LIFolding pathway of an essential functional RNA has been resolved co-transcriptionally.nC_LIO_LIThe co-transcriptional folding pathway of SRP RNA is invariant to transcription rates.nC_LIO_LINascent SRP RNA obligatorily forms a non-native intermediate before adopting the native fold.nC_LIO_LIModulating transitions from the non-native to native SRP RNA hairpin fold alters cell viability.nC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fukuda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Komi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabizon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustamante, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/378745</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stabilizing Obligatory Non-native Intermediates Along Co-transcriptional Folding Trajectories of SRP RNA Affects Cell Viability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/379222v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computationally Reconstructing Cotranscriptional RNA Folding Pathways from Experimental Data Reveals Rearrangement of Non-Native Folding Intermediates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/379222v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The series of RNA folding events that occur during transcription, or a cotranscriptional folding pathway, can critically influence the functional roles of RNA in the cell. Here we present a method, Reconstructing RNA Dynamics from Data (R2D2), to uncover details of cotranscriptional folding pathways by predicting RNA secondary and tertiary structures from cotranscriptional SHAPE-Seq data. We applied R2D2 to the folding of the Escherichia coli Signal Recognition Particle (SRP) RNA sequence and show that this sequence undergoes folding through non-native intermediate structures that require significant structural rearrangement before reaching the functional native structure. Secondary structure folding pathway predictions and all-atom molecular dynamics simulations of folding intermediates suggest that this rearrangement can proceed through a toehold mediated strand displacement mechanism, which can be disrupted and rescued with point mutations. These results demonstrate that even RNAs with simple functional folds can undergo complex folding processes during synthesis, and that small variations in their sequence can drastically affect their cotranscriptional folding pathways.nnHighlights- Computational methods predict RNA structures from cotranscriptional SHAPE-Seq datan- The E. coli SRP RNA folds into non-native structural intermediates cotranscriptionallyn- These structures rearrange dynamically to form an extended functional foldn- Point mutations can disrupt and rescue cotranscriptional RNA folding pathways
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gasper, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strobel, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watters, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucks, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/379222</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computationally Reconstructing Cotranscriptional RNA Folding Pathways from Experimental Data Reveals Rearrangement of Non-Native Folding Intermediates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/384453v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glycosyltransferase homologs prevent promiscuous cell aggregation and promote multicellular development in the choanoflagellate S. rosetta 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/384453v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mechanisms underlying multicellular development in the animal stem lineage may be reconstructed through the study of choanoflagellates, the closest living relatives of animals. To determine the genetic underpinnings of multicellularity in the emerging model choanoflagellate S. rosetta, we performed a screen for mutants with defects in multicellular rosette development. In two of the mutants, Jumble and Couscous, single cells failed to develop into orderly rosettes but instead aggregated promiscuously into amorphous clumps of cells. Both mutants mapped to lesions in genes encoding glycosyltransferases and the mutations perturbed glycosylation patterns in the extracellular matrix (ECM). In animals, glycosyltransferases transfer activated sugars to donor molecules and thereby sculpt the polysaccharide-rich ECM, regulate integrin and cadherin activity, and, when disrupted, contribute to tumorigenesis. The finding that glycosyltransferases promote proper rosette development and prevent cell aggregation in S. rosetta suggests a pre-metazoan role for glycosyltransferases in regulating development and preventing abnormal tumor-like multicellularity.nnIMPACT STATEMENTA genetic screen reveals that glycosyltransferases are required for proper rosette development and the prevention of cell clumping in one of the closest living relatives of animals, the choanoflagellate S. rosetta.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wetzel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hulett, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldayafleh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Booth, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sigg, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/384453</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glycosyltransferase homologs prevent promiscuous cell aggregation and promote multicellular development in the choanoflagellate S. rosetta]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/385005v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Etiology of fever in Ugandan children: identification of microbial pathogens using metagenomic next-generation sequencing and IDseq, a platform for unbiased metagenomic analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/385005v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundFebrile illness is a major burden in African children, and non-malarial causes of fever are uncertain. We built and employed IDseq, a cloud-based, open access, bioinformatics platform and service to identify microbes from metagenomic next-generation sequencing of tissue samples. In this pilot study, we evaluated blood, nasopharyngeal, and stool specimens from 94 children (aged 2-54 months) with febrile illness admitted to Tororo District Hospital, Uganda.nnResultsThe most common pathogens identified were Plasmodium falciparum (51.1% of samples) and parvovirus B19 (4.4%) from blood; human rhinoviruses A and C (40%), respiratory syncytial virus (10%), and human herpesvirus 5 (10%) from nasopharyngeal swabs; and rotavirus A (50% of those with diarrhea) from stool. Among other potential pathogens, we identified one novel orthobunyavirus, tentatively named Nyangole virus, from the blood of a child diagnosed with malaria and pneumonia, and Bwamba orthobunyavirus in the nasopharynx of a child with rash and sepsis. We also identified two novel human rhinovirus C species.nnConclusionsThis exploratory pilot study demonstrates the utility of mNGS and the IDseq platform for defining the molecular landscape of febrile infectious diseases in resource limited areas. These methods, supported by a robust data analysis and sharing platform, offer a new tool for the surveillance, diagnosis, and ultimately treatment and prevention of infectious diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ramesh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakielny, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kyohere, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byaruhanga, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Bourcy, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egger, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimitrov, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juan, Y.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalantar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langelier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mpimbaza, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenthal, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeRisi, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/385005</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Etiology of fever in Ugandan children: identification of microbial pathogens using metagenomic next-generation sequencing and IDseq, a platform for unbiased metagenomic analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/385864v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Open-Source Food: Nutrition, Toxicology, and Availability of Wild Edible Greens in the East Bay 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/385864v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SignificanceForaged leafy greens are consumed around the globe, including in urban areas, and may play a larger role when food is scarce or expensive. It is thus important to assess the safety and nutritional value of wild greens foraged in urban environments.nnMethodsField observations, soil tests, and nutritional and toxicology tests on plant tissue were conducted for three sites, each roughly 9 square blocks, in disadvantaged neighborhoods in the East San Francisco Bay Area in 2014-2015. The sites included mixed-use areas and areas with high vehicle traffic.nnResultsEdible wild greens were abundant, even during record droughts. Soil at some survey sites had elevated concentrations of lead and cadmium, but tissue tests suggest that rinsed greens of the tested species are safe to eat. Daily consumption of standard servings comprise less than the EPA reference doses of lead, cadmium, and other heavy metals. Pesticides, glyphosate, and PCBs were below detection limits.nnThe nutrient density of 6 abundant species compared favorably to that of the most nutritious domesticated leafy greens.nnConclusionsWild edible greens harvested in industrial, mixed-use, and high-traffic urban areas in the San Francisco East Bay area are abundant and highly nutritious. Even grown in soils with elevated levels of heavy metals, tested species were safe to eat after rinsing in tap water. This does not mean that all edible greens growing in contaminated soil are safe to eat--tests on more species, in more locations, and over a broader range of soil chemistry are needed to determine what is generally safe and what is not. But it does suggest that wild greens could contribute to nutrition, food security, and sustainability in urban ecosystems. Current laws, regulations, and public-health guidance that forbid or discourage foraging on public lands, including urban areas, should be revisited.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stark, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Vasquez, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/385864</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Open-Source Food: Nutrition, Toxicology, and Availability of Wild Edible Greens in the East Bay]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/386318v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Voxelwise encoding models with non-spherical multivariate normal priors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/386318v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Predictive models for neural or fMRI data are often fit using regression methods that employ priors on the model parameters. One widely used method is ridge regression, which employs a spherical Gaussian prior that assumes equal and independent variance for all parameters. However, a spherical prior is not always optimal or appropriate. There are many cases where expert knowledge or hypotheses about the structure of the model parameters could be used to construct a better prior. In these cases, non-spherical Gaussian priors can be employed using a generalized form of ridge known as Tikhonov regression. Yet Tikhonov regression is only rarely used in neuroscience. In this paper we discuss the theoretical basis for Tikhonov regression, demonstrate a computationally efficient method for its application, and show several examples of how Tikhonov regression can improve predictive models for fMRI data. We also show that many earlier studies have implicitly used Tikhonov regression by linearly transforming the regressors before performing ridge regression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nunez-Elizalde, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huth, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallant, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/386318</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Voxelwise encoding models with non-spherical multivariate normal priors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/389999v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reconstructing B cell receptor sequences from short-read single cell RNA-sequencing with BRAPeS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/389999v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA-sequencing of single B cells provides simultaneous measurements of the cell state and its binding specificity. However, in order to uncover the latter further reconstruction of the B cell receptor (BCR) sequence is needed. We present BRAPeS, an algorithm for reconstructing BCRs from short-read paired-end single cell RNA-sequencing. BRAPeS is accurate and achieves a high success rate even at very short (25bp) read length, which can decrease the cost and increase the number of cells that can be analyzed compared to long reads. BRAPeS is publicly available in the following link: https://github.com/YosefLab/BRAPeS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Afik, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/389999</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reconstructing B cell receptor sequences from short-read single cell RNA-sequencing with BRAPeS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/392308v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
There and back again: metagenome-assembled genomes provide new insights into two thermal pools in Kamchatka, Russia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/392308v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Culture-independent methods have contributed substantially to our understanding of global microbial diversity. Recently developed algorithms to construct whole genomes from environmental samples have further refined, corrected and revolutionized the tree of life. Here, we assembled draft metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) from environmental DNA extracted from two hot springs within an active volcanic ecosystem on the Kamchatka peninsula, Russia. This hydrothermal system has been intensively studied previously with regard to geochemistry, chemoautotrophy, microbial isolation, and microbial diversity. Using a shotgun metagenomics approach, we assembled population-level genomes of bacteria and archaea from two pools using DNA that had previously been characterized via 16S rRNA gene clone libraries. We recovered 36 MAGs, 29 of medium to high quality, and placed them in the context of the current microbial tree of life. We highlight MAGs representing previously underrepresented archaeal phyla (Korarchaeota, Bathyarchaeota and Aciduliprofundum) and one potentially new species within the bacterial genus Sulfurihydrogenibium. Putative functions in both pools were compared and are discussed in the context of their diverging geochemistry. This study can be considered complementary to foregoing studies in the same ecosystem as it adds more comprehensive information about phylogenetic diversity and functional potential within this highly selective habitat.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wilkins, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ettinger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jospin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisen, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/392308</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[There and back again: metagenome-assembled genomes provide new insights into two thermal pools in Kamchatka, Russia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/393009v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Global climate changes will lead to regionally divergent trajectories for ectomycorrhizal communities in North American Pinaceae forests 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/393009v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECMF) are partners in a globally distributed tree symbiosis that enhanced ecosystem carbon (C)-sequestration and storage. However, resilience of ECMF to future climates is uncertain. We sampled ECMF across a broad climatic gradient in North America, modeled climatic drivers of diversity and community composition, and then forecast ECMF response to climate changes over the next 50 years. We predict ECMF richness will decline over nearly half of North American Pinaceae forests, with median species losses as high as 21%. Mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions can reduce these declines, but not prevent them. Warming of forests along the boreal-temperate ecotone results in projected ECMF species loss and declines in the relative abundance of C demanding, long-distance foraging ECMF species, but warming of eastern temperate forests has the opposite effect. Sites with more ECMF species had higher activities of nitrogen-mineralizing enzymes, suggesting that ECMF species-losses will compromise their associated ecosystem functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steidinger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatnagar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vilgalys, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruns, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peay, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/393009</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Global climate changes will lead to regionally divergent trajectories for ectomycorrhizal communities in North American Pinaceae forests]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/395244v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct higher-order thalamic circuits channel parallel streams of visual information in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/395244v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Higher-order thalamic nuclei, such as the visual pulvinar, play essential roles in cortical function by connecting functionally-related cortical and subcortical brain regions. Yet a coherent framework describing pulvinar function remains elusive due to its anatomical complexity and involvement in diverse cognitive processes. Here we combined large-scale anatomical circuit mapping with high-density electrophysiological recordings to dissect a homolog of pulvinar in mice, the lateral posterior nucleus (LP). We define three broad LP subregions based on correspondence between input/output connectivity and functional properties. These subregions form corticothalamic loops biased towards ventral or dorsal stream cortical areas and contain separate representations of visual space. To reveal which input sources drive LP activity, we silenced visual cortex or superior colliculus and found they drive visual tuning properties in separate LP subregions. Thus, by specifying the driving input sources, functional properties, and downstream targets of LP circuits, our data provide a roadmap for understanding the mechanisms of higher-order thalamic function in vision.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bennett, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gale, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrett, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newton, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callaway, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olsen, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/395244</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct higher-order thalamic circuits channel parallel streams of visual information in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/395814v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Xenopus hybrids provide insight into cell and organism size control 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/395814v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Determining how size is controlled is a fundamental question in biology that is poorly understood at the organismal, cellular and subcellular levels. The Xenopus species, X. laevis and X. tropicalis differ in size at all three of these levels. Despite these differences, fertilization of X. laevis eggs with X. tropicalis sperm gives rise to viable hybrid animals that are intermediate in size. We observed that although hybrid and X. laevis embryogenesis initiates from the same sized zygote and proceeds synchronously through development, hybrid animals were smaller by the tailbud stage, and a change in the ratio of nuclear size to cell size was observed shortly after zygotic genome activation (ZGA), suggesting that differential gene expression contributes to size differences. Transcriptome analysis at the onset of ZGA identified twelve transcription factors paternally expressed in hybrids. A screen of these X. tropicalis factors by expression in X. laevis embryos revealed that Hes7 and Ventx2 significantly reduced X. laevis body length size by the tailbud stage, although nuclear to cell size scaling relationships were not affected as in the hybrid. Together, these results suggest that transcriptional regulation contributes to biological size control in Xenopus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gibeaux, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acker, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heald, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/395814</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Xenopus hybrids provide insight into cell and organism size control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/396234v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate yield in different temperature gradients in green tea (Camellia sinensis) brewing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/396234v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionEpigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is a chemical catechin, a natural organic compound found in green teas with strong antioxidative effects. EGCG degrades or epimerizes according to temperature, fluctuating its concentration in green tea (Camellia sinensis). This study is conducted to determine the specified correlation between EGCG and tea temperature, and to conclude with the optimal temperature for EGCG yield.nnMethodsEGCG concentrations in different solutions of green tea are analyzed using a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), with a diode array detector (DAD). The solutions are created from green tea brewed in water from 20{degrees}C to 100{degrees}C at increments of 20{degrees}C and undergo an ultrasonic bath of 30 minutes before being analyzed.nnResultsThere is a discernible difference between EGCG concentrations in all temperatures. At 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100{degrees}C, the concentrations are 6.18 g/mL, 32.37 g/mL, 57.36 g/mL, 36.13 g/mL, and 44.85 g/mL, respectively. EGCG concentration maximizes at 60{degrees}C. The lowest EGCG concentration yield is at 20{degrees}C.nnConclusionThe results of our experiments lead us to recommend hot brewing over cold brewing for green tea if one wishes to maximize the potential of the effects of EGCG due to its higher concentration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, M.-h.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, M.-j.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, W.-h.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, M.-t.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, C.-c.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/396234</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigallocatechin-3-gallate yield in different temperature gradients in green tea (Camellia sinensis) brewing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/401901v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sexual conflict in self-fertile hermaphrodites: reproductive differences among species, and between individuals versus cohorts, in the leech genus Helobdella (Lophotrochozoa; Annelida; Clitellata; Hirudinida; Glossiphoniidae) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/401901v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Leeches and oligochaetes comprise a monophyletic group of annelids, the Clitellata, whose reproduction is characterized by simultaneous hermaphroditism. While most clitellate species reproduce by cross-fertilization, self-fertilization has been described within the speciose genus Helobdella. Here we document the reproductive life histories and reproductive capacities for three other Helobdella species. Under laboratory conditions, both H. robusta and H. octatestisaca exhibit uniparental reproduction, apparently reflecting self-fertility, and suggesting that this trait is ancestral for the genus. However, the third species, H. austinensis, seems incapable of reproduction by self-fertilization, so we inferred its reproductive life history by analyzing reproduction in breeding cohorts. Comparing the reproductive parameters for H. robusta reproducing in isolation and in cohorts revealed that reproduction in cohorts is dramatically delayed with respect to that of isolated individuals, and that cohorts of leeches coordinate their cocoon deposition in a manner that is not predicted from the reproductive parameters of individuals reproducing in isolation. Finally, our comparisons of reproductive capacity for individuals versus cohorts for H. robusta, and between different sizes of cohorts for H. austinensis, reveal differences in resource allocation between male and female reproductive roles that are consistent with evolutionary theory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iyer, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winchell, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weisblat, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/401901</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sexual conflict in self-fertile hermaphrodites: reproductive differences among species, and between individuals versus cohorts, in the leech genus Helobdella (Lophotrochozoa; Annelida; Clitellata; Hirudinida; Glossiphoniidae)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/401976v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The interaction between ORF18 and ORF30 is required for late gene transcription in Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/401976v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the beta- and gammaherpesviruses, a specialized complex of viral transcriptional activators (vTAs) coordinate to direct expression of virus-encoded late genes, which are critical for viral assembly and whose transcription initiates only after the onset of viral DNA replication. The vTAs in Kaposis sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) are ORF18, ORF24, ORF30, ORF31, ORF34, and ORF66. While the general organization of the vTA complex has been mapped, the individual roles of these proteins, and how they coordinate to activate late gene promoters, remains largely unknown. Here, we performed a comprehensive mutational analysis of the conserved residues in ORF18, which is a highly interconnected vTA component. Surprisingly, the mutants were largely selective for disrupting the interaction with ORF30 but not the other three ORF18 binding partners. Furthermore, disrupting the ORF18-ORF30 interaction weakened the vTA complex as a whole, and an ORF18 point mutant that failed to bind ORF30 was unable to complement an ORF18 null virus. Thus, contacts between individual vTAs are critical, as even small disruptions in this complex result in profound defects in KSHV late gene expression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Castaneda, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaunsinger, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/401976</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The interaction between ORF18 and ORF30 is required for late gene transcription in Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/402933v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Estimation of Rearrangement Break Rates Across the Genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/402933v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genomic rearrangements provide an important source of novel functions by recombining genes and motifs throughout and between genomes. However, understanding how rearrangement functions to shape genomes is hard because reconstructing rearrangements is a combinatoric problem which often has many solutions. In lieu of reconstructing the history of rearrangements, we answer the question of where rearrangements are occurring in the genome by remaining agnostic to the types of rearrangement and solving the simpler problem of estimating the rate at which double-strand breaks occur at every site in a genome. We phrase this problem in graph theoretic terms and find that it is a special case of the minimum cover problem for an interval graph. We employ and modify existing algorithms for efficiently solving this problem. We implement this method as a Python program, named BRAG, and use it to estimate the break rates in the genome of the model Ascomycete mold, Neurospora crassa. We find evidence that rearrangements are more common in the subtelomeric regions of the chromosomes, which facilitates the evolution of novel genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hann-Soden, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/402933</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Estimation of Rearrangement Break Rates Across the Genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/403055v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional Interpretation of Single-Cell Similarity Maps 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/403055v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present VISION, a tool for annotating the sources of variation in single cell RNA-seq data in an automated, unbiased and scalable manner. VISION operates directly on the manifold of cell-cell similarity and employs a flexible annotation approach that can operate either with or without preconceived stratification of the cells into groups or along a continuum. We demonstrate the utility of VISION using a relatively homogeneous set of B cells from a cohort of lupus patients and healthy controls and show that it can derive important sources of cellular variation and link them to clinical phenotypes in a stratification free manner. VISION produces an interactive, low latency and feature rich web-based report that can be easily shared amongst researchers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DeTomaso, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramaniam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashuach, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/403055</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional Interpretation of Single-Cell Similarity Maps]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/403964v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The effects of fixational tremor on the retinal image 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/403964v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The study of fixational eye motion (FEM) has implications for the neural and computational underpinnings of vision. One component of FEM is tremor, a high-frequency oscillatory jitter reported to be anywhere from [~]5 to 60 seconds of arc in amplitude. In order to isolate the effects of tremor on the retinal image directly and in the absence of optical blur, high-frequency, high-resolution eye traces were collected in 6 subjects from videos recorded with an Adaptive Optics Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscope. Videos were acquired while subjects engaged in an active fixation task where they fixated on a tumbling E stimulus and reported changes in its orientation. Spectral analysis was conducted on isolated segments of optical drift. The resultant amplitude spectra showed a slight deviation from the traditional 1/f nature of optical drift in the frequency range of 50-100 Hz, which is indicative of tremor; however, the amplitude of this deviation rarely exceeded one second of arc, smaller than any magnitude previously reported.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bowers, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boehm, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roorda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/403964</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The effects of fixational tremor on the retinal image]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/407650v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CHEMOMETRIC APPROACHES FOR DEVELOPING INFRARED NANOSENSORS TO IMAGE ANTHRACYCLINES 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/407650v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Generation, identification, and validation of optical probes to image molecular targets in a biological milieu remains a challenge. Synthetic molecular recognition approaches leveraging the intrinsic near-infrared fluorescence of single-walled carbon nanotubes is a promising approach for chronic biochemical imaging in tissues. However, generation of nanosensors for selective imaging of molecular targets requires a heuristic approach. Here, we present a chemometric platform for rapidly screening libraries of candidate single-walled carbon nanotube nanosensors against biochemical analytes to quantify fluorescence response to small molecules including vitamins, neurotransmitters, and chemotherapeutics. We further show this approach can be leveraged to identify biochemical analytes that selectively modulate the intrinsic near-infrared fluorescence of candidate nanosensors. Chemometric analysis thus enables identification of nanosensor-analyte  hits and also nanosensor fluorescence signaling modalities such as wavelength-shifts that are optimal for translation to biological imaging. Through this approach, we identify and characterize a nanosensor for the chemotherapeutic anthracycline doxorubicin, which provides an up to 17 nm fluorescence red-shift and exhibits an 8 {micro}M limit of detection, compatible with peak circulatory concentrations of doxorubicin common in therapeutic administration. We demonstrate selectivity of this nanosensor over dacarbazine, a chemotherapeutic commonly co-injected with DOX. Lastly, we demonstrate nanosensor tissue compatibility for imaging of doxorubicin in muscle tissue by incorporating nanosensors into the mouse hindlimb and measuring nanosensor response to exogenous DOX administration. Our results motivate chemometric approaches to nanosensor discovery for chronic imaging of drug partitioning into tissues and towards real-time monitoring of drug accumulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Del Bonis-O Donnell, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinals, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thakrar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfinger, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/407650</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CHEMOMETRIC APPROACHES FOR DEVELOPING INFRARED NANOSENSORS TO IMAGE ANTHRACYCLINES]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/408526v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Versatile Multi-Detector Scheme for Adaptive Optics Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/408526v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adaptive Optics Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO) is a powerful tool for imaging the retina at high spatial and temporal resolution. In this paper, we present a multi-detector scheme for AOSLO which has two main configurations: pixel reassignment and offset aperture imaging. In this detection scheme, the single element detector of the standard AOSLO is replaced by a fiber bundle which couples the detected light into multiple detectors. The pixel reassignment configuration allows for more light throughput while maintaining optimal confocal resolution. The increase in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) from this configuration can improve the accuracy of motion registration techniques. The offset aperture imaging configuration enhances the detection of multiply scattered light, which improves the contrast of retinal vasculature and inner retinal layers similar to methods such as nonconfocal split-detector imaging and multi-offset aperture imaging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mozaffari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaedicke, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaRocca, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiruveedhula, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roorda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/408526</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Versatile Multi-Detector Scheme for Adaptive Optics Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/409755v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Behavioral Analysis of Substrate Texture Preference in a Leech, Helobdella austinensis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/409755v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Leeches in the wild are often found on smooth surfaces, such as vegetation, smooth rocks or human artifacts such as bottles and cans, thus exhibiting what appears to be a "substrate texture preference behavior". Here, we have reproduced this behavior under controlled circumstances, by allowing leeches to step about freely on a range of silicon carbide sandpaper substrates. To begin to understand the neural mechanisms underlying this texture preference behavior, we have determined relevant parameters of leech behavior both on uniform substrates of varying textures, and in a behavior choice paradigm in which the leech is confronted with a choice between rougher and smoother substrate textures at each step. We tested two non-exclusive mechanisms which could produce substrate texture preference: 1) a Diffusion Trap mechanism, in which a leech is more likely to stop moving on a smooth surface than on a rough one, and; 2) an Anterior Choice mechanism, in which a leech is more likely to attach its front sucker (prerequisite for taking a step) to a smooth surface than to a rough one. We propose that both mechanisms contribute to the texture preference exhibited by leeches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heath-Heckman, E. A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitehorn, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kristan, W. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weisblat, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/409755</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Behavioral Analysis of Substrate Texture Preference in a Leech, Helobdella austinensis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/410001v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A versatile platform strain for high-fidelity multiplex genome editing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/410001v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Precision genome editing accelerates the discovery of the genetic determinants of phenotype and the engineering of novel behaviors in organisms. Advances in DNA synthesis and recombineering have enabled high-throughput engineering of genetic circuits and biosynthetic pathways via directed mutagenesis of bacterial chromosomes. However, the highest recombination efficiencies have to date been reported in persistent mutator strains, which suffer from reduced genomic fidelity. The absence of inducible transcriptional regulators in these strains also prevents concurrent control of genome engineering tools and engineered functions. Here, we introduce a new recombineering platform strain, BioDesignER, which incorporates (1) a refactored {lambda}-Red recombination system that reduces toxicity and accelerates multi-cycle recombination, (2) genetic modifications that boost recombination efficiency, and (3) four independent inducible regulators to control engineered functions. These modifications resulted in single-cycle recombineering efficiencies of up to 25% with a seven-fold increase in recombineering fidelity compared to the widely used recombineering strain EcNR2. To facilitate genome engineering in BioDesignER, we have curated eight context-neutral genomic loci, termed Safe Sites, for stable gene expression and consistent recombination efficiency. BioDesignER is a platform to develop and optimize engineered cellular functions and can serve as a model to implement comparable recombination and regulatory systems in other bacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Egbert, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rishi, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adler, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCormick, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toro, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gill, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/410001</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A versatile platform strain for high-fidelity multiplex genome editing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/412924v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic characterization of outbred Sprague Dawley rats and utility for genome-wide association studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/412924v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sprague Dawley (SD) rats are among the most widely used outbred laboratory rat populations. Despite this, the genetic characteristics of SD rats have not been clearly described, and SD rats are rarely used for experiments aimed at exploring genotype-phenotype relationships. In order to use SD rats to perform a genome-wide association study (GWAS), we collected behavioral data from 4,625 SD rats that were predominantly obtained from two commercial vendors, Charles River Laboratories and Harlan Sprague Dawley Inc. Using double-digest genotyping-by-sequencing (ddGBS), we obtained dense, high-quality genotypes at 291,438 SNPs across 4,061 rats. This genetic data allowed us to characterize the variation present in Charles River vs. Harlan SD rats. We found that the two populations are highly diverged (FST > 0.4). Furthermore, even for rats obtained from the same vendor, there was strong population structure across breeding facilities and even between rooms at the same facility. We performed multiple separate GWAS by fitting a linear mixed model that accounted population structure and using meta-analysis to jointly analyze all cohorts. Our study examined Pavlovian conditioned approach (PavCA) behavior, which assesses the propensity for rats to attribute incentive salience to reward-associated cues. We identified 46 significant associations for the various metrics used to define PavCA. The surprising degree of population structure among SD rats from different sources has important implications for their use in both genetic and non-genetic studies.

Author SummaryOutbred Sprague Dawley rats are among the most commonly used rats for neuroscience, physiology and pharmacological research; in the year 2020, 4,188 publications contained the keyword "Sprague Dawley". Rats identified as "Sprague Dawley" are sold by several commercial vendors, including Charles River Laboratories and Harlan Sprague Dawley Inc. (now Envigo). Despite their widespread use, little is known about the genetic diversity of SD. We genotyped more than 4,000 SD rats, which we used for a genome-wide association study (GWAS) and to characterize genetic differences between SD rats from Charles River Laboratories and Harlan. Our analysis revealed extensive population structure both between and within vendors. The GWAS for Pavlovian conditioned approach (PavCA) identified a number of genome-wide significant loci for that complex behavioral trait. Our results demonstrate that, despite sharing an identical name, SD rats that are obtained from different vendors are very different. Future studies should carefully define the exact source of SD rats being used and may exploit their genetic diversity for genetic studies of complex traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gileta, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzpatrick, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chitre, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>St. Pierre, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joyce, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maguire, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLeod, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzales, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrow, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flagel, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/412924</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic characterization of outbred Sprague Dawley rats and utility for genome-wide association studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/413773v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lessons learned when looking for non-neutral ecological processes in the built environment: the bacterial and fungal microbiota of shower tiles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/413773v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
With periodic pulses of water, bathroom showers represent a habitat in the built environment with a high potential for microbial growth. We set out to apply a neutral model of microbial community assembly and to identify deviations from the model that would indicate non-neutral dynamics, such as selective pressures for individual taxa, in this particular indoor habitat. Following a cleaning event, the bacterial and fungal microbiota of the shower stalls in two residences in the San Francisco Bay Area were observed over a four-week period. We observed strong differences in composition between houses, preventing us from combining samples and thus limiting our statistical power. We also identified different aspects of the sampling scheme that could be improved, including increasing the sampling area (to ensure sufficient biomass) and increasing the number of replicates within an individual shower. The data from this pilot study indicate that immigrants to the built environment arising from human shedding dominate the shower ecosystem and that growth conditions are relatively unfavorable despite the water availability. We offer suggestions on how to improve the studying and sampling of microbes in indoor environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adams, R. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lymperopoulou, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/413773</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lessons learned when looking for non-neutral ecological processes in the built environment: the bacterial and fungal microbiota of shower tiles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/415729v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel childhood experience suggests eccentricity drives organization of human visual cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/415729v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The functional organization of human high-level visual cortex, such as face and place-selective regions, is strikingly consistent across individuals. A fundamental, unanswered question in neuroscience is what dimensions of visual information constrain the development and topography of this shared brain organization? To answer this question, we scanned with fMRI a unique group of adults who, as children, engaged in extensive experience with a novel stimulus-Pokemon-which are dissimilar from other ecological categories such as faces and places along critical dimensions (foveal bias, rectilinearity, size, animacy) from. We find that experienced adults not only demonstrate distinct and consistent distributed cortical responses to Pokemon, but their activations suggest that it is the experienced retinal eccentricity during childhood that predicts the locus of distributed responses to Pokemon in adulthood. These data advance our understanding about how childhood experience and functional constraints shape the functional organization of the human brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gomez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnett, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grill-Spector, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/415729</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel childhood experience suggests eccentricity drives organization of human visual cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/418319v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Synergistic Effect of Antioxidant Interaction between Luteolin and Chlorogenic Acid in Lonicera japonica 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/418319v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lonicera japonica Thunb. is a flower that is used in traditional Chinese medicine to prevent the common cold. The two primary active compounds of the flower bud are luteolin, a flavonoid, and chlorogenic acid, a phenolic acid. Both active compounds have demonstrated antioxidant activity. The interactions between chemicals in a plant heavily influences its total antioxidant activity. We attempted to investigate the antioxidant interactions between the two chemicals in the plant. This study aims to investigate if the antioxidants luteolin and chlorogenic acid have a synergistic effect to inhibit free radicals when combined. A 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH*) assay was performed. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of luteolin and chlorogenic acid were first determined and then combined at a 1:1 ratio. The combined inhibition capacity was then compared with the sum of the individual inhibition capacities. The IC50 of luteolin is 26.304 g{middle dot}ml-1 {+/-} 0.120 g{middle dot}ml-1 while the IC50 of chlorogenic acid is 85.529 g{middle dot}ml-1 {+/-} 4.482 g{middle dot}ml-1. The combined solution produced a free radical percentage inhibition of 77.617% {+/-} 5.470%, more than the percentage inhibition of the separate solutions. The experiment shows that luteolin and chlorogenic acid have a synergistic effect in inhibiting DPPH free radicals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, M.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, M.-j.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, W.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, M.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/418319</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Synergistic Effect of Antioxidant Interaction between Luteolin and Chlorogenic Acid in Lonicera japonica]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/426007v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Environmental oscillations favor the evolution of adaptive transgenerational plasticity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/426007v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Effects of parental environment on offspring traits have been well known for decades. Interest in this transgenerational form of phenotypic plasticity has recently surged due to advances in our understanding of its mechanistic basis. Theoretical research has simultaneously advanced by predicting the environmental conditions that should favor the adaptive evolution of transgenerational plasticity. Yet whether such conditions actually exist in nature remains largely unexplored. Here, using long-term climate data, we modeled optimal levels of transgenerational plasticity for an organism with a one-year life cycle at a spatial resolution of 4km2 across the continental US. Both annual temperature and precipitation levels were often autocorrelated, but the strength and direction of these autocorrelations varied considerably across the continental US and even among nearby sites. When present, such environmental autocorrelations render offspring environments statistically predictable based on the parental environment, a key condition for the adaptive evolution of transgenerational plasticity. Results of our optimality models were consistent with this prediction: high levels of transgenerational plasticity were favored at sites with strong environmental autocorrelations, and little-to-no transgenerational plasticity was favored at sites with weak or non-existent autocorrelations. These results are among the first to show that natural patterns of environmental variation favor the evolution of adaptive transgenerational plasticity. Furthermore, these findings suggest that transgenerational plasticity is highly variable in nature, depending on site-specific patterns of environmental variation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Colicchio, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herman, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/426007</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Environmental oscillations favor the evolution of adaptive transgenerational plasticity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/427492v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GIGANTEA promotes sorghum flowering by stimulating floral activator gene expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/427492v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
iv. FundingThis work was supported by USDA-ARS CRIS projects 2030-21000-039-00D and 2030-21000-049-00D to F.G.H.nnv. AbstractThe C4 grass Sorghum bicolor is an important grain and subsistence crop, animal forage, and cellulosic biofuel feedstock that is tolerant of abiotic stresses and marginal soils. Sorghum is short-day flowering, an obstacle for adaptation as a grain crop but a benefit as a biofuel feedstock. To identify genes underlying sorghum photoperiodic flowering behavior this study characterized the Sbgi-ems1 nonsense mutation in the sorghum GIGANTEA (SbGI) gene from a sequenced M4 EMS-mutagenized BTx623 population. Sbgi-ems1 plants had reduced stature and leaf blades exhibiting increased lateral growth combined with reduced proximal-distal growth. Mutant plants flowered later than normal siblings under long-day conditions provided by greenhouse or field. Delayed flowering in Sbgi-ems1 plants accompanied by an increase in internode number, indicating an extended vegetative growth phase prior to flowering. Sbgi-ems1 plants had reduced expression of floral activator genes SbCO and SbEhd1 and downstream FT-like florigen genes SbFT, SbCN8, and SbCN12. Therefore, SbGI accelerates flowering by promotion of SbCO and SbEhd1 expression. Circadian clock-associated genes SbTOC1 and SbLHY had disrupted expression in Sbgi-ems1 plants. This work demonstrates SbGI is a key upstream activator in the regulatory networks dictating sorghum flowering time and growth, as well as gene expression regulation within the circadian clock.nnSummary StatementSorghum GIGANTEA contributes to flowering time, growth, and the circadian clock with activities opposite to its maize homolog. GI occupies a conserved position within regulatory networks but has plastic activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harmon, F. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xin, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/427492</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GIGANTEA promotes sorghum flowering by stimulating floral activator gene expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/428250v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The nuclear RNAi factor, NRDE2, prevents the accumulation of DNA damage during mitosis in stressful growth conditions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/428250v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Organisms have evolved multiple mechanisms to prevent and repair DNA damage to protect the integrity of the genome, particularly under stressful conditions. Unrepaired DNA damage leads to genomic instability, aneuploidy, and an increased risk for cancer. Before the cell can divide, it must repair damaged DNA and it is thought that this process requires global silencing of most transcription. In C. elegans, NRDE-2, in complex with other nuclear factors and guided by small RNA, directs heterochromatin formation and transcriptional silencing of targeted genes. Additionally, when C. elegans are cultivated at high temperatures, NRDE-2 is required to maintain germ line immortality. However, the role of NRDE-2 in maintaining the physical integrity of the genome is not understood. We show here that loss of NRDE2 in either nematode or human cells induces the accumulation of DNA damage specifically under conditions of stress, such as cultivation at a high temperature in C. elegans or Aurora B Kinase oncogenic overexpression in the MCF10A epithelial breast cell line. In addition, we found that NRDE2 interacts with {beta}-actin in unstressed mammalian cells. This interaction is dramatically reduced upon DNA damage. The oligomerization state of nuclear actin alters its association with targets, which in turn, regulates their function. Monomeric nuclear actin binds to heterochromatin remodeling factors and transcriptional activators while filamentous actin has been implicated in DNA repair processes. Here we show that NRDE2 associates with actin only when DNA is intact and the bulk of nuclear actin is monomeric. Thus, NRDE2 may dissociate from actin when it becomes filamentous as a result of DNA damage. This implies that, NRDE2, in its role as a heterochromatin factor, binds to monomeric actin, protecting the genome from DNA damage in stressful conditions. In this way, heterochromatin factors may associate with the actin dependent DNA repair process to allow appropriate mitotic progression and maintain genomic integrity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Asuni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkataramanan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Floor, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goga, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>L'Etoile, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/428250</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The nuclear RNAi factor, NRDE2, prevents the accumulation of DNA damage during mitosis in stressful growth conditions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/428458v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis for substrate gripping and translocation by the ClpB AAA+ disaggregase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/428458v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial ClpB and yeast Hsp104 are homologous Hsp100 protein disaggregases that serve critical functions in proteostasis by solubilizing protein aggregates. Two AAA+ nucleotide binding domains (NBDs) power polypeptide translocation through a central channel comprised of a hexameric spiral of protomers that contact substrate via conserved pore-loop interactions. To elucidate the translocation mechanism, we determined the cryo-EM structure of a hyperactive ClpB variant to 2.9 [A] resolution bound to the model substrate, casein in the presence of slowly hydrolysable ATP{gamma}S. Distinct substrate-gripping mechanisms are identified for NBD1 and NBD2 pore loops. A trimer of N-terminal domains define a channel entrance that binds the polypeptide substrate adjacent the topmost NBD1 contact. NBD conformations at the spiral seam reveal how ATP hydrolysis and substrate engagement or disengagement are precisely tuned to drive a stepwise translocation cycle.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rizo, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gates, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tse, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bart, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castellano, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiMaio, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shorter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Southworth, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/428458</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis for substrate gripping and translocation by the ClpB AAA+ disaggregase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/432765v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Herbarium records reveal early flowering in response to warming in the southern hemisphere 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/432765v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Premise of the StudyHerbarium specimens are increasingly used as records of plant flowering phenology, which has advanced for many species in response to climate change. However, most herbarium-based studies on plant phenology focus on taxa from temperate parts of the northern hemisphere. Here, we explore flowering phenologic responses to climate in a temperate/subtropical plant genus Protea (Proteaceae), an iconic group of woody plants with year-round flowering phenology and endemic to sub-Saharan Africa. Protea is widely used in horticulture and is a flagship genus for the flora of the hyperdiverse Cape Floristic Region.nnMethodsWe used a database of 2154 herbarium records of 25 Protea species to explore patterns in flowering spanning the past 100 years. We used a circular sliding window analysis to characterize phenological patterns in these aseasonal species, plus a novel linear mixed effects model formulation to test how both site-to-site and year-to-year variation in temperature and precipitation affect flowering date across species.nnResultsBoth warmer sites and warmer years were associated with earlier flowering of 3-5 days/{degrees}C. In general, the timing of peak flowering was influenced more strongly by temperature than precipitation. Although species vary widely in when they flower during the year, their phenological responses to temperature are phylogenetically conserved, with closely related species tending to shift flowering time similarly with increasing temperature.nnDiscussionTogether, our results point to climate-responsive phenology for this important plant genus. Our results indicate that the subtropical, aseasonally-flowering genus Protea has temperature-driven flowering phenologic responses that are remarkably similar in magnitude to those of better-studied northern temperate plant species, suggesting a generality across biomes that has not been described elsewhere.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Daru, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kling, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meineke, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Wyk, A. E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/432765</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Herbarium records reveal early flowering in response to warming in the southern hemisphere]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/438705v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Suppressor of Fused controls the proliferation of postnatal neural stem and precursor cells via a Gli3-dependent mechanism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/438705v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ) of the forebrain is the source of neurogenic stem/precursor cells for adaptive and homeostatic needs throughout the life of most mammals. Here, we report that Suppressor of Fused (SUFU) plays a critical role in the establishment of the V-SVZ at early neonatal stages by controlling the proliferation of distinct subpopulations of stem/precursor cells. Conditional deletion of Sufu in radial glial progenitor cells (RGCs) at E13.5 resulted in a dramatic increase in the proliferation of Sox2+ Type B cells, as well as Gsx2+ ventral forebrain derived transit amplifying precursor cells (TACs). In contrast, we found a significant decrease in Tbr2+ dorsal forebrain derived TACs indicating that innate differences between dorsal and ventral forebrain derived Type B cells influence Sufu function. However, most precursors failed to survive and accumulated in the dorsal V-SVZ, demonstrating that precursors are unable to transition into functional differentiated progenies. These defects were accompanied by reduced Gli3 expression, yet despite reduced Gli3 levels, activation of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling did not occur implying that the Sufu-Gli3 regulatory axis may influence other signaling pathways in the neonatal dorsal V-SVZ. These data suggest that Sufu plays a critical role in controlling Gli3 function in the establishment and survival of functional stem/precursor cells in the postnatal dorsal V-SVZ.nnSUMMARY STATEMENTConditional deletion of Sufu cause dramatic expansion of neural stem/precursor cells in the neonatal ventricular-subventricular (SVZ) zone. This defect occurs through a Gli3-dependent mechanism that results in the downregulation of Shh signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gomez, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castillo, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noguchi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pleasure, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yabut, O. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/438705</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Suppressor of Fused controls the proliferation of postnatal neural stem and precursor cells via a Gli3-dependent mechanism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/442632v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tropical arboreal ants form dominance hierarchies over nesting resources in agroecosystems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/442632v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Interspecific dominance hierarchies have been widely reported across animal systems. While some dominant individuals (winners) get to monopolize resources, during dyadic interactions, they can increase their relative fitness as compared to subdominant individuals (losers). In some ant species, dominance hierarchies have been used to explain species coexistence and community structure. However, it remains unclear whether or in what contexts dominance hierarchies occur in tropical ant communities. Furthermore, it can be challenging to infer and quantify reliable dominance hierarchies from observed interactions. This study seeks to examine whether arboreal twig-nesting ants competing for nesting resources in a Mexican coffee agricultural ecosystem are arranged in a dominance hierarchy. Using network analysis, we quantified interactions between ten species by measuring the uncertainty and steepness in the dominance hierarchy. We also assessed the orderliness of the hierarchy by considering species interactions at the network level. Based on the Elo-ranking method, we found that the twig-nesting ant species Myrmelachista mexicana ranked highest in the ranking, while Pseudomyrmex ejectus was ranked as the lowest in the hierarchy. We quantified the uncertainty in the dominance hierarchy and found that the hierarchy was intermediate in its steepness, suggesting that the probability of higher ranked individuals winning contests against lower ranked individuals was fairly high. Motif analysis and significant excess of triads further revealed that the species networks were largely transitive. This study highlights that some tropical arboreal ant communities self-organize into dominance hierarchies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yitbarek, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philpott, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/442632</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tropical arboreal ants form dominance hierarchies over nesting resources in agroecosystems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/447508v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tactile enrichment drives emergence of functional columns and improves sensory coding in L2/3 of mouse S1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/447508v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sensory maps in layer (L) 2/3 of rodent cortex lack precise functional column boundaries, and instead exhibit locally heterogeneous tuning superimposed on smooth global topography. Could this organization be a byproduct of impoverished experience in laboratory housing? We compared whisker map somatotopy in L2/3 and L4 excitatory cells of somatosensory (S1) cortex in normally housed vs. tactile-enriched mice, using GCaMP6s imaging. Normally housed mice had a dispersed, salt-and-pepper whisker map in L2/3, but L4 was more topographically precise. Enrichment (P21 to P46-71) sharpened whisker tuning and decreased, but did not abolish, local tuning heterogeneity. In L2/3, enrichment strengthened and sharpened whisker point representations, and created functional boundaries of tuning similarity and noise correlations at column edges. Thus, tactile experience drives emergence of functional columnar topography in S1, and reduces salt-and-pepper tuning heterogeneity. These changes predict improved single-trial population coding of whisker deflections within each column.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>LeMessurier, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldman, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/447508</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tactile enrichment drives emergence of functional columns and improves sensory coding in L2/3 of mouse S1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/450544v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
On-ratio PDMS bonding for multilayer microfluidic device fabrication 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/450544v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Integrated elastomeric valves, also referred to as Quake valves, enable precise control and manipulation of fluid within microfluidic devices. Fabrication of such valves requires bonding of multiple layers of the silicone polymer polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The conventional method for PDMS-PDMS bonding is to use varied base to crosslinking agent ratios between layers, typically 20:1 and 5:1. This bonding technique, known as "off-ratio bonding," provides strong, effective PDMS-PDMS bonding for multi-layer soft-lithography, but it can yield adverse PDMS material properties and can be wasteful of PDMS. Here we demonstrate the effectiveness of on-ratio PDMS bonding for multilayer soft lithography. We show the efficacy of this technique among common variants of PDMS: Sylgard 184, RTV 615, and Sylgard 182.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altemose, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streets, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/450544</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[On-ratio PDMS bonding for multilayer microfluidic device fabrication]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/452185v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The architecture of cell differentiation in choanoflagellates and sponge choanocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/452185v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Collar cells are ancient animal cell types which are conserved across the animal kingdom [1] and their closest relatives, the choanoflagellates [2]. However, little is known about their ancestry, their subcellular architecture, or how they differentiate. The choanoflagellate Salpingoeca rosetta [3] expresses genes necessary for animal multicellularity and development [4] and can alternate between unicellular and multicellular states [3,5], making it a powerful model to investigate the origin of animal multicellularity and mechanisms underlying cell differentiation [6,7]. To compare the subcellular architecture of solitary collar cells in S. rosetta with that of multicellular "rosettes" and collar cells in sponges, we reconstructed entire cells in 3D through transmission electron microscopy on serial ultrathin sections. Structural analysis of our 3D reconstructions revealed important differences between single and colonial choanoflagellate cells, with colonial cells exhibiting a more amoeboid morphology consistent with relatively high levels of macropinocytotic activity. Comparison of multiple reconstructed rosette colonies highlighted the variable nature of cell sizes, cell-cell contact networks and colony arrangement. Importantly, we uncovered the presence of elongated cells in some rosette colonies that likely represent a distinct and differentiated cell type. Intercellular bridges within choanoflagellate colonies displayed a variety of morphologies and connected some, but not all, neighbouring cells. Reconstruction of sponge choanocytes revealed both ultrastructural commonalities and differences in comparison to choanoflagellates. Choanocytes and colonial choanoflagellates are typified by high amoeboid cell activity. In both, the number of microvilli and volumetric proportion of the Golgi apparatus are comparable, whereas choanocytes devote less of their cell volume to the nucleus and mitochondria than choanoflagellates and more of their volume to food vacuoles. Together, our comparative reconstructions uncover the architecture of cell differentiation in choanoflagellates and sponge choanocytes and constitute an important step in reconstructing the cell biology of the last common ancestor of the animal kingdom.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Laundon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burkhardt, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/452185</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The architecture of cell differentiation in choanoflagellates and sponge choanocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/452888v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Directed evolution of split APEX peroxidase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/452888v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
APEX is an engineered peroxidase that catalyzes the oxidation of a wide range of substrates, facilitating its use in a variety of applications, from subcellular staining for electron microscopy to proximity biotinylation for spatial proteomics and transcriptomics. To further advance the capabilities of APEX, we used directed evolution to engineer a split APEX tool (sAPEX). Twenty rounds of FACS-based selections from yeast-displayed fragment libraries, using three different yeast display configurations, produced a 200-amino acid N-terminal fragment (with 9 mutations relative to APEX2) called "AP" and a 50-amino acid C-terminal fragment called "EX". AP and EX fragments were each inactive on their own but reconstituted to give peroxidase activity when driven together by a molecular interaction. We demonstrate sAPEX reconstitution in the mammalian cytosol, on engineered RNA motifs within telomerase noncoding RNA, and at mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum contact sites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Han, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Branon, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boassa, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shechner, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellisman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ting, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/452888</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Directed evolution of split APEX peroxidase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/454751v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Suppressor of Fused controls perinatal expansion and quiescence of future dentate adult neural stem cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/454751v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis requires the quiescent neural stem cell (NSC) pool to persist lifelong. The establishment and maintenance of quiescent NSC pools during development is not understood. Here we show that Suppressor of Fused (Sufu) controls establishment of the quiescent NSC pool during mouse dentate gyrus (DG) development through regulation of Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signaling. Deletion of Sufuin NSCs at the beginning of DG development decreases Shh signaling leading to reduced proliferation of NSCs, resulting in a small quiescent NSC pool in adult mice. We found that putative adult NSCs proliferate and increase their numbers in the first postnatal week and subsequently become quiescent towards the end of the first postnatal week. In the absence of Sufu, postnatal expansion of NSCs is compromised, and NSCs prematurely become quiescent. Thus, Sufu is required for Shh signaling activity ensuring the expansion and proper transition of NSC pools to quiescence during DG development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pleasure, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noguchi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castillo, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakashima, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/454751</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Suppressor of Fused controls perinatal expansion and quiescence of future dentate adult neural stem cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/456574v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Complementary subnetworks of cortical somatostatin interneurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/456574v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The neocortex is organized into discrete layers of excitatory neurons: layer 4 receives the densest  bottom up projection carrying external sensory data, while layers 2/3 and 5 receive  top down inputs from higher cortical areas that may convey sensory expectations and behavioral goals. A subset of cortical somatostatin (SST) neurons gate top down input and control sensory computation by inhibiting the apical dendrites of pyramidal cells in layers 2/3 and 5. However, it is unknown whether an analogous inhibitory mechanism separately and specifically controls activity in layer 4. We hypothesized that distinct SST circuits might exist to inhibit specific cortical layers. By enforcing layer-specific inhibition, distinct SST subnetworks could mediate pathway-specific gain control, such as regulating the balance between bottom up and top down input. Employing a combination of high precision circuit mapping, in vivo optogenetic perturbations, and single cell transcriptional profiling, we reveal distinct and complementary SST circuits that specifically and reciprocally interconnect with excitatory cells in either layer 4 or layers 2/3 and 5. Our data further define a transcriptionally distinct SST neuronal sub-class that powerfully gates bottom up sensory activity during active sensation by regulating layer 4 activity. This integrated paradigm further represents a potentially generalizable approach to identify and characterize neuronal cell types and reveal their in vivo function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Naka, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shababo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egladyous, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sridharan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paninski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adesnik, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/456574</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Complementary subnetworks of cortical somatostatin interneurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/461624v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cellular response to small molecules that selectively stall protein synthesis by the ribosome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/461624v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying small molecules that inhibit protein synthesis by selectively stalling the ribosome constitutes a new strategy for therapeutic development. Compounds that inhibit the translation of PCSK9, a major regulator of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, have been identified that reduce LDL cholesterol in preclinical models and that affect the translation of only a few off-target proteins. Although some of these compounds hold potential for future therapeutic development, it is not known how they impact the physiology of cells or ribosome quality control pathways. Here we used a genome-wide CRISPRi screen to identify proteins and pathways that modulate cell growth in the presence of high doses of a selective PCSK9 translational inhibitor, PF-06378503 (PF8503). The two most potent genetic modifiers of cell fitness in the presence of PF8503, the ubiquitin binding protein ASCC2 and helicase ASCC3, bind to the ribosome and protect cells from toxic effects of high concentrations of the compound. Surprisingly, translation quality control proteins Pelota (PELO) and HBS1L sensitize cells to PF8503 treatment. In genetic interaction experiments, ASCC3 acts together with ASCC2, and functions downstream of HBS1L. Taken together, these results identify new connections between ribosome quality control pathways, and provide new insights into the selectivity of compounds that stall human translation that will aid the development of next-generation selective translation stalling compounds to treat disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liaud, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horlbeck, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gjoni, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cate, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/461624</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cellular response to small molecules that selectively stall protein synthesis by the ribosome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/463331v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
adductomicsR: A package for detection and quantification of protein adducts from mass spectra of tryptic digests 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/463331v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryLiquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) has been used to establish a method, referred to as  adductomics, for characterisation of putative protein adducts at selected loci in human serum albumin (HSA). Applications of this method have been limited by the lack of software for untargeted analysis of modified peptides in protein digests. Here we present adductomicsR, an open-source R package for processing LC-HRMS data from analysis of adducted HSA peptides. The software interrogates mass spectra to correct for retention-time drift, and to discover and quantify putative adducts along with those for a housekeeping peptide and internal standard.nnAvailability and implementationadductomicsR is written in R and publicly available at https://github.com/JosieLHayes/adductomicsR, which includes a vignette with example data.nnSupplementary informationmzXML files for the vignette and test dataset are available in an associated data package adductData (https://github.com/JosieLHayes/adductData).nnContactjosie.hayes@berkeley.edunnIssue SectionAPPLICATIONS NOTE
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hayes, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edmands, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yano, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grigoryan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiffman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudoit, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rappaport, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/463331</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[adductomicsR: A package for detection and quantification of protein adducts from mass spectra of tryptic digests]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/465252v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Strategies For Efficient Genome Editing Using CRISPR-Cas9 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/465252v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The targetable DNA endonuclease CRISPR-Cas9 has transformed analysis of biological processes by enabling robust genome editing in model and non-model organisms. Although rules directing Cas9 to its target DNA via a guide RNA are straightforward, wide variation occurs in editing efficiency and repair outcomes, both imprecise error-prone repair and precise templated repair. We found that imprecise and precise DNA repair from double-stranded breaks (DSBs) is asymmetric, favoring repair in one direction. Using this knowledge, we designed RNA guides and repair templates that increased the frequency of imprecise insertions and deletions and greatly enhanced precise insertion of point mutations in Caenorhabditis elegans. We devised strategies to insert long (10 kb) exogenous sequences or incorporate multiple nucleotide substitutions at considerable distance from DSBs. We expanded the repertoire of co-conversion markers appropriate for diverse nematode species. These selectable markers enable rapid identification of Cas9-edited animals also likely to carry edits in desired targets. Lastly, we explored the timing, location, frequency, sex-dependence, and categories of DSB repair events by developing loci with allele-specific Cas9 targets that can be contributed during mating from either male or hermaphrodite germ cells. Our studies revealed a striking difference in editing efficiency between maternally and paternally contributed genomes. Furthermore, imprecise repair and precise repair from exogenous repair templates occur with high frequency before and after fertilization. Our strategies enhance Cas9 targeting efficiency, lend insight into the timing and mechanisms of DSB repair, and establish guidelines for achieving predictable precise and imprecise repair outcomes with high frequency.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meyer, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farboud, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Severson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/465252</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Strategies For Efficient Genome Editing Using CRISPR-Cas9]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/466417v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Shifts in microbial transcription patterns prior to onset of Necrotizing enterocolitis may indicate low oxygen levels in the gut 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/466417v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Premature infants are at risk for developing necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), an inflammatory disease that can progress to necrosis of gut tissue. Previous attempts have failed to identify any consistent predictor of NEC. We hypothesized that prior to the appearance of NEC symptoms, the gut microbiome shifts in its transcriptional profile. To test this hypothesis we integrated genome-resolved metagenomic and metatranscriptomic data from multiple time-points in the first month of life of four preterm infants, two of whom later developed NEC. Gut microbiomes of NEC infants showed increased transcription of high oxygen affinity cytochrome oxidases and lower transcription of genes to detoxify nitric oxide, an antimicrobial compound released by host cells. These results, and high transcription of H2 production genes, suggest low O2 conditions prior to NEC onset, and are consistent with hypoxic conditions in diseased gut tissue. The findings motivate further testing of transcript data as a predictor of NEC.nnHighlightsO_LITranscription of high oxygen affinity microbial cytochrome oxidase may predict necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) development.nC_LIO_LILower transcription of microbial genes to detoxify nitric oxide (NO) may also predict NEC development.nC_LIO_LIHigher transcription of H2 production genes by Escherichia sp. was found in the gut of premature infants that develop NEC.nC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sher, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olm, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raveh-Sadka, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sher, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firek, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morowitz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/466417</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Shifts in microbial transcription patterns prior to onset of Necrotizing enterocolitis may indicate low oxygen levels in the gut]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/467365v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A New Method to Correct for Habitat Filtering in Microbial Correlation Networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/467365v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Amplicon sequencing of 16S, ITS, and 18S regions of microbial genomes is a commonly used first step toward understanding microbial communities of interest for human health, agriculture, and the environment. Correlation network analysis is an emerging tool for investigating the interactions within these microbial communities. However, when data from different habitats (e.g sampling sites, host genotype, etc.) are combined into one analysis, habitat filtering (co-occurrence of microbes due to habitat sampled rather than biological interactions) can induce apparent correlations, resulting in a network dominated by habitat effects and masking correlations of biological interest. We developed an algorithm to correct for habitat filtering effects in microbial correlation network analysis in order to reveal the true underlying microbial correlations. This algorithm was tested on simulated data that was constructed to exhibit habitat filtering. Our algorithm significantly improved correlation detection accuracy for these data compared to Spearman and Pearson correlations. We then used our algorithm to analyze a real data set of 16S-V4 amplicon sequences that was expected to exhibit habitat filtering. Our algorithm was found to effectively reduce habitat effects, enabling the construction of consensus correlation networks from data sets combining multiple related sample habitats.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brisson, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Northen, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogel, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaudin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/467365</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A New Method to Correct for Habitat Filtering in Microbial Correlation Networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/467498v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Refining interaction search through signed iterative Random Forests 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/467498v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Advances in supervised learning have enabled accurate prediction in biological systems governed by complex interactions among biomolecules. However, state-of-the-art predictive algorithms are typically "black-boxes," learning statistical interactions that are difficult to translate into testable hypotheses. The iterative Random Forest (iRF) algorithm took a step towards bridging this gap by providing a computationally tractable procedure to identify the stable, high-order feature interactions that drive the predictive accuracy of Random Forests (RF). Here we refine the interactions identified by iRF to explicitly map responses as a function of interacting features. Our method, signed iRF (s-iRF), describes "subsets" of rules that frequently occur on RF decision paths. We refer to these "rule subsets" as signed interactions. Signed interactions share not only the same set of interacting features but also exhibit similar thresholding behavior, and thus describe a consistent functional relationship between interacting features and responses. We describe stable and predictive importance metrics (SPIMs) to rank signed interactions in terms of their stability, predictive accuracy, and strength of interaction. For each SPIM, we define null importance metrics that characterize its expected behavior under known structure. We evaluate our proposed approach in biologically inspired simulations and two case studies: predicting enhancer activity and spatial gene expression patterns. In the case of enhancer activity, s-iRF recovers one of the few experimentally validated high-order interactions and suggests novel enhancer elements where this interaction may be active. In the case of spatial gene expression patterns, s-iRF recovers all 11 reported links in the gap gene network. By refining the process of interaction recovery, our approach has the potential to guide mechanistic inquiry into systems whose scale and complexity is beyond human comprehension.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kumbier, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celniker, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/467498</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Refining interaction search through signed iterative Random Forests]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/471029v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Drosophila pioneer factor Zelda modulates the nuclear microenvironment of a Dorsal target enhancer to potentiate transcriptional output 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/471029v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Connecting the developmental patterning of tissues to the mechanistic control of RNA polymerase II remains a long term goal of developmental biology. Many key elements have been identified in the establishment of spatial-temporal control of transcription in the early Drosophila embryo, a model system for transcriptional regulation. The dorsal/ventral axis of the Drosophila embryo is determined by the graded distribution of Dorsal (DL), a homologue of the NF-{kappa}B family of transcriptional activators found in humans [1,2]. A second maternally deposited factor, Zelda (ZLD), is uniformly distributed in the embryo and is thought to act as a pioneer factor, increasing enhancer accessibility for transcription factors such as DL [3-9]. Here we utilized the MS2 live imaging system to evaluate the expression of the DL target gene short gastrulation (sog) to better understand how a pioneer factor affects the kinetic parameters of transcription. Our experiments indicate that ZLD modifies probability of activation, the timing of this activation, and the rate at which transcription occurs. Our results further show that this effective rate increase is due to an increased accumulation of DL at the site of transcription, suggesting that transcription factor "hubs" induced by ZLD [10] functionally regulate transcription.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yamada, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitney, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, S.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eck, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rushlow, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/471029</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Drosophila pioneer factor Zelda modulates the nuclear microenvironment of a Dorsal target enhancer to potentiate transcriptional output]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/472787v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transient activation of the UPRER is an essential step in the acquisition of pluripotency during reprogramming 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/472787v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Somatic cells can be reprogrammed into pluripotent stem cells by the forced expression of the OCT4, SOX2, KLF4 and c-MYC transcription factors. This process requires the reshaping of not only epigenetic landscapes, but the global remodeling of cell identity, structure, and function including such basic processes of metabolism and organelle form and function. Cellular reprogramming is a stochastic process with only a marginally measureable fraction of cells successfully crossing these, and many other, cellular epitomes to acquire the fully pluripotent state. We hypothesize that this variation is due, in part, by variable regulation of the proteostasis network and its influence upon the protein folding environment within cells and their organelles upon the remodeling process. We find that the endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response (UPRER), the heat-shock response (HSR) and the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt), which monitor and ensure the quality of the proteome of, respectively, the ER, the cytosol and the mitochondria during stress, are activated during cellular reprogramming. Particularly, we find that the UPRER is essential for reprograming, and ectopic, transient activation of the UPRER, either genetically or pharmacologically, enhances the success of cells to reach a pluripotent state. Finally, and most revealing, we find that stochastic activation of the UPRER can predict the reprogramming efficiency of naive cells. The results of these experiments indicate that the low efficiency and stochasticity of cellular reprogramming is partly the result of the inability to initiate a proper ER stress response for remodeling of the ER and its proteome during the reprogramming process. The results reported here display only one aspect of the proteostasis network and suggest that proper regulation of many more components of this network might be essential to acquire the pluripotent state.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Simic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moehle, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schinzel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorbeer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jullie, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halloran, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heydari, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hockemeyer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dillin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/472787</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transient activation of the UPRER is an essential step in the acquisition of pluripotency during reprogramming]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/477612v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Long-term balancing selection drives evolution of immunity genes in Capsella 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/477612v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic drift is expected to remove polymorphism from populations over long periods of time, with the rate of polymorphism loss being accelerated when species experience strong reductions in population size. Adaptive forces that maintain genetic variation in populations, or balancing selection, might counteract this process. To understand the extent to which natural selection can drive the retention of genetic diversity, we document genomic variability after two parallel species-wide bottlenecks in the genus Capsella. We find that ancestral variation preferentially persists at immunity related loci, and that the same collection of alleles has been maintained in different lineages that have been separated for several million years. Our data point to long term balancing selection as an important factor shaping the genetics of immune systems in plants and as the predominant driver of genomic variability after a population bottleneck.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koenig, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagmann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bemm, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slotte, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nueffer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weigel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/477612</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Long-term balancing selection drives evolution of immunity genes in Capsella]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/481267v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intelligible speech synthesis from neural decoding of spoken sentences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/481267v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to read out, or decode, mental content from brain activity has significant practical and scientific implications1. For example, technology that translates cortical activity into speech would be transformative for people unable to communicate as a result of neurological impairment2,3,4. Decoding speech from neural activity is challenging because speaking requires extremely precise and dynamic control of multiple vocal tract articulators on the order of milliseconds. Here, we designed a neural decoder that explicitly leverages the continuous kinematic and sound representations encoded in cortical activity5,6 to generate fluent and intelligible speech. A recurrent neural network first decoded vocal tract physiological signals from direct cortical recordings, and then transformed them to acoustic speech output. Robust decoding performance was achieved with as little as 25 minutes of training data. Naive listeners were able to accurately identify these decoded sentences. Additionally, speech decoding was not only effective for audibly produced speech, but also when participants silently mimed speech. These results advance the development of speech neuroprosthetic technology to restore spoken communication in patients with disabling neurological disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anumanchipalli, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chartier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/481267</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intelligible speech synthesis from neural decoding of spoken sentences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/481572v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coherence-based spectro-spatial fillters for stimulus features prediction from electrocorticographic recordings. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/481572v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The traditional approach in neuroscience relies on encoding models where brain responses to different stimuli are related to the latter to establish reproducible dependencies. To reduce neuronal and experimental noise, brain signals are usually averaged across trials to detect reliable and coherent brain activity. However, neural representations of stimulus features can be spread over time, frequency, and space, motivating the use of alternative methods that relate stimulus features to brain responses. We propose a Coherence-based spectro-spatial filter method that reconstructs stimulus features from intracortical brain signals. The proposed method models trials of an experiment as realizations of a random process and extracts patterns that are common across brain signals and the presented stimuli. These patterns, originating from different recording sites, are then combined (spatial filtering) to form a final prediction. Our results from three different cognitive tasks (motor movements, speech perception and speech production), concur to show that the proposed method significantly improves the ability to predict stimulus features over traditional methods such as multilinear regression with distributed lags and artificial neural networks. Furthermore, analyses of the model parameters show anatomical discriminability for execution of different motor movements. This anatomical discriminability is also observed in the perception and production of different words. These features could be exploited in the design of neuroprosthesis, as well as for exploring normal brain functioning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Delgado Saa, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasley, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giraud, A.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/481572</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coherence-based spectro-spatial fillters for stimulus features prediction from electrocorticographic recordings.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/484386v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transverse chromatic offsets with pupil displacements in the human eye: Sources of variability and methods for real-time correction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/484386v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tracking SLO systems equipped to perform retinally targeted stimulus delivery typically use near-IR wavelengths for retinal imaging and eye tracking and visible wavelengths for stimulation. The lateral offsets between wavelengths caused by transverse chromatic aberration (TCA) must be carefully corrected in order to deliver targeted stimuli to the correct location on the retina. However, both the magnitude and direction of the TCA offset is dependent on the position of the eyes pupil relative to the incoming beam, and thus can change dynamically within an experimental session without proper control of the pupil position. The goals of this study were twofold: 1) To assess sources of variability in TCA alignments as a function of pupil displacements in an SLO and 2) To demonstrate a novel method for real-time correction of chromatic offsets. To summarize, we found substantial between- and within-subject variability in TCA in the presence of monochromatic aberrations. When adaptive optics was used to fully correct for monochromatic aberrations, variability both within and between observers was minimized. In a second experiment, we demonstrate that pupil tracking can be used to update stimulus delivery in the SLO in real time to correct for variability in chromatic offsets with pupil displacements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boehm, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Privitera, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roorda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/484386</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transverse chromatic offsets with pupil displacements in the human eye: Sources of variability and methods for real-time correction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/487306v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Auditory deviance detection in the human insula: An intracranial EEG study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/487306v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While the human insula is known to be involved in auditory processing, knowledge about its precise functional role and the underlying electrophysiology is limited. To assess its role in automatic auditory deviance detection we analyzed the high frequency EEG activity (75-145 Hz) from 90 intracranial insular electrodes across 16 patients who were candidates for resective epilepsy surgery while they passively listened to a stream of standard and deviant tones. Deviant and standard tones differed in four physical dimensions: intensity, frequency, location and time. Auditory responses were found in the short and long gyri, and the anterior, superior, and inferior segments of the circular sulcus of the insular cortex, but only a subset of electrodes in the inferior segment showed deviance detection responses, i.e. a greater and later response to deviants relative to standards. Altogether, our results indicate that the human insula is engaged during auditory deviance detection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blenkmann, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collavini, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lubell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Llorens, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Funderud, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivanovic, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larson, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meling, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bekinschtein, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kochen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Endestad, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solbakk, A.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/487306</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Auditory deviance detection in the human insula: An intracranial EEG study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/488627v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Anacapa Toolkit: an environmental DNA toolkit for processing multilocus metabarcode datasets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/488627v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1. Environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding is a promising method to monitor species and community diversity that is rapid, affordable, and non-invasive. Longstanding needs of the eDNA community are modular informatics tools, comprehensive and customizable reference databases, flexibility across high-throughput sequencing platforms, fast multilocus metabarcode processing, and accurate taxonomic assignment. As bioinformatics tools continue to improve, addressing each of these demands within a single bioinformatics toolkit is becoming a reality.nn2. We present the modular metabarcode sequence toolkit Anacapa (https://github.com/limey-bean/Anacapa/), which addresses the above needs, allowing users to build comprehensive reference databases and assign taxonomy to raw multilocus metabarcode sequence data A novel aspect of Anacapa is our database building module, Creating Reference libraries Using eXisting tools (CRUX), which generates comprehensive reference databases for specific user-defined metabarcode loci. The Quality Control and Dereplication module sorts and processes multiple metabarcode loci and processes merged, unmerged and unpaired reads maximizing recovered diversity. Followed by amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) detection using DADA2. The Anacapa Classifier module aligns these ASVs to CRUX-generated reference databases using Bowtie2. Taxonomy is assigned to ASVs with confidence scores using a Bayesian Lowest Common Ancestor (BLCA) method. The Anacapa Toolkit also includes an R package, ranacapa, for automated results exploration through standard biodiversity statistical analysis.nn3. We performed a series of benchmarking tests to verify that the Anacapa Toolkit generates comprehensive reference databases that capture wide taxonomic diversity and that it can assign high-quality taxonomy to both MiSeq-length and Hi-Seq length sequence data. We demonstrate the value of the Anacapa Toolkit to assigning taxonomy to eDNA sequences from seawater samples from southern California including capability of this tool kit to process multilocus metabarcoding data.nn4. The Anacapa Toolkit broadens the exploration of eDNA and assists in biodiversity assessment and management by generating metabarcode specific databases, processing multilocus data, retaining all read types, and expanding non-traditional eDNA targets. Anacapa software and source code are open and available in a virtual container to ease installation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Curd, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gold, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kandlikar, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogden, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connell, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pipes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schweizer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabichow, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barber, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraft, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wayne, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/488627</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Anacapa Toolkit: an environmental DNA toolkit for processing multilocus metabarcode datasets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/489278v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The dynamic association of SPO11-1 with conformational changes of meiotic axial elements in maize 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/489278v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Meiotic double-strand breaks (DSBs) are generated by the evolutionarily conserved SPO11 complex in the context of chromatin loops that are organized along axial elements (AEs) of chromosomes. However, how DSBs are formed with respect to chromosome axes and the SPO11 complex remains unclear in plants. Here, we confirm that DSB and bivalent formation are defective in maize spo11-1 mutants. Super-resolution microscopy demonstrates dynamic localization of SPO11-1 during recombination initiation, with variable numbers of SPO11-1 foci being distributed in nuclei but similar numbers of SPO11-1 foci being found on AEs. Notably, cytological analysis of spo11-1 meiocytes revealed an aberrant AE structure. At leptotene, AEs of wild-type and spo11-1 meiocytes were similarly curly and discontinuous. However, during early zygotene, wild-type AEs become uniform and exhibit shortened axes, whereas the elongated and curly AEs persisted in spo11-1 mutants, suggesting that loss of SPO11-1 compromised AE structural maturation. Our results reveal an interesting relationship between SPO11-1 loading onto AEs and the conformational remodeling of AEs during recombination initiation.

Author SummaryMeiosis is essential during sexual reproduction to produce haploid gametes. Recombination is the most crucial step during meiotic prophase I. It enables pairing of homologous chromosomes prior to their reductional division and generates new combinations of genetic alleles for transmission to the next generation. Meiotic recombination is initiated by generating DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) via SPO11, a topoisomerase-related enzyme. The activity, timing and location of this DSB machinery must be controlled precisely, but how this is achieved remains obscure. Here, we show dynamic localization of SPO11-1 on chromatin during meiotic initiation in maize, yet a similar number of SPO11-1 is able to load onto axial elements (AEs), which accompanies a structural change of the AEs of wild-type meiotic chromosomes. Interestingly, loss of SPO11-1 not only affects DSB formation but also impairs structural alterations of AEs, resulting in abnormally long and curly AEs during early meiosis. Our study provides new insights into SPO11-1 localization during recombination initiation and suggests an intimate relationship between DSB formation and AE structural changes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ronceret, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golubovskaya, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ku, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timofejeva, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angoa, A. K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kao, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kremling, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams-Carrier, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meeley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barkan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cande, W. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.-J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/489278</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The dynamic association of SPO11-1 with conformational changes of meiotic axial elements in maize]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/492140v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryo-Electron tomography 3D structure and nanoscale model of Arabidopsis thaliana cell wall 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/492140v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Using cryo-electron tomography of vitrified sections of one month-old Arabidopsis thaliana inflorescence stem tissue, we visualized primary and secondary cell walls of xylem tissue. Extensive quantitative and statistical analysis of segmented 3D tomographic data allowed geometrically idealized 3D-CAD model building of prototypic microfibrils, cross-links, and their supramolecular microfibril 3D organization. We propose a prototypic microfibril model where a cellulose core is heavily decorated by a thin sheath of hemicellulose with infrequent but sturdy hemicellulose-based cross-links. Such prototypic microfibrils then adopt a rather unexpected 3D supramolecular organization of high order and complexity. We discuss a possible new role for lignin in plant cell walls at low concentrations with lignin not acting as a matrix but rather as a reinforcement of microfibrils and cross-links. Extensive computational simulations of mechanical properties further revealed that this 3D organization of the cell wall is not optimized for load bearing but instead for flexibility and ductility.nnOne Sentence SummaryCryo-electron tomography and mechanical simulations revealed cell wall 3D architecture, optimized for flexibility/ductility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sarkar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kowalczyk, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apte, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yap, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bajaj, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guindos, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/492140</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryo-Electron tomography 3D structure and nanoscale model of Arabidopsis thaliana cell wall]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/492546v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Invariant neural responses for sensory categories revealed by the time-varying information for communication calls 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/492546v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although information theoretic approaches have been used extensively in the analysis of the neural code, they have yet to be used to describe how information is accumulated in time while sensory systems are categorizing dynamic sensory stimuli such as speech sounds or visual objects. Here, we present a novel method to estimate the cumulative information for stimuli or categories. We further define a time-varying categorical information index that, by comparing the information obtained for stimuli versus categories of these same stimuli, quantifies invariant neural representations. We use these methods to investigate the dynamic properties of avian cortical auditory neurons recorded in zebra finches that were listening to a large set of call stimuli sampled from the complete vocal repertoire of this species. We found that the time-varying rates carry 5 times more information than the mean firing rates even in the first 100 ms. We also found that cumulative information has slow time constants (100-600 ms) relative to the typical integration time of single neurons, reflecting the fact that the behaviorally informative features of auditory objects are time-varying sound patterns. When we correlated firing rates and information values, we found that average information correlates with average firing rate but that higher-rates found at the onset response yielded similar information values as the lower-rates found in the sustained response: the onset and sustained response of avian cortical auditory neurons provide similar levels of independent information about call identity and call type. Finally, our information measures allowed us to rigorously define categorical neurons; these categorical neurons show a high degree of invariance for vocalizations within a call-type. Surprisingly, call-type invariant neurons were found in both primary and secondary avian auditory areas.nnAuthor SummaryJust as the recognition of faces requires neural representations that are invariant to scale and rotation, the recognition of behaviorally relevant auditory objects, such as spoken words, requires neural representations that are invariant to the speaker uttering the word and to his or her location. Here, we used information theory to investigate the time course of the neural representation of bird communication calls and of behaviorally relevant categories of these same calls: the call-types of the birds repertoire. We found that neurons in both the primary and secondary avian auditory cortex exhibit invariant responses to call renditions within a call-type, suggestive of a potential role for extracting the meaning of these communication calls. We also found that time plays an important role: first, neural responses carry significant more information when represented by temporal patterns calculated at the small time scale of 10 ms than when measured as average rates and, second, this information accumulates in a non-redundant fashion up to long integration times of 600 ms. This rich temporal neural representation is matched to the temporal richness found in the communication calls of this species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Elie, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theunissen, F. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/492546</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Invariant neural responses for sensory categories revealed by the time-varying information for communication calls]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/493205v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A genome-wide haploid genetic screen for essential factors in vaccinia virus infection identifies TMED10 as regulator of macropinocytosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/493205v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vaccinia virus is a promising viral vaccine and gene delivery candidate, and has historically been used as a model to study poxvirus-host cell interactions. We employed a genome-wide insertional mutagenesis approach in human haploid cells to identify host factors crucial for vaccinia virus infection. A library of mutagenized HAP1 cells was exposed to Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara (MVA). Deep-sequencing analysis of virus-resistant cells identified host factors involved in heparan sulfate synthesis, Golgi organization, and vesicular protein trafficking. We validated EXT1, TM9SF2 and TMED10 (TMP21/p23/p24{delta}) as important host factors for vaccinia virus infection. The critical role of EXT1 in heparan sulfate synthesis and vaccinia virus infection was confirmed. TM9SF2 was validated as a player mediating heparan sulfate expression, explaining its contribution to vaccinia virus infection. In addition, TMED10 was found to be crucial for virus-induced plasma membrane blebbing and phosphatidylserine-induced macropinocytosis, suggesting that TMED10 regulates actin cytoskeleton remodelling necessary for virus infection.nnImportancePoxviruses are large DNA viruses that can infect a wide range of host species. A number of these viruses are clinically important to humans, including variola virus (smallpox) and vaccinia virus. Since the eradication of smallpox, zoonotic infections with monkeypox virus and cowpox virus are emerging. Additionally, poxviruses can be engineered to specifically target cancer cells, and are used as vaccine vector against tuberculosis, influenza, and coronaviruses.nnPoxviruses rely on host factors for most stages of their life cycle, including attachment to the cell and entry. These host factors are crucial for virus infectivity and host cell tropism. We used a genome-wide knock-out library of host cells to identify host factors necessary for vaccinia virus infection. We confirm a dominant role for heparin sulfate in mediating virus attachment. Additionally, we show that TMED10, previously not implicated in virus infections, modulates the host cell membrane to facilitate virus uptake.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luteijn, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Diemen, F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blomen, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boer, I. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manikam Sadasivam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Kuppevelt, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drexler, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brummelkamp, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lebbink, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiertz, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/493205</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A genome-wide haploid genetic screen for essential factors in vaccinia virus infection identifies TMED10 as regulator of macropinocytosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/495143v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human visual cortex is organized along two genetically opposed hierarchical gradients with unique developmental and evolutionary origins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/495143v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human visual cortex is organized with striking consistency across individuals. While recent findings demonstrate an unexpected coupling between functional and cytoarchitectonic regions relative to the folding of human visual cortex, a unifying principle linking these anatomical and functional features of cortex remains elusive. To fill this gap in knowledge, we combined independent and ground truth measurements of human cytoarchitectonic regions and genetic tissue characterization within the visual processing hierarchy. Using a data-driven approach, we examined if differential gene expression among cortical areas could explain the organization of the visual processing hierarchy into early, middle, and late processing stages. This approach revealed that the visual processing hierarchy is explained by two opposing gene expression gradients: one that contains a series of genes with expression magnitudes that ascend from the first processing stage (e.g. area hOc1, or V1) to the last processing stage (e.g. area FG4) and another that contains a separate series of genes that show a descending gradient. In the living human brain, each of these gradients correlates strongly with anatomical variations along the visual hierarchy such as the thickness or myelination of cortex. We further reveal that these genetic gradients emerge along unique trajectories in human development: the ascending gradient is present at 10-12 gestational weeks, while the descendent gradient emerges later (19-24 gestational weeks). Interestingly, it is not until early childhood (before 5 years of age) that the two expression gradients achieve their adult-like mean expression values. Finally, additional analyses in non-human primates (NHP) reveal the surprising finding that only the ascending, but not the descending, expression gradient is evolutionarily conserved. These findings create one of the first models bridging macroscopic features of human cytoarchitectonic areas in visual cortex with microscopic features of cellular organization and genetic expression, revealing that the hierarchy of human visual cortex, its cortical folding, and the cytoarchitecture underlying its computations, can be described by a sparse subset (~200) of genes, roughly one-third of which are not shared with NHP. These findings help pinpoint the genes contributing to both healthy cortical development and the cortical biology distinguishing humans from other primates, establishing essential groundwork for understanding future work linking genetic mutations with the function and development of the human brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gomez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/495143</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human visual cortex is organized along two genetically opposed hierarchical gradients with unique developmental and evolutionary origins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/495424v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifying the Biosynthetic Gene Cluster for Triacsins with an N-hydroxytriazene Moiety 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/495424v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Triacsins are a family of natural products containing an N-hydroxytriazene moiety not found in any other known secondary metabolites. Though many studies have examined the biological activity of triacsins in lipid metabolism, the biosynthesis of triacsins has remained unknown. Here, we report the identification of the triacsin biosynthetic gene cluster in Streptomyces aureofaciens ATCC 31442. Bioinformatic analysis of the gene cluster led to the discovery of the tacrolimus producer Streptomyces tsukubaensis NRRL 18488 as a new triacsin producer. In addition to targeted gene disruption to identify necessary genes for triacsin production, stable isotope feeding was performed in vivo to advance the understanding of N-hydroxytriazene biosynthesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Twigg, F. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sato, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dror, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montanez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/495424</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifying the Biosynthetic Gene Cluster for Triacsins with an N-hydroxytriazene Moiety]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/495432v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An RNA-binding region regulates CTCF clustering and chromatin looping 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/495432v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mammalian genomes are folded into Topologically Associating Domains (TADs), consisting of cell-type specific chromatin loops anchored by CTCF and cohesin. Since CTCF and cohesin are expressed ubiquitously, how cell-type specific CTCF-mediated loops are formed poses a paradox. Here we show RNase-sensitive CTCF self-association in vitro and that an RNA-binding region (RBR) mediates CTCF clustering in vivo. Intriguingly, deleting the RBR abolishes or impairs almost half of all chromatin loops in mouse embryonic stem cells. Disrupted loop formation correlates with abrogated clustering and diminished chromatin binding of the RBR mutant CTCF protein, which in turn results in a failure to halt cohesin-mediated extrusion. Thus, CTCF loops fall into at least 2 classes: RBR-independent and RBR-dependent loops. We suggest that evidence for distinct classes of RBR-dependent loops may provide a mechanism for establishing cell-specific CTCF loops regulated by RNAs and other RBR partner.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hansen, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, T.-H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cattoglio, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pustova, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darzacq, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/495432</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An RNA-binding region regulates CTCF clustering and chromatin looping]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/495457v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Guided nuclear exploration increases CTCF target search efficiency 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/495457v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mammalian genomes are enormous. For a DNA-binding protein, this means that the number of non-specific, off-target sites vastly exceeds the number of specific, cognate sites. How mammalian DNA-binding proteins overcome this challenge to efficiently locate their target sites is not known. Here through live-cell single-molecule tracking, we show that CCCTC-binding factor, CTCF, is repeatedly trapped in small zones in the nucleus in a manner that is largely dependent on its RNA-binding region (RBR). Integrating theory, we devise a new model, Anisotropic Diffusion through transient Trapping in Zones (ADTZ), to explain this. Functionally, transient RBR-mediated trapping increases the efficiency of CTCF target search by [~]2.5 fold. Since the RBR-domain also mediates CTCF clustering, our results suggest a "guided" mechanism where CTCF clusters concentrate diffusing CTCF proteins near cognate binding sites, thus increasing the local ON-rate. We suggest that local "guiding" may represent a general target search mechanism in mammalian cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hansen, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amitai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cattoglio, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darzacq, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/495457</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Guided nuclear exploration increases CTCF target search efficiency]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/495515v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disease and introgression explain the long-lasting contact zone of Modern Humans and Neanderthals and its eventual destabilization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/495515v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neanderthals and modern humans both occupied the Levant for tens of thousands of years prior to modern humans spread into the rest of Eurasia and their replacement of the Neanderthals. That the inter-species boundary remained geographically localized for so long is a puzzle, particularly in light of the rapidity of its subsequent movement. We propose that disease dynamics can explain the localization and persistence of the inter-species boundary; in this view, each species carried pathogens to which it was largely immune and tolerant, but that could spread to the other, vulnerable, species, inducing a significant disease burden. Epidemics and endemic diseases along the interspecies boundary would have mitigated against bands of one species migrating into regions dominated by the other species. Together with decreased population densities and limited inter-group interactions due to disease burden, this mechanism could have resulted in a fixed and narrow contact-zone. We further propose, and support with results from dynamical systems models, that genetic introgression, including transmission of alleles related to the immune system, would have gradually allowed the two species to overcome this barrier to pervasive inter-species interaction, leading to the eventual release of the inter-species boundary from its geographic localization. Asymmetries between the two species in the initial size of their associated "pathogen package" could have created feedback loops that influenced the rates at which immunity to and tolerance of the novel pathogens were acquired. These asymmetries could have allowed modern humans to overcome the disease burden earlier than Neanderthals, giving them a significant advantage in their subsequent spread into Eurasia, particularly upon interaction with Neanderthal populations that had previously been far from the original contact zone in the Levant.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Greenbaum, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Getz, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldman, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hovers, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolodny, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/495515</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disease and introgression explain the long-lasting contact zone of Modern Humans and Neanderthals and its eventual destabilization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/497305v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Twinkle is not the mitochondrial DNA replicative helicase in C. elegans, but may have alternate mitochondrial functions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/497305v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dysfunction of mitochondrial DNA replication machinery is a common cause of mitochondrial diseases. The minimal mammalian replisome is made up of DNA polymerase gamma, replicative helicase Twinkle, and single-stranded DNA binding protein. The replisome is localized to the inner mitochondrial membrane and serves as the site of mitochondrial DNA replication and mitochondrial fission. Recently, a sequence homolog of Twinkle was uncovered in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Here, we characterized this homolog, twnk-1, and report that twnk-1 does not function as the primary mitochondrial DNA replicative helicase in this species, as loss of twnk-1 does not result in reduce mitochondrial DNA levels, or result in other expected mitochondrial dysfunctions such as reduced oxygen consumption rates, increased sensitivity to metabolic perturbations, or reduced muscle function. Instead, twnk-1 mutants have increased mitochondrial DNA as they age, and exhibit phenotypes associated with mitochondrial stress, including reduced fecundity, an activation of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response, and mitochondrial fragmentation. Our results suggest in Caenorhabditis elegans, twnk-1 does not function as the mitochondrial DNA replicative helicase, but has an alternative function in regulating mitochondrial function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Henderson, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liliya, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suomalainen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dillin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/497305</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Twinkle is not the mitochondrial DNA replicative helicase in C. elegans, but may have alternate mitochondrial functions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/500611v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Electrostatic-assemblies of single-walled carbon nanotubes and sequence-tunable peptoid polymers detect a lectin protein and its target sugars 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/500611v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A primary limitation to real-time imaging of metabolites and proteins has been the selective detection of biomolecules that have no naturally-occurring or stable molecular recognition counterparts. We present developments in the design of synthetic near-infrared fluorescent nanosensors based on the fluorescence modulation of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) with select sequences of surface-adsorbed N-substituted glycine peptoid polymers. We assess the stability of the peptoid-SWNT nanosensor candidates under variable ionic strengths, protease exposure, and cell culture media conditions, and find that the stability of peptoid-SWNTs depends on the composition and length of the peptoid polymer. From our library, we identify a peptoid-SWNT assembly that can selectively detect lectin protein wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) with a sensitivity comparable to the concentration of serum proteins. This WGA protein nanosensor is characterized with near-infrared spectroscopy and microscopy to study protein-nanosensor interaction parameters. To demonstrate the retention of nanosensor-bound protein activity, we show that WGA on the nanosensor produces an additional fluorescent signal modulation upon exposure to the lectins conjugate sugars, suggesting the lectin protein selectively binds its target sugars through ternary molecular recognition interactions relayed to the nanosensor. Our results inform design considerations for developing synthetic molecular recognition elements by assembling peptoid polymers on SWNTs, and also demonstrate these assemblies can serve as optical nanosensors for lectin proteins and their target sugars. Together, these data suggest certain peptoid sequences can be assembled with SWNTs to serve as versatile optical probes to detect proteins and their molecular substrates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chio, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Del Bonis-O'Donnell, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kline, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McFarlane, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuckermann, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/500611</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Electrostatic-assemblies of single-walled carbon nanotubes and sequence-tunable peptoid polymers detect a lectin protein and its target sugars]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/506394v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microbiome and Antimicrobial Resistance Gene Dynamics in International Travelers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/506394v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We engaged metagenomic next generation sequencing to longitudinally assess the gut microbiota and antimicrobial resistomes of international travelers to understand global exchange of resistant organisms. Travel resulted in an increase in antimicrobial resistance genes and a greater proportion of Escherichia species within gut microbial communities without impacting diversity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Langelier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graves, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalantar, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caldera, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durrant, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Backman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanner, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeRisi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/506394</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microbiome and Antimicrobial Resistance Gene Dynamics in International Travelers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/506709v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Assessing the bioenergy potential of grassland biomass from conservation areas in England 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/506709v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bioenergy may be one of the  ecosystem services of the future for grasslands managed for conservation as the concept of bio-based economies is embraced worldwide. Although the idea of producing biogas and bioethanol from lignocellulosic material is not new, there are currently few regional-level comparisons of the bioenergy potential of high-diversity grasslands that would establish whether this could be a competitive bioenergy feedstock for farmers. Comparing the chemical composition and biogas yields of biomass samples from 13 grasslands in England and 73 other bioenergy feedstocks reveals that the lignin content of biomass from grasslands managed for conservation was up to 50% less than other bioenergy crops. Grasslands managed for conservation yielded up to 160% more biogas per ton dry matter than cereals or crop waste and only slightly less than Miscanthus. GIS modeling of the estimated biogas yields of grasslands managed for conservation and fields currently sown with Miscanthus show that grasslands are larger (20.57 ha) than Miscanthus fields (5.95 ha) and are projected to produce up to 117% more biogas per average field. Future incorporation of high-diversity grasslands into local and nation-wide energy plans may help reduce global fossil-fuel use in the 21st century.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>French, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/506709</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Assessing the bioenergy potential of grassland biomass from conservation areas in England]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/506824v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of TTN as a novel candidate gene for atrioventricular block in a Chinese pedigree by whole-exome sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/506824v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeCardiovascular diseases are the most common cause of death globally. In which atrioventricular block (AVB) is a common disorder with genetic causes, but the responsible genes have not been fully identified yet. To determine the underlying causative genes involved in cardiac AVB, here we report a three-generation Chinese family with severe autosomal dominant cardiac AVB that has been ruled out as being caused by known genes mutations.nnMethodsWhole-exome sequencing was performed in five affected family members across three generations, and co-segregation analysis was validated on other members of this family.nnResultsWhole-exome sequencing and subsequent co-segregation validation identified a novel germline heterozygous point missense mutation, c.49287C>A (p.N16429K), in the titin (TTN, NM_001267550.2) gene in all 5 affected family members, but not in the unaffected family members. The point mutation is predicted to be functionally deleterious by in-silico software tools. Our finding was further supported by the conservative analysis across species.nnConclusionBased on this study, TTN was identified as a potential novel candidate gene for autosomal dominant AVB; this study expands the mutational spectrum of TTN gene and is the first to implicate TTN mutations as AVB disease causing in a Chinese pedigree.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/506824</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of TTN as a novel candidate gene for atrioventricular block in a Chinese pedigree by whole-exome sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/510834v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recording of \"sonic attacks\" on U.S. diplomats in Cuba spectrally matches the echoing call of a Caribbean cricket 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/510834v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Beginning in late 2016, diplomats posted to the United States embassy in Cuba began to experience unexplained health problems--including ear pain, tinnitus, vertigo, and cognitive difficulties1-4--which reportedly began after they heard1,2 strange noises in their homes or hotel rooms. In response, the U.S. government dramatically reduced1-3 the number of diplomats posted at the U.S. embassy in Havana. U.S. officials initially believed1,2,5 a sonic attack might be responsible for their ailments. The sound linked to these attacks, which has been described as a "high-pitched beam of sound", was recorded by U.S. personnel in Cuba and released by the Associated Press (AP). Because these recordings are the only available non-medical evidence of the sonic attacks, much attention has focused on identifying health problems6-11 and the origin12-17 of the acoustic signal. As shown here, the calling song of the Indies short-tailed cricket (Anurogryllus celerinictus) matches, in nuanced detail, the AP recording in duration, pulse repetition rate, power spectrum, pulse rate stability, and oscillations per pulse. The AP recording also exhibits frequency decay in individual pulses, a distinct acoustic signature of cricket sound production. While the temporal pulse structure in the recording is unlike any natural insect source, when the cricket call is played on a loudspeaker and recorded indoors, the interaction of reflected sound pulses yields a sound virtually indistinguishable from the AP sample. This provides strong evidence that an echoing cricket call, rather than a sonic attack or other technological device, is responsible for the sound in the released recording. Although the causes of the health problems reported by embassy personnel are beyond the scope of this paper, our findings highlight the need for more rigorous research into the source of these ailments, including the potential psychogenic effects, as well as possible physiological explanations unrelated to sonic attacks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stubbs, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montealegre-Z, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/510834</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recording of \"sonic attacks\" on U.S. diplomats in Cuba spectrally matches the echoing call of a Caribbean cricket]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/512376v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Apollo: Democratizing genome annotation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/512376v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome annotation is the process of identifying the location and function of a genomes encoded features. Improving the biological accuracy of annotation is a complex and iterative process requiring researchers to review and incorporate multiple sources of information such as transcriptome alignments, predictive models based on sequence profiles, and comparisons to features found in related organisms. Because rapidly decreasing costs are enabling an ever-growing number of scientists to incorporate sequencing as a routine laboratory technique, there is widespread demand for tools that can assist in the deliberative analytical review of genomic information. To this end, Apollo is an open source software package that enables researchers to efficiently inspect and refine the precise structure and role of genomic features in a graphical browser-based platform.nnIn this paper we first outline some of Apollos newer user interface features, which were driven by the needs of this expanding genomics community. These include support for real-time collaboration, allowing distributed users to simultaneously edit the same encoded features while also instantly seeing the updates made by other researchers on the same region in a manner similar to Google Docs. Its technical architecture enables Apollo to be integrated into multiple existing genomic analysis pipelines and heterogeneous laboratory workflow platforms. Finally, we consider the implications that Apollo and related applications may have on how the results of genome research are published and made accessible. O_LISource: https://github.com/GMOD/ApollonC_LIO_LILicense (BSD-3): https://github.com/GMOD/Apollo/blob/master/LICENSE.mdnC_LIO_LIDocker: https://hub.docker.com/r/gmod/apollo/tags/, https://github.com/GMOD/docker-apollonC_LIO_LIRequirements: JDK 1.8, Node v6.0+nC_LIO_LIUser guide: http://genomearchitect.org; technical guide: http://genomearchitect.readthedocs.io/en/latest/nC_LIO_LIMailing list: apollo@lists.lbl.govnC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dunn, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unni, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz-Torres, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz-Torres, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasche, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elsik, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/512376</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Apollo: Democratizing genome annotation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/512467v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Influenza A virus surface proteins are organized to help penetrate host mucus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/512467v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Influenza A virus (IAV) enters cells by binding to sialic acid on the cell surface. To accomplish this while avoiding immobilization by sialic acid in host mucus, viruses rely on a balance between the receptor-binding protein hemagglutinin (HA) and the receptor-cleaving protein neuraminidase (NA). Although genetic aspects of this balance are well-characterized, little is known about how the spatial organization of these proteins in the viral envelope may contribute. Using site-specific fluorescent labeling and super-resolution microscopy, we show that HA and NA are asymmetrically distributed on the surface of filamentous viruses, creating an organization of binding and cleaving activities that causes viruses to step consistently away from their NA-rich pole. This Brownian ratchet-like diffusion produces persistent directional mobility that resolves the viruss conflicting needs to both penetrate mucus and stably attach to the underlying cells, and could contribute to the prevalence of the filamentous phenotype in clinical isolates of IAV.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vahey, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fletcher, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/512467</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Influenza A virus surface proteins are organized to help penetrate host mucus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/516591v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of α-tubulin acetylation on microtubule structure and stability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/516591v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Acetylation of K40 in -tubulin is the sole post-translational modification to mark the luminal surface of microtubules. It is still controversial whether its relationship with microtubule stabilization is correlative or causative. We have obtained high-resolution cryo-electron microscopy reconstructions of pure samples of TAT1-acetylated and SIRT2-deacetylated microtubules to visualize the structural consequences of this modification and reveal its potential for influencing the larger assembly properties of microtubules. We modeled the conformational ensembles of the unmodified and acetylated states by using the experimental cryo-EM density as the structural restraint in molecular dynamics simulations. We found that acetylation alters the conformational landscape of the flexible loop that contains K40. Modification of K40 reduces the disorder of the loop and restricts the states that it samples. We propose that the change in conformational sampling that we describe, at a location very close to the lateral contacts site, is likely to affect microtubule stability and function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eshun-Wilson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Portran, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nachury, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toso, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lohr, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vendruscolo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonomi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraser, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogales, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/516591</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of α-tubulin acetylation on microtubule structure and stability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/516773v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microtubules are necessary for proper Reticulon localization during mitosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/516773v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During mitosis, the structure of the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) displays a dramatic reorganization and remodeling event, however the mechanism driving these changes is poorly understood. Recently, the Reticulon family of ER shaping proteins has been identified as possible factors to promote these drastic changes in ER morphology. In addition, the Reticulons and other ER shaping proteins have been directly linked to several hereditary neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we provide key insight into the cytoskeletal factors involved in the Drosophila Reticulon, Reticulon-like 1 (Rtnl1) during mitosis in the early embryo. At prometaphase, Rtnl1 localizes at the spindle poles just prior to the bulk of ER localization suggesting a role in recruitment. Using precise temporal injections of cytoskeletal inhibitors in the early syncytial Drosophila embryo, we show that microtubules, not microfilaments are necessary for proper Rtnl1 localization and function during mitosis. Lastly, we show that astral microtubules are necessary for Rtnl1 localization at the spindle poles early in mitosis. This work highlights the role of the microtubule cytoskeleton in Rtnl1 localization and ER dynamics during mitosis and sheds light on a pathway towards inheritance of this major organelle.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bergman, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sims, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riggs, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/516773</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microtubules are necessary for proper Reticulon localization during mitosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/518555v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The CUL5 ubiquitin ligase complex mediates resistance to CDK9 and MCL1 inhibitors in lung cancer cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/518555v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Overexpression of anti-apoptotic proteins MCL1 and Bcl-xL is a frequent event in blood and solid cancers. Inhibitors targeting MCL1 are in clinical development, however many cancer models are intrinsically resistant to this approach. To discover mechanisms underlying resistance to MCL1 inhibition, we performed multiple flow-cytometry based genome-wide CRISPR screens that interrogate two drugs directly or indirectly targeting MCL1. Remarkably, both screens identified three components (CUL5, RNF7 and UBE2F) of a cullin-RING ubiquitin ligase complex (CRL5) that resensitized cells to MCL1 inhibition. We find that levels of the BH3-only pro-apoptotic proteins Bim and Noxa are proteasomally regulated by the CRL5 complex. Accumulation of Noxa caused by depletion of CRL5 components particularly skewed the balance in favor of apoptosis when cells were challenged with an MCL1 inhibitor. Discovery of a novel role of CRL5 in apoptosis and resistance to MCL1 inhibitors exposes new drug targets and the potential to improve combination treatments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Corn, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kabir, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cidado, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dick, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, P.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitros, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baik, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belmonte, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drew, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/518555</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The CUL5 ubiquitin ligase complex mediates resistance to CDK9 and MCL1 inhibitors in lung cancer cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/519835v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A 3D-printed hand-powered centrifuge for molecular biology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/519835v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The centrifuge is an essential tool for many aspects of research and medical diagnostics. However, conventional centrifuges are often inaccessible outside of conventional laboratory settings, such as remote field sites, require a constant external power source, and can be prohibitively costly in resource-limited settings and STEM-focused programs. Here we present the 3D-Fuge, a 3D-printed hand-powered centrifuge, as a novel alternative to standard benchtop centrifuges. Based on the design principles of a paper-based centrifuge, this 3D-printed instrument increases the volume capacity to 2 mL and can reach hand-powered centrifugation speeds up to 6,000 rpm. The 3D-Fuge devices presented here are capable of centrifugation of a wide variety of different solutions such as spinning down samples for biomarker applications and performing nucleotide extractions as part of a portable molecular lab setup. We introduce the design and proof-of-principle trials that demonstrate the utility of low-cost 3D printed centrifuges for use in remote and educational settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Byagathvalli, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pomerantz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Standeven, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhamla, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/519835</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A 3D-printed hand-powered centrifuge for molecular biology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/520999v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Direct synthesis of EM-visible gold nanoparticles on genetically encoded tags for single-molecule visualization in cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/520999v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-molecule visualization in cells with genetically encoded tags for electron microscopy (EM) has been a long-awaited but unimplemented tool for cell biologists. Here, we report an approach for directly synthesizing EM-visible gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on cysteine-rich tags for single-molecule visualization in cells. We first uncovered an auto-nucleation suppression mechanism that allows specific synthesis of AuNPs on isolated cysteine-rich tags. We next exploited this mechanism to develop an approach for single-molecule detection of proteins in prokaryotic cells and achieved an unprecedented labeling efficiency. We then expanded it to more complicated eukaryotic cells and successfully detected the proteins targeted to various organelles, including the membranes of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and nuclear envelope, ER lumen, nuclear pores, spindle pole bodies, and mitochondrial matrix. Thus, our implementation of genetically encoded tags for EM should allow cell biologists to address an enormous range of biological questions at single-molecule level in diverse cellular ultrastructural contexts without using antibodies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, L.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/520999</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Direct synthesis of EM-visible gold nanoparticles on genetically encoded tags for single-molecule visualization in cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/521492v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial summation of individual cones in human color vision 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/521492v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human retina contains three classes of cone photoreceptors each sensitive to different portions of the visual spectrum: long (L), medium (M) and short (S) wavelengths. Color information is computed by downstream neurons that compare relative activity across the three cone types. How cone signals are combined at a cellular scale has been more difficult to resolve. This is especially true near the fovea, where spectrally-opponent neurons in the parvocellular pathway draw excitatory input from a single cone and thus even the smallest stimulus will engage multiple color-signaling neurons. We used an adaptive optics microstimulator to target individual and pairs of cones with light. Consistent with prior work, we found that color percepts elicited from individual cones were predicted by their spectral sensitivity, although there was considerable variability even between cones within the same spectral class. The appearance of spots targeted at two cones were predicted by an average of their individual activations. However, two cones of the same subclass elicited percepts that were systematically more saturated than predicted by an average. Together, these observations suggest both spectral opponency and prior experience influence the appearance of small spots.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boehm, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuten, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roorda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/521492</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial summation of individual cones in human color vision]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/522433v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Excessive deliberation in social anxiety 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/522433v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A goal of computational psychiatry is to ground symptoms in more fundamental computational mechanisms. Theory suggests that rumination and other symptoms in mood disorders reflect dysregulated mental simulation, a process that normally serves to evaluate candidate actions. If so, these covert symptoms should have observable consequences: excessively deliberative choices, specifically about options related to the content of rumination. In two large general population samples, we examined how symptoms of social anxiety disorder (SAD) predict choices in a socially framed reinforcement learning task, the Patent Race game. Using a computational learning model to assess learning strategy, we found that self-reported social anxiety was indeed associated with an increase in deliberative evaluation. The effect was specific to learning from a particular ("upward counterfactual") subset of feedback, broadly matching the biased content of rumination in SAD. It was also robust to controlling for other psychiatric symptoms. These results ground the symptoms of SAD, such as overthinking and paralysis in social interactions, in well characterized neuro-computational mechanisms and offer a rare example of enhanced function in disease
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hunter, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meer, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillan, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daw, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/522433</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Excessive deliberation in social anxiety]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/526764v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Maximum entropy models elucidate the contribution of metabolic traits to patterns of community assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/526764v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aim: Maximum entropy (MaxEnt) models promise a novel approach for understanding community assembly and species abundance patterns. One of these models, the "Maximum Entropy Theory of Ecology" (METE) reproduces many observed species abundance patterns, but is based on an aggregated representation of community structure that does not resolve species identity or explicitly represent species-specific functional traits. In this paper, METE is compared to "Very Entropic Growth" (VEG), a MaxEnt model with a less aggregated representation of community structure that represents species (more correctly, functional types) in terms of their per capita metabolic rates. We examine the contribution of metabolic traits to the patterns of community assembly predicted by VEG and, through aggregation, compare the results with METE predictions in order to gain insight into the biological factors underlying observed patterns of community assembly. Innovation: We formally compare two MaxEnt-based community models, METE and VEG, that differ as to whether or not they represent species-specific functional traits. We empirically test and compare the metabolic predictions of both models, thereby elucidating the role of metabolic traits in patterns of community assembly. Main Conclusions: Our analysis reveals that a key determinant of community metabolic patterns is the "density of species" distribution, defined as the intrinsic number of species with metabolic rates in a given range that are available to a community prior to filtering by environmental constraints. Our analysis suggests that appropriate choice of of the density of species in VEG may lead to more realistic predictions than METE, for which this distribution is not defined, and thus opens up new ways to understanding the link between functional traits and patterns of community assembly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bertram, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newman, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dewar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/526764</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Maximum entropy models elucidate the contribution of metabolic traits to patterns of community assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/527887v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MPRAnalyze - A statistical framework for Massively Parallel Reporter Assays 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/527887v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Massively parallel reporter assays (MPRAs) are a technique that enables testing thousands of regulatory DNA sequences and their variants in a single, quantitative experiment. Despite growing popularity, there is lack of statistical methods that account for the different sources of uncertainty inherent to these assays, thus effectively leveraging their promise. Development of such methods could help enhance our ability to identify regulatory sequences in the genome, understand their function under various setting, and ultimately gain a better understanding of how the regulatory code and its alteration lead to phenotypic consequence.

Here we present MPRAnalyze: a statistical framework dedicated to analyzing MPRA count data. MPRAnalyze addresses the major questions that are posed in the context of MPRA experiments: estimating the magnitude of the effect of a regulatory sequence in a single condition setting, and comparing differential activity of regulatory sequences across multiple conditions. The framework uses a nested construction of generalized linear models to account for uncertainty in both DNA and RNA observations, controls for various sources of unwanted variation, and incorporates negative controls for robust hypothesis testing, thereby providing clear quantitative answers in complex experimental settings.

We demonstrate the robustness, accuracy and applicability of MPR-Analyze on simulated data and published data sets and compare it against the existing analysis methodologies. MPRAnalyze is implemented as an R package and is publicly available through Bioconductor [1].
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ashuach, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreimer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahituv, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theis, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/527887</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MPRAnalyze - A statistical framework for Massively Parallel Reporter Assays]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/529107v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Planning Face, Hand, and Leg Movements: Anatomical Constraints on Preparatory Inhibition. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/529107v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Motor-evoked potentials (MEPs), elicited by Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) over the motor cortex, are reduced during the preparatory period in delayed response tasks. Here we examine how MEP suppression varies as a function of the anatomical organization of the motor cortex. MEPs were recorded from a left index muscle while participants prepared a hand or leg movement in Experiment 1, or prepared an eye or mouth movement in Experiment 2. In this manner, we assessed if the level of MEP suppression in a hand muscle varied as a function of the anatomical distance between the agonist for the forthcoming movement and the muscle targeted by TMS. MEPs suppression was attenuated when the cued effector was anatomically distant from the hand (e.g., leg or facial movement compared to finger movement). A similar effect was observed in Experiment 3 in which MEPs were recorded from a muscle in the leg and the forthcoming movement involved the upper limb or face. These results demonstrate an important constraint on preparatory inhibition: It is sufficiently broad to be manifest in a muscle that is not involved in the task, but is not global, showing a marked attenuation when the agonist muscle belongs to a different segment of the body.

New & NoteworthyUsing TMS, we examine changes in corticospinal excitability as people prepare to move. Consistent with previous work, we observe a reduction in excitability during the preparatory period, an effect observed in both task relevant and task irrelevant muscles. However, this preparatory inhibition is anatomically constrained, attenuated in muscles belonging to a different body segment than the agonist of the forthcoming movement.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Labruna, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tischler, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cazares, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenhouse, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duque, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lebon, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/529107</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Planning Face, Hand, and Leg Movements: Anatomical Constraints on Preparatory Inhibition.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/532721v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accurate prediction of bacterial two-component signaling with a deep recurrent neural network ORAKLE 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/532721v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Two-component systems (2CS) are a primary method that bacteria use to detect and respond to environmental stimuli. Receptor histidine kinases (HK) detect an environmental signal, activating the appropriate response regulator (RR). Genes for such cognate HK-RR pairs are often located proximally on the chromosome, allowing easier identification of the target for a particular signal. However, almost half of all HK and RR proteins are orphans, with no nearby partner, complicating identification of the proteins that respond to a particular signal. To address this problem, we trained a neural network on the amino acid sequences of known 2CS pairs. Next, we developed a recommender algorithm that ranks a set of HKs for an arbitrary fixed RR and arbitrary species whose amino acid sequences are known. The recommender strongly favors known 2CS pairs, and correctly selects orphan pairs in Escherichia coli. We expect that use of these results will permit rapid discovery of orphan HK-RR pairs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Balewski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallberg, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/532721</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accurate prediction of bacterial two-component signaling with a deep recurrent neural network ORAKLE]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/534925v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Increased Replication Rates of Dissimilatory Nitrogen-Reducing Bacteria Leads to Decreased Anammox Reactor Performance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/534925v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAnaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) is a biological process employed to remove reactive nitrogen from wastewater. While a substantial body of literature describes the performance of anammox bioreactors under various operational conditions and perturbations, few studies have resolved the metabolic roles of their core microbial community members.

ResultsHere, we used metagenomics to study the microbial community of a laboratory-scale anammox bioreactor from inoculation, through a performance destabilization event, to robust steady-state performance. Metabolic analyses revealed that nutrient acquisition from the environment is selected for in the anammox community. Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) was the primary nitrogen removal pathway that competed with anammox. Increased replication of bacteria capable of DNRA led to the out-competition of annamox bacteria, and the loss of the bioreactors nitrogen removal capacity. These bacteria were highly associated with the anammox bacterium and considered part of the core microbial community.

ConclusionsOur findings highlight the importance of metabolic interdependencies related to nitrogen- and carbon-cycling within anammox bioreactors and the potentially detrimental effects of bacteria that are otherwise considered core microbial community members.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Keren, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawrence, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuang, W.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez-Cohen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/534925</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Increased Replication Rates of Dissimilatory Nitrogen-Reducing Bacteria Leads to Decreased Anammox Reactor Performance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/537431v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Blood-brain barrier dysfunction in aging induces hyper-activation of TGF-beta signaling and chronic yet reversible neural dysfunction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/537431v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aging involves a decline in neural function that contributes to cognitive impairment and disease. However, the mechanisms underlying the transition from a young-and-healthy to aged-and-dysfunctional brain are not well understood. Here, we report breakdown of the vascular blood-brain barrier (BBB) in aging humans and rodents, which begins as early as middle age and progresses to the end of the lifespan. Gain-of-function and loss-of-function manipulations show that this BBB dysfunction triggers hyperactivation of transforming growth factor {beta} (TGF{beta}) signaling in astrocytes, which is necessary and sufficient to cause neural dysfunction and age-related pathology. Specifically, infusion of the serum protein albumin into the young brain (mimicking BBB leakiness) induced astrocytic TGF{beta} signaling and an aged brain phenotype including aberrant electrocorticographic activity, vulnerability to seizures, and cognitive impairment. Furthermore, conditional genetic knockdown of astrocytic TGF{beta} receptors, or pharmacological inhibition of TGF{beta} signaling, reversed these symptomatic outcomes in aged mice. Finally, we found that this same signaling pathway is activated in aging human subjects with BBB dysfunction. Our study identifies dysfunction in the neurovascular unit as one of the earliest triggers of neurological aging, and demonstrates that the aging brain may retain considerable latent capacity which can be revitalized by therapeutic inhibition of TGF{beta} signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Senatorov, V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milikovsky, D. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ofer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saar-Ashkenazy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charbash, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mihaly, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramsay, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moghbel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preininger, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eddings, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, H. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghanim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veksler, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sudmant, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hart, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogawski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dillin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/537431</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Blood-brain barrier dysfunction in aging induces hyper-activation of TGF-beta signaling and chronic yet reversible neural dysfunction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/537746v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chemosymbiotic bivalves contribute to the nitrogen budget of seagrass ecosystems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/537746v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In many seagrass sediments, lucinid bivalves and their sulfur-oxidizing symbionts are thought to underpin key ecosystem functions, but little is known about their role in nutrient cycles, particularly nitrogen. We used natural stable isotopes, elemental analyses, and stable isotope probing to study the ecological stoichiometry of a lucinid symbiosis in spring and fall. Chemoautotrophy appeared to dominate in fall, when chemoautotrophic carbon fixation rates were up to one order of magnitude higher as compared to the spring, suggesting a flexible nutritional mutualism. In fall, an isotope pool dilution experiment revealed carbon limitation of the symbiosis and ammonium excretion rates up to 10-fold higher compared to fluxes reported for non-symbiotic marine bivalves. These results provide evidence that lucinid bivalves can contribute substantial amounts of ammonium to the ecosystem. Given the preference of seagrasses for this nitrogen source, lucinid bivalves contribution may boost productivity of these important blue carbon ecosystems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cardini, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartoli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luecker, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mooshammer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polzin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petersen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/537746</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chemosymbiotic bivalves contribute to the nitrogen budget of seagrass ecosystems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/538496v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alzheimer's disease clinical variants show distinct regional patterns of neurofibrillary tangle accumulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/538496v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundNeurofibrillary tangle (NFT) pathology in Alzheimers disease (AD) follows a stereotypic progression well-characterized by Braak staging. However, some AD cases show deviations from the Braak staging scheme. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that these variations in the regional distribution of tau pathology are linked to heterogeneity in the clinical phenotypes of AD.

MethodsWe included a clinicopathological cohort of ninety-four AD cases enriched for atypical clinical presentations. Subjects underwent apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotyping and neuropsychological testing. Main cognitive domains (executive, visuospatial, language, and memory function) were assessed using an established composite z-score. We assessed NFT density and distribution from thioflavin S fluorescent microscopy throughout four neocortical and two hippocampal regions. A mathematical algorithm classifying AD cases into typical, hippocampal sparing (HpSp), and limbic predominant (LP) subtypes based on regional NFT burden was compared to unbiased hierarchical clustering for cases with Braak stage > IV.

ResultsPatients diagnosed with logopenic primary progressive aphasia showed significantly higher NFT density in the superior temporal gyrus relative to patients diagnosed with Alzheimer-type dementia (p = 0.0091), while patients with corticobasal syndrome showed significantly higher NFT density in the primary motor cortex (p = 0.0205). Hierarchical clustering identified three discrete clusters of patients characterized respectively by low overall NFT burden (n = 18), high overall burden (n = 30), and cortical-predominant burden (n = 24). A regionally specific effect was observed for visuospatial ability; higher NFT density in the angular gyrus ({beta} = - 0.0921, p = 0.0099) and in the CA1 sector of the hippocampus ({beta} = -0.0735, p = 0.0380) was significantly associated with more severe visuospatial dysfunction, modulated by age of death.

ConclusionsOur results suggest domain-specific functional consequences of regional NFT accumulation. In particular, we observed focal aggregation of NFT density in clinically relevant regions among different clinical AD variants. Continued work to map the regionally specific clinical consequences of tau accumulation presents an opportunity to increase understanding of disease mechanisms underlying atypical clinical manifestations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Petersen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nolan, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Paula Franca Resende, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehrenberg, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spina, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seeley, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grinberg, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/538496</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alzheimer's disease clinical variants show distinct regional patterns of neurofibrillary tangle accumulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/538678v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA Nanostructures Coordinate Gene Silencing in Mature Plants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/538678v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plant bioengineering may generate high yielding and stress-resistant crops amidst a changing climate and a growing global population (1-3). However, delivery of biomolecules to plants relies on Agrobacterium infection (4) or biolistic particle delivery (5), the former of which is only amenable to DNA delivery. The difficulty in delivering functional biomolecules such as RNA to plant cells is due to the plant cell wall which is absent in mammalian cells and poses the dominant physical barrier to exogenous biomolecule delivery in plants. DNA nanostructure-mediated biomolecule delivery is an effective strategy to deliver cargoes across the lipid bilayer of mammalian cells, however, nanoparticle-mediated delivery remains unexplored for passive biomolecule delivery across the cell wall in plants. Herein, we report a systematic assessment of different DNA nanostructures for their ability to internalize into cells of mature plants, deliver small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), and effectively silence a constitutively-expressed gene in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. We show that nanostructure internalization into plant cells and the corresponding gene silencing efficiency depends on the DNA nanostructure size, shape, compactness, stiffness, and location of the siRNA attachment locus on the nanostructure. We further confirm that the internalization efficiency of DNA nanostructures correlates with their respective gene silencing efficiencies, but that the endogenous gene silencing pathway depends on the siRNA attachment locus. Our work establishes the feasibility of biomolecule delivery to plants with DNA nanostructures, and details both the design parameters of importance for plant cell internalization, and also assesses the impact of DNA nanostructure geometry for gene silencing mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demirer, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goh, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aditham, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cunningham, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/538678</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA Nanostructures Coordinate Gene Silencing in Mature Plants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/543876v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifying Drug Sensitivity Subnetworks with NETPHLIX 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/543876v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phenotypic heterogeneity in cancer is often caused by different patterns of genetic alterations. Understanding such phenotype-genotype relationships is fundamental for the advance of personalized medicine. One of the important challenges in the area is to predict drug response on a personalized level. The pathway-centric view of cancer significantly advanced the understanding of genotype-phenotype relationships. However, most of network identification methods in cancer focus on identifying subnetworks that include general cancer drivers or are associated with discrete features such as cancer subtypes, hence cannot be applied directly for the analysis of continuous features like drug response. On the other hand, existing genome wide association approaches do not fully utilize the complex proprieties of cancer mutational landscape. To address these challenges, we propose a computational method, named NETPHLIX (NETwork-to-PHenotpe mapping LeveragIng eXlusivity), which aims to identify mutated subnetworks that are associated with drug response (or any continuous cancer phenotype). Utilizing properties such as mutual exclusivity and interactions among genes, we formulate the problem as an integer linear program and solve it optimally to obtain a set of genes satisfying the constraints. NETPHLIX identified gene modules significantly associated with many drugs, including interesting response modules to MEK1/2 inhibitors in both directions (increased and decreased sensitivity to the drug) that the previous method, which does not utilize network information, failed to identify. The genes in the modules belong to MAPK/ERK signaling pathway, which is the targeted pathway of the drug.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarto Basso, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wojtowicz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hochbaum, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandin, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Przytycka, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/543876</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifying Drug Sensitivity Subnetworks with NETPHLIX]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/545426v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiplexed CRISPR-Cas9 based genome editing of Rhodosporidium toruloides 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/545426v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial production of biofuels and bioproducts offers a sustainable and economic alternative to petroleum-based fuels and chemicals. The basidiomycete yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides is a promising platform organism for generating bioproducts due to its ability to consume a broad spectrum of carbon sources (including those derived from lignocellulosic biomass) and to naturally accumulate high levels of lipids and carotenoids, two biosynthetic pathways that can be leveraged to produce a wide range of bioproducts. While R. toruloides has great potential, it has a more limited set of tools for genetic engineering relative to more advanced yeast platform organisms such as Yarrowia lipolytica and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Significant advancements in the past few years have bolstered R. toruloides engineering capacity. Here we expand this capacity by demonstrating the first use of CRISPR-Cas9 based gene disruption in R. toruloides. Stably integrating a Cas9 expression cassette into the genome brought about successful targeted disruption of the native URA3 gene. While editing efficiencies were initially low (0.002%), optimization of the cassette increased efficiencies 364-fold (to 0.6%). Applying these optimized design conditions enabled disruption of another native gene involved in carotenoid biosynthesis, CAR2, with much greater success; editing efficiencies of CAR2 deletion reached roughly 50%. Finally, we demonstrated efficient multiplexed genome editing by disrupting both CAR2 and URA3 in a single transformation. Together, our results provide a framework for applying CRISPR-Cas9 to R. toruloides that will facilitate rapid and high throughput genome engineering in this industrially relevant organism.

IMPORTANCEMicrobial biofuel and bioproduct platforms provide access to clean and renewable carbon sources that are more sustainable and environmentally friendly than petroleum-based carbon sources. Furthermore, they can serve as useful conduits for the synthesis of advanced molecules that are difficult to produce through strictly chemical means. R. toruloides has emerged as a promising potential host for converting renewable lignocellulosic material into valuable fuels and chemicals. However, engineering efforts to improve the yeasts production capabilities have been impeded by a lack of advanced tools for genome engineering. While this is rapidly changing, one key tool remains unexplored in R. toruloides; CRISPR-Cas9. The results outlined here demonstrate for the first time how effective multiplexed CRISPR-Cas9 gene disruption provides a framework for other researchers to utilize this revolutionary genome-editing tool effectively in R. toruloides.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Otoupal, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ito, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magnuson, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gladden, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skerker, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/545426</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiplexed CRISPR-Cas9 based genome editing of Rhodosporidium toruloides]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/549725v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single cell profiling of the VMH reveals a sexually dimorphic regulatory node of energy expenditure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/549725v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Estrogen signaling in the central nervous system promotes weight loss by increasing thermogenesis and physical activity in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), but the precise neuronal populations regulating these aspects of energy expenditure remain unclear. Here we define the molecular and functional heterogeneity of the VMH using single cell RNA sequencing, in situ hybridization, chemogenetic activation, and targeted gene knockdown. We describe six molecularly distinct neuron clusters in the VMH. In females, estrogen receptor alpha (ER) is restricted to neurons expressing tachykinin-1 (Tac1) or reprimo (Rprm). Further, Tac1 and Rprm expression is enriched in females, a sex difference that is established by permanent effects of gonadal hormones early in life. Finally, while Tac1 ablation selectively impairs movement, here we show that silencing Rprm selectively dysregulates temperature without affecting physical activity. Together this work provides a novel architectural framework whereby distinct and sexually differentiated neuron populations within the VMH mediate sex-specific aspects of metabolic homeostasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>van Veen, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kammel, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bunda, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shum, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reid, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Massa, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arneson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hrncir, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liesa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Correa, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/549725</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single cell profiling of the VMH reveals a sexually dimorphic regulatory node of energy expenditure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/550194v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Species dispersal mediates opposing influences of a branching network on genetic variation in a metapopulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/550194v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aim Fractal networks, represented by branching complexity in rivers, are ubiquitous in nature. In rivers, the number of either distal (e.g., in headwater streams) or confluent (e.g., in mainstems) locations can be increased along with their branching complexity. Distal- or confluent-spatial locations can result in fewer or greater corridor linkages that can alter genetic divergence at the metapopulation scale. These mechanisms underlying the resulting genetic structuring remain poorly understood at the metapopulation scale, particularly in terms of the roles of species-specific dispersal traits. The objective of this study is to mechanistically understand how branching complexity can simultaneously influence genetic divergence in opposite directions.Location Northeastern JapanMethods To evaluate the integrated influences of network complexity and species dispersal on genetic divergence among populations at the catchment scale, we conducted simulation modelling on a mechanistic framework based on Bayesian inference by adapting empirical genetic data from four macroinvertebrate species. Simulations were then done using empirical and virtual species-characteristics on virtual river networks.Results Our novel simulation showed that both greater landscape connectivity (resulting from shorter watercourse distance) and greater isolation of distal locations occurred in the more-branched river networks. These two spatial features have negative and positive influences on genetic divergence, with their relative importance varying among different species and dispersal characteristics. Specifically, genetic divergence at the metapopulation scale increased for species having higher downstream-biased dispersal but decreased for species having higher upstream-biased dispersal. Distal populations (e.g., in headwaters) have higher genetic independence when downstream-biased asymmetry is higher.Main conclusions We found a strong association between species dispersal and evolutionary processes such as gene flow and genetic drift. This association mediates the pervasive influences of branching complexity on genetic-divergence in the metapopulation. It also highlights the importance of considering species dispersal-patterns when developing management strategies in the face of rapid environmental-change scenarios.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chiu, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nukazawa, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carvajal, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/550194</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Species dispersal mediates opposing influences of a branching network on genetic variation in a metapopulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/550772v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An integrative approach identifies direct targets of the late viral transcription complex and an expanded promoter recognition motif in Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/550772v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The structural proteins of DNA viruses are generally encoded by late genes, whose expression relies on recruitment of the host transcriptional machinery only after the onset of viral genome replication. {beta} and {gamma}-herpesviruses encode a unique six-member viral pre-initiation complex (vPIC) for this purpose, although how the vPIC directs specific activation of late genes remains largely unknown. The specificity underlying late transcription is particularly notable given that late gene promoters are unusually small, with a modified TATA-box being the only recognizable element. Here, we explored the basis for this specificity using an integrative approach to evaluate vPIC-dependent gene expression combined with promoter occupancy during Kaposis sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) infection. This approach distinguished the direct and indirect targets of the vPIC, ultimately revealing a novel promoter motif critical for KSHV vPIC binding. Additionally, we found that the KSHV vPIC component ORF24 is required for efficient viral DNA replication. Together, these results identify an elusive element that contributes to vPIC specificity and suggest novel links between KSHV DNA replication and late transcription.

Author summaryGene expression in DNA viruses often occurs in temporal waves, with expression of essential structural proteins occurring late in infection, after viral genome replication has begun. Strategies underlying expression of these viral late genes are often sophisticated; for example, the {beta}- and {gamma}-herpesviruses encode a six-component viral complex that directs late gene transcription, largely by unknown mechanisms. Here, we evaluated how this complex specifically recognizes late promoters during infection with the oncogenic human {gamma}-herpesvirus Kaposis sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). We found that one of the components of the late transcription complex was required for robust viral DNA replication, suggesting new links between KSHV replication and transcription. Combined measurements of late gene expression and promoter occupancy then revealed which KHSV genes are directly controlled by the late gene transcription complex, leading to identification of a key new regulatory element in KSHV late promoters. Together, these data help explain how the late gene transcription complex is able to bind seemingly minimal promoters with high specificity, ensuring robust expression of viral factors necessary for assembly of progeny virions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nandakumar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaunsinger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/550772</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An integrative approach identifies direct targets of the late viral transcription complex and an expanded promoter recognition motif in Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/552265v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionary dynamics of phage resistance in bacterial biofilms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/552265v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Interactions among bacteria and their viral predators, the bacteriophages, are likely among the most common ecological phenomena on Earth. The constant threat of phage infection to bacterial hosts, and the imperative of achieving infection on the part of phages, drives an evolutionary contest in which phage-resistant bacteria emerge, often followed by phages with new routes of infection. This process has received abundant theoretical and experimental attention for decades and forms an important basis for molecular genetics and theoretical ecology and evolution. However, at present, we know very little about the nature of phage-bacteria interaction - and the evolution of phage resistance - inside the surface-bound communities that microbes usually occupy in natural environments. These communities, termed biofilms, are encased in a matrix of secreted polymers produced by their microbial residents. Biofilms are spatially constrained such that interactions become limited to neighbors or near-neighbors; diffusion of solutes and particulates is reduced; and there is pronounced heterogeneity in nutrient access and therefore physiological state. These factors can dramatically impact the way phage infections proceed even in simple, single-strain biofilms, but we still know little of their effect on phage resistance evolutionary dynamics. Here we explore this problem using a computational simulation framework customized for implementing phage infection inside multi-strain biofilms. Our simulations predict that it is far easier for phage-susceptible and phage-resistant bacteria to coexist inside biofilms relative to planktonic culture, where phages and hosts are well-mixed. We characterize the negative frequency dependent selection that underlies this coexistence, and we then test and confirm this prediction using an experimental model of biofilm growth measured with confocal microscopy at single-cell and single-phage resolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Simmons, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bond, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drescher, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bucci, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadell, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/552265</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionary dynamics of phage resistance in bacterial biofilms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/555805v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Bayesian Approach for Estimating Branch-Specific Speciation and Extinction Rates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/555805v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Species richness varies considerably among the tree of life which can only be explained by heterogeneous rates of diversification (speciation and extinction). Previous approaches use phylogenetic trees to estimate branch-specific diversification rates. However, all previous approaches disregard diversification-rate shifts on extinct lineages although 99% of species that ever existed are now extinct. Here we describe a lineage-specific birth-death-shift process where lineages, both extant and extinct, may have heterogeneous rates of diversification. To facilitate probability computation we discretize the base distribution on speciation and extinction rates into k rate categories. The fixed number of rate categories allows us to extend the theory of state-dependent speciation and extinction models (e.g., BiSSE and MuSSE) to compute the probability of an observed phylogeny given the set of speciation and extinction rates. To estimate branch-specific diversification rates, we develop two independent and theoretically equivalent approaches: numerical integration with stochastic character mapping and data-augmentation with reversible-jump Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling. We validate the implementation of the two approaches in RevBayes using simulated data and an empirical example study of primates. In the empirical example, we show that estimates of the number of diversification-rate shifts are, unsurprisingly, very sensitive to the choice of prior distribution. Instead, branch-specific diversification rate estimates are less sensitive to the assumed prior distribution on the number of diversification-rate shifts and consistently infer an increased rate of diversification for Old World Monkeys. Additionally, we observe that as few as 10 diversification-rate categories are sufficient to approximate a continuous base distribution on diversification rates. In conclusion, our implementation of the lineage-specific birth-death-shift model in RevBayes provides biologists with a method to estimate branch-specific diversification rates under a mathematically consistent model.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hoehna, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freyman, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nolen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huelsenbeck, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>May, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/555805</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Bayesian Approach for Estimating Branch-Specific Speciation and Extinction Rates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/559252v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nanoparticle-mediated transformation expands horizon of organism engineering 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/559252v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our ability to engineer organisms will unlock new discoveries in how cellular processes work and enable new advances in biotechnology. However, many organisms are recalcitrant to traditional transformation methods. Here, we describe a new nanoparticle-based method of transformation which can be used to transform bacteria, plants, algae and diatoms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>French, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/559252</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nanoparticle-mediated transformation expands horizon of organism engineering]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/559492v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Communication between distinct subunit interfaces of the cohesin complex promotes its topological entrapment of DNA. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/559492v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cohesin mediates higher-order chromosome structure. Its biological activities require topological entrapment of DNA within a lumen(s) formed by cohesin subunits. The reversible dissociation of cohesins Smc3p and Mcd1p subunits are postulated to form a regulated gate that allows DNA entry and exit into the lumen. We assessed gate-independent functions of this interface in yeast using a fusion protein that joins Smc3p to Mcd1p. We show that in vivo all the regulators of cohesin promote DNA binding of cohesion by mechanisms independent of opening this gate. Furthermore, we show that this interface has a gate-independent activity essential for cohesin to bind chromosomes. We propose this interface regulates DNA entrapment by controlling the opening and closing of one or more distal interfaces formed by cohesin subunits, likely by inducing a conformation change in cohesin. Furthermore, cohesin regulators modulate the interface to control both DNA entrapment and cohesin functions after DNA binding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guacci, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robison, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koshland, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/559492</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Communication between distinct subunit interfaces of the cohesin complex promotes its topological entrapment of DNA.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/564427v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nanotubes effectively deliver siRNA to intact plant cells and protect siRNA against nuclease degradation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/564427v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) is a powerful tool to understand and control plant metabolic pathways, which is central to plant biotechnology. PTGS is commonly accomplished through delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA) into cells. While siRNA delivery has been optimized for mammalian systems, it remains a significant challenge for plants due to the plant cell wall. Standard plant siRNA delivery methods (Agrobacterium and viruses) involve coding siRNA into DNA vectors, and are only tractable for certain plant species. Herein, we develop a nanotube-based platform for direct delivery of siRNA, and show high silencing efficiency in intact plant cells. We demonstrate that nanotubes successfully deliver siRNA and silence endogenous genes owing to effective intracellular delivery and nanotube-induced protection of siRNA from nuclease degradation. This study establishes that nanotubes, which are below the size exclusion limit of the plant cell wall, could enable a myriad of plant biotechnology applications that rely on RNA delivery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Demirer, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goh, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/564427</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nanotubes effectively deliver siRNA to intact plant cells and protect siRNA against nuclease degradation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/565358v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis of the differential binding of engineered knottins 2.5F and 2.5D to integrins αVβ3 and α5β1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/565358v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Integrins V{beta}3 and 5{beta}1 play critical roles in tumor survival, invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis and are validated targets for cancer therapy and molecular imaging. Increasing evidence suggests that targeting both integrins simultaneously with antagonists is more effective in cancer therapy because of concerns about resistance and paradoxical promotion of tumor growth with use of agents highly selective for a single integrin. Engineered Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD)-containing 3.5 kDa cysteine-knot proteins (knottins 2.5F and 2.5D) are attractive drug candidates due to their exceptional structural stability and high affinity binding to certain integrins. 2.5F binds both V{beta}3 and 5{beta}1, whereas 2.5D is V{beta}3-selective. To elucidate the structural basis of integrin selection, we determined the structures of 2.5F and 2.5D both as apo-proteins and in complex with V{beta}3. These data, combined with MD simulations and mutational studies, revealed a critical role of two V{beta}3-specific residues in the vicinity of the metal ion dependent adhesion site (MIDAS) in promoting an V{beta}3-induced fit of 2.5D. In contrast, conformational selection accounted for the specificity of 2.5F to both integrins. These data provide new insights into the structural basis of integrin-ligand binding specificity, and could help in development of integrin-targeted therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>van Agthoven, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shams, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cochran, F. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alonso, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kintzing, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grakami, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mofrad, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cochran, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnaout, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/565358</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis of the differential binding of engineered knottins 2.5F and 2.5D to integrins αVβ3 and α5β1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/568113v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Arabidopsis phytochelatin synthase 1, but not phytochelatin synthesis, functions in extracellular defense against multiple fungal pathogens 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/568113v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phytochelatin synthase (PCS) is a key component of heavy metal detoxification in plants. PCS catalyzes both the synthesis of the peptide phytochelatin from glutathione as well as the degradation of glutathione conjugates via peptidase activity. Here, we describe a hitherto uncharacterized role for PCS in disease resistance against plant pathogenic fungi. The pen4 mutant, which is allelic to cadmium insensitive 1 (cad1/pcs1) mutants, was recovered from a screen for Arabidopsis mutants with reduced resistance to the non-adapted barley fungal pathogen, Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei. PCS1, which is found in the cytoplasm of cells of healthy plants, translocates upon pathogen attack and colocalizes with the PEN2 myrosinase on the surface of immobilized mitochondria. pcs1 and pen2 mutant plants exhibit a similar metabolic defect in the accumulation of pathogen-inducible indole glucosinolate-derived compounds, suggesting that PEN2 and PCS1 act in the same metabolic pathway. The function of PCS1 in this pathway is independent of phytochelatin synthesis and deglycination of glutathione conjugates, as catalytic-site mutants of PCS1 are still functional in indole glucosinolate metabolism. In uncovering a previously unknown function for PCS1, we reveal this enzyme to be a moonlighting protein important for plant responses to both biotic and abiotic stresses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hematy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherk, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bednarek, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pislewska-Bednarek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Rodriguez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuchs, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klapprodt, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipka, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grill, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulze-Lefert, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Somerville, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/568113</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Arabidopsis phytochelatin synthase 1, but not phytochelatin synthesis, functions in extracellular defense against multiple fungal pathogens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/568568v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Network-based approaches elucidate differences within APOBEC and clock-like signatures in breast cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/568568v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Studies of cancer mutations typically focus on identifying cancer driving mutations. However, in addition to the mutations that confer a growth advantage, cancer genomes accumulate a large number of passenger somatic mutations resulting from normal DNA damage and repair processes as well as mutations triggered by carcinogenic exposures or cancer related aberrations of DNA maintenance machinery. These mutagenic processes often produce characteristic mutational patterns called mutational signatures. Understanding the etiology of the mutational signatures shaping a cancer genome is an important step towards understanding tumorigenesis. Considering mutational signatures as phenotypes, we asked two complementary questions (i) what are functional pathways whose gene expression profiles are associated with mutational signatures, and (ii) what are mutated pathways (if any) that might underlie specific mutational signatures? We have been able to identify pathways associated with mutational signatures on both expression and mutation levels. In particular, our analysis provides novel insights into mutagenic processes in breast cancer by capturing important differences in the etiology of different APOBEC related signatures and the two clock-like signatures. These results are important for understanding mutagenic processes in cancer and for developing personalized drug therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wojtowicz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarto Basso, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sason, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hochbaum, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leiserson, M. D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandin, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Przytycka, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/568568</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Network-based approaches elucidate differences within APOBEC and clock-like signatures in breast cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/569913v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hydrology-informed metapopulation modeling of liver fluke transmission in the Lawa Lake complex of northeast Thailand 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/569913v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While hydrologic processes are intuitively understood to influence transmission dynamics of water-related diseases, limited research exists that explicitly links hydrologic and infectious disease data. In the case of the life cycle of liver flukes, hydrology influences several transmission processes that mediate infection risk for multiple hosts. Northeast Thailand is a hotspot for liver fluke transmission and has strong seasonal flooding patterns. A metapopulation model linking local hydrologic processes with transmission of the liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini in a lake system in northeast Thailand was developed and parameterized using infection data from 2008-2016. A rainfall-runoff model and other hydrologic data were used to assess level of connectivity between villages and the influence of upstream communities on parasite distribution in the study area. Disease transmission was modeled with metapopulations representing six village clusters around the lake using known prevalence data from humans, cats and dogs, snails, and fish. The metapopulation model improved upon the single-village model in its match to historical data patterns for the six village clusters with the introduction of the new time-variable parameters. Results suggest there are three unique hydrologic-epidemiologic regimes within the Lawa Lake system in response to upstream watersheds and risk of overland flooding that contribute to risk for O. viverrini infection. While available data may be insufficient to specifically characterize exact transmission dynamics, the practical implications of such findings are the importance of addressing connectivity for any intermediate host-based intervention. Similar approaches using hydrologic data to assess the impacts of water on pathogen transmission dynamics and inform mechanistic disease transmission models could be applied across other water-related disease systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leon, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plermkamon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuntiyawichai, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sripa, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spear, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/569913</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hydrology-informed metapopulation modeling of liver fluke transmission in the Lawa Lake complex of northeast Thailand]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/577478v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reduced proteasome activity in the aging brain results in ribosome stoichiometry loss and aggregation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/577478v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A progressive loss of protein homeostasis is characteristic of aging and a driver of neurodegeneration. To investigate this process quantitatively, we characterized proteome dynamics during brain aging in the short-lived vertebrate Nothobranchius furzeri combining transcriptomics and proteomics. We detected a progressive reduction in the correlation between protein and mRNA, mainly due to post-transcriptional mechanisms that account for over 40% of the age-regulated proteins. These changes cause a progressive loss of stoichiometry in several protein complexes, including ribosomes, which show impaired assembly / dis-assembly and are enriched in protein aggregates in old brains. Mechanistically, we show that reduction of proteasome activity is an early event during brain aging and is sufficient to induce proteomic signatures of aging and loss of stoichiometry in vivo. Using longitudinal transcriptomic data, we show that the magnitude of early life decline in proteasome levels is the major risk factor for mortality. Our work defines causative events in the aging process that can be targeted to prevent loss of protein homeostasis and delay the onset of age-related neurodegeneration.

HighlightsO_LIProgressive loss of stoichiometry affects multiple protein complexes
C_LIO_LIRibosomes aggregate in old brains
C_LIO_LIPartial reduction of proteasome activity is sufficient to induce loss of stoichiometry
C_LIO_LIReduced proteasome levels are a major risk factor for early death in killifish
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kelmer Sacramento, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirkpatrick, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazzetto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Sanzo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caterino, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanguanini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papaevgeniou, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lefaki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Childs, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagnoli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terzibasi Tozzini, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartolome, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romanov, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baumgart, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huber, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chondrogianni, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vendruscolo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cellerino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ori, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/577478</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reduced proteasome activity in the aging brain results in ribosome stoichiometry loss and aggregation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/578542v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The \"sewing machine\" for minimally invasive neural recording 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/578542v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present a system for scalable and customizable recording and stimulation of neural activity. In large animals and humans, the current benchmark for high spatial and temporal resolution neural interfaces are fixed arrays of wire or silicon electrodes inserted into the parenchyma of the brain. However, probes that are large and stiff enough to penetrate the brain have been shown to cause acute and chronic damage and inflammation, which limits their longevity, stability, and yield. One approach to this problem is to separate the requirements of the insertion device, which should to be as stiff as possible, with the implanted device, which should be as small and flexible as possible. Here, we demonstrate the feasibility and scalability of this approach with a system incorporating fine and flexible thin-film polymer probes, a fine and stiff insertion needle, and a robotic insertion machine. Together the system permits rapid and precise implantation of probes, each individually targeted to avoid observable vasculature and to attain diverse anatomical targets. As an initial demonstration of this system, we implanted arrays of electrodes in rat somatosensory cortex, recorded extracellular action potentials from them, and obtained histological images of the tissue response. This approach points the way toward a new generation of scaleable, stable, and safe neural interfaces, both for the basic scientific study of brain function and for clinical applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hanson, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz-Botia, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kharazia, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maharbiz, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabes, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/578542</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The \"sewing machine\" for minimally invasive neural recording]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/579532v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unbiased metagenomic sequencing for pediatric meningitis in Bangladesh reveals neuroinvasive Chikungunya virus outbreak and other unrealized pathogens 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/579532v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The disease burden due to meningitis in low and middle-income countries remains significant and failure to determine an etiology impedes appropriate treatment for patients and evidence-based policy decisions for populations. Broad-range pathogen surveillance using metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) of RNA isolated from cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) provides an unbiased assessment for possible infectious etiologies. In this study, our objective was to use mNGS to identify etiologies of pediatric meningitis in Bangladesh.nnWe conducted a retrospective case-control mNGS study on CSF from patients with known neurologic infections (n=36), idiopathic meningitis (n=25), without infection (n=30) and six environmental samples collected between 2012-2018. Using an open-access, cloud-based bioinformatics pipeline (IDseq) and machine learning, we identified potential pathogens which were confirmed through qPCR and Sanger sequencing. These cases were followed-up through phone/home-visits. The CSF samples were collected from children with WHO-defined meningeal signs during prospective meningitis surveillance at the largest pediatric referral hospital in Bangladesh.nnThe 91 participants (42% female) ranged in age from 0-160 months (median: 9 months). In samples with known infectious causes of meningitis and without infections (n=66), there was 83% concordance between mNGS and conventional testing. In idiopathic cases (n=25), mNGS identified a potential etiology in 40% (n=10), including bacterial and viral pathogens. There were three instances of neuroinvasive Chikungunya virus (CHIKV). The CHIKV genomes were >99% identical to each other and to a Bangladeshi strain only previously recognized to cause systemic illness in 2017. CHIKV qPCR of all remaining stored CSF samples from children who presented with idiopathic meningitis in 2017 at the same hospital (n=472) revealed 17 additional CHIKV meningitis cases. Orthogonal molecular confirmation of each mNGS-identified infection, case-based clinical data, and follow-up of patients substantiated the key findings.nnUsing mNGS, we obtained a microbiological diagnosis for 40% of idiopathic meningitis cases and identified a previous unappreciated pediatric CHIKV meningitis outbreak. Case-control CSF mNGS surveys can complement conventional diagnostic methods to identify etiologies of meningitis and facilitate informed policy decisions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramesh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalantar, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malaker, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasanuzzaman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayday, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sajib, M. S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langelier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tato, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Islam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juan, Y.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourcy, C. d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimitrov, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egger, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carvalho, T. R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeRisi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/579532</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unbiased metagenomic sequencing for pediatric meningitis in Bangladesh reveals neuroinvasive Chikungunya virus outbreak and other unrealized pathogens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/580118v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Male recombination produced multiple geographically restricted neo-Y chromosome haplotypes of varying ages that correlate with onset of neo-Y decay in Drosophila albomicans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/580118v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Male Drosophila typically have achiasmatic meiosis, and fusions between autosomes and the Y have repeatedly created non-recombining neo-Y chromosomes that degenerate. Intriguingly, Drosophila nasuta males recombine, but their close relative D. albomicans reverted back to achiasmy after evolving neo-sex chromosomes. Here we use genome-wide polymorphism data to reconstruct the complex evolutionary history of neo-sex chromosomes in D. albomicans and examine the effect of recombination and its cessation on the initiation of neo-Y decay. Population and phylogenomic analyses reveal three distinct neo-Y types that are geographically restricted. Due to meiotic exchange with the neo-X, overall nucleotide diversity on the neo-Y is similar to the neo-X but severely reduced within neo-Y types. Consistently, outside of the region proximal to the fusion, the neo-Ys fail to form a monophyletic clade in sliding window trees. Based on tree topology changes, we inferred the recombinant breakpoints that produced haplotypes specific to each neo-Y type and estimated their ages revealing that recombination became suppressed at different time points for the different neo-Y haplotypes. Although there are no evidence of chromosome-wide differentiation between the neo-sex chromosomes, haplotype age correlates with onset of neo-Y decay. Older neo-Y haplotypes show more fixed gene disruption via frameshift indels and down-regulation of neo-Y alleles. Genes are downregulated independently on the different neo-Ys, but are depleted of testes-biased genes across all haplotypes, indicating that genes important for male function are shielded from degeneration. Our results offer a time course of the early progression of Y chromosome evolution, showing how the suppression of recombination, through the reversal to achiasmy in D. albomicans males, initiates the process of degeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wei, K. H.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bachtrog, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/580118</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Male recombination produced multiple geographically restricted neo-Y chromosome haplotypes of varying ages that correlate with onset of neo-Y decay in Drosophila albomicans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/581967v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diverse commensal E. coli clones and plasmids disseminate antimicrobial resistance genes in domestic animals and children in a semi-rural community in Ecuador 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/581967v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The increased prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among Enterobacteriaceae has had major clinical and economic impacts in human medicine. Many of the multi-drug resistant (MDR) Enterobacteriaceae found in humans are community-acquired and linked to food animals (i.e. livestock raised for meat and dairy products). In this study, we examined whether numerically dominant, commensal Escherichia coli strains from humans (n=63 isolates) and domestic animals (n=174 isolates) in the same community and with matching phenotypic AMR patterns, were clonally related or shared the same plasmids. We identified 25 multi-drug resistant isolates (i.e. resistant to 3 or more antimicrobial classes) that shared identical phenotypic resistance patterns. We then investigated the diversity of E. coli clones, AMR genes and plasmids carrying the AMR genes using conjugation, replicon typing and whole genome sequencing. None of the MDR E. coli isolates (from children and domestic animals) analyzed were clonal. While the majority of isolates shared the same antimicrobial resistance genes and replicons, DNA sequencing indicated that these genes and replicons were found on different plasmid structures. Our findings suggest that nonclonal resistance gene dissemination is common in this community and that diverse plasmids carrying AMR genes presents a significant challenge for understanding the movement of AMR in a community.nnIMPORTANCEEven though Escherichia coli strains may share nearly identical AMR profiles, AMR genes, and overlap in space and time, the diversity of clones and plasmids challenges to research that aims to identify sources of AMR. Horizontal gene transfer appears to play a much larger role than clonal expansion in the spread of AMR in the community.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Salinas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardenas, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasco, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trueba, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/581967</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diverse commensal E. coli clones and plasmids disseminate antimicrobial resistance genes in domestic animals and children in a semi-rural community in Ecuador]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/583252v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Live-cell Imaging Analysis of Antimycin-Type Depsipeptides via Bioorthogonal Stimulated Raman Scattering Microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/583252v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Small-molecule natural products have been an essential source of pharmaceuticals to treat human diseases, but very little is known about their behavior inside dynamic, living human cells. Here, we demonstrate the first structure-activity-distribution study of complex natural products, the anti-cancer antimycin-type depsipeptides, using the emerging bioorthogonal Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS) Microscopy. Our results show that the intracellular enrichment and distribution of these compounds are driven by their potency and specific protein targets, as well as the lipophilic nature of compounds.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Seidel, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porterfield, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattarai-Kline, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Min, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/583252</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Live-cell Imaging Analysis of Antimycin-Type Depsipeptides via Bioorthogonal Stimulated Raman Scattering Microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/585984v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Xrn1 activity broadly represses RNA polymerase II occupancy at mammalian but not viral promoters during herpesvirus infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/585984v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In mammalian cells, widespread acceleration of cytoplasmic mRNA degradation is linked to impaired RNA polymerase II (Pol II) transcription. This mRNA decay-induced transcriptional repression occurs during infection with gammaherpesviruses including Kaposis sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68), which encode an mRNA endonuclease that initiates widespread RNA decay. Here, we show that MHV68-induced mRNA decay leads to a genome-wide reduction of Pol II occupancy at mammalian promoters. Viral genes, despite the fact that they require Pol II for transcription, escape this transcriptional repression. Protection is not governed by viral promoter sequences; instead, location on the viral genome is both necessary and sufficient to escape the transcriptional repression effects of mRNA decay. We hypothesize that the ability to escape from transcriptional repression is linked to the localization of viral DNA in replication compartments, providing a means for these viruses to counteract decay-induced viral transcript loss.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hartenian, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaunsinger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/585984</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Xrn1 activity broadly represses RNA polymerase II occupancy at mammalian but not viral promoters during herpesvirus infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/587105v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA-scaffolded biomaterials enable modular and tunable control of cell-based cancer immunotherapies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/587105v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Advanced biomaterials provide versatile ways to spatially and temporally control immune cell activity, potentially enhancing their therapeutic potency and safety. Precise cell modulation demands multi-modal display of functional proteins with controlled densities on biomaterials. Here, we develop an artificial immune cell engager (AICE) platform - biodegradable particles onto which multiple proteins are densely loaded with ratiometric control via short nucleic acid tethers. We demonstrate the impact of AICE with varying ratios of anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies on ex vivo expansion of human primary T cells. We also show that AICE can be used to control the activity of engineered T cells in vivo. AICE injected intratumorally can provide a local priming signal for systemically administered AND-gate chimeric antigen receptor T cells, driving local tumor clearance while sparing uninjected tumors that model potentially cross-reactive healthy tissues. This modularly functionalized biomaterial thus provides a flexible platform to achieve sophisticated control over cell-based immunotherapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, J. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gai, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desai, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/587105</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA-scaffolded biomaterials enable modular and tunable control of cell-based cancer immunotherapies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/592824v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure-function analysis of ZAR1 immune receptor reveals key molecular interactions for activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/592824v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
NLR (Nucleotide-binding [NB] Leucine-rich repeat [LRR] Receptor) proteins are critical for inducing immune responses in response to pathogen proteins, and must be tightly regulated to prevent spurious activation in the absence of a pathogen. The ZAR1 NLR recognizes diverse effector proteins from Pseudomonas syringae, including HopZ1a, and Xanthomonas species. Receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs) such as ZED1, interact with ZAR1 and provide specificity for different effector proteins, such as HopZ1a. We previously developed a transient expression system in Nicotiana benthamiana, that allowed us to demonstrate ZAR1 function is conserved from the Brassicaceae to the Solanaceae. Here, we combined structural modeling of ZAR1, with molecular and functional assays in our transient system, to show that multiple intramolecular and intermolecular interactions regulate ZAR1 activity. We identified new determinants required for the formation of the ZARCC dimer and its activity. Lastly, we characterized new intramolecular interactions between ZAR1 subdomains that participate in keeping ZAR1 immune complexes inactive. This work identifies molecular constraints on immune receptor function and activation.nnOne sentence-summaryStructure-informed analyses reveal multiple finely-tuned intramolecular interactions that regulate the activity of the immune receptor ZAR1.nnFundingResearch on plant immunity in the Lewis laboratory was supported by the USDA ARS 2030-21000-046-00D and 2030-21000-050-00D (JDL), and the NSF Directorate for Biological Sciences IOS-1557661 (JDL). ECM and AJP acknowledge financial support from UEFISCDI grant PN-III-ID-PCE-2016-0650 and the Romanian Academy programs 1 & 2 of IBAR.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baudin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreiber, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrescu, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/592824</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure-function analysis of ZAR1 immune receptor reveals key molecular interactions for activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/597161v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
De novo design of proteins with two isoenergetic but structurally divergent ground states 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/597161v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The plasticity of naturally occurring protein structures, which can change shape considerably in response to changes in environmental conditions, is critical to biological function. While computational methods have been used to de novo design proteins that fold to a single state with a deep free energy minima (Huang et al., 2016), and to reengineer natural proteins to alter their dynamics (Davey et al., 2017) or fold (Alexander et al., 2009), the de novo design of closely related sequences which adopt well-defined, but structurally divergent structures remains an outstanding challenge. Here, we design closely related sequences (over 94% identity) that can adopt two very different homotrimeric helical bundle conformations -- one short ([~]66 [A] height) and the other long ([~]100 [A] height) -- reminiscent of the conformational transition of viral fusion proteins (Ivanovic et al., 2013; Podbilewicz, 2014; Skehel and Wiley, 2000). Crystallographic and NMR spectroscopic characterization show that both the short and long state sequences fold as designed. We sought to design bistable sequences for which both states are accessible, and obtained a single designed protein sequence that populates either the short state or the long state depending on the measurement conditions. The design of sequences which are poised to adopt two very different conformations sets the stage for creating large scale conformational switches between structurally divergent forms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wei, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moschidi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bick, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nerli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McShan, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, P.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fletcher, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sgourakis, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyken, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/597161</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[De novo design of proteins with two isoenergetic but structurally divergent ground states]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/597583v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Halyos: A patient-facing visual EHR interface for longitudinal risk awareness 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/597583v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We have developed Halyos (http://halyos.gehlenborglab.org), a visual EHR web application that complements the functionality of existing patient portals. Halyos is designed to integrate with existing EHR systems to help patients interpret their health data. The Halyos application utilizes the SMART on FHIR (Substitutable Medical Applications and Reusable Technologies on Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources) platform to create an interoperable interface that provides interactive visualizations of clinically validated risk scores and longitudinal data derived from a patients clinical measurements. These visualizations allow patients to investigate the relationships between clinical measurements and risk over time. By enabling patients to set hypothetical future values for these clinical measurements, patients can see how changes in their health will impact their risks. Using Halyos, patients are provided with the opportunity to actively improve their health based on increased understanding of longitudinal information available in EHRs and to begin a dialogue with their providers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mataraso, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Socrates, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lekschas, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gehlenborg, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/597583</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Halyos: A patient-facing visual EHR interface for longitudinal risk awareness]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/604496v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PyMethylProcess - highly parallelized preprocessing for DNA methylation array data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/604496v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryThe ability to perform high-throughput preprocessing of methylation array data is essential in large scale methylation studies. While R is a convenient language for methylation analyses, performing highly parallelized preprocessing using Python can accelerate data preparation for downstream methylation analyses, including large scale production-ready machine learning pipelines. Here, we present a methylation data preprocessing pipeline called PyMethylProcess that is highly reproducible, scalable, and that can be quickly set-up and deployed through Docker and PIP.nnAvailability and ImplementationProject Name: PyMethylProcessnnProject Home Page: https://github.com/Christensen-Lab-Dartmouth/PyMethylProcess. Available on PyPI as pymethylprocess.nnAvailable on DockerHub via joshualevy44/pymethylprocess.nnHelp Documentation: https://christensen-lab-dartmouth.github.io/PyMethylProcess/nnOperating Systems: Linux, MacOS, Windows (Docker)nnProgramming Language: Python, RnnOther Requirements: Python 3.6, R 3.5.1, Docker (optional) License: MITnnContactjoshua.j.levy.gr@dartmouth.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Levy, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Titus, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salas, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christensen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/604496</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PyMethylProcess - highly parallelized preprocessing for DNA methylation array data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/608323v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biomarker Localization, Analysis, Visualization, Extraction, and Registration (BLAzER) Workflow for Research and Clinical Brain PET Applications 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/608323v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveThere is a need for tools enabling efficient evaluation of amyloid- and tau-PET images suited for both clinical and research settings. The purpose of this study was to assess and validate a semi-automated imaging workflow, called Biomarker Localization, Analysis, Visualization, Extraction, and Registration (BLAzER). We tested BLAzER using two different segmentation platforms, FreeSurfer (FS) and Neuroreader (NR), for regional brain PET quantification in images from participants in the Alzheimers Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) dataset.nnMethods127 amyloid-PET and 55 tau-PET studies along with corresponding volumetric MRI were obtained from ADNI. The BLAzER workflow utilizes segmentation of MR images by FS or NR, then visualizes and quantifies regional brain PET data using FDA-cleared software (MIM), enabling quality control to ensure optimal registration and detect segmentation errors.nnResultsBLAzER analysis required only [~]5 min plus segmentation time. BLAzER using FS segmentation showed strong agreement with ADNI for global amyloid-PET standardized uptake value ratios (SUVRs) (r = 0.9922, p < 0.001) and regional tau-PET SUVRs across all Braak staging regions (r > 0.97, p < 0.001) with high inter-operator reproducibility for both (ICC > 0.97) and nearly identical dichotomization as amyloid-positive or -negative (2 discrepant cases out of 127). Comparing FS vs. NR segmentation with BLAzER, the global SUVRs were strongly correlated for global amyloid-PET (r = 0.9841, p < 0.001), but were systematically higher (4% on average) with NR, likely due to more inclusion of white matter, which has high florbetapir binding.nnConclusionsBLAzER provides an efficient workflow for regional brain PET quantification. FDA-cleared components and the ability to visualize registration reduce barriers between research and clinical applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Raman, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grandhi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murchison, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landau, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberson, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McConathy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/608323</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biomarker Localization, Analysis, Visualization, Extraction, and Registration (BLAzER) Workflow for Research and Clinical Brain PET Applications]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/616235v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reconstructing the transcriptional ontogeny of maize and sorghum supports an inverse hourglass model of inflorescence development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/616235v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Assembling meaningful comparisons between species is a major limitation in studying the evolution of organismal form. To understand development in maize and sorghum, closely-related species with architecturally distinct inflorescences, we collected RNAseq profiles encompassing inflorescence body plan specification in both species. We reconstructed molecular ontogenies from 40 B73 maize tassels and 47 BTx623 sorghum panicles and separated them into transcriptional stages. To discover new markers of inflorescence development, we used random forest machine learning to determine stage by RNAseq. We used two descriptions of transcriptional conservation to identify hourglass-like developmental stages. Despite short evolutionary ancestry of 12 million years, we found maize and sorghum inflorescences are most different during their hourglass-like stages of development, following an  inverse-hourglass model of development. We discuss if agricultural selection may account for the rapid divergence signatures in these species and the observed separation of evolutionary pressure and developmental reprogramming.nnHighlightsO_LITranscript dynamics identify maize tassel and sorghum panicle developmental stagesnC_LIO_LIRandom forest predicts developmental age by gene expression, providing molecular markers and an in silico staging applicationnC_LIO_LIMaize and sorghum inflorescences are most similar when committing stem cells to a determinant fatenC_LIO_LIExpression conservation identifies hourglass-like stage, but transcriptomes diverge, similar to  inverse hourglass observations in cross-phyla animal embryo comparisonsnC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leiboff, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hake, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/616235</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reconstructing the transcriptional ontogeny of maize and sorghum supports an inverse hourglass model of inflorescence development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/618934v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Water storage and irrigation practices associated with cannabis production drive seasonal patterns of water extraction and use in Northern California watersheds 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/618934v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Concerns have been raised over the impacts of cannabis farms on the environment and water resources in particular, yet data on cultivation practices and water use patterns and have been limited. Estimates of water use for cannabis cultivation have previously relied on extrapolated values of plant water demand, which are unable to account for differences in cultivation practices, variation across the growing season, or the role of water storage in altering seasonal extraction patterns. The current study uses data reported by enrollees in Californias North Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board (Regional Water Board) Cannabis Program to model how variation in cultivation practices and the use of stored water affect the timing and amount of water extracted from the environment. We found that the supplemental use of stored water resulted in a seasonal pattern of water extraction (i.e. water withdrawals from the environment) that was distinct from water demand (i.e. water applied to plants). Although water input to storage in the off-season months (November through March) reduced water extraction in the growing season (April through October), farms generally did not have sufficient storage to completely forbear from surface water extraction during the growing season. Beginning in 2019, forbearance will be required during this period for those in the regulated cannabis industry. The two most important predictors of storage sufficiency (type of storage infrastructure and seasonality of water source) also had reliable effects on seasonal extraction patterns, further emphasizing the link between water storage and extraction profiles. These findings suggest that resource managers and policy makers should consider the ways in which cultivation practices drive water extraction patterns and how these practices may be influenced by participation in the regulated cannabis industry.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dillis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McIntee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grantham, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butsic, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grady, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/618934</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Water storage and irrigation practices associated with cannabis production drive seasonal patterns of water extraction and use in Northern California watersheds]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/621573v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reevaluation of the RNA binding properties of the Tetrahymena thermophila telomerase reverse transcriptase N-terminal domain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/621573v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Telomerase restores chromosome-capping telomeric repeats lost with each round of genome replication by DNA-templated DNA polymerases. The telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) N-terminal (TEN) domain is a peripheral, telomerase-specific, processivity-stimulatory addition to more conserved domains that encircle the active site cavity. Reports of ciliate, yeast, and mammalian telomerase TEN domain associations with the telomerase RNA subunit (TR) describe low affinity interactions of uncertain specificity. Unfortunately two cryo-EM structures of synthesis-paused telomerase holoenzymes lack sufficient resolution to discriminate molecular specificity of possible TR contact(s) with the TEN domain, and there is no assigned density for the TEN domain termini implicated in RNA binding. Furthermore, studies have revealed alternative secondary structures for TR regions that could interact with TERT prior to TR folding into active conformation. Informed by recent advances in knowledge of telomerase structure, we returned to the investigation of Tetrahymena thermophila TERT TEN domain interaction with TR. Instead of finding specificity for a particular TR sequence or structure, we discovered that the tagged TEN domain used in previous characterizations has trace contamination with a bacterial RNA-interacting protein not detectable by SDS-PAGE. By resolving this interference, we show that the TEN domain binds RNAs dependent on RNA length rather than sequence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Palka, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deshpande, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/621573</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reevaluation of the RNA binding properties of the Tetrahymena thermophila telomerase reverse transcriptase N-terminal domain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/622811v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
treeSeg: Testing for Dependence on Tree Structures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/622811v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tree structures, showing hierarchical relationships and the latent structures between samples, are ubiquitous in genomic and biomedical sciences. A common question in many studies is whether there is an association between a response variable measured on each sample and the latent group structure represented by some given tree. Currently this is addressed on an ad hoc basis, usually requiring the user to decide on an appropriate number of clusters to prune out of the tree to be tested against the response variable. Here we present a statistical method with statistical guarantees that tests for association between the response variable and a fixed tree structure across all levels of the tree hierarchy with high power, while accounting for the overall false positive error rate. This enhances the robustness and reproducibility of such findings.

Significance StatementTree like structures are abundant in the empirical sciences as they can summarize high dimensional data and show latent structure among many samples in a single framework. Prominent examples include phylogenetic trees or hierarchical clustering derived from genetic data. Currently users employ ad hoc methods to test for association between a given tree and a response variable, which reduces reproducibility and robustness. In this paper, we introduce treeSeg, a simple to use and widely applicable methodology with high power for testing between all levels of hierarchy for a given tree and the response while accounting for the overall false positive rate. Our method allows for precise uncertainty quantification and therefore increases interpretability and reproducibility of such studies across many fields of science.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Behr, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ansari, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/622811</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[treeSeg: Testing for Dependence on Tree Structures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/623058v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A new class of disordered elements controls DNA replication through initiator self-assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/623058v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The initiation of DNA replication in metazoans occurs at thousands of chromosomal sites known as origins. At each origin, the Origin Recognition Complex (ORC), Cdc6, and Cdt1 co-assemble to load the Mcm2-7 replicative helicase onto chromatin. Current replication models envisage a linear arrangement of isolated origins functioning autonomously; the extent of inter-origin organization and communication is unknown. Here, we report that the replication initiation machinery of D. melanogaster unexpectedly undergoes liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) upon binding DNA in vitro. We find that ORC, Cdc6, and Cdt1 contain intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) that drive LLPS and constitute a new class of phase separating elements. Initiator IDRs are shown to regulate multiple functions, including chromosome recruitment, initiator-specific co-assembly, and Mcm2-7 loading. These data help explain how CDK activity controls replication initiation and suggest that replication programs are subject to higher-order levels of inter-origin organization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parker, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mir, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kao, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darzacq, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Botchan, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, J. M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/623058</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A new class of disordered elements controls DNA replication through initiator self-assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/623843v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Catalytic Core of DEMETER Guides Active DNA Demethylation in Arabidopsis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/623843v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Arabidopsis DEMETER (DME) DNA glycosylase demethylates the maternal genome in the central cell prior to fertilization, and is essential for seed viability. DME preferentially targets small transposons that flank coding genes, influencing their expression and initiating plant gene imprinting. DME also targets intergenic and heterochromatic regions, and how it is recruited to these differing chromatin landscapes is unknown. The C-terminal DME catalytic core consists of three conserved regions required for catalysis in vitro. We show that the catalytic core of DME guides active demethylation at endogenous targets, rescuing the developmental and genomic hypermethylation phenotypes of DME mutants. However, without the N-terminus, heterochromatin demethylation is significantly impeded, and abundant CG-methylated genic sequences are ectopically demethylated. We used comparative analysis to reveal that the conserved DME N-terminal domains are only present in the flowering plants, whereas the domain architecture of DME-like proteins in non-vascular plants mainly resembles the catalytic core, suggesting that it might represent the ancestral form of the 5mC DNA glycosylase found in all plant lineages. We propose a bipartite model for DME protein action and suggest that the DME N-terminus was acquired late during land plant evolution to improve specificity and facilitate demethylation at heterochromatin targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hung, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frost, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyer, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aravind, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huh, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, T.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/623843</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Catalytic Core of DEMETER Guides Active DNA Demethylation in Arabidopsis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/627794v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Successive passaging of a plant-associated microbiome reveals robust habitat and host genotype-dependent selection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/627794v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is increasing interest in the plant microbiome as it relates to both plant health and agricultural sustainability. One key unanswered question is whether we can select for a plant microbiome that is robust after colonization of target hosts. We used a successive passaging experiment to address this question by selecting upon the tomato phyllosphere microbiome. Beginning with a diverse microbial community generated from field-grown tomato plants, we inoculated replicate plants across five plant genotypes for four eight-week long passages, sequencing the microbial community at each passage. We observed consistent shifts in both the bacterial (16S amplicon sequencing) and fungal (ITS amplicon sequencing) communities across replicate lines over time, as well as a general loss of diversity over the course of the experiment suggesting that much of the naturally observed microbial community in the phyllosphere is likely transient or poorly adapted. We found that both host genotype and environment shape microbial composition, but the relative importance of genotype declines through time. Furthermore, using a community coalescence experiment, we found that the bacterial community from the end of the experiment was robust to invasion by the starting bacterial community. These results highlight that selecting for a stable microbiome that is well adapted to a particular host environment is indeed possible, emphasizing the great potential of this approach in agriculture and beyond.nnSignificance StatementThere is great interest in selecting for host-associated microbiomes that confer particular functions to their host, and yet it remains unknown whether selection for a robust and stable microbiome is possible. Here, we use a microbiome passaging approach to measure the impact of host-mediated selection on the tomato phyllosphere (above ground) microbiome. We find robust community selection across replicate lines that is shaped by plant host genotype in early passages, but changes in a genotype-independent manner in later passages. Work such as ours is crucial to understanding the general principles governing microbiome assembly and adaptation, and is widely applicable to both sustainable agriculture and microbiome-related medicine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morella, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, F. C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joubert, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metcalf, C. J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindow, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koskella, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/627794</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Successive passaging of a plant-associated microbiome reveals robust habitat and host genotype-dependent selection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/635102v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell analysis of EphA clustering phenotypes to probe cancer cell heterogeneity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/635102v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eph receptors, a family of receptor tyrosine kinases, play a crutial role in the assembly and maintenance of healthy tissues. Dysfunction in Eph signaling are causally and correlatively associated with cancer progression. In breast cancer cells, dysregulated Eph signaling has been largely linked to alterations in receptor clustering abilities. In the present study, we implemented a single-cell assay and a scoring scheme to systematically probe the spatial organization of activated EphA receptor in carcinoma cells of different origin. Using this assay, we found that cancer cells retained EphA clustering phenotype upon cell division for several generations and degree of clustering reported for population as well as single-cell migration potential. Finally, using patient-derived cancer cell lines, we probed the evolution of EphA signalling in cancer cell populations that underwent metastatic transformation and acquisition of drug resistance. Taken together, our simple and scalable approach provides a reliable quantitation of EphA associated gene expression and phenotypes in multiple carcinomas and can assay the heterogeneity of cancer cell populations in a cost- and time-effective manner.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ravasio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myaing, M. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arora, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sathe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, E. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertocchi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arasi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, V. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, T. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ong, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyer, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, R. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DasGupta, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groves, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viasnoff, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/635102</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell analysis of EphA clustering phenotypes to probe cancer cell heterogeneity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/636373v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rare microbes from diverse Earth biomes dominate community activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/636373v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbes are the Earths most numerous organisms and are instrumental in driving major global biological and chemical processes. Microbial activity is a crucial component of all ecosystems, as microbes have the potential to control any major biochemical process. In recent years, considerable strides have been made in describing the community structure, i.e. diversity and abundance, of microbes from the Earths major biomes. In virtually all environments studied, a few highly abundant taxa dominate the structure of microbial communities. Still, microbial diversity is high and is concentrated in the less abundant, or rare, fractions of the community, i.e. the "long tail" of the abundance distribution. The relationship between microbial community structure and activity, specifically the role of rare microbes, and its connection to ecosystem function, is not fully understood. We analyzed 12.3 million metagenomic and metatranscriptomic sequence assemblies and their genes from environmental, human, and engineered microbiomes, and show that microbial activity is dominated by rare microbes (96% of total activity) across all measured biomes. Further, rare microbial activity was comprised of traits that are fundamental to ecosystem and organismal health, e.g. biogeochemical cycling and infectious disease. The activity of rare microbes was also tightly coupled to temperature, revealing a link between basic biological processes, e.g. reaction rates, and community activity. Our study provides a broadly applicable and predictable paradigm that implicates rare microbes as the main microbial drivers of ecosystem function and organismal health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sachdeva, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heidelberg, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/636373</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rare microbes from diverse Earth biomes dominate community activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/643676v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fighting antimicrobial resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa with machine learning-enabled molecular diagnostics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/643676v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The growing importance of antibiotic resistance on clinical outcomes and cost of care underscores the need for optimization of current diagnostics. For a number of bacterial species antimicrobial resistance can be unambiguously predicted based on their genome sequence. In this study, we sequenced the genomes and transcriptomes of 414 drug-resistant clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates. By training machine learning classifiers on information about the presence or absence of genes, their sequence variation, and gene expression profiles, we generated predictive models and identified biomarkers of susceptibility or resistance to four commonly administered antimicrobial drugs. Using these data types alone or in combination resulted in high (0.8-0.9) or very high (>0.9) sensitivity and predictive values, where the relative contribution of the different categories of biomarkers strongly depended on the antibiotic. For all drugs except for ciprofloxacin, gene expression information substantially improved diagnostic performance. Our results pave the way for the development of a molecular resistance profiling tool that reliably predicts antimicrobial susceptibility based on genomic and transcriptomic markers. The implementation of a molecular susceptibility test system in routine clinical microbiology diagnostics holds promise to provide earlier and more detailed information on antibiotic resistance profiles of bacterial pathogens and thus could change how physicians treat bacterial infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khaledi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weimann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schniederjans, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asgari, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, T.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliver, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabot, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kola, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gastmeier, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hogardt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mofrad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bremges, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McHardy, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haeussler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/643676</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fighting antimicrobial resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa with machine learning-enabled molecular diagnostics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/644211v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exploring Contextual Interference in Implicit and Explicit Motor Learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/644211v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The classic advice given to anyone learning a new skill is "practice makes perfect." While this provides a good general rule to follow, it lacks any detail on what form of practice will efficiently maximize learning. So when faced with the task of acquiring multiple skills, what is the optimal way to learn? Would it be more beneficial to master each skill separately or learn them all at once in an interleaved fashion? A concept known as contextual interference suggests that using a random practice schedule leads to better retention than a blocked one. There are some motor learning studies that are consistent with this hypothesis and some that are not. In order to explore these conflicting results, we applied contextual interference to a simple reaching task that could allow us to observe its effects to various components of motor learning. We had participants learn three different visuomotor rotations and manipulated interference by placing them in groups characterized by how training targets are ordered (blocked vs. random). Using reaction time and hand angle as our measures of performance, we found that participants who experienced a random practice schedule had significant improvements in their ability to retain information, which was manifest as higher levels of implicit adaptation and faster reaction times. However, this did not necessarily mean the information was executed accurately since hand angles did not differ between groups. These findings suggest contextual interference will be most advantageous in situations that require fast explicit recall of a motor plan to use rather than those that emphasize accuracy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parvin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/644211</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exploring Contextual Interference in Implicit and Explicit Motor Learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/648485v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computational design of a modular protein sense/response system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/648485v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sensing and responding to signals is a fundamental ability of living systems, but despite remarkable progress in computational design of new protein structures, there is no general approach for engineering arbitrary new protein sensors. Here we describe a generalizable computational strategy for designing sensor/actuator proteins by building binding sites de novo into heterodimeric protein-protein interfaces and coupling ligand sensing to modular actuation via split reporters. Using this approach, we designed protein sensors that respond to farnesyl pyrophosphate, a metabolic intermediate in the production of valuable compounds. The sensors are functional in vitro and in cells, and the crystal structure of the engineered binding site matches the design model with atomic accuracy. Our computational design strategy opens broad avenues to link biological outputs to new signals.nnOne Sentence SummaryAn engineering strategy to design modular synthetic signaling systems that respond to new small molecule inputs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Glasgow, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandell, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ritterson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loshbaugh, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pellegrino, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krivacic, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pache, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barlow, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ollikainen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, M. J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraser, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kortemme, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/648485</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computational design of a modular protein sense/response system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/651869v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-throughput smFRET analysis of freely diffusing nucleic acid molecules and associated proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/651869v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-molecule Forster resonance energy transfer (smFRET) is a powerful technique for nanometer-scale studies of single molecules. Solution-based smFRET, in particular, can be used to study equilibrium intra- and intermolecular conformations, binding/unbinding events and conformational changes under biologically relevant conditions without ensemble averaging. However, single-spot smFRET measurements in solution are slow. Here, we detail a high-throughput smFRET approach that extends the traditional single-spot confocal geometry to a multispot one. The excitation spots are optically conjugated to two custom silicon single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) arrays. Two-color excitation is implemented using a periodic acceptor excitation (PAX), allowing distinguishing between singly- and doubly-labeled molecules. We demonstrate the ability of this setup to rapidly and accurately determine FRET efficiencies and population stoichiometries by pooling the data collected independently from the multiple spots. We also show how the high throughput of this approach can be used to increase the temporal resolution of single-molecule FRET population characterization from minutes to seconds. Combined with microfluidics, this high-throughput approach will enable simple real-time kinetic studies as well as powerful molecular screening applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Segal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingargiola, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lerner, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streets, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michalet, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/651869</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-throughput smFRET analysis of freely diffusing nucleic acid molecules and associated proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/654376v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A New Role for Telomerase in Promoting Meiotic Homolog Pairing Fidelity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/654376v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We report a role for telomerase, beyond its known function of telomeric DNA end extension, in maintaining normal chromosome dynamics during meiosis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. When telomerase at telomeres was reduced by various genetic means, increased frequencies of crossover and noncrossover recombination events occurred. To investigate the mechanism of this increased meiotic recombination, we examined the kinetics of meiosis events, and tracked the movement of chromosomes in live cells during meiotic prophase. Cytoskeletal forces acting on telomeres during meiosis have been shown to promote active chromosome motion needed to pair homologous chromosomes. Here we show that changes in telomerase interaction with telomeres using a tlc1-11 mutant result in altered meiotic motion. Specifically, reduction in telomerase at telomeres leads to a decreased frequency of high velocity chromosome pulls. In the tlc1-11 mutant, we see earlier synapsis and increased genome-wide recombination for the majority of the cells and lower gamete viability. Notably, homologous pairing is not delayed unlike other telomere binding mutants. Although synapsis initiates earlier, the overall timing of synapsis remains the same, except for a subset of cells that do not exit meiosis I. Together, these results suggest that the strong pulling component of the active chromosome motion promotes homolog pairing fidelity, likely by pulling apart improperly associated regions. Our combined observations are consistent with a model in which telomerase-mediated telomeric anchoring to the nuclear envelope helps engage and properly transmit cytoskeletal forces to chromosomes. Thus, telomerase contributes to efficient chromosome movements leading to normal gamete viability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuge, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yam, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gromova, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conant, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoddard, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgess, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hochwagen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, W. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackburn, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fung, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/654376</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A New Role for Telomerase in Promoting Meiotic Homolog Pairing Fidelity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/659698v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biophysical principles of choanoflagellate self-organization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/659698v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inspired by the patterns of multicellularity in choanoflagellates, the closest living relatives of animals, we quantify the biophysical processes underlying the morphogenesis of rosette colonies in the choanoflagellate Salpingoeca rosetta. We find that rosettes reproducibly transition from an early stage of 2D growth to a later stage of 3D growth, despite the underlying stochasticity of the cell lineages. We postulate that the extracellular matrix (ECM) exerts a physical constraint on the packing of proliferating cells, thereby sculpting rosette morphogenesis. Our perturbative experiments coupled with biophysical simulations demonstrates the fundamental importance of a basally-secreted ECM for rosette morphogenesis. In addition, this yields a morphospace for the shapes of these multicellular colonies, consistent with observations of a range of choanoflagellates. Overall, our biophysical perspective on rosette development complements previous genetic perspectives and thus helps illuminate the interplay between cell biology and physics in regulating morphogenesis.nnSignificance statementComparisons among animals and their closest living relatives, the choanoflagellates, have begun to shed light on the origin of animal multicellularity and development. Here we complement previous genetic perspectives on this process by focusing on the biophysical principles underlying colony morphology and morphogenesis. Our study reveals the crucial role of the extracellular matrix in shaping the colonies and leads to a phase diagram that delineates the range of morphologies as a function of the biophysical mechanisms at play.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Larson, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz-Herrero, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahadevan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/659698</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biophysical principles of choanoflagellate self-organization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/660795v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Host engineering for improved valerolactam production in Pseudomonas putida 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/660795v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pseudomonas putida is a promising bacterial chassis for metabolic engineering given its ability to metabolize a wide array of carbon sources, especially aromatic compounds derived from lignin. However, this omnivorous metabolism can also be a hindrance when it can naturally metabolize products produced from engineered pathways. Herein we show that P. putida is able to use valerolactam as a sole carbon source, as well as degrade caprolactam. Lactams represent important nylon precursors, and are produced in quantities exceeding one million tons per year[1]. To better understand this metabolism we use a combination of Random Barcode Transposon Sequencing (RB-TnSeq) and shotgun proteomics to identify the oplBA locus as the likely responsible amide hydrolase that initiates valerolactam catabolism. Deletion of the oplBA genes prevented P. putida from growing on valerolactam, prevented the degradation of valerolactam in rich media, and dramatically reduced caprolactam degradation under the same conditions. Deletion of oplBA, as well as pathways that compete for precursors L-lysine or 5-aminovalerate, increased the titer of valerolactam from undetectable after 48 hours of production to ~90 mg/L. This work may serve as a template to rapidly eliminate undesirable metabolism in non-model hosts in future metabolic engineering efforts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thompson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valencia, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blake-Hedges, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruz-Morales, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velasquez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sermeno, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharpless, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benites, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baidoo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petzold, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutschbauer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keasling, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/660795</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Host engineering for improved valerolactam production in Pseudomonas putida]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/662163v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Kindlin Assists Talin to Promote Integrin Activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/662163v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Integrin IIb{beta}3 is a predominant type of integrin abundantly expressed on the surface of platelets and its activation regulates the process of thrombosis. Talin and kindlin are cytoplasmic proteins that bind to integrin and modulate its affinity for extracellular ligands. While the molecular details of talin-mediated integrin activation are known, the mechanism of kindlin involvement in this process remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate that the interplay between talin and kindlin promotes integrin activation. Our all-atomic molecular dynamics simulations on complete transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of integrin IIb{beta}3, talin1 F2/F3 subdomains, and kindlin2 FERM domain in an explicit lipid-water environment over microsecond timescale, unraveled the role of kindlin as an enhancer of the talin interaction with the membrane proximal region of {beta}-integrin. The cooperation of kindlin with talin results in a complete disruption of salt bridges between R995 on IIb and D723/E726 on {beta}3. Furthermore, kindlin modifies the molecular mechanisms of inside-out activation by decreasing the crossing angle between transmembrane helices of integrin IIb-{beta}3, which eventually results in parallelization of integrin dimer. In addition, our control simulation featuring integrin in complex with kindlin reveals that kindlin binding is not sufficient for unclasping the inner membrane and outer membrane interactions of integrin dimer, thus ruling out the possibility of solitary action of kindlin in integrin activation.nnStatement of SignificanceUsing the newly solved crystal structure of kindlin, we investigated, for the first time, the molecular mechanism of kindlin-mediated integrin activation through simultaneous binding of talin and kindlin. We demonstrate in atomist details how kindlin cooperates with talin to promote the activation of integrin IIb-{beta}3.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haydari, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shams, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahed, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mofrad, M. R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/662163</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Kindlin Assists Talin to Promote Integrin Activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/663393v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A yeast optogenetic toolkit (yOTK) for gene expression control in Saccharomyces cerevisiae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/663393v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Optogenetic tools for controlling gene expression are ideal for tuning synthetic biological networks due to the exquisite spatiotemporal control available with light. Here we develop an optogenetic system for gene expression control and integrate it with an existing yeast toolkit allowing for rapid, modular assembly of light-controlled circuits in the important chassis organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We reconstitute activity of a split synthetic zinc-finger transcription factor (TF) using light-induced dimerization. We optimize function of this split TF and demonstrate the utility of the toolkit workflow by assembling cassettes expressing the TF activation domain and DNA-binding domain at different levels. Utilizing this TF and a synthetic promoter we demonstrate that light-intensity and duty-cycle can be used to modulate gene expression over the range currently available from natural yeast promoters. This work allows for rapid generation and prototyping of optogenetic circuits to control gene expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>An-adirekkun, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geller, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melendez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oakes, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noyes, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McClean, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/663393</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A yeast optogenetic toolkit (yOTK) for gene expression control in Saccharomyces cerevisiae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/665182v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Why evolve reliance on the microbiome for timing of ontogeny? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/665182v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The timing of life history events has important fitness consequences. Since the 1950s, researchers have combined first principles and data to predict the optimal timing of life history transitions. Recently, a striking mystery has emerged. Such transitions can be shaped by a completely different branch of the tree of life: bacterial species in the microbiome. Probing these interactions using testable predictions from evolutionary theory could illuminate whether and how host-microbiome integrated life histories can evolve and be maintained. Beyond advancing fundamental science, this research program could yield important applications. In an age of microbiome engineering, understanding the contexts that lead to microbiota signaling shaping ontogeny could offer novel mechanisms for manipulations to increase yield in agriculture, or reduce pathogen transmission by affecting vector efficiency. We combine theory and evidence to illuminate the essential questions underlying the existence of Microbiome Dependent Ontogenetic Timing (MiDOT) to fuel research on this emerging topic.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Metcalf, C. J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henry, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rebolleda-Gomez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koskella, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/665182</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Why evolve reliance on the microbiome for timing of ontogeny?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/665265v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protective microbiomes can limit the evolution of host pathogen defense 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/665265v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The evolution of host immunity occurs in the context of the microbiome, but little theory exists to predict how resistance against pathogens might be influenced by the need to tolerate and regulate commensal microbiota. We present a general model to explore the optimal investment in host immunity under conditions in which the host can, versus cannot easily distinguish among commensal versus pathogenic bacteria; and when commensal microbiota can, versus cannot protect the host against the impacts of pathogen infection. We find that a loss of immune vigilance associated with innate immunity over evolutionary time can occur due to the challenge of discriminating between pathogenic and other microbe species. Further, we find the greater the protective effect of microbiome species, acting either directly or via competition with a pathogen, or the higher the costs of immunity, the more likely the loss of immune vigilance is. Conversely, this effect can be reversed when pathogens increase host mortality. Generally, the magnitude of costs of immunity required to allow evolution of decreased immune vigilance are predicted to be lowest when microbiome and pathogen species most resemble each other (in terms of host recognition), and when immune effects on the pathogen are weak. Our model framework makes explicit the core trade-offs likely to shape the evolution of immunity in the context of microbiome / pathogen discrimination. We discuss how this informs interpretation of patterns and process in natural systems, including vulnerability to pathogen emergence.nnImpact SummaryEvidence for impacts of the microbiome on host health is accumulating. Despite this, little theory has been developed to delineate the evolutionary trajectories that might lead to observed host-microbiome associations. One particularly important theoretical gap is evaluating how the presence and effects of microbiome species modify selection pressure on immune system function. We develop a simple model of host fitness given both immune discrimination and microbiome and pathogen effects on survival, in the context of an interaction between the microbiome and pathogen species. We use this framework to predict when and to what degree the presence of microbiome species might lead to loss of immune vigilance. Positive microbiome effects can drive loss of immune vigilance, whether the microbiome acts directly on pathogen growth or indirectly by reducing the impacts of pathogens; and high costs of immunity will amplify this effect. Our results provide a first set of predictions regarding how immunity should evolve given the challenge of discriminating pathogen and microbiome species, and reveals the ways in which this might leave hosts vulnerable to novel pathogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Metcalf, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koskella, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/665265</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protective microbiomes can limit the evolution of host pathogen defense]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/671461v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Estimating abundance with interruptions in data collection using open population spatial capture-recapture models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/671461v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIThe estimation of population size remains one of the primary goals and challenges in ecology and provides a basis for debate and policy in wildlife management. Despite the development of efficient non-invasive sampling methods and robust statistical tools to estimate abundance, maintenance of field sampling is still subject to economic and logistic constraints. These can result in intentional or unintentional interruptions in sampling and cause gaps in data time series, posing a challenge to abundance estimation, and ultimately conservation and management decisions.nC_LIO_LIWe applied an open population spatial capture-recapture (OPSCR) model to simulations and a real case study to test the reliability of abundance inferences models to interruption in data collection. Using individual detections occurring over consecutive sampling occasions, OPSCR models allow the estimation of abundance from individual detection data while accounting for lack of demographic and geographic closure between occasions. First, we simulated sampling data with interruptions in field sampling of different lengths and timing. We checked the performance of an OPSCR model in deriving abundance for species with slow and intermediate life history strategies. Finally, we introduced artificial sampling interruptions of various magnitudes and timing to a five-year non-invasive monitoring data set of wolverines (Gulo gulo) in Norway and quantified the consequences for OPSCR model predictions.nC_LIO_LIInferences from OPSCR models were reliable even with temporal interruptions in monitoring. Interruption did not cause any systematic bias, but increased uncertainty. Interruptions occurring at occasions towards the beginning and the end of the sampling caused higher uncertainty. The loss in precision was more severe for species with a faster life history strategy.nC_LIO_LIWe provide a reliable framework to estimate abundance even in the presence of sampling interruptions. OPSCR allows monitoring studies to provide contiguous abundance estimates to managers, stakeholders, and policy makers even when data are non-contiguous. OPSCR models do not only help cope with unintentional interruptions during sampling but also offer opportunities for using intentional sampling interruptions during the design of cost-effective population surveys.nC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Milleret, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dupont, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chipperfield, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turek, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broseth, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gimenez, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Valpine, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bischof, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/671461</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Estimating abundance with interruptions in data collection using open population spatial capture-recapture models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/672238v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimizing Phylogenomics with Rapidly Evolving Long Exons: Comparison with Anchored Hybrid Enrichment and Ultraconserved Elements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/672238v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWMarker selection has emerged as an important component of phylogenomic study design due to rising concerns of the effects of gene tree estimation error, model misspecification, and data-type differences. Researchers must balance various trade-offs associated with locus length and evolutionary rate among other factors. The most commonly used reduced representation datasets for phylogenomics are ultraconserved elements (UCEs) and Anchored Hybrid Enrichment (AHE). Here, we introduce Rapidly Evolving Long Exon Capture (RELEC), a new set of loci that targets single exons that are both rapidly evolving (evolutionary rate faster than RAG1) and relatively long in length (greater than 1,500 bp), while at the same time avoiding paralogy issues across amniotes. We compare the RELEC dataset to UCEs and AHE in squamate reptiles by aligning and analyzing orthologous sequences from 17 squamate genomes, composed of ten snakes and seven lizards. The RELEC dataset (179 loci) outperforms AHE and UCEs by maximizing per-locus genetic variation while maintaining presence and orthology across a range of evolutionary scales. RELEC markers show higher phylogenetic informativeness than UCE and AHE loci, and RELEC gene trees show greater similarity to the species tree than AHE or UCE gene trees. Furthermore, with fewer loci, RELEC remains computationally tractable for full Bayesian coalescent species tree analyses. We contrast RELEC to and discuss important aspects of comparable methods, and demonstrate how RELEC may be the most effective set of loci for resolving difficult nodes and rapid radiations. We provide several resources for capturing or extracting RELEC loci from other amniote groups.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karin, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamble, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackman, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/672238</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimizing Phylogenomics with Rapidly Evolving Long Exons: Comparison with Anchored Hybrid Enrichment and Ultraconserved Elements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/673913v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid range shifts in African Anopheles mosquitoes over the last century 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/673913v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Facing a warming climate, many tropical species-including the arthropod vectors of several infectious diseases-will be displaced to higher latitudes and elevations. These shifts are frequently forecasted for the future, but rarely documented in the present day. Here, we use one of the most comprehensive datasets ever compiled by medical entomologists to track the observed range limits of African malaria mosquito vectors (Anopheles spp.) from 1898 to 2016. Using a simple regression approach, we estimate that these species ranges gained an average of 6.5 meters of elevation per year, and the southern limits of their ranges moved polewards 4.7 kilometers per year. These shifts are consistent with the local velocity of climate change, and might help explain the incursion of malaria transmission into new areas over the past few decades. Confirming that climate change underlies these shifts, and applying similar methods to other disease vectors, are important directions for future research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carlson, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bannon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendenhall, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newfield, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bansal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/673913</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid range shifts in African Anopheles mosquitoes over the last century]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/684597v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Split-gene drive system provides flexible application for safe laboratory investigation and potential field deployment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/684597v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-based gene drives spread through populations bypassing the dictates of Mendelian genetics, offering a population-engineering tool for tackling vector-borne diseases, managing crop pests, and helping island conservation efforts; unfortunately, current technologies raise safety concerns for unintended gene propagation. Herein, we address this by splitting the two drive components, Cas9 and gRNAs, into separate alleles to form a novel trans-complementing split-gene-drive (tGD) and demonstrate its ability to promote super-Mendelian inheritance of the separate transgenes. This bi-component nature allows for individual transgene optimization and increases safety by restricting escape concerns to experimentation windows. We employ the tGD and a small- molecule-controlled version to investigate the biology of component inheritance and use our system to study the maternal effects on CRISPR inheritance, impaired homology on efficiency, and resistant allele formation. Lastly, mathematical modeling of tGD spread in a population shows potential advantages for improving current gene-drive technologies for field population modification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lopez del Amo, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishop, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez C., H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bier, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gantz, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/684597</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Split-gene drive system provides flexible application for safe laboratory investigation and potential field deployment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/684670v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Graphene Quantum Dot Oxidation Governs Noncovalent Biopolymer Adsorption 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/684670v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The graphene quantum dot (GQD) is a carbon allotrope with a planar surface amenable for functionalization and nanoscale dimensions that confer photoluminescent properties. Collectively, these properties render GQDs an advantageous platform for nanobiotechnology applications, including as optical biosensors and delivery platforms. In particular, noncovalent functionalization offers a route to reversible modification and preservation of the pristine GQD substrate. However, a clear paradigm for GQD noncovalent functionalization has yet to be realized. Herein, we demonstrate the feasibility of noncovalent polymer adsorption to the GQD surface, with a specific focus on single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). We study how GQD oxidation level affects the propensity for polymer adsorption by synthesizing and characterizing four types of GQD substrates and investigating noncovalent polymer association to these substrates. Distinct adsorption methods are developed for successful ssDNA attachment based upon the GQDs initial level of oxidation. ssDNA adsorption to the GQD is confirmed by atomic force microscopy, by inducing ssDNA desorption, and with molecular dynamics simulations. ssDNA is determined to adsorb strongly to no-oxidation GQDs, weakly to low-oxidation GQDs, and not at all for heavily oxidized GQDs. We hypothesize that high GQD oxygen content disrupts the graphitic carbon domains responsible for stacking with the aromatic ssDNA bases, thus preventing the formation of stable polymer-GQD complexes. Finally, we develop a more generic adsorption platform and assess how the GQD system is tunable by modifying both the polymer sequence and type.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jeong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinals, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dharmadhikari, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalluri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debnath, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ham, M.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patra, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/684670</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Graphene Quantum Dot Oxidation Governs Noncovalent Biopolymer Adsorption]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/685768v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In vitro prototyping and rapid optimization of biosynthetic enzymes for cellular design 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/685768v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial cell factories offer an attractive approach for production of biobased products. Unfortunately, designing, building, and optimizing biosynthetic pathways remains a complex challenge, especially for industrially-relevant, non-model organisms. To address this challenge, we describe a platform for in vitro Prototyping and Rapid Optimization of Biosynthetic Enzymes (iPROBE). In iPROBE, cell lysates are enriched with biosynthetic enzymes by cell-free protein synthesis and then metabolic pathways are assembled in a mix-and-match fashion to assess pathway performance. We demonstrate iPROBE with two examples. First, we tested and ranked 54 different pathways for 3-hydroxybutyrate production, improving in vivo production in Clostridium by 20-fold to 14.63 {+/-} 0.48 g/L and identifying a new biosynthetic route to (S)-(+)-1,3-butanediol. Second, we used iPROBE and data-driven design to optimize a 6-step n-butanol pathway, increasing titers 4-fold across 205 pathways, and showed strong correlation between cell-free and cellular performance. We expect iPROBE to accelerate design-build-test cycles for industrial biotechnology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karim, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudley, Q. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juminaga, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowe, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heggestad, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdalla, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grubbe, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasor, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torculas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liew, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quattlebaum, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, R. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stuart, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simpson, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Köpke, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jewett, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/685768</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In vitro prototyping and rapid optimization of biosynthetic enzymes for cellular design]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/685826v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lis1 activates dynein motility by pairing it with dynactin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/685826v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lissencephaly-1 (Lis1) is a key cofactor for dynein-mediated intracellular transport towards the minus-ends of microtubules (MTs). It remains unclear whether Lis1 serves as an inhibitor or an activator of mammalian dynein motility. Here we use single-molecule imaging and optical trapping to show that Lis1 does not directly alter the stepping and force production of individual dynein motors assembled with dynactin and a cargo adaptor. Instead, Lis1 binding releases dynein from its auto-inhibited state and thereby promotes the formation of an active complex with dynactin. Lis1 also favors recruitment of two dyneins to dynactin, resulting in increased velocity, higher force production and more effective competition against kinesin in a tug-of-war. Lis1 dissociates from motile complexes, indicating that its primary role is to orchestrate the assembly of the transport machinery. These results provide a mechanistic explanation for why Lis1 is required for efficient transport of many dynein-associated cargoes in cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>ElShenawy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kusakci, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Volz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baumbach, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bullock, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yildiz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/685826</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lis1 activates dynein motility by pairing it with dynactin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/692665v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MethylNet: A Modular Deep Learning Approach to Methylation Prediction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/692665v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundDNA methylation (DNAm) is an epigenetic regulator of gene expression programs that can be altered by environmental exposures, aging, and in pathogenesis. Traditional analyses that associate DNAm alterations with phenotypes suffer from multiple hypothesis testing and multi-collinearity due to the high-dimensional, continuous, interacting and non-linear nature of the data. Deep learning analyses have shown much promise to study disease heterogeneity. DNAm deep learning approaches have not yet been formalized into user-friendly frameworks for execution, training, and interpreting models. Here, we describe MethylNet, a DNAm deep learning method that can construct embeddings, make predictions, generate new data, and uncover unknown heterogeneity with minimal user supervision.

ResultsThe results of our experiments indicate that MethylNet can study cellular differences, grasp higher order information of cancer sub-types, estimate age and capture factors associated with smoking in concordance with known differences.

ConclusionThe ability of MethylNet to capture nonlinear interactions presents an opportunity for further study of unknown disease, cellular heterogeneity and aging processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Levy, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Titus, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petersen, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salas, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christensen, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/692665</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MethylNet: A Modular Deep Learning Approach to Methylation Prediction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/696195v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Within-host dynamics of virulent viruses in bat reservoirs for emerging zoonotic disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/696195v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bats host virulent zoonotic viruses without experiencing disease. A mechanistic understanding of the impact of bats virus hosting capacities, including uniquely constitutive immune pathways, on cellular-scale viral dynamics is needed to elucidate zoonotic emergence. We carried out virus infectivity assays on bat cell lines expressing induced and constitutive immune phenotypes, then developed a theoretical model of our in vitro system, which we fit to empirical data. Best fit models recapitulated expected immune phenotypes for representative cell lines, supporting robust antiviral defenses in bat cells that correlated with higher estimates for within-host viral propagation rates. In general, heightened immune responses limit pathogen-induced cellular morbidity, which can facilitate the establishment of rapidly-propagating persistent infections within-host. Rapidly-replicating viruses that have evolved with bat immune systems will likely cause enhanced virulence following emergence into secondary hosts with immune systems that diverge from those unique to bats.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brook, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boots, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandran, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobson, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drosten, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grenfell, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Müller, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Leeuwen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/696195</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Within-host dynamics of virulent viruses in bat reservoirs for emerging zoonotic disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/696724v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping Vector Field of Single Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/696724v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell RNA-seq, together with RNA velocity and metabolic labeling, reveals cellular states and transitions at unprecedented resolution. Fully exploiting these data, however, requires dynamical models capable of predicting cell fate and unveiling the governing regulatory mechanisms. Here, we introduce dynamo, an analytical framework that reconciles intrinsic splicing and labeling kinetics to estimate absolute RNA velocities, reconstructs velocity vector fields that predict future cell fates, and finally employs differential geometry analyses to elucidate the underlying regulatory networks. We applied dynamo to a wide range of disparate biological processes including prediction of future states of differentiating hematopoietic stem cell lineages, deconvolution of glucocorticoid responses from orthogonal cell-cycle progression, characterization of regulatory networks driving zebrafish pigmentation, and identification of possible routes of resistance to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our work thus represents an important step in going from qualitative, metaphorical conceptualizations of differentiation, as exemplified by Waddingtons epigenetic landscape, to quantitative and predictive theories.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qiu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hosseinzadeh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Replogle, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darmanis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/696724</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping Vector Field of Single Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/699504v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
JBrowse Connect: A server API to connect JBrowse instances and users 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/699504v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We describe JBrowse Connect, an optional expansion to JBrowse that allows live messaging via WebSockets, notifications for new annotation tracks, heavy-duty analyses initiated by the user from within the browser, and other dynamic features. We present JBlast, an example application of JBrowse Connect that allows users to specify and execute BLAST searches, managed by a Galaxy instance, as well as tracking job progress and viewing results, all in the context of the browser.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Holmes, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buels, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/699504</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[JBrowse Connect: A server API to connect JBrowse instances and users]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/703405v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Population genomics of the Viking world 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/703405v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Viking maritime expansion from Scandinavia (Denmark, Norway, and Sweden) marks one of the swiftest and most far-flung cultural transformations in global history. During this time (c. 750 to 1050 CE), the Vikings reached most of western Eurasia, Greenland, and North America, and left a cultural legacy that persists till today. To understand the genetic structure and influence of the Viking expansion, we sequenced the genomes of 442 ancient humans from across Europe and Greenland ranging from the Bronze Age (c. 2400 BC) to the early Modern period (c. 1600 CE), with particular emphasis on the Viking Age. We find that the period preceding the Viking Age was accompanied by foreign gene flow into Scandinavia from the south and east: spreading from Denmark and eastern Sweden to the rest of Scandinavia. Despite the close linguistic similarities of modern Scandinavian languages, we observe genetic structure within Scandinavia, suggesting that regional population differences were already present 1,000 years ago. We find evidence for a majority of Danish Viking presence in England, Swedish Viking presence in the Baltic, and Norwegian Viking presence in Ireland, Iceland, and Greenland. Additionally, we see substantial foreign European ancestry entering Scandinavia during the Viking Age. We also find that several of the members of the only archaeologically well-attested Viking expedition were close family members. By comparing Viking Scandinavian genomes with present-day Scandinavian genomes, we find that pigmentation-associated loci have undergone strong population differentiation during the last millennia. Finally, we are able to trace the allele frequency dynamics of positively selected loci with unprecedented detail, including the lactase persistence allele and various alleles associated with the immune response. We conclude that the Viking diaspora was characterized by substantial foreign engagement: distinct Viking populations influenced the genomic makeup of different regions of Europe, while Scandinavia also experienced increased contact with the rest of the continent.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Margaryan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawson, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sikora, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Racimo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasmussen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moltke, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cassidy, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jorsboe, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingason, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedersen, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korneliussen, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilhelmson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bus, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Barros Damgaard, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martiniano, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renaud, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bherer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno-Mayar, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fotakis, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cappellini, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scorrano, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buzhilova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albrechtsen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schutz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skar, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arcini, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falys, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hedenstierna-Jonson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blaszczyk, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pezhemsky, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner-Walker, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gestsdottir, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lundstrom, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gustin, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mainland, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potekhina, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muntoni, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Che</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/703405</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Population genomics of the Viking world]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/705632v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparison of Illumina MiSeq and the Ion Torrent PGM and S5 platforms for whole-genome sequencing of picornaviruses and caliciviruses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/705632v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Next-generation sequencing is a powerful tool for virological surveillance. While Illumina(R) and Ion Torrent(R) sequencing platforms are used extensively for generating viral RNA genome sequences, there is limited data comparing different platforms. We evaluated the Illumina MiSeq, Ion Torrent PGM and Ion Torrent S5 platforms using a panel of sixteen specimens containing picornaviruses and human caliciviruses (noroviruses and sapoviruses). The specimens were processed, using combinations of three library preparation and five sequencing kits, to assess the quality and completeness of assembled viral genomes, and an estimation of cost per sample to generate the data was calculated. The choice of library preparation kit and sequencing platform was found to impact the breadth of genome coverage and accuracy of consensus viral genomes. The Ion Torrent S5 outperformed the older Ion Torrent PGM platform in data quality and cost, and generated the highest proportion of reads for enterovirus D68 samples. However, indels at homopolymer regions impacted the accuracy of consensus genome sequences. For lower throughput sequencing runs (i.e., Ion Torrent 510 or Illumina MiSeq Nano V2), the cost per sample was lower on the MiSeq platform, whereas with higher throughput runs (Ion Torrent 530 or Illumina MiSeq V2) the cost per sample was comparable. These findings suggest that the Ion Torrent S5 and Illumina MiSeq platforms are both viable options for genomic sequencing of RNA viruses, each with specific advantages and tradeoffs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marine, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magana, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montmayeur, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diez-Valcarce, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, T. F. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinje, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burns, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nix, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rota, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oberste, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/705632</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparison of Illumina MiSeq and the Ion Torrent PGM and S5 platforms for whole-genome sequencing of picornaviruses and caliciviruses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/708263v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diffusive Flux Analysis of Tumor Vascular Permeability for 3-Helix-Micelles in Comparison to Other Nanoparticles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/708263v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the complex interplay of factors affecting nanoparticle accumulation in solid tumors is a challenge that must be surmounted to develop effective cancer nanomedicine. The tumor microenvironment is unique in comparison to healthy tissue, possessing elevated interstitial pressure that limits convective transport, hence leaving diffusive processes to predominate especially in the tumors necrotic core. Certain tumor types such as glioblastoma multiforme and pancreatic tumor are known to be poorly permeable, making them less accessible for nanoparticle drug delivery. Evidence indicates that small and long-circulating nanoparticles are ideal for taking advantage of the enhanced permeability and retention effect, even in such intractable tumor models. Three-helix-micelle (3HM) self-assembled nanoparticles possess these characteristics, and previous studies have shown that 3HM can achieve more favorable tumor accumulation and penetration than liposomes in several tumor models. The reason for its superior performance had yet to be determined, and thus we sought to examine its passive transport into tumors. In this paper we present a simple mathematical model based on diffusive flux to describe particle accumulation in tumors with respect to particle plasma pharmacokinetics. Fitting the diffusive flux equation to in vivo particle tumor concentration yields the particle effective permeability value, which for 3HM is 2.31 {+/-} 0.18 x 10-8 cm/s in U87MG glioblastoma and 4.25 {+/-} 0.91 x 10-8 cm/s in HT29 colon cancer murine models. Applying this diffusive flux model to other nanoparticles reported in literature enables the effect of plasma half-life to be decoupled from particle permeability in influencing tumor accumulation, reinforced trends reported in the field regarding the impact of particle size, and provided a semi-quantitative means of comparing various tumor models. This work is also the first demonstration, to the best our knowledge, of extracting particle permeability values from bulk biodistribution data obtained via positron emission tomography, as opposed to laborious tumor optical window intravital microscopy experiments. As such the analysis provided here presents a simple and accessible tool to further enhance nanomedicine development.nnnnO_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=87 SRC="FIGDIR/small/708263v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">nView larger version (26K):norg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@5981e5org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@5ef928org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@137edceorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@dd9b17_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOGraphical abstractC_FLOATNO C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dharmaraj, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/708263</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diffusive Flux Analysis of Tumor Vascular Permeability for 3-Helix-Micelles in Comparison to Other Nanoparticles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/708727v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA Polymerase II CTD phosphatase Rtr1 prevents premature transcription termination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/708727v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA Polymerase II (RNAPII) transcription termination is regulated by the phosphorylation status of the C-terminal domain (CTD). Using disruption-compensation (DisCo) protein-protein interaction network analysis, interaction changes were observed within the termination machinery as a consequence of deletion of the serine 5 RNAPII CTD phosphatase Rtr1. Interactions between RNAPII and the cleavage factor IA (CF1A) subunit Pcf11 were reduced in rtr1{Delta}, whereas interactions with the CTD and RNA-binding termination factor Nrd1 were increased. These changes could be the result of altered interactions between the termination machinery and/or increased levels of premature termination of RNAPII. Transcriptome analysis in rtr1{Delta} cells found decreased pervasive transcription and a shift in balance of expression of sense and antisense transcripts. Globally, rtr1{Delta} leads to decreases in noncoding RNAs that are linked to the Nrd1, Nab3 and Sen1 (NNS)-dependent RNAPII termination pathway. Genome-wide analysis of RNAPII and Nrd1 occupancy suggests that loss of RTR1 leads to increased termination at noncoding genes and increased efficiency of snRNA termination. Additionally, premature termination increases globally at protein-coding genes where NNS is recruited during early elongation. The effects of rtr1{Delta} on RNA expression levels were erased following deletion of the exosome subunit Rrp6, which works with the NNS complex to rapidly degrade terminated noncoding RNAs. Overall, these data suggest that Rtr1 restricts the NNS-dependent termination pathway in WT cells to prevent premature RNAPII termination of mRNAs and ncRNAs. Additionally, Rtr1 phosphatase activity facilitates low-level elongation of noncoding transcripts that impact the transcriptome through RNAPII interference.nnAUTHOR SUMMARYMany cellular RNAs including those that encode for proteins are produced by the enzyme RNA Polymerase II. In this work, we have defined a new role for the phosphatase Rtr1 in the regulation of RNA Polymerase II progression from the start of transcription to the 3 end of the gene where the nascent RNA from protein-coding genes is typically cleaved and polyadenylated. Deletion of the gene that encodes RTR1 leads to changes in the interactions between RNA polymerase II and the termination machinery. Rtr1 loss also causes early termination of RNA Polymerase II at many of its target gene types including protein coding genes and noncoding RNAs. Evidence suggests that the premature termination observed in RTR1 knockout cells occurs through the termination factor and RNA binding protein Nrd1 and its binding partner Nab3. Additionally, many of the prematurely terminated noncoding RNA transcripts are degraded by the Rrp6-containing nuclear exosome, a known component of the Nrd1-Nab3 termination coupled RNA degradation pathway. These findings suggest that Rtr1 normally promotes elongation of RNA Polymerase II transcripts through preventation of Nrd1-directed termination.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fox, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Victorino, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith-Kinnaman, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peck Justice, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyd, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmerly, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunter, G. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosley, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/708727</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA Polymerase II CTD phosphatase Rtr1 prevents premature transcription termination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/711523v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diverse temporal dynamics of repetition suppression revealed by intracranial recordings in human ventral temporal cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/711523v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Repeated stimulus presentations commonly produce decreased neural responses - a phenomenon known as repetition suppression (RS) or adaptation - in ventral temporal cortex (VTC) in humans and nonhuman primates. However, the temporal features of RS in human VTC are not well understood. To fill this gap in knowledge, we utilized the precise spatial localization and high temporal resolution of electrocorticography (ECoG) from 9 human subjects implanted with intracranial electrodes in VTC. Subjects viewed non-repeated and repeated images of faces with long-lagged intervals and many intervening stimuli between repeats. We report three main findings: (i) robust RS occurs in VTC for activity in high-frequency broadband (HFB), but not lower frequency bands, (ii) RS of the HFB signal is associated with lower peak magnitude, lower total responses, and earlier peak responses, and (iii) RS effects occur early within initial stages of stimulus processing and persist for the entire stimulus duration. We discuss these findings in the context of early and late components of visual perception, as well as theoretical models of repetition suppression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rangarajan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacques, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grill-Spector, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/711523</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diverse temporal dynamics of repetition suppression revealed by intracranial recordings in human ventral temporal cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/711853v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Facile discovery of isonitrile natural products via tetrazine based click reactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/711853v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A facile method for the quick discovery and quantification of isonitrile compounds from microbial cultures was established based on the isonitrile-tetrazine click reaction. A in situ reduction further enabled bioorthogonal ligation of primary and secondary isonitriles for the first time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Del Rio Flores, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Twiff, F. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/711853</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Facile discovery of isonitrile natural products via tetrazine based click reactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/712711v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fungal seed pathogens of wild chili peppers possess multiple mechanisms to tolerate capsaicinoids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/712711v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The wild chili pepper Capsicum chacoense produces the spicy defense compounds known as capsaicinoids, including capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin, antagonistic to the growth of fungal pathogens. Compared to other microbes, fungi isolated from infected seeds of C. chacoense possess much higher tolerance to these spicy compounds, having their growth slowed, but not entirely inhibited. Previous research has shown capsaicinoids inhibit microbes by disrupting ATP production via the binding of NADH dehydrogenase in the Electron Transport Chain (ETC), throttling Oxidative Phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Capsaicinoids may also disrupt cell membranes. Here, we investigated capsaicinoid tolerance in fungal seed pathogens isolated from C. chacoense. We selected 16 fungal isolates from four Ascomycete genera (Alternaria, Colletotrichum, Fusarium and Phomopsis). Using relative growth rate as a readout for tolerance, fungi were challenged with ETC inhibitors to infer if fungi possess alternative respiratory enzymes, and if effects on the ETC fully explained inhibition by capsaicinoids. In all isolates, we found evidence for at least one alternative NADH dehydrogenase. In many isolates we also found evidence for an alternative oxidase. These data suggest wild plant pathogens may be a rich source of alternative respiratory enzymes. We further demonstrate these fungal isolates are capable of the breakdown of capsaicinoids. Lastly, we determine the OXPHOS theory weakly explains the primary mechanism by which dihydrocapsaicin slows fungal growth, but not capsaicin. Our findings suggest capsaicinoids likely disrupt membranes in addition to energy poisoning, with implications for microbiology and human health.nnImportancePlants make chemical compounds to protect themselves. For example, chili peppers produce the spicy compound capsaicin to inhibit animal feeding and pathogen damage. In humans, capsaicin binds to a membrane channel protein, creating the sensation of heat, while in microbes, capsaicin limits energy production by binding respiratory enzymes. However, some data suggest capsaicin also disrupts membranes. Here we studied fungal pathogens (Alternaria, Colletotrichum, Fusarium, and Phomopsis) isolated from a wild chili pepper, Capsicum chacoense. By measuring growth rate in the presence of antibiotics with known respiratory targets, we infer wild plant pathogens may be rich with alternative respiratory enzymes. A zone of clearance around the colonies, as well as LCMS data, further indicate these fungi can break down capsaicin. Lastly, the total inhibitory effect of capsaicin was not fully explained by its effect on respiratory enzymes. Our findings lend credence to studies proposing capsaicin may disrupt cell membranes, with implications for microbiology as well as human health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adams, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmerman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fenstermacher, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skyrud, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behie, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pringle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/712711</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fungal seed pathogens of wild chili peppers possess multiple mechanisms to tolerate capsaicinoids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/718163v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spontaneous polyploids and antimutators compete during the evolution of mutator cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/718163v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Heterozygous mutations affecting DNA polymerase (Pol) exonuclease domains and homozygous inactivation of mismatch repair (MMR) each generate "mutator" phenotypes capable of driving tumorigenesis. Cancers with both defects exhibit an explosive increase in mutation burden that appears to reach a threshold, consistent with selection acting against further mutation accumulation. In haploid yeast, simultaneous defects in polymerase proofreading and MMR select for "antimutator" mutants that suppress the mutator phenotype. We report here that spontaneous polyploids also escape this "error-induced extinction" and routinely out-compete antimutators in evolved haploid cultures. We performed similar experiments to explore how diploid yeast adapt to the mutator phenotype. We first evolved cells with homozygous mutations affecting proofreading and MMR, which we anticipated would favor tetraploid emergence. While tetraploids arose with a low frequency, in most cultures, a single antimutator clone rose to prominence carrying biallelic mutations affecting the polymerase mutator alleles. Variation in mutation rate between subclones from the same culture suggests there exists continued selection pressure for additional antimutator alleles. We then evolved diploid yeast modeling MMR-deficient cancers with the most common heterozygous exonuclease domain mutation (POLE-P286R). Although these cells grew robustly, within 120 generations, all subclones carried truncating or nonsynonymous mutations in the POLE-P286R homologous allele (pol2-P301R) that suppressed the mutator phenotype as much as 100-fold. Independent adaptive events in the same culture were common. Our findings suggest that analogous tumor cell populations may adapt to the threat of extinction by polyclonal mutations that neutralize the POLE mutator allele and preserve intra-tumoral genetic diversity for future adaptation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tracy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hearn, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dowsett, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thurber, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loeb, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preston, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuncel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghodsian, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bode, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herr, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/718163</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spontaneous polyploids and antimutators compete during the evolution of mutator cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/727669v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of conserved noncoding sequences in Arabidopsis thaliana 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/727669v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent pangenome studies have revealed a large fraction of the gene content within a species exhibits presence-absence variation (PAV). However, coding regions alone provide an incomplete assessment of functional genomic sequence variation at the species level. Little to no attention has been paid to noncoding regulatory regions in pangenome studies, though these sequences directly modulate gene expression and phenotype. To uncover regulatory genetic variation, we generated chromosome-scale genome assemblies for thirty Arabidopsis thaliana accessions from multiple distinct habitats and characterized species level variation in Conserved Noncoding Sequences (CNS). Our analyses uncovered not only evidence for PAV and positional variation (PosV) but that diversity in CNS is non-random, with variants shared across different accessions. Using evolutionary analyses and chromatin accessibility data, we provide further evidence supporting roles for conserved and variable CNS in gene regulation. Characterizing species-level diversity in all functional genomic sequences may later uncover previously unknown mechanistic links between genotype and phenotype.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yocca, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitz, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freeling, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edger, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/727669</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of conserved noncoding sequences in Arabidopsis thaliana]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/731182v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IRG1 and iNOS act redundantly with other interferon gamma induced factors to restrict intracellular replication of Legionella pneumophila. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/731182v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Interferon gamma (IFN{gamma}) restricts the intracellular replication of many pathogens, but how IFN{gamma} confers cell-intrinsic pathogen resistance remains unclear. For example, intracellular replication of the bacterial pathogen Legionella pneumophila in macrophages is potently curtailed by IFN{gamma}, but consistent with prior results, no individual genetic deficiency we tested compromised IFN{gamma}-mediated control. Intriguingly, however, we observed that the glycolysis inhibitor 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) partially rescued L. pneumophila replication in IFN{gamma}-treated macrophages. 2DG inhibits glycolysis and triggers the unfolded protein response, but unexpectedly, it appears these effects are not responsible for perturbing the antimicrobial activity of IFN{gamma}. Instead, we found that 2DG rescues bacterial replication predominantly by inhibiting the induction of two key antimicrobial factors, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and immune responsive gene 1 (IRG1). Using immortalized and primary macrophages deficient in iNOS and IRG1, we confirm that loss of both iNOS and IRG1, but not individual deficiency in each gene, partially reduces IFN{gamma}-mediated restriction of L. pneumophila. Further, using a combinatorial CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis approach, we find that mutation of iNOS and IRG1 in combination with four other genes (CASP11, IRGM1, IRGM3 and NOX2) results in a total loss of L. pneumophila restriction by IFN{gamma} in primary bone marrow macrophages. There are few, if any, other examples in which the complete set of cell-intrinsic factors required for IFN{gamma}-mediated restriction of an intracellular bacterial pathogen have been genetically identified. Our results highlight the combinatorial strategy used by hosts to block the exploitation of macrophages by pathogens.nnImportanceLegionella pneumophila is one example among many species of pathogenic bacteria that replicate within mammalian macrophages during infection. The immune signaling factor interferon gamma (IFN{gamma}) blocks L. pneumophila replication in macrophages and is an essential component of the immune response to L. pneumophila and other intracellular pathogens. However, to date, no study has determined the exact molecular factors induced by IFN{gamma} that are required for its activity. We generated macrophages lacking different combinations of IFN{gamma}-induced genes in an attempt to find a genetic background in which there is a complete loss of IFN{gamma}-mediated restriction of L. pneumophila. We successfully identified six genes that comprise the totality of the IFN{gamma}-dependent restriction of L. pneumophila replication in macrophages. Our results clarify the molecular basis underlying the potent effects of IFN{gamma} and highlight how redundancy downstream of IFN{gamma} is key to prevent exploitation of the macrophage niche by pathogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Price, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, D. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavez, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiPeso, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A. Y.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coers, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vance, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/731182</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IRG1 and iNOS act redundantly with other interferon gamma induced factors to restrict intracellular replication of Legionella pneumophila.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/735886v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conjugation-dependent \"gene drives\" harness indigenous bacteria for bioremediation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/735886v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Engineering bacteria to clean-up oil spills is rapidly advancing but faces regulatory hurdles and environmental concerns. Here, we develop a new technology to harness indigenous soil microbial communities for bioremediation by flooding local populations with catabolic genes for petroleum hydrocarbon degradation. Overexpressing three enzymes (almA, xylE, p450cam) in E.coli led to degradation rates of 60-99% of target hydrocarbon substrates. Mating experiments, fluorescence microscopy and TEM revealed indigenous bacteria could obtain these vectors from E.coli through several mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer (HGT), including conjugation and cytoplasmic exchange through nanotubes. Inoculating petroleum-polluted sediments with E.coli carrying the vector pSF-OXB15-p450camfusion showed that the E.coli die after five days but a variety of bacteria received and carried the vector for over 60 days after inoculation. Within 60 days, the total petroleum hydrocarbon content of the polluted soil was reduced by 46%. Pilot experiments show that vectors only persist in indigenous populations when "useful," disappearing when this carbon source is removed. This approach to remediation could prime indigenous bacteria for degrading pollutants while providing minimal ecosystem disturbance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>French, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terry, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/735886</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conjugation-dependent \"gene drives\" harness indigenous bacteria for bioremediation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/736256v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural control of regioselectivity in an unusual bacterial acyl-CoA dehydrogenase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/736256v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Terminal alkenes are easily derivatized, making them desirable functional group targets for polyketide synthase (PKS) engineering. However, they are rarely encountered in natural PKS systems. One mechanism for terminal alkene formation in PKSs is through the activity of an acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (ACAD). Herein, we use biochemical and structural analysis to understand the mechanism of terminal alkene formation catalyzed by an {gamma},{delta}-ACAD from the biosynthesis of the polyketide natural product FK506, TcsD. While TcsD is homologous to canonical ,{beta}-ACADs, it acts regioselectively at the {gamma},{delta}-position and only on ,{beta}-unsaturated substrates. Furthermore, this regioselectivity is controlled by a combination of bulky residues in the active site and a lateral shift in the positioning of the FAD cofactor within the enzyme. Substrate modeling suggests that TcsD utilizes a novel set of hydrogen bond donors for substrate activation and positioning, preventing dehydrogenation at the ,{beta} position of substrates. From the structural and biochemical characterization of TcsD, key residues that contribute to regioselectivity and are unique to the protein family were determined and used to identify other putative {gamma},{delta}-ACADs that belong to diverse natural product biosynthetic gene clusters. These predictions are supported by the demonstration that a phylogenetically distant homolog of TcsD also regioselectively oxidizes ,{beta}-unsaturated substrates. This work exemplifies a powerful approach to understand unique enzymatic reactions and will facilitate future enzyme discovery, inform enzyme engineering, and aid natural product characterization efforts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blake-Hedges, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henrique Pereira, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruz-Morales, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barajas, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishna, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, L. J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nimlos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alonso-Martinez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gin, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petzold, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keasling, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/736256</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural control of regioselectivity in an unusual bacterial acyl-CoA dehydrogenase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/738237v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
How squirrels protect their caches: Location, conspicuousness during caching, and proximity to kin influence cache lifespan 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/738237v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Scatter-hoarding animals cannot physically protect individual caches, and instead utilize several behavioral strategies that are hypothesized to offer protection for caches. We validated the use of physically altered, cacheable food items, and determined that intraspecific pilfering among free-ranging fox squirrels (N = 23) could be assessed in the field. In this study we were able to identify specific individual squirrels who pilfered or moved caches that had been stored by a conspecific. We identified a high level of pilfering (25%) among this population. In a subsequent study, we assessed the fate of squirrel-made caches. Nineteen fox squirrels cached 294 hazelnuts with passive integrated transponder tags implanted in them. Variables collected included assessment and cache investment and protection behaviors; cache location, substrate, and conspicuousness of each cache; how long each cache remained in its original location, and the location where the cache was finally consumed. We also examined whether assessment or cache protection behaviors were related to the outcomes of buried nuts. Finally, we measured the population dynamics and heterogeneity of squirrels in this study, testing the hypothesis that cache proximity and pilferage tolerance could serve as a form of kin selection. Polymer chain reaction (PCR) was used to analyze hair samples and determine relatedness among 15 squirrels, and the potential impact of relatedness on caching behavior. Results suggested that cache protection behaviors and the lifespan of a cache were dependent on the conspicuousness of a cache. Squirrels may mitigate some of the costs of pilfering by caching closer to the caches of related squirrels than to those of non-related squirrels.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Delgado, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/738237</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[How squirrels protect their caches: Location, conspicuousness during caching, and proximity to kin influence cache lifespan]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/743500v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extradomain-B Fibronectin is a molecular marker of invasive breast cancer cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/743500v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Breast tumor heterogeneity is a major impediment to oncotherapy. Tumor cells undergo rapid clonal evolution, thereby acquiring significant growth and invasive advantages. The absence of specific markers of these high-risk tumors precludes efficient therapeutic and diagnostic management of breast cancer. Given the critical function of tumor microenvironment in the oncogenic circuitry, we sought to determine the role of the extracellular matrix oncoprotein, extradomain-B fibronectin (EDB-FN), as a molecular marker of aggressive cancers. High-risk invasive cell lines generated from relatively less invasive MCF7 and MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cells by long-term TGF-{beta} treatment and chemoresistance demonstrated hybrid epithelial-mesenchymal phenotype, enhanced motility, and significantly elevated EDB-FN levels in 2D- and 3D-cultures. To determine if EDB-FN could serve as a therapy-predictive marker, the invasive cell lines were treated with MK2206-HCl, a pan-AKT inhibitor. Phospho-AKT depletion reduced EMT and invasion of the populations, with a concomitant decrease in EDB-FN expression, partly through the phosphoAKT-SRp55 pathway, demonstrating that EDB-FN expression is strongly associated with high-risk breast cancer. EDB-FN is a promising molecular marker for accurate detection, differential diagnosis, and non-invasive therapeutic surveillance of aggressive breast cancer.nnSummary StatementDynamic changes in invasive properties of breast cancer cells directly influence extradomain-B fibronectin levels, suggesting its potential role as a molecular marker for active surveillance and therapeutic monitoring of breast cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, Z.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaidya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/743500</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extradomain-B Fibronectin is a molecular marker of invasive breast cancer cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/743559v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ocular hypertension drives remodeling of AMPA receptors in select populations of retinal ganglion cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/743559v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AMPA receptors in the CNS are normally impermeable to Ca2+ but aberrant expression of Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors (CP-AMPARs) occurs in pathological conditions such as ischemia or epilepsy, or in degenerative diseases such as ALS. Here we show that select populations of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) similarly express high levels of CP-AMPARs in a mouse model of glaucoma. CP-AMPAR expression increased dramatically in both  On and  transient Off RGCs, and this increase was prevented by genomic editing of the GluA2 Q/R site.  On RGCs with elevated CP-AMPAR levels displayed profound synaptic depression, which was reduced by selectively blocking CP-AMPARs, buffering Ca2+ with BAPTA, or with the CB1 antagonist AM251, suggesting that depression was mediated by a retrograde transmitter which might be triggered by influx of Ca2+ through CP-AMPARs. Thus OHT alters the composition of AMPARs and modulates patterns of synaptic activity in select populations of RGCs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sladek, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nawy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/743559</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ocular hypertension drives remodeling of AMPA receptors in select populations of retinal ganglion cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/753889v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Leveraging host metabolism for bisdemethoxycurcumin production in Pseudomonas putida 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/753889v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pseudomonas putida is a saprophytic bacterium with robust metabolisms and strong solvent tolerance making it an attractive host for metabolic engineering and bioremediation. Due to its diverse carbon metabolisms, its genome encodes an array of proteins and enzymes that can be readily applied to produce valuable products. In this work we sought to identify design principles and bottlenecks in the production of type III polyketide synthase (T3PKS)-derived compounds in P. putida. T3PKS products are widely used as nutraceuticals and medicines and often require aromatic starter units, such as coumaroyl-CoA, which is also an intermediate in the native coumarate catabolic pathway of P. putida. Using a randomly barcoded transposon mutant (RB-TnSeq) library, we assayed gene functions for a large portion of aromatic catabolism, confirmed known pathways, and proposed new annotations for two aromatic transporters. The 1,3,6,8-tetrahydroxynapthalene synthase of Streptomyces coelicolor (RppA), a microbial T3PKS, was then used to rapidly assay growth conditions for increased T3PKS product accumulation. The feruloyl/coumaroyl CoA synthetase (Fcs) of P. putida was used to supply coumaroyl-CoA for the curcuminoid synthase (CUS) of Oryza sativa, a plant T3PKS. We identified that accumulation of coumaroyl-CoA in this pathway results in extended growth lag times in P. putida. Deletion of the second step in coumarate catabolism, the enoyl-CoA hydratase-lyase (Ech), resulted in increased production of the type III polyketide bisdemethoxycurcumin.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Incha, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blake-Hedges, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutschbauer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keasling, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/753889</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Leveraging host metabolism for bisdemethoxycurcumin production in Pseudomonas putida]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/755793v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss of a novel striated muscle-enriched mitochondrial protein Coq10a enhances postnatal cardiac hypertrophic growth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/755793v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Postnatal mammalian cardiomyocytes undergo a major transition from hyperplasia (increases in cell numbers) to hypertrophy (expansion in cell size). This process is accompanied by rapid mitochondrial biogenesis and metabolic switches to meet the demand of increased cardiac output. Although most mitochondrial components express ubiquitously, recent transcriptomic and proteomic analyses have discovered numerous tissue-specific mitochondrial proteins whose physiological functions are largely unknown. Here we report that a highly evolutionarily conserved mitochondrial protein Coq10a is predominantly expressed in mammalian cardiac and skeletal muscles, and is highly up-regulated around birth in a thyroid hormone-dependent manner. Deletion of Coq10a by CRISPR/Cas9 leads to enhanced cardiac growth after birth. Surprisingly, adult Coq10a mutant mice maintain the hypertrophic heart phenotype with increased levels of coenzyme Q (CoQ) per cardiomyocyte, preserved cardiac contractile function and mitochondrial respiration, which contrasts with reported mice and humans with mutations in other Coq family genes. Further RNA-seq analysis and mitochondrial characterization suggest an increase of mitochondrial biogenesis in the Coq10a mutant heart as a possible consequence of Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha (PGC1) activation, consistent with a recent intriguing report that CoQ may function as a natural ligand and partial agonist of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR) /{gamma}. Taken together, our study reveals a previously unknown function of a novel striated muscle-enriched mitochondrial protein Coq10a in regulating postnatal heart growth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hirose, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barca, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khyeam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tajima, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoneshiro, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kajimura, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinzii, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, G. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/755793</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss of a novel striated muscle-enriched mitochondrial protein Coq10a enhances postnatal cardiac hypertrophic growth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/757401v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Suppression of p53 response by targeting p53-Mediator binding with a stapled peptide 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/757401v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA-binding transcription factors (TFs) remain challenging to target with molecular probes. Many TFs function in part through interaction with Mediator; we sought to block p53 function by disrupting the p53-Mediator interaction. Through rational design and activity-based screening, we characterized a stapled peptide, with functional mimics of both p53 activation domains, that selectively inhibited p53- and Mediator-dependent transcription in vitro. This "bivalent peptide" also suppressed p53 transcriptional response in human cancer cells. Our strategy circumvents the TF and instead targets the TF-Mediator interface, with desired transcriptional outcomes. Different TFs target Mediator through different subunits, suggesting this strategy could be broadly applied.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Allen, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quach, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levandowski, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Read, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dowell, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schepartz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taatjes, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/757401</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Suppression of p53 response by targeting p53-Mediator binding with a stapled peptide]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/758797v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural Pathway for Allosteric Activation of the Autophagic PI 3-Kinase Complex I 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/758797v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autophagy induction by starvation and stress involves the enzymatic activation of the class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex I (PI3KC3-C1). The inactive basal state of PI3KC3-C1 is maintained by inhibitory contacts between the VPS15 protein kinase and VPS34 lipid kinase domains that restrict the conformation of the VPS34 activation loop. Here, the pro-autophagic MIT domain-containing protein NRBF2 was used to map the structural changes leading to activation. Cryo-EM was used to visualize stepwise PI3KC3-C1 activating effects of binding the NRFB2 MIT domains. Binding of a single NRBF2 MIT domain to bends the helical solenoid of the VPS15 scaffold, displaces the protein kinase domain of VPS15, and releases the VPS34 kinase domain from the inhibited conformation. Binding of a second MIT stabilizes the VPS34 lipid kinase domain in an active conformation that has an unrestricted activation loop and is poised for access to membranes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Young, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goerdeler, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurley, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/758797</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural Pathway for Allosteric Activation of the Autophagic PI 3-Kinase Complex I]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/761296v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Corona exchange dynamics on carbon nanotubes by multiplexed fluorescence monitoring 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/761296v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Noncovalent adsorption of DNA on nanoparticles has led to their widespread implementation as gene delivery tools and optical probes. Yet, the behavior and stability of DNA-nanoparticle complexes once applied in biomolecule-rich, in vivo environments remains unpredictable, whereby biocompatibility testing usually occurs in serum. Here, we demonstrate time-resolved measurements of exchange dynamics between solution-phase and adsorbed corona-phase DNA and protein biomolecules on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). We capture real-time binding of fluorophore-labeled biomolecules, utilizing the SWCNT surface as a fluorescence quencher, and apply this corona exchange assay to study protein corona dynamics on ssDNA-SWCNT-based dopamine sensors. We study exchange of two blood proteins, albumin and fibrinogen, adsorbing to and competitively displacing (GT)6 vs. (GT)15 ssDNA from ssDNA-SWCNTs. We find that (GT)15 binds to SWCNTs with a higher affinity than (GT)6 and that fibrinogen interacts with ssDNA-SWCNTs more strongly than albumin. Albumin and fibrinogen cause a 52.2% and 78.2% attenuation of the dopamine nanosensor response, coinciding with 0.5% and 3.7% desorption of (GT)6, respectively. Concurrently, the total surface-adsorbed fibrinogen mass is 168% greater than that of albumin. Binding profiles are fit to a competitive surface exchange model which recapitulates the experimental observation that fibrinogen has a higher affinity for SWCNTs than albumin, with a fibrinogen on-rate constant 1.61-fold greater and an off-rate constant 0.563-fold smaller than that of albumin. Our methodology presents a generic route to assess real-time corona exchange on nanoparticles in solution phase, and more broadly motivates testing of nanoparticle-based technologies in blood plasma rather than the more ubiquitously-tested serum conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pinals, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lui, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/761296</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Corona exchange dynamics on carbon nanotubes by multiplexed fluorescence monitoring]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/761429v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A single-cell and single-nucleus RNA-seq toolbox for fresh and frozen human tumors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/761429v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single cell genomics is essential to chart the complex tumor ecosystem. While single cell RNA-Seq (scRNA-Seq) profiles RNA from cells dissociated from fresh tumor tissues, single nucleus RNA-Seq (snRNA-Seq) is needed to profile frozen or hard-to-dissociate tumors. Each strategy requires modifications to fit the unique characteristics of different tissue and tumor types, posing a barrier to adoption. Here, we developed a systematic toolbox for profiling fresh and frozen clinical tumor samples using scRNA-Seq and snRNA-Seq, respectively. We tested eight tumor types of varying tissue and sample characteristics (resection, biopsy, ascites, and orthotopic patient-derived xenograft): lung cancer, metastatic breast cancer, ovarian cancer, melanoma, neuroblastoma, pediatric sarcoma, glioblastoma, pediatric high-grade glioma, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Analyzing 212,498 cells and nuclei from 39 clinical samples, we evaluated protocols by cell quality, recovery rate, and cellular composition. We optimized protocols for fresh tissue dissociation for different tumor types using a decision tree to account for the technical and biological variation between clinical samples. We established methods for nucleus isolation from OCT embedded and fresh-frozen tissues, with an optimization matrix varying mechanical force, buffer, and detergent. scRNA-Seq and snRNA-Seq from matched samples recovered the same cell types and intrinsic expression profiles, but at different proportions. Our work provides direct guidance across a broad range of tumors, including criteria for testing and selecting methods from the toolbox for other tumors, thus paving the way for charting tumor atlases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Slyper, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porter, C. B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashenberg, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waldman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drokhlyansky, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wakiro, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smillie, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith-Rosario, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dionne, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vigneau, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jane-Valbuena, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Napolitano, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, M.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karlstrom, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gritsch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomura, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waghray, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gohil, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsankov, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jerby-Arnon, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klughammer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gould, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izar, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haq, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodi, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hata, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suva, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bueno, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stover, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matulonis, U. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clay, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dyer, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagle, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotem, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/761429</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A single-cell and single-nucleus RNA-seq toolbox for fresh and frozen human tumors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/762542v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Two distinct trophectoderm lineage stem cells from human pluripotent stem cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/762542v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Trophoblasts are the principal cell type of the placenta. The use of human trophoblast stem cells (hTSCs) as a model for studies of early placental development is hampered by limited genetic diversity of existing hTSC lines, and constraints on using human fetal tissue or embryos needed to generate additional cell lines. Here we report the derivation of two distinct stem cells of the trophectoderm lineage from human pluripotent stem cells. The first is a CDX2- stem cell equivalent to primary hTSCs - they both exhibit identical expression of key markers, are maintained in culture and differentiate under similar conditions, and share high transcriptome similarity. The second is a CDX2+ putative human trophectoderm stem cell (hTESC) with distinct cell culture requirements and differences in gene expression and differentiation relative to hTSCs. Derivation of hTSCs and hTESCs from pluripotent stem cells significantly enables construction of models for normal and pathological placental development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mischler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karakis, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahinthakumar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carberry, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>San Miguel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rager, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fry, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/762542</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Two distinct trophectoderm lineage stem cells from human pluripotent stem cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/764399v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The response of Pseudomonas putida to a complex lignolysate 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/764399v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is strong interest in the valorization of lignin derived from plant biomass to produce valuable products; however, the structural complexity of this biopolymer has been a major bottleneck to conversion. Chemical pretreatment liberates soluble fractions of lignin that may be upgraded by biological conversion. Here, ionic liquid pretreatment was employed to obtain soluble aromatic-rich fractions from sorghum, which were converted by Pseudomonas putida KT2440, a promising host for bioconversion of aromatics derived from lignin. Growth studies and mutational analysis demonstrated that P. putida growth on these soluble lignin-derived fractions, referred to as lignolysate, was dependent on aromatic monomers derived from lignin (p-coumarate and ferulate), but other, unknown factors in the lignolysate contributed to growth. Proteomic and metabolomic analyses provided evidence that these unknown factors were amino acids and residual ionic liquid. Proteomic measurements indicated a coordinated response in which these substrates were catabolized simultaneously. A cholinium catabolic pathway was identified and deletion of five genes in the pathway abrogated the ability of P. putida to grow on cholinium as a sole carbon source. This work demonstrates that lignolysates obtained through biomass pretreatment contain multiple substrates and conversion strategies for lignin-derived should take this complexity into account.nnImportanceLignin is one of the most abundant biopolymers on Earth and is generated as a co-product in the processing of lignocellulosic biomass. Valorization of these residual lignin streams is a promising method to enhance the economic viability of modern lignocellulosic biorefineries. In this study we developed a process to couple chemical depolymerization of lignin and biological conversion using Pseudomonas putida KT2440. Water-soluble and bioavailable lignolysate was obtained from sorghum and further characterized as a growth substrate for P. putida. Proteomic and metabolomic analyses demonstrated that P. putida metabolized other components of the lignolysate beyond monoaromatic compounds, which illuminates how microbes can process complex lignolysates obtained from plants. Understanding the underlying microbial responses in lignolysates will enable the design of rational strategies for lignin valorization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, M.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benites, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fong, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petzold, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baidoo, E. E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gladden, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keasling, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmons, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/764399</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The response of Pseudomonas putida to a complex lignolysate]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/764415v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Native plasmid-encoded mercury resistance genes are functional and demonstrate natural transformation in environmental bacterial isolates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/764415v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plasmid-mediated horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is a major driver of genetic diversity in bacteria. We experimentally validated the function of a putative mercury resistance operon present on an abundant 8 kilobase pair native plasmid found in groundwater samples without detectable levels of mercury. Phylogenetic analyses of the plasmid-encoded mercury reductases from the studied groundwater site show them to be distinct from those reported in proximal metal-contaminated sites. We synthesized the entire native plasmid and demonstrated that the plasmid was sufficient to confer functional mercury resistance in Escherichia coli. Given the possibility that natural transformation is a prevalent HGT mechanism in the low cell density environments of groundwaters, we also assayed bacterial strains from this environment for competence. We used the native plasmid-encoded metal resistance to design a screen and identified 17 strains positive for natural transformation. We selected 2 of the positive strains along with a model bacterium to fully confirm HGT via natural transformation. From an ecological perspective, the role of the native plasmid population in providing advantageous traits combined with the microbiomes capacity to take up environmental DNA enables rapid adaptation to environmental stresses.nnImportanceHorizontal transfer of mobile genetic elements via natural transformation has been poorly understood in environmental microbes. Here, we confirm the functionality of a native plasmid-encoded mercury resistance operon in a model microbe and then query for the dissemination of this resistance trait via natural transformation into environmental bacterial isolates. We identify seventeen strains including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria to be naturally competent. These strains were able to successfully take up the plasmid DNA and obtain a clear growth advantage in the presence of mercury. Our study provides important insights into gene dissemination via natural transformation enabling rapid adaptation to dynamic stresses in groundwater environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kothari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soneja, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutschbauer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukhopadhyay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/764415</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Native plasmid-encoded mercury resistance genes are functional and demonstrate natural transformation in environmental bacterial isolates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/765313v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
New mutant mouse models clarify the role of NAIPs, phosphorylation, NLRP3, and tumors in NLRC4 inflammasome activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/765313v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The NAIP/NLRC4 inflammasome is a cytosolic sensor of bacteria that activates Caspase-1 and initiates potent downstream immune responses. Structural, biochemical, and genetic data all demonstrate that the NAIP proteins act as receptors for specific bacterial ligands, while NLRC4 is a downstream adaptor protein that multimerizes with NAIPs to form a macromolecular structure called an inflammasome. However, several aspects of NLRC4 biology remain unresolved. For example, in addition to its clear function in responding to bacteria, NLRC4 has also been proposed to initiate anti-tumor responses, though the underlying mechanism is unknown. NLRC4 has also been shown to be phosphorylated on serine 533, and this modification was suggested to be important for NLRC4 function. In the absence of S533 phosphorylation, it was further proposed that another inflammasome component, NLRP3, can induce NLRC4 activation. We generated a new Nlrc4-deficient mouse line as well as mice encoding phosphomimetic S533D and non-phosphorylatable S533A NLRC4 proteins. Using these genetic models in vivo and in vitro, we fail to observe a role for phosphorylation in NLRC4 inflammasome function. Furthermore, we find no role for NLRP3 in NLRC4 function, or for NLRC4 in a model of melanoma. These results simplify and clarify our understanding of the mechanism of NAIP/NLRC4 activation and its biological functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tenthorey, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavez, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deets, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vance, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rauch, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/765313</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[New mutant mouse models clarify the role of NAIPs, phosphorylation, NLRP3, and tumors in NLRC4 inflammasome activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/767871v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coordinate Enhancer Reprogramming by GATA3 and AP1 Promotes Phenotypic Plasticity to Achieve Breast Cancer Endocrine Resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/767871v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Acquired therapy resistance is a major problem for anticancer treatment, yet the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Using an established breast cancer cellular model for endocrine resistance, we show that hormone resistance is associated with enhanced phenotypic plasticity, indicated by a general downregulation of luminal/epithelial differentiation markers and upregulation of basal/mesenchymal invasive markers. Our extensive omics studies, including GRO-seq on enhancer landscapes, demonstrate that the global enhancer gain/loss reprogramming driven by the differential interactions between ER and other oncogenic transcription factors (TFs), predominantly GATA3 and AP1, profoundly alters breast cancer transcriptional programs. Our functional studies in multiple biological systems including culture and xenograft models of MCF7 and T47D lines support a coordinate role of GATA3 and AP1 in enhancer reprogramming that promotes phenotypic plasticity and endocrine resistance. Collectively, our study implicates that changes in TF-TF and TF-enhancer interactions can lead to genome-wide enhancer reprogramming, resulting in transcriptional dysregulations that promote plasticity and cancer therapy-resistance progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De angelis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marangoni, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, T. H.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiff, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/767871</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coordinate Enhancer Reprogramming by GATA3 and AP1 Promotes Phenotypic Plasticity to Achieve Breast Cancer Endocrine Resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/768390v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deviations from Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium at CCR5-Δ32 in Large Sequencing Data Sets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/768390v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Previous analyses of the UK Biobank (UKB) genotyping array data in the CCR5-{Delta}32 locus show evidence for deviations from Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) and an increased mortality rate of homozygous individuals, consistent with a recessive deleterious effect of the deletion mutation. We here examine if similar deviations from HWE can be observed in the newly released UKB Whole Exome Sequencing (WES) data and in the sequencing data of the Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD). We also examine the reliability of the genotype calls in the UKB array data. The UKB genotyping array probe targeting CCR5-{Delta}32 (rs62625034) and the WES of {Delta}32 are strongly correlated (r2 = 0.97). This contrasts to tag SNPs of CCR5-{Delta}32 in the UKB which have high missing data rates and imputation errors rates. We also show that, while different data sets are subject to different biases, both the UKB-WES and the gnomAD data have a deficiency of homozygous CCR5-{Delta}32 individuals compared to the HWE expectation (combined P-value < 0.01), consistent with an increased mortality rate in homozygotes. Finally, we perform a survival analysis on data from parents of UKB volunteers, that, while underpowered, is also consistent with the original report of a deleterious effect of CCR5-{Delta}32 in the homozygous state.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wei, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/768390</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deviations from Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium at CCR5-Δ32 in Large Sequencing Data Sets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/771378v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Testing Finch’s hypothesis: the role of organismal modularity on the escape from actuarial senescence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/771378v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIUntil recently, senescence was assumed to be a universal phenomenon. Evolutionary theories of senescence predict that no organism may escape the physiological decline that results in an increase in mortality risk and/or decline in fertility with age. However, evidence both in animals and plants has emerged in the last decade defying such predictions. Researchers are currently seeking mechanistic explanations for the observed variation in ageing trajectories.nC_LIO_LIWe argue that the historical view on the inevitability of senescence is due, in part, to the development of its classical theories, which targeted primarily unitary organisms. In unitary species, the integration of resources and functions is high, and adult size is determined. In contrast, the architecture of modular organisms is indeterminate and built upon repeated modules. The isolation of mortality risk in species like hydra (Hydra spp.) or creosote brush (Larrea tridentata) may explain their null or even negative senescence.nC_LIO_LICaleb Finch hypothesised three decades ago that species with the ability to compartmentalise risk may escape senescence. Here, we first review the evidence on organisms that slow down or even avoid senescence in the context of their architecture, along a continuum of unitarity-modularity. Then, we use open-access databases to comparatively analyse various moments of senescence and link longevity to the degree of anatomic modularity. Our analysis compares 138 plants and 151 animals. Our comparative analysis reveals that plant species that are more modular do indeed tend to escape from senescence more often than those that are unitary. The role of modularity in animal senescence is less clear.nC_LIO_LIIn light of novel support for Finchs hypothesis across a large diversity of plant species, and with less conclusive findings in animals, we identify new research directions. We highlight opportunities related to age-dependent mortality factors. Other areas for further research include the role of modularity in relation to endocrine actions, and the costs of modular anatomies.nC_LI O_QD"The actinozooid is a living thing which knows no time of youthful vigour, no waxing to a period of adult life, no waxing to senility - it knows no age - it practically knows no natural death." - Wood-Jones (1912)nnC_QD
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bernard, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Compagnoni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salguero-Gomez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/771378</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Testing Finch’s hypothesis: the role of organismal modularity on the escape from actuarial senescence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/775361v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Definition of alleles and altered regulatory motifs across Cas9-edited cell populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/775361v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundGenetic alteration of candidate response elements at their native chromosomal loci is the only valid determinant of their potential transcriptional regulatory activities. Targeted DNA cleavage by Cas9 coupled with cellular repair processes can produce arrays of alleles that can be defined by massively parallel sequencing by synthesis (SBS), presenting an opportunity to generate and survey edited cell populations that include informative alterations. Such editing efforts commonly rely on subclonal enrichment to isolate cells with preferred genotypic properties at target loci; short nucleotide adducts (indices/barcodes) allow PCR-amplified molecules from diverse sample sources to be pooled, sequenced, and demultiplexed to resolve source-specific content. Not widely available, however, are capabilities for barcoding thousands of clones, or for automated analysis of individual candidate regulatory loci PCR-amplified and sequenced from a genetically heterogeneous population--specifically, imputation of discrete genotype(s) by allele definition and abundance, and identification of altered regulatory factor binding motifs.nnResultsWe describe a panel of 192 8-nucleotide barcode primers compatible with Illumina(R) sequencing platforms, and the application of these barcodes to genotypic analysis of Cas9-edited clones. Permutations of the ninety-six i7 (read 1) and ninety-six i5 (read 2) barcodes allow unique labeling of up to 9,216 distinct samples. We created three independent Python scripts: SampleSheet.py automates construction of Illumina(R) Sample Sheets encoding up to 9,216 barcode:sample relationships; ImputedGenotypes.py defines alleles and imputes genotypes from demultiplexed fastq files; CollatedMotifs.py flags transcription factor recognition motif matches altered in alleles relative to a reference sequence.nnConclusionsCode-enabled definition of alleles and regulatory motifs in sequenced, demultiplexed amplicons facilitates evaluation of genetic diversity in up to 9,216 distinct samples. Here, we demonstrate the utility of three scripts in analysis of cell populations targeted by Cas9 for disruption of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) binding sites near FKBP5, a GR-regulated gene in the human adenocarcinoma cell line A549. SampleSheet.py, ImputedGenotypes.py, and CollatedMotifs.py operate independently and are broadly applicable beyond the case described here.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ehmsen, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knuesel, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asahina, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aridomi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamamoto, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/775361</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Definition of alleles and altered regulatory motifs across Cas9-edited cell populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/777250v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel compartmental models of infectious disease transmission 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/777250v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For decades, mathematical models of disease transmission have provided researchers and public health officials with critical insights into the progression, control, and prevention of disease spread. Of these models, one of most fundamental is the SIR differential equation model. However, this ubiquitous model has one significant and rarely acknowledged shortcoming: it is unable to account for a diseases true infectious period distribution. As the misspecification of such a biological characteristic is known to significantly affect model behavior, there is a need to develop new modeling approaches that capture such information. Therefore, we illustrate an innovative take on compartmental models, derived from their general formulation as systems of nonlinear Volterra integral equations, to capture a broader range of infectious period distributions, yet maintain the desirable formulation as systems of differential equations. Our work illustrates a compartmental model that captures any Erlang distributed duration of infection with only 3 differential equations, instead of the typical inflated model sizes required by differential equation compartmental models, and a compartmental model that capture any mean, standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis of an infectious period distribution with merely 4 differential equations. The significance of our work is that it opens up a new class of easy-to-use compartmental models to predict disease outbreaks that does not require a complete overhaul of existing theory, and thus provides a starting point for multiple research avenues of investigation under the contexts of mathematics, public health, and evolutionary biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Greenhalgh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozins, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/777250</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel compartmental models of infectious disease transmission]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/781625v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of a parasitic symbiosis between respiratory metabolisms in the biogeochemical chlorine cycle 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/781625v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A key step in the chlorine cycle is the reduction of perchlorate (ClO4-) and chlorate (ClO3-) to chloride by microbial respiratory pathways. Perchlorate-reducing bacteria and chlorate-reducing bacteria differ in that the latter cannot use perchlorate, the most oxidized chlorine compound. However, a recent study identified a bacterium with the chlorate reduction pathway dominating a community provided only perchlorate. Here we confirm a metabolic interaction between perchlorate- and chlorate-reducing bacteria and define its mechanism. Perchlorate-reducing bacteria supported the growth of chlorate-reducing bacteria to up to 90% of total cells in communities and co-cultures. Chlorate-reducing bacteria required the gene for chlorate reductase to grow in co-culture with perchlorate-reducing bacteria, demonstrating that chlorate is responsible for the interaction, not the subsequent intermediates chlorite and oxygen. Modeling of the interaction suggested that cells specialized for chlorate reduction have a competitive advantage for consuming chlorate produced from perchlorate, especially at high concentrations of perchlorate, because perchlorate and chlorate compete for a single enzyme in perchlorate-reducing cells. We conclude that perchlorate-reducing bacteria inadvertently support large populations of chlorate-reducing bacteria in a parasitic relationship through the release of the intermediate chlorate. An implication of these findings is that undetected chlorate-reducing bacteria have likely negatively impacted efforts to bioremediate perchlorate pollution for decades.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barnum, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coates, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/781625</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of a parasitic symbiosis between respiratory metabolisms in the biogeochemical chlorine cycle]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/787408v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex and pubertal status influence dendritic spine density onto frontal cortiocostriatal projection neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/787408v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In humans, nonhuman primates, and rodents, the frontal cortices exhibit grey matter thinning and dendritic spine pruning that extends late into adolescence. This protracted maturation is believed to support higher cognition but may also confer psychiatric vulnerability during adolescence. Currently, little is known about how different cell types in the frontal cortex mature or whether puberty plays a role. Here, we used mice to characterize the spatial topography and adolescent development of cross-corticostriatal (cSTR) neurons that project to the dorsomedial striatum (DMS). We found that apical spine density on cSTR neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex decreased significantly between late juvenile (P29) and young adult time points (P60), with females exhibiting higher spine density than males at both ages. Adult males castrated prior to puberty onset had higher spine density compared to sham controls. Adult females ovariectomized before puberty onset showed greater variance in spine density measures on cSTR cells compared to controls, but their mean spine density did not significantly differ from sham controls. Our findings reveal that these cSTR neurons, a subtype of the broader class of intratelencephalic-type neurons, exhibit significant sex differences and suggest that spine pruning on cSTR neurons is regulated by puberty in males.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Delevich, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okada, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahane, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilbrecht, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/787408</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex and pubertal status influence dendritic spine density onto frontal cortiocostriatal projection neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/789438v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A high-content screen profiles cytotoxic microRNAs in pediatric and adult glioblastoma cells and identifies miR-1300 as a potent inducer of cytokinesis failure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/789438v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMicroRNAs play an important role in the regulation of mRNA translation, and have therapeutic potential in cancer and other diseases.nnMethodsTo profile the landscape of microRNAs with significant cytotoxicity in the context of glioblastoma (GBM), we performed a high-throughput screen using a synthetic oligonucleotide library representing all known human microRNAs in adult and pediatric GBM cells. Bio-informatics analysis were used to refine this list and the top seven microRNAs were validated in a larger panel of cells by flow-cytometry, and RTqPCR. The downstream mechanism of the strongest and most consistent candidate was investigated by siRNAs, 3UTR luciferase assays and Western Blotting.nnResultsOur screen identified [~]100 significantly cytotoxic microRNAs with 70% concordance between cell lines. MicroRNA-1300 (miR-1300) was the most potent and robust candidate. We observed a striking binucleated phenotype in miR-1300 expressing cells and characterized the mechanism of action as cytokinesis failure followed by apoptosis, which was observed in an extended GBM cell panel including two stem-like patient-derived cultures. We identified the physiological role of miR-1300 as a regulator of endomitosis in megakaryocyte differentiation where blockade of cytokinesis is an essential step. In glioblastoma cells, the oncogene Epithelial Cell Transforming 2 (ECT2) was validated as a direct key target of miR-1300. ECT2 siRNA phenocopied the effects of miR-1300, and its overexpression led to a significant rescue of miR-1300 induced binucleation.nnConclusionMiR-1300 was identified as a novel regulator of endomitosis with translatable potential for therapeutic application. The datatasets will be a resource for the neuro-oncology community.nnKey points (2 or 3 key points 85 characters plus spaces each)70% of cytotoxic microRNAs were shared between adult and pediatric glioblastoma cellsnnMiR-1300 expression is restricted to endomitosis within megakaryocyte differentiationnnMiR-1300s ectopic expression is a potent and promising therapeutic tool in cancernnImportance of StudyPrevious functional studies of microRNAs involved in the regulation of glioblastoma cell proliferation and/or survival have focused on adult glioblastoma alone and are restricted to only a few microRNAs at a time. Our study provides the first encompassing landscape of potent cytotoxic microRNAs in pediatric and adult glioblastoma.nnNot only, does our data provide an invaluable resource for the research community but it also revealed that 70% of microRNAs with significant cytotoxicity were shared by adult and pediatric cells. Finally, we identified and characterized the previously undescribed role of microRNA-1300 in the tight regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation into platelets and how, when expressed outside of this context, miR-1300 consistently causes cytokinesis failure followed by apoptosis, and thus represents a powerful cytotoxic tool with potential for translation towards therapeutic applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boissinot, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higgins, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steele, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tams, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morton, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>da Silva, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Droop, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayes, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laslo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomlinson, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wurdak, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bond, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawler, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Short, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/789438</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A high-content screen profiles cytotoxic microRNAs in pediatric and adult glioblastoma cells and identifies miR-1300 as a potent inducer of cytokinesis failure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/791285v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Micro-scale fluid behavior during cryo-EM sample blotting 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/791285v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Blotting has been the standard technique for preparing aqueous samples for single-particle electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-EM) for over three decades. This technique removes excess solution from a TEM grid by pressing absorbent filter paper against the specimen prior to vitrification. However, this standard technique produces vitreous ice with inconsistent thickness from specimen to specimen and from region to region within the same specimen, the reasons for which are not understood. Here, high-speed interference-contrast microscopy is used to demonstrate that the irregular pattern of fibers in the filter paper imposes tortuous, highly variable boundaries during removal of excess liquid from a flat, hydrophilic surface. As a result, aqueous films of nonuniform thickness are formed while the filter paper is pressed against the substrate. This pattern of nonuniform liquid thickness changes again after the filter paper is pulled away, but the thickness still does not become completely uniform. We suggest that similar topological features of the liquid film are produced during the standard technique used to blot EM grids and that these manifest in nonuniform ice after vitrification. These observations suggest that alternative thinning techniques, which do not rely on direct contact between the filter paper and the grid, may result in more repeatable and uniform sample thicknesses.nnSTATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCEMultiple imaging techniques are used to observe dynamic, micro-scale events as excess water is removed from a substrate by blotting with filter paper. As a result, new insight is gained about why the thickness values of remaining sample material are so variable across a single EM grid, as well as from one grid to the next. In addition, quantitative estimates are made of the shear forces to which macromolecular complexes can be exposed during blotting. The fact that sample thicknesses and flow rates are seen to be inherently under poor control during blotting suggests that other methods of removing excess water may be better suited for consistently achieving large sample areas that are suitable for use in electron cryo-microscopy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Armstrong, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, B.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fletcher, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaeser, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/791285</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Micro-scale fluid behavior during cryo-EM sample blotting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/791400v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A quantitative narrative on movement, disease and patch exploitation in nesting agent groups 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/791400v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animal relocation data has recently become considerably more ubiquitous, finely structured (collection frequencies measured in minutes) and co-variate rich (physiology of individuals, environmental and landscape information, and accelerometer data). To better understand the impacts of ecological interactions, individual movement and disease on global change ecology, including wildlife management and conservation, it is important to have simulators that will provide demographic, movement, and epidemiology null models against which to compare patterns observed in empirical systems. Such models may then be used to develop quantitative narratives that enhance our intuition and understanding of the relationship between population structure and generative processes: in essence, along with empirical and experimental narratives, quantitative narratives are used to advance ecological epistemology. Here we describe a simulator that accounts for the influence of consumer-resource interactions, existence of social groups anchored around a central location, territoriality, group-switching behavior, and disease dynamics on population size. We use this simulator to develop new and reinforce existing quantitative narratives and point out areas for future study.nnAuthor summaryThe health and viability of species are of considerable concern to all nature lovers. Population models are central to our efforts to assess the numerical and ecological status of species and threats posed by climate change. Models, however, are crude caricatures of complex ecological systems. So how do we construct reliable assessment models able to capture processes essential to predicating the impacts of global change on population viability without getting tied up in their vast complexities? We broach this question and demonstrate how models focusing at the level of the individual (i.e., agent-based models) are tools for developing robust, narratives to augment narratives arising purely from empirical data sources and experimental outcomes. We do this in the context of nesting social groups, foraging for food, while exhibiting territoriality and group-switching behavior; and, we evaluate the impact of disease on the viability of such populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Getz, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salter, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tallam, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/791400</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A quantitative narrative on movement, disease and patch exploitation in nesting agent groups]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/794354v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Replacement of microglia by monocyte-derived macrophages prevents long-term memory deficits after therapeutic irradiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/794354v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain resident microglia have a distinct origin compared to macrophages in other organs. Under physiological conditions, microglia are maintained by self-renewal from the local pool, independent of hematopoietic progenitors. Pharmacological depletion of microglia during therapeutic whole-brain irradiation prevents synaptic loss and long-term recognition memory deficits but the mechanisms behind these protective effects are unknown. Here we demonstrate that after a combination of therapeutic whole-brain irradiation and microglia depletion, macrophages originating from circulating monocytes engraft into the brain and replace the microglia pool. Comparisons of transcriptomes reveal that brain-engrafted macrophages have an intermediate phenotype that resembles both monocytes and embryonic microglia. Brain-engrafted macrophages display reduced phagocytic activity for synaptic compartments compared to microglia from normal brains in response to a secondary concussive brain injury. In addition to sparing mice from brain radiotherapy-induced long-term cognitive deficits, replacement of microglia by brain-engrafted macrophages can prevent concussive injury-induced memory loss. These results demonstrate the long-term functional role of brain-engrafted macrophages as a possible therapeutic tool against radiation-induced cognitive deficits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boosalis, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/794354</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Replacement of microglia by monocyte-derived macrophages prevents long-term memory deficits after therapeutic irradiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/794685v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stable and dynamic representations of value in the prefrontal cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/794685v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to associate positive and negative outcomes with predictive stimuli allows us to make optimal decisions. These stimulus-value associations are kept up to date by comparing an expected value with the experienced outcome. When a stimulus and its outcome are separated by a delay, the value associated with the stimulus must be held in mind for such comparisons to be possible, however little is known about the neural mechanisms that hold value representations online across delays. Temporarily remembering task-relevant information has been extensively studied in the context of item-specific working memory, and different hypotheses have suggested this ability requires either persistent or transient neuronal activity, with stable or dynamic representations respectively. To test these different hypotheses in the context of value representations, we recorded the spiking activity of neurons in the orbitofrontal and anterior cingulate cortex of two monkeys performing a task in which visual cues predicted a reward delivered after a short delay. We found that features of all hypotheses were simultaneously present in prefrontal activity and therefore no single hypothesis was exclusively supported. Instead, we report mixed dynamics that support robust, time invariant value representations while also encoding the information in a temporally specific manner. We suggest that this hybrid coding is important for optimal behavior and might be a critical mechanism supporting flexible cognitive abilities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Enel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rich, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/794685</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stable and dynamic representations of value in the prefrontal cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/795328v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gene balance predicts transcriptional responses immediately following ploidy change in Arabidopsis thaliana 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/795328v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Gene Balance Hypothesis postulates that there is selection on gene copy number (gene dosage) to preserve stoichiometric balance among interacting proteins. This presupposes that gene product abundance is governed by gene dosage, and that the way in which gene product abundance is governed by gene dosage is consistent for all genes in a dosage-sensitive network or complex. Gene dosage responses, however, have rarely been quantified and the available data suggest that they are highly variable. We sequenced the transcriptomes of two synthetic autopolyploid accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana and their diploid progenitors, as well as one natural tetraploid and its synthetic diploid produced via haploid induction, to estimate transcriptome size and gene dosage responses immediately following ploidy change. We demonstrate that overall transcriptome size does not exhibit a simple doubling in response to genome doubling, and that individual gene dosage responses are highly variable in all three accessions, indicating that expression is not strictly coupled with gene dosage. Nonetheless, putatively dosage-sensitive gene groups (GO terms, metabolic networks, gene families, and predicted interacting protein pairs) exhibit both smaller and more coordinated dosage responses than do putatively dosage-insensitive gene groups, suggesting that constraints on dosage balance operate immediately following whole genome duplication. This supports the hypothesis that duplicate gene retention patterns are shaped by selection to preserve dosage balance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Potter, B. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doyle, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coate, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/795328</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gene balance predicts transcriptional responses immediately following ploidy change in Arabidopsis thaliana]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/798439v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Two brain pathways initiate distinct forward walking programs in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/798439v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An animal at rest or engaged in stationary behaviors can instantaneously initiate goal-directed walking. How descending brain inputs trigger rapid transitions from a non-walking state to an appropriate walking state is unclear. Here, we identify two specific neuronal classes in the Drosophila brain that drive two distinct forward walking programs in a context-specific manner. The first class, named P9, consists of descending neurons that drive forward walking with ipsilateral turning. P9 receives inputs from central courtship-promoting neurons and visual projection neurons and is necessary for a male to track a female during courtship. The second class comprises novel, higher order neurons, named BPN, that drives straight, forward walking. BPN is required for high velocity walking and is active during long, fast, straight walking bouts. Thus, this study reveals separate brain pathways for object-directed steering and fast straight walking, providing insight into how the brain initiates different walking programs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bidaye, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laturney, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bockemuhl, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buschges, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/798439</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Two brain pathways initiate distinct forward walking programs in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/798454v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Establishment of chromatin accessibility by the conserved transcription factor Grainy head is developmentally regulated 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/798454v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The dramatic changes in gene expression required for development necessitate the establishment of cis-regulatory modules defined by regions of accessible chromatin. Pioneer transcription factors have the unique property of binding closed chromatin and facilitating the establishment of these accessible regions. Nonetheless, much of how pioneer transcription factors coordinate changes in chromatin accessibility during development remains unknown. To determine whether pioneer-factor function is intrinsic to the protein or whether pioneering activity is developmentally modulated, we studied the highly conserved, essential transcription factor, Grainy head (Grh). Grh is expressed throughout Drosophila development and functions as a pioneer factor in the larvae. We demonstrated that Grh remains bound to condensed mitotic chromosomes, a property shared with other pioneer factors. By assaying chromatin accessibility in embryos lacking either maternal or zygotic Grh at three stages of development, we discovered that Grh is not required for chromatin accessibility in early embryogenesis, in contrast to its essential functions later in development. Our data reveal that the pioneering activity of Grh is temporally regulated and is likely influenced by additional factors expressed at a given developmental stage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nevil, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartolutti, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyengar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/798454</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Establishment of chromatin accessibility by the conserved transcription factor Grainy head is developmentally regulated]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/802215v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diversification of metazoan Kexin-like proprotein convertases: insights from the leech Helobdella 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/802215v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intercellular communication is quintessential for multicellularity and often mediated by secreted peptide ligands. In Metazoa, proprotein convertases are a major class of endoproteases partaking in the proteolytic processing of these ligands, which is in turn required for their signaling activities. In vertebrates, the best-studied convertase substrates are neuropeptides, peptide hormones, and members of the TGF{beta}/BMP-family. Each ligand is processed by a particular subset of convertases. Therefore, the diversification of convertases may have contributed to the growing complexity of cellular communication in metazoan evolution. However, proprotein convertases have not been systematically explored in Metazoa. Here, we sampled the representative metazoan genomes and established that six Kexin-like proprotein convertases were present in the last common ancestor of protostomes and deuterostomes. Among these, we identified a novel PCSKX orthologous group (OG) that was lost in vertebrates. Spiralian protosomes have, in general, maintained all six OGs. Therefore, we characterized the functional divergence of the Kexin-like OGs in the leech Helobdella, an experimentally tractable spiralian. Gene expression patterns suggested that PCSK1 and PCSK2 are specialized for the processing of neuropeptides and peptide hormones in bilaterians and that the newly identified PCSKX is probably functionally similar to furin and PCSK7. Finally, we showed that, distinct from the BMP morphogen in vertebrate embryos, the convertase-mediated proteolytic cleavage is not required for the short-range BMP signaling in the dorsoventral patterning of leech ectoderm. Together, our data revealed the complexity of the Kexin-like proprotein convertase gene family and their roles in generating diverse patterns of cellular communication in Metazoa.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tao, W.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weisblat, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, D.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/802215</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diversification of metazoan Kexin-like proprotein convertases: insights from the leech Helobdella]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/804534v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Architecture of the chromatin remodeler RSC and insights into its nucleosome engagement 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/804534v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eukaryotic DNA is packaged into nucleosome arrays, which are repositioned by chromatin remodeling complexes to control DNA accessibility1,2. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae RSC (Remodeling the Structure of Chromatin) complex, a member of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeler family, plays critical roles in genome maintenance, transcription, and DNA repair2-4. Here we report cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and crosslinking mass spectrometry (CLMS) studies of yeast RSC complex and show that RSC is composed of a rigid tripartite core and two flexible lobes. The core structure is scaffolded by an asymmetric Rsc8 dimer and built with the evolutionarily conserved subunits Sfh1, Rsc6, Rsc9 and Sth1. The flexible ATPase lobe, composed of helicase subunit Sth1, Arp7, Arp9 and Rtt102, is anchored through the interactions between the N-terminus of Sth1 and the core. Our cryo-EM analysis also shows that in addition to the expected nucleosome-Sth1 interactions, RSC engages histones and nucleosomal DNA through one arm of the core structure, composed of Rsc8 SWRIM domains, Sfh1 and Npl6. Our findings provide structural insights into the conserved assembly process for all members of the SWI/SNF family of remodelers, and illustrate how RSC selects, engages, and remodels nucleosomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patel, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greber, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranish, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogales, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/804534</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Architecture of the chromatin remodeler RSC and insights into its nucleosome engagement]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/805671v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chemoinformatic-guided engineering of polyketide synthases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/805671v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polyketide synthase (PKS) engineering is an attractive method to generate new molecules such as commodity, fine and specialty chemicals. A significant challenge in PKS design is engineering a partially reductive module to produce a saturated {beta}-carbon through a reductive loop exchange. In this work, we sought to establish that chemoinformatics, a field traditionally used in drug discovery, could provide a viable strategy to reductive loop exchanges. We first introduced a set of donor reductive loops of diverse genetic origin and chemical substrate structures into the first extension module of the lipomycin PKS (LipPKS1). Product titers of these engineered unimodular PKSs correlated with atom pair chemical similarity between the substrate of the donor reductive loops and recipient LipPKS1, reaching a titer of 165 mg/L of short chain fatty acids produced by Streptomyces albus J1074 harboring these engineered PKSs. Expanding this method to larger intermediates requiring bimodular communication, we introduced reductive loops of divergent chemosimilarity into LipPKS2 and determined triketide lactone production. Collectively, we observed a statistically significant correlation between atom pair chemosimilarity and production, establishing a new chemoinformatic method that may aid in the engineering of PKSs to produce desired, unnatural products.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zargar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valencia, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Backman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruz-Morales, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kothari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werts, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loubat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benites, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barajas, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barcelos, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anayah, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Martin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukhopadhyay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baidoo, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keasling, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/805671</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chemoinformatic-guided engineering of polyketide synthases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/808436v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cdc42 GTPase regulates ESCRTs in nuclear envelope sealing and ER remodeling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/808436v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Small GTPases of the Rho family are binary molecular switches that regulate a variety of processes including cell migration and oriented cell divisions. Known Cdc42 effectors include proteins involved in cytoskeletal remodeling and kinase-dependent transcription induction, but none involved in the maintenance of nuclear envelope integrity or endoplasmic reticulum (ER) morphology. Maintenance of nuclear envelope integrity requires the EndoSomal Complexes Required for Transport (ESCRT) proteins, but how they are regulated in this process remains unknown. Here we show by live-cell imaging a novel Cdc42 localization with ESCRT proteins at sites of nuclear envelope and ER fission, and by genetic analysis, uncover a unique Cdc42 function in regulation of ESCRT proteins at the nuclear envelope and sites of ER tubule fission. Our findings implicate Cdc42 in nuclear envelope sealing and ER remodeling, where it regulates ESCRT disassembly to maintain nuclear envelope integrity and proper ER architecture.nnSummaryThe small Rho GTPase Cdc42 is a well-known regulator of cytoskeletal rearrangement and polarity development in all eukaryotic cell types. Here, Lu and Drubin report the serendipitous discovery of a novel Cdc42-ESCRT-nuclear envelope/endoplasmic reticulum connection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drubin, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/808436</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cdc42 GTPase regulates ESCRTs in nuclear envelope sealing and ER remodeling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/811026v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid multicomponent bioluminescence imaging via substrate unmixing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/811026v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Engineered luciferases and luciferins have dramatically expanded the scope of bioluminescence imaging in recent years. Multicomponent tracking remains challenging, though, due to a lack of streamlined methods to visualize combinations of bioluminescent reporters. Here we report a strategy for rapid, multiplexed imaging with a wide range of luciferases and luciferins. Sequential addition of orthogonal luciferins, followed by substrate unmixing, enabled facile detection of multiple luciferases in vitro and in vivo. Multicomponent imaging in mice was also achieved on the minutes-to-hours time scale, a vast improvement over conventional protocols.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rathbun, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ionkina, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porterfield, W. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prescher, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/811026</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid multicomponent bioluminescence imaging via substrate unmixing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/812339v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Drivers of plant traits and forest functional composition in coastal plant communities of the Atlantic Forest 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/812339v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The severe deforestation of Brazils Atlantic Forest and increasing effects of climate change underscore the need to understand how tree species respond to climate and soil drivers. We studied 42 plots of coastal restinga forest, which is highly diverse and spans strong environmental gradients. We determined the forest physiognomy and functional composition, which are physical properties of a community that respond to climate and soil properties, to elucidate which factors drive community-level traits. To identify the most important environmental drivers of coastal Atlantic forest functional composition, we performed a forest inventory of all plants of diameter 5 cm and above. We collected wood samples and leaves from [~]85% of the most abundant plant species and estimated height, aboveground biomass (AGB), and basal area of individual plants, and the community-weighted specific leaf area (SLA). In addition to plant traits, we measured water table depth and 25 physicochemical soil parameters. We then parameterized several models for different hypotheses relating the roles of nutrients and soil to tropical forest diversity and functioning, as represented by plant traits. Hypotheses were formalized via generalized additive models and piecewise structural equation models. Water table depth, soil coarseness, potential acidity, sodium saturation index (SSI) and aluminum concentration were all components of the best models for AGB, height, basal area, and trait composition. Among the 25 environmental parameters measured, those related to water availability (water table depth and coarse sand), followed by potential acidity, SSI, and aluminum consistently emerged as the most important drivers of forest physiognomy and functional composition. Increases in water table depth, coarse sand, and soil concentration of aluminum negatively impacted all the measured functional traits, whereas SSI had a positive effect on AGB and plant height. These results suggest that sodium is not merely tolerated by Atlantic Forest restinga plant communities, but is important to their structure and functioning. Presence of aluminum in the soil had a complex relationship to overall basal area, possibly mediated by soil organic matter.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lourenco, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newman, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ventura, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milanez, C. R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomaz, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wandekoken, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enquist, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/812339</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Drivers of plant traits and forest functional composition in coastal plant communities of the Atlantic Forest]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/812560v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Opposing transcriptomic gradients explain orthogonal maps in human visual areas 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/812560v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Opposing transcriptomic gradients explain the large-scale organization of cortex. Here, we show that opposing transcriptomic gradients also explain the fine-scale organization of orthogonal maps in human visual areas. We propose a model relating transcriptomics, cell density, and function, which predicts that specific cortical locations within these visual maps are microanatomically distinct and differentially susceptible to genetic mutations. We conclude with histological and translational data that support both predictions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/812560</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Opposing transcriptomic gradients explain orthogonal maps in human visual areas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/813345v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Robust, automated sleep scoring by a compact neural network with distributional shift correction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/813345v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Studying the biology of sleep requires the accurate assessment of the state of experimental subjects, and manual analysis of relevant data is a major bottleneck. Recently, deep learning applied to electroencephalogram and electromyogram data has shown great promise as a sleep scoring method, approaching the limits of inter-rater reliability. As with any machine learning algorithm, the inputs to a sleep scoring classifier are typically standardized in order to remove distributional shift caused by variability in the signal collection process. However, in scientific data, experimental manipulations introduce variability that should not be removed. For example, in sleep scoring, the fraction of time spent in each arousal state can vary between control and experimental subjects. We introduce a standardization method, mixture z-scoring, that preserves this crucial form of distributional shift. Using both a simulated experiment and mouse in vivo data, we demonstrate that a common standardization method used by state-of-the-art sleep scoring algorithms introduces systematic bias, but that mixture z-scoring does not. We present a free, open-source user interface that uses a compact neural network and mixture z-scoring to allow for rapid sleep scoring with accuracy that compares well to contemporary methods. This work provides a set of computational tools for the robust automation of sleep scoring.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barger, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frye, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouchard, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/813345</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Robust, automated sleep scoring by a compact neural network with distributional shift correction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/819763v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A hierarchical framework for segmenting movement paths 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/819763v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Comparative applications of animal movement path analyses are hampered by the lack of a comprehensive framework for linking structures and processes conceived at different spatio-temporal scales. Although many analyses begin by generating step-length (SL) and turning-angle (TA) distributions from relocation time-series data--some of which are linked to ecological, landscape, and environmental covariates--the frequency at which these data are collected may vary from sub-seconds to several hours, or longer. The kinds of questions that may be asked of these data, however, are very much scale-dependent. It thus behooves us to clarify how the scale at which SL and TA data are collected and relate to one another, as well as the kinds of ecological questions that can be asked. Difficulties arise because the information contained in SL and TA time series is not semantically aligned with the physiological, ecological, and sociological factors that influence the structure of movement paths. I address these difficulties by classifying movement types at salient temporal scales using two different kinds of vocabularies. The first is the language derived from behavioral and ecological concepts. The second is the language derived from mathematically formulated stochastic walks. The primary tools for analyzing these walks are fitting time-series and stochastic-process models to SL and TA statistics (means, variances, correlations, individual-state and local environmental covariates), while paying attention to movement patterns that emerge at various spatial scales. The purpose of this paper is to lay out a more coherent, hierarchical, scale-dependent, appropriate-complexity framework for conceptualizing path segments at different spatio-temporal scales and propose a method for extracting a simulation model, referred to as M3, from these data when at a relatively high frequencies (ideally minute-by-minute). Additionally, this framework is designed to bridge biological and mathematical movement ecology concepts; thereby stimulating the development of conceptually-rooted methods that facilitates the formulation of our M3 model for simulating theoretical and analyzing empirical data, which can then be used to test hypothesis regarding mechanisms driving animal movement and make predications of animal movement responses to management and global change.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Getz, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/819763</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A hierarchical framework for segmenting movement paths]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/820274v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Atomic structures determined from digitally defined nanocrystalline regions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/820274v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nanocrystallography has transformed our ability to interrogate the atomic structures of proteins, peptides, organic molecules and materials. By probing atomic level details in ordered sub-10 nm regions of nanocrystals, approaches in scanning nanobeam electron diffraction extend the reach of nanocrystallography and mitigate the need for diffraction from large portions of one or more crystals. We now apply scanning nanobeam electron diffraction to determine atomic structures from digitally defined regions of beam-sensitive peptide nanocrystals. Using a direct electron detector, we record thousands of sparse diffraction patterns over multiple crystal orientations. We assign each pattern to a specific location on a single nanocrystal with axial, lateral and angular coordinates. This approach yields a collection of patterns that represent a tilt series across an angular wedge of reciprocal space: a scanning nanobeam diffraction tomogram. From this diffraction tomogram, we can digitally extract intensities from any desired region of a scan in real or diffraction space, exclusive of all other scanned points. Intensities from multiple regions of a crystal or from multiple crystals can be merged to increase data completeness and mitigate missing wedges. Merged intensities from digitally defined regions of two crystals of a segment from the OsPYL/RCAR5 protein produce fragment-based ab-initio solutions that can be refined to atomic resolution, analogous to structures determined by selected area electron diffraction. In allowing atomic structures to now be determined from digitally outlined regions of a nanocrystal, scanning nanobeam diffraction tomography breaks new ground in nanocrystallography.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gallagher-Jones, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustillo, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ophus, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richards, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciston, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minor, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/820274</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Atomic structures determined from digitally defined nanocrystalline regions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/824433v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TSA-Seq 2.0 reveals both conserved and variable chromosomal distances to nuclear speckles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/824433v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-wide mapping of chromosomal distances relative to nuclear compartments using TSA-Seq suggests a more deterministic relationship between intranuclear gene position and expression as a function of nuclear speckle distance than radial position. Gene activity increases overall with decreasing distance to nuclear speckles, with active chromosomal regions forming the apex of chromosome loops protruding from the nuclear periphery into the interior. Interestingly, genomic distances to the nearest lamina-associated domain are larger for loop apexes mapping very close to nuclear speckles, suggesting the possibility of genomic "hardwiring" and conservation of speckle-associated regions. To facilitate comparison of genome organization relative to nuclear speckles in human K562, HCT116, HFFc6, and H1 cell lines, here we describe reducing the required cell number 10-20-fold for TSA-Seq by deliberately saturating protein-labeling while preserving distance mapping by the still unsaturated DNA-labeling. Surprisingly, in pair-wise cell line comparisons, only [~]10% of the genome shows a statistically significant shift in relative nuclear speckle distances. These modest shifts in nuclear speckle distance, however, tightly correlate with changes in cell-type specific gene expression. Similarly, half of all loci that contain induced heat-shock protein genes appear pre-positioned close to nuclear speckles, with the remaining showing small shifts towards speckles with transcriptional induction. Speckle association together with chromatin decondensation correlates with expression amplification upon HSPH1 activation. Our results demonstrate a largely "hardwired" genome organization and specific genes moving small mean distances relative to speckles during cell differentiation or physiological transition, suggesting an important role of nuclear speckles in gene expression regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gholamalamdari, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belmont, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/824433</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TSA-Seq 2.0 reveals both conserved and variable chromosomal distances to nuclear speckles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/825737v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A cryo-tomography-based volumetric model of the actin core of mouse vestibular hair cell stereocilia lacking plastin 1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/825737v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Electron cryo-tomography allows for high-resolution imaging of stereocilia in their native state. Because their actin filaments have a higher degree of order, we imaged stereocilia from mice lacking the actin crosslinker plastin 1 (PLS1). We found that while stereocilia actin filaments run 13 nm apart in parallel for long distances, there were gaps of significant size that were stochastically distributed throughout the actin core. Actin crosslinkers were distributed through the stereocilium, but did not occupy all possible binding sites. At stereocilia tips, protein density extended beyond actin filaments, especially on the side of the tip where a tip link should anchor. Along the shaft, repeating density was observed that corresponds to actin-to-membrane connectors. In the taper region, most actin filaments terminated near the plasma membrane. The remaining filaments twisted together to make a tighter bundle than was present in the shaft region; the spacing between them decreased from 13 nm to 9 nm. Our models illustrate detailed features of distinct structural domains that are present within the stereocilium.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krey, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sazzed, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovacs, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wriggers, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr-Gillespie, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auer, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/825737</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A cryo-tomography-based volumetric model of the actin core of mouse vestibular hair cell stereocilia lacking plastin 1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/827006v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Correction of missing-wedge artifacts in filamentous tomograms by template-based constrained deconvolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/827006v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cryo-electron tomography maps often exhibit considerable noise and anisotropic resolution, due to the low-dose requirements and the missing wedge in Fourier space. These spurious features are visually unappealing and, more importantly, prevent an automated segmentation of geometric shapes, requiring a highly subjective, labor-intensive manual tracing. We developed a novel computational strategy for objectively denoising and correcting missing-wedge artifacts in the special but important case of repetitive basic shapes, such as filamentous structures. In this approach, we use the template and a non-negative "location map" to constrain the deconvolution scheme, allowing us to recover, to a considerable degree, the information lost in the missing wedge. We applied our method to data of actin-filament bundles of inner-ear stereocilia, which are critical in hearing transduction processes, and found a good overlap with the experimental map and with manual tracing. In addition, we demonstrate that our method can also be used for membrane detection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kovacs, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wriggers, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/827006</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Correction of missing-wedge artifacts in filamentous tomograms by template-based constrained deconvolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/827212v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unraveling Why We Sleep: Quantitative Analysis Reveals Abrupt Transition from Neural Reorganization to Repair in Early Development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/827212v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sleep serves disparate functions, most notably neural repair, metabolite clearance and circuit reorganization, yet the relative importance of these functions remains hotly debated. Here, we create a novel mechanistic framework for understanding and predicting how sleep changes during ontogeny (why babies sleep twice as long as adults) and across phylogeny (why mice sleep roughly five times that of whales). We use this theory to quantitatively distinguish between sleep used for neural reorganization versus repair. We conduct a comprehensive, quantitative analysis of human sleep using total sleep time, cerebral metabolic rate, brain size, synaptic density, and REM sleep (used here to also refer to Active Sleep in infants and children). Our findings reveal an abrupt transition, between 2 and 3 years of age in humans. Specifically, our results show that differences in sleep across phylogeny and during late ontogeny (after 2 or 3 years in humans) are primarily due to sleep functioning for repair or clearance, while changes in sleep during early ontogeny (before 2 - 3 years in humans) primarily support neural reorganization and learning. Moreover, our analysis shows that neuroplastic reorganization occurs primarily in REM sleep but not in NREM. In accordance with the developmental role of neuroplasticity, the percent of time spent in REM sleep is independent of brain size across species but decreases dramatically as brain size grows through development. Furthermore, the ratio of NREM sleep time to awake time emerges as a new invariant across development. This developmental transition and fundamental shift across ontogeny and phylogeny suggests a complex interplay between developmental and evolutionary constraints on sleep.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herman, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poe, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/827212</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unraveling Why We Sleep: Quantitative Analysis Reveals Abrupt Transition from Neural Reorganization to Repair in Early Development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/827238v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Density dependence and a colonization rule predict spatial patterning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/827238v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial patterns in ecology contain useful information about underlying mechanisms and processes. Although there are many summary statistics used to quantify these spatial patterns, there are far fewer models that directly link explicit ecological mechanisms to observed patterns easily derived from available data. We present a model of intraspecific spatial aggregation that quantitatively relates static spatial patterning to negative density dependence. Individuals are placed according to the colonization rule consistent with the Maximum Entropy Theory of Ecology (METE), and die with probability proportional to their abundance raised to a power , a parameter indicating the degree of density dependence. Our model shows quantitatively and generally that increasing density dependence randomizes spatial patterning.  = 1 recovers the strongly aggregated METE distribution that is consistent with many ecosystems empirically, and as  [-&gt;] 2 our prediction approaches the binomial distribution consistent with random placement. In between our model predicts less aggregation than METE, but more than random placement. We additionally relate our mechanistic parameter  to the statistical aggregation parameter k in the negative binomial distribution, giving it an ecological interpretation in the context of density dependence. We use our model to analyze two contrasting datasets, a 50 ha tropical forest and a 64 m2 serpentine grassland plot. For each dataset, we infer  for individual species as well as a community  parameter. We find that  is generally larger in the tightly packed forest than the sparse grassland, and the degree of density dependence increases at smaller scales. These results are consistent with current understanding in both ecosystems, and we infer this underlying density dependence using only empirical spatial patterns. Our model can easily be applied to other datasets where spatially explicit data are available.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brush, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harte, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/827238</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Density dependence and a colonization rule predict spatial patterning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/828459v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inferring punctuated evolution in the learned songs of African sunbirds 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/828459v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Signals used in animal communication, especially those that are learned, are thought to be prone to rapid and/or regular evolution. It has been hypothesized that the evolution of song learning in birds has resulted in elevated diversification rates, as learned song may be subject to especially rapid evolution, and song is involved in mate choice. However, we know little about the evolutionary modes of learned song divergence over timescales relevant to speciation. Here we provide evidence that aspects of the territorial songs of Eastern Afromontane sky island sunbirds Cinnyris evolve in a punctuated fashion, with periods of stasis, on the order of hundreds of thousands of years or more, broken up by strong evolutionary pulses. Stasis in learned songs is inconsistent with learned traits being subject to constant or frequent change, as would be expected if selection does not constrain song phenotypes, or if novel phenotypes are frequently advantageous. Learned song may instead follow a process resembling peak shifts on adaptive landscapes. While much research has focused on the potential for rapid evolution in bird song, our results suggest that selection can tightly constrain the evolution of learned songs over fairly long timescales. More broadly, these results demonstrate that some aspects of highly variable, plastic traits can exhibit punctuated evolution, with stasis over fairly long time periods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McEntee, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhelezov, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werema, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Najar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penalba, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulungu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mbilinyi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karimi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chumakova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burleigh, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowie, R. C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/828459</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inferring punctuated evolution in the learned songs of African sunbirds]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/835355v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
mir-71 mediates age-dependent opposing contributions of the stress activated kinase KGB-1 in Caenorhabditis elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/835355v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Studying the evolutionary processes that shaped aging offers a path for understanding the causes of aging. The Antagonistic Pleiotropy theory for the evolution of aging proposes that the inverse correlation between natural selection strength and aging allows positive selection of gene variants with early-life beneficial contributions to fitness in spite of detrimental late-life consequences. However, mechanistic understanding of how this principle manifests in aging is still lacking. We previously identified antagonistic pleiotropy in the function of the Caenorhabditis elegans JNK homolog KGB-1, which provided stress protection in developing larvae, but sensitized adults to stress and shortened their lifespan. To a large extent, KGB-1s contributions depended on age-dependent and opposing regulation of the stress transcription factor DAF-16, but the underlying mechanisms remained unknown. Here we describe a role for the microRNA mir-71 in mediating effects of KGB-1 on DAF-16 and on downstream phenotypes. Fluorescent imaging along with genetic and survival analyses revealed age-dependent regulation of mir-71 expression by KGB-1 - upregulation in larvae, but downregulation in adults, and showed that mir-71 was required both for late-life effects of KGB-1 (infection sensitivity and shortened lifespan), as well as for early life resistance to cadmium. While mir-71 disruption did not compromise development under protein folding stress (known to depend on KGB-1), disruption of the argonaute gene alg-1, a central component of the microRNA machinery, did. These results suggest that microRNAs play a role in mediating age-dependent antagonistic contributions of KGB-1 to survival, with mir-71 playing a central role and additional microRNAs contributing redundantly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ruediger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapira, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/835355</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[mir-71 mediates age-dependent opposing contributions of the stress activated kinase KGB-1 in Caenorhabditis elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/836668v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aurora B-dependent Ndc80 Degradation Regulates Kinetochore Composition in Meiosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/836668v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The kinetochore complex is a conserved machinery that connects chromosomes to spindle microtubules. During meiosis, the kinetochore is restructured to accommodate a specialized chromosome segregation pattern. In budding yeast, meiotic kinetochore remodeling is mediated by the temporal changes in the abundance of a single subunit called Ndc80. We have previously described the regulatory events that control the timely synthesis of Ndc80. Here, we report that Ndc80 turnover is also tightly regulated in meiosis: Ndc80 degradation is active in meiotic prophase, but not in metaphase I. Ndc80 degradation depends on the ubiquitin ligase APCAma1 and is mediated by the proteasome. Importantly, Aurora B-dependent Ndc80 phosphorylation, a mark that has been previously implicated in correcting erroneous microtubule-kinetochore attachments, is essential for Ndc80 degradation in a microtubule-independent manner. The N-terminus of Ndc80, including a 27-residue sequence and Aurora B phosphorylation sites, is both necessary and sufficient for kinetochore protein degradation. Finally, defects in Ndc80 turnover predispose meiotic cells to chromosome mis-segregation. Our study elucidates the mechanism by which meiotic cells modulate their kinetochore composition through regulated Ndc80 degradation, and demonstrates that Aurora B-dependent regulation of kinetochores extends beyond altering microtubule attachments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powers, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohlstaedt, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holly, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovanovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/836668</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aurora B-dependent Ndc80 Degradation Regulates Kinetochore Composition in Meiosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/837096v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tuberculosis resistance acquisition in space and time: an analysis of globally diverse M. tuberculosis whole genome sequences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/837096v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) whole genome sequencing data can provide insights into temporal and geographic trends in resistance acquisition and inform public health interventions.nnMethodsWe curated a set of clinical MTB isolates with high quality sequencing and culture-based drug susceptibility data spanning four lineages and more than 20 countries. We constructed geographic and lineage specific MTB phylogenies and used Bayesian molecular dating to infer the most-recent-common-susceptible-ancestor age for 4,869 instances of resistance to 10 drugs.nnFindingsOf 8,550 isolates curated, 6,099 from 15 countries met criteria for molecular dating. The number of independent resistance acquisition events was lower than the number of resistant isolates across all countries, suggesting ongoing transmission of drug resistance. Ancestral age distributions supported the presence of old resistance, [&ge;]20 years prior, in the majority of countries. A consistent order of resistance acquisition was observed globally starting with resistance to isoniazid, but resistance ancestral age varied by country. We found a direct correlation between country wealth and resistance age (R2= 0.47, P-value= 0.014). Amplification of fluoroquinolone and second-line injectable resistance among multidrug-resistant isolates is estimated to have occurred very recently (median ancestral age 4.7 years IQR 1.9-9.8 prior to sample collection). We found the sensitivity of commercial molecular diagnostics for second-line resistance to vary significantly by country (P-value <0.0003)nnInterpretationOur results highlight that both resistance transmission and amplification are contributing to disease burden globally but are variable by country. The observation that wealthier nations are more likely to have old resistance suggests that programmatic improvements can reduce resistance amplification, but that fit resistant strains can circulate for decades subsequently.nnFundingThis work was supported by the NIH BD2K grant K01 ES026835, a Harvard Institute of Global Health Burke Fellowship (MF), Boston Childrens Hospital OFD/BTREC/CTREC Faculty Career Development Fellowship and Bushrod H. Campbell and Adah F. Hall Charity Fund/Charles A. King Trust Postdoctoral Fellowship (AD).nnResearch in contextO_ST_ABSEvidence before this studyC_ST_ABSAcquisition and spread of drug-resistance by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) varies across countries. Local factors driving evolution of drug resistance in MTB are not well studied.nnAdded value of this studyWe applied molecular dating to 6,099 global MTB patient isolates and found the order of resistance acquisition to be consistent across the countries examined, i.e. acquisition of isoniazid resistance first followed by rifampicin and streptomycin followed by resistance to other drugs. In all countries with data available there was evidence for transmission of resistant strains from patient-to-patient and in the majority for extended periods of time (>20 years).nnCountries with lower gross wealth indices were found to have more recent resistance acquisition to the drug rifampicin. Based on the resistance patterns identified in our study we estimate that commercial diagnostic tests vary considerably in sensitivity for second-line resistance diagnosis by country.nnImplications of all available evidenceThe longevity of resistant MTB in many parts of the world emphasizes its fitness for transmission and its continued threat to public health. The association between country wealth and recent resistance acquisition emphasizes the need for continued investment in TB care delivery and surveillance programs. Geographically relevant diagnostics that take into account a countrys unique distribution of resistance are necessary.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ektefaie, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dixit, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freschi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farhat, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/837096</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tuberculosis resistance acquisition in space and time: an analysis of globally diverse M. tuberculosis whole genome sequences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/837229v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural modularity of the XIST ribonucleoprotein complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/837229v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Long noncoding RNAs are thought to regulate gene expression by organizing protein complexes through unclear mechanisms. XIST controls the inactivation of an entire X chromosome in female placental mammals. Here we develop and integrate several orthogonal structure-interaction methods to demonstrate that XIST RNA-protein complex folds into an evolutionarily conserved modular architecture. Chimeric RNAs and clustered protein binding in fRIP and eCLIP experiments align with long-range RNA secondary structure, revealing discrete XIST domains that interact with distinct sets of effector proteins. CRISPR-Cas9-mediated permutation of the Xist A-repeat location shows that A-repeat serves as a nucleation center for multiple Xist-associated proteins and m6A modification. Thus modular architecture plays an essential role, in addition to sequence motifs, in determining the specificity of RBP binding and m6A modification. Together, this work builds a comprehensive structure-function model for the XIST RNA-protein complex, and suggests a general strategy for mechanistic studies of large ribonucleoprotein assemblies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dou, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarnegar, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choudhry, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khavari, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/837229</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural modularity of the XIST ribonucleoprotein complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/838342v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Feasibility analysis of semiconductor voltage nanosensors for neuronal membrane potential sensing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/838342v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the last decade, optical imaging methods have significantly improved our understanding of the information processing principles in the brain. Although many promising tools have been designed, sensors of membrane potential are lagging behind the rest. Semiconductor nanoparticles are an attractive alternative to classical voltage indicators, such as voltage-sensitive dyes and proteins. Such nanoparticles exhibit high sensitivity to external electric fields via the quantum-confined Stark effect. Here we report the development of lipid-coated semiconductor voltage-sensitive nanorods (vsNRs) that self-insert into the neuronal membrane. We describe a workflow to detect and process the photoluminescent signal of vsNRs after wide-field time-lapse recordings. We also present data indicating that vsNRs are feasible for sensing membrane potential in neurons at a single-particle level. This shows the potential of vsNRs for detection of neuronal activity with unprecedentedly high spatial and temporal resolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ludwig, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serna, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgenstein, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Elli, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortiz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oron, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grupi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Triller, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/838342</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Feasibility analysis of semiconductor voltage nanosensors for neuronal membrane potential sensing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/840371v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-stem progenitors enable coordinated changes in gut epithelial cell-type composition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/840371v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Renewing tissues have the remarkable ability to continually produce both proliferative progenitor and specialized differentiated cell-types. How are complex milieus of microenvironmental signals interpreted to coordinate tissue cell-type composition? Here, we develop a high-throughput approach that combines organoid technology and quantitative imaging to address this question in the context of the intestinal epithelium. Using this approach, we comprehensively survey enteroid responses to individual and paired perturbations to eight epithelial signaling pathways. We uncover culture conditions that enrich for specific cell-types, including Lgr5+ stem and enteroendocrine cells. We analyze interactions between perturbations and dissect mechanisms underlying an unexpected mutual antagonism between EGFR and IL-4 signals. Finally, we show that, across diverse perturbations, modulating proliferation of transit-amplifying cells also consistently changes the composition of differentiated secretory and absorptive cell-types. This property is conserved in vivo and can arise from differential amplification of secretory and absorptive progenitor cells. Taken together, the observations highlight an underappreciated role for transit-amplifying cells in which proliferation of these short-lived progenitors provides a lineage-based mechanism for tuning differentiated cell-type composition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sanman, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, I. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bieber, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steri, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hann, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altschuler, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/840371</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-stem progenitors enable coordinated changes in gut epithelial cell-type composition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/841288v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional insights from the GC-poor genomes of two aphid parasitoids, Aphidius ervi and Lysiphlebus fabarum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/841288v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundParasitoid wasps have fascinating life cycles and play an important role in trophic networks, yet little is known about their genome content and function. Parasitoids that infect aphids are an important group with the potential for biocontrol, and infecting aphids requires overcoming both aphid defenses and their defensive endosymbionts.

ResultsWe present the de novo genome assemblies, detailed annotation, and comparative analysis of two closely related parasitoid wasps that target pest aphids: Aphidius ervi and Lysiphlebus fabarum (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae). The genomes are small (139 and 141 Mbp), highly syntenic, and the most AT-rich reported thus far for any arthropod (GC content: 25.8% and 23.8%). This nucleotide bias is accompanied by skewed codon usage, and is stronger in genes with adult-biased expression. AT-richness may be the consequence of reduced genome size, a near absence of DNA methylation, and age-specific energy demands. We identify expansions of F-box/Leucine-rich-repeat proteins, suggesting that diversification in this gene family may be associated with their broad host range or with countering defenses from aphids endosymbionts. The absence of some immune genes (Toll and Imd pathways) resembles similar losses in their aphid hosts, highlighting the potential impact of symbiosis on both aphids and their parasitoids.

ConclusionsThese findings are of fundamental interest for insect evolution and beyond. This will provide a strong foundation for further functional studies including coevolution with respect to their hosts, the basis of successful infection, and biocontrol. Both genomes are available at https://bipaa.genouest.org.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dennis, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballesteros, G. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schrader, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bast, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berghöfer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beukeboom, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belghazi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bretaudeau, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Büllesbach, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cash, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colinet, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumas, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falabella, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>gatti, j.-l.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geuverink, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hertäg, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartmann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacquin-Joly, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lammers, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavandero, B. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindenbaum, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Massardier-Galata, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meslin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montagne, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pak, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poirie, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salvia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tagu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tares, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogel, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwander, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Figueroa, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vorburger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Legeai, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gadau, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/841288</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional insights from the GC-poor genomes of two aphid parasitoids, Aphidius ervi and Lysiphlebus fabarum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/845990v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Developmental transcriptomic analysis of the cave-dwelling crustacean, Asellus aquaticus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/845990v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cave animals are a fascinating group of species often demonstrating characteristics including reduced eyes and pigmentation, metabolic efficiency, and enhanced sensory systems. Asellus aquaticus, an isopod crustacean, is an emerging model for cave biology. Cave and surface forms of this species differ in many characteristics, including eye size, pigmentation and antennal length. Existing resources for this species include a linkage map, mapped regions responsible for eye and pigmentation traits, sequenced adult transcriptomes, and comparative embryological descriptions of the surface and cave forms. Our ultimate goal is to identify genes and mutations responsible for the differences between the cave and surface forms. To advance this goal, we decided to use a transcriptomic approach. Because many of these changes first appear during embryonic development, we sequenced embryonic transcriptomes of cave, surface, and hybrid individuals at the stage when eyes and pigment become evident in the surface form. We generated a cave, a surface, a hybrid, and an integrated transcriptome to identify differentially expressed genes in the cave and surface forms. Additionally, we identified genes with allele-specific expression in hybrid individuals. These embryonic transcriptomes are an important resource to assist in our ultimate goal of determining the genetic underpinnings of the divergence between the cave and surface forms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gross, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodo-Abo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Protas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/845990</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Developmental transcriptomic analysis of the cave-dwelling crustacean, Asellus aquaticus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/846584v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oxidative and non-oxidative active turnover of genomic methylcytosine in distinct pluripotent states 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/846584v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epigenetic plasticity underpins cell potency, but the extent to which active turnover of DNA methylation contributes to such plasticity is not known and the underlying pathways are poorly understood. Here we use metabolic labelling with stable isotopes and mass spectrometry to quantitatively address the global turnover of genomic methylcytidine (mdC), hydroxymethylcytidine (hmdC) and formylcytidine (fdC) across mouse pluripotent cell states. High rates of mdC/hmdC oxidation and fdC turnover characterize a formative-like pluripotent state. In primed pluripotent cells the global mdC turnover rate is about 3-6% faster than can be explained by passive dilution through DNA synthesis. While this active component is largely dependent on Tet-mediated mdC oxidation, we unveiled an additional mdC oxidation-independent turnover process based on DNA repair. This process accelerates upon acquisition of primed pluripotency and returns to low levels in lineage committed cells. Thus, in pluripotent cells active mdC turnover involves both mdC oxidation-dependent and -independent processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spada, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiffers, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirchner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosmatchev, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korytiakova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahimoff, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebert, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carell, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/846584</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oxidative and non-oxidative active turnover of genomic methylcytosine in distinct pluripotent states]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/847459v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In vivo directed evolution of AAV in the primate retina 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/847459v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Efficient AAV-mediated gene delivery remains a significant obstacle to effective retinal gene therapies. Here, we apply directed evolution - guided by deep sequencing and followed by direct in vivo secondary selection of high-performing vectors with a GFP-barcoded library - to create AAV viral capsids with new capabilities to deliver genes to the outer retina in primates. A replication incompetent library, produced via providing rep in trans, was created to mitigate risk of AAV propagation. Six rounds of in vivo selection with this library in primates - involving intravitreal library administration, recovery of genomes from outer retina, and extensive next generation sequencing of each round - resulted in vectors with redirected tropism to the outer retina and increased gene delivery efficiency to retinal cells. These new viral vectors expand the toolbox of vectors available for primate retina, and may enable less invasive delivery of therapeutic genes to patients, potentially offering retina-wide infection at a similar dosage to vectors currently in clinical use.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Byrne, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Day, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Visel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fortuny, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalkara, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merigan, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaffer, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flannery, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/847459</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In vivo directed evolution of AAV in the primate retina]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/848044v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Flexible linkers in CaMKII control the balance between activating and inhibitory autophosphorylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/848044v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The activity of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) depends on the balance between activating and inhibitory autophosphorylation (Thr 286 and Thr 305/306, respectively, in the human  isoform). Variation in the lengths of the flexible linkers that connect the kinase domains of CaMKII to a central oligomeric hub could alter transphosphorylation rates within a holoenzyme, thereby affecting the balance of autophosphorylation outcomes. Using a single-molecule assay for visualization of CaMKII phosphorylation on glass, we show that the balance of autophosphorylation is flipped between CaMKII- and CaMKII-{beta}, the two principal isoforms in the brain. CaMKII-, with a [~]30 residue kinase-hub linker, readily acquires activating autophosphorylation, which we show is resistant to removal by phosphatases. CaMKII-{beta}, with a [~]200 residue kinase-hub linker, is biased towards inhibitory autophosphorylation. Thus, the responsiveness of CaMKII to calcium signals can be tuned by varying the relative levels of the  and {beta} isoforms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharyya, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muratcioglu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nyayapati, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groves, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuriyan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/848044</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Flexible linkers in CaMKII control the balance between activating and inhibitory autophosphorylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/849273v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
THE SPATIAL REGULATION OF CONDENSIN ACTIVITY IN CHROMOSOME CONDENSATION 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/849273v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Condensin mediates chromosome condensation, which is essential for proper chromosome segregation during mitosis. Prior to anaphase of budding yeast, the ribosomal DNA (RDN) condenses to a thin loop that is distinct from the rest of the chromosomes. We provide evidence that the establishment and maintenance of this RDN condensation require the regulation of condensin by Cdc5p (polo) kinase. We show that Cdc5p is recruited to the site of condensin binding in the RDN by cohesin, a complex related to condensin. Cdc5p and cohesin prevent condensin from misfolding the RDN into an irreversibly decondensed state. From these and other observations, we propose that the spatial regulation of Cdc5p by cohesin modulates condensin activity to ensure proper RDN folding into a thin loop. This mechanism may be evolutionarily conserved, promoting the thinly condensed constrictions that occur at centromeres and RDN of mitotic chromosomes in plants and animals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lamothe, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costantino, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koshland, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/849273</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[THE SPATIAL REGULATION OF CONDENSIN ACTIVITY IN CHROMOSOME CONDENSATION]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/853317v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct Processing of Selection and Execution Errors in Neural Signatures of Outcome Monitoring 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/853317v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Losing a point in tennis could result from poor shot selection or faulty stroke execution. To explore how the brain responds to these different types of errors, we examined feedback-locked EEG activity while participants completed a modified version of a standard three-armed bandit probabilistic reward task. Our task framed unrewarded outcomes as either the result of errors of selection or errors of execution. We examined whether amplitude of a medial frontal negativity (the Feedback-Related Negativity; FRN) was sensitive to the different forms of error attribution. Consistent with previous reports, selection errors elicited a large FRN relative to rewards and amplitude of this signal correlated behavioral adjustment following these errors. A different pattern was observed in response to execution errors. These outcomes produced a larger FRN, a frontocentral attenuation in activity preceding this component, and a subsequent enhanced error positivity in parietal sites. Notably, the only correlations with behavioral adjustment were with the early frontocentral attenuation and amplitude of the parietal signal; FRN differences between execution errors and rewarded trials did not correlate with subsequent changes in behavior. Our findings highlight distinct neural correlates of selection and execution error processing, providing insight into how the brain responds to the different classes of error that determine future action.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mushtaq, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDougle, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craddock, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parvin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brookes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaefer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mon-Williams, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/853317</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct Processing of Selection and Execution Errors in Neural Signatures of Outcome Monitoring]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/855452v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome editing to model and reverse a prevalent mutation associated with myeloproliferative neoplasms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/855452v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) cause the over-production of blood cells such as erythrocytes (polycythemia vera) or platelets (essential thrombocytosis). JAK2 V617F is the most prevalent somatic mutation in many MPNs, but previous modeling of this mutation in mice relied on transgenic overexpression and resulted in diverse phenotypes that were in some cases attributed to expression level. CRISPR-Cas9 engineering offers new possibilities to model and potentially cure genetically encoded disorders via precise modification of the endogenous locus in primary cells. Here we develop "scarless" Cas9-based reagents to create and reverse the JAK2 V617F mutation in an immortalized human erythroid progenitor cell line (HUDEP-2), CD34+ adult human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs), and immunophenotypic long-term hematopoietic stem cells (LT-HSCs). We find no overt in vitro increase in proliferation associated with an endogenous JAK2 V617F allele, but co-culture with wild type cells unmasks a competitive growth advantage provided by the mutation. Acquisition of the V617F allele also promotes terminal differentiation of erythroid progenitors, even in the absence of hematopoietic cytokine signaling. Taken together, these data are consistent with the gradually progressive manifestation of MPNs and reveals that endogenously acquired JAK2 V617F mutations may yield more subtle phenotypes as compared to transgenic overexpression models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baik, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyman, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kabir, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corn, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/855452</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome editing to model and reverse a prevalent mutation associated with myeloproliferative neoplasms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/856278v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stable isotope composition of feathers help track the migratory patterns of Sharp-shinned Hawks (Accipiter striatus) along Western Flyways of North America 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/856278v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The large-scale patterns of movement for the Sharp-shinned Hawk (Accipiter striatus), a small forest hawk found throughout western North America, are largely unknown. However, based on field observations we set out to test the hypothesis that juvenile migratory A. striatus caught along two distinct migration routes on opposite sides of the Sierra Nevada Mountains of North America (Pacific Coast and Intermountain Migratory Flyways) come from geographically different natal populations. We applied stable isotope analysis of hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) of feathers, and large scale models of spatial isotopic variation (isoscapes) to formulate spatially explicit predictions of the origin of the migrant birds. Novel relationships were assessed between the measured hydrogen and oxygen isotope values of feathers from A. striatus museum specimens of known origin and the isoscape modeled hydrogen and oxygen isotope values of precipitation at those known locations. We used these relationships to predict the origin regions for birds migrating along the two flyways from the measured isotope values of migrants feathers and the associated hydrogen and oxygen isotopic composition of precipitation where these feathers were formed. The birds from the two migration routes had overlap in their natal/breeding origins and did not differentiate into fully separate migratory populations, with birds from the Pacific Coast Migratory Flyway showing broader natal geographic origins then those from the Intermountain Flyway. The methodology based on oxygen isotopes had, in general, less predictive power than the one based on hydrogen. There was broad agreement between the two isotope approaches in the geographic assignment of the origins of birds migrating along the Pacific Coast Flyway, but not for those migrating along the Intermountain Migratory Flyway. These results are discussed in terms of their implications for conservation efforts of A. striatus in western North America, and the use of combined hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope analysis to track the movement of birds of prey on continental scales.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wommack, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marrack, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mambelli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hull, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/856278</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stable isotope composition of feathers help track the migratory patterns of Sharp-shinned Hawks (Accipiter striatus) along Western Flyways of North America]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/856526v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Statistically-estimated tree biomass, stem density, and basal area for the upper Midwestern United States at the time of Euro-American settlement 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/856526v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present gridded 8 km-resolution data products of the estimated biomass, basal area, and stem density of tree taxa at the time of Euro-American settlement of the midwestern United States for the states of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Illinois, and Indiana. The data come from settlement-era Public Land Survey (PLS) data (ca. 0.8-km resolution) of trees recorded by land surveyors. The surveyor notes have been transcribed, cleaned, and processed to estimate biomass, basal area, and stem density at individual points on the landscape. The point-level data are then aggregated within grid cells and statistically smoothed using a statistical model that accounts for zero-inflated continuous data with smoothing based on generalized additive modeling techniques and approximate Bayesian uncertainty estimates. We expect this data product to be useful for understanding the state of vegetation in the midwestern United States prior to large-scale Euro-American settlement. In addition to specific regional questions, the data product can serve as a baseline against which to investigate how forests and ecosystems change after intensive settlement. The data products (including both raw and statistically smoothed estimates at the 8-km scale) are being made available at the LTER network data portal as version 1.0.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paciorek, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cogbill, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goring, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mladenoff, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLachlan, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/856526</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Statistically-estimated tree biomass, stem density, and basal area for the upper Midwestern United States at the time of Euro-American settlement]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/858118v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nanotopography enhances dynamic remodeling of tight junction proteins through cytosolic complexes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/858118v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The epithelial tight junction regulates barrier function and is responsive to extracellular stimuli. Here we demonstrated that contact of synthetic surfaces with defined nanotopography at the apical surface of epithelial monolayers increased paracellular permeability of macromolecules. To monitor changes in tight junction morphology in live cells, we fluorescently tagged the scaffold protein zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) through CRISPR/Cas9-based gene editing. Contact between cells and nanostructured surfaces destabilized junction-associated ZO-1 and promoted its arrangement into highly dynamic non-junctional cytosolic complexes that averaged [~]2 m in diameter. Junction-associated ZO-1 rapidly remodeled, and we also observed the direct transformation of cytosolic complexes into junction-like structures. Claudin-family tight junction transmembrane proteins and F-actin also were associated with these ZO-1 containing cytosolic complexes. These data suggest that the cytosolic structures are novel intermediates formed in response to nanotopographic cues that facilitate rapid tight junction remodeling in order to regulate paracellular permeability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nemeth, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mauro, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koval, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desai, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/858118</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nanotopography enhances dynamic remodeling of tight junction proteins through cytosolic complexes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/860999v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A minimal CRISPR-Cas3 system for genome engineering 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/860999v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas technologies have provided programmable gene editing tools that have revolutionized research. The leading CRISPR-Cas9 and Cas12a enzymes are ideal for programmed genetic manipulation, however, they are limited for genome-scale interventions. Here, we utilized a Cas3-based system featuring a processive nuclease, expressed endogenously or heterologously, for genome engineering purposes. Using an optimized and minimal CRISPR-Cas3 system (Type I-C) programmed with a single crRNA, large deletions ranging from 7 - 424 kb were generated in Pseudomonas aeruginosa with high efficiency and speed. By comparison, Cas9 yielded small deletions and point mutations. Cas3-generated deletion boundaries were variable in the absence of a homology-directed repair (HDR) template, and successfully and efficiently specified when present. The minimal Cas3 system is also portable; large deletions were induced with high efficiency in Pseudomonas syringae and Escherichia coli using an "all-in-one" vector. Notably, Cas3 generated bi-directional deletions originating from the programmed cut site, which was exploited to iteratively reduce a P. aeruginosa genome by 837 kb (13.5%) using 10 distinct crRNAs. We also demonstrate the utility of endogenous Cas3 systems (Type I-C and I-F) and develop an "anti-anti-CRISPR" strategy to circumvent endogenous CRISPR-Cas inhibitor proteins. CRISPR-Cas3 could facilitate rapid strain manipulation for synthetic biological and metabolic engineering purposes, genome minimization, and the analysis of large regions of unknown function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Csorgo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leon, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chau-Ly, I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasquez-Rifo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berry, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahendra, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bondy-Denomy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/860999</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A minimal CRISPR-Cas3 system for genome engineering]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/869115v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
kRISP-meR: A Reference-free Guide-RNA Design Tool for CRISPR/Cas9 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/869115v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome editing using the CRISPR/Cas9 system requires designing guide RNAs (sgRNA) that are efficient and specific. Guide RNAs are usually designed using reference genomes which limits their use in organisms with no or incomplete reference genomes. Here, we present kRISP-meR, a reference free method to design sgRNAs for CRISPR/Cas9 system. kRISP-meR takes as input a target region and sequenced reads from the organism to be edited and generates sgRNAs that are likely to minimize off-target effects. Our analysis indicates that kRISP-meR is able to identify majority of the guides identified by a widely used sgRNA designing tool, without any knowledge of the reference, while retaining specificity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hera, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/869115</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[kRISP-meR: A Reference-free Guide-RNA Design Tool for CRISPR/Cas9]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.12.540593v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The direction of local adaptation on pathogen exploitation rates reverses with environmental context 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.12.540593v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Host heterogeneity and spatial population structure each influence parasite evolution but may also interact because space structures contacts between host types. Here, we experimentally evolve granulosis virus in microcosms of its Plodia interpunctella (Indian meal moth) host that differ in both spatial structure and host genetic diversity. We control spatial structure by manipulating the viscosity of the food that the larvae live within and host genetic diversity by adding larvae from either a single or two inbred lines to opposite ends of the microcosm. We preserve spatial structure across passages and assay virus from different positions within the microcosm on both host genotypes. We find that the lower contact rates between host genotypes resulting from spatial structure can lead to the evolution of locally specialized virus, even when the host population is genetically diverse overall. We also find that spatial structure changes how viruses specialize: viruses evolved in well-mixed environments had lower exploitation of familiar hosts, while those in spatially structured environments exhibited higher exploitation of familiar hosts. These results demonstrate that spatial structure and host heterogeneity interact to shape pathogen specialization and that the evolutionary consequences of host diversity depends on the population structure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Visher, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barajas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masud, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McBride, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sui, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villalobos-Heredia, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walzer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boots, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.12.540593</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The direction of local adaptation on pathogen exploitation rates reverses with environmental context]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.17.541226v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predictive and Interpretable: Combining Artificial Neural Networks and Classic Cognitive Models to Understand Human Learning and Decision Making 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.17.541226v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Quantitative models of behavior are a fundamental tool in cognitive science. Typically, models are hand-crafted to implement specific cognitive mechanisms. Such "classic" models are interpretable by design, but may provide poor fit to experimental data. Artificial neural networks (ANNs), on the contrary, can fit arbitrary datasets at the cost of opaque mechanisms. Here, we adopt a hybrid approach, combining the predictive power of ANNs with the interpretability of classic models. We apply this approach to Reinforcement Learning (RL), beginning with classic RL models and replacing their components one-by-one with ANNs. We find that hybrid models can provide similar fit to fully-general ANNs, while retaining the interpretability of classic cognitive models: They reveal reward-based learning mechanisms in humans that are strikingly similar to classic RL. They also reveal mechanisms not contained in classic models, including separate rewardblind mechanisms, and the specific memory contents relevant to reward-based and reward-blind mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eckstein, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Summerfield, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daw, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.17.541226</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predictive and Interpretable: Combining Artificial Neural Networks and Classic Cognitive Models to Understand Human Learning and Decision Making]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.15.540825v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Concurrent measurement of O2 and isoprene production during photosynthesis: pros, cons, and metabolic implications 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.15.540825v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During oxygenic photosynthesis, oxygen (O2) is generated from water photolysis, which provides reducing power to sustain CO2 assimilation. To date, traditional leaf gas-exchange experiments have been focused on net CO2 exchange (Anet), with limited observations of net oxygen production (NOP). Here, we present the first gas-exchange/fluorescence system, coupling CO2/H2O analysis (photosynthesis and transpiration) with NOP and isoprene emission measurements. This configuration allowed us to calculate the assimilatory quotient (AQ = Anet/NOP) and thus obtain a more complete picture of the photosynthetic redox budget via photosynthetic production of O2, electron transport rate (ETR), and isoprene biosynthesis. We used cottonwood leaves (Populus trichocarpa) and carried out response curves to light, CO2 and temperature along with 18O-labelling with 18O-enriched water. We found that Anet and NOP were linearly correlated across environmental variables with AQ of 1.27 +/- 0.12 regardless of light, CO2, and temperature. Anet and NOP had optimal temperatures (Topt) of 31{degrees}C, while ETR (35{degrees}C) and isoprene emissions (39{degrees}C) had distinctly higher Topt. Leaves labelled with H218O produced labeled (18O16O) oxygen with the same Topt as ETR (35{degrees}C). The results confirm a tight connection between water oxidation and ETR and are consistent with a suppression of Anet and NOP at high temperature driven by an acceleration of (photo)respiration. The findings support the view of isoprene biosynthesis primarily driven by excess photosynthetic ATP/NADPH not consumed by the Calvin cycle during photorespiratory conditions as an important thermotolerance mechanism linked with high rates of CO2 and O2 recycling.

KeywordsPhotosynthesis, net oxygen production, gross oxygen production, H218O labeling

One sentence summaryA leaf gas-exchange system is presented enabling a more complete picture of the photosynthetic redox budget and calculation of the assimilatory quotient.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Som, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallo, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sunder, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demus, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domingues, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wistrom, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tcherkez, G. G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jardine, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.15.540825</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Concurrent measurement of O2 and isoprene production during photosynthesis: pros, cons, and metabolic implications]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.17.541171v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Carrion converging: Skull shape is predicted by feeding ecology in vultures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.17.541171v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The link between skull shape and dietary ecology in birds at macroevolutionary scales has recently been called into question by analyses of 3D shape that reveal that cranial anatomy is mainly influenced by other factors such as allometry. It is still unknown whether this form-function disconnect also exists at smaller evolutionary scales, for example within specialized ecological guilds. Vultures are a diverse guild of 23 extant species in two families (Accipitridae and Cathartidae) that exhibit phenotypic convergence as a result of highly-specialized feeding ecology. Vultures are the only known obligate scavengers among vertebrates and are usually grouped together under this single dietary category, but within this specialized diet there are three distinct, species-specific feeding strategies termed ripper, gulper, and scrapper. We use three-dimensional geometric morphometrics to quantify the relative contributions of feeding ecology, allometry, and phylogeny on vulture skull shape, along with several non-vulture raptors of similar size, range and ecology. Families show clear separation in shape, but phylogenetic signal is comparatively weak (Kmult = 0.33). Taking into account the influence of phylogeny, skull shape is not significantly correlated with either skull size or feeding type, but there are examples of strong, significant convergence and parallel shape evolution across feeding groups. Furthermore, skull shape performs strongly in predicting feeding ecology in a phylogenetic discriminant function analysis. These findings highlight the importance of detailed assessment of feeding behavior in studies of ecomorphology, rather than broader dietary categories alone, and reveal that ecology can be readily inferred from form given appropriate information.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steinfield, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Felice, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirchner, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knapp, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.17.541171</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Carrion converging: Skull shape is predicted by feeding ecology in vultures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.18.541220v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
p300 Is an Obligate Integrator of Combinatorial Transcription Factor Inputs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.18.541220v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcription coactivators are proteins or protein complexes that mediate transcription factor (TF) function. However, they lack DNA binding capacity, prompting the question of how they engage target loci. Three non-exclusive hypotheses have been posited: coactivators are recruited by complexing with TFs, by binding histones through epigenetic reader domains, or by partitioning into phase-separated compartments through their extensive intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs). Using p300 as a prototypical coactivator, we systematically mutated its annotated domains and show by single-molecule tracking in live cells that coactivator- chromatin binding depends entirely on combinatorial binding of multiple TF-interaction domains. Furthermore, we demonstrate that acetyltransferase activity negatively impacts p300-chromatin association and that the N-terminal TF-interaction domains regulate that activity. Single TF-interaction domains are insufficient for both chromatin binding and regulation of catalytic activity, implying a principle that could broadly inform eukaryotic gene regulation: a TF must act in coordination with other TFs to recruit coactivator activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ferrie, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karr, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dailey, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darzacq, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.18.541220</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[p300 Is an Obligate Integrator of Combinatorial Transcription Factor Inputs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.18.541312v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Covalent Targeting of Glutamate Cysteine Ligase to Inhibit Glutathione Synthesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.18.541312v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dysregulated oxidative stress plays a major role in cancer pathogenesis and some types of cancer cells are particularly vulnerable to inhibiting cellular antioxidant capacity. Glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL) is the first and rate-limiting step in the synthesis of the major cellular antioxidant glutathione (GSH). Developing a GCL inhibitor may be an attractive therapeutic strategy for certain cancer types that are particularly sensitive to oxidative stress. In this study, we reveal a cysteine-reactive covalent ligand EN25 that covalently targets an allosteric cysteine C114 on GCLM, the modifier subunit of GCL, leading to inhibition of GCL activity, lowering of cellular GSH levels, and impaired cell viability in ARID1A-deficient cancer cells that are particularly vulnerable to glutathione depletion, but not in ARID1A-positive cancer cells. Our studies uncover a novel potential ligandable site within GCLM that can be targeted to inhibit the GSH synthesis in cancer cells to target vulnerable cancer cell types.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimizu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishikawa, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inukai, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomura, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.18.541312</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Covalent Targeting of Glutamate Cysteine Ligase to Inhibit Glutathione Synthesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.17.540876v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineering 3D neuronal networks with directional endogenous neuronal plasticity pathways 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.17.540876v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The forward engineering of the structure and function of three-dimensional millimeter to centimeter scale living Neuronal Tissue Mimics (NTMs) can advance many engineering and biomedical applications. While hydrogels and 3D printing have achieved major breakthroughs in the development of cm-scale neural tissues that mimic structural morphologies in native neural networks, controlling and programming the resulting function of these NTMs have remained elusive. In this work, using human embryonic stem cell derived optogenetic neurons, we report the in-situ formation of the NTMs on a 2-dimensional micro electrode array with an intimate electrical contact between the electrodes and the tissue. These NTMs were optimized during the differentiation phase of the cells to enrich for neuronal populations that expressed receptors responsible for activating spike-timing dependent plasticity (STDP). Using an optical stimulation regiment with millisecond temporal and micrometer spatial resolution, we were able to program the otherwise omnidirectional spontaneous firing in the NTMs to demonstrate directional firing across different shapes of the NTMs. Our work can pave the way for developing cellular based computational devices, bio-processors, and biological memories.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pagan Diaz, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kilacarslan, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wester, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aydin, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gapinske, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buoros, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saif, M. T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bashir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.17.540876</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineering 3D neuronal networks with directional endogenous neuronal plasticity pathways]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.19.541502v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Benzylisoquinoline alkaloid production in yeast via norlaudanosoline improves selectivity and yield 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.19.541502v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The benzylisoquinoline alkaloid (BIA) family of tetrahydroisoquinolines (THIQs) comprises over 2,500 members, including the pharmaceuticals morphine, codeine, and papaverine as well as the antibiotics sanguinarine and chelerythrine used in animal husbandry. Agricultural cultivation can currently supply the demand for the BIAs that accumulate in plants, but broader access to the entire BIA family would open new avenues of research and commercialization. Microbial synthesis presents an attractive option due to cheap feedstock, genetic tractability, and ease of scale-up. Previously we reported titers of the key branch-point BIA (S)-reticuline of 4.6 g/L in yeast, which was achieved through leveraging the Ehrlich pathway 2-oxoacid decarboxylase Aro10 to generate the intermediate 4-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (4-HPAA). Here, we establish a superior route to (S)-reticuline by switching the pathway intermediate from 4-HPAA to 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (3,4-dHPAA) using human monoamine oxidase A (MAO). The resulting (S)-norlaudanosoline route to (S)-reticuline synthesis is more selective, resolving prior issues with off-pathway THIQs synthesized due to concerted enzyme promiscuity. The new pathway is also more efficient, enabling titers of 4.8 g/L (S)-reticuline while improving yields over 40%, from 17 mg/g sucrose to 24 mg/g sucrose in fed-batch fermentations. Finally, we extend de novo (S)-reticuline synthesis to dihydrosanguinarine, achieving 635 mg/L dihydrosanguinarine and sanguinarine in fed-batch fermentation the highest reported titer of these BIAs by a factor of 40.

HighlightsO_LIMonoamine oxidase A (MAO) supports high-titer (S)-reticuline synthesis in yeast
C_LIO_LIMAO route to (S)-reticuline improves specificity compared to Aro10 route
C_LIO_LIThis work represents a 40% increase in highest reported (S)-reticuline yield
C_LIO_LI653 mg/L (dihydro-) sanguinarine was produced by extending the pathway
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martin, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narcross, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pyne, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kevvai, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siu, K.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dueber, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.19.541502</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Benzylisoquinoline alkaloid production in yeast via norlaudanosoline improves selectivity and yield]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.17.541228v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Commonly used Bayesian diversification-rate models produce biologically meaningful differences on empirical phylogenies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.17.541228v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying along which lineages shifts in diversification rates occur is a central goal of comparative phylogenetics; these shifts may coincide with key evolutionary events such as the development of novel morphological characters, the acquisition of adaptive traits, polyploidization or other structural genomic changes, or dispersal to a new habitat and subsequent increase in environmental niche space. However, while multiple methods now exist to estimate diversification rates and identify shifts using phylogenetic topologies, the appropriate use and accuracy of these methods is hotly debated. Here we test whether five Bayesian methods--Bayesian Analysis of Macroevolutionary Mixtures (BAMM), two implementations of the Lineage-Specific Birth-Death-Shift model (LSBDS and PESTO), the approximate Multi-Type Birth-Death model (MTBD; implemented in BEAST2), and the cladogenetic diversification rate shift model (CLaDS2)--produce comparable results. We apply each of these methods to a set of 65 empirical time-calibrated phylogenies and compare inferences of speciation rate, extinction rate, and net diversification rate. We find that the five methods often infer different speciation, extinction, and net-diversification rates. Consequently, these different estimates may lead to different interpretations of the macroevolutionary dynamics. The different estimates can be attributed to fundamental differences among the compared models. Therefore, the inference of shifts in diver-sification rates is strongly method-dependent. We advise biologists to apply multiple methods to test the robustness of the conclusions or to carefully select the method based on the validity of the underlying model assumptions to their particular empirical system.

Lay SummaryUnderstanding why some groups of organisms have more species than others is key to understanding the origin of biodiversity. Theory and empirical evidence suggest that multiple distinct historical events--such as the evolution of particular morphological features (e.g., the flower, the tetrapod limb) and competition amongst species--can produce this pattern of divergent species richness. Identifying when and where on the tree of life shifts in diversification rates occur is important for explaining the origin of modern-day biodiversity and understanding how disparity among species evolves. Several statistical methods have been developed to infer diversification rates and identify these shifts. While these methods each attempt to make inferences about changes in the tempo of diversification, they differ in their underlying statistical models and assumptions. Here we test if these methods draw similar conclusions using a dataset of 65 time-calibrated phylogenies from across multicellular life. We find that inferences of where rate shifts occur strongly depends on the chosen method. Therefore, biologists should choose the model whose assumptions they believe to be the most valid and justify their model choice a priori, or consider using several independent methods to test an evolutionary hypothesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Gomez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tribble, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopperud, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Höhna, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freyman, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Specht, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothfels, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.17.541228</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Commonly used Bayesian diversification-rate models produce biologically meaningful differences on empirical phylogenies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.22.540048v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cynipid wasps systematically reprogram host metabolism and restructure cell walls in developing galls 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.22.540048v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many insects have evolved the ability to manipulate plant growth to generate extraordinary structures called galls in which insect larva can develop while being sheltered within and feeding on the plant. In particular, Cynipid (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) wasps have evolved to form some of the most morphologically complex galls known and generate an astonishing array of gall shapes, colors, and sizes. However, the biochemical basis underlying these remarkable cellular and developmental transformations remains poorly understood. A key determinant in plant cellular development is the deposition of the cell wall to dictate the physical form and physiological function of newly developing cells, tissues, and organs. However, it is unclear to what degree cell walls are restructured to initiate and support the formation of new gall tissue. Here, we characterize the molecular alterations underlying gall development using a combination of metabolomic, histological, and biochemical techniques to elucidate how leaf cells are reprogrammed to form galls. Strikingly, gall development involves an exceptionally coordinated spatial deposition of lignin and xylan to form de novo gall vasculature. Our results highlight how Cynipid wasps can radically change the metabolite profile and restructure the cell wall to enable the formation of galls, providing new insights into the mechanism of gall induction and the extent to which plants can be entirely reprogrammed to form novel structures and organs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Markel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novak, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sirirungruang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louie, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Northen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eudes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheller, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.22.540048</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cynipid wasps systematically reprogram host metabolism and restructure cell walls in developing galls]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.23.541340v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Demographic consequences of an extreme heatwave are mitigated by spatial heterogeneity in an annual monkeyflower 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.23.541340v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Heatwaves are becoming more frequent and intense with climate change, but the demographic and evolutionary consequences of heatwaves are rarely investigated in herbaceous plant species. We examine the consequences of a short but extreme heatwave in Oregon populations of the common yellow monkeyflower (Mimulus guttatus) by leveraging a common garden experiment planted with range-wide populations and observational studies of eleven local populations. In the common garden, 89% of seedlings died during the heatwave including >96% of seedlings from geographically-local populations. Some populations from hotter and drier environments had higher fitness, however others from comparable environments performed poorly. Observational studies of local natural populations drastically differed in the consequences of the heatwave - one population was completely extirpated and nearly half had a >50% decrease in fitness. However, a few populations had greater fitness during the heatwave year. Differences in mortality corresponded to the impact of the heatwave on soil moisture - retention of soil moisture throughout the heatwave led to greater survivorship. Our results suggest that not all populations experience the same intensity or degree of mortality during extreme events and such heterogeneity could be important for genetic rescue or to facilitate the distribution of adaptive variants throughout the region.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McDonald, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scharnagl, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turcu, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kooyers, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.23.541340</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Demographic consequences of an extreme heatwave are mitigated by spatial heterogeneity in an annual monkeyflower]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.22.541534v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionary rescue and reintroduction of resistant frogs allows recovery in the presence of a lethal fungal disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.22.541534v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vast alteration of the biosphere by humans is causing a sixth mass extinction, driven in part by an increase in emerging infectious diseases. The emergence of the lethal fungal pathogen (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis; "Bd") has devastated global amphibian biodiversity, with hundreds of species experiencing declines or extinctions. With no broadly applicable methods available to reverse these impacts in the wild, the future of many amphibians appears grim. The once-common mountain yellow-legged (MYL) frog is emblematic of amphibians threatened by Bd. Although most MYL frog populations are extirpated following disease outbreaks, some persist and eventually recover. Frogs in these recovering populations have increased resistance against Bd infection, consistent with evolution of resistant genotypes and/or acquired immunity. We conducted a 15-year landscape-scale reintroduction study and show that frogs collected from recovering populations and reintroduced to vacant habitats can reestablish populations despite the presence of Bd. In addition, results from viability modeling suggest that many reintroduced populations have a low probability of extinction over 50 years. To better understand the role of evolution in frog resistance, we compared the genomes of MYL frogs from Bd-naive and recovering populations. We found substantial differences between these categories, including changes in immune function loci that may confer increased resistance, consistent with evolutionary changes in response to Bd exposure. These results provide a rare example of how reintroduction of resistant individuals can allow the landscape-scale recovery of disease-impacted species. This example has broad implications for the many taxa worldwide that are threatened with extinction by novel pathogens.

Significance StatementUnderstanding how species persist despite accelerating global change is critical for the conservation of biodiversity. Emerging infectious diseases can have particularly devastating impacts, and few options exist to reverse these effects. We used large-scale reintroductions of disease-resistant individuals in an effort to recover a once-common frog species driven to near-extinction by a disease that has decimated amphibian biodiversity. Introduction of resistant frogs allowed reestablishment of viable populations in the presence of disease. In addition, resistance may be at least partially the result of natural selection at specific immune function genes, which show evidence for selection in recovering populations. The evolution of resistance and reintroduction of resistant individuals could play an important role in biodiversity conservation in our rapidly changing world.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Knapp, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilber, M. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byrne, A. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothstein, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grasso, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenblum, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.22.541534</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionary rescue and reintroduction of resistant frogs allows recovery in the presence of a lethal fungal disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.22.541780v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of focused ultrasound in a "clean" mouse model of ultrasonic neuromodulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.22.541780v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent studies on ultrasonic neuromodulation (UNM) in rodents have shown that focused ultrasound (FUS) can activate peripheral auditory pathways, leading to off-target and brain-wide excitation, which obscures the direct activation of the target area by FUS. To address this issue, we developed a new mouse model, the double transgenic Pou4f3+/DTR x Thy1-GCaMP6s, which allows for inducible deafening using diphtheria toxin and minimizes off-target effects of UNM while allowing effects on neural activity to be visualized with fluorescent calcium imaging. Using this model, we found that the auditory confounds caused by FUS can be significantly reduced or eliminated within a certain pressure range. At higher pressures, FUS can result in focal fluorescence dips at the target, elicit non-auditory sensory confounds, and damage tissue, leading to spreading depolarization. Under the acoustic conditions we tested, we did not observe direct calcium responses in the mouse cortex. Our findings provide a cleaner animal model for UNM and sonogenetics research, establish a parameter range within which off-target effects are confidently avoided, and reveal the non-auditory side effects of higher-pressure stimulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salahshoor, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sato, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsao, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.22.541780</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of focused ultrasound in a "clean" mouse model of ultrasonic neuromodulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.22.541798v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The phycobilisome linker protein ApcG interacts with photosystem II and regulates energy transfer to photosystem I in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.22.541798v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Photosynthetic organisms harvest light using pigment-protein super-complexes. In cyanobacteria, these are water-soluble antennae known as phycobilisomes (PBSs). The light absorbed by PBS is transferred to the photosystems in the thylakoid membrane to drive photosynthesis. The energy transfer between these super-complexes implies that protein-protein interactions allow the association of PBS with the photosystems. However, the specific proteins involved in the interaction of PBS with the photosystems are not fully characterized. Here, we show that the newly discovered PBS linker protein ApcG interacts specifically with photosystem II through its N-terminal region. Growth of cyanobacteria is impaired in apcG deletion strains under light-limiting conditions. Furthermore, complementation of these strains using a phospho-mimicking version of ApcG exhibit reduced growth under normal growth conditions. Interestingly, the interaction of ApcG with photosystem II is affected when a phospho-mimicking version of ApcG is used, targeting the positively charged residues interacting with thylakoid membrane suggesting a regulatory role mediated by phosphorylation of ApcG. Low temperature fluorescence measurements showed increased photosystem I fluorescence in apcG deletion and complementation strains. The photosystem I fluorescence was the highest in the phospho-mimicking complementation strain while pull-down experiment showed no interaction of ApcG with PSI under any tested condition. Our results highlight the importance of ApcG for selectively directing energy harvested by the PBS and implies that the phosphorylation status of ApcG plays a role in regulating energy transfer from PSII to PSI.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>espinoza-corral, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zavrel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lechno-Yossef, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cerveny, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niyogi, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerfeld, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.22.541798</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The phycobilisome linker protein ApcG interacts with photosystem II and regulates energy transfer to photosystem I in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.23.542003v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential Contribution of Sensorimotor Cortex and Subthalamic Nucleus to Unimanual and Bimanual Hand Movements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.23.542003v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Why does unilateral subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation improve motor function bilaterally? To address this clinical observation, we collected parallel neural recordings from sensorimotor cortex and the subthalamic nucleus during repetitive ipsilateral, contralateral, and bilateral hand movements in patients with Parkinsons disease undergoing subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation. We used a cross-validated electrode-wise encoding model to map EMG data to the neural signals. Electrodes in the subthalamic nucleus encoded movement in a comparable manner for both hands during unimanual and bimanual movements, whereas sensorimotor cortex electrodes displayed a strong contralateral bias. To examine representational overlap in encoding across the two hands, we trained the model with data from one condition (contralateral hand) and used the trained weights to predict neural activity for movements produced with the other hand (ipsilateral hand). Overall, between-hand generalization was poor and this limitation was evident in both SMC and STN. A similar method was used to probe representational overlap across different task contexts (unimanual vs. bimanual). Task context was more important for the STN compared to the SMC indicating that neural activity in the STN showed greater divergence between the unimanual and bimanual conditions. These results indicate that whereas SMC activity is strongly lateralized and relatively context-free, STN integrates contextual information with the ongoing behavior.

Significance StatementUnilateral subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (DBS) improves both contralateral and ipsilateral motor symptoms of Parkinsons disease. To explore mechanisms for bilateral improvement, parallel neural recordings from the sensorimotor cortex (SMC) and subthalamic nucleus (STN) were recorded in patients with Parkinsons disease undergoing DBS. Neural activity and muscle activity from the hands were collected while patients performed unimanual and bimanual repetitive hand movements. Activity in SMC primarily encoded contralateral movements and was relatively context-free. In contrast, STN encoded movements in a comparable manner for both hands and was sensitive to the behavioral context.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Merrick, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doyle, O. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallegos, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irwin, Z. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.23.542003</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential Contribution of Sensorimotor Cortex and Subthalamic Nucleus to Unimanual and Bimanual Hand Movements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.25.542301v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuroanatomical and functional dissociations between variably present anterior lateral prefrontal sulci 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.25.542301v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) is an evolutionarily expanded region in humans that is critical for numerous complex functions, many of which are largely hominoid-specific. While recent work shows that the presence or absence of specific sulci in anterior LPFC is associated with cognitive performance across age groups, it is unknown whether the presence of these structures relates to individual differences in the functional organization of LPFC. To fill this gap in knowledge, we leveraged multimodal neuroimaging data from 72 young adult humans aged 22-36 and show that dorsal and ventral components of the paraintermediate frontal sulcus (pimfs) present distinct morphological (surface area), architectural (thickness and myelination), and functional (resting-state connectivity networks) properties. We further contextualize the pimfs components within classic and modern cortical parcellations. Taken together, the dorsal and ventral pimfs components mark transitions in anatomy and function in LPFC, across metrics and parcellations. These results emphasize that the pimfs is a critical structure to consider when examining individual differences in the anatomical and functional organization of LPFC and highlight the importance of considering individual anatomy when investigating structural and functional features of the cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Willbrand, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bunge, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.25.542301</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuroanatomical and functional dissociations between variably present anterior lateral prefrontal sulci]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.25.542307v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bayesian target optimisation for high-precision holographic optogenetics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.25.542307v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Two-photon optogenetics has transformed our ability to probe the structure and function of neural circuits. However, achieving precise optogenetic control of neural ensemble activity has remained fundamentally constrained by the problem of off-target stimulation (OTS): the inadvertent activation of nearby non-target neurons due to imperfect confinement of light onto target neurons. Here we propose a novel computational approach to this problem called Bayesian target optimisation. Our approach uses nonparametric Bayesian inference to model neural responses to optogenetic stimulation, and then optimises the laser powers and optical target locations needed to achieve a desired activity pattern with minimal OTS. We validate our approach in simulations and using data from in vitro experiments, showing that Bayesian target optimisation considerably reduces OTS across all conditions we test. Together, these results establish our ability to overcome OTS, enabling optogenetic stimulation with substantially improved precision.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Triplett, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gajowa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adesnik, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paninski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.25.542307</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bayesian target optimisation for high-precision holographic optogenetics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.26.542311v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sorgoleone degradation by sorghum-associated bacteria; an opportunity for enforcing plant growth promotion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.26.542311v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metabolite exchange between plant roots and their associated rhizosphere microbiomes underpins plant growth promotion by microbes. Sorghum bicolor is a cereal crop that feeds animals and humans and is used for bioethanol production. Its root tips exude large amounts of a lipophilic benzoquinone called sorgoleone. Sorgoleone is an allelochemical that suppresses the growth of competing plant seedlings and is mineralized by microbes in soil. As an avenue to understand how sorghum and its root microbiome may be connected through root exudates, we identified the molecular determinants of microbial sorgoleone degradation and the distribution of this trait among microbes. We isolated and studied from sorghum-associated soils, three bacterial strains classified as Acinetobacter, Burkholderia, and Pseudomonas species that grow with sorgoleone as a sole carbon and energy source. The genomes of these strains were sequenced and subjected to transcriptomic and gene fitness analyses to identify candidate sorgoleone degradation genes. Follow up mutational analysis showed that sorgoleone catabolism is dependent on four contiguous genes that are conserved among the species we sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis of the sorgoleone degradation gene cluster showed that sorgoleone catabolism is enriched in sorghum-associated Streptomyces strains. The discovery of bacteria that grow on a compound like sorgoleone that is plant specific and not widely distributed in the environment, provides an opportunity to study how a plant exudate can enforce the development of a rhizosphere specific microbiome for the mutual benefit of plant and microbe.

SignificanceThe grain crop sorghum exudes an herbicidal compound called sorgoleone from its root tips, which inhibits the growth of other plants. We isolated bacteria that grow on sorogleone and identified a cluster of bacterial genes required for sorogleone degradation that can be used as a biomarker for this trait. An approach to improve the production of crops in stressful conditions such as drought, is to encourage their association with plant growth promoting bacteria. Our discovery of sorgoleone degradation genes opens the door to engineering bacteria that receive benefit from sorghum in the form of a plant-specific growth substrate, and in return promote the growth of this crop.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oda, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elmore, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farris, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shrestha, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pettinga, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogden, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldino, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander, W. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutschbauer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurtado, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDermott, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guss, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman-Derr, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McClure, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harwood, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egbert, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.26.542311</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sorgoleone degradation by sorghum-associated bacteria; an opportunity for enforcing plant growth promotion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.26.542516v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Self-Assembly of a Repeatable DNA Nanohinge System Supporting Higher Order Structure Formation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.26.542516v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA base pairs can both encode biological information and be used as a programmable material to build nanostructures with potential application in nanofabrication, data processing and storage, biosensing and drug delivery. Over several decades development of these DNA origami nanostructures has led to increasingly advanced self-assembling nanostructures and molecular machines actuated by various mechanisms such as toehold-mediated strand displacement (TMSD), magnetism and even light. However, scalability remains challenging as using larger scaffold strands can increase the likelihood of kinetic traps and misfolded conformations. Here we describe a repeatable DNA nanohinge system to increase the scalability of existing nanohinge designs for hierarchical assembly of more complex structures with greater degrees of mobility and functionality. The components of this system, comprising two distinct nanohinges, were designed in caDNAno. Structure conformation and stability were simulated using CanDo and MrDNA, and hinge assembly was validated by TEM. Electron micrographs revealed hinge-shaped nanostructures capable of self-assembly into more complex structures, as well as actuation using TMSD through a reversible locking mechanism incorporated into the design. Our work expands the existing utility of DNA nanohinges as building blocks for scalable DNA nanostructures and demonstrates the feasibility of polymerizing hinges in a novel manner for higher order assembly. The enhanced functionality of our dual hinge systems can be employed in future applications requiring greater control and mobility of DNA nanostructures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Law, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sushams, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackay, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicholas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, M. R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajkumar, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inaba, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maheden, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, J. C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kieft, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallam, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.26.542516</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Self-Assembly of a Repeatable DNA Nanohinge System Supporting Higher Order Structure Formation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.26.542537v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nde1 is a Biphasic Regulator of the Dynein Activation Pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.26.542537v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cytoplasmic dynein is the primary motor that drives the motility and force generation functions towards the microtubule minus end. The activation of dynein motility requires its assembly with dynactin and a cargo adaptor. This process is facilitated by two dynein-associated factors, Lis1 and Nde1/Ndel1. Recent studies proposed that Lis1 rescues dynein from its autoinhibited conformation, but the physiological function of Nde1/Ndel1 remains elusive. Here, we investigated how human Nde1 and Lis1 regulate the assembly and subsequent motility of the mammalian dynein/dynactin complex using in vitro reconstitution and single molecule imaging. We found that Nde1 promotes the assembly of active dynein complexes in two distinct ways. Nde1 competes with the 2 subunit of platelet activator factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) 1B, which recruits Lis1 as a noncatalytic subunit and prevents its binding to dynein. Second, Nde1 recruits Lis1 to autoinhibited dynein and promotes Lis1-mediated assembly of dynein-dynactin-adaptor complexes. However, excess Nde1 inhibits dynein, presumably by competing against dynactin to bind the dynein intermediate chain. The association of dynactin with dynein triggers Nde1 dissociation before the initiation of dynein motility. Our results provide a mechanistic explanation for how Nde1 and Lis1 synergistically activate the dynein transport machinery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oten, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yildiz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.26.542537</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nde1 is a Biphasic Regulator of the Dynein Activation Pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.29.542756v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reference-free multiplexed single-cell sequencing identifies genetic modifiers of the human immune response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.29.542756v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiplexed single-cell sequencing (mux-seq) using single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) has emerged as an efficient approach to perform expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) studies that map interactions between genetic variants and cell types, cell states, or experimental perturbations. Here we introduce the clue framework, a novel approach to encode mux-seq experiments that eliminates the need for reference genotypes and experimental barcoding. The clue framework is made possible by the development of freemuxlet, an algorithm that clusters cells based on SNPs called from single-cell RNA-seq or ATAC-seq data. To demonstrate the feasibility of clue, we profiled the surface protein and RNA abundances of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 64 individuals, stimulated with 5 distinct extracellular stimuli -- all within a single day. Our analysis of the demultiplexed data identified rare immune cell types and cell type-specific responses to interferon and toll-like receptor stimulation. Furthermore, by integrating genotyping data, we mapped response eQTLs specific to certain cell types. These findings showcase the potential and scalability of the clue framework for reference-free multiplexed single-cell sequencing studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hartoularos, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Si, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kathail, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogorodnikov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.29.542756</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reference-free multiplexed single-cell sequencing identifies genetic modifiers of the human immune response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.29.542786v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Visualizing scRNA-Seq Data at Population Scale with GloScope 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.29.542786v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Increasingly, scRNA-Seq studies explore cell populations across different samples and the effect of sample heterogeneity on organisms phenotype. However, relatively few bioinformatic methods have been developed which adequately address the variation between samples for such population-level analyses. We propose a framework for representing the entire single-cell profile of a sample, which we call a GloScope representation. We implement GloScope on scRNA-Seq datasets from study designs ranging from 12 to over 300 samples and demonstrate how GloScope allows researchers to perform essential bioinformatic tasks at the sample-level, in particular visualization and quality control assessment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torous, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purdom, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.29.542786</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Visualizing scRNA-Seq Data at Population Scale with GloScope]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.30.542503v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
COBRA improves the quality of viral genomes assembled from metagenomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.30.542503v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial and viral diversity, distribution, and ecological impacts are often studied using metagenome-assembled sequences, but genome incompleteness hampers comprehensive and accurate analyses. Here we introduce COBRA (Contig Overlap Based Re-Assembly), a tool that resolves de Bruijn graph based assembly breakpoints and joins contigs. While applicable to any short-read assembled DNA sequences, we benchmarked COBRA by using a dataset of published complete viral genomes from the ocean. COBRA accurately joined contigs assembled by metaSPAdes, IDBA_UD, and MEGAHIT, outcompeting several existing binning tools and achieving significantly higher genome accuracy (96.6% vs 19.8-59.6%). We applied COBRA to viral contigs that we assembled from 231 published freshwater metagenomes and obtained 7,334 high-quality or complete species-level genomes (clusters with 95% average nucleotide identity) for viruses of bacteria (phages), [~]83% of which represent new phage species. Notably, [~]70% of the 7,334 species genomes were circular, compared to 34% before COBRA analyses. We expanded genomic sampling of [&ge;] 200 kbp phages (i.e., huge phages), the largest of which was curated to completion (717 kbp in length). The improved phage genomes from Rotsee Lake provided context for metatranscriptomic data and indicated in situ activity of huge phages, WhiB and cysC/cysH encoding phages from this site. In conclusion, COBRA improves the assembly contiguity and completeness of microbial and viral genomes and thus, the accuracy and reliability of analyses of gene content, diversity, and evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.30.542503</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[COBRA improves the quality of viral genomes assembled from metagenomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.30.542908v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Foveal RGCs develop abnormal calcium dynamics weeks after photoreceptor ablation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.30.542908v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Objective or purposePhysiological changes in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) have been reported in rodent models of photoreceptor (PR) loss but this has not been investigated in primates. By expressing both a calcium indicator (GCaMP6s) and an optogenetic actuator (ChrimsonR) in foveal RGCs of the macaque, we reactivated RGCs in vivo and assessed their response in the weeks and years following PR loss.

DesignWe used an in vivo calcium imaging approach to record optogenetically evoked activity in deafferented RGCs in primate fovea. Cellular scale recordings were made longitudinally over a 10 week period following photoreceptor ablation and compared to responses from RGCs that had lost photoreceptor input more than two years prior.

ParticipantsThree eyes received photoreceptor ablation, OD of a male Macaca mulatta (M1), OS of a female Macaca fascicularis (M2) and OD of a male Macaca fascicularis (M3). Two animals were used for in vivo recording, one for histological assessment.

MethodsCones were ablated with an ultrafast laser delivered through an adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscope (AOSLO). A 0.5 s pulse of 25Hz 660nm light optogenetically stimulated RGCs, and the resulting GCaMP fluorescence signal was recorded using AOSLO. Measurements were repeated over 10 weeks immediately after PR ablation, at 2.3 years and in control RGCs.

Main Outcome measuresThe calcium rise time, decay constant and sensitivity index of optogenetic mediated RGC were derived from GCaMP fluorescence recordings from 221 RGCs (Animal M1) and 218 RGCs (Animal M2) in vivo.

ResultsFollowing photoreceptor ablation, the mean decay constant of the calcium response in RGCs decreased 1.5 fold (1.6{+/-}0.5 s to 0.6{+/-}0.3 s SD) over the 10 week observation period in subject 1 and 2.1 fold (2.5{+/-}0.5 s to 1.2{+/-}0.2 s SD) within 8 weeks in subject 2. Calcium rise time and sensitivity index were stable. Optogenetic reactivation remained possible 2.3 years after PR ablation.

ConclusionsAltered calcium dynamics developed in primate foveal RGCs in the weeks after photoreceptor ablation. The mean decay constant of optogenetic mediated calcium responses decreased 1.5 - 2-fold. This is the first report of this phenomenon in primate retina and further work is required to understand the role these changes play in cell survival and activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunala, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puthussery, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGregor, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.30.542908</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Foveal RGCs develop abnormal calcium dynamics weeks after photoreceptor ablation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.31.542532v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct neural representations during a brain-machine interface and manual reaching task in motor cortex, prefrontal cortex, and striatum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.31.542532v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) are directly controlled by the modulation of a select local population of neurons, distributed networks consisting of cortical and subcortical areas have been implicated in learning and maintaining control. Previous work in rodent BMI has demonstrated the involvement of the striatum in BMI learning. However, the prefrontal cortex has been largely ignored when studying motor BMI control despite its role in action planning, action selection, and learning abstract tasks. Here, we compare local field potentials simultaneously recorded from the primary motor cortex (M1), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), and the caudate nucleus of the striatum (Cd) while nonhuman primates perform a two-dimensional, self-initiated, center-out task under BMI control and manual control. Our results demonstrate the presence of distinct neural representations for BMI and manual control in M1, DLPFC, and Cd. We find that neural activity from DLPFC and M1 best distinguish between control types at the go cue and target acquisition, respectively. We also found effective connectivity from DLPFC[-&gt;]M1 throughout trials across both control types and Cd[-&gt;]M1 during BMI control. These results suggest distributed network activity between M1, DLPFC, and Cd during BMI control that is similar yet distinct from manual control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zippi, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shvartsman, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vendrell-Llopis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallis, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmena, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.31.542532</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct neural representations during a brain-machine interface and manual reaching task in motor cortex, prefrontal cortex, and striatum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.01.543278v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure and activation of the human autophagy-initiating ULK1C:PI3KC3-C1 supercomplex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.01.543278v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The unc-51-like kinase protein kinase complex (ULK1C) is the most upstream and central player in the initiation of macroautophagy in mammals. Here, the cryo-EM structure of the human ULK1C core was determined at amino acid residue-level resolution. A moderate resolution structure of the ULK1C core in complex with another autophagy core complex, the class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex I (PI3KC3-C1) was also determined. The two complexes co-assemble through extensive contacts between the FIP200 scaffold subunit of ULK1C and the VPS15, ATG14, and BECN1 subunits of PI3KC3-C1.

The FIP200:ATG13:ULK1 core of ULK1C undergoes a rearrangement from 2:1:1 to 2:2:2 stoichiometry in the presence of PI3KC3-C1. This suggests a structural mechanism for the initiation of autophagy through formation of a ULK1C:PI3KC3-C1 supercomplex and dimerization of ULK1 on the FIP200 scaffold.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, A. S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurley, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.01.543278</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure and activation of the human autophagy-initiating ULK1C:PI3KC3-C1 supercomplex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.30.542977v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Defined synthetic microbial communities colonize and benefit field-grown sorghum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.30.542977v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The rhizosphere represents a dynamic and complex interface between plant hosts and the microbial community found in the surrounding soil. While it is recognized that manipulating the rhizosphere has the potential to improve plant fitness and health, engineering the rhizosphere microbiome through inoculation has often proved challenging. This is in large part due to the competitive microbial ecosystem in which the added microbes must survive, and lack of adaptation of these added microbes to the specific metabolic and environmental pressures of the rhizosphere. Here, we constructed an inoculation formula using a defined synthetic community (dSynCom) approach that we hypothesized would improve engraftment efficiency and potentially the relationship with the host plant, Sorghum bicolor. The dSynCom was assembled from bacterial isolates that were either: 1) identified to potentially play a role in community cohesion through network analysis, or 2) identified to benefit from host-specific exudate compounds. Growth of the dSynCom was first evaluated in vitro on solid media, secondly in planta under gnotobiotic laboratory conditions, and finally using sorghum plants grown in the field. We demonstrate that the dSynCom performs best in terms of maintaining diversity when grown in the presence of the plant host in lab conditions, and that many lineages are lost from the community when grown either in vitro or in a native field setting. Finally, we demonstrate that the dSynCom is able to promote growth of above- and below-ground plant phenotypes compared to uninoculated controls, both in the lab and when applied to plants grown in the field. These results demonstrate the potential utility of SynComs for supporting crop performance even in the absence of persistence, and the need for a deeper mechanistic understanding of community control of host fitness in agricultural contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fonseca Garcia, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elmore, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pettinga, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McClure, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedraza, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutmacher, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egbert, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman-Derr, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.30.542977</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Defined synthetic microbial communities colonize and benefit field-grown sorghum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.31.542915v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TPPP Forms Liquid Condensates and Aggregates in Multiple System Atrophy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.31.542915v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oligodendrocytes have elaborate arbors of microtubules that extend toward axons and spiral around myelin sheaths. Oligodendrocytes rely on satellite organelles called Golgi outposts to nucleate new microtubules at sites far from the cell body. We now show that the Golgi outpost marker TPPP (tubulin polymerization promoting protein) forms liquid condensates that co-partition with tubulin in order to nucleate microtubules. In oligodendrocytes, TPPP forms either dynamic puncta or aberrant microtubule-associated aggregates. In Multiple System Atrophy (MSA), a sequela of histological events initiates with TPPP aggregation in myelin sheaths and terminates in perinuclear TPPP co-aggregation with alpha-synuclein (aSyn). Finally, recombinant TPPP aggregates are toxic to primary oligodendrocytes. Thus, while the liquid condensate property of TPPP facilitates microtubule nucleation, it also predisposes TPPP to aggregate in disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kemal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McAlear, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopach, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nowacki, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bechstedt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, M.-m.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.31.542915</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TPPP Forms Liquid Condensates and Aggregates in Multiple System Atrophy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.01.543064v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phylodynamics Uncovers the Transmission of Antibiotic-Resistant Escherichia coli between Canines and Humans in an Urban Environment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.01.543064v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The role of canines in transmitting antibiotic resistant bacteria to humans in the urban environment is poorly understood. To elucidate this role, we utilized genomic sequencing and phylogenetics to characterize the burden and transmission dynamics of antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli (ABR-Ec) cultured from canine and human feces present on urban sidewalks in San Francisco, California. We collected a total of fifty-nine ABR-Ec from human (n=12) and canine (n=47) fecal samples from the Tenderloin and South of Market (SoMa) neighborhoods of San Francisco. We then analyzed phenotypic and genotypic antibiotic resistance (ABR) of the isolates, as well as clonal relationships based on cgMLST and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the core genomes. Using Bayesian inference, we reconstructed the transmission dynamics between humans and canines from multiple local outbreak clusters using the marginal structured coalescent approximation (MASCOT). Overall, we found human and canine samples to carry similar amounts and profiles of ABR genes. Our results provide evidence for multiple transmission events of ABR-Ec between humans and canines. In particular, we found one instance of likely transmission from canines to humans as well as an additional local outbreak cluster consisting of one canine and one human sample. Based on this analysis, it appears that canine feces act as an important reservoir of clinically relevant ABR-Ec within the urban environment. Our findings support that public health measures should continue to emphasize proper canine feces disposal practices, access to public toilets and sidewalk and street cleaning. Importance: Antibiotic resistance in E. coli is a growing public health concern with global attributable deaths projected to reach millions annually. Current research has focused heavily on clinical routes of antibiotic resistance transmission to design interventions while the role of alternative reservoirs such as domesticated animals remain less well understood. Our results suggest canines are part of the transmission network that disseminates high-risk multidrug resistance in E. coli within the urban San Francisco community. As such, this study highlights the need to consider canines, and potentially domesticated animals more broadly, when designing interventions to reduce the prevalence of antibiotic resistance in the community. Additionally, it showcases the utility of genomic epidemiology to reconstruct the pathways by which antimicrobial resistance spreads.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Walas, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Müller, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henderson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capone, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barker, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.01.543064</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phylodynamics Uncovers the Transmission of Antibiotic-Resistant Escherichia coli between Canines and Humans in an Urban Environment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.31.543098v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep-learning Based Pathological Assessment of Frozen Procurement Kidney Biopsies Predicts Graft Loss and Guides Organ Utilization: A Large-scale Retrospective Study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.31.543098v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundLesion scores on procurement donor biopsies are commonly used to guide organ utilization. However, frozen sections present challenges for histological scoring, leading to inter- and intra-observer variability and inappropriate discard.

MethodsWe constructed deep-learning based models to recognize kidney tissue compartments in H&E stained sections from procurement biopsies performed at 583 hospitals nationwide in year 2011-2020. The models were trained and tested respectively on 11473 and 3986 images sliced from 100 slides. We then extracted whole-slide abnormality features from 2431 kidneys, and correlated with pathologists scores and transplant outcomes. Finally, a Kidney Donor Quality Score (KDQS) incorporating digital features and the Kidney Donor Profile Index (KDPI) was derived and used in combination with recipient demographic and peri-transplant characteristics to predict graft loss or assist organ utilization.

ResultsOur model accurately identified 96% and 91% of normal/sclerotic glomeruli respectively; 94% of arteries/arterial intimal fibrosis regions; 90% of tubules. Three whole-slide features (Sclerotic Glomeruli%, Arterial Intimal Fibrosis%, and Interstitial Fibrosis%) demonstrated strong correlations with corresponding pathologists scores (n=2431), but had superior associations with post-transplant eGFR (n=2033) and graft loss (n=1560). The combination of KDQS and other factors predicted 1- and 4-year graft loss (discovery: n=520, validation: n=1040). Finally, by matching 398 discarded kidneys due to "biopsy findings" to transplanted population, the matched transplants from discarded KDQS<4 group (110/398, 27.6%) showed similar graft survival rate to unmatched transplanted kidneys (2-, 5-year survival rate: 97%, 86%). KDQS [&ge;] 7 (37/398, 9.3%) and 1-year survival model score [&ge;] 0.55 were determined to identify possible discards (PPV=0.92).

ConclusionThis deep-learning based approach provides automatic and reliable pathological assessment of procurement kidney biopsies, which could facilitate graft loss risk stratification and organ utilization.

Translational StatementThis deep-learning based approach provides rapid but more objective, sensitive and reliable assessment of deceased-donor kidneys before transplantation, and improves the prognostic value of procurement biopsies, thus could potentially reduce inappropriate discard and stratify patients needing monitoring or preventative measures after transplantation. The pipeline can be integrated into various types of scanners and conveniently generates report after slide scanning. Such report can be used in conjunction with pathologists report or independently for centers lacking renal pathologists.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cravedi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tedla, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soto, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veremis, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-barros, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haakinson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brody, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallon, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connell, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naesens, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colvin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salem, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.31.543098</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep-learning Based Pathological Assessment of Frozen Procurement Kidney Biopsies Predicts Graft Loss and Guides Organ Utilization: A Large-scale Retrospective Study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.02.543466v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
dsRID: Editing-free in silico identification of dsRNA region using long-read RNA-seq data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.02.543466v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) are potent triggers of innate immune responses upon recognition by cytosolic dsRNA sensor proteins. Identification of endogenous dsRNAs helps to better understand the dsRNAome and its relevance to innate immunity related to human diseases. Here, we report dsRID (double-stranded RNA identifier), a machine learning-based method to predict dsRNA regions in silico, leveraging the power of long-read RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) and molecular traits of dsRNAs. Using models trained with PacBio long-read RNA-seq data derived from Alzheimers disease (AD) brain, we show that our approach is highly accurate in predicting dsRNA regions in multiple datasets. Applied to an AD cohort sequenced by the ENCODE consortium, we characterize the global dsRNA profile with potentially distinct expression patterns between AD and controls. Together, we show that dsRID provides an effective approach to capture global dsRNA profiles using long-read RNA-seq data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yamamoto, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choundhury, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.02.543466</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[dsRID: Editing-free in silico identification of dsRNA region using long-read RNA-seq data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.02.543513v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovery of a new craniofacial gene influencing adaptive phenotypes in a non-model pupfish radiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.02.543513v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the genetic basis of novel adaptations in new species is a fundamental question in biology that also provides an opportunity to uncover new genes and regulatory networks with potential clinical relevance. Here we demonstrate a new role for galr2 in vertebrate craniofacial development using an adaptive radiation of trophic specialist pupfishes endemic to San Salvador Island in the Bahamas. We confirmed the loss of a putative Sry transcription factor binding site in the upstream region of galr2 in scale-eating pupfish and found significant spatial differences in galr2 expression among pupfish species in Meckels cartilage and premaxilla using in situ hybridization chain reaction (HCR). We then experimentally demonstrated a novel function for Galr2 in craniofacial development and jaw elongation by exposing embryos to drugs that inhibit Galr2 activity. Galr2-inhibition reduced Meckels cartilage length and increased chondrocyte density in both trophic specialists but not in the generalist genetic background. We propose a mechanism for jaw elongation in scale-eaters based on the reduced expression of galr2 due to the loss of a putative Sry binding site. Fewer Galr2 receptors in the scale-eater Meckels cartilage may result in their enlarged jaw lengths as adults by limiting opportunities for a postulated Galr2 agonist to bind to these receptors during development. Our findings illustrate the growing utility of linking candidate adaptive SNPs in non-model systems with highly divergent phenotypes to novel vertebrate gene functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Palominos, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muhl, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richards, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.02.543513</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovery of a new craniofacial gene influencing adaptive phenotypes in a non-model pupfish radiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.05.543698v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recurrent pattern completion drives the neocortical representation of sensory inference 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.05.543698v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When sensory information is incomplete or ambiguous, the brain relies on prior expectations to infer perceptual objects. Despite the centrality of this process to perception, the neural mechanism of sensory inference is not known. Illusory contours (ICs) are key tools to study sensory inference because they contain edges or objects that are implied only by their spatial context. Using cellular resolution, mesoscale two-photon calcium imaging and multi-Neuropixels recordings in the mouse visual cortex, we identified a sparse subset of neurons in the primary visual cortex (V1) and higher visual areas that respond emergently to ICs. We found that these highly selective  IC-encoders mediate the neural representation of IC inference. Strikingly, selective activation of these neurons using two-photon holographic optogenetics was sufficient to recreate IC representation in the rest of the V1 network, in the absence of any visual stimulus. This outlines a model in which primary sensory cortex facilitates sensory inference by selectively strengthening input patterns that match prior expectations through local, recurrent circuitry. Our data thus suggest a clear computational purpose for recurrence in the generation of holistic percepts under sensory ambiguity. More generally, selective reinforcement of top-down predictions by pattern-completing recurrent circuits in lower sensory cortices may constitute a key step in sensory inference.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogando, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdeladim, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durand, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belski, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabasco, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loefler, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bawany, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardcastle, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suarez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ouellette, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grasso, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swapp, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caldejon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williford, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groblewski, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olsen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiselycznyk, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lecoq, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adesnik, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.05.543698</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recurrent pattern completion drives the neocortical representation of sensory inference]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.05.543818v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel, precise and high-throughput technology for viroid detection in cannabis (MFDetectTM) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.05.543818v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hop latent viroid (HLVd) is a severe disease of cannabis, causing substantial economic losses in plant yield and crop value for growers worldwide. The best way to control the disease is early detection to limit the spread of the viroid in grow facilities. This study describes MFDetect as a rapid, highly sensitive, and high-throughput tool for detecting HLVd in the early stages of plant development. Furthermore, we compared MFDetect with RT-PCR in a time course experiment using different plant tissue, leaf, petiole, and roots at different plant development stages to demonstrate both technologies are comparable. Our study found leaf tissue is a suitable plant material for HLVd detection, with the viroid titer increasing in the infected leaf tissue with the age of plants. The study showed that other tissue types, including petiole and roots, were equally sensitive to detection via MFDetect. The assay developed in this research allows the screening of thousands of plants in a week. The assay can be scaled easily to provide the growers with a quick turnaround and cost-effective diagnostic tool for screening many plants and tissue types at different stages of development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fernandez i Marti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parungao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selimotic, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrar, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seyler, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anand, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmad, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.05.543818</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel, precise and high-throughput technology for viroid detection in cannabis (MFDetectTM)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.10.544469v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Mechanism and Energetics of the Dynein Priming Stroke 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.10.544469v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dyneins is an AAA+ motor responsible for motility and force generation towards the minus end of microtubules. Dynein motility is powered by nucleotide-dependent transitions of its linker domain, which transitions between straight (post-powerstroke) and bent (pre-powerstroke) conformations. To understand the dynamics and energetics of the linker, we per-formed all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of human dynein-2 primed for its power stroke. Simulations re-vealed that the linker can adopt either a bent conformation or a semi-bent conformation, separated by a 5.7 kT energy bar-rier. The linker cannot switch back to its straight conformation in the pre-powerstroke state due to a steric clash with the AAA+ ring. Simulations also showed that an isolated linker has a free energy minimum near the semi-bent conformation in the absence of the AAA+ ring, indicating that the linker stores mechanical energy as it bends and releases this energy during the powerstroke.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Golcuk, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yilmaz, S. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yildiz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gur, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.10.544469</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Mechanism and Energetics of the Dynein Priming Stroke]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.13.544815v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Enterobacteriaceae bloom in aging animals is restrained by the gut microbiome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.13.544815v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The gut microbiome plays important roles in host function and health. Core microbiomes have been described for different species, and imbalances in their composition, known as dysbiosis, are associated with pathology. Changes in the gut microbiome and dysbiosis are common in aging, possibly due to multi-tissue deterioration, which includes metabolic shifts, dysregulated immunity, and disrupted epithelial barriers. However, the characteristics of these changes, as reported in different studies, are varied and sometimes conflicting. Using clonal populations of C. elegans to highlight trends shared among individuals, and employing NextGen sequencing, CFU counts and fluorescent imaging to characterize age-dependent changes in worms raised in different microbial environments, we identified an Enterobacteriaceae bloom as a common denominator in aging animals. Experiments using Enterobacter hormachei, a representative commensal, suggested that the Enterobacteriaceae bloom was facilitated by a decline in Sma/BMP immune signaling in aging animals and demonstrated its detrimental potential for increasing susceptibility to infection. However, such detrimental effects were context-dependent, mitigated by competition with commensal communities, highlighting the latter as determinants of healthy versus unhealthy aging, depending on their ability to restrain opportunistic pathobionts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodkhe, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pees, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monnin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deller, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapira, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.13.544815</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Enterobacteriaceae bloom in aging animals is restrained by the gut microbiome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.13.544848v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impact of inoculation practices on microbiota assembly and community stability in a fabricated ecosystem 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.13.544848v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Studying plant-microbe-soil interactions is challenging due to their high complexity and variability in natural ecosystems. While fabricated ecosystems provide opportunities to recapitulate aspects of these systems in reduced complexity and controlled environments, inoculation can be a significant source of variation. To tackle this, we evaluated how different bacteria inoculation practices and plant harvesting time points affect the reproducibility of a microbial synthetic community (SynCom) in association with the model grass Brachypodium distachyon. We tested three microbial inoculation practices: seed inoculation, transplant inoculation, and seedling inoculation; and two harvesting points: early (14-day-old plants) and late (21 days post-inoculation). We grew our plants and bacterial strains in sterile devices (EcoFABs) and characterized the microbial community from root, rhizosphere, and sand using 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. The results showed that inoculation practices significantly affected the rhizosphere microbial community only when harvesting at an early time point but not at the late stage. As the SynCom showed a persistent association with B. distachyon at 21 days post-inoculation regardless of inoculation practices, we assessed the reproducibility of each inoculation method and found that transplant inoculation showed the highest reproducibility. Moreover, plant biomass was not adversely affected by transplant inoculation treatment. We concluded that bacteria inoculation while transplanting coupled with a later harvesting time point gives the most reproducible microbial community in the EcoFAB-B. distachyon-SynCom fabricated ecosystem and recommend this method as a standardized protocol for use with fabricated ecosystem experimental systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, H.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andeer, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owens, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhalnina, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jabusch, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuehl, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutschbauer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Northen, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mortimer, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.13.544848</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impact of inoculation practices on microbiota assembly and community stability in a fabricated ecosystem]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.14.544860v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Participant-derived cell line transcriptomic analyses and mouse studies reveal a role for ZNF335 in plasma cholesterol statin response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.14.544860v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundStatins lower circulating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC) levels and reduce cardiovascular disease risk. Though highly efficacious in general, there is considerable inter-individual variation in statin efficacy that remains largely unexplained.

MethodsTo identify novel genes that may modulate statin-induced LDLC lowering, we used RNA-sequencing data from 426 control- and 2 M simvastatin-treated lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) derived from European and African American ancestry participants of the Cholesterol and Pharmacogenetics (CAP) 40 mg/day 6-week simvastatin clinical trial (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00451828). We correlated statin-induced changes in LCL gene expression with plasma LDLC statin response in the corresponding CAP participants. For the most correlated gene identified (ZNF335), we followed up in vivo by comparing plasma cholesterol levels, lipoprotein profiles, and lipid statin response between wild-type mice and carriers of a hypomorphic (partial loss of function) missense mutation in Zfp335 (the mouse homolog of ZNF335).

ResultsThe statin-induced expression changes of 147 human LCL genes were significantly correlated to the plasma LDLC statin responses of the corresponding CAP participants in vivo (FDR=5%). The two genes with the strongest correlations were zinc finger protein 335 (ZNF335 aka NIF-1, rho=0.237, FDR-adj p=0.0085) and CCR4-NOT transcription complex subunit 3 (CNOT3, rho=0.233, FDR-adj p=0.0085). Chow-fed mice carrying a hypomorphic missense (R1092W; aka bloto) mutation in Zfp335 had significantly lower non-HDL cholesterol levels than wild type C57BL/6J mice in a sex combined model (p=0.04). Furthermore, male (but not female) mice carrying the Zfp335R1092W allele had significantly lower total and HDL cholesterol levels than wild-type mice. In a separate experiment, wild-type mice fed a control diet for 4 weeks and a matched simvastatin diet for an additional 4 weeks had significant statin-induced reductions in non-HDLC (-43{+/-}18% and -23{+/-}19% for males and females, respectively). Wild-type male (but not female) mice experienced significant reductions in plasma LDL particle concentrations, while male mice carrying Zfp335R1092W allele(s) exhibited a significantly blunted LDL statin response.

ConclusionsOur in vitro and in vivo studies identified ZNF335 as a novel modulator of plasma cholesterol levels and statin response, suggesting that variation in ZNF335 activity could contribute to inter-individual differences in statin clinical efficacy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Theusch, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ting, F. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naidoo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orr, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, B. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cyster, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.-D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotter, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krauss, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medina, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.14.544860</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Participant-derived cell line transcriptomic analyses and mouse studies reveal a role for ZNF335 in plasma cholesterol statin response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.16.545047v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The AusTraits Plant Dictionary 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.16.545047v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Traits with intuitive names, a clear scope and explicit description are essential for all trait databases. Reanalysis of data from a single database, or analyses that integrate data across multiple databases, can only occur if researchers are confident the trait concepts are consistent within and across sources. The lack of a unified, comprehensive resource for plant trait definitions has previously limited the utility of trait databases. Here we describe the AusTraits Plant Dictionary (APD), which extends the trait definitions included in the new trait database AusTraits. The development process of the APD included three steps: review and formalisation of the scope of each trait and the accompanying trait description; addition of trait meta-data; and publication in both human and machine-readable forms. Trait definitions include keywords, references and links to related trait concepts in other databases, and the traits are grouped into a hierarchy for easy searching. As well as improving the usability of AusTraits, the Dictionary will foster the integration of trait data across global and regional plant trait databases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wenk, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauquet, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallagher, R. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brownlee, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boettiger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auld, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrett, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodribb, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choat, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dun, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellsworth, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gosper, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guja, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breton, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leigh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irving, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medlyn, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nolan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ooi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sommerville, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vesk, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falster, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.16.545047</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The AusTraits Plant Dictionary]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.18.545353v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-cognate immunity proteins provide broader defenses against interbacterial effectors in microbial communities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.18.545353v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dense microbial communities, like the gut and soil microbiomes, are dynamic societies. Bacteria can navigate these environments by deploying proteins that alter foreign cells behavior, such as interbacterial effectors. Current models suggest that adjacent sibling cells are protected by an immunity protein, as compared to toxin-antitoxin systems that act only within the effector-producing cell. A prevailing hypothesis is that immunity proteins binding to specific (cognate) protein partners is sufficient to disrupt effector function. Further, there is little-to-no crosstalk with other non-cognate effectors. In this research, we build on sporadic reports challenging these hypotheses. We show that immunity proteins from a newly defined protein family can bind and protect against non-cognate PD-(D/E)XK-containing effectors from diverse phyla. We describe the domains essential for binding and function and show that binding alone is insufficient for protective activity. Moreover, we found that these effector and immunity genes co-occur in individual human microbiomes. These results expand the growing repertoire of bacterial protection mechanisms and the models on how non-cognate interactions impact community structure within complex ecosystems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Knecht, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sirias, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Utter, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbs, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.18.545353</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-cognate immunity proteins provide broader defenses against interbacterial effectors in microbial communities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.17.545449v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Physiological phenotypes differ among color morphs in introduced populations of the common wall lizard, Podarcis muralis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.17.545449v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many species exhibit color polymorphisms which have distinct physiological and behavioral characteristics. However, the consistency of morph trait covariation patterns across species, time, and ecological contexts remains unclear. This trait covariation is especially relevant in the context of invasion biology and urban adaptation. Specifically, physiological and behavioral traits pertaining to energy maintenance are crucial to fitness, given their immediate ties to individual reproduction, growth, and population establishment. We investigated the physiological and behavioral traits of Podarcis muralis, a versatile color polymorphic species that thrives in urban environments (including invasive populations in Ohio, USA). We measured five physiological and behavioral traits (circulating corticosterone and triglycerides, hematocrit, body condition, and field body temperature) which compose an integrated multivariate phenotype. We then tested variation among stable color polymorphisms in the context of establishment in an urban environment. We found that the traits describing physiological status and strategy shifted across the active season in a morph-dependent manner-the white and yellow morphs exhibited clearly different multivariate physiological phenotypes, characterized primarily by differences in circulating corticosterone. This suggests that morphs have different strategies in physiological regulation, the flexibility of which is crucial to urban adaptation. The white-yellow morph exhibited an intermediate phenotype, suggesting an intermediary energy maintenance strategy. Orange morphs also exhibited distinct phenotypes, but the low prevalence of this morph in our study populations precludes clear interpretation. Our work provides insight into how differences among stable polymorphisms exist across axes of the phenotype and how this variation may aid in establishment within novel environments.

O_QDEpigraph: "If you are only moved by color relationships, you are missing the point."

- Mark Rothko, Latvian-American abstract painter

C_QD
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Amer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spears, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaughn, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colwell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Livingston, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McQueen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schill, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reichard, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gangloff, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brock, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.17.545449</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Physiological phenotypes differ among color morphs in introduced populations of the common wall lizard, Podarcis muralis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.19.545524v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic noise estimation: A generalized method for modeling noise in sequential decision-making behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.19.545524v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Computational cognitive modeling is an important tool for understanding the processes supporting human and animal decision-making. Choice data in decision-making tasks are inherently noisy, and separating noise from signal can improve the quality of computational modeling. Common approaches to model decision noise often assume constant levels of noise or exploration throughout learning (e.g., the{epsilon} -softmax policy). However, this assumption is not guaranteed to hold - for example, a subject might disengage and lapse into an inattentive phase for a series of trials in the middle of otherwise low-noise performance. Here, we introduce a new, computationally inexpensive method to dynamically infer the levels of noise in choice behavior, under a model assumption that agents can transition between two discrete latent states (e.g., fully engaged and random). Using simulations, we show that modeling noise levels dynamically instead of statically can substantially improve model fit and parameter estimation, especially in the presence of long periods of noisy behavior, such as prolonged attentional lapses. We further demonstrate the empirical benefits of dynamic noise estimation at the individual and group levels by validating it on four published datasets featuring diverse populations, tasks, and models. Based on the theoretical and empirical evaluation of the method reported in the current work, we expect that dynamic noise estimation will improve modeling in many decision-making paradigms over the static noise estimation method currently used in the modeling literature, while keeping additional model complexity and assumptions minimal.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, J.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.19.545524</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic noise estimation: A generalized method for modeling noise in sequential decision-making behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.20.545093v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting the impact of rare variants on RNA splicing in CAGI6 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.20.545093v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundVariants which disrupt splicing are a frequent cause of rare disease that have been under-ascertained clinically. Accurate and efficient methods to predict a variants impact on splicing are needed to interpret the growing number of variants of unknown significance (VUS) identified by exome and genome sequencing. Here we present the results of the CAGI6 Splicing VUS challenge, which invited predictions of the splicing impact of 56 variants ascertained clinically and functionally validated to determine splicing impact.

ResultsThe performance of 12 prediction methods, along with SpliceAI and CADD, was compared on the 56 functionally validated variants. The maximum overall accuracy achieved was 82% from two different approaches, one weighting SpliceAI scores by minor allele frequency, and one applying the recently published Splicing Prediction Pipeline (SPiP). SPiP performed optimally in terms of sensitivity, while an ensemble method combining multiple prediction tools and information from databases exceeded all others for specificity.

ConclusionsSeveral challenge methods equalled or exceeded the performance of SpliceAI, with ultimate choice of prediction method likely to depend on experimental or clinical aims. One quarter of the variants were incorrectly predicted by at least 50% of the methods, highlighting the need for further improvements to splicing prediction methods for successful clinical application.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lord, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaramillo Oquendo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wai, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglas, A. G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bunyan, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katsonis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lichtarge, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagnall, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mount, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthiasardottir, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Overeem Hansen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martins, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houdayer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krieger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakolitsa, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamandula, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radivojac, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baralle, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.20.545093</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting the impact of rare variants on RNA splicing in CAGI6]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.21.545992v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Soil carbon mineralization and microbial community dynamics in response to PyOM addition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.21.545992v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Wildfires can either negatively impact soil carbon (C) stocks through combustion or increase soil carbon stocks through the production of pyrogenic organic matter (PyOM), which is highly persistent and can affect non-pyrogenic soil organic carbon (SOC) mineralization rates. In this study, we used fine-resolution 13CO2 flux tracing to investigate PyOM-C mineralization, soil priming effects, and their impacts on soil microbial communities in a Californian mixed conifer forest Xerumbrept soil burned in the 2014 King Fire. We added PyOM produced from pine biomass at 350 {degrees}C and 550 {degrees}C to the soil and separately traced the mineralization of 13C-labeled water-extractable and non-water-extractable PyOM-C fractions in a short-term incubation.

Our results indicate that the water-extractable fraction is 10-50x more mineralizable in both 350 {degrees}C and 550 {degrees}C PyOM treatments than the SOC or non-water-extractable PyOM fraction. 350 {degrees}C PyOM addition led to a short-term positive priming effect, likely due to co-metabolism of easily mineralizable PyOM-C and the SOC, whereas 550 {degrees}C PyOM addition induced negative priming, potentially due to physical protection of SOC. We observed significant shifts in bacterial community composition in response to both 350 {degrees}C and 550 {degrees}C PyOM, with positive PyOM responders belonging to the genera Noviherbaspirillum, Pseudonocardia, and Gemmatimonas. In contrast, fungal communities were less responsive to PyOM additions. Our findings expand our understanding of the post-fire cycling of PyOM and SOC, providing insights into the microbial mineralization of different PyOM-C fractions and their influence on soil C dynamics in fire-affected ecosystems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zeba, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berry, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traxler, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.21.545992</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Soil carbon mineralization and microbial community dynamics in response to PyOM addition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.21.543782v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tiny Earth CURE improves student persistence in science 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.21.543782v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Course-based undergraduate research experiences (CUREs) enhance student retention in STEM, particularly among students who belong to historically excluded communities. Yet the mechanisms by which CUREs contribute to student integration and persistence are poorly understood. Utilizing the Tripartite Integration Model of Social Influence (TIMSI), this longitudinal study examines how Tiny Earth, an antibiotic-discovery CURE, impacts students scientific self-efficacy, scientific identity, endorsement of scientific community values, and intentions to persist in science. The study also explores how gains in TIMSI factors vary as a function of student demographics and course characteristics. Results of pre-and post-course measurements show that scientific self-efficacy and identity increased among students in Tiny Earth, and some student demographics and course characteristics moderated these gains. Gains in scientific self-efficacy, identity, and values correlated with gains in persistence intentions, whereas student demographics and course characteristics did not. Results of this study show that the Tiny Earth CURE enhanced students integration into the scientific community, which was linked to intentions of students of both historically underrepresented and majority groups to persist in STEM. We discuss how courses that provide opportunity to learn science skills in the context of a CURE can contribute toward enlarging and diversifying the STEM workforce.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miller, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldana, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maldonado, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandoval, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handelsman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broderick, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estrada, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.21.543782</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tiny Earth CURE improves student persistence in science]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.21.545768v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microbiome remodeling through bacterial competition and host behavior enables rapid adaptation to environmental toxins. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.21.545768v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human activity is altering the environment in a rapid pace, challenging the adaptive capacities of genetic variation within animal populations. Animals also harbor extensive gut microbiomes, which play diverse roles in host health and fitness and may help expanding host capabilities. The unprecedented scale of human usage of xenobiotics and contamination with environmental toxins describes one challenge against which bacteria with their immense biochemical diversity would be useful, by increasing detoxification capacities. To explore the potential of bacteria-assisted rapid adaptation, we used Caenorhabditis elegans worms harboring a defined microbiome, and neomycin as a model toxin, harmful for the worm host and neutralized to different extents by some microbiome members. Worms raised in the presence of neomycin showed delayed development and decreased survival but were protected when colonized by neomycin-resistant members of the microbiome. Two distinct mechanisms facilitated this protection: gut enrichment driven by altered bacterial competition for the strain best capable of modifying neomycin; and host avoidance behavior, which depended on the conserved JNK homolog KGB-1, enabling preference and acquisition of neomycin-protective bacteria. We further tested the consequences of adaptation, considering that enrichment for protective strains may represent dysbiosis. We found that neomycin-adapted gut microbiomes caused increased susceptibility to infection as well as an increase in gut lipid storage, suggesting metabolic remodeling. Our proof-of-concept experiments support the feasibility of bacteria-assisted host adaptation and suggest that it may be prevalent. The results also highlight trade-offs between toxin adaptation and other traits of fitness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez-Carrascal, O. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeSousa, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wijaya, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khoury, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapira, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.21.545768</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microbiome remodeling through bacterial competition and host behavior enables rapid adaptation to environmental toxins.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.22.546084v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fine-tuning Protein Embeddings for GeneralizableAnnotation Propagation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.22.546084v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A central goal of bioinformatics research is to understand proteins on a functional level, typically by extrapolating from experimental results with the protein sequence information. One strategy is to assume that proteins with similar sequences will also share function. This has the benefit of being interpretable; it gives a very clear idea of why a protein might have a particular function by comparing with the most similar reference example. However, direct machine learning classifiers now outperform pure sequence similarity methods in raw prediction ability. A hybrid method is to use pre-trained language models to create protein embeddings, and then indirectly predict protein function using their relative similarity. We find that fine-tuning an auxiliary objective on protein function indirectly improves these hy-brid methods, to the point that they are in some cases better than direct classifiers. Our empirical results demonstrate that interpretable protein comparison models can be developed using fine-tuning techniques, without cost, or even with some benefit, to overall performance. K-nearest neighbors (KNN) embedding-based models also offer free generalization to previously unknown classes, while continuing to outperform only pre-trained models, further demonstrating the potential of fine-tuned embeddings outside of direct classification.

Significance StatementFor the purposes of biological understanding, or engineering, it is particularly important that protein annotation is done through interpretable means, such as comparison to existing proteins with known properties. Our work builds upon previous efforts to do so by embedding proteins into high-dimensional vectors with pre-trained protein language models. We demonstrate that further training of these models on protein function classification drastically improves their performance, while allowing for exactly the same similarity based classifications on both known and novel potential functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dickson, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mofrad, M. R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.22.546084</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fine-tuning Protein Embeddings for GeneralizableAnnotation Propagation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.23.546186v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The unique microbial diversity, community composition and networks of Pacific Islander endocervical and vaginal microbiomes in the presence or absence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection using metagenomic shotgun sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.23.546186v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPacific Islanders are a vulnerable population with a high prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and remain underrepresented in research. Here, 258 vaginal and 92 paired endocervical samples from women of diverse ethnicities in Fiji were evaluated using metagenomics to characterize microbial relative abundance, composition and networks including associations with Neisseria gonorrhoeae, human papilloma virus (HPV), Mycoplasma genitalium, Candida and bacterial vaginosis (BV).

ResultsPacific Islander ethnicities and age <25 years were significantly associated with Ct infection. Using VALENCIA, a sub-community state type (subCST) classifier, 93 (36.04%) vaginal and 38 (41.30%) endocervical microbiomes did not match reference subCSTs. Four unique subCSTs were developed to better classify Pacific Islander microbiomes: IV-D0, dominated by Gardnerella vaginalis; IV-D1, high/moderate G. vaginalis relative abundance with Prevotella spp.; IV-D2, high/moderate G. vaginalis with Lactobacillus iners; and IV-E, moderate Prevotella spp. Ct positive endocervical and paired vaginal microbiomes were significantly more likely to have differential species relative abundance (81.58%) than Ct negative pairs (35.84%; AOR: 7.93; 95% CI: 2.93-21.93; P<0.0001). A significantly higher alpha diversity was found for iTaukei ethnicity, all subCST-IV types, BV, and Ct for vaginal microbiomes. For endocervical microbiomes, higher diversity was significant for subCST-IV-A, subCST-IV-D1, and subCST-IV-E, and high-risk HPV types. Overall, there was a significantly higher diversity for the endocervix in paired microbiomes. Vaginal microbiomes showed significant divergence in community composition as above and for Candida. Endocervical composition varied significantly by subCST type and Ct status. Gut and BV-associated bacterial clusters were present in Ct positive and negative paired endocervical and vaginal microbiome networks but were smaller with fewer bacterial and no Lactobacillus spp. interactions in Ct-infected endocervical networks where G. vaginalis generated polymicrobial biofilms along with Ct likely influence pathogenicity.

ConclusionsFijian endocervical and vaginal microbiomes represent divergent microbial abundance and compositions, especially for Pacific Islander ethnicities, with distinct subCSTs compared to other global populations. The higher microbial diversity of the endocervix with prevalent G. vaginalis, L. iners and Prevotella spp. suggest that these microbiomes/networks may predispose to and/or promote chlamydial and HPV pathogenesis. Prospective studies are needed to further define causal associations to develop successful interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bommana, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kama, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kodimerla, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jijakli, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Read, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dean, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.23.546186</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The unique microbial diversity, community composition and networks of Pacific Islander endocervical and vaginal microbiomes in the presence or absence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection using metagenomic shotgun sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.23.546335v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alternative splicing and environmental adaptation in house mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.23.546335v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A major goal of evolutionary genetics is to understand the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying adaptation. Previous work has established that changes in gene regulation may contribute to adaptive evolution, but most studies have focused on mRNA abundance and only a few studies have investigated the role of post-transcriptional processing. Here, we use a combination of exome sequences and short-read RNA-Seq data from wild house mice (Mus musculus domesticus) collected along a latitudinal transect in eastern North America to identify candidate genes for local adaptation through alternative splicing. First, we identified alternatively spliced transcripts that differ in frequency between mice from the northern-most and southern-most populations in this transect. We then identified the subset of these transcripts that exhibit clinal patterns of variation among all populations in the transect. Finally, we conducted association studies to identify cis-acting splicing quantitative trait loci (cis-sQTL), and we identified cis-sQTL that overlapped with previously ascertained targets of selection from genome scans. Together, these analyses identified a small set of alternatively spliced transcripts that may underlie environmental adaptation in house mice. Many of these genes have known phenotypes associated with body size, a trait that varies clinally in these populations. We observed no overlap between these genes and genes previously identified by changes in transcript level, indicating that alternative splicing and changes in mRNA abundance may provide separate molecular mechanisms of adaptation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Manahan, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nachman, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.23.546335</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alternative splicing and environmental adaptation in house mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.23.546317v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The microenvironment dictates glycocalyx construction and immune surveillance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.23.546317v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Efforts to identify anti-cancer therapeutics and understand tumor-immune interactions are built with in vitro models that do not match the microenvironmental characteristics of human tissues. Using in vitro models which mimic the physical properties of healthy or cancerous tissues and a physiologically relevant culture medium, we demonstrate that the chemical and physical properties of the microenvironment regulate the composition and topology of the glycocalyx. Remarkably, we find that cancer and age-related changes in the physical properties of the microenvironment are sufficient to adjust immune surveillance via the topology of the glycocalyx, a previously unknown phenomenon observable only with a physiologically relevant culture medium.

Key PointsO_LICulture medium dictates cellular mechanoresponse signatures in vitro
C_LIO_LIEpithelial glycocalyx construction is mediated by Heat Shock Factor 1 (HSF1)
C_LIO_LISialic acid topology dictates Natural Killer cell cytotoxicity
C_LIO_LIPhysiological microenvironments reveal distinct glycobiology
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tharp, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timblin, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richards, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Twells, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riley, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peltan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shon, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevenson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsui, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palomba, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lefebvre, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soens, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ten Hoeve-Scott, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Healy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Digman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dillin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertozzi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahal, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swaney, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantor, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paszek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weaver, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.23.546317</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The microenvironment dictates glycocalyx construction and immune surveillance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.22.546157v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dysregulation of Neuroprotective Lipoxin Pathway in Astrocytes in Response to Cytokines and Ocular Hypertension 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.22.546157v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glaucoma leads to vision loss due to retinal ganglion cell death. Astrocyte reactivity contributes to neurodegeneration. Our recent study found that lipoxin B4 (LXB4), produced by retinal astrocytes, has direct neuroprotective actions on retinal ganglion cells. In this study, we aimed to investigate how the autacoid LXB4 influences astrocyte activity in the retina under inflammatory cytokine-induced activation and during ocular hypertension. The protective activity of LXB4 was investigated in vivo using the mouse silicone-oil model of chronic ocular hypertension (n=40). By employing a range of analytical techniques, including bulk RNA-seq, RNAscope in-situ hybridization, qPCR, and lipidomic analyses, we discovered the formation of lipoxins and expression of the lipoxin pathway in rodents (including the retina and optic nerve), primates (optic nerve), and human brain astrocytes, indicating the presence of this neuroprotective pathway across various species. Findings in the mouse retina identified significant dysregulation of the lipoxin pathway in response to chronic ocular hypertension, leading to an increase in 5- lipoxygenase (5-LOX) activity and a decrease in 15-LOX activity. This dysregulation was coincident with a marked upregulation of astrocyte reactivity. Reactive human brain astrocytes also showed a significant increase in 5-LOX. Treatment with LXB4 amplified the lipoxin biosynthetic pathway by restoring and amplifying the generation of another member of the lipoxin family, LXA4, and mitigated astrocyte reactivity in mouse retinas and human brain astrocytes. In conclusion, the lipoxin pathway is functionally expressed in rodents, primates, and human astrocytes, and is a resident neuroprotective pathway that is downregulated in reactive astrocytes. Novel cellular targets for LXB4s neuroprotective action are inhibition of astrocyte reactivity and restoration of lipoxin generation. Amplifying the lipoxin pathway is a potential target to disrupt or prevent astrocyte reactivity in neurodegenerative diseases, including retinal ganglion cell death in glaucoma.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karnam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maurya, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choudhary, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thobani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flanagan, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gronert, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.22.546157</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dysregulation of Neuroprotective Lipoxin Pathway in Astrocytes in Response to Cytokines and Ocular Hypertension]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.23.546115v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A cytokinetic ring-driven cell rotation achieves Hertwig's rule in early development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.23.546115v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells tend to divide along the direction in which they are longest, as famously stated by Oscar Hertwig in 1884 in his  long axis rule1,2. The orientation of the mitotic spindle determines the cell division axis3, and Hertwigs long axis rule is usually ensured by forces stemming from microtubules4. Pulling on the spindle from the cell cortex can give rise to unstable behaviors5,6, and we here set out to understand how Hertwigs long axis rule is realized in early embryonic divisions where cortical pulling forces are prevalent. We focus on early C. elegans development, where we compressed embryos to reveal that cortical pulling forces favor an alignment of the spindle with the cells short axis. Strikingly, we find that this misalignment is corrected by an actomyosin-based mechanism that rotates the entire cell, including the mitotic spindle. We uncover that myosin-driven contractility in the cytokinetic ring generates inward forces that align it with the short axis, and thereby the spindle with the long axis. A theoretical model together with experiments using slightly compressed mouse zygotes suggest that a constricting cytokinetic ring can ensure Hertwigs long axis rule in cells that are free to rotate inside a confining structure, thereby generalizing the underlying principle.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Middelkoop, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neipel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornell, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naumann, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pimpale, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Julicher, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grill, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.23.546115</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A cytokinetic ring-driven cell rotation achieves Hertwig's rule in early development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.24.546411v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TOMM40 and TOMM22 of the Translocase Outer Mitochondrial Membrane Complex rescue statin-impaired mitochondrial dynamics, morphology, and mitophagy in skeletal myotubes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.24.546411v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundStatins are the drugs most commonly used for lowering plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels and reducing cardiovascular disease risk. Although generally well tolerated, statins can induce myopathy, a major cause of non-adherence to treatment. Impaired mitochondrial function has been implicated as a cause of statin-induced myopathy, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. We have shown that simvastatin downregulates transcription of TOMM40 and TOMM22, genes that encode major subunits of the translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane (TOM) complex which is responsible for importing nuclear-encoded proteins and maintaining mitochondrial function. We therefore investigated the role of TOMM40 and TOMM22 in mediating statin effects on mitochondrial function, dynamics, and mitophagy.

MethodsCellular and biochemical assays and transmission electron microscopy were used to investigate effects of simvastatin and TOMM40 and TOMM22 expression on measures of mitochondrial function and dynamics in C2C12 and primary human skeletal cell myotubes.

ResultsKnockdown of TOMM40 and TOMM22 in skeletal cell myotubes impaired mitochondrial oxidative function, increased production of mitochondrial superoxide, reduced mitochondrial cholesterol and CoQ levels, disrupted mitochondrial dynamics and morphology, and increased mitophagy, with similar effects resulting from simvastatin treatment. Overexpression of TOMM40 and TOMM22 in simvastatin-treated muscle cells rescued statin effects on mitochondrial dynamics, but not on mitochondrial function or cholesterol and CoQ levels. Moreover, overexpression of these genes resulted in an increase in number and density of cellular mitochondria.

ConclusionThese results confirm that TOMM40 and TOMM22 are central in regulating mitochondrial homeostasis and demonstrate that downregulation of these genes by statin treatment mediates disruption of mitochondrial dynamics, morphology, and mitophagy, effects that may contribute to statin-induced myopathy.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=102 SRC="FIGDIR/small/546411v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (27K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1845842org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1be8a26org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@5fd618org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1e0f523_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerra, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pagliarini, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theusch, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krauss, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.24.546411</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TOMM40 and TOMM22 of the Translocase Outer Mitochondrial Membrane Complex rescue statin-impaired mitochondrial dynamics, morphology, and mitophagy in skeletal myotubes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.26.546531v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic dissection of regulation by a repressing and novel activating corrinoid riboswitch enables engineering of synthetic riboswitches 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.26.546531v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to sense and respond to intracellular metabolite levels enables cells to adapt to environmental conditions. Many prokaryotes use riboswitches - structured RNA elements usually located in the 5 untranslated region of mRNAs - to sense intracellular metabolites and respond by modulating gene expression. The corrinoid riboswitch class, which responds to adenosylcobalamin (coenzyme B12) and related metabolites, is among the most widespread in bacteria. The structural elements for corrinoid binding and the requirement for a kissing loop interaction between the aptamer and expression platform domains have been established for several corrinoid riboswitches. However, the conformational changes in the expression platform that modulate gene expression in response to corrinoid binding remain unknown. Here, we employ an in vivo GFP reporter system in Bacillus subtilis to define alternative secondary structures in the expression platform of a corrinoid riboswitch from Priestia megaterium by disrupting and restoring base-pairing interactions. Moreover, we report the discovery and characterization of the first riboswitch known to activate gene expression in response to corrinoids. In both cases, mutually exclusive RNA secondary structures are responsible for promoting or preventing the formation of an intrinsic transcription terminator in response to the corrinoid binding state of the aptamer domain. Knowledge of these regulatory mechanisms allowed us to develop synthetic corrinoid riboswitches that convert repressing riboswitches to riboswitches that robustly induce gene expression in response to corrinoids. Due to their high expression levels, low background, and over 100-fold level of induction, these synthetic riboswitches have potential use as biosensors or genetic tools.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Procknow, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kluba, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taga, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.26.546531</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic dissection of regulation by a repressing and novel activating corrinoid riboswitch enables engineering of synthetic riboswitches]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.26.546301v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MGSurvE: A framework to optimize trap placement for genetic surveillance of mosquito population 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.26.546301v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic surveillance of mosquito populations is becoming increasingly relevant as genetics-based mosquito control strategies advance from laboratory to field testing. Especially applicable are mosquito gene drive projects, the potential scale of which leads monitoring to be a significant cost driver. For these projects, monitoring will be required to detect unintended spread of gene drive mosquitoes beyond field sites, and the emergence of alternative alleles, such as drive-resistant alleles or non-functional effector genes, within intervention sites. This entails the need to distribute mosquito traps efficiently such that an allele of interest is detected as quickly as possible - ideally when remediation is still viable. Additionally, insecticide-based tools such as bednets are compromised by insecticide-resistance alleles for which there is also a need to detect as quickly as possible. To this end, we present MGSurvE (Mosquito Gene SurveillancE): a computational framework that optimizes trap placement for genetic surveillance of mosquito populations such that the time to detection of an allele of interest is minimized. A key strength of MGSurvE is that it allows important biological features of mosquitoes and the landscapes they inhabit to be accounted for, namely: i) resources required by mosquitoes (e.g., food sources and aquatic breeding sites) can be explicitly distributed through a landscape, ii) movement of mosquitoes may depend on their sex, the current state of their gonotrophic cycle (if female) and resource attractiveness, and iii) traps may differ in their attractiveness profile. Example MGSurvE analyses are presented to demonstrate optimal trap placement for: i) an Aedes aegypti population in a suburban landscape in Queensland, Australia, and ii)an Anopheles gambiae population on the island of Sao Tome, Sao Tome and Principe. Further documentation and use examples are provided in projects documentation. MGSurvE is freely available as an open-source Python package on pypi (https://pypi.org/project/MGSurvE/). It is intended as a resource for both field and computational researchers interested in mosquito gene surveillance.

Author summaryMosquito-borne diseases such as malaria and dengue fever continue to pose a major health burden throughout much of the world. The impact of currently-available tools, such as insecticides and antimalarial drugs, is stagnating, and gene drive-modified mosquitoes are considered a novel tool that could contribute to continuing reductions in disease transmission. Gene drive approaches are unique in the field of vector control in that they involve transgenes that could potentially spread on a wide scale, and consequently, surveillance is expected to be a major cost driver for the technology. This is needed to monitor for unintended spread of intact drive alleles, and the emergence of alternative alleles such as homing-resistance alleles and non-functional effector genes. Additionally, surveillance of insecticide-resistance alleles is of interest to support the impact of insecticide-based tools such as bednets. Here, we present MGSurvE, a computational framework that optimizes trap placement for genetic surveillance of mosquito populations in order to minimize the time to detection for an allele of interest. MGSurvE has been tailored to various features of mosquito ecology, and is intended as a resource for researchers to optimize the efficiency of limited surveillance resources.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sanchez Castellanos, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.26.546301</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MGSurvE: A framework to optimize trap placement for genetic surveillance of mosquito population]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.26.546281v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reference genome of the bicolored carpenter ant, Camponotus vicinus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.26.546281v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Carpenter ants in the genus Camponotus are large, conspicuous ants that are abundant and ecologically influential in many terrestrial ecosystems. The bicolored carpenter ant, C. vicinus Mayr, is distributed across a wide range of elevations and latitudes in western North America, where it is a prominent scavenger and predator. Here, we present a high-quality genome assembly of C. vicinus from a sample collected in Sonoma County, CA, near the type locality of the species. This genome assembly consists of 38 scaffolds spanning 302.74 Mb, with contig N50 of 15.9Mb, scaffold N50 of 19.9 Mb, and BUSCO completeness of 99.2%. This genome sequence will be a valuable resource for exploring the evolutionary ecology of C. vicinus and carpenter ants generally. It also provides an important tool for clarifying cryptic diversity within the C. vicinus species complex, a genetically diverse set of populations, some of which are quite localized and of conservation interest.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ward, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cash, E. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferger, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escalona, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahasrabudhe, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toffelmier, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fairbairn, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seligmann, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaffer, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsutsui, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.26.546281</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reference genome of the bicolored carpenter ant, Camponotus vicinus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.26.546587v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The evolution and mutational robustness of chromatin accessibility in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.26.546587v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The evolution of regulatory regions in the genome plays a critical role in shaping the diversity of life. While this process is primarily sequence-dependent, the enormous complexity of biological systems has made it difficult to understand the factors underlying regulation and its evolution. Here, we apply deep neural networks as a tool to investigate the sequence determinants underlying chromatin accessibility in different tissues of Drosophila. We train hybrid convolution-attention neural networks to accurately predict ATAC-seq peaks using only local DNA sequences as input. We show that a model trained in one species has nearly identical performance when tested in another species, implying that the sequence determinants of accessibility are highly conserved. Indeed, model performance remains excellent even in distantly-related species. By using our model to examine species-specific gains in chromatin accessibility, we find that their orthologous inaccessible regions in other species have surprisingly similar model outputs, suggesting that these regions may be ancestrally poised for evolution. We then use in silico saturation mutagenesis to reveal evidence of selective constraint acting specifically on inaccessible chromatin regions. We further show that chromatin accessibility can be accurately predicted from short subsequences in each example. However, in silico knock-out of these sequences does not qualitatively impair classification, implying that chromatin accessibility is mutationally robust. Subsequently, we demonstrate that chromatin accessibility is predicted to be robust to large-scale random mutation even in the absence of selection. We also perform in silico evolution experiments under the regime of strong selection and weak mutation (SSWM) and show that chromatin accessibility can be extremely malleable despite its mutational robustness. However, selection acting in different directions in a tissue-specific manner can substantially slow adaptation. Finally, we identify motifs predictive of chromatin accessibility and recover motifs corresponding to known chromatin accessibility activators and repressors. These results demonstrate the conservation of the sequence determinants of accessibility and the general robustness of chromatin accessibility, as well as the power of deep neural networks as tools to answer fundamental questions in regulatory genomics and evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khodursky, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svetec, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durkin, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benjamin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gadau, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.26.546587</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The evolution and mutational robustness of chromatin accessibility in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.27.543697v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Variations in Homoeologous Dosage and Epigenomics Mark the Early Evolution of Synthetic Brassica Tetraploids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.27.543697v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polyploidization is important in plant evolution and is becoming increasingly important in crop breeding and material creation. Studies have provided evidence for structural variations and epigenomic repatterning in synthetic polyploidizations, but the relationships between structural and epigenomic variations, as well as their effects on gene expression and phenotypic variations are unknown. Here, we investigated the genome-wide large deletion/duplication regions (DelDups) and genomic methylation dynamics, in the leaf organ as a representative, of progenies from eight generations that derived from the synthetic tetraploidization between Brassica rapa and Brassica oleracea. We found that half or complete deletion/duplication of fragments ranging in size from 400 kb to 65.85 Mb, with a mean size of 5.70 Mb, occurred frequently from the first generation of selfing and thereafter. The genes located in these DelDups expressed at levels expected for a positive dosage effect, as indicated by the positive association between expression and the copy number of these genes. Plants containing these DelDups also showed distinct phenotypic variations. The whole genome methylation level experienced significant fluctuations in different generations and eventually decreased in the latter generations. Moreover, the DelDups did not show methylation changes from other individuals of the same generation, and the local regions with methylation alterations did not affect gene expression. Our findings provide new insights into the early evolution of polyploid genomes and guide the use of synthetic polyploidizations in breeding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freeling, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.27.543697</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Variations in Homoeologous Dosage and Epigenomics Mark the Early Evolution of Synthetic Brassica Tetraploids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.27.546738v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Implicit reward-based motor learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.27.546738v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Binary feedback, providing information solely about task success or failure, can be sufficient to drive motor learning. While binary feedback can induce explicit adjustments in movement strategy, it remains unclear if this type of feedback also induce implicit learning. We examined this question in a center-out reaching task by gradually moving an invisible reward zone away from a visual target to a final rotation of 7.5{degrees} or 25{degrees} in a between-group design. Participants received binary feedback, indicating if the movement intersected the reward zone. By the end of the training, both groups modified their reach angle by about 95% of the rotation. We quantified implicit learning by measuring performance in a subsequent no-feedback aftereffect phase, in which participants were told to forgo any adopted movement strategies and reach directly to the visual target. The results showed a small, but robust (2-3{degrees}) aftereffect in both groups, highlighting that binary feedback elicits implicit learning. Notably, for both groups, reaches to two flanking generalization targets were biased in the same direction as the aftereffect. This pattern is at odds with the hypothesis that implicit learning is a form of use-dependent learning. Rather, the results suggest that binary feedback can be sufficient to recalibrate a sensorimotor map.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>van Mastrigt, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsay, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avraham, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abram, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Kooij, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smeets, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.27.546738</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Implicit reward-based motor learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.28.546630v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enabling AI in Synthetic Biology through Construction File Specification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.28.546630v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Construction File (CF) specification establishes a standardized interface for molecular biology operations, laying a foundation for automation and enhanced efficiency in experiment design. It is implemented across three distinct software projects: PyDNA_CF_Simulator, a Python project featuring a ChatGPT plugin for interactive parsing and simulating experiments; ConstructionFileSimulator, a field-tested Java project that showcases  Experiment objects expressed as flat files; and C6-Tools, a JavaScript project integrated with Google Sheets via Apps Script, providing a user-friendly interface for authoring and simulation of CF. The CF specification not only standardizes and modularizes molecular biology operations but also promotes collaboration, automation, and reuse, significantly reducing potential errors. The potential integration of CF with artificial intelligence, particularly GPT-4, suggests innovative automation strategies for synthetic biology. While challenges such as token limits, data storage, and biosecurity remain, proposed solutions promise a way forward in harnessing AI for experiment design. This shift from human-driven design to AI-assisted workflows, steered by high-level objectives, charts a potential future path in synthetic biology, envisioning an environment where complexities are managed more effectively.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ataii, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakshi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheftel, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tou, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vega, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.28.546630</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enabling AI in Synthetic Biology through Construction File Specification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.28.546956v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization of a phyllosphere methylotroph community isolated with lanthanides 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.28.546956v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lanthanides have emerged as important metal cofactors for biological processes. Lanthanide-associated metabolisms are well-studied in leaf symbiont methylotrophic bacteria, which utilize reduced one-carbon compounds such as methanol for growth. Yet, the importance of lanthanides in plant-microbe interactions and on microbial physiology and colonization in plants remains poorly understood. To investigate this, 344 pink-pigmented facultative methylotrophs were isolated from soybean leaves by selecting for bacteria capable of methanol oxidation with lanthanide cofactors, but none were obligately lanthanide-dependent. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that all strains were nearly identical to each other and are part of the extorquens clade of Methylobacterium, despite variability in genome and plasmid sizes. Strain-specific identification was enabled by the higher resolution provided with rpoB compared to 16S rRNA as marker genes. Despite the low strain-level diversity, the metabolic capabilities of the collection diverged greatly. Strains encoding identical lanthanide-dependent alcohol dehydrogenases displayed significantly different growth rates and/or final ODs from each other on alcohols in the presence and absence of lanthanides. Several strains also lacked well-characterized lanthanide-associated genes thought to be important for phyllosphere colonization. Additionally, 3% of our isolates were capable of growth on sugars and 23% were capable of growth on aromatic acids, substantially expanding the range of substrates utilized by Methylobacterium extorquens in the phyllosphere. Our findings suggest that the expansion of metabolic capabilities, as well as differential usage of lanthanides and their influence on metabolism, among closely related strains point to evolution of niche partitioning strategies to promote colonization of the phyllosphere.

ImportanceLanthanide metals have long been appreciated for their role in technology, but the recent identification of lanthanides as cofactors in methylotrophic metabolism has expanded the role of lanthanides into biology. In the phyllosphere, methylotrophs are some of the most abundant bacteria found on leaf surfaces, where lanthanide concentrations are sufficiently high to support their growth. Yet, the extent to which lanthanides influence methylotrophic metabolism in the phyllosphere remains unknown. Here, we characterize a methylotrophic enrichment isolated from the phyllosphere in a lanthanide-dependent manner. We have identified (1) closely related strains with identical lanthanide-dependent enzymes that exhibit different growth on alcohols in the presence of lanthanides, (2) resilient strains lacking lanthanide-associated genes thought to be important for phyllosphere colonization, and (3) many strains capable of metabolisms that were thought to be rare within this clade. Overall, our isolates serve as a model community to interrogate how lanthanides differentially influence methylotrophic physiology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Govindaraju, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friel, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Good, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wayne, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Gomez, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.28.546956</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization of a phyllosphere methylotroph community isolated with lanthanides]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.28.546936v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Encoding and context-dependent control of reward consumption within the central nucleus of the amygdala 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.28.546936v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to evaluate and select a preferred option among a variety of available offers is an essential aspect of goal-directed behavior. Dysregulation of this valuation process is characteristic of alcohol use disorder, with the central amygdala being implicated in persistent alcohol pursuit. However, the mechanism by which the central amygdala encodes and promotes the motivation to seek and consume alcohol remains unclear. We recorded single-unit activity in male Long-Evans rats as they consumed 10% ethanol or 14.2% sucrose. We observed significant activity at the time of approach to alcohol or sucrose, as well as lick-entrained activity during the ongoing consumption of both alcohol and sucrose. We then evaluated the ability of central amygdala optogenetic manipulation time-locked to consumption to alter ongoing intake of alcohol or sucrose, a preferred non-drug reward. In closed two-choice scenarios where rats could drink only sucrose, alcohol, or quinine-adulterated alcohol with or without central amygdala stimulation, rats drank more of stimulation-paired options. Microstructural analysis of licking patterns suggests these effects were mediated by changes in motivation, not palatability. Given a choice among different options, central amygdala stimulation enhanced consumption if the stimulation was associated with the preferred reward while closed-loop inhibition only decreased consumption if the options were equally valued. However, optogenetic stimulation during consumption of the less-preferred option, alcohol, was unable to enhance overall alcohol intake while sucrose was available. Collectively, these findings indicate that the central amygdala processes the motivational value of available offers to promote pursuit of the most preferred available option.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fraser, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drieu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padovan-Hernandez, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pat, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ottenheimer, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janak, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.28.546936</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Encoding and context-dependent control of reward consumption within the central nucleus of the amygdala]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.29.547125v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tuberculosis susceptibility in genetically diverse mice reveals functional diversity of neutrophils 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.29.547125v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tuberculosis (TB) is a heterogenous disease in humans with individuals exhibiting a wide range of susceptibility. This heterogeneity is not captured by standard laboratory mouse lines. We used a new collection of 19 wild-derived inbred mouse lines collected from diverse geographic sites to identify novel phenotypes during Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. Wild derived mice have heterogenous immune responses to infection that result in differential ability to control disease at early timepoints. Correlation analysis with multiple parameters including sex, weight, and cellular immune responses in the lungs revealed that enhanced control of infection is associated with increased numbers of CD4 T cells, CD8 T cells and B cells. Surprisingly, we did not observe strong correlations between IFN-{gamma} production and control of infection. Although in most lines high neutrophils were associated with susceptibility, we identified a mouse line that harbors high neutrophils numbers yet controls infection. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we identified a novel neutrophil signature associated with failure to control infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ravesloot-Chavez, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Dis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyenla, X. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rawal, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballinger, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotov, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vance, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nachman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.29.547125</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tuberculosis susceptibility in genetically diverse mice reveals functional diversity of neutrophils]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.30.547100v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Personal transcriptome variation is poorly explained by current genomic deep learning models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.30.547100v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genomic deep learning models can predict genome-wide epigenetic features and gene expression levels directly from DNA sequence. While current models perform well at predicting gene expression levels across genes in different cell types from the reference genome, their ability to explain expression variation between individuals due to cis-regulatory genetic variants remains largely unexplored. Here we evaluate four state-of-the-art models on paired personal genome and transcriptome data and find limited performance when explaining variation in expression across individuals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shuai, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baokar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rastogi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kathail, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ioannidis, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.30.547100</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Personal transcriptome variation is poorly explained by current genomic deep learning models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.29.546558v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Defining overlooked structures reveals new associations between cortex and cognition in aging and Alzheimer's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.29.546558v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent work suggests that indentations of the cerebral cortex, or sulci, may be uniquely vulnerable to atrophy in aging and Alzheimers disease (AD) and that posteromedial cortex (PMC) is particularly vulnerable to atrophy and pathology accumulation. However, these studies did not consider small, shallow, and variable tertiary sulci that are located in association cortices and are often associated with human-specific aspects of cognition. Here, we first manually defined 4,362 PMC sulci in 432 hemispheres in 216 participants. Tertiary sulci showed more age- and AD-related thinning than non-tertiary sulci, with the strongest effects for two newly uncovered tertiary sulci. A model-based approach relating sulcal morphology to cognition identified that a subset of these sulci were most associated with memory and executive function scores in older adults. These findings support the retrogenesis hypothesis linking brain development and aging, and provide new neuroanatomical targets for future studies of aging and AD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maboudian, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willbrand, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jagust, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.29.546558</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Defining overlooked structures reveals new associations between cortex and cognition in aging and Alzheimer's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.29.547013v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cranes soar on thermal updrafts behind cold fronts as they migrate across the sea 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.29.547013v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Thermal soaring conditions above the sea have long been assumed absent or too weak for terrestrial migrating birds, forcing large obligate soarers to take long detours and avoid sea crossing, and facultative soarers to cross exclusively by costly flapping flight. Thus, while atmospheric convection does develop at sea and is utilized by some seabirds, it has been largely ignored in avian migration research. Here we provide direct evidence for routine thermal soaring over open sea in the common crane, the heaviest facultative soarer known among terrestrial migrating birds. Using high-resolution biologging from 44 cranes tracked across their transcontinental migration over 4 years, we show that soaring characteristics and performance were no different over sea than over land in mid-latitudes. Sea-soaring occurred predominantly in autumn when large water-air temperature difference followed mid-latitude cyclones. Our findings challenge a fundamental paradigm in avian migration research and suggest that large soaring migrants avoid sea crossing not due to absence or weakness of thermals but due to their uncertainty and the costs of prolonged flapping. Marine cold air outbreaks, imperative to the global energy budget and climate system, may also be important for bird migration, calling for more multidisciplinary research across biological and atmospheric sciences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pekarsky, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shohami, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horvitz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowie, R. C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamath, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Getz, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nathan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.29.547013</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cranes soar on thermal updrafts behind cold fronts as they migrate across the sea]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.29.547063v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The importance of input sequence set to consensus-derived proteins and their relationship to reconstructed ancestral proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.29.547063v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A protein sequence encodes its energy landscape - all the accessible conformations, energetics, and dynamics. The evolutionary relationship between sequence and landscape can be probed phylogenetically by compiling a multiple sequence alignment of homologous sequences and generating common ancestors via Ancestral Sequence Reconstruction or a consensus protein containing the most common amino acid at each position. Both ancestral and consensus proteins are often more stable than their extant homologs - questioning the differences and suggesting that both approaches serve as general methods to engineer thermostability. We used the Ribonuclease H family to compare these approaches and evaluate how the evolutionary relationship of the input sequences affects the properties of the resulting consensus protein. While the overall consensus protein is structured and active, it neither shows properties of a well-folded protein nor has enhanced stability. In contrast, the consensus protein derived from a phylogenetically-restricted region is significantly more stable and cooperatively folded, suggesting that cooperativity may be encoded by different mechanisms in separate clades and lost when too many diverse clades are combined to generate a consensus protein. To explore this, we compared pairwise covariance scores using a Potts formalism as well as higher-order couplings using singular value decomposition (SVD). We find the SVD coordinates of a stable consensus sequence are close to coordinates of the analogous ancestor sequence and its descendants, whereas the unstable consensus sequences are outliers in SVD space.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nixon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sternke, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrick, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harms, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marqusee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.29.547063</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The importance of input sequence set to consensus-derived proteins and their relationship to reconstructed ancestral proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.30.547273v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome size evolution and phenotypic correlates in the poison frog family Dendrobatidae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.30.547273v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adaptive and neutral processes have produced a spectrum of genome sizes across organisms. Amphibians in particular possess a wide range in C-values, from <1 to over 125 pg. However, the genome size of most amphibians is unknown, and no single family has been comprehensively assessed. We provide new estimates for 32 poison frog species representing the major lineages within Dendrobatidae using Feulgen staining of museum specimens and flow cytometry of fresh tissue. We show that genome size in Dendrobatidae has likely evolved gradually, with potential evolutionary rate shifts in the genera Phyllobates and Hyloxalus, which respectively possess species with the largest (13.0 pg) and second smallest (2.6 pg) genomes in the family. Phylogenetically controlled regression analyses indicate that genome size is positively correlated with snout-vent-length, oocyte number, and clutch size, but negatively correlated with active metabolic rate and metabolic scope. While body size and metabolic rate are also correlates of toxicity, we found no relationship between genome size and evolution of chemical defense within Dendrobatidae. Genome size evolution in Dendrobatidae provides insight into the processes shaping genome size evolution over short timescales and establishes a novel system in which to study the mechanistic links between genome size and organismal physiology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Douglas, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marquez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, V. R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarvin, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.30.547273</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome size evolution and phenotypic correlates in the poison frog family Dendrobatidae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.01.545937v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Small extracellular vesicles promote stiffness-mediated metastasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.01.545937v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tissue stiffness is a critical prognostic factor in breast cancer and is associated with metastatic progression. Here we show an alternative and complementary hypothesis of tumor progression whereby physiological matrix stiffness affects the quantity and protein cargo of small EVs produced by cancer cells, which in turn drive their metastasis. Primary patient breast tissue produces significantly more EVs from stiff tumor tissue than soft tumor adjacent tissue. EVs released by cancer cells on matrices that model human breast tumors (25 kPa; stiff EVs) feature increased adhesion molecule presentation (ITG2{beta}1, ITG6{beta}4, ITG6{beta}1, CD44) compared to EVs from softer normal tissue (0.5 kPa; soft EVs), which facilitates their binding to extracellular matrix (ECM) protein collagen IV, and a 3-fold increase in homing ability to distant organs in mice. In a zebrafish xenograft model, stiff EVs aid cancer cell dissemination through enhanced chemotaxis. Moreover, normal, resident lung fibroblasts treated with stiff and soft EVs change their gene expression profiles to adopt a cancer associated fibroblast (CAF) phenotype. These findings show that EV quantity, cargo, and function depend heavily on the mechanical properties of the extracellular microenvironment.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/545937v3_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (42K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1be1dbdorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@928710org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1e14e9borg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@efdb7f_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sneider, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Starich, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marar, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faqih, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciotti, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibrahim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Igboko, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Locke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karl, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vij, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russo, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-de-Mariscal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habibi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz-Barrutia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisinger-Mathason, T. S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirtz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.01.545937</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Small extracellular vesicles promote stiffness-mediated metastasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.01.547359v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chemical alkylation of Asp12 enables mutant selective targeting of K-Ras(G12D) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.01.547359v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
K-Ras is the most commonly mutated oncogene in human cancer, yet direct small-molecule targeting of K-Ras mutants has been mostly unsuccessful until recently. The discovery of an allosteric pocket under Switch-II with covalent cysteine-crosslinking molecules has allowed for the development of targeted therapies that selectively engage the highly reactive acquired cysteine in the K-Ras(G12C) mutation without affecting the wild-type protein. Sotorasib and adagrasib, two advanced Switch-II Pocket inhibitors, have received FDA approval to treat K-Ras(G12C)-driven non-small cell lung cancer. However, the most frequent K-Ras mutation G12D particularly prevalent in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma has remained untargetable with covalent drugs due to the poor nucleophilicity of the somatic aspartate residue. Here we present a set of malolactone-based electrophiles which exploit ring strain to crosslink K-Ras(G12D) at the mutant aspartate to form stable covalent complexes. Structural insights from x-ray crystallography and exploitation of the stereoelectronic requirements for attack of the electrophile allowed development of a substituted malolactone which resisted attack by aqueous buffer but rapidly crosslink with the aspartate-12 of K-Ras in both GDP- and GTP-state. The signaling-competent GTP-state targeting allowed effective suppression of downstream signaling and proliferation of cancer cells harboring K-Ras(G12D) mutation, and tumor growth of cell line-derive xenograft in mice. Our results demonstrate the rational design of covalent inhibitors to target a non-catalytic carboxylic acid side chain in K-Ras(G12D) which has resisted traditional drug discovery efforts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guiley, K. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shokat, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.01.547359</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chemical alkylation of Asp12 enables mutant selective targeting of K-Ras(G12D)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.01.547248v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hypoxia blunts angiogenic signaling and upregulates the antioxidant system in elephant seal endothelial cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.01.547248v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Elephant seals experience extreme hypoxemia during diving bouts. Similar depletions in oxygen availability characterize pathologies including myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke in humans, but seals manage these repeated episodes without injury. However, the real-time assessment of the molecular changes underlying protection against hypoxic injury in seals remains restricted by their at-sea inaccessibility. Hence, we developed a proliferative arterial endothelial cell culture system to assess the molecular response to prolonged hypoxia. Seal and human cells exposed to 1% O2 for up to 6 h demonstrated differential responses to both acute and prolonged hypoxia. Seal cells decouple stabilization of the hypoxia-sensitive transcriptional regulator HIF-1 from angiogenic signaling at both the transcriptional and cellular level. Rapid upregulation of genes involved in the glutathione (GSH) metabolism pathway supported maintenance of GSH pools and increases in intracellular succinate in seal but not human cells during hypoxia exposure. High maximal and spare respiratory capacity in seal cells after hypoxia exposure occurred in concert with increasing mitochondrial branch length and independent from major changes in extracellular acidification rate, suggesting seal cells recover oxidative metabolism without significant glycolytic dependency after hypoxia exposure. In sum, our studies show that in contrast to human cells, seal cells adapt to hypoxia exposure by dampening angiogenic signaling, increasing antioxidant protection, and maintaining mitochondrial morphological integrity and function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Allen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres-Velarde, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazquez, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno-Santillan, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sudmant, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazquez-Medina, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.01.547248</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hypoxia blunts angiogenic signaling and upregulates the antioxidant system in elephant seal endothelial cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.03.547481v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-destructive real-time monitoring of underground root development with distributed fiber optic sensing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.03.547481v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Crop genetic engineering for better root systems can offer practical solutions for food security and carbon sequestration; however, soil layers prevent direct visualization. Here, we demonstrate an original device with a distributed fiber-optic sensor for fully automated, real-time monitoring of underground root development. We demonstrate that spatially encoding an optical fiber with a flexible and durable polymer film in a spiral pattern can significantly enhance sensor detection. After signal processing, the resulting device can detect the penetration of a submillimeter-diameter object in the soil, indicating more than a magnitude higher spatiotemporal resolution than previously reported with underground monitoring techniques. We also developed computational models to visualize the roots of root crops and monocotyledons, and then applied them to radish and rice to compare the results with those of X-ray computed tomography. The devices groundbreaking sensitivity and spatiotemporal resolution enable seamless and laborless phenotyping of root systems that are otherwise invisible underground.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tei, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soma, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbieri, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uga, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawahito, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.03.547481</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-destructive real-time monitoring of underground root development with distributed fiber optic sensing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.03.547508v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionary origin, population diversity, and diagnostics for a cryptic hybrid pathogen 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.03.547508v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cryptic fungal pathogens pose significant identification and disease management challenges due to their morphological resemblance to known pathogenic species while harboring genetic and (often) infection-relevant trait differences. The cryptic fungal pathogen Aspergillus latus, an allodiploid hybrid originating from Aspergillus spinulosporus and an unknown close relative of Aspergillus quadrilineatus within section Nidulantes, remains poorly understood. The absence of accurate diagnostics for A. latus has led to misidentifications, hindering epidemiological studies and the design of effective treatment plans. We conducted an in-depth investigation of the genomes and phenotypes of 44 globally distributed isolates (41 clinical isolates and three type strains) from Aspergillus section Nidulantes. We found that 21 clinical isolates were A. latus; notably, standard methods of pathogen identification misidentified all A. latus isolates. The remaining isolates were identified as A. spinulosporus (8), A. quadrilineatus (1), or A. nidulans (11). Phylogenomic analyses shed light on the origin of A. latus, indicating one or two hybridization events gave rise to the species during the Miocene, approximately 15.4 to 8.8 million years ago. Characterizing the A. latus pangenome uncovered substantial genetic diversity within gene families and biosynthetic gene clusters. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that both parental genomes are actively expressed in nearly equal proportions and respond to environmental stimuli. Further investigation into infection-relevant chemical and physiological traits, including drug resistance profiles, growth under oxidative stress conditions, and secondary metabolite biosynthesis, highlight distinct phenotypic profiles of the hybrid A. latus compared to its parental and closely related species. Leveraging our comprehensive genomic and phenotypic analyses, we propose five genomic and phenotypic markers as diagnostics for A. latus species identification. These findings provide valuable insights into the evolutionary origin, genomic outcome, and phenotypic implications of hybridization in a cryptic fungal pathogen, thus enhancing our understanding of the underlying processes contributing to fungal pathogenesis. Furthermore, our study underscores the effectiveness of extensive genomic and phenotypic analyses as a promising approach for developing diagnostics applicable to future investigations of cryptic and emerging pathogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steenwyk, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knowles, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastos, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balamurugan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rinker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mead, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raja, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colabardini, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reis, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canovas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lagrou, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torrado, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oberlies, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.03.547508</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionary origin, population diversity, and diagnostics for a cryptic hybrid pathogen]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.03.547552v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Baited reconstruction with 2D template matching for high-resolution structure determination in vitro and in vivo without template bias 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.03.547552v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) has revolutionized structural biology, rapidly increasing the number of available molecular structures. Because of this, as well as advances in structure prediction, the focus of structural biology has begun to shift to studying macromolecular structures in their native cellular environment. A dominant feature of cryo-EM images is shot noise, making the identification of small particles of interest difficult. This is further compounded by structural noise if these particles are imaged against a background of other molecules, such as inside a cell. 2D template matching (2DTM) can be used to localize complexes with high precision, even in the presence of cellular background. Once localized, these particles may be averaged together in 3D reconstructions; however, regions included in the template may suffer from template bias, leading to inflated resolution estimates and making the interpretation of high-resolution features unreliable. We evaluate conditions that minimize template bias and show that molecular features not present in the template can be reconstructed at high resolution from targets found by 2DTM, extending prior work at low-resolution.

Moreover, we present a quantitative metric for template bias to aid the interpretation of 3D reconstructions calculated with particles localized using high-resolution templates and fine angular sampling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lucas, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Himes, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grigorieff, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.03.547552</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Baited reconstruction with 2D template matching for high-resolution structure determination in vitro and in vivo without template bias]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.04.547681v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Brain-Wide Map of Neural Activity during Complex Behaviour 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.04.547681v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A key challenge in neuroscience is understanding how neurons in hundreds of interconnected brain regions integrate sensory inputs with prior expectations to initiate movements and thereby make decisions. It is difficult to meet this challenge if different laboratories apply different analyses to different recordings in different regions during different behaviours. Here, we report a comprehensive set of recordings from 621733 neurons across 139 mice in 12 labs performing a decision-making task with sensory, motor, and cognitive components, obtained with 699 Neuropixels probe insertions covering 279 brain areas in the left forebrain and midbrain and the right hindbrain and cerebellum. We provide an initial appraisal of this brain-wide map, assessing how neural activity encoded key task variables. Representations of visual stimuli appeared transiently in classical visual areas after stimulus onset and then spread to ramp-like activity in a collection of mid- and hindbrain regions that also encoded choices. Neural responses correlated with motor action almost everywhere in the brain. Responses to reward delivery and consumption versus negative feedback were also widespread. This publicly available dataset represents an unprecedented resource for understanding how computations distributed across and within brain areas drive behaviour.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>International Brain Lab,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonacchi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carandini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Catarino, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapuis, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Churchland, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dayan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeWitt, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engel, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fabbri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faulkner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiete, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Findling, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freitas-Silva, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gercek, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hausser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofer, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubert, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huntenburg, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khanal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krasniak, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langdon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, P. Y. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mainen, Z. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meijer, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miska, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mrsic-Flogel, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noel, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nylund, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan-Vazquez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pouget, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossant, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaeffer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schartner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Socha</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.04.547681</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Brain-Wide Map of Neural Activity during Complex Behaviour]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.04.547684v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain-wide representations of prior information in mouse decision-making 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.04.547684v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The neural representations of prior information about the state of the world are poorly understood. To investigate them, we examined brain-wide Neuropixels recordings and widefield calcium imaging collected by the International Brain Laboratory. Mice were trained to indicate the location of a visual grating stimulus, which appeared on the left or right with prior probability alternating between 0.2 and 0.8 in blocks of variable length. We found that mice estimate this prior probability and thereby improve their decision accuracy. Furthermore, we report that this subjective prior is encoded in at least 20% to 30% of brain regions which, remarkably, span all levels of processing, from early sensory areas (LGd, VISp) to motor regions (MOs, MOp, GRN) and high level cortical regions (ACAd, ORBvl). This widespread representation of the prior is consistent with a neural model of Bayesian inference involving loops between areas, as opposed to a model in which the prior is incorporated only in decision-making areas. This study offers the first brain-wide perspective on prior encoding at cellular resolution, underscoring the importance of using large scale recordings on a single standardized task.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Findling, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubert, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>International Brain Laboratory,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acerbi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonacchi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carandini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Catarino, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapuis, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Churchland, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeWitt, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engel, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fabbri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faulkner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiete, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freitas-Silva, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gercek, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hausser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofer, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huntenburg, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khanal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krasniak, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langdon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Latham, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, P. Y. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meijer, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miska, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mrsic-Flogel, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noel, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nylund, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paninski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan-Vazquez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pillow, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossant, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaeffer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schartn</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.04.547684</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain-wide representations of prior information in mouse decision-making]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.04.547720v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Cerebellar Population Coding Model for Sensorimotor Learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.04.547720v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cerebellum is crucial for sensorimotor adaptation, using error information to keep the sensorimotor system well-calibrated. Here we introduce a population-coding model to explain how cerebellar-dependent learning is modulated by contextual variation. The model consists of a two-layer network, designed to capture activity in both the cerebellar cortex and deep cerebellar nuclei. A core feature of the model is that within each layer, the processing units are tuned to both movement direction and the direction of movement error. The model captures a large range of contextual effects including interference from prior learning and the influence of error uncertainty and volatility. While these effects have traditionally been taken to indicate meta learning or context-dependent memory within the adaptation system, our results show that they are emergent properties that arise from the population dynamics within the cerebellum. Our results provide a novel framework to understand how the nervous system responds to variable environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.04.547720</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Cerebellar Population Coding Model for Sensorimotor Learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.06.547894v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Affinity hierarchies underlie the co-assembly of nucleolar and heterochromatin condensates in Drosophila embryos 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.06.547894v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nucleoli are surrounded by Pericentromeric Heterochromatin (PCH), reflecting a close spatial association between the two largest biomolecular condensates in eukaryotic nuclei. Nucleoli are the sites of ribosome synthesis, while the repeat-rich PCH is essential for chromosome segregation, genome stability, and transcriptional silencing. How and why these two distinct condensates co-assemble is unclear. Here, using high-resolution live imaging of Drosophila embryogenesis, we find that de novo establishment of PCH around the nucleolus is highly dynamic, transitioning from the nuclear edge to surrounding the nucleolus. Eliminating the nucleolus by removing the ribosomal RNA genes (rDNA) resulted in increased PCH compaction and subsequent reorganization into a toroidal structure. In addition, in embryos lacking rDNA, some nucleolar proteins were redistributed into new bodies or  neocondensates, including enrichment in the PCH toroidal hole. Combining these observations with physical modeling revealed that nucleolar-PCH associations can be mediated by a hierarchy of interaction strengths between PCH, nucleoli, and  amphiphilic protein(s) that have affinities for both nucleolar and PCH components. We validated this model by identifying a candidate amphiphile, a DEAD-Box RNA Helicase called Pitchoune, whose depletion or mutation of its PCH interaction motif disrupted PCH-nucleolar associations. Together, this study unveils a dynamic program for establishing nucleolar-PCH associations during animal development, demonstrates that nucleoli are required for normal PCH organization, and identifies Pitchoune as an amphiphilic molecular link required for PCH-nucleolar associations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rajshekar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adame-Arana, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bajpai, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colmenares, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karpen, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.06.547894</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Affinity hierarchies underlie the co-assembly of nucleolar and heterochromatin condensates in Drosophila embryos]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.07.548173v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
α-carboxysome size is controlled by the disordered scaffold protein CsoS2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.07.548173v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Carboxysomes are protein microcompartments that function in the bacterial CO2 concentrating mechanism (CCM) to facilitate CO2 assimilation. To do so, carboxysomes assemble from thousands of constituent proteins into an icosahedral shell which encapsulates the enzymes rubisco and carbonic anhydrase to form structures typically >100 nm and >300 megadaltons. Although many of the protein interactions driving the assembly process have been determined, it remains unknown how size and composition are precisely controlled. Here we show that the size of -carboxysomes is controlled by the disordered scaffolding protein CsoS2. CsoS2 contains two classes of related peptide repeats which bind to the shell in a distinct fashion, and our data indicate that size is controlled by the relative number of these interactions. We propose an energetic and structural model wherein the two repeat classes bind at the junction of shell hexamers but differ in their preferences for the shell contact angles, and thus the local curvature. In total, this model suggests that a set of specific and repeated interactions between CsoS2 and shell proteins collectively achieve the large size and monodispersity of -carboxysomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oltrogge, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaijarasphong, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turnsek, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.07.548173</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[α-carboxysome size is controlled by the disordered scaffold protein CsoS2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.08.548212v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coding and non-coding elements comprise a regulatory network controlling transcription in Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.08.548212v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Complex transcriptional control is a conserved feature of both eukaryotes and the viruses that infect them. Here, we illustrate this by combining high-density functional genomics, expression profiling, and viral-specific chromosome conformation capture to define with unprecedented detail the transcriptional regulation of a single gene, ORF68, from Kaposis sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). We first identified seven cis-regulatory regions by densely tiling the [~]154 kb KSHV genome with CRISPRi. A parallel Cas9 nuclease screen indicated that three of these regions act as promoters of genes that regulate ORF68. RNA expression profiling demonstrated that three more of these regions act by either repressing or enhancing other distal viral genes involved in ORF68 transcriptional regulation. Finally, we tracked how the 3D structure of the viral genome changes during its lifecycle, revealing that these enhancing regulatory elements are physically closer to their targets when active, and that disrupting some elements caused large- scale changes to the 3D genome. These data enable us to construct a complete model revealing that the mechanistic diversity of this essential regulatory circuit matches that of human genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morgens, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gulyas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Souza, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaunsinger, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.08.548212</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coding and non-coding elements comprise a regulatory network controlling transcription in Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.08.548221v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conserved and repetitive motifs in an intrinsically disordered protein drive α-carboxysome assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.08.548221v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
All photosynthetic bacteria and some chemoautotrophic bacteria fix CO2 into sugars in specialized proteinaceous compartments called carboxysomes. Carboxysomes enclose the enzymes Rubisco and carbonic anhydrase inside a layer of shell proteins to increase the CO2 concentration for efficient carbon fixation by Rubisco. In the -carboxysome lineage, a disordered and highly repetitive protein named CsoS2 is essential for carboxysome formation and function. Without it, the bacteria are unable to fix enough carbon to grow in air. How a protein lacking structure serves as the architectural scaffold for such a vital cellular compartment remains unknown. In this study, we identify key residues in CsoS2 that are necessary for building functional -carboxysomes in vivo. These highly conserved and repetitive residues, VTG and Y, contribute to the interaction between CsoS2 and shell proteins. We also demonstrate in vitro reconstitution of the -carboxysome into spherical condensates with CsoS2, Rubisco, and shell proteins, and show the utility of reconstitution as a biochemical tool to study carboxysome biogenesis. The precise self-assembly of thousands of proteins is crucial for carboxysome formation, and understanding this process could enable their use in alternative biological hosts or industrial processes as effective tools to fix carbon.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Turnsek, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oltrogge, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.08.548221</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conserved and repetitive motifs in an intrinsically disordered protein drive α-carboxysome assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.08.548191v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Artificial Tactile Stimulation Provides Haptic Cuing in Force Field Adaptation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.08.548191v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When interacting with objects with unfamiliar dynamics, the sensorimotor system uses haptic information to develop internal representations of the new dynamics. These representations are subsequently used to manipulate the objects by applying predictive forces that comply with the mechanical properties of the objects. In a recent study (Farajian et al. 2020), we showed that when participants evaluated the stiffness of elastic objects, adding artificial tactile stimulation created an illusion of higher stiffness, increasing the grip force control used to interact with the object. Here, we took a step further in understanding how kinesthetic and tactile information is integrated into the control of objects. Specifically, we examined how added skin stretch influenced the learning of novel forces. We found that the extent of force compensation that the participants exhibited depended on the direction of the artificial skin stretch applied simultaneously with the force; learning was enhanced when the skin was stretched in the opposite direction to the external force and diminished when the skin was stretched in the same direction. Strikingly, when the skin stretch stimulation was delivered during probe trials in which the force perturbation was absent, the behavior pattern was flipped, with an increase in force compensation for the same-direction skin stretch stimulation and vice versa. Modeling suggests that these results reflect a unique effect of tactile stimulation during the learning of novel forces; rather than becoming integrated with the dynamic information, it is used by the sensorimotor system as a guidance cue, possibly through explicit mechanisms, providing information on the way to compensate for the forces and optimize movements. We believe that these findings propose a novel instructive role of tactile stimulation during interaction with a dynamic object. This provides a significant potential to leverage these effects in the development of devices aiming to assist and guide users in many human-in-the-loop applications, such as rehabilitation and surgical robotics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Avraham, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avraham, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nisky, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.08.548191</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Artificial Tactile Stimulation Provides Haptic Cuing in Force Field Adaptation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.09.548232v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Machine Learning identifies conserved traits that influence lifespan and healthspan responses to dietary restriction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.09.548232v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dietary restriction (DR) is a potent method to enhance lifespan and healthspan, but individual responses are influenced by genetic variations. Understanding how metabolism-related genetic differences impact longevity and healthspan are unclear. To investigate this, we used metabolites as markers to reveal how different genotypes respond to diet to influence longevity and healthspan traits. We analyzed data from Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel strains raised under AL and DR conditions, combining metabolomic, phenotypic, and genome-wide information. Employing two computational methods across species--random forest modeling within the DGRP and Mendelian randomization in the UK Biobank--we pinpointed key traits with cross-species relevance that influence lifespan and healthspan. Notably, orotate was linked to parental age at death in humans and counteracted DR effects in flies, while threonine extended lifespan, in a strain- and sex-specific manner. Thus, utilizing natural genetic variation data from flies and humans, we employed a systems biology approach to elucidate potential therapeutic pathways and metabolomic targets for diet-dependent changes in lifespan and healthspan.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hilsabeck, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayan, V. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrera, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brem, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campisi, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapahi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.09.548232</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Machine Learning identifies conserved traits that influence lifespan and healthspan responses to dietary restriction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.10.548321v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Signatures of Jamming in the Cellular Potts Model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.10.548321v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We explore the jamming transition in the Cellular Potts Model (CPM) as a function of confinement, cell adhesion, and cell shape. To accurately characterize jamming, we compare Potts simulations of unconfined single cells, cellular aggregates, and confluent monolayers as a function of cell adhesion energies and target cell shape. We consider metrics that may identify signatures of the jamming transition, including diffusion coefficients, anomalous diffusion exponents, cell shape, cell-cell rearrangements, and velocity correlations. We find that the onset of jamming coincides with an abrupt drop in cell mobility, rapid transition to sub-diffusive behavior, and cessation of rearrangements between neighboring cells that is unique to confluent monolayers. Velocity correlations reveal collective migration as a natural consequence of high energy barriers to neighbor rearrangements for certain cell types. Cell shapes across the jamming transition in the Potts model are found to be generally consistent with predictions of vertex-type simulations and trends from experiment. Finally, we demonstrate that changes in cell shape can fluidize cellular monolayers at cellular interaction energies where jamming otherwise occurs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Devanny, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kampman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufman, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.10.548321</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Signatures of Jamming in the Cellular Potts Model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.11.545637v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic characterization of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae from Callery pear and the efficiency of associated phages in disease protection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.11.545637v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pseudomonas syringae is a heterogeneous species complex of plant pathogenic bacteria associated with a wide distribution of plant species. Advances in genomics are revealing the complex evolutionary history of this species complex and the wide array of genetic adaptations underpinning their diverse lifestyles. Here, we genomically characterize two P. syringae isolates collected from diseased Callery pears (Pyrus calleryana) in Berkeley, California in 2019 and 2022. We also isolated a lytic bacteriophage, which we characterized and evaluated for biocontrol efficiency. Using a multilocus sequence analysis and core genome alignment, we classified the P. syringae isolates as members of phylogroup two, related to other strains previously isolated from Pyrus and Prunus. An analysis of effector proteins demonstrated an evolutionary conservation of effectoromes across isolates classified in PG2, and yet uncovered unique effector profiles for each, including the two newly identified isolates. Whole genome sequencing of the associated phage uncovered a novel phage genus related to Psa phage PHB09 and the Flaundravirus genus. Finally, using in planta infection assays, we demonstrate that the phage was equally useful in symptom mitigation of immature pear fruit regardless of the Pss strain tested. Overall, this study demonstrates the diversity of P. syringae and their viruses associated with ornamental pear trees, posing spill-over risks to commercial pear trees and the possibility of using phages as biocontrol agents to reduce the impact of disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Holtappels, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abelson, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nouth, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rickus, G. E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giller, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koskella, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.11.545637</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic characterization of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae from Callery pear and the efficiency of associated phages in disease protection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.11.548626v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Arbuscular mycorrhiza convey significant plant carbon to a diverse hyphosphere microbial food web and mineral-associated organic matter 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.11.548626v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIArbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) transport substantial plant carbon (C) that serves as a substrate for other soil organisms, a precursor of soil organic matter (SOM), and a driver of soil microbial dynamics. Using two-chamber microcosms where an air gap isolated AMF from roots, we 13CO2-labeled Avena barbata for six weeks and measured. the C Rhizophagus intraradices transferred to SOM and hyphosphere microorganisms.
C_LIO_LINanoSIMS imaging, IRMS, 13C NMR, and SOM density fractionation showed hyphae and roots had similar 13C enrichment. AMF transferred 0.77 mg C per g of soil (increasing total C by 2%); 33% was found in occluded or mineral-associated pools, primarily as carbohydrates.
C_LIO_LIIn the AMF hyphosphere, there was no overall change in community diversity but 36 bacterial ASVs significantly changed in relative abundance. With stable isotope probing (SIP)-enabled shotgun sequencing, we found taxa from the Solibacterales, Sphingobacteriales, Myxococcales and Nitrososphaerales (ammonium oxidizing archaea) were highly enriched in AMF-imported 13C (>20 atom%). Mapping 13C-enriched metagenome-assembled genomes to total ASVs showed at least 92 bacteria and archaea were significantly 13C-enriched.
C_LIO_LIOur results illustrate the quantitative impact of hyphal C transport on the formation of potentially protective SOM pools and indicate microbial roles in the AMF hyphosphere soil food web.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kakouridis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuccio, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagen, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fossum, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estera-Molina, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nico, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pett-Ridge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firestone, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.11.548626</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Arbuscular mycorrhiza convey significant plant carbon to a diverse hyphosphere microbial food web and mineral-associated organic matter]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.12.548239v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multidimensional super-resolution microscopy unveils nanoscale surface aggregates in the aging of FUS condensates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.12.548239v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The intracellular liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) of biomolecules gives rise to condensates that act as membrane-less organelles with vital functions. FUS, an RNA-binding protein, natively forms condensates through LLPS and further provides a model system for the often disease-linked liquid-to-solid transition of biomolecular condensates during aging. However, the mechanism of such maturation processes, as well as the structural and physical properties of the system, remain unclear, partly attributable to difficulties in resolving the internal structures of the micrometer-sized condensates with diffraction-limited optical microscopy. Harnessing a set of multidimensional super-resolution microscopy tools that uniquely map out local physicochemical parameters through single-molecule spectroscopy, here we uncover nanoscale heterogeneities in the aging process of FUS condensates. Through spectrally resolved single-molecule localization microscopy (SR-SMLM) with a solvatochromic dye, we unveil distinct hydrophobic nanodomains at the condensate surface. Through SMLM with a fluorogenic amyloid probe, we identify these nanodomains as amyloid aggregates. Through single-molecule displacement/diffusivity mapping (SMdM), we show that such nanoaggregates drastically impede local diffusion. Notably, upon aging or mechanical shears, these nanoaggregates progressively expand on the condensate surface, thus leading to a growing low-diffusivity shell while leaving the condensate interior diffusion-permitting. Together, beyond uncovering fascinating nanoscale structural arrangements and aging mechanisms in the single-component FUS condensates, the demonstrated synergy of multidimensional super-resolution approaches in this study opens new paths for understanding LLPS systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.12.548239</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multidimensional super-resolution microscopy unveils nanoscale surface aggregates in the aging of FUS condensates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.12.548751v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cortical timescales and the modular organization of structural and functional brain networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.12.548751v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent years have seen growing interest in characterizing the properties of regional brain dynamics and their relationship to other features of brain structure and function. In particular, multiple studies have observed regional differences in the "timescale" over which activity fluctuates during periods of quiet rest. In the cerebral cortex, these timescales have been associated with both local circuit properties as well as patterns of inter-regional connectivity, including the extent to which each region exhibits widespread connectivity to other brain areas. In the current study, we build on prior observations of an association between connectivity and dynamics in the cerebral cortex by investigating the relationship between BOLD fMRI timescales and the modular organization of structural and functional brain networks. We characterize network community structure across multiple scales and find that longer timescales are associated with greater within-community functional connectivity and diverse structural connectivity. We also replicate prior observations of a positive correlation between timescales and structural connectivity degree. Finally, we find evidence for preferential functional connectivity between cortical areas with similar timescales. We replicate these findings in an independent dataset. These results contribute to our understanding of functional brain organization and structure-function relationships in the human brain, and support the notion that regional differences in cortical dynamics may in part reflect the topological role of each region within macroscale brain networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lurie, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pappas, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Esposito, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.12.548751</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cortical timescales and the modular organization of structural and functional brain networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.13.548459v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Radial glia control microglial differentiation via integrin avb8-dependent trans-activation of TGFB1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.13.548459v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microglia diversity emerges from interactions between intrinsic genetic programs and environment-derived signals, but how these processes unfold and interact in the developing brain remains unclear. Here, we show that radial glia-expressed integrin beta 8 (ITGB8) expressed in radial glia progenitors activates microglia-expressed TGF{beta}1, permitting microglial development. Domain-restricted deletion of Itgb8 in these progenitors establishes complementary regions with developmentally arrested "dysmature" microglia that persist into adulthood. In the absence of autocrine TGF{beta}1 signaling, we find that microglia adopt a similar dysmature phenotype, leading to neuromotor symptoms almost identical to Itgb8 mutant mice. In contrast, microglia lacking the TGF{beta} signal transducers Smad2 and Smad3 have a less polarized dysmature phenotype and correspondingly less severe neuromotor dysfunction. Finally, we show that non-canonical (Smad-independent) signaling partially suppresses disease and development associated gene expression, providing compelling evidence for the adoption of microglial developmental signaling pathways in the context of injury or disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McKinsey, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santander, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleemann, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katewa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conant, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barraza, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lizama, C. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koo, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paidassi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anton, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atabai, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheppard, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butovsky, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.13.548459</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Radial glia control microglial differentiation via integrin avb8-dependent trans-activation of TGFB1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.13.548938v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Truncated protein isoforms generate diversity of protein localization and function in yeast 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.13.548938v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-wide measurements of ribosome occupancy on mRNA transcripts have enabled global empirical identification of translated regions. These approaches have revealed an unexpected diversity of protein products, but high-confidence identification of new coding regions that entirely overlap annotated coding regions - including those that encode truncated protein isoforms - has remained challenging. Here, we develop a sensitive and robust algorithm focused on identifying N-terminally truncated proteins genome-wide, identifying 388 truncated protein isoforms, a more than 30-fold increase in the number known in budding yeast. We perform extensive experimental validation of these truncated proteins and define two general classes. The first set lack large portions of the annotated protein sequence and tend to be produced from a truncated transcript. We show two such cases, Yap5truncation and Pus1truncation, to have condition-specific regulation and functions that appear distinct from their respective annotated isoforms. The second set of N-terminally truncated proteins lack only a small region of the annotated protein and are less likely to be regulated by an alternative transcript isoform. Many localize to different subcellular compartments than their annotated counterpart, representing a common strategy for achieving dual localization of otherwise functionally identical proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Higdon, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Won, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brar, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.13.548938</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Truncated protein isoforms generate diversity of protein localization and function in yeast]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.14.549096v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Direct, quantitative, and comprehensive analysis of tRNA acylation using intact tRNA liquid-chromatography mass-spectrometry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.14.549096v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) provide the functional and essential link between the sequence of an mRNA and the protein it encodes. aaRS enzymes catalyze a two-step chemical reaction that acylates specific tRNAs with a cognate -amino acid. In addition to their role in translation, acylated tRNAs contribute to non-ribosomal natural product biosynthesis and are implicated in multiple human diseases. From the standpoint of synthetic biology, the acylation of tRNAs with a non-canonical -amino acid (ncAA) or more recently, a non--amino acid monomer (nAA) is a critical first step in the incorporation of these monomers into proteins, where they can be used for fundamental and applied science. These endeavors all demand an understanding of aaRS activity and specificity. Although a number of methods to monitor aaRS function in vitro or in vivo have been developed, many evaluate only the first step of the two-step reaction, require the use of radioactivity, or are slow, difficult to generalize, or both. Here we describe an LC-MS assay that rapidly, quantitatively, and directly monitors aaRS activity by detecting the intact acyl-tRNA product. After a simple tRNA acylation reaction workup, acyl- and non-acyl-tRNA molecules are resolved using ion-pairing reverse phase chromatography and their exact masses are determined using high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The intact tRNA assay we describe is fast, simple, and quantifies reaction yields as low as 0.23%. The assay can also be employed on tRNAs acylated with flexizyme to detect products that are undetectable using standard techniques. The protocol requires basic expertise in molecular biology, mass spectrometry, and RNAse-free techniques.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fricke, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knudson, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schepartz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.14.549096</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Direct, quantitative, and comprehensive analysis of tRNA acylation using intact tRNA liquid-chromatography mass-spectrometry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.13.548849v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Removing direct photocurrent artifacts in optogenetic connectivity mapping data via constrained matrix factorization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.13.548849v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Monosynaptic connectivity mapping is crucial for building circuit-level models of neural computation. Two-photon optogenetic stimulation, when combined with whole-cell recordings, has the potential to map monosynaptic connectivity at an unprecedented scale. However, optogenetic mapping of nearby connections poses a challenge, due to stimulation artifacts. When the postsynaptic cell expresses opsin, optical excitation can directly induce current in the patched cell, confounding connectivity measurements. This problem is most severe in nearby cell pairs, where synaptic connectivity is often strongest. To overcome this problem, we developed a computational tool, Photocurrent Removal with Constraints (PhoRC). Our method is based on a constrained matrix factorization model which leverages the fact that photocurrent kinetics are consistent across repeated stimulations at similar laser power. We demonstrate on real and simulated data that PhoRC consistently removes photocurrents while preserving synaptic currents, despite variations in photocurrent kinetics across datasets. Our method allows the discovery of synaptic connections which would have been otherwise obscured by photocurrent artifacts, and may thus reveal a more complete picture of synaptic connectivity. PhoRC runs faster than real time and is available at https://github.com/bantin/PhoRC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Antin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadahiro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gajowa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Triplett, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adesnik, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paninski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.13.548849</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Removing direct photocurrent artifacts in optogenetic connectivity mapping data via constrained matrix factorization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.14.549074v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tissue tension permits β-catenin phosphorylation to drive mesoderm specification in human embryonic stem cells. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.14.549074v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The role of morphogenetic forces in cell fate specification is an area of intense interest. Our prior studies suggested that the development of high cell-cell tension in human embryonic stem cells (hESC) colonies permits the Src-mediated phosphorylation of junctional {beta}-catenin that accelerates its release to potentiate Wnt-dependent signaling critical for initiating mesoderm specification. Using an ectopically expressed nonphosphorylatable mutant of {beta}-catenin (Y654F), we now provide direct evidence that impeding tension-dependent Src-mediated {beta}-catenin phosphorylation impedes the expression of Brachyury (T) and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) necessary for mesoderm specification. Addition of exogenous Wnt3a or inhibiting GSK3{beta} activity rescued mesoderm expression, emphasizing the importance of force dependent Wnt signaling in regulating mechanomorphogenesis. Our work provides a framework for understanding tension-dependent {beta}-catenin/Wnt signaling in the self-organization of tissues during developmental processes including gastrulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ayad, N. M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lakins, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghagre, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehrlicher, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weaver, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.14.549074</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tissue tension permits β-catenin phosphorylation to drive mesoderm specification in human embryonic stem cells.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.14.548818v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct senescence mechanisms restrain progression of dysplastic nevi 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.14.548818v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
TERT promoter mutations (TPMs) are frequently found in different cancer types, including approximately 70% of sun-exposed skin melanomas. In melanoma, TPMs are among the earliest mutations and can be present during the transition from nevus to melanoma. However, the specific factors that contribute to the selection of TPMs in certain nevi subsets are not well understood. To investigate this, we analyzed a group of dysplastic nevi (DN) by sequencing genes commonly mutated in melanocytic neoplasms. We examined the relationship between the identified mutations, patient age, telomere length, histological features, and the expression of p16. Our findings reveal that TPMs are more prevalent in DN from older patients and are associated with shorter telomeres. Importantly, these TPMs were not found in nevi with BRAF V600E mutations. Conversely, DN with BRAF V600E mutations were observed in younger patients, had longer telomeres, and a higher proportion of p16-positive cells. This suggests that these nevi arrest growth independently of telomere shortening through a mechanism known as oncogene-induced senescence (OIS). These characteristics extend to melanoma sequencing data sets, where melanomas with BRAF V600E mutations were more likely to have CDKN2A inactivation, overriding OIS. In contrast, melanomas without BRAF V600E mutations showed a higher frequency of TPMs. Our data imply that TPMs are selected to bypass replicative senescence (RS) in cells that were not arrested by OIS. Overall, our results indicate that a subset of melanocytic neoplasms face constraints from RS, while others encounter OIS and RS. The order in which these barriers are overcome during progression to melanoma depends on the mutational context.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lorbeer, F. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rieser, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeh, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastian, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hockemeyer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.14.548818</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct senescence mechanisms restrain progression of dysplastic nevi]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.17.548903v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The importance of habitat type and historical fire regimes in arthropod community response following large-scale wildfires 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.17.548903v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Wildfires are increasingly altering ecosystems, posing significant challenges for biodiversity conservation and ecosystem management. In this study, we used DNA metabarcoding to assess the response of arthropod communities to large-scale wildfires across diverse habitat types. We sampled six reserves within the University of California Natural Reserve System (UCNRS), each which was partially burned in the 2020 Lightning Complex wildfires in California. Using yellow pan traps to target pollinators, we collected arthropods from burned and unburned sites across multiple habitat types including oak woodland, redwood, scrub, chamise, grassland, forest, and serpentine habitats. We found no significant difference in alpha diversity values between burned and unburned sites; instead, seasonal variations played a significant role in arthropod community dynamics, with the emergence of plant species in Spring promoting increased pollinator richness at all sites. Compositional similarity analysis revealed that burn status was not a significant grouping factor when comparing all sites. Instead, community composition primarily varied across reserves, indicating distinct pools of arthropods structured geographically. Habitat type played a crucial role in determining the response of arthropod communities to fire. While communities in grasslands and oak woodlands exhibited recovery following burn, scrublands experienced substantial changes in community composition. Our study highlights the importance of examining community responses to wildfires across broad spatial scales and diverse habitat types. By understanding the nuanced dynamics of arthropod communities in response to fire disturbances, we can develop effective conservation strategies that promote resilience and maintain biodiversity in the face of increasing wildfire frequency and intensity driven by climate change.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Holmquist, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markelz, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillespie, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.17.548903</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The importance of habitat type and historical fire regimes in arthropod community response following large-scale wildfires]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.17.549263v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bimodality in Ras signaling originates from processivity of the Ras activator SOS without classic kinetic bistability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.17.549263v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ras is a small GTPase that is central to important functional decisions in diverse cell types. An important aspect of Ras signaling is its ability to exhibit bimodal, or switch-like activity. We describe the total reconstitution of a receptor-mediated Ras activation-deactivation reaction catalyzed by SOS and p120-RasGAP on supported lipid membrane microarrays. The results reveal a bimodal Ras activation response, which is not a result of classic kinetic bistability, but is rather driven by the distinct processivity of the Ras activator, SOS. Furthermore, the bimodal response is controlled by the condensation state of the scaffold protein, LAT, to which SOS is recruited. Processivity-driven bimodality leads to stochastic bursts of Ras activation even under strongly deactivating conditions. This behavior contrasts classic kinetic bistability and is distinctly more resistant to pharmacological inhibition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeGrandchamp, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lew, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groves, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.17.549263</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bimodality in Ras signaling originates from processivity of the Ras activator SOS without classic kinetic bistability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.17.549299v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conservation and divergence of regulatory architecture in nitrate-responsive plant gene circuits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.17.549299v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nitrogen is an essential element for all life processes in plants. As such, plant roots dynamically respond to nitrogen availability below-ground by executing a signaling and transcriptional cascade resulting in altered plant growth, optimized for nutrient uptake. The NIN-LIKE PROTEIN 7 (NLP7) transcription factor senses nitrogen and along with its closely related paralog NLP6, partially coordinates these transcriptional responses. While post-translational regulation of NLP6/7 is well established, its upstream transcriptional regulation remains understudied in Arabidopsis and other plant species. Here, we dissect a previously identified sub-circuit upstream of NLP6/7 in Arabidopsis and which was predicted to contain multiple multi-node feedforward loops suggestive of an optimized design principle of nitrogen transcriptional regulation. This sub-circuit comprises AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 18 (ARF18), ARF9, DEHYDRATION RESPONSE ELEMENT BINDING-PROTEIN 26 (DREB26), A NAC-DOMAIN CONTAINING PROTEIN 32 (ANAC032), NLP6 and NLP7 and their regulation of NITRITE REDUCTASE 1 (NIR1). Conservation and divergence of this circuit and their influence on N-dependent root system architecture are similarly assessed in Solanum lycopersicum. The specific binding sites of these factors within their respective promoters and their putative cis-regulatory architecture are identified. The direct or indirect nature of these interactions are validated in planta. The resulting models were genetically validated in varying concentrations of available nitrate by measuring the transcriptional output of the network revealing rewiring of nitrogen regulation across distinct plant lineages.

Significance StatementNitrogen is a critical nutrient for plant growth and yield. While external N has facilitated modern agriculture, over-application of N-containing fertilizers has drastic ecological and environmental consequences. Here, we experimentally validate a six gene regulatory circuit with extensive feedforward loops identified to act upstream of the critical NIN-LIKE PROTEIN 6/7 transcription factors which regulates a nitrogen metabolic enzyme. Our results indicate conservation and divergence in these circuits between Arabidopsis and tomato despite the similar role of NLP7 in N-dependent changes in root system architecture. The resulting network models complement existing knowledge of NLP7 regulation by providing a framework for targeted transcriptional engineering to increase plant nitrogen use efficiency.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bian, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demirer, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oz, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witham, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mason, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaudinier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brady, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patron, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.17.549299</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conservation and divergence of regulatory architecture in nitrate-responsive plant gene circuits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.17.549391v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Three-step docking by WIPI2, ATG16L1 and ATG3 delivers LC3 to the phagophore 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.17.549391v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The covalent attachment of ubiquitin-like LC3 proteins prepares the autophagic membrane for cargo recruitment. We resolve key steps in LC3 lipidation by combining molecular dynamics simulations and experiments in vitro and in cellulo. We show how the E3-like ligase ATG12- ATG5-ATG16L1 in complex with the E2-like conjugase ATG3 docks LC3 onto the membrane in three steps by (1) the PI(3)P effector protein WIPI2, (2) helix 2 of ATG16L1, and (3) a membrane-interacting surface of ATG3. Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) lipids concentrate in a region around the thioester bond between ATG3 and LC3, highlighting residues with a possible role in the catalytic transfer of LC3 to PE, including two conserved histidines. In a near-complete pathway from the initial membrane recruitment to the LC3 lipidation reaction, the three-step targeting of the ATG12-ATG5-ATG16L1 machinery establishes a high level of regulatory control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strong, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skulsuppaisarn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazarou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurley, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hummer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.17.549391</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Three-step docking by WIPI2, ATG16L1 and ATG3 delivers LC3 to the phagophore]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.18.549406v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stem cell transcriptional profiles from mouse subspecies reveal cis-regulatory evolution at ribosomal large-subunit genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.18.549406v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A key goal of evolutionary genomics is to harness molecular data to draw inferences about selective forces that have acted on genomes. The field progresses in large part through the development of advanced molecular-evolution analysis methods. Here we explored the intersection between classical sequence-based tests for selection and an empirical expression-based approach, using stem cells from Mus musculus subspecies as a model. Using a test of directional, cis-regulatory evolution across genes in pathways, we discovered a unique program of induction of translation genes in stem cells of the Southeast Asian mouse M. m. castaneus relative to its sister taxa. We then mined population-genomic sequences to pursue underlying regulatory mechanisms for this expression divergence, finding robust evidence for alleles unique to M. m. castaneus at the upstream regions of the translation genes. We interpret our data under a model of changes in lineage-specific pressures across Mus musculus in stem cells with high translational capacity. Our findings underscore the rigor of integrating expression and sequence-based methods to generate hypotheses about evolutionary events from long ago.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Simon, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bautista, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutton, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brem, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.18.549406</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stem cell transcriptional profiles from mouse subspecies reveal cis-regulatory evolution at ribosomal large-subunit genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.17.549356v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Model connectivity: leveraging the power of encoding models to overcome the limitations of functional connectivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.17.549356v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Functional connectivity (FC) is the most popular method for recovering functional networks of brain areas with fMRI. However, because FC is defined as temporal correlations in brain activity, FC networks are confounded by noise and lack a precise functional role. To overcome these limitations, we developed model connectivity (MC). MC is defined as similarities in encoding model weights, which quantify reliable functional activity in terms of interpretable stimulus- or task-related features. To compare FC and MC, both methods were applied to a naturalistic story listening dataset. FC recovered spatially broad networks that are confounded by noise, and that lack a clear role during natural language comprehension. By contrast, MC recovered spatially localized networks that are robust to noise, and that represent distinct categories of semantic concepts. Thus, MC is a powerful data-driven approach for recovering and interpreting the functional networks that support complex cognitive processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meschke, E. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Visconti di Oleggio Castello, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dupre la Tour, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallant, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.17.549356</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Model connectivity: leveraging the power of encoding models to overcome the limitations of functional connectivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.18.549400v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolving Membrane-Associated Accessory Protein Variants for Improved Adeno-Associated Virus Production 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.18.549400v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Manufacturing sufficient Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) to meet current and projected clinical needs is a significant hurdle to the growing gene therapy industry. The recently discovered membrane-associated accessory protein (MAAP) is encoded by an alternative open reading frame in the AAV cap gene that is found in all presently reported natural serotypes. Recent evidence has emerged supporting a functional role of MAAP in AAV egress, though the underlying mechanisms of MAAP function remain unknown. Here, we show that inactivation of MAAP from AAV2 by a single point mutation that is silent in the VP1 ORF (AAV2-{Delta}MAAP) decreased exosome-associated and secreted vector genome production. We hypothesized that novel MAAP variants could be evolved to increase AAV production and thus subjected a library encoding over 1E6 MAAP protein variants to five rounds of packaging selection into the AAV2-{Delta}MAAP capsid. Between each successive packaging round, we observed a progressive increase in both overall titer and ratio of secreted vector genomes conferred by the bulk selected MAAP library population. Next-generation sequencing uncovered enriched mutational features, and a resulting selected MAAP variant containing missense mutations and a novel C-terminal domain increased overall GFP transgene packaging in AAV2, AAV6, and AAV9 capsids.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schieferecke, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kilaru, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaffer, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.18.549400</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolving Membrane-Associated Accessory Protein Variants for Improved Adeno-Associated Virus Production]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.19.549715v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Cell Cycle-Dependent Ferroptosis Sensitivity Switch Governed by EMP2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.19.549715v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ferroptosis is a non-apoptotic form of cell death characterized by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation. Ferroptosis can be induced by system xc- cystine/glutamate antiporter inhibition or by direct inhibition of the phospholipid hydroperoxidase glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4). The regulation of ferroptosis in response to system xc- inhibition versus direct GPX4 inhibition may be distinct. Here, we show that cell cycle arrest enhances sensitivity to ferroptosis triggered by GPX4 inhibition but not system xc- inhibition. Arrested cells have increased levels of oxidizable polyunsaturated fatty acid-containing phospholipids, which drives sensitivity to GPX4 inhibition. Epithelial membrane protein 2 (EMP2) expression is reduced upon cell cycle arrest and is sufficient to enhance ferroptosis in response to direct GPX4 inhibition. An orally bioavailable GPX4 inhibitor increased markers of ferroptotic lipid peroxidation in vivo in combination with a cell cycle arresting agent. Thus, responses to different ferroptosis-inducing stimuli can be regulated by cell cycle state.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rodencal, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lange, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarangelo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schafer, Z. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olzmann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sage, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, J. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dixon, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.19.549715</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Cell Cycle-Dependent Ferroptosis Sensitivity Switch Governed by EMP2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.20.549584v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Taxonomically-informed Mass Spectrometry Search Tool for Microbial Metabolomics Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.20.549584v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MicrobeMASST, a taxonomically-informed mass spectrometry (MS) search tool, tackles limited microbial metabolite annotation in untargeted metabolomics experiments. Leveraging a curated database of >60,000 microbial monocultures, users can search known and unknown MS/MS spectra and link them to their respective microbial producers via MS/MS fragmentation patterns. Identification of microbial-derived metabolites and relative producers, without a priori knowledge, will vastly enhance the understanding of microorganisms role in ecology and human health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zuffa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmid, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauermeister, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>P. Gomes, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caraballo-Rodriguez, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El Abiead, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aron, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gentry, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zemlin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meehan, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avalon, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cichewicz, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buzun, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrillo Terrazas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oles, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasquez Ayala, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuijpers, M. C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackrel, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tugizimana, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nephali, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubery, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madala, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreira, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa-Lotufo, L. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopes, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rezende-Teixeira, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rimal, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traxler, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pessotti, R. d. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarado-Villalobos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamayo-Castillo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaverri, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escud</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.20.549584</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Taxonomically-informed Mass Spectrometry Search Tool for Microbial Metabolomics Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.21.550019v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Five inhibitory receptors display distinct vesicular distributions in T cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.21.550019v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
T cells can express multiple inhibitory receptors. Upon induction of T cell exhaustion in response to persistent antigen, prominently in the anti-tumor immune response, many are expressed simultaneously. Key inhibitory receptors are CTLA-4, PD-1, LAG3, TIM3 and TIGIT, as investigated here. These receptors are important as central therapeutic targets in cancer immunotherapy. Inhibitory receptors are not constitutively expressed on the cell surface, but substantial fractions reside in intracellular vesicular structures. It remains unresolved to which extent the subcellular localization of different inhibitory receptors is distinct. Using quantitative imaging of subcellular distributions and plasma membrane insertion as complemented by proximity proteomics and a biochemical analysis of the association of the inhibitory receptors with trafficking adaptors, the subcellular distributions of the five inhibitory receptors were discrete. The distribution of CTLA-4 was most distinct with preferential association with lysosomal-derived vesicles and the sorting nexin 1/2/5/6 transport machinery. With a lack of evidence for the existence of specific vesicle subtypes to explain divergent inhibitory receptor distributions, we suggest that such distributions are driven by divergent trafficking through an overlapping joint set of vesicular structures. This extensive characterization of the subcellular localization of five inhibitory receptors in relation to each other lays the foundation for the molecular investigation of their trafficking and its therapeutic exploitation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simonetti, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raj, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cross, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruan, X. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huynh, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dowsey, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verkade, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cullen, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wuelfing, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.21.550019</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Five inhibitory receptors display distinct vesicular distributions in T cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.21.550116v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization and diversification of AraC/XylS family regulators guided by transposon sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.21.550116v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In this study, we explored the development of engineered inducible systems. Publicly available data from previous transposon sequencing assays were used to identify regulators of metabolism in Pseudomonas putida KT2440. For the AraC-family regulators (AFRs) represented in this data, we posited AFR/promoter/inducer groupings. Eleven promoters were characterized for a response to their proposed inducers in P. putida, and the resultant data were used to create and test nine two-plasmid sensor systems in E. coli. Several of these were further developed into a palette of single-plasmid inducible systems. From these experiments, we observed an unreported inducer response from a previously characterized AFR, demonstrated that the addition of a P. putida transporter improved the sensor dynamics of an AFR in E. coli, and identified an uncharacterized AFR with a novel potential inducer specificity. Finally, targeted mutations in an AFR, informed by structural predictions, enabled further diversification of these inducible plasmids.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=105 SRC="FIGDIR/small/550116v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (35K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@fb1ee2org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@a88f1dorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@4bbd5borg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@7cdbfc_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pearson, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Incha, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nava, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keasling, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.21.550116</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization and diversification of AraC/XylS family regulators guided by transposon sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.20.549924v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glial-derived mitochondrial signals impact neuronal proteostasis and aging. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.20.549924v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The nervous system plays a critical role in maintaining whole-organism homeostasis; neurons experiencing mitochondrial stress can coordinate the induction of protective cellular pathways, such as the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRMT), between tissues. However, these studies largely ignored non-neuronal cells of the nervous system. Here, we found that UPRMT activation in four, astrocyte-like glial cells in the nematode, C. elegans, can promote protein homeostasis by alleviating protein aggregation in neurons. Surprisingly, we find that glial cells utilize small clear vesicles (SCVs) to signal to neurons, which then relay the signal to the periphery using dense-core vesicles (DCVs). This work underlines the importance of glia in establishing and regulating protein homeostasis within the nervous system, which can then impact neuron-mediated effects in organismal homeostasis and longevity.

One-Sentence SummaryGlial cells sense mitochondrial stress and signal a beneficial stress signal to promote neuronal health and longevity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bar-Ziv, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutta, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hruby, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sukarto, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henderson, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durieux, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tronnes, S. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Averbukh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alcala, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmad, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolas, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dishart, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vega, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higuchi-Sanabria, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dillin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.20.549924</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glial-derived mitochondrial signals impact neuronal proteostasis and aging.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.25.550452v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early-life stress triggers long-lasting organismal resilience and longevity via tetraspanin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.25.550452v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Early-life stress experiences can produce lasting impacts on organismal adaptation and fitness. How transient stress elicits memory-like physiological effects is largely unknown. Here we show that early-life thermal stress strongly up-regulates tsp-1, a gene encoding the conserved transmembrane tetraspanin in C. elegans. TSP-1 forms prominent multimers and stable web- like structures critical for membrane barrier functions in adults and during aging. The up- regulation of TSP-1 persists even after transient early-life stress. Such regulation requires CBP- 1, a histone acetyl-transferase that facilitates initial tsp-1 transcription. Tetraspanin webs form regular membrane structures and mediate resilience-promoting effects of early-life thermal stress. Gain-of-function TSP-1 confers marked C. elegans longevity extension and thermal resilience in human cells. Together, our results reveal a cellular mechanism by which early-life thermal stress produces long-lasting memory-like impact on organismal resilience and longevity.

TeaserStudies reveal mechanisms of how early-life heat exposure produces long-lasting benefits on longevity in the nematode C. elegans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, W. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belly, H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeGeorge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, O. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.25.550452</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early-life stress triggers long-lasting organismal resilience and longevity via tetraspanin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.25.550467v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extensive and diverse lanthanide-dependent metabolism in the ocean 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.25.550467v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lanthanide (Ln)-dependent enzymes have evolved roles in organic carbon metabolism despite low Ln availability in natural environments1-8. The oceans are the major reservoir of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) on the planet, yet the prevalence and diversity of Ln-dependent enzymes in the ocean, and their biogeochemical importance in the ocean carbon cycle is unknown. Here, we analyzed a global ocean metagenomic/metatranscriptomic dataset and found Ln-dependent methanol-, ethanol- and putative sorbose- and glucose-dehydrogenases in all metagenomes and 20% of all resolved microbial genomes, with several individual organisms hosting dozens of unique Ln-dependent genes. We find that biological methanol oxidation in the ocean is overwhelmingly Ln-dependent, and that methanol dehydrogenases are the most highly expressed Ln-dependent genes in most ocean regions, particularly in surface oceans. As Ln availability is a function of phosphate concentration and pH, Ln-dependent metabolism likely underpins complex biogeochemical feedbacks determining the efficiency of organic matter remineralization, thus impacting the oceanic DOC pool and Earths climate system. The widespread biological utility of Ln also explains their nutrient-like vertical concentration profiles observed in ocean waters, and shows that the preferential utilization of light lanthanides by biology must be considered when interpreting patterns of relative Ln concentrations in seawater.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Voutsinos, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McClelland, H.-L. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.25.550467</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extensive and diverse lanthanide-dependent metabolism in the ocean]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.24.550176v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microglia Regulate Sleep via Calcium-Dependent Modulation of Norepinephrine Transmission 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.24.550176v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sleep interacts reciprocally with immune system activity, but its specific relationship with microglia - the resident immune cells in the brain - remains poorly understood. Here we show that microglia can regulate sleep through a mechanism involving Gi-coupled GPCRs, intracellular Ca2+ signaling, and suppression of norepinephrine transmission. Chemogenetic activation of microglia Gi signaling strongly promoted sleep, whereas pharmacological blockade of Gi-coupled P2Y12 receptors decreased sleep. Two-photon imaging showed that P2Y12/Gi activation elevated microglia intracellular Ca2+, and blockade of this Ca2+ elevation largely abolished the Gi-induced sleep increase. Microglia Ca2+ level also increased at natural wake-to-sleep transitions, caused partly by reduced norepinephrine. Furthermore, imaging of norepinephrine activity with its biosensor showed that microglia P2Y12/Gi activation significantly reduced norepinephrine, partly by increasing the adenosine concentration. Thus, microglia can regulate sleep through reciprocal interactions with norepinephrine transmission.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ma, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silverman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worden, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muroy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tso, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saijo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.24.550176</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microglia Regulate Sleep via Calcium-Dependent Modulation of Norepinephrine Transmission]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.25.549934v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of Late Pleistocene and Holocene fossil lizards from Hall's Cave and a primer on morphological variation in North American lizard skulls 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.25.549934v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fossil identification practices have a profound effect on our interpretation of the past because these identifications form the basis for downstream analyses. Therefore, well-supported fossil identifications are paramount for examining the impact of past environmental changes on populations and communities. Here we apply an apomorphic identification framework in a case study identifying fossil lizard remains from Halls Cave, a late Quaternary fossil site located in Central Texas, USA. We present images and descriptions of a broad comparative sample of North American lizard cranial elements and compile new and previously reported apomorphic characters for identifying fossil lizards. Our fossil identifications from Halls Cave resulted in a minimum of 11 lizard taxa, including five lizard taxa previously unknown from the site. Most of the identified fossil lizard taxa inhabit the area around Halls Cave today, but we reinforce the presence of an extirpated species complex of horned lizard. A main goal of this work is to establish a procedure for making well-supported fossil lizard identifications across North America. The data from this study will assist researchers endeavoring to identify fossil lizards, increasing the potential for novel discoveries related to North American lizards and facilitating more holistic views of ancient faunal assemblages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ledesma, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scarpetta, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacisin, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meza, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kemp, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.25.549934</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of Late Pleistocene and Holocene fossil lizards from Hall's Cave and a primer on morphological variation in North American lizard skulls]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.25.550414v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lariat debranching by RNA DEBRANCHING ENZYME 1 depends on SICKLE in Arabidopsis thaliana 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.25.550414v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spliceosome mediated intron removal from precursor mRNAs (pre-mRNAs) generates circular RNAs called intron lariats. RNA DEBRANCHING ENZYME 1 (DBR1) ribonucleases linearize, or debranch, intron lariats to allow their degradation. DBR1 genes occur across eukaryotes and are essential in animals and plants. High levels of intron lariats in the weak Arabidopsis thaliana dbr1-2 allele inhibits primary microRNA (pri-miRNA) processing, disrupting miRNA production and miRNA-regulated growth and development. Arabidopsis sickle (sic) mutants alter pri-miRNA processing and pre-mRNA splicing. This study demonstrates sic mutants accumulate intron lariats matching those in weak dbr alleles. The strong sic-1 and weak dbr1-3 alleles together cause synthetic lethality, while weak sic-3 with dbr1-3 has intron lariat accumulation like sic-3. Further, sic-3, dbr1-3, and sic-3 dbr1-3 similarly alter circadian rhythms and growth of roots and rosettes. The conserved MPLKIP amino acid motif in SIC mediates physical interaction with DBR1 in vitro and is required for intron lariat debranching in vivo. Thus, MPLKIP containing proteins, like SIC and human TTDN1, act with cognate DBR1 proteins to maintain RNA homeostasis critical for growth and development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kovak, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molinari, M. D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nepomuceno, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harmon, F. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.25.550414</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lariat debranching by RNA DEBRANCHING ENZYME 1 depends on SICKLE in Arabidopsis thaliana]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.25.550461v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Leishmania major-induced alteration of host cellular and systemic copper homeostasis drives the fate of infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.25.550461v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Copper plays a key role in host-pathogen interaction. We found that during Leishmania major infection, the parasite-harboring macrophage regulates its copper homeostasis pathway in a way to facilitate copper-mediated neutralization of the pathogen. Copper-ATPase ATP7A transports copper to amastigote-harboring phagolysosomes to induce stress on parasites. Leishmania in order to evade the copper stress, utilizes a variety of manipulative measures to lower the host-induced copper stress. It induces deglycosylation and degradation of host-ATP7A and downregulation of copper importer, CTR1 by cysteine oxidation. Additionally, Leishmania induces CTR1 endocytosis that arrests copper uptake. In mouse model of infection, we report an increase in systemic bioavailable copper in infected animals. Heart acts as the major organ for diverting its copper reserves to systemic circulation to fight-off infection by downregulating its CTR1. Our study explores reciprocal mechanism of manipulation of host copper homeostasis pathway by macrophage and Leishmania to gain respective advantages in host-pathogen interaction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paul, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakrabarty, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samanta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maji, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pezacki, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Datta, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.25.550461</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Leishmania major-induced alteration of host cellular and systemic copper homeostasis drives the fate of infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.25.550520v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Local Disordered Region Sampling (LDRS) for Ensemble Modeling of Proteins with Experimentally Undetermined or Low Confidence Prediction Segments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.25.550520v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
STRUCTURED ABSTRACTO_ST_ABSSUMMARYC_ST_ABSThe Local Disordered Region Sampling (LDRS, pronounced loaders) tool, developed for the IDPConformerGenerator platform (Teixeira et al. 2022), provides a method for generating all-atom conformations of intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) at N- and C-termini of and in loops or linkers between folded regions of an existing protein structure. These disordered elements often lead to missing coordinates in experimental structures or low confidence in predicted structures. Requiring only a pre-existing PDB structure of the protein with missing coordinates or with predicted confidence scores and its full-length primary sequence, LDRS will automatically generate physically meaningful conformational ensembles of the missing flexible regions to complete the full-length protein. The capabilities of the LDRS tool of IDPConformerGenerator include modeling phosphorylation sites using enhanced Monte Carlo Side Chain Entropy (MC-SCE) (Bhowmick and Head-Gordon 2015), transmembrane proteins within an all-atom bilayer, and multi-chain complexes. The modeling capacity of LDRS capitalizes on the modularity, ability to be used as a library and via command-line, and computational speed of the IDPConformerGenerator platform.

AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATIONThe LDRS module is part of the IDPConformerGenerator modeling suite, which can be downloaded from GitHub at https://github.com/julie-forman-kay-lab/IDPConformerGenerator. IDPConformerGenerator is written in Python and works on Linux, Microsoft Windows, and Mac OS versions that support DSSP. Users can utilize LDRSs Python API for scripting the same way they can use any part of IDPConformerGenerators API, by importing functions from the  idpconfgen.ldrs_helper library. Otherwise, LDRS can be used as a command line interface application within IDPConformerGenerator. Full documentation is available within the command-line interface (CLI) as well as on IDPConformerGenerators official documentation pages (https://idpconformergenerator.readthedocs.io/en/latest/).

CONTACTFor support with LDRS please contact Zi Hao (Nemo) Liu via nemo.liu@sickkids.ca or submit an issue in the IDPConformerGenerator repository on GitHub (https://github.com/julie-forman-kay-lab/IDPConformerGenerator/issues).

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATIONThe supplementary information document contains, or links to, all the conformer ensembles generated for this publication, the generalized Python scripts using the LDRS Python API, figures of detailed methods, fractional secondary structure information, torsion angle sampling, and the time required to generate the different protein cases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teixeira, J. M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsangaris, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gradinaru, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Head-Gordon, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forman-Kay, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.25.550520</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Local Disordered Region Sampling (LDRS) for Ensemble Modeling of Proteins with Experimentally Undetermined or Low Confidence Prediction Segments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.29.551071v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DCLRE1B/hSNM1B (Apollo) is not acutely required for human pluripotent stem cell survival 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.29.551071v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Telomeric DNA ends in a 3 single stranded overhang that is implicated in the protective function of telomeres ensuring genomic stability in mammals. Telomere overhang formation relies on the coordinated interplay between DNA synthesis and exonuclease activity. DCLRE1B/hSNM1B/Apollo generates an initial resection at the newly synthesized, blunt-ended leading strand telomere. This resection is thought to be required for further nucleolytic processing at the leading strand telomere. Here, we investigated the functional relevance of Apollo in human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) by generating Apollo deficient cells. Leveraging CRISPR/Cas9 technology, we generated locally haploid hPSCs (loHAPs) that lack one allele of Apollo. Subsequently, we mutated the remaining Apollo allele and monitored the resultant allele spectrum over 3 weeks. Surprisingly, cells survived regardless of Apollo status. These results suggest that, in hPSCs, Apollo is not acutely essential for cellular survival.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bartke, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hockemeyer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.29.551071</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DCLRE1B/hSNM1B (Apollo) is not acutely required for human pluripotent stem cell survival]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.30.551187v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial Omics Driven Crossmodal Pretraining Applied to Graph-based Deep Learning for Cancer Pathology Analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.30.551187v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Graph-based deep learning has shown great promise in cancer histopathology image analysis by contextualizing complex morphology and structure across whole slide images to make high quality downstream outcome predictions (ex: prognostication). These methods rely on informative representations (i.e., embeddings) of image patches comprising larger slides, which are used as node attributes in slide graphs. Spatial omics data, including spatial transcriptomics, is a novel paradigm offering a wealth of detailed information. Pairing this data with corresponding histological imaging localized at 50-micron resolution, may facilitate the development of algorithms which better appreciate the morphological and molecular underpinnings of carcinogenesis. Here, we explore the utility of leveraging spatial transcriptomics data with a contrastive crossmodal pretraining mechanism to generate deep learning models that can extract molecular and histological information for graph-based learning tasks. Performance on cancer staging, lymph node metastasis prediction, survival prediction, and tissue clustering analyses indicate that the proposed methods bring improvement to graph based deep learning models for histopathological slides compared to leveraging histological information from existing schemes, demonstrating the promise of mining spatial omics data to enhance deep learning for pathology workflows.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Azher, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fatemi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinivasan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diallo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christensen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolling, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perreard, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palisoul, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaickus, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.30.551187</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial Omics Driven Crossmodal Pretraining Applied to Graph-based Deep Learning for Cancer Pathology Analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.30.551188v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Potential to Enhance Large Scale Molecular Assessments of Skin Photoaging through Virtual Inference of Spatial Transcriptomics from Routine Staining 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.30.551188v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The advent of spatial transcriptomics technologies has heralded a renaissance in research to advance our understanding of the spatial cellular and transcriptional heterogeneity within tissues. Spatial transcriptomics allows investigation of the interplay between cells, molecular pathways and the surrounding tissue architecture and can help elucidate developmental trajectories, disease pathogenesis, and various niches in the tumor microenvironment. Photoaging is the histological and molecular skin damage resulting from chronic/acute sun exposure and is a major risk factor for skin cancer. Spatial transcriptomics technologies hold promise for improving the reliability of evaluating photoaging and developing new therapeutics. Current challenges, including limited focus on dermal elastosis variations and reliance on self-reported measures, can introduce subjectivity and inconsistency. Spatial transcriptomics offer an opportunity to assess photoaging objectively and reproducibly in studies of carcinogenesis and discern the effectiveness of therapies that intervene on photoaging and prevent cancer. Evaluation of distinct histological architectures using highly-multiplexed spatial technologies can identify specific cell lineages that have been understudied due to their location beyond the depth of UV penetration. However, the cost and inter-patient variability using state-of-the-art assays such as the 10x Genomics Spatial Transcriptomics assays limits the scope and scale of large-scale molecular epidemiologic studies. Here, we investigate the inference of spatial transcriptomics information from routine hematoxylin and eosin-stained (H&E) tissue slides. We employed the Visium CytAssist spatial transcriptomics assay to analyze over 18,000 genes at a 50-micron resolution for four patients from a cohort of 261 skin specimens collected adjacent to surgical resection sites for basal and squamous keratinocyte tumors. The spatial transcriptomics data was co-registered with 40x resolution whole slide imaging (WSI) information. We developed machine learning models that achieved a macro-averaged median AUC and F1 score of 0.80 and 0.61 and Spearman coefficient of 0.60 in inferring transcriptomic profiles across the slides, and accurately captured biological pathways across various tissue architectures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Srinivasan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LeBoeuf, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fatemi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azher, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diallo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montivero, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolling, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrard, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christensen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palisoul, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsongalis, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaickus, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preum, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.30.551188</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Potential to Enhance Large Scale Molecular Assessments of Skin Photoaging through Virtual Inference of Spatial Transcriptomics from Routine Staining]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.31.551119v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Iron rescues glucose-mediated photosynthesis repression during lipid accumulation in the green alga Chromochloris zofingiensis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.31.551119v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Energy status and nutrients regulate photosynthetic protein expression. The unicellular green alga Chromochloris zofingiensis switches off photosynthesis in the presence of exogenous glucose (+Glc) in a process that depends on hexokinase (HXK1). Here, we show that this response requires that cells lack sufficient iron (-Fe). Cells grown in -Fe+Glc accumulate triacylglycerol (TAG) while losing photosynthesis and thylakoid membranes. However, cells with an iron supplement (+Fe+Glc) maintain photosynthesis and thylakoids while still accumulating TAG. Proteomic analysis shows that known photosynthetic proteins are most depleted in heterotrophy, alongside hundreds of uncharacterized, conserved proteins. Photosynthesis repression is associated with enzyme and transporter regulation that redirects iron resources to (a) respiratory instead of photosynthetic complexes and (b) a ferredoxin-dependent desaturase pathway supporting TAG accumulation rather than thylakoid lipid synthesis. Combining insights from diverse organisms from green algae to vascular plants, we show how iron and trophic constraints on metabolism aid gene discovery for photosynthesis and biofuel production.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jeffers, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purvine, S. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicora, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCombs, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upadhyaya, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stroumza, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallaher, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dohnalkova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merchant, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niyogi, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.31.551119</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Iron rescues glucose-mediated photosynthesis repression during lipid accumulation in the green alga Chromochloris zofingiensis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.01.549754v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Borg extrachromosomal elements of methane-oxidizing archaea have conserved and expressed genetic repertoires 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.01.549754v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Borgs are huge extrachromosomal elements (ECE) of anaerobic methane-consuming "Candidatus Methanoperedens" archaea. Here, we used nanopore sequencing to validate published complete genomes curated from short reads and to reconstruct new genomes. 13 complete and four near-complete linear genomes share 40 genes that define a largely syntenous genome backbone. We use these conserved genes to identify new Borgs from peatland soil and to delineate Borg phylogeny, revealing two major clades. Remarkably, Borg genes encoding OmcZ nanowire-like electron-exporting cytochromes and cell surface proteins are more highly expressed than those of host Methanoperedens, indicating that Borgs augment the Methanoperedens activity in situ. We reconstructed the first complete 4.00 Mbp genome for a Methanoperedens that is inferred to be a Borg host and predicted its methylation motifs, which differ from pervasive TC and CC methylation motifs of the Borgs. Thus, methylation may enable Methanoperedens to distinguish their genomes from those of Borgs. Very high Borg to Methanoperedens ratios and structural predictions suggest that Borgs may be capable of encapsulation. The findings clearly define Borgs as a distinct class of ECE with shared genomic signatures, establish their diversification from a common ancestor with genetic inheritance, and raise the possibility of periodic existence outside of host cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schoelmerich, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ly, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West-Roberts, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, L.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malvankar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taib, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gribaldo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodcroft, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Shayeb, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mozsary, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hickey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beaulaurier, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juul, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachdeva, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.01.549754</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Borg extrachromosomal elements of methane-oxidizing archaea have conserved and expressed genetic repertoires]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.01.551413v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tissue-specific and cis-regulatory changes underlie parallel, adaptive gene expression evolution in house mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.01.551413v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Changes in gene regulation have long been appreciated as a driving force of adaptive evolution, however the relative contributions of cis- and trans-acting changes to gene regulation over short evolutionary timescales remain unclear. Instances of recent, parallel phenotypic evolution provide an opportunity to assess whether parallel patterns are seen at the level of gene expression, and to assess the relative contribution of cis- and trans-changes to gene regulation in the early stages of divergence. Here, we studied gene expression in liver and brown adipose tissue in two wild-derived strains of house mice that independently adapted to cold, northern environments, and we compared them to a strain of house mice from a warm, southern environment. To investigate gene regulatory evolution, we studied expression in parents and allele-specific expression in F1 hybrids of crosses between warm-adapted and cold-adapted strains. First, we found that the different cold-adapted mice showed both unique and shared changes in expression, but that the proportion of shared changes (i.e. parallelism) was greater than expected by chance. Second, we discovered that expression evolution occurred largely at tissue-specific and cis-regulated genes, and that these genes were over-represented in parallel cases of evolution. Finally, we integrated the expression data with scans for selection in natural populations and found substantial parallelism in the two northern populations for genes under selection. Furthermore, selection outliers were associated with cis-regulated genes more than expected by chance; cis-regulated genes under selection influenced phenotypes such as body size, fat content, immune functioning, and skeletal morphology. These results demonstrate that parallel patterns of gene expression in mice that have independently adapted to cold environments are driven largely by tissue-specific and cis-regulatory changes, providing insight into the mechanisms of adaptive gene regulatory evolution at the earliest stages of divergence.

Author summaryThe parallel movement of organisms into novel environments provides an opportunity to understand the molecular basis of adaptation and the repeatability of this process. Mutations affecting the expression of genes are known to underlie much of adaptive evolution. Such mutations can arise in cis-(near the gene of interest) or in trans-(at a distant locus), but the relative contribution of these different kinds of changes to adaptation is poorly understood, especially during very recent divergence. Here, we compared evolved gene expression differences between a warm-adapted house mouse strain and two different cold-adapted strains that have independently evolved similar phenotypic traits, such as increased body size and decreased extremity length during the last few hundred years. Using crosses between warm-adapted and cold-adapted mice, we found that mutations acting in a context specific manner (cis-regulatory and tissue-specific changes) predominate expression divergence and are more likely to be involved in parallel evolution. We used population level selection scans in wild animals to identify regions of the genome under selection and combined these findings with the gene expression data to identify candidate genes underlying adaptation to novel environments. Together, our work describes the gene regulatory dynamics of rapid environmental adaptation, and the repeatability of these patterns over multiple instances of adaptation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Durkin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballinger, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nachman, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.01.551413</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tissue-specific and cis-regulatory changes underlie parallel, adaptive gene expression evolution in house mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.31.551037v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Jointly modeling deep mutational scans identifies shifted mutational effects among SARS-CoV-2 spike homologs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.31.551037v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deep mutational scanning (DMS) is a high-throughput experimental technique that measures the effects of thousands of mutations to a protein. These experiments can be performed on multiple homologs of a protein or on the same protein selected under multiple conditions. It is often of biological interest to identify mutations with shifted effects across homologs or conditions. However, it is challenging to determine if observed shifts arise from biological signal or experimental noise. Here, we describe a method for jointly inferring mutational effects across multiple DMS experiments while also identifying mutations that have shifted in their effects among experiments. A key aspect of our method is to regularize the inferred shifts, so that they are nonzero only when strongly supported by the data. We apply this method to DMS experiments that measure how mutations to spike proteins from SARS-CoV-2 variants (Delta, Omicron BA.1, and Omicron BA.2) affect cell entry. Most mutational effects are conserved between these spike homologs, but a fraction have markedly shifted. We experimentally validate a subset of the mutations inferred to have shifted effects, and confirm differences of >1,000-fold in the impact of the same mutation on spike-mediated viral infection across spikes from different SARS-CoV-2 variants. Overall, our work establishes a general approach for comparing sets of DMS experiments to identify biologically important shifts in mutational effects.

Significance StatementAmino-acid mutations to a protein have effects that can shift as the protein evolves or is put under new selective pressure. The effects of amino-acid mutations to a specific protein under a defined selective pressure can be measured by deep mutational scanning experiments. Here, we devise an approach to quantify shifts in mutational effects between experiments performed on different homologs (i.e. variants) of the same protein, or on the same protein selected under different conditions. We use this approach to compare experiments performed on three homologs of SARS-CoV-2 spike, identifying mutations that have shifted in their effect on spike-mediated viral infection by >1,000 fold across SARS-CoV-2 variants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haddox, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galloway, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dadonaite, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloom, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsen, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeWitt, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.31.551037</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Jointly modeling deep mutational scans identifies shifted mutational effects among SARS-CoV-2 spike homologs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.02.551345v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Methanotrophic Methanoperedens archaea host diverse and interacting extrachromosomal elements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.02.551345v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Methane emissions that contribute to climate change can be mitigated by anaerobic methane-oxidizing archaea such as Methanoperedens. Some Methanoperedens have huge extrachromosomal genetic elements (ECEs) called Borgs that may modulate their activity, yet the broader diversity of Methanoperedens ECEs is little studied. Here, we report small enigmatic linear ECEs, circular viruses and unclassified ECEs, that we predict replicate within Methanoperedens. The linear ECEs have features such as inverted terminal repeats, pervasive tandem repeats, and coding patterns that are strongly reminiscent of Borgs, but they are only 52 kb to 145 kb in length. They share proteins with Borgs and Methanoperedens. Thus, we refer to them as mini-Borgs. Mini-Borgs are genetically diverse and we assign them to at least five family-level groups. We also identify eight novel families of Methanoperedens viruses, some of which encode multiheme cytochromes, and unclassified circular ECEs that encode TnpB genes. A population-heterogeneous CRISPR array is in close proximity to the TnpB and has spacers that target other Methanoperedens ECEs including previously reported plasmids. The diverse groups of ECEs exchange genetic information with each other and with Methanoperedens, likely impacting the activity and evolution of these environmentally important archaea.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, L.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West-Roberts, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoelmerich, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penev, P. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amano, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lei, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachdeva, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.02.551345</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Methanotrophic Methanoperedens archaea host diverse and interacting extrachromosomal elements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.03.551815v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A force-sensitive mutation reveals a spindle assembly checkpoint-independent role for dynein in anaphase progression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.03.551815v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cytoplasmic dynein-1 (dynein) motor organizes cells by shaping microtubule networks and moving a large variety of cargoes along them. However, dyneins diverse roles complicate in vivo studies of its functions significantly. To address this issue, we have used gene editing to generate a series of missense mutations in Drosophila Dynein heavy chain (Dhc). We find that mutations associated with human neurological disease cause a range of defects in larval and adult flies, including impaired cargo trafficking in neurons. We also describe a novel mutation in the microtubule-binding domain (MTBD) of Dhc that, remarkably, causes metaphase arrest of mitotic spindles in the embryo but does not impair other dynein-dependent processes. We demonstrate that the mitotic arrest is independent of dyneins well-established roles in silencing the spindle assembly checkpoint. In vitro reconstitution and optical trapping assays reveal that the mutation only impairs the performance of dynein under load. In silico all-atom molecular dynamics simulations show that this effect correlates with increased flexibility of the MTBD, as well as an altered orientation of the stalk domain, with respect to the microtubule. Collectively, our data point to a novel role of dynein in anaphase progression that depends on the motor operating in a specific load regime. More broadly, our work illustrates how cytoskeletal transport processes can be dissected in vivo by manipulating mechanical properties of motors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Salvador-Garcia, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hensley, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golcuk, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallaud, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaaban, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Port, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vagnoni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Planelles-Herrero, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McClintock, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Derivery, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giet, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gur, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yildiz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bullock, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.03.551815</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A force-sensitive mutation reveals a spindle assembly checkpoint-independent role for dynein in anaphase progression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.04.552058v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Bright, Photostable Dye that Enables Multicolor, Time Lapse, and Super-Resolution Imaging of Acidic Organelles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.04.552058v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lysosomes have long been known for their acidic lumen and efficient degradation of cellular byproducts. In recent years it has become clear that their function is far more sophisticated, involving multiple cell signaling pathways and interactions with other organelles. Unfortunately, their acidic interior, fast dynamics, and small size makes lysosomes difficult to image with fluorescence microscopy. Here we report a far-red small molecule, HMSiR680-Me, that fluoresces only under acidic conditions, causing selective labeling of acidic organelles in live cells. HMSiR680-Me can be used alongside other far-red dyes in multicolor imaging experiments and is superior to existing lysosome probes in terms of photostability and maintaining cell health and lyso-some motility. We demonstrate that HMSiR680-Me is compatible with overnight time lapse experiments, as well as time lapse super-resolution microscopy with a fast frame rate for at least 1000 frames. HMSiR680-Me can also be used alongside silicon rhodamine dyes in a multiplexed super-resolution microscopy experiment to visualize interactions between the inner mitochondrial membrane and lysosomes with only a single excitation laser and simultaneous depletion. We envision this dye permitting more detailed study of the role of lysosomes in dynamic cellular processes and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lesiak, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dadina, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schelvis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schepartz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.04.552058</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Bright, Photostable Dye that Enables Multicolor, Time Lapse, and Super-Resolution Imaging of Acidic Organelles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.04.552072v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The cell adhesion molecule Echinoid promotes tissue survival and separately restricts tissue overgrowth in Drosophila imaginal discs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.04.552072v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The interactions that cells in Drosophila imaginal discs have with their neighbors are known to regulate their ability to survive. In a screen of genes encoding cell surface proteins for gene knockdowns that affect the size or shape of mutant clones, we found that clones of cells with reduced levels of echinoid (ed) are fewer, smaller, and can be eliminated during development. In contrast, discs composed mostly of ed mutant tissue are overgrown. We find that ed mutant tissue has lower levels of the anti-apoptotic protein Diap1 and has increased levels of apoptosis which is consistent with the observed underrepresentation of ed mutant clones and the slow growth of ed mutant tissue. The eventual overgrowth of ed mutant tissue results not from accelerated growth, but from prolonged growth resulting from a failure to arrest growth at the appropriate final size. Ed has previously been shown to physically interact with multiple Hippo-pathway components and it has been proposed to promote Hippo pathway signaling, to exclude Yorkie (Yki) from the nucleus, and restrain the expression of Yki-target genes. We did not observe changes in Yki localization in ed mutant tissue and found decreased levels of expression of several Yorkie-target genes, findings inconsistent with the proposed effect of Ed on Yki. We did, however, observe increased expression of several Yki-target genes in wild-type cells neighboring ed mutant cells, which may contribute to elimination of ed mutant clones. Thus, ed has two distinct functions: an anti-apoptotic function by maintaining Diap1 levels, and a function to arrest growth at the appropriate final size. Both of these are unlikely to be explained by a simple effect on the Hippo pathway.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spitzer, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, W. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Vargas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hariharan, I. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.04.552072</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The cell adhesion molecule Echinoid promotes tissue survival and separately restricts tissue overgrowth in Drosophila imaginal discs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.07.552389v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Infant gut bacteriophage strain persistence during the first three years of life 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.07.552389v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteriophages are key components of gut microbiomes, yet the phage colonization process in the infant gut remains uncertain. Here, we established a large phage sequence database and used strain-resolved analyses to investigate phage succession in infants throughout the first three years of life. Analysis of 819 fecal metagenomes collected from 28 full-term and 24 preterm infants and their mothers revealed that early-life phageome richness increased over time and reached adult-like complexity by age three. Approximately 9% of early phage colonizers, mostly maternally transmitted and infecting Bacteroides, persisted for three years and were more prevalent in full-term than in preterm infants. Although rare, phages with stop codon reassignment were more likely to persist than non-recoded phages and generally displayed an increase in in-frame re-assigned stop codons over three years. Overall, maternal seeding, stop codon reassignment, host CRISPR-Cas locus prevalence, and diverse phage populations contribute to stable viral colonization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lou, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borges, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West-Roberts, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firek, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morowitz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.07.552389</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Infant gut bacteriophage strain persistence during the first three years of life]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.07.552349v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DeltaAI: Semi-Autonomous Tissue Grossing Measurements and Recommendations using Neural Radiance Fields for Rapid, Complete Intraoperative Histological Assessment of Tumor Margins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.07.552349v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mohs Micrographic Surgery (MMS) aims to excise cutaneous cancer with real-time margin analysis. However, manual tissue grossing and analysis can be inefficient, so we propose DeltaAI, a novel workflow that utilizes Neural Radiance Fields (NeRF) to enable rapid tissue grossing and generate a 3D model in an augmented reality (AR) environment. In our study, we captured 30-second videos of 17 MMS specimens using a photogrammetry turntable and cellphone camera. Preprocessing the tissues with segmentation models, we created a dataset of 923, 360-degree-view, images per video (17 videos). Using COLMAP, we estimated poses for sparse tissue reconstructions and trained the NeRF model for 3D volumetric tissue renderings. The results demonstrated that DeltaAI generated more accurate and complete 360-degree, 3D tissue renderings compared to previous models, while also achieving significantly faster runtimes. Our proposed semi-autonomous NeRF-based workflow has the potential to enhance the speed of MMS specimen processing, measurement, report generation, and margin assessment. It can inform real-time grossing decisions, automate the export of electronic health record data, and facilitate time-efficient and complete cancer excisions. Moreover, DeltaAI can contribute to the wider adoption of AI technology in clinical settings by improving tissue modeling for manual grossing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Suvarna, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vempati, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chacko, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinivasan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunt, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samkoe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christensen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaickus, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LeBoeuf, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.07.552349</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DeltaAI: Semi-Autonomous Tissue Grossing Measurements and Recommendations using Neural Radiance Fields for Rapid, Complete Intraoperative Histological Assessment of Tumor Margins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.09.552685v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Open-source milligram-scale, four channel, automated protein purification system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.09.552685v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Liquid chromatography purification of multiple recombinant proteins, in parallel, could catalyze research and discovery if the processes are fast and approach the robustness of traditional, "one-protein-at-a-time" purification. Here, we report an automated, four channel chromatography platform that we have designed and validated for parallelized protein purification at milligram scales. The device can purify up to four proteins (each with its own single column), has inputs for up to eight buffers or solvents that can be directed to any of the four columns via a network of software-driven valves, and includes an automated fraction collector with ten positions for 1.5 or 5.0 mL collection tubes and four positions for 50 mL collection tubes for each column output. The control software can be accessed either via Python scripting, giving users full access to all steps of the purification process, or via a simple-to-navigate touch screen graphical user interface that does not require knowledge of the command line or any programming language. Using our instrument, we report milligram-scale, parallelized, single-column purification of a panel of mammalian cell expressed coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2, HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-229E) trimeric Spike and monomeric Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) antigens, and monoclonal antibodies targeting SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) and Influenza Hemagglutinin (HA). We include a detailed hardware build guide, and have made the controlling software open source, to allow others to build and customize their own protein purifier systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Puccinelli, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sama, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worthington, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puschnik, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pak, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Sjoberg, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.09.552685</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Open-source milligram-scale, four channel, automated protein purification system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.09.552727v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Eukaryotic RNA-guided endonucleases evolved from a unique clade of bacterial enzymes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.09.552727v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA-guided endonucleases form the crux of diverse biological processes and technologies, including adaptive immunity, transposition, and genome editing. Some of these enzymes are components of insertion sequences (IS) in the IS200/IS605 and IS607 transposon families. Both IS families encode a TnpA transposase and TnpB nuclease, an RNA-guided enzyme ancestral to CRISPR-Cas12. In eukaryotes and their viruses, TnpB homologs occur as two distinct types, Fanzor1 and Fanzor2. We analyzed the evolutionary relationships between prokaryotic TnpBs and eukaryotic Fanzors, revealing that a clade of IS607 TnpBs with unusual active site arrangement found primarily in Cyanobacteriota likely gave rise to both types of Fanzors. The wide-spread nature of Fanzors imply that the properties of this particular group of IS607 TnpBs were particularly suited to adaptation and evolution in eukaryotes and their viruses. Experimental characterization of a prokaryotic IS607 TnpB and virally encoded Fanzor1s uncovered features that may have fostered coevolution between TnpBs/Fanzors and their cognate transposases. Our results provide insight into the evolutionary origins of a ubiquitous family of RNA-guided proteins that shows remarkable conservation across domains of life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yoon, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skopintsev, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adler, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Shimary, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craig, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amerasekera, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trinidad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nisonoff, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lahiri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boger, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobsen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.09.552727</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Eukaryotic RNA-guided endonucleases evolved from a unique clade of bacterial enzymes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.10.552809v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mycobacterial formation of intracellular lipid inclusions is a dynamic process associated with rapid replication 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.10.552809v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intracellular lipid inclusions (ILI) are triacylglyceride rich organelles produced by mycobacteria thought to serve as energy reservoirs. It is believed that ILI are formed as a result of a dosR mediated transition from replicative growth to non-replicating persistence (NRP). ILI rich Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) bacilli have been reported during infection and in sputum, establishing their importance in Mtb pathogenesis. Studies conducted in mycobacteria such as Mycobacterium smegmatis, Mycobacterium abscessus, or lab Mtb strains have demonstrated ILI formation in the presence of hypoxic, nitric oxide, nutrient limitation, or low nitrogen stress, conditions believed to emulate the host environment within which Mtb resides. Here, we show that M. marinum and clinical Mtb isolates make ILI during active replication in axenic culture independent of environmental stressors. By tracking ILI formation dynamics we demonstrate that ILI are quickly formed in the presence of fresh media or exogenous fatty acids but are rapidly depleted while bacteria are still actively replicating. We also show that the cell envelope is an alternate site for neutral lipid accumulation observed during stationary phase. In addition, we screen a panel of 60 clinical isolates and observe variation in ILI production during early log phase growth between and among Mtb lineages. Finally, we show that dosR expression level does not strictly correlate with ILI accumulation in fresh clinical isolates. Taken together, our data provide evidence of an active ILI formation pathway in replicating mycobacteria cultured in the absence of stressors, suggesting a decoupling of ILI formation from NRP.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fines, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schichnes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anaya-Sanchez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thuong, N. T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.10.552809</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mycobacterial formation of intracellular lipid inclusions is a dynamic process associated with rapid replication]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.09.552666v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temperature variation drives coordinated scaling of temporal and dynamic features of transcription in embryonic development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.09.552666v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Temperature affects the timing of development in most poikilothermic organisms that cannot regulate their internal body temperature. In the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, similar quantitative trends characterize changes in the timing of morphological events in embryogenesis from cellularization to hatching across a 10{degrees}C temperature range, such that the relative duration of each of these stages is temperature-independent. However, the extent to which the timing of the individual molecular and cellular processes underlying these morphological events recapitulates this relationship with temperature is largely unknown. Here, we characterized how the spatiotemporal dynamics of the process of transcription, which are so fundamental to cell fate commitment, scale with temperature in single cells of living fly embryos. Using the hunchback gene as a case study, we discovered that the duration of the cell cycle and the temporal and dynamic features of hunchback transcription scaled in a coordinated fashion such that the relative rates of all observed processes were temperature independent and, perhaps most surprisingly, such that the total amount of mRNA produced by the gene is unaltered by temperature changes. Our approach provides a crucial tool for understanding both developmental robustness in the face of environmental variation and for applying biochemical approaches in living Drosophila embryos.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martini, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.09.552666</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temperature variation drives coordinated scaling of temporal and dynamic features of transcription in embryonic development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.10.549394v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Local interneurons in the murine visual thalamus have diverse receptive fields and can provide feature selective inhibition to relay cells. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.10.549394v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
By influencing the type and quality of information that relay cells transmit, local interneurons in thalamus have a powerful impact on cortex. To define the sensory features that these inhibitory neurons encode, we mapped receptive fields of optogenetically identified cells in the murine dorsolateral geniculate nucleus. Although few in number, local interneurons had diverse types of receptive fields, like their counterpart relay cells. This result differs markedly from visual cortex, where inhibitory cells are typically less selective than excitatory cells. To explore how thalamic interneurons might converge on relay cells, we took a computational approach. Using an evolutionary algorithm to search through a library of interneuron models generated from our results, we show that aggregated output from different groups of local interneurons can simulate the inhibitory component of the relay cells receptive field. Thus, our work provides proof-of-concept that groups of diverse interneurons can supply feature-specific inhibition to relay cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gorin, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahn, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suresh, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciftcioglu, U. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sommer, F. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirsch, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.10.549394</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Local interneurons in the murine visual thalamus have diverse receptive fields and can provide feature selective inhibition to relay cells.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.11.553046v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeted Protein Degradation through Recruitment of the CUL4A Complex Adaptor Protein DDB1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.11.553046v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Targeted protein degradation has arisen as a powerful therapeutic modality for eliminating proteins. Thus far, most heterobifunctional Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras (PROTACs) have utilized recruiters against substrate receptors of Cullin RING E3 ubiquitin ligases, such as cereblon and VHL. However, previous studies have surprisingly uncovered molecular glue degraders that exploit a CUL4A adaptor protein DDB1 to degrade neosubstrate proteins. Here, we sought to investigate whether DDB1 recruiters can be discovered that can be exploited for PROTAC applications. We utilized activity-based protein profiling and cysteine chemoproteomic screening to identify a covalent recruiter that targets C173 on DDB1 and exploited this recruiter to develop PROTACs against BRD4 and androgen receptor (AR). We demonstrated that the BRD4 PROTAC results in selective degradation of the short BRD4 isoform over the long isoform in a proteasome, NEDDylation, and DDB1-dependent manner. We also demonstrated degradation of AR with the AR PROTAC in prostate cancer cells. Our study demonstrated that covalent chemoproteomic approaches can be used to discover recruiters against Cullin RING adapter proteins and that these recruiters can be used for PROTAC applications to degrade neo-substrates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meyers, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cismoski, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panidapu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chie-Leon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomura, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.11.553046</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeted Protein Degradation through Recruitment of the CUL4A Complex Adaptor Protein DDB1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.11.551770v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Flexible regulation of representations on a drifting manifold enables long-term stable complex neuroprosthetic control 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.11.551770v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The nervous system needs to balance the stability of neural representations with plasticity. It is unclear what is the representational stability of simple actions, particularly those that are well-rehearsed in humans, and how it changes in new contexts. Using an electrocorticography brain-computer interface (BCI), we found that the mesoscale manifold and relative representational distances for a repertoire of simple imagined movements were remarkably stable. Interestingly, however, the manifolds absolute location demonstrated day-to-day drift. Strikingly, representational statistics, especially variance, could be flexibly regulated to increase discernability during BCI control without somatotopic changes. Discernability strengthened with practice and was specific to the BCI, demonstrating remarkable contextual specificity. Accounting for drift, and leveraging the flexibility of representations, allowed neuroprosthetic control of a robotic arm and hand for over 7 months without recalibration. Our study offers insight into how electrocorticography can both track representational statistics across long periods and allow long-term complex neuroprosthetic control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>NATRAJ, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seko, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abiri, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tu-Chan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganguly, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.11.551770</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Flexible regulation of representations on a drifting manifold enables long-term stable complex neuroprosthetic control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.14.552623v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Does urbanization lead to parallel demographic shifts across the world in a cosmopolitan plant? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.14.552623v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Urbanization is occurring globally, leading to dramatic environmental changes that are altering the ecology and evolution of species. In particular, the expansion of human infrastructure and the loss and fragmentation of natural habitats in cities is predicted to increase genetic drift and reduce gene flow by reducing the size and connectivity of populations. Alternatively, the "urban facilitation model" suggests that some species will have greater gene flow into and within cities leading to higher diversity and lower differentiation in urban populations. These alternative hypotheses have not been contrasted across multiple cities. Here, we used the genomic data from the Global Urban Evolution project (GLUE), to study the effects of urbanization on non-adaptive evolutionary processes of white clover (Trifolium repens) at a global scale. We found that white clover populations presented high genetic diversity and no evidence of a reduction in Ne linked to urbanization. On the contrary, we found that urban populations were less likely to experience a recent decrease in effective population size than rural ones. In addition, we found little genetic structure among populations both globally and between urban and rural populations, which showed extensive gene flow between habitats. Interestingly, white clover displayed overall higher gene flow within urban areas than within rural habitats. Our study provides one of the largest comprehensive tests of demographic effects of urbanization and our results contrast the common perception that heavily altered and fragmented urban environments will reduce the effective population size and genetic diversity of populations and contribute to their isolation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Caizergues, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santangelo, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ness, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angeoletto, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anstett, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anstett, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baena-Diaz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlen, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaves, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comerford, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dyson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falahati-Anbaran, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fellowes, M. D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodgins, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hood, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iniguez-Armijos, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kooyers, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazaro-Lobo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moles, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munshi-South, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paule, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porth, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santiago-Rosario, L. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stack Whitney, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tack, A. J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.14.552623</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Does urbanization lead to parallel demographic shifts across the world in a cosmopolitan plant?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.12.552948v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Two-way feedback between chromatin compaction and histone modification state explains S. cerevisiae heterochromatin bistability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.12.552948v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Compact chromatin is closely linked with gene silencing in part by sterically masking access to promoters, inhibiting transcription factor binding and preventing polymerase from efficiently transcribing a gene. Here, we propose a broader view: chromatin compaction can be both a cause and a consequence of the histone modification state, and this tight bidirectional interaction can underpin bistable transcriptional states. To test this theory, we developed a mathematical model for the dynamics of the HMR locus in S. cerevisiae, that incorporates activating histone modifications, silencing proteins and a dynamic, acetylation-dependent, three-dimensional locus size. Chromatin compaction enhances silencer protein binding, which in turn feeds back to remove activating histone modifications, leading to further compaction. The bistable output of the model was in good agreement with prior quantitative data, including switching rates from expressed to silent states, and vice versa, and protein binding levels within the locus. We then tested the model by predicting changes in switching rates as the genetic length of the locus was increased, which were then experimentally verified. This bidirectional feedback between chromatin compaction and the histone modification state may be an important regulatory mechanism at many loci.

SignificanceChromatin is the complex formed by proteins, including histones, and DNA to form chromosomes. Specific chromatin structures and states are thought to be key factors regulating transcription. A common view proposes that histone modifications activate or inhibit transcription either via specific activation or inhibition of RNA polymerase binding/elongation at a locus, or by expanding/compacting the locus, thereby modulating its accessibility to many macromolecules. In this work, we elucidated a broader hypothesis that chromatin compaction may both inhibit transcription, and feedback via silencing proteins to remove histone modifications that further control chromatin compaction and correlate with gene activity. We developed a model incorporating these ideas and showed that it explains quantitative experimental data for a silent locus in budding yeast.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Movilla Miangolarra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saxton, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rine, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.12.552948</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Two-way feedback between chromatin compaction and histone modification state explains S. cerevisiae heterochromatin bistability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.16.553575v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phosphorylation of a Cleaved Tau Proteoform at a Single Residue Inhibits Binding to the E3 Ubiquitin Ligase, CHIP 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.16.553575v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT/tau) accumulates in a family of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimers disease (AD). In disease, tau is aberrantly modified by post-translational modifications (PTMs), including hyper-phosphorylation. However, it is often unclear which of these PTMs contribute to taus accumulation or what mechanisms might be involved. To explore these questions, we focused on a cleaved proteoform of tau (tauC3), which selectively accumulates in AD and was recently shown to be degraded by its direct binding to the E3 ubiquitin ligase, CHIP. Here, we find that phosphorylation of tauC3 at a single residue, pS416, is sufficient to block its interaction with CHIP. A co-crystal structure of CHIP bound to the C-terminus of tauC3 revealed the mechanism of this clash and allowed design of a mutation (CHIPD134A) that partially restores binding and turnover of pS416 tauC3. We find that pS416 is produced by the known AD-associated kinase, MARK2/Par-1b, providing a potential link to disease. In further support of this idea, an antibody against pS416 co-localizes with tauC3 in degenerative neurons within the hippocampus of AD patients. Together, these studies suggest a discrete molecular mechanism for how phosphorylation at a specific site contributes to accumulation of an important tau proteoform.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nadel, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wucherer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oehler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thwin, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callahan, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Southworth, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mordes, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craik, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gestwicki, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.16.553575</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phosphorylation of a Cleaved Tau Proteoform at a Single Residue Inhibits Binding to the E3 Ubiquitin Ligase, CHIP]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.15.553456v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decoding reveals the neural representation of held and manipulate musical thoughts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.15.553456v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vividly imagining a song or a melody is a skill that many people accomplish with relatively little effort. However, we are only beginning to understand how the brain represents, holds, and manipulates these musical "thoughts". Here, we decoded perceived and imagined melodies from magnetoencephalography (MEG) brain data (N = 71) to characterize their neural representation. We found that, during perception, auditory regions represent the sensory properties of individual sounds. In contrast, a widespread network including fronto-parietal cortex, hippocampus, basal nuclei, and sensorimotor regions hold the melody as an abstract unit during both perception and imagination. Furthermore, the mental manipulation of a melody systematically changes its neural representation, reflecting volitional control of auditory images. Our work sheds light on the nature and dynamics of auditory representations, informing future research on neural decoding of auditory imagination.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Quiroga-Martinez, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Rubio, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonetti, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Achyutuni, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tzovara, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vuust, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.15.553456</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decoding reveals the neural representation of held and manipulate musical thoughts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.17.553728v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Surface-active antibiotic production is a multifunctional adaptation for postfire microbes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.17.553728v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Wildfires affect soils in multiple ways, leading to numerous challenges for colonizing microbes. While it is thought that fire-adapted microbes lie at the forefront of postfire ecosystem recovery, the specific strategies that these microbes use to thrive in burned soils remain largely unknown. Through bioactivity screening of bacterial isolates from burned soils, we discovered that several Paraburkholderia spp. isolates produced a set of unusual rhamnolipid surfactants with a natural methyl ester modification. These rhamnolipid methyl esters (RLMEs) exhibited enhanced antimicrobial activity against other postfire microbial isolates, including pyrophilous Pyronema fungi and Amycolatopsis bacteria, compared to the typical rhamnolipids made by organisms such as Pseudomonas spp. RLMEs also showed enhanced surfactant properties and facilitated bacterial motility on agar surfaces. In vitro assays further demonstrated that RLMEs improved aqueous solubilization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which are potential carbon sources found in char. Identification of the rhamnolipid biosynthesis genes in the postfire isolate, Paraburkholderia caledonica str. F3, led to the discovery of rhlM, whose gene product is responsible for the unique methylation of rhamnolipid substrates. RhlM is the first characterized bacterial representative of a large class of integral membrane methyltransferases that are widespread in bacteria. These results indicate multiple roles for RLMEs in the postfire lifestyle of Paraburkholderia isolates, including enhanced dispersal, solubilization of potential nutrients, and inhibition of competitors. Our findings shed new light on the chemical adaptations that bacteria employ in order to navigate, grow, and outcompete other soil community members in postfire environments.

Significance StatementWildfires are increasing in frequency and intensity at a global scale. Microbes are the first colonizers of soil after fire events, but the adaptations that help these organisms survive in postfire environments are poorly understood. In this work, we show that a bacterium isolated from burned soil produces an unusual rhamnolipid biosurfactant that exhibits antimicrobial activity, enhances motility, and solubilizes potential nutrients derived from pyrolyzed organic matter. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that bacteria leverage specialized metabolites with multiple functions to meet the demands of life in postfire environments. Furthermore, this work reveals the potential of probing perturbed environments for the discovery of unique compounds and enzymes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koupaei, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traxler, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.17.553728</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Surface-active antibiotic production is a multifunctional adaptation for postfire microbes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.17.553567v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CryptoCEN: A Co-Expression Network for Cryptococcus neoformans reveals novel proteins involved in DNA damage repair 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.17.553567v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Elucidating gene function is a major goal in biology, especially among non-model organisms. However, doing so is complicated by the fact that molecular conservation does not always mirror functional conservation, and that complex relationships among genes are responsible for encoding pathways and higher-order biological processes. Co-expression, a promising approach for predicting gene function, relies on the general principal that genes with similar expression patterns across multiple conditions will likely be involved in the same biological process. For Cryptococcus neoformans, a prevalent human fungal pathogen greatly diverged from model yeasts, approximately 60% of the predicted genes in the genome lack functional annotations. Here, we leveraged a large amount of publicly available transcriptomic data to generate a C. neoformans Co-Expression Network (CryptoCEN), successfully recapitulating known protein networks, predicting gene function, and enabling insights into the principles influencing co-expression. With 100% predictive accuracy, we used CryptoCEN to identify 13 new DNA damage response genes, underscoring the utility of guilt-by-association for determining gene function. Overall, co-expression is a powerful tool for uncovering gene function, and decreases the experimental tests needed to identify functions for currently under-annotated genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>O'Meara, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rapala, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichols, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandre, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Billmyre, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steenwyk, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alspaugh, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Meara, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.17.553567</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CryptoCEN: A Co-Expression Network for Cryptococcus neoformans reveals novel proteins involved in DNA damage repair]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.17.553732v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enlarged Perivascular Spaces are Associated with White Matter Injury, Brain Atrophy, Cognitive Decline and Markers of Inflammation in an Autosomal Dominant Vascular Neurodegenerative Disease (CADASIL) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.17.553732v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background and ObjectivesEnlarged perivascular spaces (ePVS) have been previously reported in Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leucoencephalopathy (CADASIL), but their significance and pathophysiology remains unclear. We investigated associations of ePVS with classical imaging measures, cognitive measures and plasma proteins to better understand what ePVS represents in CADASIL and whether radiographic measures of ePVS would be of value in future therapeutic discovery studies for CADASIL.

Methods24 individuals with CADASIL and 24 age and sex matched controls were included. Disease status was determined based on presence of NOTCH3 mutation. Brain imaging measures of white matter hyperintensity (WMH), brain parenchymal fraction (BPF), ePVS volumes, clinical, and cognitive measures, as well as plasma proteomics were used in models. Global ePVS volumes were calculated via a novel, semi-automated pipeline and levels of 7363 proteins were quantified in plasma using the SomaScan assay. The relationship of ePVS with global burden of WMH, brain atrophy, functional status, neurocognitive measures, and plasma proteins were modelled with linear regression models.

ResultsCADASIL and control groups did not exhibit differences in mean ePVS volumes. However, increased ePVS volumes in CADASIL were associated with increased WMH volume ({beta}=0.57, p=0.05), Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) Sum-of-Boxes score ({beta}=0.49, p=0.04), and decreased brain parenchymal fraction (BPF) ({beta}=-0.03, p=0.10). In interaction term models, the interaction term between CADASIL disease status and ePVS volume was associated with increased WMH volume ({beta}=0.57, p=0.02), Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) Sum-of-Boxes score ({beta}=0.52, p=0.02), decreased BPF ({beta}=-0.03, p=0.07) and Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) score ({beta}=-1.49, p=0.03). Proteins positively associated with ePVS volumes were found to be related to leukocyte migration and inflammation, while negatively associated proteins were related to lipid metabolism. Two central hub proteins were identified in protein networks associated with ePVS volumes: CXCL8/IL-8, and CCL2/MCP-1. The levels of CXCL8/IL8 were also associated with increased WMH volume ({beta}=2.44, p < 0.01), and levels of CCL2/MCP-1 were further associated with decreased BPF ({beta}=-0.0007, p < 0.01), MMSE score ({beta}=-0.02, p < 0.01), and increased Trail Making Test B (TRAILB) completion time ({beta}=0.76, p < 0.01). No protein was associated with all 3 studied imaging measures of pathology (BPF,ePVS,WMH).

DiscussionBased on associations uncovered between ePVS volumes and cognitive functions, imaging and plasma proteins, we conclude that ePVS volumes capture pathologies contributing to chronic brain dysfunction and degeneration in CADASIL, with relevance to future clinical trials for novel therapeutic discoveries to prevent decline and injury in individuals carrying NOTCH3 mutations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karvelas, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cobigo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsuei, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzsimons, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehrenberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geschwind, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silbert, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elahi, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.17.553732</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enlarged Perivascular Spaces are Associated with White Matter Injury, Brain Atrophy, Cognitive Decline and Markers of Inflammation in an Autosomal Dominant Vascular Neurodegenerative Disease (CADASIL)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.18.553806v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Graduate student mentorship as a target for diversifying the biological sciences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.18.553806v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite the importance of a diversity of backgrounds and perspectives in biological research, women, racial and ethnic minorities, and students from non-traditional academic backgrounds remain underrepresented in the composition of university faculty. Through a study on doctoral students at a research-intensive university, we pinpoint advising from faculty as a critical component of graduate student experiences and productivity. Graduate students from minority backgrounds reported lower levels of support from their advisors and research groups. However, working with an advisor from a similar demographic background substantially improved productivity and well-being of these students. Several other aspects of mentoring practices positively predicted student success and belonging, including frequent one-on-one meetings, empathetic and constructive feedback, and relationships with other peer or faculty mentors. Our study highlights the need to renovate graduate education with a focus on retention - not just recruitment - to best prepare students for success in scientific careers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Debray, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dewald-Wang, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ennis, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.18.553806</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Graduate student mentorship as a target for diversifying the biological sciences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.18.553912v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Consensus prediction of cell type labels with popV 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.18.553912v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell-type classification is a crucial step in single-cell analysis. To facilitate this, several methods have been proposed for the task of transferring a cell-type label from an annotated reference atlas to unannotated query data sets. Existing methods for transferring cell-type labels lack proper uncertainty estimation for the resulting annotations, limiting interpretability and usefulness. To address this, we propose popular Vote (popV, https://github.com/YosefLab/popV), an ensemble of prediction models with an ontology-based voting scheme. PopV achieves accurate cell-type labeling and provides effective uncertainty scores. In multiple case studies, popV confidently annotates the majority of cells while highlighting cell populations that are challenging to annotate. This additional step helps to reduce the load of manual inspection, which is often a necessary component of the annotation process, and enables one to focus on the most problematic parts of the annotation, streamlining the overall annotation process.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ergen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayasuriya, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGeever, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pisco, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streets, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.18.553912</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Consensus prediction of cell type labels with popV]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.19.553731v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulatory variation controlling architectural pleiotropy in maize 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.19.553731v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An early event in plant organogenesis is establishment of a boundary between the meristem and differentiating lateral organ. In maize (Zea mays), evidence suggests a common gene network functions at boundaries of distinct organs and contributes to pleiotropy between leaf angle and tassel branch number, two agronomic traits. To uncover regulatory variation at the nexus of these two traits, we used regulatory network topologies derived from specific developmental contexts to guide multivariate genome-wide association analyses. In addition to defining network plasticity around core pleiotropic loci, we identified new transcription factors that contribute to phenotypic variation in canopy architecture, and structural variation that contributes to cis-regulatory control of pleiotropy between tassel branching and leaf angle across maize diversity. Results demonstrate the power of informing statistical genetics with context-specific developmental networks to pinpoint pleiotropic loci and their cis-regulatory components, which can be used to fine-tune plant architecture for crop improvement.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bertolini, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rice, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braud, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hake, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strable, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipka, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eveland, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.19.553731</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulatory variation controlling architectural pleiotropy in maize]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.20.553748v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Plasticity drives geographic variation and trait coordination in blue oak drought physiology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.20.553748v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our ability to predict drought stress across the landscape remains limited. This uncertainty stems in part from an incomplete understanding of within-species variation in hydraulic physiology, particularly coordinated variation across multiple traits. This variation reflects genetic differentiation among populations (ecotypic variation) and phenotypic plasticity. We examined among-population differentiation in morphological and hydraulic traits in California blue oak (Quercus douglasii) using a 30 year-old common garden. We compared trait differentiation and trait-trait coordination in the garden to wild phenotypes from the original source populations. We found remarkably limited among-population differentiation in all traits in the common garden but considerable site-to-site variation in the field that could rarely be explained with site climate variables. Trait-trait relationships were also stronger in the field than in the garden, particularly links between leaf morphology, leaf hydraulic efficiency and stem hydraulic efficiency. Only four trait-trait relationship were present in both the wild and garden, but 12 of 45 relationships showed significant wild phenotypic correlations, with strong coordination among leaf and stem hydraulic efficiency apparently mediated by leaf size. Ultimately, we found limited evidence for ecotypic variation but considerable geographic in phenotypic integration in the wild, suggesting considerable acclimation potential in the face of climate change.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anderegg, L. D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skelton, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papper, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ackerly, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, T. D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.20.553748</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Plasticity drives geographic variation and trait coordination in blue oak drought physiology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.21.553303v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential neural mechanisms underlie cortical gating of visual spatial attention mediated by alpha-band oscillations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.21.553303v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Selective attention relies on neural mechanisms that facilitate processing of behaviorally relevant sensory information while suppressing irrelevant information, consistently linked to alpha-band oscillations in human M/EEG studies. We analyzed cortical alpha responses from intracranial electrodes implanted in eight epilepsy patients, who performed a visual spatial attention task. Electrocorticographic data revealed a spatiotemporal dissociation between attention-modulated alpha desynchronization, associated with the enhancement of sensory processing, and alpha synchronization, associated with the suppression of sensory processing, during the cue-target interval. Dorsal intraparietal areas contralateral to the attended hemifield primarily exhibited a delayed and sustained alpha desynchronization, while ventrolateral extrastriatal areas ipsilateral to the attended hemifield primarily exhibited an earlier and sustained alpha synchronization. Analyses of cross-frequency coupling between alpha phase and broadband high-frequency activity (HFA) further revealed cross-frequency interactions along the visual hierarchy contralateral to the attended locations. Directionality analyses indicate that alpha phase in early and extrastriatal visual areas modulated HFA power in downstream visual areas, thus potentially facilitating the feedforward processing of an upcoming, spatially predictable target. In contrast, in areas ipsilateral to the attended locations, HFA power modulated local alpha phase in early and extrastriatal visual areas, with suppressed interareal interactions, potentially attenuating the processing of distractors. Our findings reveal divergent alpha-mediated neural mechanisms underlying target enhancement and distractor suppression during the deployment of spatial attention, reflecting enhanced functional connectivity at attended locations, while suppressed functional connectivity at unattended locations. The collective dynamics of these alpha-mediated neural mechanisms play complementary roles in the efficient gating of sensory information.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTSelective attention relies on neural mechanisms involved in target enhancement and distractor suppression to guide behavior. Using electrocorticographic data in humans, we show a spatiotemporal dissociation between cortical activities engaged in target facilitation and distractor inhibition during attentional deployment. We also found that, at attended locations, interareal interactions are enhanced through cross-frequency coupling along the visual hierarchy to potentially facilitate the processing of a spatially predictable target. In contrast, at unattended locations, intraareal interactions are enhanced through cross-frequency coupling, and interareal interactions are suppressed, together to potentially attenuate the processing of distractors. Our findings reveal that such a distributed cortical organization and complementary neural mechanisms enable efficient gating and filtering of sensory information in the anticipatory processing of spatial attention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiebelkorn, I. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kastner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.21.553303</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential neural mechanisms underlie cortical gating of visual spatial attention mediated by alpha-band oscillations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.21.554156v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Olfaction regulates peripheral mitophagy and mitochondrial function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.21.554156v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The central nervous system is a master regulator of peripheral homeostasis and cellular-stress responses; however, the contexts for which this regulatory capability evolved remain unknown. The olfactory sensory nervous system has access to privileged information about environmental conditions and can signal to the periphery to prepare for potential metabolic perturbations. The unfolded protein response of the mitochondria (UPRMT) is upregulated upon infection by many pathogens and in metabolic flux, and pathogenic infection and metabolic byproducts are a present hazard in consuming nutrients. Therefore, we asked whether the olfactory nervous system in C. elegans regulates the UPRMT cell nonautonomously. We found that loss of a single olfactory neuron pair, AWC, led to robust induction of the UPRMT downstream of enhanced, serotonin-dependent mitophagy. Further, AWC ablation confers resistance to the pathogenic bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa partially dependent on the UPRMT transcription factor atfs-1, and fully dependent on mitophagy machinery pdr-1/Parkin. These data demonstrate a novel role for the olfactory nervous system in regulating whole-organism mitochondrial dynamics, perhaps in preparation for postprandial metabolic stress or pathogenic infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dishart, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pender, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webb, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dillin, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.21.554156</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Olfaction regulates peripheral mitophagy and mitochondrial function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.23.554417v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Age-dependent extinction and the neutral theory of biodiversity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.23.554417v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Red Queen (RQ) theory states that adaptation does not protect species from extinction because their competitors are continually adapting alongside them. RQ was founded on the apparent independence of extinction risk and fossil taxon age, but analytical developments have since demonstrated that age-dependent extinction is widespread, usually most intense among young species. Here we develop ecological neutral theory as a general framework for modeling fossil species survivorship under incomplete sampling. We show that it provides excellent fit to a high-resolution dataset of species durations for Paleozoic zooplankton, and more broadly can account for age-dependent extinction seen throughout the fossil record. Unlike widely used alternative models, the neutral model has parameters with biological meaning, thereby generating testable hypotheses on changes in ancient ecosystems. The success of this approach suggests novel interpretations of mass extinctions and of scaling in eco-evolutionary systems. Intense extinction among young species does not necessarily refute RQ or require a special explanation, but can instead be parsimoniously explained by neutral dynamics operating across species regardless of age.

Significance StatementRed Queen theory predicts that competition among species should cause extinction risk to be independent of species age, but recent analyses have refuted this central prediction. To fill the resulting theoretical vacuum, we used ecological neutral theory to build a model of the lifespans of incompletely sampled species evolving under zero-sum competition. This model predicts survivorship among fossil zooplankton with surprising accuracy and accounts for empirical deviations from the predictions of Red Queen more generally. A neutral model of background extinction allows for interpreting survivorship curves in terms of biological process, suggests a novel understanding of mass extinctions, and supports a role for competition in extinction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saulsbury, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parins-Fukuchi, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reitan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liow, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.23.554417</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Age-dependent extinction and the neutral theory of biodiversity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.22.553365v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A phylogenetic approach to explore the Aspergillus fumigatus conidial surface-associated proteome and its role in pathogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.22.553365v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aspergillus fumigatus, an important pulmonary fungal pathogen causing several diseases collectively called aspergillosis, relies on asexual spores or conidia for initiating host infection. Here, we used a phylogenomic approach to compare proteins in the conidial surface of A. fumigatus, two closely related non-pathogenic species, Aspergillus fischeri and Aspergillus oerlinghausenensis, and the cryptic pathogen Aspergillus lentulus. After identifying 62 proteins uniquely expressed on the A. fumigatus conidial surface, we deleted 42 genes encoding conidial proteins. We found deletion of 33 of these genes altered susceptibility to macrophage killing, penetration and damage to epithelial cells, and cytokine production. Notably, a gene that encodes glycosylasparaginase, which modulates levels of the host pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1{beta}, is important for infection in an immunocompetent murine model of fungal disease. These results suggest that A. fumigatus conidial surface proteins and effectors are important for evasion and modulation of the immune response at the onset of fungal infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Valero, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinzan, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Castro, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Rhijn, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Earle, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horta, M. A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kniemeyer, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krüger, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pschibul, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coemert, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heinekamp, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brakhage, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steenwyk, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mead, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filler, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>da Rosa-Garzon, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabral, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deljabe, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bromley, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angeli, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmisano, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibrahim, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gago, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>dos Reis, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.22.553365</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A phylogenetic approach to explore the Aspergillus fumigatus conidial surface-associated proteome and its role in pathogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.24.554725v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A deep learning phenotyping method for genetic analysis of 3D micro-CT data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.24.554725v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The number of Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) has been growing rapidly in recent years due to developments in genotyping and sequencing platforms. When applied to quantitative traits, these and other statistical genetics approaches require large amounts of consistently and accurately measured phenotypes. Here, we introduce a computational toolbox based on deep convolutional neural networks that we have developed to phenotype quantitative traits describing morphology from micro-CT-scan image datasets. We illustrate the use of this Deep Learning Phenotyper (DLP) on a sample set of craniofacial CT scans of 118 samples from two very closely related species of Lake Malawi cichlid fish, Maylandia zebra and Cynotilapia zebroides. We show that the pipeline constructed and implemented here is capable of measuring morphological skeletal phenotypes with high accuracy. We also demonstrate how this pipeline can be integrated with existing GWAS frameworks to identify candidate association loci. We believe the methods we present here will be valuable for groups studying quantitative morphological traits not only in fishes, but in other vertebrates using CT scan datasets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karshenas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linderoth, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zatha, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>RusuWa, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durbin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.24.554725</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A deep learning phenotyping method for genetic analysis of 3D micro-CT data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.28.551515v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gene loss and cis-regulatory novelty shaped core histone gene evolution in the apiculate yeast Hanseniaspora uvarum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.28.551515v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Across eukaryotic species, core histone genes display a remarkable diversity of cis-regulatory mechanisms despite their protein sequence conservation. However, the dynamics and significance of this regulatory turnover are not well understood. Here we describe the evolutionary history of core histone gene regulation across 400 million years in Saccharomycotina yeasts, revealing diverse lineage-specific solutions to core histone expression. We further characterize the emergence of a novel regulatory mode in the Hanseniaspora genus, which coincided with the loss of one copy of its paralogous core histones genes from its fast-evolving lineage. By analyzing the growth dynamics using live cell imaging of genetically modified Hanseniaspora uvarum, we observed a regulatory decoupling of core histone synthesis from DNA synthesis and propose that this may be adaptive for its rapid cell cycle progression. Overall, our findings imply that the frequent turnover of core histone cis-regulatory mechanisms likely provides distinct adaptive solutions for specific life histories.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haase, M. A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steenwyk, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boeke, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.28.551515</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gene loss and cis-regulatory novelty shaped core histone gene evolution in the apiculate yeast Hanseniaspora uvarum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.28.554707v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain-Derived CCN3 Is An Osteoanabolic Hormone That Sustains Bone in Lactating Females 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.28.554707v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In lactating mothers, the high calcium (Ca2+) demand for milk production triggers significant bone resorption. While estrogen would normally counteract excessive bone loss and maintain sufficient bone formation during this postpartum period, this sex steroid drops precipitously after giving birth. Here, we report that brain-derived CCN3 (Cellular Communication Network factor 3) secreted from KISS1 neurons of the arcuate nucleus (ARCKISS1) fills this void and functions as a potent osteoanabolic factor to promote bone mass in lactating females. Using parabiosis and bone transplant methods, we first established that a humoral factor accounts for the female-specific, high bone mass previously observed by our group after deleting estrogen receptor alpha (ER) from ARCKISS1 neurons1. This exceptional bone phenotype in mutant females can be traced back to skeletal stem cells (SSCs), as reflected by their increased frequency and osteochondrogenic potential. Based on multiple assays, CCN3 emerged as the most promising secreted pro-osteogenic factor from ARCKISS1 neurons, acting on mouse and human SSCs at low subnanomolar concentrations independent of age or sex. That brain-derived CCN3 promotes bone formation was further confirmed by in vivo gain- and loss-of-function studies. Notably, a transient rise in CCN3 appears in ARCKISS1 neurons in estrogen-depleted lactating females coincident with increased bone remodeling and high calcium demand. Our findings establish CCN3 as a potentially new therapeutic osteoanabolic hormone that defines a novel female-specific brain-bone axis for ensuring mammalian species survival.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Babey, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krause, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herber, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikkannen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriquez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro-Navarro, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villeda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lance, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheller, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, C. K. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ambrosi, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingraham, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.28.554707</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain-Derived CCN3 Is An Osteoanabolic Hormone That Sustains Bone in Lactating Females]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.28.555157v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tau fibrils induce nanoscale membrane damage and nucleate cytosolic tau at lysosomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.28.555157v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The prion-like spread of protein aggregates is a leading hypothesis for the propagation of neurofibrillary lesions in the brain, including the spread of tau inclusions associated with Alzheimers disease. The mechanisms of cellular uptake of tau seeds and subsequent nucleated polymerization of cytosolic tau are major questions in the field, and the potential for coupling between the entry and nucleation mechanisms has been little explored. We found that in primary astrocytes, endocytosis of tau seeds leads to their accumulation in lysosomes. This in turn leads to lysosomal swelling, deacidification and recruitment of ESCRT proteins, but not Galectin-3, to the lysosomal membrane. These observations are consistent with nanoscale damage of the lysosomal membrane. Using live cell and STORM, imaging, nucleation of cytosolic tau occurs primarily at the lysosome membrane under these conditions. These data suggest that tau seeds escape from lysosomes via nanoscale damage rather than wholesale rupture, and that nucleation of cytosolic tau commences as soon as tau fibril ends emerge from the lysosomal membrane.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rose, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jepson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shukla, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maya-Romero, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kampmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurley, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.28.555157</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tau fibrils induce nanoscale membrane damage and nucleate cytosolic tau at lysosomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.28.555228v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A RAB7A Phosphoswitch Coordinates Rubicon Homology Protein Regulation of PINK1/Parkin-Dependent Mitophagy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.28.555228v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Activation of PINK1 and Parkin in response to mitochondrial damage initiates a cytoprotective mitophagy response that includes phosphorylation of RAB7A at Ser72. Rubicon is a RAB7A binding protein that acts as a negative regulator of autophagy. The structure of the Rubicon-RAB7A complex suggests that phosphorylation of RAB7A at Ser72 would block Rubicon binding. Indeed, in vitro phosphorylation of RAB7A by TBK1 abrogates Rubicon-RAB7A binding. Pacer, a positive regulator of autophagy, has an RH domain with a basic triad predicted to bind an introduced phosphate. Consistent with this, Pacer-RH binds to phosho-RAB7A but not to unphosphorylated RAB7A. In cells, mitochondrial depolarization reduces Rubicon:RAB7A colocalization whilst recruiting Pacer to phospho-RAB7A-positive puncta. Pacer knockout reduces Parkin mitophagy with little effect on bulk autophagy or Parkin-independent mitophagy. Rescue of Parkin-dependent mitophagy requires the intact pRAB7A phosphate-binding basic triad of Pacer. Together these structural and functional data support a model in which the TBK1-dependent phosphorylation of RAB7A serves as a switch, promoting mitophagy by relieving Rubicon inhibition and favoring Pacer activation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tudorica, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basak, B. L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordova, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khuu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazarou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holzbaur, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurley, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.28.555228</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A RAB7A Phosphoswitch Coordinates Rubicon Homology Protein Regulation of PINK1/Parkin-Dependent Mitophagy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.29.555158v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Step-wise activation of a Family C GPCR 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.29.555158v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metabotropic glutamate receptors belong to a family of G protein-coupled receptors that are obligate dimers and possess a large extracellular ligand-binding domain (ECD) that is linked via a cysteine-rich domain (CRDs) to their 7-transmembrane (TM) domain. Upon activation, these receptors undergo a large conformational change to transmit the ligand binding signal from the ECD to the G protein-coupling TM. In this manuscript, we propose a model for a sequential, multistep activation mechanism of metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5. We present a series of structures in lipid nanodiscs, from inactive to fully active, including agonist-bound intermediate states. Further, using bulk and single-molecule fluorescence imaging we reveal distinct receptor conformations upon allosteric modulator and G protein binding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kumar, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habrian, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Latorraca, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Brien, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montabana, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koehl, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marqusee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isacoff, E. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobilka, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.29.555158</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Step-wise activation of a Family C GPCR]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.30.555604v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Foodscapes for Salmon and Other Mobile Consumers in River Networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.30.555604v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mobile consumers track fluctuating resources across heterogeneous landscapes to grow and survive. In river networks, the abundance and accessibility of food and the costs of foraging vary between habitats and through time, providing a shifting mosaic of growth opportunities for mobile consumers. However, a framework integrating the spatiotemporal dynamics of growth potential within riverscapes has been lacking. Here we present the concept of "foodscapes" to depict the dynamic changes in food abundance, food accessibility, and foraging costs that contribute to spatial and temporal variation of fish growth in rivers. Drawing on case studies of salmonid fishes from Alaska to California, we illustrate that "healthy" foodscapes provide a plethora of foraging opportunities--promoting diverse life history strategies that potentially enhance population stability. We identify knowledge gaps in understanding foodscapes, and approaches for management that focus on restoring trophic pathways which support diverse foraging and growth opportunities for fish in river networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rossi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellmore, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armstrong, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffres, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naman, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grantham, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaylor, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Power, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.30.555604</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Foodscapes for Salmon and Other Mobile Consumers in River Networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.03.556127v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Uncovering the mosaic evolution of carnivoran skeletal systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.03.556127v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The diversity of vertebrate skeletons is often attributed to adaptations to distinct ecological factors such as diet, locomotion, and sensory environment. Although the adaptive evolution of skull, appendicular skeleton, and vertebral column is well studied in vertebrates, comprehensive investigations of all skeletal components simultaneously are rarely performed. Consequently, we know little of how modes of evolution differ among skeletal components. Here, we tested if ecological and phylogenetic effects led to distinct modes of evolution among the cranial, appendicular, and vertebral regions in extant carnivoran skeletons. Using multivariate evolutionary models, we found mosaic evolution in which only the mandible, hindlimb, and posterior (i.e., last thoracic and lumbar) vertebrae showed evidence of adaptation towards ecological regimes whereas the remaining skeletal components reflect clade-specific evolutionary shifts. We hypothesize that the decoupled evolution of individual skeletal components may have led to the origination of distinct adaptive zones and morphologies among extant carnivoran families that reflect phylogenetic hierarchies. Overall, our work highlights the importance of examining multiple skeletal components simultaneously in ecomorphological analyses. Ongoing work integrating the fossil and paleoenvironmental record will further clarify deep-time drivers that govern carnivoran diversity we see today and reveal the complexity of evolutionary processes in multicomponent systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Law, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hlusko, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tseng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.03.556127</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Uncovering the mosaic evolution of carnivoran skeletal systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.02.556034v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scalable bio-platform to recover critical metals fromcomplex waste sources 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.02.556034v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chemical methods for extraction and refinement of technologically critical rare earth elements (REEs) are energy intensive, hazardous, and environmentally destructive. Current bio-based extraction systems rely on extremophilic organisms and generate many of the same detrimental effects as chemical methodologies. The mesophilic methylotrophic bacterium Methylobacterium extorquens AM1 was previously shown to grow using electronic waste by naturally acquiring REEs to power methanol metabolism. Here we show that growth using electronic waste as a sole REE source is scalable up to 10 L with consistent metal yields, without the use of harsh acids or high temperatures. Addition of organic acids increases REE leaching in a nonspecific manner. REE-specific bioleaching can be engineered through the overproduction of REE-binding ligands (called lanthanophores) and pyrroloquinoline quinone. REE bioaccumulation increases with leachate concentration and is highly specific. REEs are stored intracellularly in polyphosphate granules, and genetic engineering to eliminate exopolyphosphatase activity increases metal accumulation, confirming the link between phosphate metabolism and biological REE use. Finally, we report the innate ability of M. extorquens to grow using other complex REE sources including pulverized smart phones, demonstrating the flexibility and potential for use as a recovery platform for these critical metals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Good, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang-Yun, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, M. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zytnick, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vu, H. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grace, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skovran, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Gomez, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.02.556034</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scalable bio-platform to recover critical metals fromcomplex waste sources]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.04.556266v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep learning enables accurate soft tissue deformation estimation in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.04.556266v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Image-based deformation estimation is an important tool used in a variety of engineering problems, including crack propagation, fracture, and fatigue failure. These tools have been instrumental in biomechanics research where measuring in vitro and in vivo tissue deformations help evaluate tissue health and disease progression. However, accurately measuring tissue deformation in vivo is particularly challenging due to limited image signal-to-noise ratio. Therefore, we created a novel deep-learning approach for measuring deformation from a sequence of in vivo images called StrainNet. Utilizing a training dataset that incorporates image artifacts, StrainNet was designed to maximize performance in challenging in vivo settings. Artificially generated image sequences of human flexor tendons undergoing known deformations were used to compare StrainNet against two conventional image-based strain measurement techniques. StrainNet outperformed the traditional techniques by nearly 90%. High-frequency ultrasound imaging was then used to acquire images of the flexor tendons engaged during contraction. Only StrainNet was able to track tissue deformations under the in vivo test conditions. Findings revealed strong correlations between tendon deformation and contraction effort, highlighting the potential for StrainNet to be a valuable tool for assessing preventative care, rehabilitation strategies, or disease progression. Additionally, by using real-world data to train our model, StrainNet was able to generalize and reveal important relationships between the effort exerted by the participant and tendon mechanics. Overall, StrainNet demonstrated the effectiveness of using deep learning for image-based strain analysis in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huff, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houghton, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Earl, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghajar-Rahimi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dogra, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris-Adamson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goergen, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connell, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.04.556266</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep learning enables accurate soft tissue deformation estimation in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.04.556277v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DropBlot: single-cell western blotting of chemically fixed cancer cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.04.556277v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To further realize proteomics of archived tissues for translational research, we introduce a hybrid microfluidic platform for high-specificity, high-sensitivity protein detection from individual chemically fixed cells. To streamline processing-to-analysis workflows and minimize signal loss, DropBlot serially integrates sample preparation using droplet-based antigen retrieval from single fixed cells with unified analysis-on-a-chip comprising microwell-based antigen extraction followed by chip-based single-cell western blotting. A water-in-oil droplet formulation proves robust to the harsh chemical (SDS, 6M urea) and thermal conditions (98{degrees}C, 1-2 hr.) required for sufficient antigen retrieval, and the electromechanical conditions required for electrotransfer of retrieved antigen from microwell-encapsulated droplets to single-cell electrophoresis. Protein-target retrieval was demonstrated for unfixed, paraformaldehyde-(PFA), and methanol-fixed cells. We observed higher protein electrophoresis separation resolution from PFA-fixed cells with sufficient immunoreactivity confirmed for key targets (HER2, GAPDH, EpCAM, Vimentin) from both fixation chemistries. Multiple forms of EpCAM and Vimentin were detected, a hallmark strength of western-blot analysis. DropBlot of PFA-fixed human-derived breast tumor specimens (n = 5) showed antigen retrieval from cells archived frozen for 6 yrs. DropBlot could provide a precision integrated workflow for single-cell resolution protein-biomarker mining of precious biospecimen repositories.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herr, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.04.556277</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DropBlot: single-cell western blotting of chemically fixed cancer cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.06.556529v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Causal Genetic Loci for a Motivated Behavior Spectrum Harbor Psychiatric Risk Genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.06.556529v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Behavioral diversity is critical for population fitness. Individual differences in risk-taking are observed across species, but underlying genetic mechanisms and conservation are largely unknown. We examined dark avoidance in larval zebrafish, a motivated behavior reflecting an approach-avoidance conflict. Brain-wide calcium imaging revealed significant neural activity differences between approach-inclined versus avoidance-inclined individuals. We used a population of [~]6,000 to perform the first genome-wide association study (GWAS) in zebrafish, which identified 34 genomic regions harboring many genes that are involved in synaptic transmission and human psychiatric diseases. We used CRISPR to study several causal genes: serotonin receptor-1b (htr1b), nitric oxide synthase-1 (nos1), and stress-induced phosphoprotein-1 (stip1). We further identified 52 conserved elements containing 66 GWAS significant variants. One encoded an exonic regulatory element that influenced tissue-specific nos1 expression. Together, these findings reveal new genetic loci and establish a powerful, scalable animal system to probe mechanisms underlying motivation, a critical dimension of psychiatric diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casanave, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chitre, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, K.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blake, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polesskaya, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.06.556529</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Causal Genetic Loci for a Motivated Behavior Spectrum Harbor Psychiatric Risk Genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.08.556931v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Context-dependent decision-making in the primate hippocampal-prefrontal circuit 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.08.556931v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
What is good in one scenario might be bad in another. Despite the ubiquity of such contextual reasoning in everyday choice, how the brain flexibly utilizes different valuation schemes across contexts remains unknown. We addressed this question by monitoring neural activity from the hippocampus (HPC) and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) of two monkeys performing a state-dependent choice task. We found that HPC neurons encoded state information as it became available and then, at the time of choice, relayed this information to OFC via theta synchronization. During choice, OFC represented value in a state-dependent manner: many OFC neurons uniquely coded for value in only one state but not the other. This suggests a functional dissociation whereby HPC encodes contextual information that is broadcast to OFC via theta synchronization to select a state-appropriate value subcircuit, thus allowing for contextual reasoning in value-based choice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Elston, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallis, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.08.556931</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Context-dependent decision-making in the primate hippocampal-prefrontal circuit]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.06.556606v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reciprocal inflammatory signals establish profibrotic cross-feeding metabolism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.06.556606v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a disease of progressive lung remodeling and collagen deposition that leads to respiratory failure. Myeloid cells are abundant in IPF lung and in murine lung fibrosis, but their functional effects are incompletely understood. Using mouse and human lung models, we show that ornithine produced by myeloid cells expressing Arg1 serves as a substrate for proline and collagen synthesis by lung fibroblasts. The predominant Arg1-expressing myeloid cells in mouse lung were macrophages, but in IPF lung, high-dimensional imaging revealed ARG1 to be expressed mainly in neutrophils. Arg1 inhibition suppressed both ornithine levels and collagen expression in cultured, precision-cut IPF lung slices and in murine lung fibrosis. These results were confirmed in macrophage-specific Arg1 KO mice. Furthermore, we find that this pathway is regulated by cell-to-cell crosstalk, starting with purinergic signaling: Fibroblast eATP receptor P2rx4 was necessary for fibroblast IL-6 expression, which in turn was necessary for Arg1 expression by myeloid cells. Taken together, our findings define an immune-mesenchymal circuit that governs profibrotic metabolism in lung fibrosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yadav, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez Ortega, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, K.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biswas, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nilsson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharyya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boostanpour, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsukui, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheppard, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maishan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taenaka, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthay, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muramatsu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molofsky, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolters, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abate, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tharp, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.06.556606</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reciprocal inflammatory signals establish profibrotic cross-feeding metabolism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.09.556958v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MGDrivE 3: A decoupled vector-human framework for epidemiological simulation of mosquito genetic control tools and their surveillance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.09.556958v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Novel mosquito genetic control tools, such as CRISPR-based gene drives, hold great promise in reducing the global burden of vector-borne diseases. As these technologies advance through the research and development pipeline, there is a growing need for modeling frameworks incorporating increasing levels of entomological and epidemiological detail in order to address questions regarding logistics and biosafety. Epidemiological predictions are becoming increasingly relevant to the development of target product profiles and the design of field trials and interventions, while entomological surveillance is becoming increasingly important to regulation and biosafety. We present MGDrivE 3 (Mosquito Gene Drive Explorer 3), a new version of a previously-developed framework, MGDrivE 2, that investigates the spatial population dynamics of mosquito genetic control systems and their epidemiological implications. The new framework incorporates three major developments: i) a decoupled sampling algorithm allowing the vector portion of the MGDrivE framework to be paired with a more detailed epidemiological framework, ii) a version of the Imperial College London malaria transmission model, which incorporates age structure, various forms of immunity, and human and vector interventions, and iii) a surveillance module that tracks mosquitoes captured by traps throughout the simulation. Example MGDrivE 3 simulations are presented demonstrating the application of the framework to a CRISPR-based homing gene drive linked to dual disease-refractory genes and their potential to interrupt local malaria transmission. Simulations are also presented demonstrating surveillance of such a system by a network of mosquito traps. MGDrivE 3 is freely available as an open-source R package on CRAN (https://cran.r-project.org/package=MGDrivE2) (version 2.1.0), and extensive examples and vignettes are provided. We intend the software to aid in understanding of human health impacts and biosafety of mosquito genetic control tools, and continue to iterate per feedback from the genetic control community.

Author summaryVector-borne diseases such as malaria cause massive morbidity and mortality throughout much of the world. Currently-available control measures, such as insecticide-based tools and antimalarial drugs, have limited impact and are waning in effectiveness, hence there is a need for novel tools to complement existing ones.

Mosquito genetic control tools, such as gene drive systems and genetic versions of the sterile insect technique, offer a range of promising options, the development of which has greatly expanded since the advent of CRISPR-based gene-editing. Recently, we proposed MGDrivE 2 (Mosquito Gene Drive Explorer 2), which incorporates epidemiology into simulations of the dynamics of these systems in spatially-structured mosquito populations; however, that framework relied on simple model representations of vector-borne diseases. Here, we present MGDrivE 3, which decouples the vector portion of the model from the human portion, allowing the mosquito genetic control framework to be paired with more-detailed epidemiological frameworks. As an example, we implement the human transmission dynamics of the Imperial College London malaria model. We also incorporate a network of mosquito traps for surveillance. As genetic control technology edges closer towards field implementation, more detailed predictions of its epidemiological and biosafety implications are needed. We propose MGDrivE 3 to fulfill this role.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mondal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez C., H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.09.556958</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MGDrivE 3: A decoupled vector-human framework for epidemiological simulation of mosquito genetic control tools and their surveillance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.12.557247v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic identification of transcriptional activator domains from non-transcription factor proteins in plants and yeast 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.12.557247v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcription factors promote gene expression via trans-regulatory activation domains. Although whole genome scale screens in model organisms (e.g. human, yeast, fly) have helped identify activation domains from transcription factors, such screens have been less extensively used to explore the occurrence of activation domains in non-transcription factor proteins, such as transcriptional coactivators, chromatin regulators and some cytosolic proteins, leaving a blind spot on what role activation domains in these proteins could play in regulating transcription. We utilized the activation domain predictor PADDLE to mine the entire proteomes of two model eukaryotes, Arabidopsis thaliana and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1). We characterized 18,000 fragments covering predicted activation domains from >800 non-transcription factor genes in both species, and experimentally validated that 89% of proteins contained fragments capable of activating transcription in yeast. Peptides with similar sequence composition show a broad range of activities, which is explained by the arrangement of key amino acids. We also annotated hundreds of nuclear proteins with activation domains as putative coactivators; many of which have never been ascribed any function in plants. Furthermore, our library contains >250 non-nuclear proteins containing peptides with activation domain function across both eukaryotic lineages, suggesting that there are unknown biological roles of these peptides beyond transcription. Finally, we identify and validate short,  universal eukaryotic activation domains that activate transcription in both yeast and plants with comparable or stronger performance to state-of-the-art activation domains. Overall, our dual host screen provides a blueprint on how to systematically discover novel genetic parts for synthetic biology that function across a wide diversity of eukaryotes.

Significance StatementActivation domains promote transcription and play a critical role in regulating gene expression. Although the mapping of activation domains from transcription factors has been carried out in previous genome-wide screens, their occurrence in non-transcription factors has been less explored. We utilize an activation domain predictor to mine the entire proteomes of Arabidopsis thaliana and Saccharomyces cerevisiae for new activation domains on non-transcription factor proteins. We validate peptides derived from >750 non-transcription factor proteins capable of activating transcription, discovering many potentially new coactivators in plants. Importantly, we identify novel genetic parts that can function across both species, representing unique synthetic biology tools.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hummel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefani, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staller, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.12.557247</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic identification of transcriptional activator domains from non-transcription factor proteins in plants and yeast]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.12.557433v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ancient origin of the rod bipolar cell pathway in the vertebrate retina 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.12.557433v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vertebrates rely on rod photoreceptors for vision in low-light conditions1. Mammals have a specialized downstream circuit for rod signaling called the primary rod pathway, which comprises specific cell types and wiring patterns that are thought to be unique to this lineage2-6. Thus, it has been long assumed that the primary rod pathway evolved in mammals3, 5-7. Here, we challenge this view by demonstrating that the mammalian primary rod pathway is conserved in zebrafish, which diverged from extant mammals [~]400 million years ago. Using single-cell RNA-sequencing, we identified two bipolar cell (BC) types in zebrafish that are related to mammalian rod BCs (RBCs) of the primary rod pathway. By combining electrophysiology, histology, and ultrastructural reconstruction of the zebrafish RBCs, we found that, like mammalian RBCs8, both zebrafish RBC types connect with all rods and red-cones in their dendritic territory, and provide output largely onto amacrine cells. The wiring pattern of the amacrine cells post-synaptic to one RBC type is strikingly similar to that of mammalian RBCs. This suggests that the cell types and circuit design of the primary rod pathway may have emerged before the divergence of teleost fish and amniotes (mammals, bird, reptiles). The second RBC type in zebrafish, which forms separate pathways from the first RBC type, is either lost in mammals or emerged in fish to serve yet unknown roles.

Highlights- Zebrafish have two rod bipolar cell types (RBC1/2).
- Synaptic connectivity of RBC1 resembles that of the mammalian RBCs.
- The primary rod pathway therefore probably evolved more than 400 million years ago.
- The second zebrafish RBC type, RBC2, forms a separate pathway from RBC1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hellevik, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mardoum, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hahn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolsch, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Orazi, F. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godinho, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawrence, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rieke, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shekhar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanes, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baier, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baden, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, R. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshimatsu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.12.557433</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ancient origin of the rod bipolar cell pathway in the vertebrate retina]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.13.557537v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic analysis of Coccomyxa viridis, a common low-abundance alga associated with lichen symbioses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.13.557537v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lichen symbiosis is centered around a relationship between a fungus and a photosynthetic microbe, usually a green alga. In addition to their main photosynthetic partner (the photobiont), lichen symbioses can contain additional algae present in low abundance. The biology of these algae and the way they interact with the rest of lichen symbionts remains largely unknown. Here we present the first genome sequence of a non-photobiont lichen-associated alga. Coccomyxa viridis was unexpectedly found in 12% of publicly available lichen metagenomes. With few exceptions, members of the Coccomyxa viridis clade occur in lichens as non-photobionts, potentially growing in thalli endophytically. The 45.7 Mbp genome of C. viridis was assembled into 18 near chromosome-level contigs, making it one of the most contiguous genomic assemblies for any lichen-associated algae. Comparing the C. viridis genome to its close relatives revealed the presence of traits associated with the lichen lifestyle. The genome of C. viridis provides a new resource for exploring the evolution of the lichen symbiosis, and how symbiotic lifestyles shaped evolution in green algae.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tagirdzhanova, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scharnagl, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talbot, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.13.557537</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic analysis of Coccomyxa viridis, a common low-abundance alga associated with lichen symbioses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.12.557352v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Syntrichia ruralis: Emerging model moss genome reveals a conserved and previously unknown regulator of desiccation in flowering plants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.12.557352v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Water scarcity poses a significant threat to ecosystems in the face of global climate change. Syntrichia ruralis, a dryland moss known for its desiccation tolerance, provides valuable insights into surviving water-limited conditions. In this study, the genome of S. ruralis was sequenced and assembled into 12 chromosomes encompassing 21,169 protein-coding genes. Additionally, 3,199 unplaced scaffolds were identified as non-nuclear and symbiont DNA. Transposable elements (TEs) constitute 51.24% of the genome. Notably, chromosome 12, the largest in size due to its high TE load, was identified as the putative sex chromosome. Comparative analysis with the closely related Syntrichia caninervis genome reveals significant large-scale synteny yet some rearrangements, as well as the occurrence of older duplication events that are shared by both. Desiccation and drought tolerance associated gene families, such as early light-inducible proteins (ELIPs) and late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins, were characterized. In addition to a subset of LEA genes being species-specific, a comparative transcriptomic analysis revealed that some shared LEA genes respond differently to dehydration in these two species. Many ELIPs (9 out of 30) are the product of tandem duplication events. As expected, our analyses revealed the importance of the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) in the desiccation response of S. ruralis. A significant number of ABA responsive genes were found to be regulated by S. ruralis orthologs of ABA insensitive 3 (ABI3) and abscisic acid responsive element binding factor 2 (AREB2). Markedly, an uncharacterized, but deeply conserved MYB transcription factor, appears to act as a negative regulator of AREB2 in S. ruralis. Interestingly, we determined that the orthologous MYB TF is also involved in an ABA-dependent stress response in the model flowering plant A. thaliana. In sum, the new genomic resources from this emerging model moss offer new insights into the evolution of desiccation tolerance in land plants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ekwealor, J. T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishle, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliver, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.12.557352</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Syntrichia ruralis: Emerging model moss genome reveals a conserved and previously unknown regulator of desiccation in flowering plants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.14.557777v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
maskNMF: A denoise-sparsen-detect approach for extracting neural signals from dense imaging data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.14.557777v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A number of calcium imaging methods have been developed to monitor the activity of large populations of neurons. One particularly promising approach, Bessel imaging, captures neural activity from a volume by projecting within the imaged volume onto a single imaging plane, therefore effectively mixing signals and increasing the number of neurons imaged per pixel. These signals must then be computationally demixed to recover the desired neural activity. Unfortunately, currently-available demixing methods can perform poorly in the regime of high imaging density (i.e., many neurons per pixel). In this work we introduce a new pipeline (maskNMF) for demixing dense calcium imaging data.

The main idea is to first denoise and temporally sparsen the observed video; this enhances signal strength and reduces spatial overlap significantly. Next we detect neurons in the sparsened video using a neural network trained on a library of neural shapes. These shapes are derived from segmented electron microscopy images input into a Bessel imaging model; therefore no manual selection of "good" neural shapes from the functional data is required here. After cells are detected, we use a constrained non-negative matrix factorization approach to demix the activity, using the detected cells shapes to initialize the factorization. We test the resulting pipeline on both simulated and real datasets and find that it is able to achieve accurate demixing on denser data than was previously feasible, therefore enabling faithful imaging of larger neural populations. The method also provides good results on more "standard" two-photon imaging data. Finally, because much of the pipeline operates on a significantly compressed version of the raw data and is highly parallelizable, the algorithm is fast, processing large datasets faster than real time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pasarkar, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinsella, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdeladim, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterka, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adesnik, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paninski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.14.557777</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[maskNMF: A denoise-sparsen-detect approach for extracting neural signals from dense imaging data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.14.557793v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Artificial neural networks for model identification and parameter estimation in computational cognitive models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.14.557793v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1Computational cognitive models have been used extensively to formalize cognitive processes. Model parameters offer a simple way to quantify individual differences in how humans process information. Similarly, model comparison allows researchers to identify which theories, embedded in different models, provide the best accounts of the data. Cognitive modeling uses statistical tools to quantitatively relate models to data that often rely on computing/estimating the likelihood of the data under the model. However, this likelihood is computationally intractable for a substantial number of models. These relevant models may embody reasonable theories of cognition, but are often under-explored due to the limited range of tools available to relate them to data. We contribute to filling this gap in a simple way using artificial neural networks (ANNs) to map data directly onto model identity and parameters, bypassing the likelihood estimation. We test our instantiation of an ANN as a cognitive model fitting tool on classes of cognitive models with strong inter-trial dependencies (such as reinforcement learning models), which offer unique challenges to most methods. We show that we can adequately perform both parameter estimation and model identification using our ANN approach, including for models that cannot be fit using traditional likelihood-based methods. We further discuss our work in the context of the ongoing research leveraging simulation-based approaches to parameter estimation and model identification, and how these approaches broaden the class of cognitive models researchers can quantitatively investigate.

2 Author SummaryComputational cognitive models occupy an important position in cognitive science research, as they offer a simple way of quantifying cognitive processes (such as how fast someone learns, or how noisy they are in choice selection), and testing which cognitive theories offer a better explanation of the behavior. To relate cognitive models to the behavioral data, researchers rely on statistical tools that require estimating the likelihood of observed data under the assumptions of the cognitive model. This is, however, not possible to do for all models as some models present significant challenges to likelihood computation. In this work, we use artificial neural networks (ANNs) to bypass likelihood computation and approximation altogether, and demonstrate the success of this approach applied to model parameter estimation and model comparison. The proposed method is a contribution to ongoing development of modeling tools which will enable cognitive researchers to test a broader range of theories of cognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rmus, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, T.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, A. G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.14.557793</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Artificial neural networks for model identification and parameter estimation in computational cognitive models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.15.556420v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Small molecule correctors divert CFTR-F508del from ERAD by stabilizing sequential folding states 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.15.556420v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over 80% of people with cystic fibrosis (CF) carry the F508del mutation in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), a chloride ion channel at the apical plasma membrane (PM) of epithelial cells. F508del impairs CFTR folding causing it to be destroyed by endoplasmic reticulum associated degradation (ERAD). Small molecule correctors, which act as pharmacological chaperones to divert CFTR-F508del from ERAD, are the primary strategy for treating CF, yet corrector development continues with only a rudimentary understanding of how ERAD targets CFTR-F508del. We conducted genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 knockout screens to systematically identify the molecular machinery that underlies CFTR-F508del ERAD. Although the ER-resident ubiquitin ligase, RNF5 was the top E3 hit, knocking out RNF5 only modestly reduced CFTR-F508del degradation. Sublibrary screens in an RNF5 knockout background identified RNF185 as a redundant ligase, demonstrating that CFTR-F508del ERAD is highly buffered. Gene-drug interaction experiments demonstrated that correctors tezacaftor (VX-661) and elexacaftor (VX-445) stabilize sequential, RNF5-resistant folding states. We propose that binding of correctors to nascent CFTR-F508del alters its folding landscape by stabilizing folding states that are not substrates for RNF5-mediated ubiquitylation.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTO_LIClinically effective small molecule cystic fibrosis (CF) correctors divert mutant CFTR molecules from ER-associated degradation (ERAD). However, the mechanisms underlying CFTR ERAD are not well-understood.
C_LIO_LIThe authors used CRISPR knockout screens to identify ERAD machinery targeting CFTR-F508del and found that the pathway is highly buffered, with RNF185 serving as a redundant ubiquitin ligase for RNF5. Gene-drug interaction experiments demonstrated that correctors act synergistically by stabilizing sequential RNF5-resistant folding states.
C_LIO_LIInhibiting proteostasis machinery is a complementary approach for enhancing current CF corrector therapies.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Riepe, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wachalska, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deol, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amaya, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porteus, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olzmann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopito, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.15.556420</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Small molecule correctors divert CFTR-F508del from ERAD by stabilizing sequential folding states]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.15.557798v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Pex6 N1 domain is required for Pex15 binding and proper assembly with Pex1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.15.557798v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The heterohexameric AAA-ATPase Pex1/Pex6 is essential for the formation and maintenance of peroxisomes. Pex1/Pex6, similar to other AAA-ATPases, uses the energy from ATP hydrolysis to mechanically thread substrate proteins through its central pore, thereby unfolding them. In related AAA-ATPase motors, substrates are recruited through binding to the motors N-terminal domains or N-terminally bound co-factors. Here we use structural and biochemical techniques to characterize the function of the N1 domain in Pex6 from budding yeast, S. cerevisiae. We found that although Pex1/{Lambda}N1-Pex6 is an active ATPase in vitro, it does not support Pex1/Pex6 function at the peroxisome in vivo. An X-ray crystal structure of the isolated Pex6 N1 domain shows that the Pex6 N1 domain shares the same fold as the N terminal domains of PEX1, CDC48, or NSF, despite poor sequence conservation. Integrating this structure with a cryo-EM reconstruction of Pex1/Pex6, AlphaFold2 predictions, and biochemical assays shows that Pex6 N1 mediates binding to both the peroxisomal membrane tether Pex15 and an extended loop from the D2 ATPase domain of Pex1 that influences Pex1/Pex6 heterohexamer stability. Given the direct interactions with both Pex15 and the D2 ATPase domains, the Pex6 N1 domain is poised to coordinate binding of co-factors and substrates with Pex1/Pex6 ATPase activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ali, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Judy, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chowdhury, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobsen, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castanzo, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lander, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardner, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.15.557798</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Pex6 N1 domain is required for Pex15 binding and proper assembly with Pex1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.15.557966v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The association between cortical gyrification and sleep in adolescents and young adults. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.15.557966v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Study objectivesHealthy sleep is important for adolescent neurodevelopment, and relationships between brain structure and sleep can vary in strength over this maturational window. Although cortical gyrification is increasingly considered a useful index for understanding cognitive and emotional outcomes in adolescence, and sleep is also a strong predictor of such outcomes, we know relatively little about associations between cortical gyrification and sleep.

MethodsUsing Local gyrification index (lGI) of 34 bilateral brain regions and regularized regression for feature selection, we examined gyrification-sleep relationships in the Neuroimaging and Pediatric Sleep databank (252 participants; 9-26 years; 58.3% female) and identified developmentally invariant (stable across age) or developmentally specific (observed only during discrete age intervals) brain-sleep associations. Naturalistic sleep characteristics (duration, timing, continuity, and regularity) were estimated from wrist actigraphy.

ResultsFor most brain regions, greater lGI was associated with longer sleep duration, earlier sleep timing, lower variability in sleep regularity, and shorter time awake after sleep onset. lGI in frontoparietal network regions showed associations with sleep patterns that were stable across age. However, in default mode network regions, lGI was only associated with sleep patterns from late childhood through early-to-mid adolescence, a period of vulnerability for mental health disorders.

ConclusionsWe detected both developmentally invariant and developmentally specific ties between local gyrification and naturalistic sleep patterns. Default mode network regions may be particularly susceptible to interventions promoting more optimal sleep during childhood and adolescence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lima Santos, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayes, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franzen, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasler, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buysse, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegle, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahl, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forbes, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ladouceur, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMakin, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silk, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jalbrzikowski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soehner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.15.557966</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The association between cortical gyrification and sleep in adolescents and young adults.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.14.557833v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diverse signatures of convergent evolution in cacti-associated yeasts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.14.557833v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many distantly related organisms have convergently evolved traits and lifestyles that enable them to live in similar ecological environments. However, the extent of phenotypic convergence evolving through the same or distinct genetic trajectories remains an open question. Here, we leverage a comprehensive dataset of genomic and phenotypic data from 1,049 yeast species in the subphylum Saccharomycotina (Kingdom Fungi, Phylum Ascomycota) to explore signatures of convergent evolution in cactophilic yeasts, ecological specialists associated with cacti. We inferred that the ecological association of yeasts with cacti arose independently [~]17 times. Using machine-learning, we further found that cactophily can be predicted with 76% accuracy from functional genomic and phenotypic data. The most informative feature for predicting cactophily was thermotolerance, which is likely associated with duplication and altered evolutionary rates of genes impacting the cell envelope in several cactophilic lineages. We also identified horizontal gene transfer and duplication events of plant cell wall-degrading enzymes in distantly related cactophilic clades, suggesting that putatively adaptive traits evolved through disparate molecular mechanisms. Remarkably, multiple cactophilic lineages and their close relatives are emerging human opportunistic pathogens, suggesting that the cactophilic lifestyle--and perhaps more generally lifestyles favoring thermotolerance--may preadapt yeasts to cause human disease. This work underscores the potential of a multifaceted approach involving high throughput genomic and phenotypic data to shed light onto ecological adaptation and highlights how convergent evolution to wild environments could facilitate the transition to human pathogenicity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goncalves, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steenwyk, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Opulente, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaBella, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolters, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, X.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groenewald, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hittinger, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.14.557833</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diverse signatures of convergent evolution in cacti-associated yeasts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.16.558083v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Surprising Features of Nuclear Receptor Interaction Networks Revealed by Live Cell Single Molecule Imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.16.558083v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Type 2 Nuclear Receptors (T2NRs) require heterodimerization with a common partner, the Retinoid X Receptor (RXR), to bind cognate DNA recognition sites in chromatin. Based on previous biochemical and over-expression studies, binding of T2NRs to chromatin is proposed to be regulated by competition for a limiting pool of the core RXR subunit. However, this mechanism has not yet been tested for endogenous proteins in live cells. Using single molecule tracking (SMT) and proximity-assisted photoactivation (PAPA), we monitored interactions between endogenously tagged retinoid X receptor (RXR) and retinoic acid receptor (RAR) in live cells. Unexpectedly, we find that higher expression of RAR, but not RXR increases heterodimerization and chromatin binding in U2OS cells. This surprising finding indicates the limiting factor is not RXR but likely its cadre of obligate dimer binding partners. SMT and PAPA thus provide a direct way to probe which components are functionally limiting within a complex TF interaction network providing new insights into mechanisms of gene regulation in vivo with implications for drug development targeting nuclear receptors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dahal, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, T. G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dailey, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heckert, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darzacq, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.16.558083</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Surprising Features of Nuclear Receptor Interaction Networks Revealed by Live Cell Single Molecule Imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.17.558137v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A proposed function for the red body of Nannochloropsis in the formation of the recalcitrant cell wall polymer, algaenan 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.17.558137v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stramenopile algae contribute significantly to global primary productivity, and one class, Eustigmatophyceae, is increasingly studied for applications in high-value lipid production. Yet much about their basic biology remains unknown, including the nature of an enigmatic, pigmented globule found in vegetative cells. Here, we present an in-depth examination of this "red body", focusing on Nannochloropsis oceanica. During the cell cycle, the red body formed adjacent to the plastid, but unexpectedly it was secreted and released with the autosporangial wall following cell division. Shed red bodies contained antioxidant ketocarotenoids, and overexpression of a beta-carotene ketolase resulted in enlarged red bodies. Infrared spectroscopy indicated long-chain, aliphatic lipids in shed red bodies and cell walls, and LC-HRMS detected a C32 alkyl diol, a potential precursor of algaenan, a recalcitrant cell wall polymer. We propose that the red body transports algaenan precursors from plastid to apoplast to be incorporated into daughter cell walls.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gee, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen-Ranberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, R. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jorgens, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grob, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holman, H.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niyogi, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.17.558137</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A proposed function for the red body of Nannochloropsis in the formation of the recalcitrant cell wall polymer, algaenan]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.18.558157v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide Characterization of Diverse Bacteriophages Enabled by RNA-Binding CRISPRi 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.18.558157v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteriophages constitute one of the largest sources of unknown gene content in the biosphere. Even for well-studied model phages, robust experimental approaches to identify and study their essential genes remain elusive. We uncover and exploit the conserved vulnerability of the phage transcriptome to facilitate genome-wide protein expression knockdown via programmable RNA-binding protein dRfxCas13d (CRISPRi-ART) across diverse phages and their host. Establishing the first broad-spectrum phage functional genomics platform, we predict over 90 essential genes across four phage genomes, a third of which have no known function. These results highlight hidden infection strategies encoded in the most abundant biological entities on earth and provide a facile platform to study them.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adler, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Shimary, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ambruster, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colognori, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charles, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lahiri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trinidad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boger, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomburg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beurnier, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrangou, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mutalik, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoeniger, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pogliano, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cress, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.18.558157</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide Characterization of Diverse Bacteriophages Enabled by RNA-Binding CRISPRi]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.18.558316v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Evaluation of Representational Similarity Analysis for Model Selection and Assessment in Computational Neuroscience 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.18.558316v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Withdrawal StatementThis article was removed following a DMCA takedown notice of copyright infringement. If the issue has since been resolved, a newer version of the article will be available via the Info/History tab above
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.18.558316</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Evaluation of Representational Similarity Analysis for Model Selection and Assessment in Computational Neuroscience]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.19.558438v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Double-Strand Break Repair Pathways Differentially Affect Processing and Transduction by Dual AAV Vectors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.19.558438v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors (rAAV) are a powerful tool for gene delivery but have a limited DNA carrying capacity. Efforts to expand this genetic payload have focused on engineering the vector components, such as dual trans-splicing vectors which double the delivery size by exploiting the natural concatenation of rAAV genomes in host nuclei. We hypothesized that inefficient dual vector transduction could be improved by modulating host factors which affect concatenation. Since factors mediating concatenation are not well defined, we performed a genome-wide screen to identify host cell regulators. We discovered that Homologous Recombination (HR) is inhibitory to dual vector transduction. We demonstrate that depletion or inhibition of HR factors BRCA1 and Rad51 significantly increase reconstitution of a large split transgene by increasing both concatenation and expression from rAAVs. Our results define new roles for DNA damage repair in rAAV transduction and highlight the potential for pharmacological intervention to increase genetic payload of rAAV vectors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maurer, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benyamini, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, V. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitney, O. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dailey, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darzacq, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weitzman, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.19.558438</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Double-Strand Break Repair Pathways Differentially Affect Processing and Transduction by Dual AAV Vectors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.18.558286v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Plant-based production of diverse human milk oligosaccharides 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.18.558286v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are a diverse class of carbohydrates that aid in the health and development of infants. The vast health benefits of HMOs have made them a commercial target for microbial production; however, producing the [~]130 structurally diverse HMOs at scale has proven difficult. Here, we produce a vast diversity of HMOs by leveraging the robust carbohydrate anabolism of plants. This diversity includes high value HMOs, such as lacto-N-fucopentaose I, that have not yet been commercially produced using state-of-the-art microbial fermentative processes. HMOs produced in transgenic plants provided strong bifidogenic properties, indicating their ability to serve as a prebiotic supplement. Technoeconomic analyses demonstrate that producing HMOs in plants provides a path to the large-scale production of specific HMOs at lower prices than microbial production platforms. Our work demonstrates the promise in leveraging plants for the cheap and sustainable production of HMOs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barnum, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paviani, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Couture, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masarweh, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mills, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lebrilla, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barile, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.18.558286</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Plant-based production of diverse human milk oligosaccharides]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.19.558439v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex Chromosomes and Gonads Shape the Sex-Biased Transcriptomic Landscape in Tlr7-Mediated Demyelination During Aging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.19.558439v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Demyelination occurs in aging and associated diseases, including Alzheimers disease. Several of these diseases exhibit sex differences in prevalence and severity. Biological sex primarily stems from sex chromosomes and gonads releasing sex hormones. To dissect mechanisms underlying sex differences in demyelination of aging brains, we constructed a transcriptomic atlas of cell type-specific responses to illustrate how sex chromosomes, gonads, and their interaction shape responses to demyelination. We found that sex-biased oligodendrocyte and microglial responses are driven by interaction of sex chromosomes and gonads prior to myelin loss. Post demyelination, sex chromosomes mainly guide microglial responses, while gonadal composition influences oligodendrocyte signaling. Significantly, ablation of the X-linked gene Toll-like receptor 7 (Tlr7), which exhibited sex-biased expression during demyelination, abolished the sex-biased responses and protected against demyelination.

One-sentence summaryCell type-specific processes underlying aged demyelination are sex-biased and mediated by Tlr7.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Lee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kodama, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foxe, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ijaz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mousa, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubal, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liddelow, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.19.558439</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex Chromosomes and Gonads Shape the Sex-Biased Transcriptomic Landscape in Tlr7-Mediated Demyelination During Aging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.20.556338v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A genome-scale Opisthokonta tree of life: toward phylogenomic resolution of ancient divergences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.20.556338v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractAncient divergences within Opisthokonta--a major lineage that includes organisms in the kingdoms Animalia, Fungi, and their unicellular relatives-- remain contentious, hindering investigations of the evolutionary processes that gave rise to two kingdoms and the repeated emergence of iconic phenotypes like multicellularity. Here, we use genome-scale amounts of data to reconstruct the most taxon-rich Opisthokonta tree of life to date (348 species) and place divergences in geologic time, suggesting a Mesoproterozoic origin ([~] 1.11 billion years ago). By dissecting multiple dimensions of phylogenomic error, such as the influence of taxon sampling and model complexity, we found that deep divergences within Holozoa remain unresolved and suggest Pluriformea is either sister to Ichthyosporea and Filozoa (Pluriformea-sister hypothesis) or is monophyletic to Ichthyosporea, forming the Teretosporea lineage (Teretosporea-sister hypothesis). A combination of information theory and sensitivity analyses revealed that the inferred unicellular Holozoa relationships are largely robust to common sources of analytical error, such as insufficient model complexity, and suggest that previous reports likely suffered from insufficient taxon sampling. Our study presents a robust Opisthokonta phylogenomic framework, highlights the challenges in resolving the relationships of unicellular Holozoa, and paves the way for illuminating ancient evolutionary episodes concerning the origin of two kingdoms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steenwyk, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schultz, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kocot, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, X.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.20.556338</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A genome-scale Opisthokonta tree of life: toward phylogenomic resolution of ancient divergences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.20.558163v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sequential membrane- and protein-bound organelles compartmentalize genomes during phage infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.20.558163v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many eukaryotic viruses require membrane-bound compartments for replication, but no such organelles are known to be formed by prokaryotic viruses1-3. Bacteriophages of the Chimalliviridae family sequester their genomes within a phage-generated organelle, the phage nucleus, which is enclosed by a lattice of the viral protein ChmA4-10. Previously, we observed lipid membrane-bound vesicles in cells infected by Chimalliviridae, but due to the paucity of genetics tools for these viruses it was unknown if these vesicles represented unproductive, abortive infections or a bona fide stage in the phage life cycle. Using the recently-developed dRfxCas13d-based knockdown system CRISPRi-ART11 in combination with fluorescence microscopy and cryo-electron tomography, we show that inhibiting phage nucleus formation arrests infections at an early stage in which the injected phage genome is enclosed within a membrane-bound early phage infection (EPI) vesicle. We demonstrate that early phage genes are transcribed by the virion-associated RNA polymerase from the genome within the compartment, making the EPI vesicle the first known example of a lipid membrane-bound organelle that separates transcription from translation in prokaryotes. Further, we show that the phage nucleus is essential for the phage life cycle, with genome replication only beginning after the injected DNA is transferred from the EPI vesicle to the newly assembled phage nucleus. Our results show that Chimalliviridae require two sophisticated subcellular compartments of distinct compositions and functions that facilitate successive stages of the viral life cycle.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Armbruster, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutchings, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VanderWal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enustun, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adler, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aindow, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deep, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghassemian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charles, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cress, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pogliano, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbett, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villa, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pogliano, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.20.558163</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sequential membrane- and protein-bound organelles compartmentalize genomes during phage infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.21.558738v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Into the Wild: A novel wild-derived inbred strain resource expands the genomic and phenotypic diversity of laboratory mouse models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.21.558738v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The laboratory mouse has served as the premier animal model system for both basic and preclinical investigations for a century. However, laboratory mice capture a narrow subset of the genetic variation found in wild mouse populations. This consideration inherently restricts the scope of potential discovery in laboratory models and narrows the pool of potentially identified phenotype-associated variants and pathways. Wild mouse populations are reservoirs of predicted functional and disease-associated alleles, but the sparsity of commercially available, well-characterized wild mouse strains limits their broader adoption in biomedical research. To overcome this barrier, we have recently imported, sequenced, and phenotyped a set of 11 wild-derived inbred strains developed from wild-caught Mus musculus domesticus. Each of these "Nachman strains" immortalizes a unique wild haplotype sampled from five environmentally diverse locations across North and South America: Saratoga Springs, New York, USA; Gainesville, Florida, USA; Manaus, Brazil; Tucson, Arizona, USA; and Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Whole genome sequence analysis reveals that each strain carries between 4.73-6.54 million single nucleotide differences relative to the mouse reference assembly, with 42.5% of variants in the Nachman strain genomes absent from classical inbred mouse strains. We phenotyped the Nachman strains on a customized pipeline to assess the scope of disease-relevant neurobehavioral, biochemical, physiological, metabolic, and morphological trait variation. The Nachman strains exhibit significant inter-strain variation in >90% of 1119 surveyed traits and expand the range of phenotypic diversity captured in classical inbred strain panels alone. Taken together, our work introduces a novel wild-derived inbred mouse strain resource that will enable new discoveries in basic and preclinical research. These strains are currently available through The Jackson Laboratory Repository under laboratory code NachJ.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dumont, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gatti, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballinger, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phifer-Rixey, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheehan, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wooldridge, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Opoku Frempong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Churchill, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lutz, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenthal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nachman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.21.558738</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Into the Wild: A novel wild-derived inbred strain resource expands the genomic and phenotypic diversity of laboratory mouse models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.21.558875v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Inflammasome Pathway is Activated by Dengue Virus Non-structural Protein 1 and is Protective During Dengue Virus Infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.21.558875v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dengue virus (DENV) is a medically important flavivirus causing an estimated 50-100 million dengue cases annually, some of whom progress to severe disease. DENV non-structural protein 1 (NS1) is secreted from infected cells and has been implicated as a major driver of dengue pathogenesis by inducing endothelial barrier dysfunction. However, less is known about how DENV NS1 interacts with immune cells and what role these interactions play. Here we report that DENV NS1 can trigger activation of inflammasomes, a family of cytosolic innate immune sensors that respond to infectious and noxious stimuli, in mouse and human macrophages. DENV NS1 induces the release of IL-1{beta} in a caspase-1 dependent manner. Additionally, we find that DENV NS1-induced inflammasome activation is independent of the NLRP3, Pyrin, and AIM2 inflammasome pathways, but requires CD14. Intriguingly, DENV NS1-induced inflammasome activation does not induce pyroptosis and rapid cell death; instead, macrophages maintain cellular viability while releasing IL-1{beta}. Lastly, we show that caspase-1/11-deficient, but not NLRP3-deficient, mice are more susceptible to lethal DENV infection. Together, these results indicate that the inflammasome pathway acts as a sensor of DENV NS1 and plays a protective role during infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wong, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juan, E. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chelluri, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pahmeier, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castillo-Rojas, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanc, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biering, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vance, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.21.558875</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Inflammasome Pathway is Activated by Dengue Virus Non-structural Protein 1 and is Protective During Dengue Virus Infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.21.558844v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-signal regulation of the GSK-3β homolog Rim11 governs meiosis entry in yeast 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.21.558844v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Starvation of budding yeast diploid cells induces the cell-fate program that drives meiosis and spore formation. Transcription activation of early meiotic genes (EMGs) requires the transcription activator Ime1, its DNA-binding partner Ume6, and GSK-3{beta} kinase Rim11. Phosphorylation of Ume6 by Rim11 is key for EMG activation. We report that Rim11 integrates multiple input signals to control Ume6 phosphorylation and EMG transcription. Under nutrient-rich conditions PKA represses Rim11 to low levels while TORC1 keeps Rim11 localized to the cytoplasm. Inhibiting PKA and TORC1 induces Rim11 expression and nuclear localization. Remarkably, nuclear Rim11 is required, but not sufficient, for Rim11-dependent Ume6 phosphorylation. Additionally, Ime1 is an essential anchor protein for phosphorylating Ume6. Subsequently, Ume6-Ime1 coactivator complexes form that drive EMG transcription. Our results demonstrate how varied signalling inputs (PKA/TORC1/Ime1) integrated by Rim11 determine EMG expression and entry into meiosis. We propose that the signalling-regulatory network described here generates robustness in cell-fate control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kociemba, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joergensen, A. C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tadic, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sideri, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, W. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibrahim, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skehel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shahrezaei, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arguello-Miranda, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Werven, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.21.558844</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-signal regulation of the GSK-3β homolog Rim11 governs meiosis entry in yeast]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.22.558884v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeted hypermutation of putative antigen sensors in multicellular bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.22.558884v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diversity-generating retroelements (DGRs) are used by bacteria, archaea and viruses as a targeted mutagenesis tool. Through error-prone reverse transcription, DGRs introduce random mutations at specific genomic loci, enabling rapid evolution of these targeted genes. However, the function and benefits of DGR-diversified proteins in cellular hosts remains elusive. We find that 85% of DGRs from one of the major monophyletic lineages of DGR reverse transcriptases are encoded by multicellular bacteria, which often have two or more DGR loci in their genomes. Using the multicellular purple sulfur bacterium Thiohalocapsa sp. PB-PSB1 as an example, we characterized nine distinct DGR loci that cumulatively lead to more than 10294 possible different combinations of target polypeptides. With environmental metagenomes from individual Thiohalocapsa aggregates, we show that most of PB-PSB1s DGR targets are diversified across its biogeographic range, with spatial heterogeneity in the diversity of each locus. In PSB1 and other members of this lineage of cellular DGRs, diversified target genes are associated with NACHT-domain anti-phage defenses and putative ternary conflict systems previously shown to be enriched in multicellular bacteria. We propose that these DGR-diversified target genes act as antigen sensors that confer a form of adaptive immunity to their multicellular consortia. These findings have implications for the emergence of multicellularity, as the NACHT-domain anti-phage systems and ternary systems share both domain homology and conceptual similarities with the innate immune and programmed cell death pathways of plants and metazoans.

SignificanceTo defend themselves against predators, bacteria employ a wide range of conflict systems, some of which are enriched in multicellular bacteria. Here, we show that numerous multicellular bacteria use related diversity-generating retroelements (DGRs) to diversify such conflict systems. Error-prone reverse transcription in DGRs introduces random, targeted mutations and rapid diversification. We used Thiohalocapsa PB-PSB1, a member of multicellular bacterial consortia, as a model to study this association between conflict systems and DGRs. We characterized the natural diversity of PB-PSB1 DGRs and propose they function as hypervariable antigen sensors. The accumulation of such DGR-diversified defense systems in multicellular bacteria emphasizes the fitness advantage of a rapidly diversifying immune system for the evolution of multicellularity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dore, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisenberg, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Junkins, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganesh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordero, O. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valentine, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Malley, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilbanks, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.22.558884</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeted hypermutation of putative antigen sensors in multicellular bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.22.559000v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A phage nucleus-associated RNA-binding protein is required for jumbo phage infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.22.559000v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large-genome bacteriophages (jumbo phages) of the Chimalliviridae family assemble a nucleus-like compartment bounded by a protein shell that protects the replicating phage genome from host-encoded restriction enzymes and CRISPR/Cas nucleases. While the nuclear shell provides broad protection against host nucleases, it necessitates transport of mRNA out of the nucleus-like compartment for translation by host ribosomes, and transport of specific proteins into the nucleus-like compartment to support DNA replication and mRNA transcription. Here we identify a conserved phage nuclear shell-associated protein that we term Chimallin C (ChmC), which adopts a nucleic acid-binding fold, binds RNA with high affinity in vitro, and binds phage mRNAs in infected cells. ChmC also forms phase-separated condensates with RNA in vitro. Targeted knockdown of ChmC using mRNA-targeting dCas13d halts infections at an early stage. Taken together, our data suggest that the conserved ChmC protein acts as a chaperone for phage mRNAs, potentially stabilizing these mRNAs and driving their translocation through the nuclear shell to promote translation and infection progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Enustun, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armbruster, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yee, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deep, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naritomi, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aigner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adler, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cress, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaikeeratisak, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cleveland, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghassemian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pogliano, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbett, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.22.559000</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A phage nucleus-associated RNA-binding protein is required for jumbo phage infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.25.559202v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The MUC19 gene in Denisovans, Neanderthals, and Modern Humans: An Evolutionary History of Recurrent Introgression and Natural Selection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.25.559202v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We study the gene MUC19, for which some modern humans carry a Denisovan-like haplotype. MUC19 is a mucin, a glycoprotein that forms gels with various biological functions. We find diagnostic variants for the Denisovan-like MUC19 haplotype at high frequencies in admixed Latin American individuals, and at highest frequency in 23 ancient Indigenous American individuals, all predating population admixture with Europeans and Africans. We find that the Denisovan-like MUC19 haplotype is under positive selection and carries a higher copy number of a 30 base-pair variable number tandem repeat, and that copy numbers of this repeat are exceedingly high in American populations. Finally, some Neanderthals carry the Denisovan-like MUC19 haplotype, and that it was likely introgressed into human populations through Neanderthal introgression rather than Denisovan introgression.

One-Sentence SummaryModern humans and Neanderthals carry a Denisovan variant of the MUC19 gene, which is under positive selection in populations of Indigenous American ancestry.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Villanea, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peede, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufman, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anorve-Garibay, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dillon, K. E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeloni, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marnetto, d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moorjani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jay, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valdmanis, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avila-Arcos, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huerta-Sanchez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.25.559202</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The MUC19 gene in Denisovans, Neanderthals, and Modern Humans: An Evolutionary History of Recurrent Introgression and Natural Selection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.22.559081v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Topography influences diurnal and seasonal microclimate fluctuations in hilly terrain environments of coastal California 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.22.559081v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the topographic basis for microclimatic variation remains fundamental to predicting the site level effects of warming air temperatures. Quantifying diurnal fluctuation and seasonal extremes in relation to topography offer insight into the potential relationship between site level conditions and changes in regional climate. The present study investigated an annual understory temperature regime for 50 sites distributed across a topographically diverse area (>12 km2) comprised of mixed evergreen-deciduous woodland vegetation typical of California coastal ranges. We investigated the effect of topography and tree cover on site-to-site variation in near-surface temperatures using a combination of multiple linear regression and multivariate techniques. Sites in topographically depressed areas (e.g., valley bottoms) exhibited larger seasonal and diurnal variation. Elevation (at 10 m resolution) was found to be the primary driver of daily and seasonal variations, in addition to local topographic features that measure how depressed a site is compared to the surrounding area, canopy cover and northness. The elevation effect on seasonal mean temperatures was inverted, reflecting large-scale cold-air pooling in the study region, with elevated minimum and mean temperature at higher elevations. Additionally, several of our sites showed considerable buffering (dampened diurnal and seasonal temperature fluctuations) compared to average regional conditions measured by weather station. Results from this study help inform efforts to extrapolate temperature records across large landscapes and have the potential to improve our ecological understanding of fine-scale seasonal climate variation in coastal range environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>John, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olden, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oldfather, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kling, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ackerly, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.22.559081</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Topography influences diurnal and seasonal microclimate fluctuations in hilly terrain environments of coastal California]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.25.559438v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural circuit mechanisms underlying context-specific halting in Drosophila. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.25.559438v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Walking is a complex motor program involving coordinated and distributed activity across the brain and the spinal cord. Halting appropriately at the correct time is a critical but often overlooked component of walking control. While recent studies have delineated specific genetically defined neuronal populations in the mouse brainstem that drive different types of halting1-3, the underlying neural circuit mechanisms responsible for overruling the competing walking-state neural activity to generate context-appropriate halting, remain unclear. Here, we elucidate two fundamental mechanisms by which Drosophila implement context-appropriate halting. The first mechanism ("walk-OFF" mechanism) relies on GABAergic neurons that inhibit specific descending walking commands in the brain, while the second mechanism ("brake" mechanism) relies on excitatory cholinergic neurons in the nerve-cord that lead to an active arrest of stepping movements. Using connectome-informed models4-6 and functional studies, we show that two neuronal types that deploy the "walk-OFF" mechanism inhibit distinct populations of walking-promotion neurons, leading to differential halting of forward-walking or steering. The "brake" neurons on the other hand, override all walking commands by simultaneously inhibiting descending walking promoting pathways and increasing the resistance at the leg-joints leading to an arrest of leg movements in the stance phase of walking. We characterized two ethologically relevant behavioral contexts in which the distinct halting mechanisms were used by the animal in a mutually exclusive manner: the "walk-OFF" pathway was engaged for halting during feeding, and the "brake" pathway was engaged for halting during grooming. Furthermore, this knowledge of the neural targets and mechanisms for halting, allowed us to use connectomics to predict novel halting pathways that could be relevant in other behavioral contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sapkal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mancini, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spiller, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murakami, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vitelli, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bargeron, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maier, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jefferis, G. S. X. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sterne, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bidaye, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.25.559438</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural circuit mechanisms underlying context-specific halting in Drosophila.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.27.559826v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping the biochemical landscape of rubisco 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.27.559826v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rubisco is the primary CO2 fixing enzyme of the biosphere yet has slow kinetics. The roles of evolution and chemical mechanism in constraining the sequence landscape of rubisco remain debated. In order to map sequence to function, we developed a massively parallel assay for rubisco using an engineered E. coli where enzyme function is coupled to growth. By assaying >99% of single amino acid mutants across CO2 concentrations, we inferred enzyme velocity and CO2 affinity for thousands of substitutions. We identified many highly conserved positions that tolerate mutation and rare mutations that improve CO2 affinity. These data suggest that non-trivial kinetic improvements are readily accessible and provide a comprehensive sequence-to-function mapping for enzyme engineering efforts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Prywes, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oltrogge, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Pins, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowan, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor-Kearney, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.27.559826</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping the biochemical landscape of rubisco]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.27.558320v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep Variational Autoencoders for Population Genetics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.27.558320v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationModern biobanks provide numerous high-resolution genomic sequences of diverse populations. These datasets enable a better understanding of genotype-phenotype interactions with genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and power a new personalized precision medicine with polygenic risk scores (PRS). In order to account for diverse and admixed populations, new algorithmic tools are needed in order to properly capture the genetic composition of populations. Here we explore deep learning techniques, namely variational autoencoders (VAEs), to process genomic data from a population perspective. We hope this work will encourage the adoption of deep neural networks in the population genetics community.

ResultsIn this paper, we show the power of VAEs for a variety of tasks relating to the interpretation, classification, simulation, and compression of genomic data with several worldwide whole genome datasets from both humans and canids and evaluate the performance of the proposed applications with and without ancestry conditioning. The unsupervised setting of autoencoders allows for the detection and learning of granular population structure and inferring of informative latent factors. The learned latent spaces of VAEs are able to capture and represent differentiated Gaussian-like clusters of samples with similar genetic composition on a fine-scale from single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), enabling applications in dimensionality reduction, data simulation, and imputation. These individual genotype sequences can then be decomposed into latent representations and reconstruction errors (residuals) which provide a sparse representation useful for lossless compression. We show that different population groups have differentiated compression ratios and classification accuracies. Additionally, we analyze the entropy of the SNP data, its effect on compression across populations, its relation to historical migrations, and we show how to introduce autoencoders into existing compression pipelines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Geleta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mas Montserrat, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giro-i-Nieto, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ioannidis, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.27.558320</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep Variational Autoencoders for Population Genetics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.28.559894v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural pathway for class III PI 3-kinase activation by the myristoylated GTP-binding pseudokinase VPS15 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.28.559894v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The class III phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase complexes I and II (PI3KC3-C1 and -C2) are central to the initiation of macroautophagy and endosomal maturation, respectively. Through three-dimensional classification of a large cryo-EM dataset of human PI3KC3-C1 bound to the small GTPase RAB1A, we were able to map the structural pathway of enzyme activation. The inactive conformation is stabilized by an N-myristoyl modification of the pseudokinase (PK) subunit VPS15. The N-myristate is sequestered in the N-lobe of the VPS15 PK domain, which stabilizes a series of interactions whereby VPS15 sequesters and blocks the catalytic and membrane binding units of the VPS34 lipid kinase. In the activated conformation, the N-myristate and the VPS34 lipid kinase domain are liberated to interact with membranes and catalyze PI3P formation. The VPS15 PK domain contains a unique Arg at the gatekeeper position and binds tightly to GTP. GTP binding structurally stabilizes the N-myristate "in" conformation, which promotes the inactive conformation. This pathway provides a general mechanism for PI3KC3 activation in autophagy and endosome biogenesis and a roadmap for their pharmacological upregulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cook, A. S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claveras Cabezudo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iavarone, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hummer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurley, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.28.559894</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural pathway for class III PI 3-kinase activation by the myristoylated GTP-binding pseudokinase VPS15]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.27.559406v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HybriSeq: Probe-based Device-free Single-cell RNA Profiling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.27.559406v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We have developed the HybriSeq method for single-cell RNA profiling, which utilizes in situ hybridization of multiple probes for targeted transcripts, followed by split-pool barcoding and sequencing analysis of the probes. We have shown that HybriSeq can achieve high sensitivity for RNA detection with multiple probes and profile entire transcripts without an end bias. The utility of HybriSeq is demonstrated in characterizing cell-to-cell heterogeneities of a panel of 196 genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and the detection of missed annotations of transcripts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Foyt, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.27.559406</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HybriSeq: Probe-based Device-free Single-cell RNA Profiling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.27.559646v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hierarchical VAEs provide a normative account of motion processing in the primate brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.27.559646v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The relationship between perception and inference, as postulated by Helmholtz in the 19th century, is paralleled in modern machine learning by generative models like Variational Autoencoders (VAEs) and their hierarchical variants. Here, we evaluate the role of hierarchical inference and its alignment with brain function in the domain of motion perception. We first introduce a novel synthetic data framework, Retinal Optic Flow Learning (ROFL), which enables control over motion statistics and their causes. We then present a new hierarchical VAE and test it against alternative models on two downstream tasks: (i) predicting ground truth causes of retinal optic flow (e.g., self-motion); and (ii) predicting the responses of neurons in the motion processing pathway of primates. We manipulate the model architectures (hierarchical versus non-hierarchical), loss functions, and the causal structure of the motion stimuli. We find that hierarchical latent structure in the model leads to several improvements. First, it improves the linear decodability of ground truth factors and does so in a sparse and disentangled manner. Second, our hierarchical VAE outperforms previous state-of-the-art models in predicting neuronal responses and exhibits sparse latent-to-neuron relationships. These results depend on the causal structure of the world, indicating that alignment between brains and artificial neural networks depends not only on architecture but also on matching ecologically relevant stimulus statistics. Taken together, our results suggest that hierarchical Bayesian inference underlines the brains understanding of the world, and hierarchical VAEs can effectively model this understanding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vafaii, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yates, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butts, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.27.559646</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hierarchical VAEs provide a normative account of motion processing in the primate brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.27.559768v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Best practices for perturbation MPRA--a computational evaluation framework of sequence design strategies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.27.559768v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The advent of the perturbation-based massively parallel reporter assays (MPRAs) technique has enabled delineating of the roles of non-coding regulatory elements in orchestrating gene expression. However, computational efforts remain scant to evaluate and establish guidelines for sequence design strategies for perturbation MPRAs. Here, we propose a framework for evaluating and comparing various perturbation strategies for MPRA experiments. Under this framework, we benchmark three different perturbation approaches from the perspectives of alteration in motif-based profiles, consistency of MPRA outputs, and robustness of models that predict the activities of putative regulatory motifs. Although our analyses show similar while significant results in multiple metrics, the method of randomly shuffling nucleotides outperform the other two methods. Thus, we still recommend designing sequences by randomly shuffling the nucleotides of the perturbed site in perturbation-MPRA. The evaluation framework, together with the benchmarking findings in our work, creates a resource of computational pipelines and illustrates the promise of perturbation-MPRA for predicting non-coding regulatory activities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashuach, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inoue, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahituv, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreimer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.27.559768</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Best practices for perturbation MPRA--a computational evaluation framework of sequence design strategies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.29.560040v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A conserved class of viral RNA structures regulate translation reinitiation through dynamic ribosome interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.29.560040v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Certain viral RNAs encode proteins downstream of the main protein coding region, expressed through "termination-reinitiation" events, dependent on RNA structure. RNA elements located upstream of the first stop codon within these viral mRNAs bind the ribosome, preventing ribosome recycling and inducing reinitiation. We used bioinformatic methods to identify new examples of viral reinitiation-stimulating RNAs and experimentally verified their secondary structure and function. We determined the structure of a representative viral RNA-ribosome complex using cryoEM. 3D classification and variability analyses reveal that the viral RNA structure can sample a range of conformations while remaining tethered to the ribosome, which enabling the ribosome to find a reinitiation start site within a limited range of mRNA sequence. Evaluating the conserved features and constraints of this entire RNA class in the context of the cryoEM reconstruction provides insight into mechanisms enabling reinitiation, a translation regulation strategy employed by many other viral and eukaryotic systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sherlock, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langeberg, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kieft, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.29.560040</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A conserved class of viral RNA structures regulate translation reinitiation through dynamic ribosome interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.29.560240v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Degraded tactile coding in the Cntnap2 mouse model of autism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.29.560240v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Atypical sensory processing in autism involves altered neural circuit function and neural coding in sensory cortex, but the nature of coding disruption is poorly understood. We characterized neural coding in L2/3 of whisker somatosensory cortex (S1) of Cntnap2-/- mice, an autism model with pronounced hypofunction of parvalbumin (PV) inhibitory circuits. We tested for both excess spiking, which is often hypothesized in autism models with reduced inhibition, and alterations in somatotopic coding, using c-fos immunostaining and 2-photon calcium imaging in awake mice. In Cntnap2-/- mice, c- fos-(+) neuron density was elevated in L2/3 of S1 under spontaneous activity conditions, but comparable to control mice after whisker stimulation, suggesting that sensory-evoked spiking was relatively normal. 2-photon GCaMP8m imaging in L2/3 pyramidal cells revealed no increase in whisker-evoked response magnitude, but instead showed multiple signs of degraded somatotopic coding. These included broadening of whisker tuning curves, blurring of the whisker map, and blunting of the point representation of each whisker. These altered properties were more pronounced in noisy than sparse sensory conditions. Tuning instability, assessed over 2-3 weeks of longitudinal imaging, was also significantly increased in Cntnap2-/- mice. Thus, Cntnap2-/- mice show no excess spiking, but a degraded and unstable tactile code in S1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>WANG, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.29.560240</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Degraded tactile coding in the Cntnap2 mouse model of autism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.30.560311v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural and quantum chemical basis for OCP-mediated quenching of phycobilisomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.30.560311v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cyanobacteria employ large antenna complexes called phycobilisomes (PBS) for light harvesting. However, intense light triggers non-photochemical quenching, where the Orange Carotenoid Protein (OCP) binds to PBS, dissipating excess energy as heat. The mechanism of efficiently transferring energy from phycocyanobilins in PBS to canthaxanthin in OCP remains insufficiently understood. Using advanced cryogenic-electron microscopy, we unveiled the OCP-PBS complex structure at 1.6-2.1 [A] resolution, showcasing its inherent flexibility. Employing multiscale quantum chemistry, we disclosed the quenching mechanism. Identifying key protein residues, we clarified how canthaxanthins transition dipole moment in its lowest-energy dark state becomes large enough for efficient energy transfer from phycocyanobilins. Our energy transfer model offers a detailed understanding of the atomic determinants of light harvesting regulation and antenna architecture in cyanobacteria.

One sentence summaryHigh-resolution cryo-EM structure of the OCP-PBS complex reveals intrinsic motions and enables the atomic simulation of the quenching mechanism
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sauer, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cupellini, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bondanza, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominguez Martin, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirst, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bina, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koh, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotecha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greber, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogales, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polivka, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mennucci, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerfeld, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.30.560311</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural and quantum chemical basis for OCP-mediated quenching of phycobilisomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.29.560160v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rhythmic lipid and gene expression responses to chilling in panicoid grasses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.29.560160v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chilling stress threatens plant growth and development, particularly affecting membrane fluidity and cellular integrity. Understanding plant membrane responses to chilling stress is important for unraveling the molecular mechanisms of stress tolerance. Whereas core transcriptional responses to chilling stress and stress tolerance are conserved across species, the associated changes in membrane lipids appear to be less conserved, as which lipids are affected by chilling stress varies by species. Here, we investigated changes in gene expression and membrane lipids in response to chilling stress during one diurnal cycle in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), Urochloa (browntop signal grass, Urochloa fusca) (lipids only), and foxtail millet (Setaria italica), leveraging their evolutionary relatedness and differing levels of chilling-stress tolerance. We show that most chilling-induced lipid changes are conserved across the three species, while we observed distinct, time-specific responses in chilling-tolerant foxtail millet, indicating the presence of a finely orchestrated adaptive mechanism. We detected diurnal rhythmicity in lipid responses to chilling stress in the three grasses, which were also present in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), suggesting the conservation of rhythmic patterns across species and highlighting the importance of accounting for diurnal effects. When integrating lipid datasets with gene expression profiles, we identified potential candidate genes that showed corresponding transcriptional changes in response to chilling stress, providing insights into the differences in regulatory mechanisms between chilling-sensitive sorghum and chilling-tolerant foxtail millet.

Significance StatementPlants respond to low-temperature stress in myriad ways. While core transcriptional changes are conserved across species, specific adaptive strategies do exist. However, membrane lipid responses during chilling do not appear to be conserved. Here, we collected samples from control and chilling stress-treated seedlings [PSC4] to assess gene expression and membrane lipids in three panicoid grasses to show that lipid metabolic changes follow a daily rhythm. Lipid changes in chilling-tolerant foxtail millet occurred at specific time points, partly explaining the difficulty in finding conserved chilling-induced lipid changes in previous reports. We identified specific orthologs in sorghum and foxtail millet that showed a correlation between gene expression and lipid metabolic changes; these orthologs may be used as potential target genes for developing chilling-tolerant sorghum varieties.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kenchanmane Raju, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahboub, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harmon, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnable, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roston, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.29.560160</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rhythmic lipid and gene expression responses to chilling in panicoid grasses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.02.560517v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-fly assemblies fill major phylogenomic gaps across the Drosophilidae Tree of Life 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.02.560517v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Long-read sequencing is driving rapid progress in genome assembly across all major groups of life, including species of the family Drosophilidae, a longtime model system for genetics, genomics, and evolution. We previously developed a cost-effective hybrid Oxford Nanopore (ONT) long-read and Illumina short-read sequencing approach and used it to assemble 101 drosophilid genomes from laboratory cultures, greatly increasing the number of genome assemblies for this taxonomic group. The next major challenge is to address the laboratory culture bias in taxon sampling by sequencing genomes of species that cannot easily be reared in the lab. Here, we build upon our previous methods to perform amplification-free ONT sequencing of single wild flies obtained either directly from the field or from ethanol-preserved specimens in museum collections, greatly improving the representation of lesser studied drosophilid taxa in whole-genome data. Using Illumina Novaseq X Plus and ONT P2 sequencers with R10.4.1 chemistry, we set a new benchmark for inexpensive hybrid genome assembly at US $150 per genome while assembling genomes from as little as 35 ng of genomic DNA from a single fly. We present 183 new genome assemblies for 179 species as a resource for drosophilid systematics, phylogenetics, and comparative genomics. Of these genomes, 62 are from pooled lab strains and 121 from single adult flies. Despite the sample limitations of working with small insects, most single-fly diploid assemblies are comparable in contiguity (>1Mb contig N50), completeness (>98% complete dipteran BUSCOs), and accuracy (>QV40 genome-wide with ONT R10.4.1) to assemblies from inbred lines. We present a well-resolved multi-locus phylogeny for 360 drosophilid and 4 outgroup species encompassing all publicly available (as of August 2023) genomes for this group. Finally, we present a Progressive Cactus whole-genome, reference-free alignment built from a subset of 298 suitably high-quality drosophilid genomes. The new assemblies and alignment, along with updated laboratory protocols and computational pipelines, are released as an open resource and as a tool for studying evolution at the scale of an entire insect family.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, B. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gellert, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Church, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suvorov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barmina, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beskid, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comeault, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crown, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diamond, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorus, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fujichika, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hemker, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hrcek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kankare, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katoh, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magnacca, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsunaga, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medeiros, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitnick, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simoni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steenwinkel, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiffer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Syed, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takahashi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, K. H.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yokoyama, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisen, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopp, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matute, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obbard, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Grady, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toda, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werner, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrov, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.02.560517</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-fly assemblies fill major phylogenomic gaps across the Drosophilidae Tree of Life]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.03.560674v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting the effect of CRISPR-Cas9-based epigenome editing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.03.560674v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epigenetic regulation orchestrates mammalian transcription, but functional links between them remain elusive. To tackle this problem, we use epigenomic and transcriptomic data from 13 ENCODE cell types to train machine learning models to predict gene expression from histone post-translational modifications (PTMs), achieving transcriptome-wide correlations of [~] 0.70 - 0.79 for most cell types. Our models recapitulate known associations between histone PTMs and expression patterns, including predicting that acetylation of histone subunit H3 lysine residue 27 (H3K27ac) near the transcription start site (TSS) significantly increases expression levels. To validate this prediction experimentally and investigate how natural vs. engineered deposition of H3K27ac might differentially affect expression, we apply the synthetic dCas9-p300 histone acetyltransferase system to 8 genes in the HEK293T cell line and to 5 genes in the K562 cell line. Further, to facilitate model building, we perform MNase-seq to map genome-wide nucleosome occupancy levels in HEK293T. We observe that our models perform well in accurately ranking relative fold-changes among genes in response to the dCas9-p300 system; however, their ability to rank fold-changes within individual genes is noticeably diminished compared to predicting expression across cell types from their native epigenetic signatures. Our findings highlight the need for more comprehensive genome-scale epigenome editing datasets, better understanding of the actual modifications made by epigenome editing tools, and improved causal models that transfer better from endogenous cellular measurements to perturbation experiments. Together these improvements would facilitate the ability to understand and predictably control the dynamic human epigenome with consequences for human health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Batra, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabrera, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spence, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilton, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.03.560674</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting the effect of CRISPR-Cas9-based epigenome editing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.03.560714v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Backbone extension acyl rearrangements enable cellular synthesis of proteins with internal β2-peptide linkages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.03.560714v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proteins and polypeptides containing extended backbone monomers embody highly desirable structures and functions, but they cannot yet be biosynthesized in cells. There are two challenges at work. First is the ribosome, whose ability to promote rapid bond-forming reactions to and from anything other than an -amino acid or -hydroxy acid is unknown. The second challenge is the absence of orthogonal enzymes that acylate tRNA with extended backbone monomers. Here we describe a general approach to the programmed cellular synthesis of proteins containing extended backbone monomers that circumvents both of these challenges. Rather than relying on direct and uncharacterized reactions of non--amino acid monomers within the ribosomal PTC, we develop a proximity-guided intramolecular rearrangement that effectively edits the protein backbone post-translationally. The method relies on the ability of PylRS-like aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase enzymes to accept diverse -hydroxy acid monomers, including those whose side chains contain masked nucleophiles. Introduction of such an -hydroxy acid monomer into a protein translated in vivo, followed by nucleophile unmasking, sets up a thermodynamically favored and quantitative intramolecular Backbone Extension Acyl Rearrangement (BEAR) reaction that edits the protein backbone to install an extended backbone monomer. In the examples described here, the intramolecular rearrangement converts an -peptide backbone directly into a {beta}-backbone. As far as we know, this report represents the first example in which a much-desired expanded backbone {beta}-amino acid linkage has been introduced site-selectively into a protein in a cell.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schepartz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roe, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schissel, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dover, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamlish, N. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dilworth, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francis, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.03.560714</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Backbone extension acyl rearrangements enable cellular synthesis of proteins with internal β2-peptide linkages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.03.560769v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MOIRE: A software package for the estimation of allele frequenciesand effective multiplicity of infection from polyallelic data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.03.560769v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationMalaria parasite genetic data can provide insight into parasite phenotypes, evolution, and transmission. However, estimating key parameters such as allele frequencies, multiplicity of infection (MOI), and within-host relatedness from genetic data is challenging, particularly in the presence of multiple related coinfecting strains. Existing methods often rely on single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data and do not account for within-host relatedness.

ResultsWe present MOIRE (Multiplicity Of Infection and allele frequency REcovery), a Bayesian approach to estimate allele frequencies, MOI, and within-host relatedness from genetic data subject to experimental error. MOIRE accommodates both polyallelic and SNP data, making it applicable to diverse genotyping panels. We also introduce a novel metric, the effective MOI (eMOI), which integrates MOI and within-host relatedness, providing a robust and interpretable measure of genetic diversity. Extensive simulations and real-world data from a malaria study in Namibia demonstrate the superior performance of MOIRE over naive estimation methods, accurately estimating MOI up to 7 with moderate sized panels of diverse loci (e.g. microhaplotypes). MOIRE also revealed substantial heterogeneity in population mean MOI and mean relatedness across health districts in Namibia, suggesting detectable differences in transmission dynamics. Notably, eMOI emerges as a portable metric of within-host diversity, facilitating meaningful comparisons across settings when allele frequencies or genotyping panels differ. Compared to existing software, MOIRE enables more comprehensive insights into within-host diversity and population structure.

AvailabilityMOIRE is available as an R package at https://eppicenter.github.io/moire/.

Contactmm@maxmurphy.dev

Supplementary informationSupplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Murphy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenhouse, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.03.560769</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MOIRE: A software package for the estimation of allele frequenciesand effective multiplicity of infection from polyallelic data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.03.560767v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Four-dimensional quantitative analysis of cell plate development using lattice light sheet microscopy identifies robust transition points between growth phases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.03.560767v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell plate formation during cytokinesis entails multiple stages occurring concurrently and requiring orchestrated vesicle delivery, membrane remodeling, and timely polysaccharide deposition, such as callose. Such a dynamic process requires dissection in time and space; hence this has been a major hurdle in studying cytokinesis. Using lattice light sheet microscopy (LLSM) we studied cell plate development in four dimensions, monitored by the behavior of the cytokinesis specific GTPase RABA2a.

We monitored the entire length of cell plate development, from its first emergence, with the aid of RABA2a, both in the presence and absence of cytokinetic callose. By developing a robust cytokinetic vesicle volume analysis, we identified distinct behavioral patterns allowing for the identification of three easily trackable, cell plate developmental phases. Notably, the phase transition between phase I and phase II is striking, indicating a switch from membrane accumulation to the recycling of excess membrane material.

We interrogated the role of callose using pharmacological inhibition with LLSM and electron microscopy. Loss of callose inhibited phase transition, establishing quantitatively the critical role and timing of the polysaccharide in cell plate expansion and maturation.

This study exemplifies the power of LLSM, combined with quantitative analysis to decode and untangle such a complex process.

HighlightWe employed lattice light sheet 4D microscopy in plants to dissect cytokinesis, a multistage process involving orchestrating delivery of membranes and timely polysaccharide deposition. Robust quantitative analysis revealed distinct phase shifts, while inhibition of callose deposition abolished the phase transition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sinclair, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jawaid, M. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aaron, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossetti, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wait, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>heddleston, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkop, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drakakaki, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.03.560767</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Four-dimensional quantitative analysis of cell plate development using lattice light sheet microscopy identifies robust transition points between growth phases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.04.560884v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CASTER: Direct species tree inference from whole-genome alignments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.04.560884v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genomes contain mosaics of discordant evolutionary histories, challenging the accurate inference of the tree of life. While genome-wide data are routinely used for discordance-aware phylogenomic analyses, due to modeling and scalability limitations, the current practice leaves out large chunks of the genomes. As more high-quality genomes become available, we urgently need discordance-aware methods to infer the tree directly from a multiple genome alignment. Here, we introduce CASTER, a site-based method that eliminates the need to predefine recombination-free loci. CASTER is statistically consistent under incomplete lineage sorting and is scalable to hundreds of mammalian whole genomes. We show both in simulations and on real data that CASTER is scalable and accurate and that its per-site scores can reveal interesting patterns of evolution across the genome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirarab, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.04.560884</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CASTER: Direct species tree inference from whole-genome alignments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.05.561114v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential Requirement for Dimerization of the Membrane-Binding PH-TH Module of BTK in B cells and T cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.05.561114v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brutons tyrosine kinase (BTK) is a major drug target in immune cells. The membrane-binding pleckstrin-homology and tec-homology (PH-TH) domains of BTK are required for signaling. In vitro, dimerization of the PH-TH module strongly stimulates BTK kinase activity. Whether BTK dimerizes in cells via the PH-TH module, and whether this dimerization is necessary for signaling, is unknown. To address this question, we developed high-throughput mutagenesis assays for BTK function in B cells and T cells. We measured the fitness costs for thousands of point mutations in the PH-TH module and kinase domain, allowing us to assess whether dimerization of the PH-TH module and BTK kinase activity are necessary for function. In Ramos B cells we find that neither PH-TH dimerization nor kinase activity is required for BTK signaling. Instead, in Ramos cells, BTK signaling is enhanced by mutations in the PH-TH module that increase membrane adsorption, even at the cost of reduced PH-TH dimerization. In contrast, in Jurkat T cells, we find that BTK signaling depends on both PH-TH dimerization and kinase activity. Evolutionary analysis shows that BTK proteins in fish and lower organisms, like all Tec kinases other than BTK, lack PH-TH dimerization but have active kinase domains. Thus, PH-TH dimerization is not intrinsically required for Tec-kinase activity, and is a special feature that evolved to exert stricter regulatory control on BTK kinase activity as adaptive immune systems gained increased complexity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eisen, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghaffari-Kashani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuriyan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.05.561114</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential Requirement for Dimerization of the Membrane-Binding PH-TH Module of BTK in B cells and T cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.05.561141v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regional specialization, polyploidy, and seminal fluid transcripts in the Drosophila female reproductive tract 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.05.561141v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Internal fertilization requires the choreographed interaction of female cells and molecules with seminal fluid and sperm. In many animals, including insects, the female reproductive tract is physically subdivided into sections that carry out specialized functions. For example, females of many species have specialized organs for sperm storage. Drosophila melanogaster is a premier model system for investigating many aspects of animal reproduction. Nevertheless, in contrast to males, much of the basic biology of the D. melanogaster female reproductive tract remains poorly understood or completely unknown. Here we use single-cell RNA-seq data and in situ hybridization to reveal a rich and previously unknown female reproductive tract cell diversity, including widespread variation in ploidy levels. We find that many so-called seminal fluid protein genes appear to be transcribed in specialized cells of the female reproductive tract, motivating a re-evaluation of the functional and evolutionary biology of this major class of proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thayer, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polston, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Begun, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.05.561141</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regional specialization, polyploidy, and seminal fluid transcripts in the Drosophila female reproductive tract]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.06.559866v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Flat Protein Complex Shapes Rough ER Membrane Sheets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.06.559866v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rough ER sheets are a fundamental domain of the ER and the gateway into the secretory pathway. While reticulon proteins stabilize high-curvature ER tubules, it is unclear if other proteins scaffold the flat membranes of rough ER sheets. Through a proteomics screen using ER sheet localized RNA-binding proteins as bait, we identify the Sigma-1 receptor (SigmaR1) as an ER sheet shaping factor. High-resolution live cell imaging and electron tomography assign SigmaR1 as an ER sheet-localized factor whose levels determine the amount of rough ER sheets in cells. Structure-guided mutagenesis and in vitro reconstitution on giant unilamellar vesicles further support a mechanism whereby SigmaR1 oligomers use their extended arrays of amphipathic helices to bind and flatten the lumenal leaflet of ER membranes. Our results demonstrate an unexpected way for proteins to sense and propagate flat membrane sheets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sawyer, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meehl, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larsen, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petito, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurley, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voeltz, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.06.559866</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Flat Protein Complex Shapes Rough ER Membrane Sheets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.06.561190v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LRRK2 kinase inhibition reverses G2019S mutation-dependent effects on tau pathology spread 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.06.561190v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are the most common cause of familial Parkinsons disease (PD). These mutations elevate LRRK2 kinase activity, making LRRK2 kinase inhibitors an attractive therapeutic target. LRRK2 kinase activity has been consistently linked to specific cell signaling pathways, mostly related to organelle trafficking and homeostasis, but its relationship to PD pathogenesis has been more difficult to define. LRRK2-PD patients consistently present with loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra but show variable development of Lewy body or tau tangle pathology. Animal models carrying LRRK2 mutations do not develop robust PD-related phenotypes spontaneously, hampering the assessment of LRRK2 inhibitors efficacy against disease processes. We hypothesized that mutations in LRRK2 may not be directly related to a single disease pathway, but instead may elevate susceptibility to multiple disease processes, depending on the disease trigger. To test this hypothesis, we have previously evaluated progression of -synuclein and tau pathologies following injection of proteopathic seeds. We demonstrated that transgenic mice overexpressing mutant LRRK2 show alterations in the brain-wide progression of pathology, especially at older ages. Here, we assess tau pathology progression in relation to long-term LRRK2 kinase inhibition. Wildtype or LRRK2G2019S knock-in mice were injected with tau fibrils and treated with control diet or diet containing LRRK2 kinase inhibitor MLi-2 targeting the IC50 or IC90 of LRRK2 for 3 to 6 months. Mice were evaluated for tau pathology by brain-wide quantitative pathology in 665 brain regions and subsequent linear diffusion modeling of progression. Consistent with our previous work, we found systemic alterations in the progression of tau pathology in LRRK2G2019S mice that were most pronounced at 6 months. Importantly, LRRK2 kinase inhibition reversed these effects in LRRK2G2019S mice, but had minimal effect in wildtype mice, suggesting that LRRK2 kinase inhibition is likely to reverse specific disease processes in G2019S mutation carriers, but additional work may be necessary to determine the potential effect in non-carriers. This work supports a protective role of LRRK2 kinase inhibition in G2019S carriers and provides a rational workflow for systematic evaluation of brain-wide phenotypes in therapeutic development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lubben, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brynildsen, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leyns, C. E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webb, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Changolkar, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meymand, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Reilly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madaj, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeWeerd, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fell, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, V. M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassett, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henderson, M. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.06.561190</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LRRK2 kinase inhibition reverses G2019S mutation-dependent effects on tau pathology spread]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.05.561066v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CELL-E 2: Translating Proteins to Pictures and Back with a Bidirectional Text-to-Image Transformer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.05.561066v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present CELL-E 2, a novel bidirectional transformer that can generate images depicting protein subcellular localization from the amino acid sequences (and vice versa). Protein localization is a challenging problem that requires integrating sequence and image information, which most existing methods ignore. CELL-E 2 extends the work of CELL-E, not only capturing the spatial complexity of protein localization and produce probability estimates of localization atop a nucleus image, but also being able to generate sequences from images, enabling de novo protein design. We train and finetune CELL-E 2 on two large-scale datasets of human proteins. We also demonstrate how to use CELL-E 2 to create hundreds of novel nuclear localization signals (NLS). Results and interactive demos are featured at https://bohuanglab.github.io/CELL-E_2/.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khwaja, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agarunov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.05.561066</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CELL-E 2: Translating Proteins to Pictures and Back with a Bidirectional Text-to-Image Transformer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.06.561250v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep mutational scanning of CYP2C19 reveals a substrate specificity-abundance tradeoff 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.06.561250v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) are a family of enzymes responsible for metabolizing nearly 80% of small molecule drugs. Variants in CYPs can substantially alter drug metabolism, which may result in improper dosing and severe adverse drug reactions. CYPs have low sequence conservation, making it difficult to anticipate whether variant effects measured in one CYP may extend to others based on sequence alone. Even closely related CYPs, like CYP2C9 and its closest homolog CYP2C19, have distinct phenotypic properties despite sharing 92% amino acid sequence identity. Thus, we used Variant Abundance by Massively Parallel sequencing (VAMP-seq) to measure the steady-state protein abundance, a proxy for protein stability, of 7,660 missense variants in CYP2C19 expressed in cultured human cells. Our results confirmed positions and structural features critical for CYP function and revealed how variants at positions conserved across all eukaryotic CYPs influence abundance. We jointly analyzed 4,670 variants whose abundance was measured in both CYP2C19 and CYP2C9, finding that the homologs have different variant abundances in substrate recognition sites within the hydrophobic core, and that substitutions in some regions reduced abundance in CYP2C19 but not CYP2C9. We also measured the abundance of all single and some multiple WT amino acid exchanges between CYP2C19 and CYP2C9. While most exchanges had no effect, substitutions in substrate recognition site 4 (SRS4) reduced abundance in CYP2C19. When nearby amino acids were exchanged in double and triple mutants, we found distinct interactions between the sites in CYP2C19 and CYP2C9, revealing a region that is partially responsible for the difference in thermodynamic stability between the two homologs. Since these positions are also important for determining substrate specificity, there may be an evolutionary tradeoff between stability and altered enzymatic function. Finally, we used our data to analyze 368 previously unannotated human variants, finding that 43% had decreased abundance. Thus, by comparing variant effects between two closely related and important human genes, we have uncovered regions underlying their functional differences and paved the way for a more complete understanding of one of the most versatile families of enzymes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boyle, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sitko, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galloway, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haddox, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bianchi, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dixon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomson, R. E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garge, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rettie, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geck, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillam, E. M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeWitt, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsen, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fowler, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.06.561250</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep mutational scanning of CYP2C19 reveals a substrate specificity-abundance tradeoff]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.09.561603v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generalized Biomolecular Modeling and Design with RoseTTAFold All-Atom 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.09.561603v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although AlphaFold2 (AF2) and RoseTTAFold (RF) have transformed structural biology by enabling high-accuracy protein structure modeling, they are unable to model covalent modifications or interactions with small molecules and other non-protein molecules that can play key roles in biological function. Here, we describe RoseTTAFold All-Atom (RFAA), a deep network capable of modeling full biological assemblies containing proteins, nucleic acids, small molecules, metals, and covalent modifications given the sequences of the polymers and the atomic bonded geometry of the small molecules and covalent modifications. Following training on structures of full biological assemblies in the Protein Data Bank (PDB), RFAA has comparable protein structure prediction accuracy to AF2, excellent performance in CAMEO for flexible backbone small molecule docking, and reasonable prediction accuracy for protein covalent modifications and assemblies of proteins with multiple nucleic acid chains and small molecules which, to our knowledge, no existing method can model simultaneously. By fine-tuning on diffusive denoising tasks, we develop RFdiffusion All-Atom (RFdiffusionAA), which generates binding pockets by directly building protein structures around small molecules and other non-protein molecules. Starting from random distributions of amino acid residues surrounding target small molecules, we design and experimentally validate proteins that bind the cardiac disease therapeutic digoxigenin, the enzymatic cofactor heme, and optically active bilin molecules with potential for expanding the range of wavelengths captured by photosynthesis. We anticipate that RFAA and RFdiffusionAA will be widely useful for modeling and designing complex biomolecular systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krishna, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahern, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sturmfels, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkatesh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalvet, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morey-Burrows, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anishchenko, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humphreys, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McHugh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vafeados, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutherland, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hitchcock, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunter, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiMaio, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.09.561603</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generalized Biomolecular Modeling and Design with RoseTTAFold All-Atom]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.06.561080v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A red-emitting carborhodamine for monitoring and measuring membrane potential 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.06.561080v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biological membrane potentials, or voltages, are a central facet of cellular life. Optical methods to visualize cellular membrane voltages with fluorescent indicators are an attractive complement to traditional electrode-based approaches, since imaging methods can be high throughput, less invasive, and provide more spatial resolution than electrodes.

Recently developed fluorescent indicators for voltage largely report changes in membrane voltage by monitoring voltage-dependent fluctuations in fluorescence intensity. However, it would be useful to be able to not only monitor changes, but also measure values of membrane potentials. This study discloses a new fluorescent indicator which can address both.

We describe the synthesis of a new sulfonated tetramethyl carborhodamine fluorophore. When this carborhodamine is conjugated with an electron-rich, methoxy (-OMe) containing phenylenevinylene molecular wire, the resulting molecule, CRhOMe, is a voltage-sensitive fluorophore with red/far-red fluorescence.

Using CRhOMe, changes in cellular membrane potential can be read out using fluorescence intensity or lifetime. In fluorescence intensity mode, CRhOMe tracks fast-spiking neuronal action potentials with greater signal-to-noise than state-of-the-art BeRST (another voltage-sensitive fluorophore). CRhOMe can also measure values of membrane potential. The fluorescence lifetime of CRhOMe follows a single exponential decay, substantially improving the quantification of membrane potential values using fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM). The combination of red-shifted excitation and emission, mono-exponential decay, and high voltage sensitivity enable fast FLIM recording of action potentials in cardiomyocytes. The ability to both monitor and measure membrane potentials with red light using CRhOMe makes it an important approach for studying biological voltages.

Significance StatementBiological membrane potentials are maintained by all forms of life. In electrically excitable cells, fast changes in membrane potential drive downstream events: neurotransmitter release, contraction, or insulin secretion. The ability to monitor changes in and measure values of cellular membrane potentials is central to a mechanistic understanding of cellular physiology and disease. Traditional modes for measuring membrane potential use electrodes, which are invasive, destructive, low throughput, and ill-suited to interrogate spatial dynamics of membrane potentials. Optical methods to visualize potentials with fluorescent dyes offer a powerful complement to traditional electrode approaches. In this study, we show that a new, red to farred fluorophore can both monitor changes in and measure values of membrane potential in a variety of living systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gest, A. M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazzari-Dean, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortiz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaeger-Weiss, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boggess, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.06.561080</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A red-emitting carborhodamine for monitoring and measuring membrane potential]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.09.561500v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Do calcium channel blockers applied to cardiomyocytes cause increased channel expression resulting in reduced efficacy? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.09.561500v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the initial hours following the application of the calcium channel blocker (CCB) nifedipine to microtissues consisting of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs), we observe notable variations in the drugs efficacy. Here, we investigate the possibility that these temporal changes in CCB effects are associated with adaptations in the expression of calcium ion channels in cardiomyocyte membranes. To explore this, we employ a recently developed mathematical model that delineates the regulation of calcium ion channel expression by intracellular calcium concentrations. According to the model, a decline in intracellular calcium levels below a certain target level triggers an upregulation of calcium ion channels. Such an upregulation, if instigated by a CCB, would then counteract the drugs inhibitory effect on calcium currents. We assess this hypothesis using time-dependent measurements of hiPSC-CMs dynamics and by refining an existing mathematical model of myocyte action potentials incorporating the dynamic nature of the number of calcium ion channels. The revised model forecasts that the CCB-induced reduction in intracellular calcium concentrations leads to a subsequent increase in calcium ion channel expression, thereby attenuating the drugs overall efficacy. The data and fit models suggests that dynamic changes in cardiac cells in the presence of CCBs may be explainable by induced changes in protein expression, and that this may lead to challenges in understanding calcium based drug effects on the heart unless timings of applications are carefully considered.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jaeger, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charwat, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wall, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Healy, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tveito, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.09.561500</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Do calcium channel blockers applied to cardiomyocytes cause increased channel expression resulting in reduced efficacy?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.10.561776v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GPN-MSA: an alignment-based DNA language model for genome-wide variant effect prediction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.10.561776v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Whereas protein language models have demonstrated remarkable efficacy in predicting the effects of missense variants, DNA counterparts have not yet achieved a similar competitive edge for genome-wide variant effect predictions, especially in complex genomes such as that of humans. To address this challenge, we here introduce GPN-MSA, a novel framework for DNA language models that leverages whole-genome sequence alignments across multiple species and takes only a few hours to train. Across several benchmarks on clinical databases (ClinVar, COSMIC, OMIM), experimental functional assays (DMS, DepMap), and population genomic data (gnomAD), our model for the human genome achieves outstanding performance on deleteriousness prediction for both coding and non-coding variants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benegas, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albors, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aw, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.10.561776</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GPN-MSA: an alignment-based DNA language model for genome-wide variant effect prediction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.10.561754v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Programmable delivery of fluoxetine via wearable bioelectronics for wound healing in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.10.561754v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to deliver drugs with precise dosages at specific time points can significantly improve disease treatment while reducing side effects. Drug encapsulation for gradual delivery has opened up the doors for superior treatment regimen. To expand on this ability, programming bioelectronic devices to deliver small molecules enables ad-hoc personalized therapeutic profiles that are more complex than simple gradual release. Here, we introduce a wearable bioelectronic bandage with an integrated electrophoretic ion pump that affords on-demand drug delivery with precise dose control. Delivery of fluoxetine to wounds in mice resulted in a 27.2% decrease in the macrophage ratio (M1/M2) and a 39.9% increase in re-epithelialization, indicating a shorter inflammatory phase and faster overall healing. Programmable drug delivery using wearable bioelectronics in wounds introduces a broadly applicable strategy for the long-term delivery of a prescribed treatment regimen with minimal external intervention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.-y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asefifeyzabadi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baniya, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zlobina, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, H.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrion, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tebyani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teodorescu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallegos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Recendez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alhamo, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norouzi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soulika, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isseroff, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rolandi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.10.561754</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Programmable delivery of fluoxetine via wearable bioelectronics for wound healing in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.12.562141v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activation of automethylated PRC2 by dimerization on chromatin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.12.562141v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) is an epigenetic regulator that trimethylates lysine 27 of histone 3 (H3K27me3) and is essential for embryonic development and cellular differentiation. H3K27me3 is associated with transcriptionally repressed chromatin and is established when PRC2 is allosterically activated upon methyl-lysine binding by the regulatory subunit EED. Automethylation of the catalytic subunit EZH2 stimulates its activity by an unknown mechanism. Here, we show that PRC2 forms a dimer on chromatin in which an inactive, automethylated PRC2 protomer is the allosteric activator of a second PRC2 that is poised to methylate H3 of a substrate nucleosome. Functional assays support our model of allosteric trans-autoactivation via EED, suggesting a novel mechanism mediating context- dependent activation of PRC2. Our work showcases the molecular mechanism of auto- modification coupled dimerization in the regulation of chromatin modifying complexes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sauer, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavlenko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cookis, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zirden, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singhal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunold, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoehne, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Ray, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haensel-Hertsch, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanbonmatsu, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogales, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poepsel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.12.562141</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activation of automethylated PRC2 by dimerization on chromatin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.13.561914v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetically refactored Agrobacterium-mediated transformation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.13.561914v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Members of Agrobacterium are costly plant pathogens while also essential tools for plant transformation. Though Agrobacterium-mediated transformation (AMT) has been heavily studied, its polygenic nature and its complex transcriptional regulation make identifying the genetic basis of transformational efficiency difficult through traditional genetic and bioinformatic approaches. Here we use a bottom-up synthetic approach to systematically refactor the tumor-inducing plasmid, wherein the majority of AMT machine components are encoded, into a minimal set of genes capable of plant and fungal transformation that is both controllable and orthogonal to its environment. We demonstrate that engineered vectors can be transferred to new heterologous bacteria, enabling them to transform plants. Our reductionist approach demonstrates how bottom-up engineering can be used to dissect and elucidate the genetic underpinnings of complex biological traits, and may lead to the development of strains of bacteria more capable of transforming recalcitrant plant species of societal importance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thompson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirkpatrick, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geiselman, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waldburger, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szarzanowicz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vuu, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hummel, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suazo, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tahmin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cevallos, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pannu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gin, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petzold, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gladden, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keasling, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weisberg, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.13.561914</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetically refactored Agrobacterium-mediated transformation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.13.562264v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
EEG spectral attractors identify a geometric core of resting brain activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.13.562264v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spectral analysis of electroencephalographic (EEG) data simplifies the characterization of periodic band parameters but can obscure underlying dynamics. By contrast, reconstruction of neural activity in state-space preserves geometric complexity in the form of a multidimensional, global attractor. Here we combine these perspectives, inferring complexity and shared dynamics from eigen-time-delay embedding of periodic and aperiodic spectral parameters to yield unique dynamical attractors for each EEG parameter. We find that resting-state alpha and aperiodic attractors show low geometric complexity and shared dynamics with all other frequency bands, what we refer to as geometric cross-parameter coupling. Further, the geometric signatures of alpha and aperiodic attractors dominate spectral dynamics, identifying a geometric core of brain activity. Non-core attractors demonstrate higher complexity but retain traces of this low-dimensional signal, supporting a hypothesis that frequency specific information differentiates out of an integrative, dynamic core. Older adults show lower geometric complexity but greater geometric coupling, resulting from dedifferentiation of gamma band activity. The form and content of resting-state thoughts were further associated with the complexity of core dynamics. Thus, the hallmarks of resting-state EEG in the frequency domain, the alpha peak and the aperiodic backbone, reflect a dynamic, geometric core of resting-state brain activity. This evidence for a geometric core in EEG complements evidence for a regionally defined dynamic core from fMRI-based neuroimaging, further supporting the utility of geometric approaches to the analysis of neural data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pourdavood, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacob, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.13.562264</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[EEG spectral attractors identify a geometric core of resting brain activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.11.561813v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chlorophyll to Zeaxanthin Energy Transfer in Non-Photochemical Quenching: An Exciton Annihilation-free Transient Absorption Study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.11.561813v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Zeaxanthin (Zea) is a key component in the energy-dependent, rapidly reversible, non-photochemical quenching process (qE) that regulates photosynthetic light harvesting. Previous transient absorption (TA) studies suggested that Zea can participate in direct quenching via Chlorophyll (Chl) to Zea energy transfer. However, the contamination of intrinsic exciton-exciton annihilation (EEA) makes the assignment of TA signal ambiguous. In this study, we present EEA-free TA data using Nicotiana benthamiana thylakoid membranes, including wild type and three NPQ mutants (npq1, npq4, and lut2) generated by CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis. Results show a strong correlation between excitation energy transfer from excited Chl Qy to Zea S1 and the xanthophyll cycle during qE activation. Notably, a Lut S1 signal is absent in the npq1 thylakoids which lack zeaxanthin. Additionally, the fifth-order response analysis shows a reduction in the exciton diffusion length (LD) from 55 {+/-} 5 nm to 38 {+/-} 3 nm under high light illumination, consistent with the reduced range of exciton motion being a key aspect of plants response to excess light.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, T.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel-Tupper, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas-DeMott, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karavolias, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niyogi, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleming, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.11.561813</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chlorophyll to Zeaxanthin Energy Transfer in Non-Photochemical Quenching: An Exciton Annihilation-free Transient Absorption Study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.12.562068v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of isochoric freezing on quality characteristics of raw bovine milk 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.12.562068v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This study investigated the effects of isochoric freezing (IF) on the shelf-life and quality of raw bovine milk over a 5-week period. The results were compared with conventional refrigeration (RF) and refrigeration after pasteurization (HTST). The IF treatment process entailed storing liquid raw milk in isochoric chambers in thermodynamic equilibrium at -5{degrees}C /77MPa and -10{degrees}C /96MPa. Several parameters were analyzed, including microbiology count, physicochemical properties, indigenous enzyme activity, protein content, volatile organic compounds profile, and lipid degradation. Both raw and pasteurized milk experienced microbial level increases past the acceptable threshold ([&ge;]5.5 log CFU/mL) after 2 weeks and 5 weeks, respectively, leading to the deterioration of other parameters during storage. In comparison, microbiology count decreased significantly during storage for both IF treatment conditions but was more pronounced for the higher pressure (96MPa) treatment, leading to undetectable levels of microorganism after 5 weeks. IF treatment maintained stable pH, titratable acidity, viscosity, lipid oxidation, volatile profiles, total protein content, and lactoperoxidase activity throughout the storage period. Color was preserved during IF treatment at -5{degrees}C/77MPa; however, color was impacted during IF treatment at -10{degrees}C/96MPa. Protein structures were also modified during pressurized storage in both IF treatments. Overall, the study demonstrated that isochoric freezing could significantly increase the shelf-life of milk by reducing microbiology activity, whilst maintaining its nutritional content. These results underscore the potential role of isochoric freezing as a valuable tool in eliminating pathogens while maintaining quality characteristics similar to raw milk over long storage periods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maida, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bilbao-Sainz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takeoka, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell-Palm, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubinsky, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.12.562068</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of isochoric freezing on quality characteristics of raw bovine milk]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.16.562582v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Listeria monocytogenes utilizes glutathione and limited inorganic sulfur compounds as a source of essential L-cysteine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.16.562582v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) is a Gram-positive facultative intracellular pathogen that leads a biphasic lifecycle, transitioning its metabolism and selectively inducing virulence genes when it encounters mammalian hosts. Virulence gene expression is controlled by the master virulence regulator PrfA, which is allosterically activated by host- and bacterially-derived glutathione (GSH). The amino acid L-cysteine is the rate-limiting substrate for GSH synthesis in bacteria and is essential for bacterial growth. Unlike many bacteria, Lm is auxotrophic for L-cysteine and must import exogenous cysteine for growth and virulence. GSH is enriched in the host cytoplasm, and previous work suggests that Lm utilizes exogenous GSH for PrfA activation. Despite these observations, the import mechanism(s) for GSH remains elusive. Analysis of known GSH importers predicted a homologous importer in Lm comprised of the Ctp ABC transporter and the OppDF ATPases of the Opp oligopeptide importer. Here, we demonstrated that the Ctp complex is a high-affinity GSH/GSSG importer that is required for Lm growth at physiologically relevant concentrations. Further, we demonstrated that OppDF are required for GSH/GSSG import in an Opp-independent manner. These data support a model where Ctp and OppDF form a unique complex for GSH/GSSG import that supports growth and pathogenesis. Additionally, we show that Lm utilizes the inorganic sulfur sources thiosulfate and H2S for growth in a CysK-dependent manner in the absence of other L-cysteine sources. These findings suggest a pathoadaptive role for partial cysteine auxotrophy in Lm, where locally high GSH/GSSG or inorganic sulfur concentrations may signal arrival to distinct host niches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Berude, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennouche, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reniere, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Portnoy, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.16.562582</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Listeria monocytogenes utilizes glutathione and limited inorganic sulfur compounds as a source of essential L-cysteine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.12.562113v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GUANinE v0.9: Benchmark Datasets for Genomic AISequence-to-Function Models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.12.562113v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Computational genomics increasingly relies on machine learning methods for genome interpretation, and the recent adoption of neural sequence-to-function models highlights the need for rigorous model specification and controlled evaluation, problems familiar to other fields of AI. Research strategies that have greatly benefited other fields -- including benchmarking, auditing, and algorithmic fairness -- are also needed to advance the field of genomic AI and to facilitate model development. Here we propose a genomic AI benchmark, GUANinE, for evaluating model generalization across a number of distinct genomic tasks. Compared to existing task formulations in computational genomics, GUANinE is large-scale, de-noised, and suitable for evaluating pretrained models. GUANinE v1.0 primarily focuses on functional genomics tasks such as functional element annotation and gene expression prediction, and it also draws upon connections to evolutionary biology through sequence conservation tasks. The current GUANinE tasks provide insight into the performance of existing genomic AI models and non-neural baselines, with opportunities to be refined, revisited, and broadened as the field matures. Finally, the GUANinE benchmark allows us to evaluate new self-supervised T5 models and explore the tradeoffs between tokenization and model performance, while showcasing the potential for self-supervision to complement existing pretraining procedures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Robson, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ioannidis, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.12.562113</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GUANinE v0.9: Benchmark Datasets for Genomic AISequence-to-Function Models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.16.562456v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulated Cleavage and Relocation of FERONIA Control Immunity in Arabidopsis Roots 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.16.562456v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plant roots exhibit localized immunity (LI) specifically in the root cap and transition/elongation zone (TZ/EZ). Such immunity relies on receptor-like kinases localized at the plasma membrane (PM), which are essential for plant response to bacteria in the rhizosphere. Here, we identified a new mechanism of action for receptor kinase FERONIA (FER) in LI. In the absence of bacterial stimuli, FER is localized to the PM, maintaining plant growth. When confronted with bacterial colonization, RALF23 peptide hyper-accumulates in TZ/EZ cells and activates a metalloproteinase that cleaves FER and transfer the cytosolic kinase domain into the nucleus. The nucleus-localized kinase domain of FER contributes to LI by reducing bacterial abundance at TZ/EZ. Thus, this work uncovered a unique mechanism by which a single receptor kinase acts in two molecular forms and two distinct subcellular locations to balance growth and immunity.

One Sentence SummaryBacteria induces the cleavage of FER via At2-MMP to trigger a localized immunity around TZ and EZ of Arabidopsis roots.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.16.562456</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulated Cleavage and Relocation of FERONIA Control Immunity in Arabidopsis Roots]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.15.561774v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development of covalent chemogenetic K2P channel activators 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.15.561774v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
K2P potassium channels regulate excitability by affecting cellular resting membrane potential in the brain, cardiovascular system, immune cells, and sensory organs. Despite their important roles in anesthesia, arrhythmia, pain, hypertension, sleep, and migraine, the ability to control K2P function remains limited. Here, we describe a chemogenetic strategy termed CATKLAMP (Covalent Activation of TREK family K+ channels to cLAmp Membrane Potential) that leverages the discovery of a site in the K2P modulator pocket that reacts with electrophile-bearing derivatives of a TREK subfamily small molecule activator, ML335, to activate the channel irreversibly. We show that the CATKLAMP strategy can be used to probe fundamental aspects of K2P function, as a switch to silence neuronal firing, and is applicable to all TREK subfamily members. Together, our findings exemplify a new means to alter K2P channel activity that should facilitate studies both molecular and systems level studies of K2P function and enable the search for new K2P modulators.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deal, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mondal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lolicato, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furtado de Mandonca, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Black, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Hilali, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryant, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isacoff, E. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renslo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minor, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.15.561774</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development of covalent chemogenetic K2P channel activators]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.16.562556v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polinton-like Viruses Associated with Entomopoxviruses Provide Insight into Replicon Evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.16.562556v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polinton-like viruses (PLVs) are a diverse group of small integrative dsDNA viruses that infect diverse eukaryotic hosts. Many PLVs are hypothesized to parasitize viruses in the phylum Nucleocytoviricota for their own propagation and spread. Here we analyze the genomes of novel PLVs associated with the occlusion bodies of entomopoxvirus (EV) infections of two separate lepidopteran hosts. The presence of these elements within EV occlusion bodies suggests that they are the first known hyperparasites of poxviruses. We find that these PLVs belong to two distinct lineages that are highly diverged from known PLVs. These PLVs possess mosaic genomes, and some essential genes share homology with mobile genes within EVs. Based on this homology and observed PLV mosaicism, we propose a mechanism to explain the turnover of PLV replication and integration genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barth, Z. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicklin, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theze, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takatsuka, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herniou, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aylward, F. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.16.562556</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polinton-like Viruses Associated with Entomopoxviruses Provide Insight into Replicon Evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.16.562247v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multicolor on-chip fluorescence microscopy for real-time surgical guidance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.16.562247v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In curative-intent cancer surgery, intraoperative fluorescence imaging of both diseased and healthy tissue can help to ensure successful removal of all gross and microscopic disease with minimal damage to neighboring critical structures, such as nerves. Current fluorescence-guided surgery (FGS) systems, however, rely on bulky and rigid optics that incur performance-limiting trade-offs between sensitivity and maneuverability. Moreover, many FGS systems are incapable of multiplexed imaging. As a result, clinical FGS is currently limited to millimeter-scale detection of a single fluorescent target. Here we present a scalable, lens-less fluorescence imaging chip, VISION, capable of sensitive and multiplexed detection within a compact form factor. Central to VISION is a novel optical frontend design combining a low-numerical-aperture fiber optic plate (LNA-FOP) and a multi-bandpass interference filter, which is affixed to a custom CMOS image sensor. The LNA-FOP acts as a planar collimator to improve resolution and compensate for the angle-sensitivity of the interference filter, enabling high-resolution and multiplexed fluorescence imaging without lenses. We show VISION is capable of detecting tumor foci of less than 100 cells at near video framerates and, as proof of principle, can simultaneously visualize both tumor and nerves in ex vivo prostate tissue.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roschelle, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabbani, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papageorgiou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooperberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stohr, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niknejad, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anwar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.16.562247</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multicolor on-chip fluorescence microscopy for real-time surgical guidance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.17.562764v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanism and cellular function of direct membrane binding by the ESCRT and ERES-associated Ca2+-sensor ALG-2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.17.562764v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Apoptosis Linked Gene-2 (ALG-2) is a multifunctional intracellular Ca2+ sensor and the archetypal member of the penta-EF hand protein family. ALG-2 functions in the repair of damage to both the plasma and lysosome membranes and in COPII-dependent budding at endoplasmic reticulum exit sites (ERES). In the presence of Ca2+, ALG-2 binds to ESCRT-I and ALIX in membrane repair and to SEC31A at ERES. ALG-2 also binds directly to acidic membranes in the presence of Ca2+ by a combination of electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. By combining GUV-based experiments and molecular dynamics simulations, we show that charge-reversed mutants of ALG-2 at these locations disrupt membrane recruitment. ALG-2 membrane binding mutants have reduced or abrogated ERES localization in response to Thapsigargin-induced Ca2+ release but still localize to lysosomes following lysosomal Ca2+ release. In vitro reconstitution shows that the ALG-2 membrane-binding defect can be rescued by binding to ESCRT-I. These data thus reveal the nature of direct Ca2+-dependent membrane binding and its interplay with Ca2+-dependent protein binding in the cellular functions of ALG-2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shukla, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larsen, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hummer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanson, P. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurley, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.17.562764</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanism and cellular function of direct membrane binding by the ESCRT and ERES-associated Ca2+-sensor ALG-2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.17.562771v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Encoding of melody in the human auditory cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.17.562771v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Melody is a core component of music in which discrete pitches are serially arranged to convey emotion and meaning. Perception of melody varies along several pitch-based dimensions: (1) the absolute pitch of notes, (2) the difference in pitch between successive notes, and (3) the higher-order statistical expectation of each note conditioned on its prior context. While humans readily perceive melody, how these dimensions are collectively represented in the brain and whether their encoding is specialized for music remains unknown. Here, we recorded high-density neurophysiological activity directly from the surface of human auditory cortex while Western participants listened to Western musical phrases. Pitch, pitch-change, and expectation were selectively encoded at different cortical sites, indicating a spatial code for representing distinct dimensions of melody. The same participants listened to spoken English, and we compared evoked responses to music and speech. Cortical sites selective for music were systematically driven by the encoding of expectation. In contrast, sites that encoded pitch and pitch-change used the same neural code to represent equivalent properties of speech. These findings reveal the multidimensional nature of melody encoding, consisting of both music-specific and domain-general sound representations in auditory cortex.

TeaserThe human brain contains both general-purpose and music-specific neural populations for processing distinct attributes of melody.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sankaran, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonard, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theunissen, F. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.17.562771</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Encoding of melody in the human auditory cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.18.562948v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adaptive capacity of a DNA polymerase clamp-loader ATPase complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.18.562948v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability of mutations to facilitate adaptation is central to evolution. To understand how mutations can lead to functional adaptation in a complex molecular machine, we created a defective version of the T4 clamp-loader complex, which is essential for DNA replication. This variant, which is [~]5000-fold less active than the wildtype, was made by replacing the catalytic domains with those from another phage. A directed-evolution experiment revealed that multiple substitutions to a single negatively-charged residue in the chimeric clamp loader - Asp 86 - restore fitness to within [~]20-fold of wildtype. These mutations remove an adventitious electrostatic repulsive interaction between Asp 86 and the sliding clamp. Deep mutagenesis shows that the reduced fitness of the chimeric clamp loader is compensated for by lysine and arginine substitutions of several DNA-proximal residues in the clamp loader or the sliding clamp. Thus, the fitness decrease of the chimeric clamp loader is caused by a reduction in affinity between the clamp loader and the clamp. Our results demonstrate that there is a latent capacity for increasing affinity of the clamp loader for DNA and the sliding clamp, such that even single point mutations can readily compensate for the loss of function due to suboptimal interactions elsewhere.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Subramanian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nimkar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Donnell, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuriyan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.18.562948</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adaptive capacity of a DNA polymerase clamp-loader ATPase complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.18.562997v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
UPL3 Promotes BZR1 Degradation, Growth Arrest, and Seedling Survival under Starvation Stress in Arabidopsis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.18.562997v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BRASSINAZONE RESISTANT 1 (BZR1) is a key transcription factor of the brassinosteroid signaling pathway but also a signaling hub that integrates diverse signals that modulate plant growth. Previous studies have shown that starvation causes BZR1 degradation, but the underlying mechanisms are not understood. Here we performed quantitative proteomic analysis of BZR1 interactome under starvation conditions and identified two BZR1-interacting ubiquitin ligases, BAF1 and UPL3. Compared to the wild type, the upl3 mutants show long hypocotyl and increased BZR1 levels when grown under sugar starvation conditions but not when grown on sugar-containing media, indicating a role of UPL3 in BZR1 degradation specifically under starvation conditions. The upl3 mutants showed a reduced survival rate after starvation treatment, supporting the importance of UPL3-mediated BZR1 degradation and growth arrest for starvation survival. Treatments with inhibitors of TARGET of RAPAMYCIN (TOR) and autophagy altered BZR1 level in the wild type but were less effective in upl3, suggesting that UPL3 mediates the TOR-regulated and autophagy-dependent degradation of BZR1. Further, the UPL3 protein level is increased posttranscriptionally by starvation but decreased by sugar treatment. Our study identifies UPL3 as a key component that mediates sugar regulation of hormone signaling pathways, important for optimal growth and survival in plants.

IN A NUTSHELLO_ST_ABSBackgroundC_ST_ABSThe coordination between signaling pathways that monitor the levels of photosynthate and growth hormones is crucial for optimizing growth and survival, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. When the sugar level is low, the BZR1 transcription factor of the brassinosteroid (BR) signaling pathway is degraded, and hence growth is attenuated to prevent starvation and enhance survival. When sugar is sufficient, sugar signaling inhibits BZR1 degradation and enables BR promotion of plant growth. The key component that mediates starvation-induced BZR1 degradation remains unknown.

QuestionWhat proteins interact with BZR1 and mediate its degradation under sugar starvation?

FindingWe performed immunoprecipitation mass spectrometry analysis of BZR1 in starvation-treated Arabidopsis and identified many BZR1-interacting proteins, including two E3 ligases UPL3 and BAF1. Genetic analysis showed that UPL3 plays a specific and prominent role in promoting autophagy-dependent BZR1 degradation and plant survival under sugar-starvation conditions.

Next stepHow sugar-TOR signaling regulates UPL3 level remains to be studied in the future.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grismer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, S.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.18.562997</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[UPL3 Promotes BZR1 Degradation, Growth Arrest, and Seedling Survival under Starvation Stress in Arabidopsis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.19.562135v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrin-like adhesin CglD confers traction and stabilizes bacterial focal adhesions involved in myxobacterial gliding motility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.19.562135v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWIntegrins are crucial for eukaryotic cell attachment and motility within the extracellular matrix (ECM) via focal-adhesion formation, with their evolutionary emergence important for the development of multicellularity. Intriguingly, single gliding cells of the predatory deltaproteobacterium Myxococcus xanthus form bacterial focal-adhesion (bFA) sites; therein, helically-trafficked motors become immobilized at anchored locations through Glt apparatus association with cell-surface integrin I-domain-like adhesin CglB. Using traction-force, bead-force, and total internal reflection-fluorescence microscopies combined with biochemical approaches, we herein identify the von Willebrand A domain-containing cell-surface lipoprotein CglD to be a {beta}-integrin-like outer-membrane lipoprotein that functionally associates with and anchors the trans-envelope Glt-CglB gliding apparatus, stabilizing and efficiently anchoring this assembly at bFAs. Calcium dependence governs CglD importance, consistent with its integrated ECM eukaryotic cartilage oligomeric matrix protein domains. CglD thus confers mechanosensory and mechanotransductory capabilities to the gliding apparatus, helping explain bFA-mediated trans-envelope force transduction, from inner-membrane-embedded motors to the cell surface.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jolivet, N. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belgrave, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saïdi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koushki, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemon, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faure, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleuchot, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahanta, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiche, J.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bratton, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diallo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zusman, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sudre, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garza, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nollmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehrlicher, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theodoly, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaevitz, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mignot, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Islam, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.19.562135</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrin-like adhesin CglD confers traction and stabilizes bacterial focal adhesions involved in myxobacterial gliding motility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.19.563170v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct function of Chlamydomonas CTRA-CTR transporters in Cu assimilation and intracellular mobilization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.19.563170v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Successful acclimation to copper (Cu) deficiency involves a fine balance between Cu import and export. In the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Cu import is dependent on Copper Response Regulator 1 (CRR1), the master regulator of Cu homeostasis. Among CRR1 target genes are two Cu transporters belonging to the CTR/COPT gene family (CTR1 and CTR2) and a related soluble cysteine-rich protein (CTR3). The ancestor of these green algal proteins was likely acquired from an ancient chytrid and contained conserved cysteine-rich domains (named the CTR-associated domains, CTRA) that are predicted to be involved in Cu acquisition. We show by reverse genetics that Chlamydomonas CTR1 and CTR2 are canonical Cu importers albeit with distinct affinities, while loss of CTR3 did not result in an observable phenotype under the conditions tested. Mutation of CTR1, but not CTR2, recapitulate the poor growth of crr1 in Cu-deficient medium, consistent with a dominant role for CTR1 in high affinity Cu(I) uptake. Notably, the over-accumulation of Cu(I) in Zinc (Zn)-deficiency (20 times the quota) depends on CRR1 and both CTR1 and CTR2. CRR1-dependent activation of CTR gene expression needed for Cu over-accumulation can be bypassed by the provision of excess Cu in the growth medium. Over-accumulated Cu is sequestered into the acidocalcisome but can become remobilized by restoring Zn nutrition. This mobilization is also CRR1-dependent, and requires activation of CTR2 expression, again distinguishing CTR2 from CTR1 and is consistent with the lower substrate affinity of CTR2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Strenkert, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmollinger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paruthiyil, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shafer, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salome, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blaby-Haas, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moseley, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merchant, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.19.563170</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct function of Chlamydomonas CTRA-CTR transporters in Cu assimilation and intracellular mobilization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.20.563219v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovery of two archaeal GDGT lipid modifying enzymes reveals diverse microbes capable of H-GDGT biosynthesis and modification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.20.563219v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Archaea produce unique membrane-spanning lipids, termed glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs), which are thought to aid in adaptive responses to various environmental challenges. GDGTs can be modified in a variety of ways, including cyclization, bridging or cross-linking, methylation, hydroxylation, and desaturation, to give rise to a plethora of structurally distinct GDGT lipids with different properties. Here we report the discovery of a pair of radical SAM enzymes responsible for two of these modifications - an H-GDGT bridge synthase (Hbs), responsible for cross-linking the two hydrocarbon tails of a GDGT to produce H-GDGTs and an H-GDGT methylase (Hgm), responsible for the subsequent methylation of H-GDGTs. Heterologous expression of Hbs proteins from various archaea in Thermococcus kodakarensis results in the production of H-GDGTs in two isomeric forms. Further, co-expression of Hbs and Hgm results in the production of mono- and di-methylated H-GDGTs and minor amounts of tri-methylated H- GDGTs while expression of Hgm alone results in minor production of mono- and di- methylated GDGTs. Phylogenetic analyses reveal the presence of Hbs homologs in diverse archaeal genomes spanning all four archaeal superphyla. We also find Hbs homologs in bacterial genomes that have the genetic potential to synthesize fatty acid- based membrane-spanning lipids such as brGDGTs. We subsequently demonstrate H- GDGT production in three Hbs-encoding archaea, identifying an increase in H-GDGTs in response to elevated temperature in members of the genus Archaeoglobus and observing the production of highly cyclized H-GDGTs with up to 6 rings in the Thermoproteales archaeon Vulcanisaeta distributa. Such highly cyclized H-GDGTs are the precursors of ARN acids, a class of tetraprotic naphthenic acids that cause destructive mineral deposition during crude oil processing. Co-occurrence of the H-GDGT synthase with the previously identified GDGT ring synthases in archaeal genomes allowed identification of multiple archaeal phyla with the genetic potential to produce highly cyclized H-GDGTs, with particularly interesting candidates in the class Thermoplasmata from oil rich environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garcia, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chadwick, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welander, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.20.563219</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovery of two archaeal GDGT lipid modifying enzymes reveals diverse microbes capable of H-GDGT biosynthesis and modification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.20.563333v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiplexed CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis of rice PSBS1 non-coding sequences for transgene-free overexpression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.20.563333v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding CRISPR/Cas9s capacity to generate native overexpression (OX) alleles would accelerate agronomic gains achievable by gene editing. To generate OX alleles with increased RNA and protein abundance, we leveraged multiplexed CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis of non-coding DNA sequences located upstream of the rice PSBS1 gene. We isolated 120 transgene-free, gene-edited alleles with varying NPQ capacity in vivo --ranging from complete knockout to overexpression, using a high-throughput phenotyping and transgene screening pipeline. Overexpression of OsPSBS1 increased protein abundance 2-3-fold, matching fold changes obtained by transgenesis. Increased PsbS protein abundance enhanced non-photochemical quenching capacity and improved water-use efficiency. Across our resolved genetic variation, we identify the role of 5UTR indels and inversions in driving knockout/knockdown and overexpression phenotypes, respectively. Complex structural variants, such as the 252kb duplication/inversion generated in this study, evidence the potential of CRISPR/Cas9 to facilitate significant genomic changes with negligible off-target transcriptomic perturbations. Our results may inform future gene-editing strategies for hypermorphic alleles and have opened the door to the pursuit of gene-edited, non-transgenic rice plants with accelerated relaxation of photoprotection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patel-Tupper, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelikian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leipertz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maryn, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjahjadi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karavolias, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, M.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niyogi, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.20.563333</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiplexed CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis of rice PSBS1 non-coding sequences for transgene-free overexpression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.20.563371v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exploiting the Cullin E3 Ligase Adaptor Protein SKP1 for Targeted Protein Degradation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.20.563371v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Targeted protein degradation with Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras (PROTACs) is a powerful therapeutic modality for eliminating disease-causing proteins through targeted ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation. Most PROTACs have exploited substrate receptors of Cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligases such as cereblon and VHL. Whether core, shared, and essential components of the Cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase complex can be used for PROTAC applications remains less explored. Here, we discovered a cysteine-reactive covalent recruiter EN884 against the SKP1 adapter protein of the SKP1-CUL1-F-box containing SCF complex. We further showed that this recruiter can be used in PROTAC applications to degrade neo-substrate proteins such as BRD4 and the androgen receptor in a SKP1- and proteasome-dependent manner. Our studies demonstrate that core and essential adapter proteins within the Cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase complex can be exploited for targeted protein degradation applications and that covalent chemoproteomic strategies can enable recruiter discovery against these targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hong, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wertz, I. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomura, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.20.563371</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exploiting the Cullin E3 Ligase Adaptor Protein SKP1 for Targeted Protein Degradation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.21.563392v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recombinase Polymerase Amplification Assay for the Field Detection of Mal Secco Disease by Plenodomus tracheiphilus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.21.563392v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In this study, we developed a new diagnostic assay based on the recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) technology to detect Plenodomus tracheiphilus, the anamorphic fungus responsible for the destructive vascular disease of lemon named mal secco, in infected tissues of host plants. A 142 bp RPA-compatible barcode was sought within the 544 bp Internal Transcriber Spacer (ITS) fragment identified in a previous study and its P. tracheiphilus-specificity was confirmed by BLAST in the NCBI database. This was the premise to design an RPA probe (RPA_Ptrach_Probe). The specificity and inclusivity of the RPA assay were tested on gDNA isolated from tissues of C. limon, isolates of P. tracheiphilus of various origins and axenic cultures of non-target organisms, including fungal and oomycete pathogens typically associated to citrus trees, such as Alternaria spp., Colletotrichum spp., Phyllosticta spp., Penicillium spp., Phytophthora spp. With a detection threshold of 1.0 pg of gDNA the RPA assay proved to be as sensitive as the SYBR(R) Green I Real Time-PCR test included in the diagnostic protocol for P. tracheiphilus of the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. RPA assay was even more sensitive than Real Time-PCR in tests on DNA samples obtained through a rapid extraction method. In tests, on naturally infected lemon twigs, molecular approaches were comparable to each other and performed better than conventional isolation method. Overall, results of this study demonstrate the potential of RPA for rapid, easy to handle and cost effective in-field diagnosis of mal secco.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rovetto, E. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garbelotto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moricca, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amato, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>La Spada, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cacciola, S. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.21.563392</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recombinase Polymerase Amplification Assay for the Field Detection of Mal Secco Disease by Plenodomus tracheiphilus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.20.563324v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Germline novelty through recurrent copy-number, protein, and regulatory evolution of the synaptonemal complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.20.563324v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The synaptonemal complex (SC) is a protein-rich structure essential for meiotic recombination and faithful chromosome segregation. Acting like a zipper to paired chromosomes during early prophase, the complex consists of central elements bilaterally tethered by the transverse filaments to the lateral elements anchored on either side to the homologous chromosome axes. Despite being found in most major eukaryotic taxa implying a deeply conserved evolutionary origin, several components of the complex exhibit unusually high rates of sequence turnover. This is puzzlingly exemplified by the SC of Drosophila, where the central elements and transverse filaments display no identifiable homologs outside of the genus. Here, we exhaustively examine the evolutionary history of the SC in Drosophila taking a comparative phylogenomic approach with high species density to circumvent obscured homology due to rapid sequence evolution. Contrasting starkly against other genes involved in meiotic chromosome pairing, SC significantly shows elevated rates of coding evolution due to a combination of relaxed constraint and recurrent, widespread positive selection. In particular, the central element cona and transverse filament c(3)G have diversified through tandem and retro-duplications, repeatedly generating paralogs that likely have novel germline functions. In a striking case of molecular convergence, c(3)G paralogs that independently arose in distant lineages evolved under positive selection to have convergent truncations to the protein termini and elevated testes expression. Surprisingly, the expression of SC genes in the germline is exceedingly prone to change suggesting recurrent regulatory evolution which, in many species, resulted in high testes expression even though Drosophila males are achiasmic. Overall, our study recapitulates the poor conservation of SC components, and further uncovers that the lack of conservation extends to other modalities including copy number, genomic locale, and germline regulation. Considering the elevated testes expression in many Drosophila species and the common ancestor, we suggest that the function of SC genes in the male germline, while still poorly understood, may be a prime target of constant evolutionary pressures driving repeated adaptations and innovations.

SummaryThe synaptonemal complex (SC) is essential for meiotic recombination and faithful chromosome segregation across eukaryotes, yet components of the SC are often poorly conserved. Here we show that across the Drosophila phylogeny several SC genes have evolved under recurrent positive selection resulting in orthologs that are barely recognizable. This is partly driven duplications repeatedly generating paralogs that may have adopted novel germline functions, often in the testes. Unexpectedly, while most SC genes are thought to be dispensable in the male germline where recombination is absent in Drosophila, elevated testes expression appears to be the norm across the genus and likely the ancestral state. The evolutionary lability of SC genes in Drosophila is likely a repeated source of adaptive innovations in the germline.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wei, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatla, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnapura, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Appiah, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unckless, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blumenstiel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bachtrog, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.20.563324</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Germline novelty through recurrent copy-number, protein, and regulatory evolution of the synaptonemal complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.23.563662v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Combinatorial CRISPR screens and lectin microarrays identify novel glycosylation regulators 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.23.563662v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glycans play critical roles in cellular signaling and function. Unlike proteins, glycan structures are not templated from genes but the concerted activity of many genes, making them historically challenging to study. Here, we present a strategy that utilizes pooled CRISPR screens and lectin microarrays to uncover and characterize regulators of cell surface glycosylation. We applied this approach to study the regulation of high mannose glycans - the starting structure of all asparagine(N)-linked-glycans. We used CRISPR screens to uncover the expanded network of genes controlling high mannose surface levels, followed by lectin microarrays to fully measure the complex effect of select regulators on glycosylation globally. Through this, we elucidated how two novel high mannose regulators - TM9SF3 and the CCC complex - control complex N-glycosylation via regulating Golgi morphology and function. Notably, this method allowed us to interrogate Golgi function in-depth and reveal that similar disruption to Golgi morphology can lead to drastically different glycosylation outcomes. Collectively, this work demonstrates a generalizable approach for systematically dissecting the regulatory network underlying glycosylation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tsui, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Twells, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulepa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webster, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahal, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dillin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.23.563662</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Combinatorial CRISPR screens and lectin microarrays identify novel glycosylation regulators]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.22.563196v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pulmonary Ventilation Analysis Using 1H Ultra-Short Echo Time (UTE) Lung MRI: A Reproducibility Study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.22.563196v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeTo evaluate methods for quantification of pulmonary ventilation with ultrashort echo time (UTE) MRI.

MethodsWe performed a reproducibility study, acquiring two free-breathing 1H UTE lung MRIs on the same day for six healthy volunteers. The 1) 3D + t cyclic b-spline and 2) symmetric image normalization (SyN) methods for image registration were applied after respiratory phase-resolved image reconstruction. Ventilation maps were calculated using 1) Jacobian determinant of the deformation fields minus one, termed regional ventilation, and 2) intensity percentage difference between the registered and fixed image, termed specific ventilation. We compared the reproducibility of all four method combinations via statistical analysis.

ResultsSplit violin plots and Bland-Altman plots are shown for whole lungs and lung sections. The cyclic b-spline registration and Jacobian determinant regional ventilation quantification provide total ventilation volumes that match the segmentation tidal volume, smooth and uniform ventilation maps. The cyclic b-spline registration and specific ventilation combination yields the smallest standard deviation in the Bland-Altman plot.

ConclusionCyclic registration performs better than SyN for respiratory phase-resolved 1H UTE MRI ventilation quantification. Regional ventilation correlates better with segmentation lung volume, while specific ventilation is more reproducible.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tan, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deveshwar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willmering, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lustig, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larson, P. E. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.22.563196</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pulmonary Ventilation Analysis Using 1H Ultra-Short Echo Time (UTE) Lung MRI: A Reproducibility Study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.26.564221v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of intestinal mediators of Caenorhabditis elegans DBL-1/BMP immune signaling shaping gut microbiome composition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.26.564221v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The composition of the gut microbiome is determined by a complex interplay of diet, host genetics, microbe-microbe competition, abiotic factors, and stochasticity. Previous studies have demonstrated the importance of host genetics in community assembly of the Caenorhabditis elegans gut microbiome and identified a pivotal role for DBL-1/BMP immune signaling in determining the abundance of gut Enterobacteriaceae, in particular of the genus Enterobacter. However, the effects of DBL-1 signaling on gut bacteria were found to depend on its activation in extra-intestinal tissues, suggesting that yet unidentified intestinal factors must mediate these effects. In the present study, we used RNA-seq gene expression analysis of wildtype, dbl-1 and sma-3 mutants, and dbl-1 over-expressors to identify genes regulated by DBL-1/BMP signaling that take part in interactions with gut commensals. Following confirmation of several putative targets by qRT-PCR, we carried out colonization experiments with respective mutants raised on monocultures as well as on defined bacterial communities. These experiments identified five intestinal DBL-1/BMP targets, predicted to be secreted, that showed increased Enterobacteriaceae abundance compared to wildtype. The extent of increases was for the most part lower than those seen in DBL-1 pathway mutants, suggesting that identified mediators are components of a DBL-1-regulated antibacterial cocktail, which may additively contribute to shaping of gut microbiome composition.

IMPORTANCECompared to the roles of diet, environmental availability, or lifestyle in determining gut microbiome composition, that of genetic factors is the least understood and often underestimated. The identification of intestinal mediators acting downstream of DBL-1/BMP signaling to control enteric bacteria, describes a cocktail of effectors with distinct molecular functions, thus offering a glimpse into the genetic logic of microbiome control as well as a list of targets for future exploration of this logic.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Trang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pees, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karimzadegan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodkhe, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammond, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapira, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.26.564221</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of intestinal mediators of Caenorhabditis elegans DBL-1/BMP immune signaling shaping gut microbiome composition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.28.564506v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chemically induced proximity reveals mechanotransduction of a meiotic checkpoint at the nuclear envelope 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.28.564506v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Successful sexual reproduction relies on robust quality control during meiosis. Assembly of the synaptonemal complex between homologous chromosomes (synapsis) regulates meiotic recombination and is crucial for accurate chromosome segregation in most eukaryotes. Synapsis defects can trigger cell cycle delays and, in some cases, apoptosis. Here, by developing and deploying a new chemically induced proximity system, we iden-tify key players in this quality control pathway in Caenorhabditis elegans. We find that persistence of the Polo-like kinase PLK-2 at pairing centers, specialized chromosome regions that interact with the nuclear envelope to promote homolog pairing and synapsis, induces apoptosis of oocytes by phosphorylating and destabilizing the nuclear lamina. Unexpectedly, we find that a mechanosensitive Piezo1/PEZO-1 channel localizes to the nuclear envelope and is required to transduce this signal to promote apoptosis. Thus, mechanosensitive ion channels play essential roles in detecting nuclear events and triggering apoptosis during gamete production.

One-sentence summaryDestabilization of the nuclear lamina triggers Piezo-dependent germline apoptosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dernburg, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.28.564506</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chemically induced proximity reveals mechanotransduction of a meiotic checkpoint at the nuclear envelope]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.25.564074v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluating ChatGPT as an Agent for Providing Genetic Education 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.25.564074v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic disorders are complex and can greatly impact an individuals health and well-being. In this study, we assess the ability of ChatGPT, a language model developed by OpenAI, to answer questions related to three specific genetic disorders: BRCA1, MLH1, and HFE. ChatGPT has shown it can supply articulate answers to a wide spectrum of questions. However, its ability to answer questions related to genetic disorders has yet to be evaluated. The aim of this study is to perform both quantitative and qualitative assessments of ChatGPTs performance in this area. The ability of ChatGPT to provide accurate and useful information to patients was assessed by genetic experts. Here we show that ChatGPT answered 64.7% of the 68 genetic questions asked and was able to respond coherently to complex questions related to the three genes/conditions. Our results reveal that ChatGPT can provide valuable information to individuals seeking information about genetic disorders, however, it still has some limitations and inaccuracies, particularly in understanding human inheritance patterns. The results of this study have implications for both genomics and medicine and can inform future developments in this area. AI platforms, like ChatGPT, have significant potential in the field of genomics. As these technologies become integrated into consumer-facing products, appropriate oversight is required to ensure accurate and safe delivery of medical information. With such oversight and training specifically for genetic information, these platforms could have the potential to augment some clinical interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Walton, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graceffo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutherland, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danford, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGrath, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.25.564074</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluating ChatGPT as an Agent for Providing Genetic Education]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.25.564094v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct rich and diverse clubs regulate coarse and fine binocular disparity processing: Evidence from stereoscopic task-based fMRI 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.25.564094v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While cortical regions involved in processing binocular disparities have been studied extensively, little is known on how the human visual system adapts to changing disparity magnitudes. Even though there is an established correlation of BOLD signal with disparity magnitudes, this correlation is not inherent and instead arises from specific causal interactions within an integrated network. Here, we investigate causal mechanisms of coarse and fine binocular disparity processing using fMRI with a clinically validated, custom anaglyph-based stimulus. Therefore, we use degree (D) and participation coefficient (PC) metrics representing rich and diverse properties of the brain network, respectively. Twenty-six healthy participants were asked to indicate hidden 3D shapes through anaglyph filters at four disparity magnitudes. Our findings reveal significant changes at different disparity magnitudes in terms of D and PC of Middle Temporal (MT), V2, V3 and Superior Parietal Lobule (SPL) across both hemispheres. Of these, MT exhibited overlapping rich and diverse club characteristics among other brain regions. Further, diverse clubs outperform rich clubs in decoding disparity magnitudes irrespective of the hemisphere, thereby reinforcing their integrative network properties. These findings imply that distinct rich and diverse clubs exist and provide functional evidence for the variability in human stereopsis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lohia, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soans, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saxena, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahajan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gandhi, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.25.564094</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct rich and diverse clubs regulate coarse and fine binocular disparity processing: Evidence from stereoscopic task-based fMRI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.29.564225v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Retinoic acid-dependent loss of synaptic output from bipolar cells impairs visual information processing in inherited retinal degeneration. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.29.564225v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In retinitis pigmentosa (RP), rod and cone photoreceptors degenerate, depriving downstream neurons of light-sensitive input, leading to vision impairment or blindness. Although downstream neurons survive, some undergo morphological and physiological remodeling. Bipolar cells (BCs) link photoreceptors, which sense light, to retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), which send information to the brain. While photoreceptor loss disrupts input synapses to BCs, whether BC output synapses remodel has remained unknown. Here we report that synaptic output from BCs plummets in RP mouse models of both sexes owing to loss of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. Remodeling reduces the reliability of synaptic output to repeated optogenetic stimuli, causing RGC firing to fail at high stimulus frequencies. Fortunately, functional remodeling of BCs can be reversed by inhibiting the retinoic acid receptor (RAR). RAR inhibitors targeted to BCs present a new therapeutic opportunity for mitigating detrimental effects of remodeling on signals initiated either by surviving photoreceptors or by vision-restoring tools.

Significance StatementPhotoreceptor degenerative disorders such as retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) lead to vision impairment or blindness. Vision mediated by surviving photoreceptors or artificial vision restoration technologies, rely on bipolar cells retaining normal function despite photoreceptor death. We find that in two animal models of RP, synaptic transmission from both rod and cone bipolar cells is severely impaired owing to diminished voltage-gated calcium current, preventing postsynaptic amacrine cells and retinal ganglion cells from properly receiving and encoding visual information. We find that an inhibitor of the retinoic acid receptor restores both the calcium current and synaptic release from bipolar cells. These discoveries about bipolar cells reveal a new functional deficit in blindness and a potential therapeutically important solution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ganzen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yadav, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nawy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.29.564225</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Retinoic acid-dependent loss of synaptic output from bipolar cells impairs visual information processing in inherited retinal degeneration.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.26.564041v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Latent Activated Olfactory Stem Cell State Revealed by Single Cell Transcriptomic and Epigenomic Profiling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.26.564041v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The olfactory epithelium is one of the few regions of the nervous system that sustains neurogenesis throughout life. Its experimental accessibility makes it especially tractable for studying molecular mechanisms that drive neural regeneration in response to injury. In this study, we used single-cell sequencing to identify the transcriptional cascades and epigenetic processes involved in determining olfactory epithelial stem cell fate during injury-induced regeneration. By combining gene expression and accessible chromatin profiles of individual lineage-traced olfactory stem cells, we identified transcriptional heterogeneity among activated stem cells at a stage when cell fates are being specified. We further identified a subset of resting cells that appears poised for activation, characterized by accessible chromatin around wound response and lineage-specific genes prior to their later expression in response to injury. Together these results provide evidence for a latent activated stem cell state, in which a subset of quiescent olfactory epithelial stem cells are epigenetically primed to support injury-induced regeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Van den Berge, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunda, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Risso, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Street, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purdom, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudoit, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heavner, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.26.564041</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Latent Activated Olfactory Stem Cell State Revealed by Single Cell Transcriptomic and Epigenomic Profiling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.26.564301v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Remarkably high repeat content in the genomes of sparrows: the importance of genome assembly completeness for transposable element discovery. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.26.564301v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transposable elements (TE) play critical roles in shaping genome evolution. However, the highly repetitive sequence content of TEs is a major source of assembly gaps. This makes it difficult to decipher the impact of these elements on the dynamics of genome evolution. The increased capacity of long-read sequencing technologies to span highly repetitive regions of the genome should provide novel insights into patterns of TE diversity. Here we report the generation of highly contiguous reference genomes using PacBio long read and Omni-C technologies for three species of sparrows in the family Passerellidae. To assess the influence of sequencing technology on TE annotation, we compared these assemblies to three chromosome-level sparrow assemblies recently generated by the Vertebrate Genomes Project and nine other sparrow species generated using a variety of short- and long-read technologies. All long-read based assemblies were longer in length (range: 1.12-1.41 Gb) than short-read assemblies (0.91-1.08 Gb). Assembly length was strongly correlated with the amount of repeat content, with longer genomes showing much higher levels of repeat content than typically reported for the avian order Passeriformes. Repeat content for the Bells sparrow (31.2% of genome) was the highest level reported to date for a songbird genome assembly and was more in line with woodpecker (order Piciformes) genomes. CR1 LINE elements retained from an expansion that occurred 25-30 million years ago were the most abundant TEs in the song sparrow genome. Although the other five sparrow species also exhibit evidence for a spike in CR1 LINE activity at 25-30 million years ago, LTR elements stemming from more recent expansions were the most abundant elements in these species. LTRs were uniquely abundant in the Bells sparrow genome deriving from two recent peaks of activity. Higher levels of repeat content (79.2-93.7%) were found on the W chromosome relative to the Z (20.7-26.5) or autosomes (16.1-30.9%). These patterns support a dynamic model of transposable element expansion and contraction underpinning the seemingly constrained and small sized genomes of birds. Our work highlights how the resolution of difficult-to-assemble regions of the genome with new sequencing technologies promises to transform our understanding of avian genome evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benham, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cicero, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escalona, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beraut, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fairbairn, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marimuthu, M. P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahasrabudhe, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovach, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nachman, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowie, R. C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.26.564301</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Remarkably high repeat content in the genomes of sparrows: the importance of genome assembly completeness for transposable element discovery.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.27.562987v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure-Aware Annotation of Leucine-rich Repeat Domains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.27.562987v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein domain annotation is typically done by predictive models such as HMMs trained on sequence motifs. However, sequence-based annotation methods are prone to error, particularly in calling domain boundaries and motifs within them. These methods are limited by a lack of structural information accessible to the model. With the advent of deep learning-based protein structure prediction, existing sequenced-based domain annotation methods can be improved by taking into account the geometry of protein structures. We develop dimensionality reduction methods to annotate repeat units of the Leucine Rich Repeat solenoid domain. The methods are able to correct mistakes made by existing machine learning-based annotation tools and enable the automated detection of hairpin loops and structural anomalies in the solenoid. The methods are applied to 127 predicted structures of LRR-containing intracellular innate immune proteins in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana and validated against a benchmark dataset of 172 manually-annotated LRR domains.

Author summaryIn immune receptors across various organisms, repeating protein structures play a crucial role in recognizing and responding to pathogen threats. These structures resemble the coils of a slinky toy, allowing these receptors to adapt and change over time. One particularly vital but challenging structure to study is the Leucine Rich Repeat (LRR). Traditional methods that rely just on analyzing the sequence of these proteins can miss subtle changes due to rapid evolution. With the introduction of protein structure prediction tools like AlphaFold 2, annotation methods can study the coarser geometric properties of the structure. In this study, we visualize LRR proteins in three dimensions and use a mathematical approach to  flatten them into two dimensions, so that the coils form circles. We then used a mathematical concept called winding number to determine the number of repeats and where they are in a protein sequence. This process helps reveal their repeating patterns with enhanced clarity. When we applied this method to immune receptors from a model plant organism, we found that our approach could accurately identify coiling patterns. Furthermore, we detected errors made by previous methods and highlighted unique structural variations. Our research offers a fresh perspective on understanding immune receptors, potentially influencing studies on their evolution and function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cerbu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tralie, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krasileva, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.27.562987</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure-Aware Annotation of Leucine-rich Repeat Domains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.27.564420v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Immunosuppression is a conserved driver of tuberculosis susceptibility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.27.564420v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) causes 1.25 million deaths a year. However, tuberculosis (TB) pathogenesis remains poorly understood and is not fully recapitulated in standard mouse models. Here we find that gene signatures from three different Mtb-susceptible mouse models predict active TB disease in humans significantly better than a signature from resistant C57BL/6 (B6) mice. Conserved among susceptible mice, non-human primates, and humans, but largely absent from B6 mice, was Mtb-induced differentiation of macrophages into an Spp1+ differentiation state. Spp1+ macrophages expressed high levels of immunosuppressive molecules including IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra). IL-1Ra was previously reported to cause Mtb susceptibility in one mouse model, but whether IL-1Ra is broadly important remains uncertain. Here we report that enhancement of IL-1 signaling via deletion of IL-Ra promoted bacterial control across three susceptible mouse models. We found IL-1 signaling amplified production of multiple cytokines by lymphoid and stromal cells, providing a multifactorial mechanism for how IL-1 promotes Mtb control. Our results indicate that myeloid cell expression of immunosuppressive molecules, in particular IL-1 receptor antagonist, is a conserved early mechanism limiting Mtb control in mice, non-human primates, and humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kotov, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, O. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, D. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaye, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suliman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabay, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vance, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.27.564420</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Immunosuppression is a conserved driver of tuberculosis susceptibility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.31.564425v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Desiccated cyanobacteria serve as efficient plasmid DNA carrier in space flight 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.31.564425v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Effective transport of biological systems as cargo during space travel is a critical requirement to use synthetic biology and biomanufacturing in outer space. Bioproduction using microbes will drive the extent to which many human needs can be met in environments with limited resources. Vast repositories of biological parts and strains are available to meet this need, but their on-site availability requires effective transport. Here, we explore an approach that allows DNA plasmids, a ubiquitous synthetic biology part, to be safely transported to the International Space Station and back to the Kennedy Space center, without low-temperature or cryogenic stowage. Our approach relied on the cyanobacterium Nostoc punctiforme PC73102, that is naturally tolerant to prolonged desiccation. Desiccated N. punctiforme was able to carry the non-native pSCR119 plasmid as intracellular cargo safely to space and back. Upon return to the laboratory, the extracted plasmid showed no DNA damage or additional mutations and could be used as intended to transform the model Synbio host Escherichia coli to bestow Kanamycin resistance. This proof-of-concept study provides the foundation for a ruggedized transport host for DNA to environments where there is a need to reduce equipment and infrastructure for biological parts stowage and storage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kakouridis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diamond, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eng, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mills, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamez-Holzhaus, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Summers, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Pichel, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukhopadhyay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.31.564425</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Desiccated cyanobacteria serve as efficient plasmid DNA carrier in space flight]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.31.564553v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of Gene Dosage and Development on Subcortical Nuclei Volumes in Individuals with 22q11.2 Copy Number Variations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.31.564553v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The 22q11.2 locus contains genes critical for brain development. Reciprocal Copy Number Variations (CNVs) at this locus impact risk for neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. Both 22q11.2 deletions (22qDel) and duplications (22qDup) are associated with autism, but 22qDel uniquely elevates schizophrenia risk. Understanding brain phenotypes associated with these highly penetrant CNVs can provide insights into genetic pathways underlying neuropsychiatric disorders. Human neuroimaging and animal models indicate subcortical brain alterations in 22qDel, yet little is known about developmental differences across specific nuclei between reciprocal 22q11.2 CNV carriers and typically developing (TD) controls. We conducted a longitudinal MRI study in 22qDel (n=96, 53.1% female), 22qDup (n=37, 45.9% female), and TD controls (n=80, 51.2% female), across a wide age range (5.5-49.5 years). Volumes of the thalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, and anatomical subregions were estimated using FreeSurfer, and the effect of 22q11.2 gene dosage was examined using linear mixed models. Age-related changes were characterized with general additive mixed models (GAMMs). Positive gene dosage effects (22qDel < TD < 22qDup) were observed for total intracranial and whole hippocampus volumes, but not whole thalamus or amygdala volumes. Several amygdala subregions exhibited similar positive effects, with bi-directional effects found across thalamic nuclei. Distinct age- related trajectories were observed across the three groups. Notably, both 22qDel and 22qDup carriers exhibited flattened development of hippocampal CA2/3 subfields relative to TD controls. This study provides novel insights into the impact of 22q11.2 CNVs on subcortical brain structures and their developmental trajectories.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schleifer, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Hora, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fung, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, T.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kushan-Wells, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ching, C. R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bearden, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.31.564553</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of Gene Dosage and Development on Subcortical Nuclei Volumes in Individuals with 22q11.2 Copy Number Variations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.31.565018v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Covalent Degrader of the Oncogenic Transcription Factor β-Catenin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.31.565018v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
{beta}-catenin (CTNNB1) is an oncogenic transcription factor that is important in cell-cell adhesion and transcription of cell proliferation and survival genes that drives the pathogenesis of many different types of cancers. However, direct pharmacological targeting of CTNNB1 has remained challenging deeming this transcription factor as "undruggable." Here, we have performed a screen with a library of cysteine-reactive covalent ligands to identify a monovalent degrader EN83 that depletes CTNNB1 in a ubiquitin-proteasome-dependent manner. We show that EN83 directly and covalently targets CTNNB1 through targeting four distinct cysteines within the armadillo repeat domain--C439, C466, C520, and C619--leading to a destabilization of CTNNB1. Using covalent chemoproteomic approaches, we show that EN83 directly engages CTNNB1 in cells with a moderate degree of selectivity. We further demonstrate that direct covalent targeting of three of these four cysteines--C466, C520, and C619--in cells contributes to CTNNB1 degradation in cells. We also demonstrate that EN83 can be further optimized to yield more potent CTNNB1 binders and degraders. Our results show that chemoproteomic approaches can be used to covalently target and degrade challenging transcription factors like CTNNB1 through a destabilization-mediated degradation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gowans, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forte, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatcher, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poblano, B. E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wertz, I. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomura, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.31.565018</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Covalent Degrader of the Oncogenic Transcription Factor β-Catenin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.30.564674v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Across two continents: the genomic basis of environmental adaptation in house mice (Mus musculus domesticus) from the Americas 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.30.564674v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWParallel clines across environmental gradients can be strong evidence of adaptation. House mice (Mus musculus domesticus) were introduced to the Americas by European colonizers and are now widely distributed from Tierra del Fuego to Alaska. Multiple aspects of climate, such as temperature, vary predictably across latitude in the Americas. Past studies of North American populations across latitudinal gradients provided evidence of environmental adaptation in traits related to body size, metabolism, and behavior and identified candidate genes using selection scans. Here, we investigate genomic signals of environmental adaptation on a second continent, South America, and ask whether there is evidence of parallel adaptation across multiple latitudinal transects in the Americas. We first identified loci across the genome showing signatures of selection related to climatic variation in mice sampled across a latitudinal transect in South America, accounting for neutral population structure. Consistent with previous results, most candidate SNPs were in regulatory regions. Genes containing the most extreme outliers relate to traits such as body weight or size, metabolism, immunity, fat, and development or function of the eye as well as traits associated with the cardiovascular and renal systems. We then combined these results with published results from two transects in North America. While most candidate genes were unique to individual transects, we found significant overlap among candidate genes identified independently in the three transects, providing strong evidence of parallel adaptation and identifying genes that likely underlie recent environmental adaptation in house mice across North and South America.

Author summarySince their arrival with European colonizers, house mice have successfully spread throughout the Americas. There is strong evidence that populations in North America have adapted in that time, including parallel evolution of phenotypes across latitude (e.g., body size, behavior) as well as the identification of genes that show signals of selection. Here, we investigate the genetics of environmental adaptation in South America. We find that populations in South America evolve independently of populations in North America. We identify candidate genes for environmental adaptation with links to traits like body size, metabolism, immunity, eye function, and the cardiovascular and renal systems. We then bring together data from three transects across two continents to determine if environmental adaptation is predictable, with parallel genetic changes in response to shared conditions. We find that most evidence of environmental adaptation lies in regulatory regions and that, while most candidate genes are unique to individual transects, many are shared, providing significant evidence of parallel adaptation. We identify a core set of candidate genes independently identified in all three transects that likely contribute to environmental adaptation in the Americas. These results highlight the value of studying wild populations of this genetic model system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez Guerrero, Y. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phifer-Rixey, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nachman, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.30.564674</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Across two continents: the genomic basis of environmental adaptation in house mice (Mus musculus domesticus) from the Americas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.31.565027v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development of Corynebacterium glutamicum as a monoterpene production platform 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.31.565027v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Monoterpenes are commonly known for their role in the flavors and fragrances industry and are also gaining attention for other uses like insect repellant and as potential renewable fuels for aviation. Corynebacterium glutamicum, a Generally Recognized as Safe microbe, has been a choice organism in industry for the annual million ton-scale bioproduction of amino acids for more than 50 years; however, efforts to produce monoterpenes in C. glutamicum have remained relatively limited. In this study, we report a further expansion of the C. glutamicum biosynthetic repertoire through the development and optimization of a mevalonate-based monoterpene platform. In the course of our plasmid design iterations, we increased flux through the mevalonate-based bypass pathway, measuring isoprenol production as a proxy for monoterpene precursor abundance and demonstrating the highest reported titers in C. glutamicum to date at nearly 1500 mg/L. Our designs also evaluated the effects of backbone, promoter, and GPP synthase homolog origin on monoterpene product titers. Monoterpene production was further improved by disrupting competing pathways for isoprenoid precursor supply and by implementing a biphasic production system to prevent volatilization. With this platform, we achieved 321.1 mg/L of geranoids, 723.6 mg/L of 1,8-cineole, and 227.8 mg/L of linalool. Furthermore, we determined that C. glutamicum first oxidizes geraniol through an aldehyde intermediate before it is asymmetrically reduced to citronellol. Additionally, we demonstrate that the aldehyde reductase, AdhC, possesses additional substrate promiscuity for acyclic monoterpene aldehydes.

HighlightsO_LIDesign of a mevalonate-based monoterpene production platform in C. glutamicum
C_LIO_LIHighest production titers of geranoids, eucalyptol, and linalool reported in C. glutamicum to date
C_LIO_LIIdentification of citronellal as an intermediate in the reduction of geraniol to citronellol by C. glutamicum
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luckie, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kashyap, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valencia, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romero, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudson, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, X. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petzold, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keasling, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.31.565027</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development of Corynebacterium glutamicum as a monoterpene production platform]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.01.564642v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromosome-level genome assemblies of two hemichordates provide new insights into deuterostome origin and chromosome evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.01.564642v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deuterostomes are an animal superphylum that includes Hemichordata and Echinodermata (together Ambulacraria) and Chordata. The diversity of deuterostome body plans has made it challenging to reconstruct their ancestral condition and to decipher the genetic changes that drove the diversification of deuterostome lineages. Here, we generate chromosome-level genome assemblies of two hemichordate species, Ptychodera flava and Schizocardium californicum, and use comparative genomic approaches to infer the chromosomal architecture of the deuterostome common ancestor and delineate lineage-specific chromosomal modifications. We show that hemichordate chromosomes (1N=23) exhibit remarkable chromosome-scale macrosynteny when compared to other deuterostomes, and can be derived from 24 deuterostome ancestral linkage groups (ALGs). These deuterostome ALGs in turn match previously inferred bilaterian ALGs, consistent with a relatively short transition from the last common bilaterian ancestor to the origin of deuterostomes. Based on this deuterostome ALG complement, we deduced chromosomal rearrangement events that occurred in different lineages. For example, a fusion-with-mixing event produced an Ambulacraria-specific ALG that subsequently split into two chromosomes in extant hemichordates, while this homologous ALG further fused with another chromosome in sea urchins. Orthologous genes distributed in these rearranged chromosomes are enriched for functions in various developmental processes. We found that the deeply conserved Hox clusters are located in highly rearranged chromosomes but have lower densities of transposable elements within the clusters. We also provide evidence that the deuterostome-specific pharyngeal gene cluster was established via the combination of three pre-assembled microsyntenic blocks. We suggest that since chromosomal rearrangement events and formation of new gene clusters may change the regulatory controls of developmental genes, these events may have contributed to the evolution of diverse body plans among deuterostomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marletaz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez-Posada, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez Garcia, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schloissnig, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peluso, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conception, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bump, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, T.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, C.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez Skarmeta, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tena, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowe, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rank, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokhsar, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.01.564642</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromosome-level genome assemblies of two hemichordates provide new insights into deuterostome origin and chromosome evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.02.564550v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeting editing of tomato SPEECHLESS cis-regulatory regions generates plants with altered stomatal density in response to changing climate conditions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.02.564550v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Flexible developmental programs enable plants to customize their organ size and cellular composition. In leaves of eudicots, the stomatal lineage produces two essential cell types, stomata and pavement cells, but the total numbers and ratio of these cell types can vary. Central to this flexibility is the stomatal lineage initiating transcription factor, SPEECHLESS (SPCH). Here we show, by multiplex CRISPR/Cas9 editing of SlSPCH cis-regulatory sequences in tomato, that we can identify variants with altered stomatal development responses to light and temperature cues. Analysis of tomato leaf development across different conditions, aided by newly-created tools for live-cell imaging and translational reporters of SlSPCH and its paralogues SlMUTE and SlFAMA, revealed the series of cellular events that lead to the environmental change-driven responses in leaf form. Plants bearing the novel SlSPCH variants generated in this study are powerful resources for fundamental and applied studies of tomato resilience in response to climate change.

Significance statementPlants can change their shape, size and cellular composition in response to environmental cues. Here, by precise gene editing of a core stomatal development regulator gene in tomato, we generate new alleles with enhanced or dampened responses to light and temperature cues. Combined with live imaging of development, we show the genetic and cellular pathways that contribute to customization of the leaf epidermis, and how this could lead to better climate-adapted varieties.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nir, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Budrys, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smoot, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erberich, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergmann, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.02.564550</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeting editing of tomato SPEECHLESS cis-regulatory regions generates plants with altered stomatal density in response to changing climate conditions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.31.564983v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Jasmonic acid and methyl jasmonate attenuate neuroinflammation via crosstalk with the prostaglandin E2/receptor EP2 signaling axis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.31.564983v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The jasmonates are a class of oxylipin phytohormones known to exhibit anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-cancer effects in mammalian cells. We investigated the ability of three jasmonate compounds (jasmonic acid, methyl jasmonate, and 12-OPDA) and two structurally distinct jasmonate precursors (alpha-linolenic acid and palmitic acid) to attenuate inflammation in an in vitro model of neurodegenerative disease, for which the mechanisms of action have not been well identified. The study modeled chronic neuroinflammation in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells using exogenous prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) treatment. Prostaglandin E2 caused concentration-dependent levels of inflammation and SH-SY5Y cell death, which were attenuated by the jasmonates and their precursors. To this end, structural similarities between the jasmonates and PGE2 were correlated with increased potency of their anti-inflammatory effects. Downstream biomarkers of signaling through the pro-inflammatory E prostanoid receptor subtype 2 (EP2) were then quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methods. Of the compounds tested, only jasmonic acid and methyl jasmonate attenuated inflammation in the SH-SY5Y cells via crosstalk with the PGE2/EP2 signaling axis. Additionally, structural models and molecular binding simulations serve as evidence for our hypothesis that JA and MeJA achieve this crosstalk through competitive inhibition of the receptor EP2. This novel finding has implications in the study of neurodegenerative diseases for which the disease pathology is related to chronic neuroinflammation, including Alzheimers Disease (AD), Parkinsons Disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and multiple sclerosis (MS). In addition, these findings add to the understanding of the relationship between pro-inflammatory prostaglandin E2 signaling and disease severity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ward, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.31.564983</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Jasmonic acid and methyl jasmonate attenuate neuroinflammation via crosstalk with the prostaglandin E2/receptor EP2 signaling axis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.03.565388v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Design rules for efficient endosomal escape 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.03.565388v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The inefficient translocation of proteins across biological membranes limits their application as therapeutic compounds and research tools. In most cases, translocation involves two steps: uptake into the endocytic pathway and endosomal escape. Certain charged or amphiphilic molecules promote protein uptake but few enable efficient endosomal escape. One exception is ZF5.3, a mini-protein that exploits natural endosomal maturation machinery to translocate across endosomal membranes. Although certain ZF5.3-protein conjugates are delivered efficiently into the cytosol or nucleus, overall delivery efficiency varies widely with no obvious design rules. Here we evaluate the role of protein size and thermal stability in the ability to efficiently escape endosomes when attached to ZF5.3. Using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, a singlemolecule technique that provides a precise measure of intra-cytosolic protein concentration, we demonstrate that delivery efficiency depends on both size and the ease with which a protein unfolds. Regardless of size and pI, low-Tm cargos of ZF5.3 (including intrinsically disordered domains) bias its endosomal escape route toward a high-efficiency pathway that requires the homotypic fusion and protein sorting (HOPS) complex. Small protein domains are delivered with moderate efficiency through the same HOPS portal even if the Tm is high. These findings imply a novel protein- and/or lipid-dependent pathway out of endosomes that is exploited by ZF5.3 and provide clear guidance for the selection or design of optimally deliverable therapeutic cargo.

Significance StatementThe results described in this paper provide new insights into how protein delivery works and how it can be best utilized in the future. Although intracellular protein delivery has been studied for decades, this paper describes the first interrogation of why certain protein cargos are privileged for efficient endosomal escape. These results represent a fundamental advance in the long-awaited goal of efficient protein delivery and provide design rules to overcome one of the most significant challenges for the future of biotechnology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zoltek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazquez-Maldonado, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dadina, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lesiak, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schepartz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.03.565388</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Design rules for efficient endosomal escape]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.02.565333v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular Forecasting of Domoic Acid during a Pervasive Toxic Diatom Bloom 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.02.565333v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In 2015, the largest recorded harmful algal bloom (HAB) occurred in the Northeast Pacific, causing nearly 100 million dollars in damages to fisheries and killing many protected marine mammals. Dominated by the toxic diatom Pseudo-nitzschia australis, this bloom produced high levels of the neurotoxin domoic acid (DA). Through molecular and transcriptional characterization of 52 near-weekly phytoplankton net-tow samples collected at a bloom hotspot in Monterey Bay, California, we identified active transcription of known DA biosynthesis (dab) genes from the three identified toxigenic species, including P. australis as the primary origin of toxicity. Elevated expression of silicon transporters (sit1) during the bloom supports the previously hypothesized role of dissolved silica (Si) exhaustion in contributing to bloom physiology and toxicity. We find that co-expression of the dabA and sit1 genes serves as a robust predictor of DA one week in advance, potentially enabling the forecasting of DA-producing HABs. We additionally present evidence that low levels of iron could have co-limited the diatom population along with low Si. Iron limitation represents a previously unrecognized driver of both toxin production and ecological success of the low iron adapted Pseudo-nitzschia genus during the 2015 bloom, and increasing pervasiveness of iron limitation may fuel the escalating magnitude and frequency of toxic Pseudo-nitzschia blooms globally. Our results advance understanding of bloom physiology underlying toxin production, bloom prediction, and the impact of global change on toxic blooms.

SignificancePseudo-nitzschia diatoms form oceanic harmful algal blooms that threaten human health through production of the neurotoxin domoic acid (DA). DA biosynthetic gene expression is hypothesized to control DA production in the environment, yet what regulates expression of these genes is yet to be discovered. In this study, we uncovered expression of DA biosynthesis genes by multiple toxigenic Pseudo-nitzschia species during an economically impactful bloom along the North American West Coast, and identified genes that predict DA in advance of its production. We discovered that iron and silica co-limitation restrained the bloom and likely promoted toxin production. This work suggests that increasing iron limitation due to global change may play a previously unrecognized role in driving bloom frequency and toxicity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brunson, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thukral, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolody, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavez, F. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leaw, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabines, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venepally, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kudela, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.02.565333</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular Forecasting of Domoic Acid during a Pervasive Toxic Diatom Bloom]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.02.565381v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microscale visualization of cellular features in adult macaque visual cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.02.565381v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Expansion microscopy and light sheet imaging enable fine-scale resolution of intracellular features that comprise neural circuits. Most current techniques visualize sparsely distributed features across whole brains or densely distributed features within individual brain regions. Here, we visualize dense distributions of immunolabeled proteins across early visual cortical areas in adult macaque monkeys. This process may be combined with multiphoton or magnetic resonance imaging to produce multimodal atlases in large, gyrencephalic brains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Balaram, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takasaki, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hellevik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tandukar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turschak, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacLennan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ouellette, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laughland, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gliko, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seshamani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perlman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taormina, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juneau, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potekhina, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaser, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandrashekar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logsdon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dylla, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatanaka, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ting, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vumbaco, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waters, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bair, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsao, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reid, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.02.565381</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microscale visualization of cellular features in adult macaque visual cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.03.565520v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Calibrated Identification of Feature Dependencies in Single-cell Multiomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.03.565520v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Data-driven identification of functional relationships between cellular properties is an exciting promise of single-cell genomics, especially given the increasing prevalence of assays for multiomic and spatial transcriptomic analysis. Major challenges include dealing with technical factors that might introduce or obscure dependencies between measurements, handling complex generative processes that require nonlinear modeling, and correctly assessing the statistical significance of discoveries.

VI-VS (Variational Inference for Variable Selection) is a comprehensive framework designed to strike a balance between robustness and interpretability. VI-VS employs nonlinear generative models to identify conditionally dependent features, all while maintaining control over false discovery rates. These conditional dependencies are more stringent and more likely to represent genuine causal relationships. VI-VS is openly available at https://github.com/YosefLab/VIVS, offering a no-compromise solution for identifying relevant feature relationships in multiomic data, advancing our understanding of molecular biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boyeau, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bates, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ergen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.03.565520</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Calibrated Identification of Feature Dependencies in Single-cell Multiomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.04.565631v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An injectable in situ crosslinkable platform for ultra-long-acting delivery of hydrophilic therapeutics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.04.565631v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Achieving ultra-long-term release of hydrophilic drugs over several months remains a significant challenge for existing long-acting injectables (LAIs). Existing platforms, such as in situ forming implants (ISFI), exhibit high burst release due to solvent efflux and microsphere-based approaches lead to rapid drug diffusion due to significant water exchange and large pores. Addressing these challenges, we have developed an injectable platform that, for the first time, achieves ultra-long-term release of hydrophilic drugs for over six months. This system employs a methacrylated ultra-low molecular weight pre-polymer (polycaprolactone) to create in situ cross-linked depots (ISCD). The ISCDs solvent-free design and dense mesh network, both attributed to the ultra-low molecular weight of the pre-polymer, effectively minimizes burst release and water influx/efflux. In vivo studies in rats demonstrate that ISCD outperforms ISFI by achieving lower burst release and prolonged drug release. We demonstrated the versatility of ISCD by showcasing ultra-long-term delivery of several hydrophilic drugs, including antiretrovirals (tenofovir alafenamide, emtricitabine, abacavir, and lamivudine), antibiotics (vancomycin and amoxicillin) and an opioid antagonist naltrexone. Additionally, ISCD achieved ultra-long-term release of the hydrophobic drug tacrolimus and enabled co-delivery of hydrophilic drug combinations encapsulated in a single depot. We also identified design parameters to tailor the polymer network, tuning drug release kinetics and ISCD degradation. Pharmacokinetic modeling predicted over six months of drug release in humans, significantly surpassing the one-month standard achievable for hydrophilic drugs with existing LAIs. The platforms biodegradability, retrievability, and biocompatibility further underscore its potential for improving treatment adherence in chronic conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agus, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barooj, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mary, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slaughter, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheung, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karp, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.04.565631</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An injectable in situ crosslinkable platform for ultra-long-acting delivery of hydrophilic therapeutics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.05.565687v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Contexts facilitate dynamic value encoding in the mesolimbic dopamine system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.05.565687v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adaptive behavior in a dynamic environment often requires rapid revaluation of stimuli that deviates from well-learned associations. The divergence between stable value-encoding and appropriate behavioral output remains a critical test to theories of dopamines function in learning, motivation, and motor control. Yet how dopamine neurons are involved in the revaluation of cues when the world changes to alter our behavior remains unclear. Here we make use of pharmacology, in vivo electrophysiology, fiber photometry, and optogenetics to resolve the contributions of the mesolimbic dopamine system to the dynamic reorganization of reward-seeking. Male and female rats were trained to discriminate when a conditioned stimulus would be followed by sucrose reward by exploiting the prior, non-overlapping presentation of a separate discrete cue - an occasion setter. Only when the occasion setters presentation preceded the conditioned stimulus did the conditioned stimulus predict sucrose delivery. As a result, in this task we were able to dissociate the average value of the conditioned stimulus from its immediate expected value on a trial-to-trial basis. Both the activity of ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons and dopamine signaling in the nucleus accumbens were essential for rats to successfully update behavioral responding in response to the occasion setter. Moreover, dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens following the conditioned stimulus only occurred when the occasion setter indicated it would predict reward. Downstream of dopamine release, we found that single neurons in the nucleus accumbens dynamically tracked the value of the conditioned stimulus. Together these results reveal a novel mechanism within the mesolimbic dopamine system for the rapid revaluation of motivation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fraser, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolff, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ottenheimer, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bornhoft, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pat, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janak, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saunders, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.05.565687</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Contexts facilitate dynamic value encoding in the mesolimbic dopamine system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.06.565746v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Revisiting the Briggs ancient DNA damage model: a fast regression method to estimate postmortem damage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.06.565746v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationOne essential initial step in the analysis of ancient DNA is to authenticate its ancientness to ensure reliable conclusions. That is, meticulously assessing whether next-generation sequencing reads exhibit ancient characteristics, with a particular focus on the postmortem damage (PMD) signal induced by cytosine deamination in the fragments termini. We present a novel statistical method implementation in a fast multithreaded program ngsBriggs that enables the rapid quantification of PMD by calculation of the Briggs ancient damage model parameters (Briggs parameters).

ResultsUsing a fast multinomial regression approach, ngsBriggs accurately models the Briggs parameters, quantifying the PMD signal from single and double-stranded DNA regions. We revisit and extend the original Briggs model, with ngsBriggs modeling PMD signals for contemporary sequencing platforms. Furthermore, ngsBriggs asserts itself as a reliable and consistent tool, by accurately estimating the Briggs parameters across a variety of contamination levels. The classification accuracy of ngsBriggs significantly exceeds the current tool available when discerning ancient-from modern sequencing reads to decontaminate samples. Our novel method and implementation ngsBriggs outperforms existing tools regarding computational speed and accuracy, establishing its practicality and usability. Our tool, ngsBriggs offers a practical and accurate toolset for researchers seeking to authenticate ancient DNA and improve the quality of their data.

Availabilityhttps://github.com/lz398/metadamage_briggs
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henriksen, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramsoe, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korneliussen, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.06.565746</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Revisiting the Briggs ancient DNA damage model: a fast regression method to estimate postmortem damage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.06.565830v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coordinated differentiation of human intestinal organoids with functional enteric neurons and vasculature 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.06.565830v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human intestinal organoids (HIOs) derived from human pluripotent stem cells co-differentiate both epithelial and mesenchymal lineages in vitro but lack important cell types such as neurons, endothelial cells, and smooth muscle. Here, we report an in vitro method to derive HIOs with epithelium, mesenchyme, enteric neuroglial populations, endothelial cells, and organized smooth muscle in a single differentiation, without the need for co-culture. When transplanted into a murine host, these populations expand and organize to support organoid maturation and function. Functional experiments demonstrate enteric nervous system function, with HIOs undergoing peristaltic-like contractions, suggesting the development of a functional neuromuscular unit. HIOs also form functional vasculature, demonstrated in vitro using microfluidic devices to introduce vascular-like flow, and in vivo following transplantation, where HIO endothelial cells anastomose with host vasculature. Collectively, we report an in vitro model of the human gut that simultaneously co-differentiates epithelial, stromal, endothelial, neural, and organized muscle populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Childs, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poling, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sweet, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vallie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eiken, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreiner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conchola, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderman, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holloway, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giger, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahe, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walton, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loebel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helmrath, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rafii, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spence, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.06.565830</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coordinated differentiation of human intestinal organoids with functional enteric neurons and vasculature]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.06.565850v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Covalent 14-3-3 Molecular Glues and Heterobifunctional Molecules Against Nuclear Transcription Factors and Regulators 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.06.565850v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
14-3-3 proteins have the unique ability to bind and sequester a multitude of diverse phosphorylated signaling proteins and transcription factors. Many previous studies have shown that 14-3-3 interactions with specific phosphorylated substrate proteins can be enhanced through small-molecule natural product or fully synthetic molecular glue interactions. However, enhancing 14-3-3 interactions with both therapeutically intractable transcription factor substrates as well as potential neo-substrates to sequester and inhibit their function has remained elusive. One of the 14-3-3 proteins, 14-3-3{sigma} or SFN, has a cysteine C38 at the substrate binding interface near sites where previous 14-3-3 molecular glues have been found to bind. In this study, we screened a fully synthetic cysteine-reactive covalent ligand library to identify molecular glues that enhance interaction of 14-3-3{sigma} with not only druggable transcription factors such as estrogen receptor (ER), but also challenging oncogenic transcription factors such as YAP and TAZ that are part of the Hippo transducer pathway. We identified a hit EN171 that covalently targets 14-3-3 to enhance 14-3-3 interactions with ER, YAP, and TAZ leading to impaired estrogen receptor and Hippo pathway transcriptional activity. We further demonstrate that EN171 could not only be used as a molecular glue to enhance native protein interactions, but also could be used as a covalent 14-3-3 recruiter in heterobifunctional molecules to sequester nuclear neo-substrates such as BRD4 into the cytosol. Overall, our study reveals a covalent ligand that acts as a novel 14-3-3 molecular glue for challenging transcription factors such as YAP and TAZ and also demonstrates that these glues can be potentially utilized in heterobifunctional molecules to sequester nuclear neo-substrates out of the nucleus and into the cytosol to enable targeted protein localization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shao, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duong, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomura, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.06.565850</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Covalent 14-3-3 Molecular Glues and Heterobifunctional Molecules Against Nuclear Transcription Factors and Regulators]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.06.565857v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Contact-Inhibited ERK Signaling is Determined by Cellular-Resolution Western Blotting 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.06.565857v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling is essential to regulated cell behaviors, including cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. The influence of cell-cell contacts on ERK signaling is central to epithelial cells, yet few studies have sought to understand the same in cancer cells, particularly with single-cell resolution. To acquire same-cell measurements of both phenotypic (cell-contact state) and targeted-protein profile (ERK phosphorylation), we prepend high-content, whole-cell imaging prior to endpoint cellular-resolution western blot analyses for each of hundreds of individual HeLa cancer cells cultured on that same chip, which we call contactBlot. By indexing the phosphorylation level of ERK in each cell or cell-cluster to the imaged cell-contact state, we compare ERK signaling between isolated and in-contact cells. We observe attenuated ([~]2x) ERK signaling in HeLa cells which are in-contact versus isolated. Attenuation is sustained when the HeLa cells are challenged with hyperosmotic stress. Our findings show the impact of cell-cell contacts on ERK activation with isolated and in-contact cells, while introducing a multi omics tool for control and scrutiny of cell-cell interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naguro, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryuno, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herr, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.06.565857</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Contact-Inhibited ERK Signaling is Determined by Cellular-Resolution Western Blotting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.06.565375v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single cell transcriptional profiling of benign prostatic hyperplasia reveals a progenitor-like luminal epithelial cell state within an inflammatory microenvironment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.06.565375v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is characterized by excessive cell proliferation and inflammation and affects most aging men. The development of new therapies for BPH requires a deeper understanding of the underlying pathophysiology and cellular components of BPH. Here, we characterize at single cell resolution the cellular states of BPH and identify cell populations enriched in BPH that contribute to cell proliferation and inflammation. Single-cell RNA-sequencing was performed on prostate tissue from 15 patients undergoing holmium laser enucleation of the prostate for treatment of BPH. Clustering and differential expression analysis on aligned single cell RNA-seq data was performed to annotate all cell types. Pseudotime, gene set enrichment, gene ontology, and ligand-receptor analyses were performed. 16,234 cells were analyzed and specific stromal, epithelial, and immune subgroups were found to be strongly associated with inflammation. A rare luminal subgroup was identified and pseudotime analysis indicated this luminal subgroup was more closely related to club and basal cells. Using a gene set derived from epithelial stem cells, we found that this luminal subgroup had a significantly higher stem cell signature score than all other epithelial subgroups, suggesting this subgroup is a luminal precursor state. Ligand-receptor interactions between stromal, epithelial, and immune cells were explored with CellPhoneDB. Unique interactions highlighting MIF, a pro-inflammatory cytokine that promotes epithelial cell growth and inflammation in the prostate, were found between fibroblasts and the progenitor luminal subgroup. This luminal subgroup also interacted with neutrophils and macrophages through MIF. Our single-cell profiling of BPH provides a roadmap for inflammation-linked cell subgroups and highlights a novel luminal progenitor subgroup interacting with other cell groups via MIF that may contribute to the inflammation and cell proliferation phenotype associated with BPH.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Unno, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akutagawa, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hui, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, F. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.06.565375</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single cell transcriptional profiling of benign prostatic hyperplasia reveals a progenitor-like luminal epithelial cell state within an inflammatory microenvironment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.07.565973v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Incorporation of multiple beta 2-backbones into a protein invivo using an orthogonal aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.07.565973v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synthesis of sequence-defined biomaterials whose monomer backbones diverge from canonical -amino acids represents the next frontier in protein and biomaterial evolution with the potential to yield better biological therapeutics, bioremediation tools, and biodegradable plastic-like materials. One monomer family of particular interest for biomaterials are {beta}-hydroxy acids. Many natural products contain isolated {beta}-esters, and polymeric {beta}-esters are found in polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) polyesters under development as bioplastics and drug encapsulation/delivery systems. Here we report that {beta}2-hydroxy acids possessing both (R) and (S) absolute configuration are excellent substrates for pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase (PylRS) enzymes in vitro, and that (S)-{beta}2-hydroxy acids are substrates in cellulo. Using the MaPylRS/MatRNAPyl pair, in conjunction with wild-type E. coli ribosomes and EF-Tu, we report the cellular synthesis of model proteins containing two (S)-{beta}2-hydroxy acid residues at internal positions. Metadynamics simulations provide a rationale for the observed enantioselective preference of the ribosome for the (S)-{beta}2-hydroxy acid backbone and mechanistic insights that inform future ribosomal engineering efforts. As far as we know, this finding represents the first example of an orthogonal synthetase that accepts a {beta}-backbone substrate and the first example of a protein hetero-oligomer containing multiple expanded-backbone monomers produced in cellulo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hamlish, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abramyan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schepartz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.07.565973</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Incorporation of multiple beta 2-backbones into a protein invivo using an orthogonal aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.07.566105v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrated multi-omics single cell atlas of the human retina 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.07.566105v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell sequencing has revolutionized the scale and resolution of molecular profiling of tissues and organs. Here, we present an integrated multimodal reference atlas of the most accessible portion of the mammalian central nervous system, the retina. We compiled around 2.4 million cells from 55 donors, including 1.4 million unpublished data points, to create a comprehensive human retina cell atlas (HRCA) of transcriptome and chromatin accessibility, unveiling over 110 types. Engaging the retina community, we annotated each cluster, refined the Cell Ontology for the retina, identified distinct marker genes, and characterized cis-regulatory elements and gene regulatory networks (GRNs) for these cell types. Our analysis uncovered intriguing differences in transcriptome, chromatin, and GRNs across cell types. In addition, we modeled changes in gene expression and chromatin openness across gender and age. This integrated atlas also enabled the fine-mapping of GWAS and eQTL variants. Accessible through interactive browsers, this multimodal cross-donor and cross-lab HRCA, can facilitate a better understanding of retinal function and pathology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibarra, I. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luecken, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monavarfeshani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuo, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colborn, S. L. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cortez, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owen, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shekhar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanes, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stout, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeAngelis, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theis, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.07.566105</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrated multi-omics single cell atlas of the human retina]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.09.566451v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Minimization of the E. coli ribosome, aided and optimized by community science 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.09.566451v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ribosome is a ribonucleoprotein complex found in all domains of life. Its role is to catalyze protein synthesis, the messenger RNA (mRNA)-templated formation of amide bonds between -amino acid monomers. Amide bond formation occurs within a highly conserved region of the large ribosomal subunit known as the peptidyl transferase center (PTC). Here we describe the stepwise design and characterization of mini-PTC 1.1, a 284-nucleotide RNA that recapitulates many essential features of the Escherichia coli PTC. Mini-PTC 1.1 folds into a PTC-like structure under physiological conditions, even in the absence of r-proteins, and engages small molecule analogs of A- and P-site tRNAs. The sequence of mini-PTC 1.1 differs from the wild type E. coli ribosome at 12 nucleotides that were installed by a cohort of citizen scientists using the on-line video game Eterna. These base changes improve both the secondary structure and tertiary folding of mini-PTC 1.1 as well as its ability to bind small molecule substrate analogs. Here, the combined input from Eterna citizen-scientists and RNA structural analysis provides a robust workflow for the design of a minimal PTC that recapitulates many features of an intact ribosome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tangpradabkul, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palo, M. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Townley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eterna Participants,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smaga, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schepartz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.09.566451</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Minimization of the E. coli ribosome, aided and optimized by community science]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.11.566681v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
eIF3 engages with 3'-UTR termini of highly translated mRNAs in neural progenitor cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.11.566681v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stem cell differentiation involves a global increase in protein synthesis to meet the demands of specialized cell types. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this translational burst and the involvement of initiation factors remains largely unknown. Here, we investigate the role of eukaryotic initiation factor 3 (eIF3) in early differentiation of human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived neural progenitor cells (NPCs). Using Quick-irCLIP and alternative polyadenylation (APA) Seq, we show eIF3 crosslinks predominantly with 3 untranslated region (3-UTR) termini of multiple mRNA isoforms, adjacent to the poly(A) tail. Furthermore, we find that eIF3 engagement at 3-UTR ends is dependent on polyadenylation. High eIF3 crosslinking at 3-UTR termini of mRNAs correlates with high translational activity, as determined by ribosome profiling, but not with translational efficiency. The results presented here show that eIF3 engages with 3-UTR termini of highly translated mRNAs, likely reflecting a general rather than specific regulatory function of eIF3, and supporting a role of mRNA circularization in the mechanisms governing mRNA translation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mestre-Fos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trinidad, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingolia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cate, J. H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.11.566681</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[eIF3 engages with 3'-UTR termini of highly translated mRNAs in neural progenitor cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.09.565696v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GENTANGLE: integrated computational design of gene entanglements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.09.565696v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryThe design of two overlapping genes in a microbial genome is an emerging technique for adding more reliable control mechanisms in engineered organisms for increased safety. The design of functional gene pairs is a challenging procedure and computational design tools are used to improve the efficiency to deploy successful designs in genetically engineered systems. GENTANGLE (Gene Tuples ArraNGed in overLapping Elements) is a high performance containerized pipeline for the computational design of two overlapping genes translated in different reading frames of the genome. This new software package can be used to design and test gene entanglements for microbial engineering projects using arbitrary sets of user specified gene pairs.

Availability and ImplementationThe GENTANGLE source code and its submodules are freely available on GitHub at https://github.com/BiosecSFA/gentangle. The DATANGLE (DATA for genTANGLE) repository contains related data and results, and is freely available on GitHub at https://github.com/BiosecSFA/datangle. The GENTANGLE repository wiki contains detailed instructions on how to use the container and the different components of software and data, including reproducing the results. The code is licensed under the GNU Affero General Public License version 3 (https://www.gnu.org/licenses/agpl.html).

Contactmartimartine1@llnl.gov and allen99@llnl.gov
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marti, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rochereau, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blazejewski, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nisonoff, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonard, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang-Yun, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chlebek, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricci, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Listgarten, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.09.565696</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GENTANGLE: integrated computational design of gene entanglements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.09.566376v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disrupted sleep-wake regulation in the MCI-Park mouse model of Parkinson's Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.09.566376v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Disrupted sleep has a profound adverse impact on lives of Parkinsons disease (PD) patients and their caregivers. Sleep disturbances are exceedingly common in PD, with substantial heterogeneity in type, timing, and severity. Among the most common sleep-related symptoms reported by PD patients are insomnia, excessive daytime sleepiness, and sleep fragmentation, characterized by interruptions and decreased continuity of sleep. Alterations in brain wave activity, as measured on the electroencephalogram (EEG), also occur in PD, with changes in the pattern and relative contributions of different frequency bands of the EEG spectrum to overall EEG activity in different vigilance states consistently observed. The mechanisms underlying these PD-associated sleep-wake abnormalities are poorly understood, and they are ineffectively treated by conventional PD therapies. To help fill this gap in knowledge, a new progressive model of PD - the MCI-Park mouse - was studied. Near the transition to the parkinsonian state, these mice exhibited significantly altered sleep-wake regulation, including increased wakefulness, decreased non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, increased sleep fragmentation, reduced rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and altered EEG activity patterns. These sleep-wake abnormalities mirror those identified in PD patients. Thus, this model may help elucidate the circuit mechanisms underlying sleep disruption in PD and identify targets for novel therapeutic approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Summa, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Rodriguez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vitaterna, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Surmeier, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turek, F. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.09.566376</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disrupted sleep-wake regulation in the MCI-Park mouse model of Parkinson's Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.09.566459v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative mutant analyses reveal a novel mechanism of ARF regulation in land plants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.09.566459v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A major challenge in plant biology is to understand how the plant hormone auxin regulates diverse transcriptional responses throughout development, in different environments, and in different species. The answer may lie in the specific complement of auxin signaling components in each cell. The balance between activators (class-A AUXIN RESPONSE FACTORS) and repressors (class-B ARFs) is particularly important. It is unclear how this balance is achieved. Through comparative analysis of novel, dominant mutants in maize and the moss Physcomitrium patens, we have discovered a [~]500-million-year-old mechanism of class-B ARF protein level regulation, important in determining cell fate decisions across land plants. Thus, our results add a key piece to the puzzle of how auxin regulates plant development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Prigge, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morffy, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Neve, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szutu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juarez, M. J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Do, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hake, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strader, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estelle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.09.566459</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative mutant analyses reveal a novel mechanism of ARF regulation in land plants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.10.566306v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nucleus accumbens dopamine release reflects Bayesian inference during instrumental learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.10.566306v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens has been hypothesized to signal reward prediction error, the difference between observed and predicted reward, suggesting a biological implementation for reinforcement learning. Rigorous tests of this hypothesis require assumptions about how the brain maps sensory signals to reward predictions, yet this mapping is still poorly understood. In particular, the mapping is non-trivial when sensory signals provide ambiguous information about the hidden state of the environment. Previous work using classical conditioning tasks has suggested that reward predictions are generated conditional on probabilistic beliefs about the hidden state, such that dopamine implicitly reflects these beliefs. Here we test this hypothesis in the context of an instrumental task (a two-armed bandit), where the hidden state switches repeatedly. We measured choice behavior and recorded dLight signals reflecting dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens core. Model comparison among a wide set of cognitive models based on the behavioral data favored models that used Bayesian updating of probabilistic beliefs. These same models also quantitatively matched the dopamine measurements better than non-Bayesian alternatives. We conclude that probabilistic belief computation contributes to instrumental task performance in mice and is reflected in mesolimbic dopamine signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qu, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tai, L.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tu, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eckstein, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mischanchuk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chase, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacAskill, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, A. G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gershman, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilbrecht, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.10.566306</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nucleus accumbens dopamine release reflects Bayesian inference during instrumental learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.10.566599v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optical segmentation-based compressed readout of neuronal voltage dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.10.566599v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Functional imaging of biological dynamics generally begins with acquiring time-series images, followed by quantifying spatially averaged intensity traces for the regions of interest (ROIs). The conventional pipeline discards a substantial portion of the acquired data when quantifying intensity traces, indicative of inefficient data acquisition. Here we propose a conceptually novel acquisition pipeline that assigns each ROI to a single pixel in the detector, enabling optimally compressed acquisition of the intensity traces. As a proof-of-principle, we implemented a detection module composed of a pair of spatial light modulators and a microlens array, which segments the original image into multiple subimages by introducing distinct angular shifts to each ROI. Each subimage exclusively encodes the signal for the corresponding ROI, facilitating the compressed readout of its intensity trace using a single pixel. This spatial compression allowed for maximizing the temporal information without compromising the spatial information on ROIs. Harnessing our novel approach, we demonstrate the recording of circuit-scale neuronal voltage dynamics at over 5 kHz sampling rate, revealing the individual action potential waveforms within subcellular structures, as well as their submillisecond-scale temporal delays.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choi, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, L. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.10.566599</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optical segmentation-based compressed readout of neuronal voltage dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.11.566723v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Testing of putative antiseizure drugs in a preclinical Dravet syndrome zebrafish model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.11.566723v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dravet syndrome (DS) is a severe genetic epilepsy primarily caused by de novo mutations in a voltage-activated sodium channel gene (SCN1A). Patients face life-threatening seizures that are largely resistant to available anti-seizure medications (ASM). Preclinical DS animal models are a valuable tool to identify candidate ASMs for these patients. Among these, scn1lab mutant zebrafish exhibiting spontaneous seizure-like activity are particularly amenable to large-scale drug screening. Prior screening in a scn1lab mutant zebrafish line generated using N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) identified valproate, stiripentol, and fenfluramine e.g., Federal Drug Administration (FDA) approved drugs with clinical application in the DS population. Successful phenotypic screening in scn1lab mutant zebrafish consists of two stages: (i) a locomotion-based assay measuring high-velocity convulsive swim behavior and (ii) an electrophysiology-based assay, using in vivo local field potential (LFP) recordings, to quantify electrographic seizure-like events. Using this strategy more than 3000 drug candidates have been screened in scn1lab zebrafish mutants. Here, we curated a list of nine additional anti-seizure drug candidates recently identified in preclinical models: 1-EBIO, AA43279, chlorzoxazone, donepezil, lisuride, mifepristone, pargyline, soticlestat and vorinostat. First-stage locomotion-based assays in scn1lab mutant zebrafish identified only 1-EBIO, chlorzoxazone and lisuride. However, second-stage LFP recording assays did not show significant suppression of spontaneous electrographic seizure activity for any of the nine anti-seizure drug candidates. Surprisingly, soticlestat induced frank electrographic seizure-like discharges in wild-type control zebrafish. Taken together, our results failed to replicate clear anti-seizure efficacy for these drug candidates highlighting a necessity for strict scientific standards in preclinical identification of ASMs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Whyte-Fagundes, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vance, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carroll, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Figueroa, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manukyan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baraban, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.11.566723</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Testing of putative antiseizure drugs in a preclinical Dravet syndrome zebrafish model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.15.566339v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lung and liver editing by lipid nanoparticle delivery of a stable CRISPR-Cas9 RNP 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.15.566339v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lipid nanoparticle (LNP) delivery of CRISPR ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) has the potential to enable high-efficiency in vivo genome editing with low toxicity and an easily manufactured technology, if RNP efficacy can be maintained during LNP production. In this study, we engineered a thermostable Cas9 from Geobacillus stearothermophilus (GeoCas9) using directed evolution to generate iGeoCas9 evolved variants capable of robust genome editing of cells and organs. iGeoCas9s were significantly better at editing cells than wild-type GeoCas9, with genome editing levels >100X greater than those induced by the native GeoCas9 enzyme. Furthermore, iGeoCas9 RNP:LNP complexes edited a variety of cell lines and induced homology-directed repair (HDR) in cells receiving co-delivered single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) templates. Using tissue-selective LNP formulations, we observed genome editing of 35-56% efficiency in the liver or lungs of mice that received intravenous injections of iGeoCas9 RNP:LNPs. In particular, iGeoCas9 complexed to acid-degradable LNPs edited lung tissue in vivo with an average of 35% efficiency, a significant improvement over editing efficiencies observed previously using viral or non-viral delivery strategies. These results show that thermostable Cas9 RNP:LNP complexes are a powerful alternative to mRNA:LNP delivery vehicles, expanding the therapeutic potential of genome editing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trinidad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgstone, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murthy, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.15.566339</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lung and liver editing by lipid nanoparticle delivery of a stable CRISPR-Cas9 RNP]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.15.567251v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineering self-deliverable ribonucleoproteins for genome editing in the brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.15.567251v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The delivery of CRISPR ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) for genome editing in vitro and in vivo has important advantages over other delivery methods, including reduced off-target and immunogenic effects1. However, effective delivery of RNPs remains challenging in certain cell types due to low efficiency and cell toxicity. To address these issues, we engineered self-deliverable RNPs that can promote efficient cellular uptake and carry out robust genome editing without the need for helper materials or biomolecules. Screening of cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) fused to CRISPR-Cas9 protein identified potent constructs capable of efficient genome editing of neural progenitor cells. Further engineering of these fusion proteins identified a C-terminal Cas9 fusion with three copies of A22p, a peptide derived from human semaphorin-3a, that exhibited substantially improved editing efficacy compared to other constructs. We found that self-deliverable Cas9 RNPs generated robust genome edits in clinically relevant genes when injected directly into the mouse striatum. Overall, self-deliverable Cas9 proteins provide a facile and effective platform for genome editing in vitro and in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stahl, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trinidad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.15.567251</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineering self-deliverable ribonucleoproteins for genome editing in the brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.14.566109v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Olfaction foraging in visually oriented tropical arboreal ants Oecophylla smaragdina: Implications for insect predation studies using artificial sentinel prey 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.14.566109v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Predation is the key to understanding trophic interactions. Because of the brief and cryptic nature of predatory behavior, sentinel prey has been widely adopted as an indirect way to identify predators and understand trophic interactions. However, sentinel prey presents only static visual cues, potentially biasing toward visually oriented predators whilst ignoring those that require other sensory cues to forage. Despite this, the effectiveness of sentinel prey has rarely been tested. Here, we focused on the weaver ant, Oecophylla smaragdina, a keystone predator widespread in the Asian and Australian tropics. As this species has large eyes and is known to visually navigate in their arboreal habitats, we hypothesized that they rely on visual cues to forage and that their predatory behavior will be captured by caterpillar-shaped sentinel prey. Ants were collected as colonies, and preference trials on baits were conducted using combinations of olfactory and static visual cues including the caterpillar shape. Surprisingly, O. smaragdina showed little or no preference for baits in the absence of olfactory cues and did not differentiate the shapes of baits regardless of the presence of olfactory cues. Our results indicate that O. smaragdina is likely to make predatory decisions based primarily on olfactory cues, while visual cues might be used for other behaviors. Furthermore, O. smaragdina is likely to be left out by the predation studies using sentinel prey models which is particularly alarming considering the dominant role of this species in the trophic interactions of tropical rainforests. Our study demonstrates that morphological characteristics, arboreal habitats, and visually oriented behavior do not necessarily suggest the use of static visual cues for predatory decisions. We suggest that sentinel prey models should not be used alone when the dominant predators are unlikely to use visual cues to make predatory decisions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kagame, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mizuno, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakamura, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.14.566109</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Olfaction foraging in visually oriented tropical arboreal ants Oecophylla smaragdina: Implications for insect predation studies using artificial sentinel prey]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.14.567090v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
De novo Design of Peptides that Bind Specific Conformers of α-Synuclein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.14.567090v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Insoluble amyloids rich in cross-{beta} fibrils are observed in a number of neurodegenerative diseases. Depending on the clinicopathology, the amyloids can adopt distinct supramolecular assemblies, termed conformational strains. However, rapid methods to study amyloid in a conformationally specific manner are lacking. We introduce a novel computational method for de novo design of peptides that tile the surface of -synuclein fibrils in a conformationally specific manner. Our method begins by identifying surfaces that are unique to the conformational strain of interest, which becomes a "target backbone" for the design of a peptide binder. Next, we interrogate structures in the PDB database with high geometric complementarity to the target. Then, we identify secondary structural motifs that interact with this target backbone in a favorable, highly occurring geometry. This method produces monomeric helical motifs with a favorable geometry for interaction with the strands of the underlying amyloid. Each motif is then symmetrically replicated to form a monolayer that tiles the amyloid surface. Finally, amino acid sequences of the peptide binders are computed to provide a sequence with high geometric and physicochemical complementarity to the target amyloid. This method was applied to a conformational strain of -synuclein fibrils, resulting in a peptide with high specificity for the target relative to other amyloids formed by -synuclein, tau, or A{beta}40. This designed peptide also markedly slowed the formation of -synuclein amyloids. Overall, this method offers a new tool for examining conformational strains of amyloid proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wallace, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Condello, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polizzi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeGrado, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.14.567090</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[De novo Design of Peptides that Bind Specific Conformers of α-Synuclein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.15.567147v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of a putative rhamnogalacturonan-II CMP-beta-Kdo transferase through a callus-based gene editing method which overcomes embryo lethality. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.15.567147v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II) is a structurally complex and conserved domain of the pectin present in the primary cell walls of vascular plants. Borate crosslinking of RG-II is required for plants to grow and develop normally. Mutations that alter RG-II structure also affect crosslinking and are lethal or severely impair growth. Thus, few genes involved in RG-II synthesis have been identified. Here we developed a method using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene to generate callus carrying loss-of-function mutations in the MPG2 gene that encodes a putative family GT29 glycosyltransferase. Plants homozygous for this mutation do not survive. We show that in the callus mutant cell walls, RG-II does not crosslink normally because it lacks 3-deoxy-D-manno- octulosonic acid (Kdo) and thus cannot form the -L-Rhap-(1[-&gt;]5)--D-kdop-(1[-&gt;] sidechain. We suggest that MGP2 encodes an inverting CMP-{beta}-Kdo transferase (RCKT1). Our discovery provides further insight into the role of sidechains in RG-II dimerization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Downs, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolman, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thorne, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheller, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Neill, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urbanowicz, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mortimer, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.15.567147</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of a putative rhamnogalacturonan-II CMP-beta-Kdo transferase through a callus-based gene editing method which overcomes embryo lethality.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.17.567549v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reversible histone deacetylase activity catalyzes lysine acylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.17.567549v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Starvation and low carbohydrate diets lead to the accumulation of the ketone body, {beta}-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), whose blood concentrations increase more than 10-fold into the millimolar range. In addition to providing a carbon source, BHB accumulation triggers lysine {beta}-hydroxybutyrylation (Kbhb) of proteins via unknown mechanisms. As with other lysine acylation events, Kbhb marks can be removed by histone deacetylases (HDACs). Here, we report that class I HDACs unexpectedly catalyze protein lysine modification with {beta}-hydroxybutyrate (BHB). Mutational analyses of the HDAC2 active site reveal a shared reliance on key amino acids for classical deacetylation and non-canonical HDAC-catalyzed {beta}-hydroxybutyrylation. Also consistent with reverse HDAC activity, Kbhb formation is driven by mass action and substrate availability. This reverse HDAC activity is not limited to BHB but also extends to multiple short-chain fatty acids. The reversible activity of class I HDACs described here represents a novel mechanism of PTM deposition relevant to metabolically-sensitive proteome modifications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tsusaka, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Najar, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwarz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohrnsen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oses-Prieto, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burlingame, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosio, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burslem, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldberg, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.17.567549</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reversible histone deacetylase activity catalyzes lysine acylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.17.567602v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
JUN mRNA Translation Regulation is Mediated by Multiple 5' UTR and Start Codon Features 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.17.567602v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Regulation of mRNA translation by eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) is crucial for cell survival. In humans, eIF3 stimulates translation of the JUN mRNA which encodes the transcription factor JUN, an oncogenic transcription factor involved in cell cycle progression, apoptosis, and cell proliferation. Previous studies revealed that eIF3 activates translation of the JUN mRNA by interacting with a stem loop in the 5' untranslated region (5' UTR) and with the 5' -7-methylguanosine cap structure. In addition to its interaction site with eIF3, the JUN 5' UTR is nearly one kilobase in length, and has a high degree of secondary structure, high GC content, and an upstream start codon (uAUG). This motivated us to explore the complexity of JUN mRNA translation regulation in human cells. Here we find that JUN translation is regulated in a sequence and structure-dependent manner in regions adjacent to the eIF3-interacting site in the JUN 5' UTR. Furthermore, we identify contributions of an additional initiation factor, eIF4A, in JUN regulation. We show that enhancing the interaction of eIF4A with JUN by using the compound Rocaglamide A (RocA) represses JUN translation. We also find that both the upstream AUG (uAUG) and the main AUG (mAUG) contribute to JUN translation and that they are conserved throughout vertebrates. Our results reveal additional layers of regulation for JUN translation and show the potential of JUN as a model transcript for understanding multiple interacting modes of translation regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Sanchez, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castellanos-Silva, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz-Figueroa, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cate, J. H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.17.567602</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[JUN mRNA Translation Regulation is Mediated by Multiple 5' UTR and Start Codon Features]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.18.567655v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Environment-independent distribution of mutational effects emerges from microscopic epistasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.18.567655v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Predicting how new mutations alter phenotypes is difficult because mutational effects vary across genotypes and environments. Recently discovered global epistasis, where the fitness effects of mutations scale with the fitness of the background genotype, can improve predictions, but how the environment modulates this scaling is unknown. We measured the fitness effects of [~]100 insertion mutations in 42 strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in six laboratory environments and found that the global-epistasis scaling is nearly invariant across environments. Instead, the environment tunes one global parameter, the background fitness at which most mutations switch sign. As a consequence, the distribution of mutational effects is predictable across genotypes and environments. Our results suggest that the effective dimensionality of genotype-to-phenotype maps across environments is surprisingly low.

One Sentence SummaryThe effects of mutations on microbial growth rate follow a pattern of global epistasis that is invariant across environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ardell, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martsul, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kryazhimskiy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.18.567655</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Environment-independent distribution of mutational effects emerges from microscopic epistasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.18.567683v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An engineered glioblastoma model yields novel macrophage-secreted drivers of invasion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.18.567683v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glioblastomas (GBMs) are highly invasive brain tumors replete with brain- and blood-derived macrophages, collectively known as tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). Targeting TAMs has been proposed as a therapeutic strategy but has thus far yielded limited clinical success in slowing GBM progression, due in part to an incomplete understanding of TAM function in GBM. Here, by using an engineered hyaluronic acid-based 3D invasion platform, patient-derived GBM cells, and multi-omics analysis of GBM tumor microenvironments, we show that M2-polarized macrophages stimulate GBM stem cell (GSC) mesenchymal transition and invasion. We identify TAM-derived transforming growth factor beta induced (TGF{beta}I/BIGH3) as a pro-tumorigenic factor in the GBM microenvironment. In GBM patients, BIGH3 mRNA expression correlates with poor patient prognosis and is highest in the most aggressive GBM molecular subtype. Inhibiting TAM-derived BIGH3 signaling with a blocking antibody or small molecule inhibitor suppresses GSC invasion. Our work highlights the utility of 3D in vitro tumor microenvironment platforms to investigate TAM-cancer cell crosstalk and offers new insights into TAM function to guide novel TAM-targeting therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Akins, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkins, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aghi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.18.567683</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An engineered glioblastoma model yields novel macrophage-secreted drivers of invasion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.17.567598v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Public Health Response to Pan-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Sequence Type 309 with Tandem Guiana Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases Genetic Characterization and In Vivo Efficacy Assessment using Translational Murine Model. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.17.567598v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Through phenotypic and genetic profiling, we identified the first pan resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa high-risk sequence type 309 (ST-309) with Guiana Extended Spectrum {beta}-Lactamase (GES) in California, prior to a national outbreak of VIM-GES Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1). Our findings highlight detection and use of the translational murine model provide treatment implications for this emerging Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lloyd, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gill, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aquino Herrera, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heaton, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shemsu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trivedi, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorzalski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bender, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandori, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varghese, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicolau, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.17.567598</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Public Health Response to Pan-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Sequence Type 309 with Tandem Guiana Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases Genetic Characterization and In Vivo Efficacy Assessment using Translational Murine Model.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.20.565580v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rhizonet: Image Segmentation for Plant Root in Hydroponic Ecosystem 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.20.565580v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Digital cameras have the ability to capture daily images of plant roots, allowing for the estimation of root biomass. However, the complexities of root structures and noisy image backgrounds pose challenges for advanced phenotyping. Manual segmentation methods are laborious and prone to errors, which hinders experiments involving several plants. This paper introduces Rhizonet, a supervised deep learning approach for semantic segmentation of plant root images. Rhizonet harnesses a Residual U-Net backbone to enhance prediction accuracy, incorporating a convex hull operation to precisely outline the largest connected component. The primary objective is to accurately segment the biomass of the roots and analyze their growth over time. The input data comprises color images of various plant samples within a hydroponic environment known as EcoFAB, subject to specific nutrition treatments. Validation tests demonstrate the robust generalization of the model across experiments. This research pioneers advances in root segmentation and phenotype analysis by standardizing processes and facilitating the analysis of thousands of images while reducing subjectivity. The proposed root segmentation algorithms contribute significantly to the precise assessment of the dynamics of root growth under diverse plant conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ushizima, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sordo, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andeer, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sethian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Northen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.20.565580</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rhizonet: Image Segmentation for Plant Root in Hydroponic Ecosystem]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.20.567978v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hippocampal place code plasticity in CA1 requires postsynaptic membrane fusion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.20.567978v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rapid delivery of glutamate receptors to the postsynaptic membrane via vesicle fusion is a central component of synaptic plasticity. However, it is unknown how this process supports specific neural computations during behavior. To bridge this gap, we combined conditional genetic deletion of a component of the postsynaptic membrane fusion machinery, Syntaxin3 (Stx3), in hippocampal CA1 neurons of mice with population in vivo calcium imaging. This approach revealed that Stx3 is necessary for forming the neural dynamics that support novelty processing, spatial reward memory and offline memory consolidation. In contrast, CA1 Stx3 was dispensable for maintaining aspects of the neural code that exist presynaptic to CA1 such as representations of context and space. Thus, manipulating postsynaptic membrane fusion identified computations that specifically require synaptic restructuring via membrane trafficking in CA1 and distinguished them from neural representation that could be inherited from upstream brain regions or learned through other mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Plitt, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaganovsky, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Südhof, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giocomo, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.20.567978</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hippocampal place code plasticity in CA1 requires postsynaptic membrane fusion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.21.568126v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of deafening on vocal production learning in the Egyptian fruit-bat 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.21.568126v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Some species have evolved the ability to use the sense of hearing to modify existing vocalizations, or even create new ones. This ability corresponds to various forms of vocal production learning that are all possessed by humans, and independently displayed by distantly related vertebrates. Among mammals, a few species, including the Egyptian fruit-bat, would possess such vocal production learning abilities. Yet the necessity of an intact auditory system for the development of the Egyptian fruit-bat typical vocal repertoire has not been tested. Furthermore, a systematic causal examination of learned and innate aspects of the entire repertoire has never been performed in any vocal learner. Here we addressed these gaps by eliminating pups sense of hearing at birth and assessing its effects on vocal production in adulthood. The deafening treatment enabled us to both causally test these bats vocal learning ability and discern learned from innate aspects of their vocalizations. Leveraging wireless individual audio recordings from freely interacting adults, we show that a subset of the Egyptian fruit-bat vocal repertoire necessitates auditory feedback. Intriguingly, these affected vocalizations belong to different acoustic groups in the vocal repertoire of males and females. These findings open the possibilities for targeted studies of the mammalian neural circuits that enable sexually dimorphic forms of vocal learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Elie, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muroy, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genzel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Na, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beyer, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swiderski, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raphael, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yartsev, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.21.568126</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of deafening on vocal production learning in the Egyptian fruit-bat]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.21.568135v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Winging it: Unveiling how hummingbirds alter their flying kinematics during molt. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.21.568135v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hummingbirds are well known for their hovering flight, one of the most energetically expensive modes of locomotion among animals. Molt is a costly event in the annual cycle, in which birds replace their feathers, including all their primary feathers which, in hummingbirds, comprise most of the area of the wing. Despite this, the effects of molt on hovering flight are not well known. Here, we examined high-speed videos (14 individuals of three species from the Colombian Andes recorded at 1200 FPS) comparing molting and non-molting hummingbirds wing kinematics and wingtip trajectories. We found that molting hummingbirds extended their wings in sharper angles during both downstroke and upstroke compared to non-molting individuals (10{degrees} vs 20{degrees}, and 15{degrees} vs 29{degrees}, respectively), while other flight parameters remained unchanged. Our findings show that hummingbirds are capable of sustaining hovering flight kinematics even under impressive wing area reductions by adjusting their wing flapping behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Diaz-Salazar, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garzon-Agudelo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smiley, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cadena, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rico-Guevara, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.21.568135</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Winging it: Unveiling how hummingbirds alter their flying kinematics during molt.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.21.568159v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Asgard archaea modulate potential methanogenesis substrates in wetland soil 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.21.568159v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The roles of Asgard archaea in eukaryogenesis and marine biogeochemical cycles are well studied, yet their contributions in soil ecosystems are unknown. Of particular interest are Asgard archaeal contributions to methane cycling in wetland soils. To investigate this, we reconstructed two complete genomes for soil-associated Atabeyarchaeia, a new Asgard lineage, and the first complete genome of Freyarchaeia, and defined their metabolism in situ. Metatranscriptomics highlights high expression of [NiFe]-hydrogenases, pyruvate oxidation and carbon fixation via the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway genes. Also highly expressed are genes encoding enzymes for amino acid metabolism, anaerobic aldehyde oxidation, hydrogen peroxide detoxification and glycerol and carbohydrate breakdown to acetate and formate. Overall, soil-associated Asgard archaea are predicted to be non-methanogenic acetogens, likely impacting reservoirs of substrates for methane production in terrestrial ecosystems.

One-Sentence SummaryComplete genomes of Asgard archaea, coupled with metatranscriptomic data, indicate roles in production and consumption of carbon compounds that are known to serve as substrates for methane production in wetlands.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Valentin-Alvarado, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Appler, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Anda, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoelmerich, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West-Roberts, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kivenson, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crits-Christoph, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ly, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachdeva, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.21.568159</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Asgard archaea modulate potential methanogenesis substrates in wetland soil]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.21.568195v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Giant genes are rare but implicated in cell wall degradation by predatory bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.21.568195v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Across the tree of life, gene lengths vary, but most are no more than a few thousand base pairs in length. The largest protein often reported is the [~]40,000 aa eukaryotic Titin. Even larger proteins may occur in the rapidly expanding set of metagenome-derived sequences, but their existence may be obscured by assembly fragmentation. Here, we leverage genome curation to complete metagenome-derived sequences that encode predicted proteins of up to 85,804 aa. Overall, the findings illuminate a huge knowledge gap related to giant proteins. Although predicted proteins of >30,000 aa occur in bacterial phyla such as Firmicutes and Actinobacteria, they are most common in ca. Omnitrophota, ultra small bacteria that adopt predatory lifestyles. All full length giant genes encode numerous transmembrane regions and most encode divergent secA DEAD helicase domains. In silico structural prediction of protein subregions was required to identify domains in unannotated protein segments, and revealed putative domains implicated in attachment and carbohydrate degradation. Many giant genes in new complete and near-complete Omnitrophota genomes occur in close proximity to genes homologous to type II secretion systems as well as carbohydrate import systems. This, in combination with the domain content, suggests that many bacterial giant proteins enable prey adhesion and cell wall digestion during bacterial predation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>West-Roberts, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valentin Alvarado, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachdeva, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hug, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregoire, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, T.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Husain, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amano, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ly, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.21.568195</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Giant genes are rare but implicated in cell wall degradation by predatory bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.22.568242v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The doublecortin-family kinase ZYG-8/DCLK1 regulates motor activity to achieve proper force balance in C. elegans acentrosomal spindles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.22.568242v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although centrosomes help organize spindles in most cell types, oocytes of most species lack these structures. During acentrosomal spindle assembly in C. elegans oocytes, microtubule minus ends are sorted outwards away from the chromosomes where they form poles, but then these outward forces must be balanced to form a stable bipolar structure. How proper force balance is achieved in these spindles is not known. Here, we have gained insight into this question through studies of ZYG-8, a conserved doublecortin-family kinase; the mammalian homolog of this microtubule-associated protein is upregulated in many cancers and has been implicated in cell division, but the mechanisms by which it functions are poorly understood. Interestingly, we found that ZYG-8 depletion from oocytes resulted in spindles that were over-elongated, suggesting that there was excess outward force following ZYG-8 removal. Experiments with monopolar spindles confirmed this hypothesis and revealed a role for ZYG-8 in regulating the force-generating motor BMK-1/kinesin-5. Importantly, further investigation revealed that kinase activity is required for the function of ZYG-8 in both meiosis and mitosis. Altogether, our results support a model in which ZYG-8 regulates motor-driven forces within the oocyte spindle, thus identifying a new function for a doublecortin-family protein in cell division.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Czajkowski, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Divekar, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wignall, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.22.568242</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The doublecortin-family kinase ZYG-8/DCLK1 regulates motor activity to achieve proper force balance in C. elegans acentrosomal spindles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.22.568361v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Assembly reactions of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein with nucleic acid 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.22.568361v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The viral genome of SARS-CoV-2 is packaged by the nucleocapsid (N-) protein into ribonucleoprotein particles (RNPs), 38{+/-}10 of which are contained in each virion. Their architecture has remained unclear due to the pleomorphism of RNPs, the high flexibility of N-protein intrinsically disordered regions, and highly multivalent interactions between viral RNA and N-protein binding sites in both N-terminal (NTD) and C-terminal domain (CTD). Here we explore critical interaction motifs of RNPs by applying a combination of biophysical techniques to mutant proteins binding different nucleic acids in an in vitro assay for RNP formation, and by examining mutant proteins in a viral assembly assay. We find that nucleic acid-bound N-protein dimers oligomerize via a recently described protein-protein interface presented by a transient helix in its long disordered linker region between NTD and CTD. The resulting hexameric complexes are stabilized by multi-valent protein-nucleic acid interactions that establish crosslinks between dimeric subunits. Assemblies are stabilized by the dimeric CTD of N-protein offering more than one binding site for stem-loop RNA. Our study suggests a model for RNP assembly where N- protein scaffolding at high density on viral RNA is followed by cooperative multimerization through protein-protein interactions in the disordered linker.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Syed, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khalid, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciling, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yau, W.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinivasan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esposito, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piszczek, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ott, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuck, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.22.568361</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Assembly reactions of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein with nucleic acid]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.27.568910v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Codon optimality modulates protein output by tuning translation initiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.27.568910v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The impact of synonymous codon choice on protein output has important implications for understanding endogenous gene expression and design of synthetic mRNAs. Synonymous codons are decoded at different speeds, but simple models predict that this should not drive protein output. Instead, translation initiation should be the rate limiting step for production of protein per mRNA, with little impact of codon choice. Previously, we used a neural network model to design a series of synonymous fluorescent reporters and showed that their protein output in yeast spanned a seven-fold range corresponding to their predicted translation elongation speed. Here, we show that this effect is not due primarily to the established impact of slow elongation on mRNA stability, but rather, that slow elongation further decreases the number of proteins made per mRNA. We combine simulations and careful experiments on fluorescent reporters to show that translation is limited on non-optimally encoded transcripts. Using a genome-wide CRISPRi screen, we find that impairing translation initiation attenuates the impact of slow elongation, showing a dynamic balance between rate limiting steps of protein production. Our results show that codon choice can directly limit protein production across the full range of endogenous variability in codon usage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lyons, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devanneaux, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muller, R. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freitas, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meacham, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McSharry, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trinh, V. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingolia, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lareau, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.27.568910</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Codon optimality modulates protein output by tuning translation initiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.30.569406v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA Double-Strand Break Movement in Heterochromatin Depends on the Drosophila Histone Acetyltransferase Gcn5. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.30.569406v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells employ diverse strategies to repair double-strand breaks (DSBs), a dangerous form of DNA damage that threatens genome integrity. Eukaryotic nuclei consist of different chromatin environments, each displaying distinct molecular and biophysical properties that can significantly influence the DSB repair process. Specifically, DSBs arising in the compact and silenced heterochromatin domains have been found to move to the heterochromatin periphery in mouse and Drosophila to prevent aberrant recombination events. However, it is poorly understood how chromatin components, such as histone post-translational modifications, contribute to these DSB movements within heterochromatin. Using locus-specific DSB induction in Drosophila tissues and cultured cells, we identify that histone H3 lysine 9 acetylation (H3K9ac) is enriched at DSBs in heterochromatin but not euchromatin. We find that this enrichment is mediated by the histone acetyltransferase dGcn5, which rapidly localizes to heterochromatic DSBs. Moreover, we demonstrate that in the absence of dGcn5, heterochromatic DSBs display impaired recruitment of the SUMO E3 ligase Nse2/Qjt and fail to relocate to the heterochromatin periphery to complete repair. In summary, our results reveal a previously unidentified role for dGcn5 and H3K9ac in heterochromatin DSB repair and underscore the importance of differential chromatin responses at heterochromatic and euchromatic DSBs to promote safe repair.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kendek, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandron, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lambooij, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colmenares, S. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobrevals Alcaraz, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Es, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pociunaite, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gooijers, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Groot, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karpen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janssen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.30.569406</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA Double-Strand Break Movement in Heterochromatin Depends on the Drosophila Histone Acetyltransferase Gcn5.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.29.569263v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Digital telomere measurement by long-read sequencing distinguishes healthy aging from disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.29.569263v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Telomere length is an important biomarker of organismal aging and cellular replicative potential, but existing measurement methods are limited in resolution and accuracy. Here, we deploy digital telomere measurement by nanopore sequencing to understand how distributions of human telomere length change with age and disease. We measure telomere attrition and de novo elongation with unprecedented resolution in genetically defined populations of human cells, in blood cells from healthy donors and in blood cells from patients with genetic defects in telomere maintenance. We find that human aging is accompanied by a progressive loss of long telomeres and an accumulation of shorter telomeres. In patients with defects in telomere maintenance, the accumulation of short telomeres is more pronounced and correlates with phenotypic severity. We apply machine learning to train a binary classification model that distinguishes healthy individuals from those with telomere biology disorders. This sequencing and bioinformatic pipeline will advance our understanding of telomere maintenance mechanisms and the use of telomere length as a clinical biomarker of aging and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golla, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shomali, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hockemeyer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Artandi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.29.569263</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Digital telomere measurement by long-read sequencing distinguishes healthy aging from disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.29.569268v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Editing cis-regulatory elements towards generating rice stomatal morphological variation for adaptation to broad and dynamic environments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.29.569268v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cis-regulatory element editing can generate quantitative trait variation while mitigating against extreme phenotypes and harmful pleiotropy associated with coding sequence mutations. Here, we applied a multiplexed guide RNA design approach, informed by bioinformatic datasets, to generate genotypic variation in the promoter of OsSTOMAGEN, a positive regulator of stomatal density in rice. Engineered genotypic variation corresponded to broad and continuous variation in stomatal density, ranging from 70% to 120% of wild-type stomatal density. This near-isogenic panel of stomatal variants was leveraged in physiological assays to establish discrete relationships between stomatal morphological variation and stomatal conductance, carbon assimilation, and intrinsic water use efficiency in steady-state and fluctuating light conditions. Additionally, promoter alleles were subjected to vegetative drought regimes to assay the effects of the edited alleles on developmental response to drought. Notably, the capacity for drought-responsive stomatal density reprogramming in stomagen and two cis-regulatory edited alleles was reduced. Collectively our data demonstrate that cis-regulatory element editing can generate near-isogenic trait variation that can be leveraged for establishing relationships between anatomy, physiology, and crop improvement along diverse environmental clines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karavolias, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel-Tupper, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruz, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Litvak, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lieberman, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjahjadi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niyogi, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, M.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staskawicz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.29.569268</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Editing cis-regulatory elements towards generating rice stomatal morphological variation for adaptation to broad and dynamic environments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.30.569198v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Complete Sequence and Comparative Analysis of Ape Sex Chromosomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.30.569198v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Apes possess two sex chromosomes--the male-specific Y and the X shared by males and females. The Y chromosome is crucial for male reproduction, with deletions linked to infertility1. The X chromosome carries genes vital for reproduction and cognition2. Variation in mating patterns and brain function among great apes suggests corresponding differences in their sex chromosomes. However, due to their highly repetitive nature and incomplete reference assemblies, ape sex chromosomes have been challenging to study. Here, using the methodology developed for the telomere-to-telomere (T2T) human genome, we produced gapless assemblies of the X and Y chromosomes for five great apes (chimpanzee, bonobo, gorilla, Bornean and Sumatran orangutans) and a lesser ape, the siamang gibbon. These assemblies allowed us to untangle the intricacies of ape sex chromosome evolution. We found that, compared to the Xs, the ape Ys vary greatly in size and have low alignability and high levels of structural rearrangements. This divergence on the Y arises from the accumulation of lineage-specific ampliconic regions, palindromes, transposable elements, and satellites. Our analysis of Y chromosome genes revealed expansions of multi-copy gene families and signatures of purifying selection. Thus, the Y exhibits dynamic evolution, while the X is more stable. Mapping short-read sequencing data to these assemblies revealed diversity and selection patterns on sex chromosomes of >100 great ape individuals. These reference assemblies are expected to inform human evolution and conservation genetics of nonhuman apes, all of which are endangered species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Makova, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pickett, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartley, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cechova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pal, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nurk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hebbar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGrath, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonacci, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aubel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biddanda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borchers, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bornberg, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouffard, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carbone, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carroll, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, P.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chin, C.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craig, S. J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Gennaro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diekhans, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grady, P. G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haddad, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallast, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvey, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hickey, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillis, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoyt, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamali, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pond, S. L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaPolice, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loh, Y.-H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maste</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.30.569198</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Complete Sequence and Comparative Analysis of Ape Sex Chromosomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.30.569278v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bidirectional Energy Flow in the Photosystem II Supercomplex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.30.569278v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The water splitting capability of Photosystem II (PSII) of plants and green algae requires the system to balance efficient light harvesting along with effective photoprotection against excitation in excess of photosynthetic capacity 1,2, particularly under the naturally fluctuating sunlight intensity. The comparatively flat energy landscape of the multi-component structure, inferred from spectra of the individual pigment-protein complexes and the rather narrow and featureless absorption spectrum, is well known 3-7. However, how the combination of the required functions emerge from the interactions among the multiple components of the PSII supercomplex (PSII-SC) cannot be inferred from the individual pigment-protein complexes. In this work, we investigate the energy transfer dynamics of the C2S2-type PSII-SC with a combined spectroscopic and modeling approach. Specifically, two-dimensional electronic-vibrational (2DEV) spectroscopy 8,9 provides enhanced spectral resolution and the ability to map energy evolution in real space, while the quantum dynamical simulation allows complete kinetic modeling of the 210 chromophores. We demonstrate that additional pathways emerge within the supercomplex. In particular, we show that excitation energy can leave the vicinity of the charge separation components, the reaction center (RC), faster than transferring to it. This enables activatable quenching centers in the periphery of the PSII-SC to be effective in removing excessive energy in cases of over-excitation 2. Overall, we provide a quantitative description of how the seemingly contradictory functions of PSII-SC arise from the combination of its individual components. This provides a fundamental understanding that will allow further improvement of artificial solar energy devices and bioengineering processes for increasing crop yield 10.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leonardo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orcutt, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arsenault, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleming, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.30.569278</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bidirectional Energy Flow in the Photosystem II Supercomplex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.30.569367v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CO2 Reduction by the Iron Nitrogenase Competes with N2 Fixation Under Physiological Conditions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.30.569367v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nitrogenases are the only known enzymes that reduce molecular nitrogen (N2) to ammonia. Recent findings have demonstrated that nitrogenases also reduce the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO2), suggesting CO2 to be a competitor of N2. Intriguingly, nitrogenase isoforms (i.e., molybdenum (Mo), vanadium and iron (Fe) nitrogenase) differ significantly in their ability to reduce CO2, but the mechanisms underlying these differences remain elusive. Here, we study the competing reduction of CO2 and N2 by the two nitrogenases of Rhodobacter capsulatus, the Mo and Fe nitrogenase. Analyzing their full CO2 reduction product spectrum in vitro, we find the Fe nitrogenase almost three-fold more efficient in CO2 reduction than the Mo isoform. Furthermore, the in vitro competition experiments reveal the Fe nitrogenase to be profoundly less selective for the reduction of N2 than the Mo nitrogenase. We observe the same effects in vivo, where adding CO2 drastically increases the doubling times of diazotrophically grown R. capsulatus strains that rely on the Fe nitrogenase. The Fe nitrogenase-dependent R. capsulatus strains reduce CO2 to methane under physiological conditions, highlighting the potential of the Fe nitrogenase for the biotechnological conversion of CO2 into value-added compounds. Furthermore, both products are secreted into the surrounding, potentially influencing the composition of microbial communities in Mo-deficient environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oehlmann, N. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, F. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herzog, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rebelein, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.30.569367</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CO2 Reduction by the Iron Nitrogenase Competes with N2 Fixation Under Physiological Conditions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.01.569547v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Double-strand breaks in facultative heterochromatin require specific movements and chromatin changes for efficient repair 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.01.569547v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) must be properly repaired within diverse chromatin domains to maintain genome stability. Whereas euchromatin has an open structure and is associated with active transcription, facultative heterochromatin is essential to silence developmental genes and forms compact nuclear condensates, called polycomb bodies. Whether the specific chromatin properties of facultative heterochromatin require distinct DSB repair mechanisms remains unknown. Here, we integrate single DSB systems in euchromatin and facultative heterochromatin in Drosophila melanogaster and find that facultative heterochromatic DSBs rapidly move outside polycomb bodies. These DSB movements coincide with a break-proximal reduction in the canonical heterochromatin mark histone H3 Lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3). We demonstrate that DSB movement and loss of H3K27me3 at heterochromatic DSBs both depend on the histone demethylase dUtx. Moreover, loss of dUtx specifically disrupts completion of homologous recombination at heterochromatic DSBs. We conclude that DSBs in facultative heterochromatin require dUtx-mediated loss of H3K27me3 to promote DSB movement and repair.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wensveen, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dixit, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colmenares, S. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janssen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.01.569547</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Double-strand breaks in facultative heterochromatin require specific movements and chromatin changes for efficient repair]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.03.569785v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ConvexML: Scalable and accurate inference of single-cell chronograms from CRISPR/Cas9 lineage tracing data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.03.569785v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Branch length estimation is a fundamental problem in Statistical Phylogenetics and a core component of tree reconstruction algorithms. Traditionally, general time-reversible mutation models are employed, and many software tools exist for this scenario. With the advent of CRISPR/Cas9 lineage tracing technologies, there has been significant interest in the study of branch length estimation under irreversible mutation models. Under the CRISPR/Cas9 mutation model, irreversible mutations - in the form of DNA insertions or deletions - are accrued during the experiment, which are then read out at the single-cell level to reconstruct the cell lineage tree. However, most of the analyses of CRISPR/Cas9 lineage tracing data have so far been limited to the reconstruction of single-cell tree topologies, which depict lineage relationships between cells, but not the amount of time that has passed between ancestral cell states and the present. Time-resolved trees, known as chronograms, would allow one to study the evolutionary dynamics of cell populations at an unprecedented level of resolution. Indeed, time-resolved trees would reveal the timing of events on the tree, the relative fitness of subclones, and the dynamics underlying phenotypic changes in the cell population - among other important applications. In this work, we introduce the first scalable and accurate method to refine any given single-cell tree topology into a single-cell chronogram by estimating its branch lengths. To do this, we perform regularized maximum likelihood estimation under a general irreversible mutation model, paired with a conservative version of maximum parsimony that reconstructs only the ancestral states that we are confident about. To deal with the particularities of CRISPR/Cas9 lineage tracing data - such as double-resection events which affect runs of consecutive sites - we avoid making our model more complex and instead opt for using a simple but effective data encoding scheme. Similarly, we avoid explicitly modeling the missing data mechanisms - such as heritable missing data - by instead assuming that they are missing completely at random. We stabilize estimates in low-information regimes by using a simple penalized version of maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) using a minimum branch length constraint and pseudocounts. All this leads to a convex MLE problem that can be readily solved in seconds with off-the-shelf convex optimization solvers. We benchmark our method using both simulations and real lineage tracing data, and show that it performs well on several tasks, matching or outperforming competing methods such as TiDeTree and LAML in terms of accuracy, while being 10 ~ 100 x faster. Notably, our statistical model is simpler and more general, as we do not explicitly model the intricacies of CRISPR/Cas9 lineage tracing data. In this sense, our contribution is twofold: (1) a fast and robust method for branch length estimation under a gen-eral irreversible mutation model, and (2) a data encoding scheme specific to CRISPR/Cas9-lineage tracing data which makes it amenable to the general model. Our branch length estimation method, which we call  ConvexML, should be broadly applicable to any evolutionary model with irreversible mutations (ideally, with high diversity) and an approximately ignorable missing data mechanism.  ConvexML is available through the convexml open source Python package.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Prillo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravoor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.03.569785</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ConvexML: Scalable and accurate inference of single-cell chronograms from CRISPR/Cas9 lineage tracing data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.03.569792v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High yield, low magnesium flexizyme reactions in a water-ice eutectic phase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.03.569792v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Flexizymes enable the stoichiometric acylation of tRNAs with a variety of compounds, enabling the in vitro translation of peptides with both non-natural backbones and side chains. However, flexizyme reactions have several drawbacks, including single-turnover kinetics, high Mg(II) carryover inhibiting in vitro translation, and rapid product hydrolysis. Here we present flexizyme reactions utilizing an ice-eutectic phase, with high yields, 30X lower Mg(II), and long-term product stability. The eutectic flexizyme reactions increase the ease of use and flexibility of flexizyme aminoacylation, and increase the in vitro protein production.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Davisson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alejo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blank, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalb, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prasad, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knudson, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schepartz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engelhart, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adamala, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.03.569792</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High yield, low magnesium flexizyme reactions in a water-ice eutectic phase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.03.569774v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adaptive algorithms for shaping behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.03.569774v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dogs and laboratory mice are commonly trained to perform complex tasks by guiding them through a curriculum of simpler tasks ( shaping). What are the principles behind effective shaping strategies? Here, we propose a machine learning framework for shaping animal behavior, where an autonomous teacher agent decides its students task based on the students transcript of successes and failures on previously assigned tasks. Using autonomous teachers that plan a curriculum in a common sequence learning task, we show that near-optimal shaping algorithms adaptively alternate between simpler and harder tasks to carefully balance reinforcement and extinction. Based on this intuition, we derive an adaptive shaping heuristic with minimal parameters, which we show is near-optimal on the sequence learning task and robustly trains deep reinforcement learning agents on navigation tasks that involve sparse, delayed rewards. Extensions to continuous curricula are explored. Our work provides a starting point towards a general computational framework for shaping animal behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tong, W. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murthy, V. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.03.569774</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adaptive algorithms for shaping behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.03.569779v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Towards A Wireless Image Sensor for Real-Time Fluorescence Microscopy in Cancer Therapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.03.569779v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present a mm-sized, ultrasonically powered lensless CMOS image sensor as a progress towards wireless fluorescence microscopy. Access to biological information within the tissue has the potential to provide insights guiding diagnosis and treatment across numerous medical conditions including cancer therapy. This information, in conjunction with current clinical imaging techniques that have limitations in obtaining images continuously and lack wireless compatibility, can improve continual detection of multicell clusters deep within tissue. The proposed platform incorporates a 2.4x4.7 mm2 integrated circuit (IC) fabricated in TSMC 0.18 m, a micro laser diode (LD), a single piezoceramic and off-chip storage capacitors. The IC consists of a 36x40 array of capacitive trans-impedance amplifier-based pixels, wireless power management and communication via ultrasound and a laser driver all controlled by a Finite State Machine. The piezoceramic harvests energy from the acoustic waves at a depth of 2 cm to power up the IC and transfer 11.5 kbits/frame via backscattering. During Charge-Up, the off-chip capacitor stores charge to later supply a high-power 78 mW LD during Imaging. Proof of concept of the imaging front end is shown by imaging distributions of CD8 T-cells, an indicator of the immune response to cancer, ex vivo, in the lymph nodes of a functional immune system (BL6 mice) against colorectal cancer consistent with the results of a fluorescence microscope. The overall system performance is verified by detecting 140 m features on a USAF resolution target with 32 ms exposure time and 389 ms ultrasound backscattering.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rabbani, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Najafiaghdam, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roschelle, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papageorgiou, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghanbari, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muller, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stojanovic, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anwar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.03.569779</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Towards A Wireless Image Sensor for Real-Time Fluorescence Microscopy in Cancer Therapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.05.570292v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantitative Modeling of the Short-Term Response to Nitrogen Availability that Coordinates Early Events in Lateral Root Initiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.05.570292v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nitrogen (N) is an essential macronutrient and its bioavailability plays a major role in how plant development is tuned to environmental nutrient status. To find novel factors in early root system architecture responses to N conditions, we performed Arabidopsis thaliana root transcriptome profiling of a short-term time course in limiting and sufficient N conditions. Using this data, we inferred transcriptional regulatory networks in each condition, which revealed the N-condition specific responses of jasmonate regulation; transcriptional factor (TF) ERF107 plays a more generalized role in lateral root development while TF LBD13 is specific to N-limiting conditions. Further, we used a single cell LR cell-type specific transcriptome dataset to model and analyze the roles of TFs LBD13, ERF107, and PDF2 in early stages of LR development. Linking the N time course transcriptomics, LR mutant phenotypes, and cell-type specific single cell profiling, these approaches provide multiple lines of evidence to find and test the roles of TFs that are involved in early root patterning responses to N conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gaudinier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van den Broeck, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno-Risueno, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Mendina, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sozzani, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brady, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.05.570292</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantitative Modeling of the Short-Term Response to Nitrogen Availability that Coordinates Early Events in Lateral Root Initiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.06.570341v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid, concerted switching of the neural code in inferotemporal cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.06.570341v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A fundamental paradigm in neuroscience is the concept of neural coding through tuning functions1. According to this idea, neurons encode stimuli through fixed mappings of stimulus features to firing rates. Here, we report that the tuning of visual neurons can rapidly and coherently change across a population to attend to a whole and its parts. We set out to investigate a longstanding debate concerning whether inferotemporal (IT) cortex uses a specialized code for representing specific types of objects or whether it uses a general code that applies to any object. We found that face cells in macaque IT cortex initially adopted a general code optimized for face detection. But following a rapid, concerted population event lasting < 20 ms, the neural code transformed into a face-specific one with two striking properties: (i) response gradients to principal detection-related dimensions reversed direction, and (ii) new tuning developed to multiple higher feature space dimensions supporting fine face discrimination. These dynamics were face specific and did not occur in response to objects. Overall, these results show that, for faces, face cells shift from detection to discrimination by switching from an object-general code to a face-specific code. More broadly, our results suggest a novel mechanism for neural representation: concerted, stimulus-dependent switching of the neural code used by a cortical area.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hesse, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanfranchi, F. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsao, D. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.06.570341</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid, concerted switching of the neural code in inferotemporal cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.06.570462v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glial swip-10 expression controls systemic mitochondrial function, oxidative stress, and neuronal viability via copper ion homeostasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.06.570462v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cuprous copper (Cu(I)) is an essential cofactor for enzymes supporting many cellular functions including mitochondrial respiration and suppression of oxidative stress. Neurons are particularly dependent on these pathways, with multiple neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimers disease (AD), Parkinsons disease, associated with their dysfunction. Key features of Cu(I) contributions to neuronal health in vivo remain to be defined, owing largely to the complex processes involved in Cu(I) production, intracellular transport, and systemic redistribution. Here, we provide genetic and pharmacological evidence that swip-10 is a critical determinant of systemic Cu(I) levels in C. elegans, with deletion leading to systemic deficits in mitochondrial respiration, production of oxidative stress, and neurodegeneration. These phenotypes can be reproduced in wild-type worms by Cu(I)-specific chelation and offset in swip-10 mutants by growth on the Cu(I) enhancing molecule elesclomol, as well as by glial expression of wildtype swip-10. MBLAC1, the most closely related mammalian ortholog to swip-10, encodes for a pre-mRNA processing enzyme for H3 histone, a protein whose actions surprisingly include an enzymatic capacity to produce Cu(I) via the reduction of Cu(II). Moreover, genome-wide association studies and post-mortem molecular studies implicate reductions of MBLAC1 expression in risk for AD with cardiovascular disease comorbidity. Consistent with these studies, we demonstrate that the deposition of {beta}-amyloid plaques, an AD pathological hallmark, in worms engineered to express human A{beta}1-42, is greatly exaggerated by mutation of swip-10. Together, these studies identify a novel glial-expressed, and pathway for Cu(I) production that may be targeted for the treatment of AD and other neurodegenerative diseases.

Significance StatementDevastating neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimers disease, and Parkinsons disease are associated with disruptions in copper (Cu) homeostasis. Alterations in Cu(I) give rise to increased oxidative stress burden, mitochondrial and metabolic dysfunction, and can accelerate production and/or potentiate toxicity of disease-associated protein aggregates. Here, using the model system Caenorhabditis elegans, we establish a role for the gene swip-10 in systemic Cu(I) homeostasis. Perturbation of this pathway in worms recapitulates biochemical, histological, and pathological features seen in human neurodegenerative disease. We reveal that these changes can be suppressed pharmacologically and arise when swip-10 expression is eliminated from glial cells. Our work implicates swip-10 and orthologs as key players in Cu(I) homeostasis that may be exploitable to treat multiple neurodegenerative diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalia, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gichi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajoo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matier, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pezacki, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carvelli, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khamoui, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boerner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blakely, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.06.570462</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glial swip-10 expression controls systemic mitochondrial function, oxidative stress, and neuronal viability via copper ion homeostasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.07.570636v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Fluorescence-Based Sensor for Calibrated Measurement of Protein Kinase Stability in Live Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.07.570636v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oncogenic mutations can destabilize signaling proteins, resulting in increased or unregulated activity. Thus, there is considerable interest in mapping the relationship between mutations and the stability of proteins, to better understand the consequences of oncogenic mutations and potentially inform the development of new therapeutics. Here, we develop a tool to study protein-kinase stability in live mammalian cells and the effects of the HSP90 chaperone system on the stability of these kinases. We monitor the fluorescence of kinases fused to a fluorescent protein relative to that of a co-expressed reference fluorescent protein. We used this tool to study the dependence of Src- and Raf-family kinases on the HSP90 system. We demonstrate that this sensor reports on destabilization induced by oncogenic mutations in these kinases. We also show that Src-homology 2 (SH2) and Src-homology 3 (SH3) domains, which are required for autoinhibition of Src-family kinases, stabilize these kinase domains in the cell. Our expression-calibrated sensor enables the facile characterization of the effects of mutations and small-molecule drugs on protein-kinase stability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paul, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muratcioglu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuriyan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.07.570636</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Fluorescence-Based Sensor for Calibrated Measurement of Protein Kinase Stability in Live Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.07.570723v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large-Scale Information Retrieval and Correction of Noisy Pharmacogenomic Datasets through Residual Thresholded Deep Matrix Factorization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.07.570723v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pharmacogenomics studies are attracting an increasing amount of interest from researchers in precision medicine. The advances in high-throughput experiments and multiplexed approaches allow the large-scale quantification of drug sensitivities in molecularly characterized cancer cell lines (CCLs), resulting in a number of open drug sensitivity datasets for drug biomarker discovery. However, a significant inconsistency in drug sensitivity values among these datasets has been noted. Such inconsistency indicates the presence of substantial noise, subsequently hindering downstream analyses. To address the noise in drug sensitivity data, we introduce a robust and scalable deep learning framework, Residual Thresholded Deep Matrix Factorization (RT-DMF). This method takes a single drug sensitivity data matrix as its sole input and outputs a corrected and imputed matrix. Deep Matrix Factorization (DMF) excels at uncovering subtle patterns, due to its minimal reliance on data structure assumptions. This attribute significantly boosts DMFs ability to identify complex hidden patterns among nuisance effects in the data, thereby facilitating the detection of signals that are therapeutically relevant. Furthermore, RT-DMF incorporates an iterative residual thresholding (RT) procedure, which plays a crucial role in retaining signals more likely to hold therapeutic importance. Validation using simulated datasets and real pharmacogenomics datasets demonstrates the effectiveness of our approach in correcting noise and imputing missing data in drug sensitivity datasets (open source package available at https://github.com/tomwhoooo/rtdmf).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hu, Z. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeh, S.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.07.570723</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large-Scale Information Retrieval and Correction of Noisy Pharmacogenomic Datasets through Residual Thresholded Deep Matrix Factorization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.08.570895v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
WRN Inhibition Leads to its Chromatin-Associated Degradation Via the PIAS4-RNF4-p97/VCP Axis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.08.570895v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synthetic lethality, the concept in which the co-occurrence of two genetic events leads to cell death while either single event alone does not, is an attractive strategy for targeted cancer therapies. A recent example of synthetic lethality as a therapeutic paradigm is the observation that cancer cells with high levels of microsatellite instability (MSI-H) are dependent on the Werner (WRN) RecQ helicase for survival. However, the mechanisms that regulate WRN spatiotemporal dynamics are not fully understood. In this study, we used our single molecule tracking (SMT) platform in combination with a recently disclosed WRN inhibitor to gain insights into WRNs dynamic localization within the nuclei of live cancer cells. We observe that WRN inhibition results in the helicase becoming trapped on chromatin, requiring p97/VCP for extraction and shuttling to the proteasome for degradation. Interestingly, this sequence of events resulting in WRN degradation appears to be MSI-H dependent. Using a phenotypic screen, we identify the PIAS4-RNF4 axis as the pathway responsible for WRN degradation and show that co-inhibition of WRN and SUMOylation has an additive toxic effect in MSI-H cells. Taken together, our work elucidates a novel regulatory mechanism for WRN. Gaining a deeper understanding into this regulatory pathway for WRN can aid in the identification of new high value targets for targeted cancer therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez Perez, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natwick, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiff, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huey, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McSwiggen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heckert, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortega, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miranda, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butler, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filbin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rand, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bashore, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basham, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.08.570895</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[WRN Inhibition Leads to its Chromatin-Associated Degradation Via the PIAS4-RNF4-p97/VCP Axis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.09.570939v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Model cyanobacterial consortia reveal a consistent core microbiome independent of inoculation source or cyanobacterial host species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.09.570939v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cyanobacteria are integral to biogeochemical cycles, influence climate processes, and hold promise for commercial applications. In natural habitats, they form complex consortia with other microorganisms, where interspecies interactions shape their ecological roles. Although in vitro studies of these consortia have significantly advanced our understanding, they often lack the biological replication needed for robust statistical analysis of shared microbiome features and functions. Moreover, the microbiomes of many model cyanobacterial strains, which are central to our understanding of cyanobacterial biology, remain poorly characterized. Here, we expanded on existing in vitro approaches by co-culturing five well-characterized model cyanobacterial strains with microorganisms filtered from three distinct freshwater sources, generating 108 stable consortia. Metagenomic analyses revealed that, despite host and inoculum diversity, these consortia converged on a similar set of non-cyanobacterial taxa, forming a 25-species core microbiome. The large number of stable consortia in this study enabled statistical validation of both previously observed and newly identified core microbiome functionalities in micronutrient biosynthesis, metabolite transport, and anoxygenic photosynthesis. Furthermore, core species showed significant enrichment of plasmids, and functions encoded on plasmids suggested plasmid-mediated roles in symbiotic interactions. Overall, our findings uncover the potential microbiomes recruited by key model cyanobacteria, demonstrate that laboratory-enriched consortia retain many taxonomic and functional traits observed more broadly in phototroph-heterotroph assemblages, and show that model cyanobacteria can serve as robust hosts for uncovering functional roles underlying cyanobacterial community dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kust, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zorz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paniker, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouma-Gregson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnappa, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diamond, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.09.570939</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Model cyanobacterial consortia reveal a consistent core microbiome independent of inoculation source or cyanobacterial host species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.10.570990v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Torques within and outside the human spindle balance twist at anaphase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.10.570990v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
At each cell division, nanometer-scale motors and microtubules give rise to the micron-scale spindle. Many mitotic motors step helically around microtubules in vitro, and most are predicted to twist the spindle in a left-handed direction. However, the human spindle exhibits only slight global twist, raising the question of how these molecular torques are balanced. Here, using lattice light sheet microscopy, we find that anaphase spindles in the epithelial cell line MCF10A have a high baseline twist, and we identify factors that both increase and decrease this twist. The midzone motors KIF4A and MKLP1 are redundantly required for left-handed twist at anaphase, and we show that KIF4A generates left-handed torque in vitro. The actin cytoskeleton also contributes to left-handed twist, but dynein and its cortical recruitment factor LGN counteract it. Together, our work demonstrates that force generators regulate twist in opposite directions from both within and outside the spindle, preventing strong spindle twist during chromosome segregation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Neahring, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rux, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakos, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramanian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upadhyayula, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yildiz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumont, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.10.570990</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Torques within and outside the human spindle balance twist at anaphase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.11.570835v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lanthanide Cathodophores for Multicolor Electron Microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.11.570835v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Electron microscopy (EM) and fluorescence imaging are indispensable techniques that provide complementary information on cellular organization. Combining these two modalities is a long-standing challenge in bioimaging. In principle, it should be possible to use the electron beam both for ultrastructural imaging and for molecular localization. The latter could be accomplished by directly exciting suitable biomolecular labels and detecting their luminescence - a process termed cathodoluminescence (CL). Here, we achieve multicolor, single-particle CL imaging of sub-20-nm lanthanide nanocrystals (cathodophores) in the same field of view on the surface of a mammalian cell while simultaneously imaging cellular ultrastructure. In pursuit of this goal, we have developed a comprehensive framework for single-particle CL imaging of lanthanide nanocrystals. By mitigating nonlocal excitation due to secondary electrons, we achieved single-particle detection of multiple spectrally distinct types of sub-20-nm cathodophores. The smallest detectable cathodophores were sub-12 nm in diameter. We found that the CL emission rate scaled linearly with nanocrystal diameter. Furthermore, even in the absence of inert shells, cathodophores were not quenched in the context of mammalian cells processed for EM imaging using heavy-metal staining and sputter-coating. These findings establish cathodophores as promising biomolecular tags for multicolor EM. Moreover, our results inform general design rules for precise control and rational engineering of future generations of single-particle cathodoluminescent nanoprobes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abdul Rehman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conway, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichols, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soucy, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merminod, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacNaughton, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curtis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prigozhin, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.11.570835</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lanthanide Cathodophores for Multicolor Electron Microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.11.570976v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Utilizing Non-Invasive Prenatal Test Sequencing Data Resource for Human Genetic Investigation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.11.570976v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) employs ultra-low-pass sequencing of maternal plasma cell-free DNA to detect fetal trisomy. With exceptional sensitivity, specificity, and safety, NIPT has gained global adoption, exceeding ten million tests, establishing it as one of the largest human genetic resources. This resource holds immense potential for exploring population genetic variations and their correlations with phenotypes. Here, we present comprehensive methods tailored for analyzing large, low-depth NIPT genetic datasets, involving customized algorithms and software for genetic variation detection, genotype imputation, and genome-wide association analysis. Through evaluations, we demonstrate that, when integrated with appropriate probabilistic models and population-specific haplotype reference panels, accurate allele frequency estimation and high genotype imputation accuracy (0.8 to 0.9) are achievable for genetic variants with alternative allele frequencies between 0.01 and 0.05, at sequencing depths of 0.1x to 0.25x. Additionally, we attained an R-square exceeding 0.9 for estimating genetic effect sizes across various sequencing platforms. These findings establish a robust theoretical and practical foundation for leveraging NIPT data in advancing medical genetic studies, not only in realms of maternal and child health, but also for long-term health outcomes.

HighlightsO_LIIntroduction of probabilistic model integration for analyzing large-scale, low-pass non-invasive prenatal test (NIPT) sequencing data
C_LIO_LIEvaluation of protocols for variant detection, genotype imputation, and genome-wide association analyses with NIPT data
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, G.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albrechtsen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.11.570976</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Utilizing Non-Invasive Prenatal Test Sequencing Data Resource for Human Genetic Investigation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.11.571183v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The importance of the location of the N-terminus in successful protein folding in vivo and in vitro 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.11.571183v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein folding in the cell often begins during translation. Many proteins fold more efficiently co-translationally than when refolding from a denatured state. Changing the vectorial synthesis of the polypeptide chain through circular permutation could impact functional, soluble protein expression and interactions with cellular proteostasis factors. Here, we measure the solubility and function of every possible circular permutant (CP) of HaloTag in E. coli cell lysate using a gel-based assay, and in living E. coli cells via FACS-seq. We find that 78% of HaloTag CPs retain protein function, though a subset of these proteins are also highly aggregation-prone. We examine the function of each CP in E. coli cells lacking the co-translational chaperone trigger factor and the intracellular protease Lon, and find no significant changes in function as a result of modifying the cellular proteostasis network. Finally, we biophysically characterize two topologically-interesting CPs in vitro via circular dichroism and hydrogen-deuterium exchange coupled with mass spectrometry to reveal changes in global stability and folding kinetics with circular permutation. For CP33, we identify a change in the refolding intermediate as compared to WT HaloTag. Finally, we show that the strongest predictor of aggregation-prone expression in cells is the introduction of termini within the refolding intermediate. These results, in addition to our findings that termini insertion within the conformationally-restrained core is most disruptive to protein function, indicate that successful folding of circular permutants may depend more on changes in folding pathway and termini insertion in flexible regions than on the availability of proteostasis factors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dall, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendonca, C. A. T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres Vera, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marqusee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.11.571183</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The importance of the location of the N-terminus in successful protein folding in vivo and in vitro]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.12.571198v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glioma Cells Secrete Collagen VI to Facilitate Invasion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.12.571198v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While glioblastoma (GBM) progression is associated with extensive extracellular matrix (ECM) secretion, the causal contributions of ECM secretion to invasion remain unclear. Here we investigate these contributions by combining engineered materials, proteomics, analysis of patient data, and a model of bevacizumab-resistant GBM. We find that GBM cells cultured in engineered 3D hyaluronic acid hydrogels secrete ECM prior to invasion, particularly in the absence of exogenous ECM ligands. Proteomic measurements reveal extensive secretion of collagen VI, and collagen VI-associated transcripts are correspondingly enriched in microvascular proliferation regions of human GBMs. We further show that bevacizumab-resistant GBM cells deposit more collagen VI than their responsive counterparts, which is associated with marked cell-ECM stiffening. COL6A3 deletion in GBM cells reduces invasion, {beta}-catenin signaling, and expression of mesenchymal markers, and these effects are amplified in hypoxia. Our studies strongly implicate GBM cell-derived collagen VI in microenvironmental remodeling to facilitate invasion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cha, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carvalho, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fowler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aghi, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.12.571198</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glioma Cells Secrete Collagen VI to Facilitate Invasion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.14.571748v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sporadic phage defense in epidemic Vibrio cholerae mediated by the toxin-antitoxin system DarTG is countered by a phage-encoded antitoxin mimic 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.14.571748v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria and their viral predators (phages) are constantly evolving to subvert one another. Many bacterial immune systems that inhibit phages are encoded on mobile genetic elements that can be horizontally transmitted to diverse bacteria. Despite the pervasive appearance of immune systems in bacteria, it is not often known if these immune systems function against phages that the host encounters in nature. Additionally, there are limited examples demonstrating how these phages counter-adapt to such immune systems. Here, we identify clinical isolates of the global pathogen Vibrio cholerae harboring a novel genetic element encoding the bacterial immune system DarTG and reveal the immune systems impact on the co-circulating lytic phage ICP1. We show that DarTG inhibits ICP1 genome replication, thus preventing ICP1 plaquing. We further characterize the conflict between DarTG-mediated defense and ICP1 by identifying an ICP1-encoded protein that counters DarTG and allows ICP1 progeny production. Finally, we identify this protein as a functional antitoxin that abrogates the toxin DarT likely through direct interactions. Following the detection of the DarTG system in clinical V. cholerae isolates, we observed a rise in ICP1 isolates with the functional antitoxin. These data highlight the use of surveillance of V. cholerae and its lytic phages to understand the co-evolutionary arms race between bacteria and their phages in nature.

ImportanceThe global bacterial pathogen Vibrio cholerae causes an estimated 1 to 4 million cases of cholera each year. Thus, studying the factors that influence its persistence as a pathogen is of great importance. One such influence is the lytic phage ICP1, as once infected by ICP1, V. cholerae is destroyed. To date, we have observed that the phage ICP1 shapes V. cholerae evolution through the flux of anti-phage bacterial immune systems. Here, we probe clinical V. cholerae isolates for novel anti-phage immune systems that can inhibit ICP1 and discover the toxin-antitoxin system DarTG as a potent inhibitor. Our results underscore the importance of V. cholerae and ICP1 surveillance to elaborate novel means by which V. cholerae can persist in both the human host and aquatic reservoir in the face of ICP1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seed, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.14.571748</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sporadic phage defense in epidemic Vibrio cholerae mediated by the toxin-antitoxin system DarTG is countered by a phage-encoded antitoxin mimic]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.14.571752v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Substrate-interacting pore loops of two ATPase subunits determine the degradation efficiency of the 26S proteasome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.14.571752v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The 26S proteasome is the major eukaryotic protease responsible for protein quality control, proteostasis, and the modulation of numerous vital processes through the degradation of regulatory proteins. Commitment to degradation occurs when conserved pore loops in the proteasomal heterohexameric ATPase motor engage the flexible initiation region of a polyubiquitinated protein substrate for subsequent mechanical unfolding and translocation into a proteolytic chamber. Here, we used in vitro biochemical and single-molecule FRET-based assays with mutant reconstituted 26S proteasomes from yeast to characterize how the pore-1 loops of individual ATPase subunits in the AAA+ motor contribute to the different steps of substrate degradation and affect the proteasome conformational dynamics. We found that the pore-1 loop of the Rpt6 ATPase subunit plays particularly important roles in substrate capture, engagement, and unfolding, while the pore-1 loop of the Rpt4 ATPase is critical for providing sufficient grip for substrate unraveling and maintaining a processing-competent state of the proteasome. Interestingly, these pore-1-loop contributions correlate with their positions in the spiral-staircase arrangements of ATPase subunits in the substrate-free and substrate-degrading proteasome, providing new insights into the mechanisms of substrate processing by the 26S proteasome and related hexameric ATPase motors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Alfonzo, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saurabh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarafshan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Presse, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.14.571752</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Substrate-interacting pore loops of two ATPase subunits determine the degradation efficiency of the 26S proteasome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.14.571773v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Covalent Attachment of Horseradish Peroxidase to Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Hydrogen Peroxide Detection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.14.571773v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are desirable nanoparticles for sensing biological analytes due to their photostability and intrinsic near-infrared fluorescence. Previous strategies for generating SWCNT nanosensors have leveraged nonspecific adsorption of sensing modalities to the hydrophobic SWCNT surface that often require engineering new molecular recognition elements. An attractive alternate strategy is to leverage pre-existing molecular recognition of proteins for analyte specificity, yet attaching proteins to SWCNT for nanosensor generation remains challenging. Towards this end, we introduce a generalizable platform to generate protein-SWCNT-based optical sensors and use this strategy to synthesize a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) nanosensor by covalently attaching horseradish peroxidase (HRP) to the SWCNT surface. We demonstrate a concentration-dependent response to H2O2, confirm the nanosensor can image H2O2 in real-time, and assess the nanosensors selectivity for H2O2 against a panel of biologically relevant analytes. Taken together, these results demonstrate successful covalent attachment of enzymes to SWCNTs while preserving both intrinsic SWCNT fluorescence and enzyme function. We anticipate this platform can be adapted to covalently attach other proteins of interest including other enzymes for sensing or antibodies for targeted imaging and cargo delivery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ledesma, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nishitani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cunningham, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubbard, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lui, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chio, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.14.571773</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Covalent Attachment of Horseradish Peroxidase to Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Hydrogen Peroxide Detection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.14.571777v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid DNA unwinding accelerates genome editing by engineered CRISPR-Cas9 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.14.571777v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Thermostable CRISPR-Cas9 enzymes could improve genome editing efficiency and delivery due to extended protein lifetimes. However, initial experimentation demonstrated Geobacillus stearothermophilus Cas9 (GeoCas9) to be virtually inactive when used in cultured human cells. Laboratory-evolved variants of GeoCas9 overcome this natural limitation by acquiring mutations in the wedge (WED) domain that produce >100-fold higher genome editing levels. Cryo-EM structures of the wildtype and improved GeoCas9 (iGeoCas9) enzymes reveal extended contacts between the WED domain of iGeoCas9 and DNA substrates. Biochemical analysis shows that iGeoCas9 accelerates DNA unwinding to capture substrates under the magnesium-restricted conditions typical of mammalian but not bacterial cells. These findings enabled rational engineering of other Cas9 orthologs to enhance genome editing levels, pointing to a general strategy for editing enzyme improvement. Together, these results uncover a new role for the Cas9 WED domain in DNA unwinding and demonstrate how accelerated target unwinding dramatically improves Cas9-induced genome editing activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eggers, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soczek, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuck, O. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doherty, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thornton, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trinidad, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.14.571777</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid DNA unwinding accelerates genome editing by engineered CRISPR-Cas9]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.15.571823v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure-conditioned masked language models for protein sequence design generalize beyond the native sequence space 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.15.571823v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Machine learning has revolutionized computational protein design, enabling significant progress in protein backbone generation and sequence design. Here, we introduce Frame2seq, a structure-conditioned masked language model for protein sequence design. Frame2seq generates sequences in a single pass, achieves 49.1% sequence recovery on the CATH 4.2 test dataset, and accurately estimates the error in its own predictions, outperforming the autoregressive ProteinMPNN model with over six times faster inference. To probe the ability of Frame2seq to generate novel designs beyond the native-like sequence space it was trained on, we experimentally test 26 Frame2seq designs for de novo backbones with low identity to the starting sequences. We show that Frame2seq successfully designs soluble (22/26), monomeric, folded, and stable proteins (17/26), including a design with 0% sequence identity to native. The speed and accuracy of Frame2seq will accelerate exploration of novel sequence space across diverse design tasks, including challenging applications such as multi-objective optimization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Akpinaroglu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seki, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kortemme, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.15.571823</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure-conditioned masked language models for protein sequence design generalize beyond the native sequence space]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.15.571944v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Powdery mildew infection induces a non-canonical route to storage lipid formation at the expense of host thylakoid lipids to fuel its spore production 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.15.571944v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Powdery mildews are obligate biotrophic fungi that manipulate plant metabolism to supply lipids, particularly during fungal asexual reproduction when fungal lipid demand is extensive. The mechanism for host response to fungal lipid demand has not been resolved. We found storage lipids, triacylglycerols (TAGs), increase by 3.5-fold in powdery mildew-infected tissue. In addition, lipid bodies, not observable in uninfected mature leaves, are present in both cytosol and chloroplasts at the infection site. This is concurrent with decreased thylakoid membrane lipids and thylakoid disassembly. Together, these findings indicate that the powdery mildew induces localized thylakoid membrane degradation to promote storage lipid formation. Genetic analyses show the canonical ER pathway for TAG synthesis does not support powdery mildew spore production. Instead, Arabidopsis DIACYLGLYCEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE 3 (DGAT3), shown to be chloroplast-localized and to be largely responsible for powdery mildew-induced chloroplast TAGs, promotes fungal asexual reproduction. Powdery mildew-induced leaf TAGs are enriched in thylakoid associated fatty acids, which are also present in the produced spores. This research provides new insights on obligate biotrophy and plant lipid metabolism plasticity and function. Furthermore, by understanding how photosynthetically active leaves can be converted into TAG producers, more sustainable and environmentally benign plant oil production could be facilitated.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jaenisch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlapfer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGarrigle, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louie, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Northen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wildermuth, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.15.571944</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Powdery mildew infection induces a non-canonical route to storage lipid formation at the expense of host thylakoid lipids to fuel its spore production]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.27.573364v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TRPM8-dependent shaking in mammals and birds 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.27.573364v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Removing water from wet fur or feathers is important for thermoregulation in warm-blooded animals. The "wet dog shake" (WDS) behavior has been largely characterized in mammals but to a much lesser extent in birds. Although it is known that TRPM8 is the main molecular transducer of low temperature in mammals, it is not clear if wetness-induced shaking in furred and feathered animals is dependent on TRPM8. Here, we show that a novel TRPM8 agonist induces WDS in rodents and, importantly, in birds, similar to the shaking behavior evoked by water-spraying. Furthermore, the WDS onset depends on TRPM8, as we show in water-sprayed mice. Overall, our results provide multiple evidence for a TRPM8 dependence of WDS behaviors in all tested species. These suggest that a convergent evolution selected similar shaking behaviors to expel water from fur and feathers, with TRPM8 being involved in wetness sensing in both mammals and birds.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Selescu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bivoleanu, R.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iodi Carstens, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manolache, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caragea, V.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutanu, D.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meerupally, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carstens, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmermann, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.27.573364</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TRPM8-dependent shaking in mammals and birds]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.27.573435v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetically encoded tool for manipulation of Δ{Psi}m identifies the latter as the driver of integrative stress response induced by ATP Synthase dysfunction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.27.573435v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondrial membrane potential ({Delta}{Psi}m) is one of the key parameters controlling cellular bioenergetics. Investigation of the role of {Delta}{Psi}m in live cells is complicated by a lack of tools for its direct manipulation without off-target effects. Here, we adopted the uncoupling protein UCP1 from brown adipocytes as a genetically encoded tool for direct manipulation of {Delta}{Psi}m. We validated the ability of exogenously expressed UCP1 to induce uncoupled respiration and lower {Delta}{Psi}m in mammalian cells. UCP1 expression lowered {Delta}{Psi}m to the same extent as chemical uncouplers but did not inhibit cell proliferation, suggesting that it manipulates {Delta}{Psi}m without the off-target effects of chemical uncouplers. Using UCP1, we revealed that elevated {Delta}{Psi}m is the driver of the Integrated Stress Response induced by ATP synthase inhibition in mammalian cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Titov, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.27.573435</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetically encoded tool for manipulation of Δ{Psi}m identifies the latter as the driver of integrative stress response induced by ATP Synthase dysfunction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.27.573450v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Statistical Building Blocks of Animal Movement Simulations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.27.573450v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animal movement plays a key role in many ecological processes and has a direct influence on an individuals fitness at several scales of analysis (i.e., next-step, subdiel, day-by-day, seasonal). This high-lights the need to dissect movement behavior at different spatio-temporal scales and develop hierarchical movement tools for generating realistic tracks to supplement existing single-temporal-scale simulators. In reality, animal movement paths are a concatenation of fundamental movement elements (FuMEs: e.g., a step or wing flap), but these are not generally extractable from a relocation time-series track (e.g., sequential GPS fixes) from which step-length (SL, aka velocity) and turning-angle (TA) time series can be extracted. For short, fixed-length segments of track, we generate their SL and TA statistics (e.g., means, standard deviations, correlations) to obtain segment-specific vectors that can be cluster into different types. We use the centroids of these clusters to obtain a set of statistical movement elements (StaMEs; e.g. directed fast movement versus random slow movement elements) that we use as a basis for analyzing and simulating movement tracks. Our novel concept is that sequences of StaMEs provide a basis for constructing and fitting step-selection kernels at the scale of fixed-length canonical activity modes: short fixed-length sequences of interpretable activity such as dithering, ambling, directed walking, or running. Beyond this, variable length pure or characteristic mixtures of CAMs can be interpreted as behavioral activity modes (BAMs), such as gathering resources (a sequence of dithering and walking StaMEs) or beelining (a sequence of fast directed-walk StaMEs interspersed with vigilance and navigation stops). Here we formulate a multi-modal, step-selection kernel simulation framework, and construct a 2-mode movement simulator (Numerus ANIMOVER_1), using Numerus RAMP technology. We also illustrate methods for extracting StaMEs from both simulated and real data from two barn owls (Tyto alba) in the Harod Valley, Israel. Overall, our new bottom-up approach to path segmentation allows us to both dissect real movement tracks and generate realistic synthetic ones, thereby providing a general tool for testing hypothesis in movement ecology and simulating animal movement in diverse contexts such as evaluating an individuals response to landscape changes, release of an individual into a novel environment, or identifying when individuals are sick or unusually stressed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Getz, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salter, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sethi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nathan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spiegel, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toledo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.27.573450</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Statistical Building Blocks of Animal Movement Simulations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.27.573490v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hippocampal sequences span experience relative to rewards 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.27.573490v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hippocampal place cells fire in sequences that span spatial environments and non-spatial modalities, suggesting that hippocampal activity can anchor to the most behaviorally salient aspects of experience. As reward is a highly salient event, we hypothesized that sequences of hippocampal activity can anchor to rewards. To test this, we performed two-photon imaging of hippocampal CA1 neurons as mice navigated virtual environments with changing hidden reward locations. When the reward moved, the firing fields of a subpopulation of cells moved to the same relative position with respect to reward, constructing a sequence of reward-relative cells that spanned the entire task structure. The density of these reward- relative sequences increased with task experience as additional neurons were recruited to the reward- relative population. Conversely, a largely separate subpopulation maintained a spatially-based place code. These findings thus reveal separate hippocampal ensembles can flexibly encode multiple behaviorally salient reference frames, reflecting the structure of the experience.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sosa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plitt, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giocomo, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.27.573490</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hippocampal sequences span experience relative to rewards]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.28.573526v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interplay between Two Paralogous Human Silencing Hub (HuSH) Complexes in Regulating LINE-1 Element Silencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.28.573526v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Human Silencing Hub (HuSH) complex is composed of TASOR, MPP8, and PPHLN1 subunits and serves as a conserved protein complex responsible for silencing transposable elements in vertebrate animals. Despite its importance, the regulatory mechanisms and recruitment dynamics governing this complex remain poorly understood. In this study, we have identified a second HuSH complex, termed HuSH2, centered around TASOR2, a paralog of the core TASOR protein in HuSH. Our findings indicate that every subunit in both HuSH and HuSH2 has an important role in achieving precise genomic localization to distinct, non-overlapping genomic loci. We utilized in silico protein structure prediction to simulate the interactions between MPP8 and both TASOR paralogs. Drawing on the insights gained from these predictions, we implemented amino acid substitutions that interfered with the binding of MPP8 to each HuSH complex. Leveraging these MPP8 transgenes and other constructs, we identified an important role played by the relative quantities of HuSH complexes in controlling the activity of LINE-1 elements. Furthermore, our results suggest that dynamic changes in TASOR and TASOR2 expression enable cells to finely tune the extent of HuSH-mediated silencing. Our study provides insights into the intricate interplay between HuSH complexes, illuminating their important role in the regulation of retrotransposon silencing.

Key PointsO_LIThe identification of a previously unknown HuSH2 complex, with TASOR2 as its central component.
C_LIO_LIHuSH and HuSH2 complexes exhibit unique genomic localization patterns within the human genome.
C_LIO_LIDisruption of the delicate balance between the two HuSH complexes results in the desilencing of LINE-1.
C_LIO_LITASOR and TASOR2 engage in a competitive interaction for the HuSH subunit MPP8.
C_LIO_LIThe localization of MPP8 to either HuSH or HuSH2 sites is intricately regulated by its interaction with TASOR and TASOR2.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jensvold, Z. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christenson, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flood, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.28.573526</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interplay between Two Paralogous Human Silencing Hub (HuSH) Complexes in Regulating LINE-1 Element Silencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.30.573743v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nucleoid-associated proteins shape the global protein occupancy and transcriptional landscape of a clinical isolate of Vibrio cholerae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.30.573743v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of the diarrheal disease cholera, poses an ongoing health threat due to its wide repertoire of horizontally acquired elements (HAEs) and virulence factors. New clinical isolates of the bacterium with improved fitness abilities, often associated with HAEs, frequently emerge. The appropriate control and expression of such genetic elements is critical for the bacteria to thrive in the different environmental niches it occupies. H-NS, the histone-like nucleoid structuring protein, is the best studied xenogeneic silencer of HAEs in gamma-proteobacteria. Although H-NS and other highly abundant nucleoid-associated proteins (NAPs) have been shown to play important roles in regulating HAEs and virulence in model bacteria, we still lack a comprehensive understanding of how different NAPs modulate transcription in V. cholerae. By obtaining genome-wide measurements of protein occupancy and active transcription in a clinical isolate of V. cholerae, harboring recently discovered HAEs encoding for phage defense systems, we show that a lack of H-NS causes a robust increase in the expression of genes found in many HAEs. We further found that TsrA, a protein with partial homology to H-NS, regulates virulence genes primarily through modulation of H-NS activity. We also identified a few sites that are affected by TsrA independently of H-NS, suggesting TsrA may act with diverse regulatory mechanisms. Our results demonstrate how the combinatorial activity of NAPs is employed by a clinical isolate of an important pathogen to regulate recently discovered HAEs.

ImportanceNew strains of the bacterial pathogen Vibrio cholerae, bearing novel horizontally acquired elements (HAEs), frequently emerge. HAEs provide beneficial traits to the bacterium, such as antibiotic resistance and defense against invading bacteriophages. Xenogeneic silencers are proteins that help bacteria harness new HAEs and silence those HAEs until they are needed. H-NS is the best-studied xenogeneic silencer; it is one of the nucleoid-associated proteins (NAPs) in gamma-proteobacteria and is responsible for the proper regulation of HAEs within the bacterial transcriptional network. We studied the effects of H-NS and other NAPs on the HAEs of a clinical isolate of V. cholerae. Importantly, we found that H-NS partners with a small and poorly characterized protein, TsrA, to help domesticate new HAEs involved in bacterial survival and in causing disease. Proper understanding of the regulatory state in emerging isolates of V. cholerae will provide improved therapies against new isolates of the pathogen.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rakibova, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunham, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seed, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freddolino, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.30.573743</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nucleoid-associated proteins shape the global protein occupancy and transcriptional landscape of a clinical isolate of Vibrio cholerae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.31.573734v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Image processing tools for petabyte-scale light sheet microscopy data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.31.573734v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Light sheet microscopy is a powerful technique for high-speed 3D imaging of subcellular dynamics and large biological specimens. However, it often generates datasets ranging from hundreds of gigabytes to petabytes in size for a single experiment. Conventional computational tools process such images far slower than the time to acquire them and often fail outright due to memory limitations. To address these challenges, we present PetaKit5D, a scalable software solution for efficient petabyte-scale light sheet image processing. This software incorporates a suite of commonly used processing tools that are memory and performance-optimized. Notable advancements include rapid image readers and writers, fast and memory-efficient geometric transformations, high-performance Richardson-Lucy deconvolution, and scalable Zarr-based stitching. These features outperform state-of-the-art methods by over one order of magnitude, enabling the processing of petabyte-scale image data at the full teravoxel rates of modern imaging cameras. The software opens new avenues for biological discoveries through large-scale imaging experiments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ruan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Görlitz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, T.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milkie, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lillvis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Killilea, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betzig, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upadhyayula, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.31.573734</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Image processing tools for petabyte-scale light sheet microscopy data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.12.575095v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dbp1 is a low performance paralog of RNA helicase Ded1 that drives impaired translation and heat stress response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.12.575095v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ded1 and Dbp1 are paralogous conserved RNA helicases that enable translation initiation in yeast. Ded1 has been heavily studied but the role of Dbp1 is poorly understood. We find that the expression of these two helicases is controlled in an inverse and condition-specific manner. In meiosis and other long-term starvation states, Dbp1 expression is upregulated and Ded1 is downregulated, whereas in mitotic cells, Dbp1 expression is extremely low. Inserting the DBP1 ORF in place of the DED1 ORF cannot replace the function of Ded1 in supporting translation, partly due to inefficient mitotic translation of the DBP1 mRNA, dependent on features of its ORF sequence but independent of codon optimality. Global measurements of translation rates and 5 leader translation, activity of mRNA-tethered helicases, ribosome association, and low temperature growth assays show that--even at matched protein levels--Ded1 is more effective than Dbp1 at activating translation, especially for mRNAs with structured 5 leaders. Ded1 supports halting of translation and cell growth in response to heat stress, but Dbp1 lacks this function, as well. These functional differences in the ability to efficiently mediate translation activation and braking can be ascribed to the divergent, disordered N- and C-terminal regions of these two helicases. Altogether, our data show that Dbp1 is a "low performance" version of Ded1 that cells employ in place of Ded1 under long-term conditions of nutrient deficiency.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Powers, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynaud, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sousa, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuwayama, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovanovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingolia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brar, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.12.575095</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dbp1 is a low performance paralog of RNA helicase Ded1 that drives impaired translation and heat stress response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.20.576345v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sterol O-acyltransferase (SOAT/ACAT) activity is required to form cholesterol crystals in hepatocyte lipid droplets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.20.576345v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveExcess unesterified (free) cholesterol can induce formation of cholesterol crystals in hepatocyte lipid droplets. Presence of such crystal distinguishes metabolic dysfunction associated steatohepatitis (MASH) from simple steatosis and may underlie its pathogenesis by causing cell damage that triggers liver inflammation. The mechanism linking cholesterol excess to its crystallization in lipid droplets is unclear. As cholesteryl esters localize to and accumulate in lipid droplets much more readily than free cholesterol, we investigated whether cholesterol esterification by sterol O-acyltransferase (SOAT), also known as acyl co-A cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) is required for hepatocyte lipid droplet crystal formation.

MethodCholesterol crystals were measured in cholesterol loaded Hep3B hepatocytes, RAW264.7 macrophages and mouse liver using polarizing light microscopy. We examined the effect of blocking SOAT activity on crystal formation and compared these results to cholesterol metabolism and the progression to intracellular crystal deposits.

ResultsCholesterol loading of Hep3B cells caused robust levels of lipid droplet localized crystal formation in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Co-treatment with SOAT inhibitors and genetic ablation of SOAT1 blocked crystal formation. SOAT inhibitor also blocked crystal formation in low density lipoprotein (LDL) treated Hep3B cells, acetylated LDL treated RAW 264.7 macrophages, and in the liver of mice genetically predisposed to hepatic cholesterol overload and in mice fed a cholesterol enriched, MASH-promoting diet for 24 weeks.

ConclusionSOAT1-mediated esterification may underlie cholesterol crystals associated with MASH by concentrating it in lipid droplets. These findings imply that inhibiting hepatocyte SOAT1 may alleviate cholesterol associated MASH. Moreover, that a lipid droplet localized cholesteryl ester hydrolase may be required for cholesterol crystal formation or, instead, that the crystals are composed of cholesteryl ester.

Funding SourcesGrants supporting this research were awarded to SBW from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC). SBW was supported by a National New Investigator Award and McDonald Scholarship from the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada. UN and MA were supported by a James Regan Cardiology Research scholarship from University of Saskatchewans College of Medicine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bairos, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Njoku, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zafar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akl, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parlakgul, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arruda, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Widenmaier, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.20.576345</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sterol O-acyltransferase (SOAT/ACAT) activity is required to form cholesterol crystals in hepatocyte lipid droplets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.20.576491v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CLSTN3B enhances adipocyte lipid droplet structure and function via endoplasmic reticulum contact 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.20.576491v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Interorganelle contacts facilitate material exchanges and sustain the structural and functional integrity of organelles. Lipid droplets (LDs) of adipocytes are responsible for energy storage and mobilization responding to body needs. LD biogenesis defects compromise the lipid-storing capacity of adipocytes, resulting in ectopic lipid deposition and metabolic disorders, yet how the uniquely large LDs in adipocytes attain structural and functional maturation is incompletely understood. Here we show that the mammalian adipocyte-specific protein CLSTN3B is crucial for adipocyte LD maturation. CLSTN3B employs an arginine-rich segment to promote extensive contact and hemifusion-like structure formation between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and LD, allowing ER-to-LD phospholipid diffusion during LD expansion. CLSTN3B ablation results in reduced LD surface phospholipid density, increased turnover of LD-surface proteins, and impaired LD functions. Our results establish the central role of CLSTN3B in the adipocyte-specific LD maturation pathway that enhances lipid storage and maintenance of metabolic health under caloric overload.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melikov, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dias do Vale, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mcdonald, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eckert, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, M.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.20.576491</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CLSTN3B enhances adipocyte lipid droplet structure and function via endoplasmic reticulum contact]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.21.576561v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alpha phase-coding supports feature binding during working memory maintenance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.21.576561v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to successfully retain and manipulate information in working memory (WM) requires that objects individual features are bound into cohesive representations; yet, the mechanisms supporting feature binding remain unclear. Binding (or swap) errors, where memorized features are erroneously associated with the wrong object, can provide a window into the intrinsic limits in capacity of WM that represent a key bottleneck in our cognitive ability. We tested the hypothesis that binding in WM is accomplished via neural phase synchrony and that swap errors result from perturbations in this synchrony. Using magnetoencephalography data collected from human subjects in a task designed to induce swap errors, we showed that swaps are characterized by reduced phase-locked oscillatory activity during memory retention, as predicted by an attractor model of spiking neural networks. Further, we found that this reduction arises from increased phase coding variability in the alpha-band over a distributed network of sensorimotor areas. Our findings demonstrate that feature binding in WM is accomplished through phase coding dynamics that emerge from the competition between different memories.

SignificanceWe investigate the neural basis of working memory, focusing on how feature binding is accomplished and how binding or  swap errors arise. Using magnetoencephalography, we found that stable phase-locking of alpha oscillations supports correct feature binding, while swap errors correlate with reduced alpha phase preservation, localized to specific brain areas. These findings align with a biologically-plausible computational model predicting that temporal synchrony in neuronal firing underpins feature binding. This work advances our understanding of the neural mechanisms of working memory, providing empirical support for theories of time-based binding and demonstrating the utility of biophysically-realistic models in human neuroimaging studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pagnotta, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santo-Angles, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Temudo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbosa, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Compte, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Esposito, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sreenivasan, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.21.576561</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alpha phase-coding supports feature binding during working memory maintenance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.24.573691v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Can't carve air, can't weave names: Plant species used in Colombian artisan crafts are not equally assessed for vulnerability at the international and national level 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.24.573691v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humanity has maintained cultural connections with our environments for time immemorial. Plants and artisan crafts are a prime example, as craft purpose, skill, design, and species used can vary greatly between communities and the loss of a critical plant species can result in a loss of access to cultural craft practices. To mitigate global biodiversity loss, conservationists are faced with the challenge of assessing species vulnerability to extinction and prioritizing species for conservation funding using information instruments, like the IUCN red list. This process does not necessarily consider a species cultural importance. In this paper we sought to address this gap for plant species used in artisan crafts in Colombia. We aim to answer the following: (1) how represented are endemic species in artisan crafts; (2) how threatened are artisan craft species according to (a) international and (b) national vulnerability status? We used the number of species-associated common names as a proxy for cultural awareness. We found that continentally regional species were far more represented in Colombian artisan crafts than national endemics. We also found a strong positive relationship between number of common names and national vulnerability assessment status, but no statistically significant relationship for international vulnerability status. Based on our results, well-known plants used in Colombian artisan crafts are more likely to be assessed nationally than internationally. While the IUCN is thorough in their recommendations, more can be done to prioritize the inclusion of conservation assessments for species based on their contributions to cultural diversity.

Positionality statementWe are 14 scientists and practitioners who are deeply committed to the conservation of nature and culture in a changing world. We are trained in diverse fields including ecology, evolutionary biology, botany, music, anthropology, law, and public health. We all have postgraduate academic education (Masters or PhDs underway) but most of us are early career scholars. Six of us grew up in Colombia and we represent many places including Mexico, the United States, Ireland, Chile, Brazil, Germany, and Viet Nam. None of us self-identify as Indigenous.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrade-Rivas, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zapata, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batista, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardenas-Navarrete, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davila Arenas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrera-R, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langhans, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levey, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neill, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ocampo-Penuela, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez Lopez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Echeverri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.24.573691</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Can't carve air, can't weave names: Plant species used in Colombian artisan crafts are not equally assessed for vulnerability at the international and national level]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.24.577089v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bridge RNAs direct modular and programmable recombination of target and donor DNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.24.577089v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genomic rearrangements, encompassing mutational changes in the genome such as insertions, deletions, or inversions, are essential for genetic diversity. These rearrangements are typically orchestrated by enzymes involved in fundamental DNA repair processes such as homologous recombination or in the transposition of foreign genetic material by viruses and mobile genetic elements (MGEs). We report that IS110 insertion sequences, a family of minimal and autonomous MGEs, express a structured non-coding RNA that binds specifically to their encoded recombinase. This bridge RNA contains two internal loops encoding nucleotide stretches that base-pair with the target DNA and donor DNA, which is the IS110 element itself. We demonstrate that the target-binding and donor-binding loops can be independently reprogrammed to direct sequence-specific recombination between two DNA molecules. This modularity enables DNA insertion into genomic target sites as well as programmable DNA excision and inversion. The IS110 bridge system expands the diversity of nucleic acid-guided systems beyond CRISPR and RNA interference, offering a unified mechanism for the three fundamental DNA rearrangements required for genome design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Durrant, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pai, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jangid, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Athukoralage, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiraizumi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McSpedon, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pawluk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nishimasu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konermann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.24.577089</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bridge RNAs direct modular and programmable recombination of target and donor DNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.25.577236v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Yellow and oxidation-resistant derivatives of a monomeric superfolder GFP 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.25.577236v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fluorescent proteins (FPs) are essential tools in biology. The utility of FPs depends on their brightness, photostability, efficient folding, monomeric state, and compatibility with different cellular environments. Despite the proliferation of available FPs, derivatives of the originally identified Aequorea victoria GFP often show superior behavior as fusion tags. We recently generated msGFP2, an optimized monomeric superfolder variant of A. victoria GFP. Here, we describe two derivatives of msGFP2. The monomeric variant msYFP2 is a yellow superfolder FP with high photostability. The monomeric variant moxGFP2 lacks cysteines but retains significant folding stability, so it works well in the lumen of the secretory pathway. These new FPs are useful for common imaging applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Valbuena, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krahn, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tokamov, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fehon, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glick, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.25.577236</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Yellow and oxidation-resistant derivatives of a monomeric superfolder GFP]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.26.577492v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scarcity of fixed carbon transfer in a model microbial phototroph-heterotroph interaction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.26.577492v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has long served as a reference organism, few studies have interrogated its role as a primary producer in microbial interactions. Here, we quantitatively investigated C. reinhardtiis capacity to support a heterotrophic microbe using the established coculture system with Mesorhizobium japonicum, a vitamin B12-producing -proteobacterium. Using stable isotope probing and nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry (nanoSIMS), we tracked the flow of photosynthetic fixed carbon and consequent bacterial biomass synthesis under continuous and diurnal light with single-cell resolution. We found that more 13C fixed by the alga was taken up by bacterial cells under continuous light, invalidating the hypothesis that the algas fermentative degradation of starch reserves during the night would boost M. japonicum heterotrophy. 15NH4 assimilation rates and changes in cell size revealed that M. japonicum cells reduced new biomass synthesis in coculture with the alga but continued to divide - a hallmark of nutrient limitation often referred to as reductive division. Despite this sign of starvation, the bacterium still synthesized vitamin B12 and supported the growth of a B12-dependent C. reinhardtii mutant. Finally, we showed that bacterial proliferation could be supported solely by the algal lysis that occurred in coculture, highlighting the role of necromass in carbon cycling. Collectively, these results reveal the scarcity of fixed carbon in this microbial trophic relationship (particularly under environmentally relevant light regimes), demonstrate B12 exchange even during bacterial starvation, and underscore the importance of quantitative approaches for assessing metabolic coupling in algal-bacterial interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dupuis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lingappa, U. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayali, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sindermann, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chastain, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stuart, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merchant, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.26.577492</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scarcity of fixed carbon transfer in a model microbial phototroph-heterotroph interaction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.30.578087v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cytosolic bacterial pathogens activate TLR pathways in tumors that synergistically enhance STING agonist cancer therapies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.30.578087v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial pathogens that invade the eukaryotic cytosol are distinctive tools for fighting cancer, as they preferentially target tumors and can deliver cancer antigens to MHC-I. Cytosolic bacterial pathogens have undergone extensive preclinical development and human clinical trials, yet the molecular mechanisms by which they are detected by innate immunity in tumors is unclear. We report that intratumoral delivery of phylogenetically distinct cytosolic pathogens, including Listeria, Rickettsia, and Burkholderia species, elicited anti-tumor responses in established, poorly immunogenic melanoma and lymphoma in mice. We were surprised to observe that although the bacteria required entry to the cytosol, the anti-tumor responses were largely independent of the cytosolic sensors cGAS/STING and instead required TLR signaling. Combining pathogens with TLR agonists did not enhance anti-tumor efficacy, while combinations with STING agonists elicited profound, synergistic anti-tumor effects with complete responses in >80% of mice after a single dose. Small molecule TLR agonists also synergistically enhanced the anti-tumor activity of STING agonists. The anti-tumor effects were diminished in Rag2-deficient mice and upon CD8 T cell depletion. Mice cured from combination therapy developed immunity to cancer rechallenge that was superior to STING agonist monotherapy. Together, these data provide a framework for enhancing the efficacy of microbial cancer therapies and small molecule innate immune agonists, via the co-activation of STING and TLRs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Danielson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicolai, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vo, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burke, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.30.578087</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cytosolic bacterial pathogens activate TLR pathways in tumors that synergistically enhance STING agonist cancer therapies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.02.578552v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The ubiquitin ligase HUWE1 enhances WNT signaling by antagonizing destruction complex-mediated beta-catenin degradation and through a mechanism independent of beta-catenin stability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.02.578552v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
WNT/{beta}-catenin signaling is mediated by the transcriptional coactivator {beta}-catenin (CTNNB1). CTNNB1 abundance is regulated by phosphorylation and proteasomal degradation promoted by a destruction complex composed of the scaffold proteins APC and AXIN1 or AXIN2, and the kinases CSNK1A1 and GSK3A or GSK3B. Loss of CSNK1A1 increases CTNNB1 abundance, resulting in hyperactive WNT signaling. Previously, we demonstrated that the HECT domain ubiquitin ligase HUWE1 is necessary for hyperactive WNT signaling in HAP1 haploid human cells lacking CSNK1A1. Here, we investigate the mechanism underlying this requirement. In the absence of CSNK1A1, GSK3A/GSK3B still phosphorylated a fraction of CTNNB1, promoting its degradation. HUWE1 loss enhanced GSK3A/GSK3B-dependent CTNNB1 phosphorylation, further reducing CTNNB1 abundance. However, the reduction in CTNNB1 caused by HUWE1 loss was disproportionately smaller than the reduction in WNT target gene transcription. To test if the reduction in WNT signaling resulted from reduced CTNNB1 abundance alone, we engineered the endogenous CTNNB1 locus in HAP1 cells to encode a CTNNB1 variant insensitive to destruction complex-mediated phosphorylation and degradation. HUWE1 loss in these cells reduced WNT signaling with no change in CTNNB1 abundance. Genetic interaction and overexpression analyses revealed that the effects of HUWE1 on WNT signaling were not only mediated by GSK3A/GSK3B, but also by APC and AXIN1. Regulation of WNT signaling by HUWE1 required its ubiquitin ligase activity. These results suggest that in cells lacking CSNK1A1, a destruction complex containing APC, AXIN1 and GSK3A/GSK3B downregulates WNT signaling by phosphorylating and targeting CTNNB1 for degradation. HUWE1 enhances WNT signaling by antagonizing this activity. Therefore, HUWE1 enhances WNT/CTNNB1 signaling through two mechanisms, one that regulates CTNNB1 abundance and another that is independent of CTNNB1 stability. Coordinated regulation of CTNNB1 abundance and an independent signaling step by HUWE1 would be an efficient way to control WNT signaling output, enabling sensitive and robust activation of the pathway.

Author SummaryThe WNT pathway is a conserved signaling system with diverse functions in embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis. Dysregulation of WNT signaling drives many types of cancer. Over four decades of research have revealed a great deal about how the core components of the WNT pathway regulate signaling, but much less is known about additional regulatory layers superimposed on the core signaling module. In this study we present an example of such regulation by the ubiquitin ligase HUWE1. Phosphorylation of the transcriptional co-activator {beta}-catenin by a protein complex called the destruction complex targets {beta}-catenin for degradation. This is considered the main regulated step in WNT signaling. We demonstrate that HUWE1 enhances WNT signaling through two distinct mechanisms. First, HUWE1 antagonizes the phosphorylation and degradation of {beta}-catenin by the destruction complex. Second, HUWE1 enhances WNT signaling through a mechanism independent from control of {beta}-catenin stability. The effects of HUWE1 on WNT signaling require its ubiquitin ligase activity, suggesting there is a HUWE1 substrate awaiting discovery. Our work therefore reveals a new role for HUWE1 controlling the main regulated step in WNT signaling - {beta}-catenin phosphorylation by the destruction complex - and most likely a downstream mechanism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McKenna, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sonkusre, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lebensohn, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.02.578552</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The ubiquitin ligase HUWE1 enhances WNT signaling by antagonizing destruction complex-mediated beta-catenin degradation and through a mechanism independent of beta-catenin stability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.01.578512v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reducing stomatal density by expression of a synthetic EPF increases leaf intrinsic water use efficiency and reduces plant water use in a C4 crop 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.01.578512v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Enhancing crop water use efficiency (WUE) is a key target trait for climatic resilience and expanding cultivation on marginal lands. Reducing stomatal conductance (gs) through manipulating stomatal density has been observed to translate to improved WUE in multiple C3 crop species. However, reducing gs in C3 species often reduces photosynthetic carbon gain. A different response is expected in C4 plants because they possess specialized anatomy and biochemistry which concentrates CO2 at the site of fixation. This modifies the photosynthesis (AN) relationship with intracellular CO2 concentration (ci) so that photosynthesis is CO2-saturated and reductions in gs are unlikely to impair AN. To test this hypothesis, genetic strategies were investigated to reduce stomatal density in the C4 crop sorghum. Constitutive expression of a synthetic epidermal patterning factor (EPF) transgenic allele in sorghum, lead to reduced stomatal densities. A moderate reduction in stomatal density did not strengthen stomatal limitation to AN, improved WUE, reduced water use, and avoided loss of carbon fixation during a period of water deprivation. However, these positive outcomes were associated with negative pleiotropic effects on reproductive development and photosynthetic capacity. Avoiding pleiotropy by targeting expression of the transgene to specific tissues provides a potential pathway to optimal agronomic outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmuker, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dmitrieva, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quach, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nersesian, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sato, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clemente, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leakey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.01.578512</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reducing stomatal density by expression of a synthetic EPF increases leaf intrinsic water use efficiency and reduces plant water use in a C4 crop]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.03.578758v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic and environmental controls on Castellaniella biogeography in an anthropogenically disturbed subsurface 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.03.578758v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Castellaniella species have been isolated from a variety of mixed-waste environments including the nitrate and multiple metal contaminated subsurface at the Oak Ridge Reservation (ORR). Previous studies examining microbial community composition and nitrate removal at ORR during biostimulation efforts reported increased abundances of members of the Castellaniella genus concurrent to increased denitrification rates. Thus, we asked how genomic and abiotic factors control the Castellaniella biogeography at the site to understand how these factors may influence nitrate transformation in an anthropogenically impacted setting. ORR Castellaniella strains showed a higher degree of genetic diversification than those originating from non-ORR sites, which we attribute to the multitude of extreme stressors faced in the ORR subsurface. We report the isolation and characterization of several Castellaniella strains from the ORR subsurface. Five of these isolates match at 100% identity (at the 16S rRNA gene V4 region) to two Castellaniella amplicon sequence variants (ASVs), ASV1 and ASV2, that have persisted in the ORR subsurface for at least two decades. However, ASV2 has consistently higher relative abundance in samples taken from the site and was also the dominant blooming denitrifier population during a prior biostimulation effort. We found that the ASV2 representative strain has greater resistance to mixed metal stress than the ASV1 representative strains. We attribute this resistance, in part, to the large number of unique heavy metal resistance genes identified on a genomic island in the ASV2 representative genome. Additionally, we suggest that the relatively lower fitness of ASV1 may be connected to the loss of the nitrous oxide reductase (nos) operon (and associated nitrous oxide reductase activity) due to the insertion at this genomic locus of a mobile genetic element carrying copper resistance genes. This study demonstrates the value of integrating genomic, environmental, and phenotypic data to characterize the biogeography of key microorganisms in contaminated sites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goff, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szink, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durrence, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lui, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuehl, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunt, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandonia, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thorgersen, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poole, F. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stahl, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutschbauer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, M. W. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.03.578758</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic and environmental controls on Castellaniella biogeography in an anthropogenically disturbed subsurface]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.01.578324v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MAGIC matrices: freeform bioprinting materials to support complex and reproducible organoid morphogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.01.578324v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Complex and robust self-organization requires defined initial conditions and dynamic boundaries - neighboring tissues and extracellular matrix (ECM) that actively evolve to guide morphogenesis. A major challenge in tissue engineering is identifying material properties that mimic dynamic tissue boundaries but that are compatible with the engineering tools necessary for controlling the initial conditions of culture. Here we describe a highly tunable granular biomaterial, MAGIC matrix, that supports long-term bioprinting and gold-standard tissue self-organization. MAGIC matrix is designed for two temperature regimes: at 4 {degrees}C it exhibits reversible yield-stress behavior to support hours-long high-fidelity 3D printing without compromising cell viability; when transferred to cell culture at 37 {degrees}C, the material cross-links and exhibits viscoelasticity and stress relaxation that can be tuned to match numerous conditions, including that of reconstituted basement membrane matrices like Matrigel. We demonstrate that the timescale of stress relaxation and loss tangent are decoupled in MAGIC matrices, allowing us to test the role of stress relaxation rate and strain-dependence across formulations with identical storage and loss moduli. We find that fast absolute stress relaxation rates and large relative deformation magnitudes are required to optimize for morphogenesis. We apply optimized MAGIC matrices toward precise extrusion bioprinting of saturated cell suspensions directly into 3D culture. The ability to carefully control initial conditions for tissue growth yields dramatic increases in organoid reproducibility and complexity across multiple tissue types. We also fabricate perfusable 3D microphysiological systems that experience large strains in response to pressurization due to the compliant and dynamic tissue boundaries. Combined, our results both identify key parameters for optimal organoid morphogenesis in an engineered material and lay the foundation for fabricating more complex and reproducible tissue morphologies by canalizing their self-organization in both space and time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Graham, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khoo, M. W. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srivastava, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viragova, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parekh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morley, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bird, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lebel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, O. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Sjoberg, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gartner, Z. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.01.578324</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MAGIC matrices: freeform bioprinting materials to support complex and reproducible organoid morphogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.01.578453v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Defining the mechanisms and properties of post-transcriptional regulatory disordered regions by high-throughput functional profiling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.01.578453v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Disordered regions within RNA binding proteins are required to control mRNA decay and protein synthesis. To understand how these disordered regions modulate gene expression, we surveyed regulatory activity across the entire disordered proteome using a high-throughput functional assay. We identified hundreds of regulatory sequences within intrinsically disordered regions and demonstrate how these elements cooperate with core mRNA decay machinery to promote transcript turnover. Coupling high-throughput functional profiling with mutational scanning revealed diverse molecular features, ranging from defined motifs to overall sequence composition, underlying the regulatory effects of disordered peptides. Machine learning analysis implicated aromatic residues in particular contexts as critical determinants of repressor activity, consistent with their roles in forming protein-protein interactions with downstream effectors. Our results define the molecular principles and biochemical mechanisms that govern post-transcriptional gene regulation by disordered regions and exemplify the encoding of diverse yet specific functions in the absence of well-defined structure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lobel, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingolia, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.01.578453</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Defining the mechanisms and properties of post-transcriptional regulatory disordered regions by high-throughput functional profiling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.03.578672v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improving rice drought tolerance through host-mediated microbiome selection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.03.578672v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plant microbiome engineering remains a significant challenge due to challenges associated with accurately predicting microbiome assembly and function in complex, heterogeneous soil environments. However, host-mediated selection can simplify the process by using plant host phenotype as a reporter of microbiome function; by iteratively selecting microbiomes from hosts with desired phenotypes and using them to inoculate subsequent cohorts of hosts, artificial selection can steer the microbiome towards a composition producing optimized plant phenotypes. In this study, we inoculated rice with wild microbial communities from fallow rice field, desert, and serpentine seep field soils. By challenging these plants with drought and iteratively selecting microbiomes from the least drought stressed plants across multiple generations, we derived simplified microbiomes that enhanced both the growth and drought tolerance of rice. Across selection cycles, microbiomes within and between soil treatments became increasingly similar, implicating both dispersal and selection as drivers of community composition. With amplicon sequencing data we identified specific bacterial taxa associated with improved rice drought phenotypes; while many of these taxa have been previously described as plant growth promoters, we also identified novel taxa exhibiting strong positive correlation with improved drought performance. Lastly, we resolved 272 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) and used these MAGs to identify functions enriched in bacteria driving enhanced drought tolerance. The most significantly enriched functions--particularly glycerol-3-phosphate and iron transport--have been previously implicated as potential mediators of plant-microbe interactions during drought. Altogether, these data demonstrate that host-mediated selection provides an efficient framework for microbiome engineering through the identification of both individual taxa and simplified communities associated with enhanced plant phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Styer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pettinga, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caddell, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman-Derr, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.03.578672</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improving rice drought tolerance through host-mediated microbiome selection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.05.578995v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A TBX5-dependent compartment boundary patterns the cardiac interventricular septum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.05.578995v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Failure of septation of the interventricular septum (IVS) is the most common congenital heart defect (CHD), but mechanisms for patterning the IVS are largely unknown. Here, we show that a Tbx5+/Mef2cAHF+ progenitor lineage forms a compartment boundary bisecting the IVS. This coordinated population originates at a first- and second heart field interface. Ablation of Tbx5+/Mef2cAHF+ progenitors cause IVS disorganization, right ventricular hypoplasia and mixing of IVS lineages. Reduced dosage of the CHD transcription factor TBX5 disrupts boundary position and integrity, resulting in ventricular septation defects (VSDs) and patterning defects, including misexpression of Slit2 and Ntn1, which encode guidance cues. Reducing NTN1 dosage partly rescues cardiac defects in Tbx5 mutant embryos. Loss of Slit2 or Ntn1 causes VSDs and perturbed septal lineage distributions. Thus, we identify Tbx5 as a candidate selector gene, directing progenitors and regulating essential cues, to pattern a compartment boundary for proper cardiac septation, revealing mechanisms for cardiac birth defects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kathiriya, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominguez, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muncie-Vasic, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devine, W. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hota, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garay, B. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quintero, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goyal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthews, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sukonnik, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miguel-Perez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winchester, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brower, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forjaz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, P.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirtz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiemen, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruneau, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.05.578995</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A TBX5-dependent compartment boundary patterns the cardiac interventricular septum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.07.579378v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Global diversity, recurrent evolution, and recent selection on amylase structural haplotypes in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.07.579378v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The adoption of agriculture, first documented [~]12,000 years ago in the Fertile Crescent, triggered a rapid shift toward starch-rich diets in human populations. Amylase genes facilitate starch digestion and increased salivary amylase copy number has been observed in some modern human populations with high starch intake, though evidence of recent selection is lacking. Here, using 52 long-read diploid assemblies and short read data from [~]5,600 contemporary and ancient humans, we resolve the diversity, evolutionary history, and selective impact of structural variation at the amylase locus. We find that amylase genes have higher copy numbers in populations with agricultural subsistence compared to fishing, hunting, and pastoral groups. We identify 28 distinct amylase structural architectures and demonstrate that nearly identical structures have arisen recurrently on different haplotype backgrounds throughout recent human history. AMY1 and AMY2A genes each exhibit multiple duplications/deletions with mutation rates >10,000-fold the SNP mutation rate, whereas AMY2B gene duplications share a single origin. Using a pangenome graph-based approach to infer structural haplotypes across thousands of humans, we identify extensively duplicated haplotypes present at higher frequencies in modern day populations with traditionally agricultural diets. Leveraging 533 ancient human genomes we find that duplication-containing haplotypes (i.e. haplotypes with more amylase gene copies than the ancestral haplotype) have increased in frequency more than seven-fold over the last 12,000 years providing evidence for recent selection in West Eurasians. Together, our study highlights the potential impacts of the agricultural revolution on human genomes and the importance of long-read sequencing in identifying signatures of selection at structurally complex loci.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bolognini, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halgren, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lou, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raveane, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guarracino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soranzo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrison, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sudmant, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.07.579378</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Global diversity, recurrent evolution, and recent selection on amylase structural haplotypes in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.09.579730v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis for the inhibition of PRC2 by active transcription histone posttranslational modifications 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.09.579730v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) is an epigenetic regulator essential for embryonic development and maintenance of cell identity that trimethylates histone H3 at lysine 27 (H3K27me3) leading to gene silencing. PRC2 is regulated by association with protein cofactors and crosstalk with histone posttranslational modifications. Trimethylated histone H3 K4 (H3K4me3) and K36 (H3K36me3) localize to sites of active transcription where H3K27me3 is absent and inhibit PRC2 activity through unknown mechanisms. Using cryo-electron microscopy we reveal that histone H3 tails modified with H3K36me3 engage poorly with the PRC2 active site and preclude its effective interaction with chromatin, while the H3K4me3 modification binds to the allosteric site in the EED subunit, acting as an antagonist that competes with allosteric activators required for the spreading of the H3K27me3 repressive mark. Thus, the location along the H3 tail of the H3K4me3 and H3K36me3 modifications allow them to target two essential requirements for efficient trimethylation of histone H3K27. We further show that the JARID2 cofactor modulates PRC2 activity in the presence of these histone modifications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cookis, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lydecker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauer, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasinath, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogales, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.09.579730</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis for the inhibition of PRC2 by active transcription histone posttranslational modifications]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.12.579820v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The ChAHP chromatin remodelling complex regulates neurodevelopmental disorder risk genes to scale the production of neocortical layers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.12.579820v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although chromatin remodellers are among the most important risk genes associated with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), the roles of these complexes during brain development are in many cases unclear. Here, we focused on the recently discovered ChAHP chromatin remodelling complex. The zinc finger and homeodomain transcription factor ADNP is a core subunit of this complex, and de novo ADNP mutations lead to intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder. However, germline Adnp knockout mice were previously shown to exhibit early embryonic lethality, obscuring subsequent roles for the ChAHP complex in neurogenesis. Here, we employed single cell transcriptomics, cut&run-seq, and histological approaches to characterize mice conditionally ablated for the ChAHP subunits Adnp and Chd4. We show that during neocortical development, Adnp and Chd4 orchestrate the production of late-born, upper-layer neurons through a two-step process. First, Adnp is required to sustain progenitor proliferation specifically during the developmental window for upper-layer cortical neurogenesis. Accordingly, we found that Adnp recruits Chd4 to genes associated with progenitor proliferation. Second, in postmitotic differentiated neurons, we define a network of risk genes linked to NDDs that are regulated by Adnp and Chd4. Taken together, these data demonstrate that ChAHP is critical for driving the expansion upper-layer cortical neurons, and for regulating neuronal gene expression programs, suggesting that these processes may potentially contribute to NDD etiology.

HighlightsO_LIAdnp and Chd4 cKOs exhibit similar deficits in cortical growth
C_LIO_LIAdnp sustains the proliferation of apical progenitors to scale the production of upper-layer neurons
C_LIO_LIAdnp recruits Chd4 to genes involved in corticogenesis
C_LIO_LIAdnp is a master regulator of risk genes associated with neurodevelopmental disorders
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Clemot-Dupont, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandes, J. A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larrigan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medisetti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El Hankouri, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picketts, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shekhar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.12.579820</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The ChAHP chromatin remodelling complex regulates neurodevelopmental disorder risk genes to scale the production of neocortical layers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.12.579917v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
iSCORE-PD: an isogenic stem cell collection to research Parkinson Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.12.579917v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parkinsons disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by complex genetic and environmental factors. Genome-edited human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) offer a unique experimental platform to advance our understanding of PD etiology by enabling the generation of disease-relevant cell types carrying patient mutations along with isogenic control cells. To facilitate this approach, we generated a collection of 65 human stem cell lines genetically engineered to harbor high risk or causal variants in genes associated with PD (SNCA A53T, SNCA A30P, PRKN Ex3del, PINK1 Q129X, DJ1/PARK7 Ex1-5del, LRRK2 G2019S, ATP13A2 FS, FBXO7 R498X/FS, DNAJC6 c.801 A>G/FS, SYNJ1 R258Q/FS, VPS13C A444P/FS, VPS13C W395C/FS, GBA1 IVS2+1/FS). All mutations were introduced into a fully characterized and sequenced female human embryonic stem cell (hESC) line (WIBR3; NIH approval number NIHhESC-10-0079) using different genome editing techniques. To ensure the genetic integrity of these cell lines, we implemented rigorous quality controls, including whole-genome sequencing of each line. Our analysis of the genetic variation in this cell line collection revealed that while genome editing, particularly using CRISPR/Cas9, can introduce rare off-target mutations, the predominant source of genetic variants arises from routine cell culture and are fixed in cell lines during clonal isolation. The observed genetic variation was minimal compared to that typically found in patient-derived iPSC experiments and predominantly affected non-coding regions of the genome. Importantly, our analysis outlines strategies for effectively managing genetic variation through stringent quality control measures and careful experimental design. This systematic approach ensures the high quality of our stem cell collection, highlights advantages of prime editing over conventional CRISPR/Cas9 methods and provides a roadmap for the generation of gene-edited hPSC collections at scale in an academic setting. Our iSCORE-PD collection represents an easily accessible and valuable platform to study PD, which can be used by investigators to understand the molecular pathophysiology of PD in a human cellular setting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Busquets, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Syed, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jerez, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunnack, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bu, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verma, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pangilinan, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Straub, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poser, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bush, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahagun, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Booth, E. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bateup, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rio, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hockemeyer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blauwendraat, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soldner, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.12.579917</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[iSCORE-PD: an isogenic stem cell collection to research Parkinson Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.13.580050v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PSAP-genomic-regions: a method leveraging population data to prioritize coding and non-coding variants in whole genome sequencing for rare disease diagnosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.13.580050v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The introduction of next generation sequencing technologies in the clinics has improved rare disease diagnosis. Nonetheless, for very heterogeneous or very rare diseases, more than half of cases still lack molecular diagnosis. Novel strategies are needed to prioritize variants within a single individual. The PSAP (Population Sampling Probability) method was developed to meet this aim but only for coding variants in exome data. To address the challenge of the analysis of non-coding variants in whole genome sequencing data, we propose an extension of the PSAP method to the non-coding genome called PSAP-genomic-regions. In this extension, instead of considering genes as testing units (PSAP-genes strategy), we use genomic regions defined over the whole genome that pinpoint potential functional constraints.

We conceived an evaluation protocol for our method using artificially-generated disease exomes and genomes, by inserting coding and non-coding pathogenic ClinVar variants in large datasets of exomes and genomes from the general population.

We found that PSAP-genomic-regions significantly improves the ranking of these variants compared to using a pathogenicity score alone. Using PSAP-genomic-regions, more than fifty percent of non-coding ClinVar variants, especially those involved in splicing, were among the top 10 variants of the genome. In addition, our approach gave similar results compared to PSAP-genes regarding the scoring of coding variants. On real sequencing data from 6 patients with Cerebral Small Vessel Disease and 9 patients with male infertility, all causal variants were ranked in the top 100 variants with PSAP-genomic-regions.

By revisiting the testing units used in the PSAP method to include non-coding variants, we have developed PSAP-genomic-regions, an efficient whole-genome prioritization tool which offers promising results for the diagnosis of unresolved rare diseases. PSAP-genomic-regions is implemented as a user-friendly Snakemake workflow, accessible to both researchers and clinicians which can easily integrate up-to-date annotation from large databases.

Author summaryIn recent years, improvement in DNA sequencing technologies has allowed the identification of many genes involved in rare diseases. Nonetheless, the molecular diagnosis is still unknown for more than half of rare diseases cases. This is in part due to the large heterogeneity of molecular causes in rare diseases. This also highlights the need for the development of new methods to prioritize pathogenic variants from DNA sequencing data at the scale of the whole genome and not only coding regions. With PSAP-genomic-regions, we offer a strategy to prioritize coding and non-coding variants in whole-genome data from a single individual in need of a diagnosis. The PSAP-genomic-regions combines information on the predicted pathogenicity and frequency of variants in the context of functional regions of the genome. In this work, we compare the PSAP-genomic-regions strategy to other variant prioritization strategies on simulated and real data. We show the better performance of PSAP-genomic-regions over a classical approach based on variant pathogenicity scores alone. PSAP-genomic-regions provides a straightforward approach to prioritize causal pathogenic variants, especially non-coding ones, that are often missed with other strategies and could explain the cause of undiagnosed rare diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ogloblinsky, M.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bocher, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aloui, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leutenegger, A.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozisik, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baudot, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tournier-Lasserve, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castillo-Madeen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewinsohn, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conrad, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marenne, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.13.580050</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PSAP-genomic-regions: a method leveraging population data to prioritize coding and non-coding variants in whole genome sequencing for rare disease diagnosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.13.579999v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of retinal tau oligomers, citrullinated tau, and other tau isoforms in early and advanced AD and relations to disease status 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.13.579999v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ImportanceThis study identifies and quantifies diverse pathological tau isoforms in the retina of both early and advanced-stage Alzheimers disease (AD) and determines their relationship with disease status.

ObjectiveA case-control study was conducted to investigate the accumulation of retinal neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), paired helical filament (PHF)-tau, oligomeric tau (oligo-tau), hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau), and citrullinated tau (Cit-tau) in relation to the respective brain pathology and cognitive dysfunction in mild cognitively impaired (MCI) and AD dementia patients versus normal cognition (NC) controls.

Design, setting and participantsEyes and brains from donors diagnosed with AD, MCI (due to AD), and NC were collected (n=75 in total), along with clinical and neuropathological data. Brain and retinal cross-sections-in predefined superior-temporal and inferior-temporal (ST/IT) subregions-were subjected to histopathology analysis or Nanostring GeoMx digital spatial profiling.

Main outcomes and measureRetinal burden of NFTs (pretangles and mature tangles), PHF-tau, p-tau, oligo-tau, and Cit-tau was assessed in MCI and AD versus NC retinas. Pairwise correlations revealed associations between retinal and brain parameters and cognitive status.

ResultsIncreased retinal NFTs (1.8-fold, p=0.0494), PHF-tau (2.3-fold, p<0.0001), oligo-tau (9.1-fold, p<0.0001), CitR209-tau (4.3-fold, p<0.0001), pSer202/Thr205-tau (AT8; 4.1-fold, p<0.0001), and pSer396-tau (2.8-fold, p=0.0015) were detected in AD patients. Retinas from MCI patients showed significant increases in NFTs (2.0-fold, p=0.0444), CitR209-tau (3.5-fold, p=0.0201), pSer396-tau (2.6-fold, p=0.0409), and, moreover, oligo-tau (5.8-fold, p=0.0045). Nanostring GeoMx quantification demonstrated upregulated retinal p-tau levels in MCI patients at phosphorylation sites of Ser214 (2.3-fold, p=0.0060), Ser396 (1.8-fold, p=0.0052), Ser404 (2.4-fold, p=0.0018), and Thr231 (3.3-fold, p=0.0028). Strong correlations were found between retinal tau forms to paired-brain pathology and cognitive status: a) retinal oligo-tau vs. Braak stage (r=0.60, P=0.0002), b) retinal PHF-tau vs. ABC average score (r=0.64, P=0.0043), c) retinal pSer396-tau vs. brain NFTs (r=0.68, P<0.0001), and d) retinal pSer202/Thr205-tau vs. MMSE scores (r= -0.77, P=0.0089).

Conclusions and RelevanceThis study reveals increases in immature and mature retinal tau isoforms in MCI and AD patients, highlighting their relationship with brain pathology and cognition. The data provide strong incentive to further explore retinal tauopathy markers that may be useful for early detection and monitoring of AD staging through noninvasive retinal imaging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirzaei, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koronyo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braun, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jallow, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rentsendorj, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramanujan, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fert-Bober, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramerov, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ljubimov, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tourtellotte, W. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Black, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kayed, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selenica, M.-L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuchs, D.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koronyo-Hamaoui, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.13.579999</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of retinal tau oligomers, citrullinated tau, and other tau isoforms in early and advanced AD and relations to disease status]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.14.580392v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Striatal Dopamine Can Enhance Learning, Both Fast and Slow, and Also Make it Cheaper 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.14.580392v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Associations can be learned incrementally, via reinforcement learning (RL), or stored instantly in working memory (WM). While WM is fast, it is also capacity-limited and effortful. Striatal dopamine may promote RL plasticity, and WM, by facilitating updating and effort exertion. Yet, prior studies have failed to distinguish between dopamines effects on RL versus WM. N = 100 participants completed a paradigm isolating these systems in a double-blind study measuring dopamine synthesis with [18F]-FDOPA imaging and manipulating dopamine with methylphenidate and sulpiride. Learning is enhanced among high synthesis capacity individuals and by methylphenidate, but impaired by sulpiride. Methylphenidate also blunts effort cost learning. Computational modeling reveals that individuals with high dopamine synthesis rely more on WM, while methylphenidate boosts their RL rates. The D2 antagonist sulpiride reduces accuracy due to diminished WM involvement and faster WM decay. We conclude that dopamine enhances both slow RL, and fast WM, by promoting plasticity and reducing effort sensitivity. These results also highlight the need to control for dopamines effects on WM when testing its effects on RL.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Westbrook, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van den Bosch, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofmans, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papadopetraki, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maatta, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, A. G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cools, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.14.580392</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Striatal Dopamine Can Enhance Learning, Both Fast and Slow, and Also Make it Cheaper]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.15.580575v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
50,000 years of Evolutionary History of India: Insights from ~2,700 Whole Genome Sequences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.15.580575v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
India has been underrepresented in whole genome sequencing studies. We generated 2,762 high coverage genomes from India--including individuals from most geographic regions, speakers of all major languages, and tribal and caste groups--providing a comprehensive survey of genetic variation in India. With these data, we reconstruct the evolutionary history of India through space and time at fine scales. We show that most Indians derive ancestry from three ancestral groups related to ancient Iranian farmers, Eurasian Steppe pastoralists and South Asian hunter-gatherers. We uncover a common source of Iranian-related ancestry from early Neolithic cultures of Central Asia into the ancestors of Ancestral South Indians (ASI), Ancestral North Indians (ANI), Austro-asiatic-related and East Asian-related groups in India. Following these admixtures, India experienced a major demographic shift towards endogamy, resulting in extensive homozygosity and identity-by-descent sharing among individuals. At deep time scales, Indians derive around 1-2% of their ancestry through gene flow from archaic hominins, Neanderthals and Denisovans. By assembling the surviving fragments of archaic ancestry in modern Indians, we recover [~]1.5 Gb (or 50%) of the introgressing Neanderthal and [~]0.6 Gb (or 20%) of the introgressing Denisovan genomes, more than any other previous archaic ancestry study. Moreover, Indians have the largest variation in Neanderthal ancestry, as well as the highest amount of population-specific Neanderthal segments among worldwide groups. Finally, we demonstrate that most of the genetic variation in Indians stems from a single major migration out of Africa that occurred around 50,000 years ago, with minimal contribution from earlier migration waves. Together, these analyses provide a detailed view of the population history of India and underscore the value of expanding genomic surveys to diverse groups outside Europe.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kerdoncuff, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skov, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lueng, Y. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schellenberg, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganna, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kardia, S. L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moorjani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.15.580575</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[50,000 years of Evolutionary History of India: Insights from ~2,700 Whole Genome Sequences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.16.580780v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gammaherpesvirus infection alters transfer RNA splicing and triggers tRNA cleavage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.16.580780v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Withdrawal statementThe authors have withdrawn this manuscript due to a duplicate posting of manuscript number BIORXIV/2024/592122. Therefore, the authors do not wish this work to be cited as reference for the project. If you have any questions, please contact the corresponding author. The correct preprint can be found at doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.05.01.592122.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Manning, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bashir, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upton, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowe, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tucker, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.16.580780</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gammaherpesvirus infection alters transfer RNA splicing and triggers tRNA cleavage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.14.580271v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transgenesis enables mapping of segmental ganglia in the leech Helobdella austinensis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.14.580271v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The analysis of how neural circuits function in individuals and change during evolution is simplified by the existence of neurons identified as homologous within and across species. Invertebrates, including leeches, have been used for these purposes in part because their nervous systems comprise a high proportion of identified neurons, but technical limitations make it challenging to assess the full extent to which assumptions of stereotypy hold true. Here, we introduce Minos plasmid-mediated transgenesis as a tool for introducing transgenes into the embryos of the leech Helobdella austinensis (Spiralia; Lophotrochozoa; Annelida; Clitellata; Hirudinida; Glossiphoniidae). We identified an enhancer driving pan-neuronal expression of markers, including histone2B:mCherry, which allowed us to enumerate neurons in segmental ganglia. Unexpectedly, we find that adult Helobdella ganglia contain fewer and more variable numbers of neurons than in previously examined leech species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kuo, D.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szczupak, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weisblat, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Portiansky, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winchell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, F.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.14.580271</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transgenesis enables mapping of segmental ganglia in the leech Helobdella austinensis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.14.580363v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-resolution single particle imaging at 100-200 keV with the Gatan Alpine direct electron detector. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.14.580363v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Developments in direct electron detector technology have played a pivotal role in enabling high-resolution structural studies by cryo-EM at 200 and 300 keV. Yet, theory and recent experiments indicate advantages to imaging at 100 keV, energies for which the current detectors have not been optimized. In this study, we evaluated the Gatan Alpine detector, designed for operation at 100 and 200 keV. Compared to the Gatan K3, Alpine demonstrated a significant DQE improvement at these voltages, specifically a ~4-fold improvement at Nyquist at 100 keV. In single-particle cryo-EM experiments, Alpine datasets yielded better than 2 [A] resolution reconstructions of apoferritin at 120 and 200 keV on a ThermoFisher Scientific (TFS) Glacios microscope. We also achieved a ~3.2 [A] resolution reconstruction for a 115 kDa asymmetric protein complex, proving its effectiveness with complex biological samples. In-depth analysis revealed that Alpine reconstructions are comparable to K3 reconstructions at 200 keV, and remarkably, reconstruction from Alpine at 120 keV on a TFS Glacios surpassed all but the 300 keV data from a TFS Titan Krios with GIF/K3. Additionally, we show Alpines capability for high-resolution data acquisition and screening on lower-end systems by obtaining ~3 [A] resolution reconstructions of apoferritin and aldolase at 100 keV and detailed 2D averages of a 55 kDa sample using a side-entry cryo holder. Overall, we show that Gatan Alpine performs well with the standard 200 keV imaging systems and may potentially capture the benefits of lower accelerating voltages, possibly bringing smaller sized particles within the scope of cryo-EM.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chan, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Courteau, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basanta, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehmood, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bulkley, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joyce, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mick, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gulati, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lander, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verba, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.14.580363</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-resolution single particle imaging at 100-200 keV with the Gatan Alpine direct electron detector.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.15.580558v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Expression of a mammalian RNA demethylase increases flower number and floral stem branching in Arabidopsis thaliana 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.15.580558v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA methylation plays a central regulatory role in plant biology and is a relatively new target for plant improvement efforts. In nearly all cases, perturbation of the RNA methylation machinery results in deleterious phenotypes. However, a recent landmark paper reported that transcriptome-wide use of the human RNA demethylase FTO substantially increased the yield of rice and potatoes. Here, we have performed the first independent replication of those results and broader transferability of the trait, demonstrating increased flower and fruit count in the model species Arabidopsis thaliana. We also performed RNA-seq of our FTO-transgenic plants, which we analyzed in conjunction with previously-published datasets to detect several previously-recognized patterns in the functional and structural classification of the upregulated and downregulated genes. From these, we present mechanistic hypotheses to explain these surprising results with the goal of spurring more widespread interest in this promising new approach to plant engineering.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Markel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waldburger, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.15.580558</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Expression of a mammalian RNA demethylase increases flower number and floral stem branching in Arabidopsis thaliana]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.19.581015v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heat Stable and Intrinsically Sterile Liquid Protein Formulations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.19.581015v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over 80% of biologic drugs, and 90% of vaccines, require temperature-controlled conditions throughout the supply chain to minimize thermal inactivation and contamination. This cold chain is costly, requires stringent oversight, and is impractical in remote environments. Here, we report chemical dispersants that non-covalently solvate proteins within fluorous liquids to alter their thermodynamic equilibrium and reduce conformational flexibility. This generates non-aqueous, fluorine-based liquid protein formulations that biochemically rigidify protein structure to yield thermally stable biologics at extreme temperatures (up to 90{degrees}C). These non-aqueous formulations are impervious to contamination by microorganismal pathogens, degradative enzymes, and environmental impurities, and display comparable pre-clinical serum half-life and safety profiles to standard saline protein samples. As a result, we deliver a fluorochemical formulation paradigm that may limit the need for cold chain logistics of protein reagents and biopharmaceuticals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lawanprasert, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pimcharoen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vargas, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dewan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirimanjeswara, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medina, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.19.581015</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heat Stable and Intrinsically Sterile Liquid Protein Formulations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.20.580683v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DCAF16-Based Covalent Handle for the Rational Design of Monovalent Degraders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.20.580683v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Targeted protein degradation with monovalent molecular glue degraders is a powerful therapeutic modality for eliminating disease causing proteins. However, rational design of molecular glue degraders remains challenging. In this study, we sought to identify a transplantable and linker-less covalent handle that could be appended onto the exit vector of various protein-targeting ligands to induce the degradation of their respective targets. Using the BET family inhibitor JQ1 as a testbed, we synthesized and screened a series of covalent JQ1 analogs and identified a vinylsulfonyl piperazine handle that led to the potent and selective degradation of BRD4 in cells. Through chemoproteomic profiling, we identified DCAF16 as the E3 ligase responsible for BRD4 degradation--an E3 ligase substrate receptor that has been previously covalently targeted for molecular glue-based degradation of BRD4. Interestingly, we demonstrated that this covalent handle can be transplanted across a diverse array of protein-targeting ligands spanning many different protein classes to induce the degradation of CDK4, the androgen receptor, BTK, SMARCA2/4, and BCR-ABL/c-ABL. Our study reveals a DCAF16-based covalent degradative and linker-less chemical handle that can be attached to protein-targeting ligands to induce the degradation of several different classes of protein targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Do Cong, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orr, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toriki, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kile, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papatzimas, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomura, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.20.580683</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DCAF16-Based Covalent Handle for the Rational Design of Monovalent Degraders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.21.581270v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Asiatic acid improves mitochondrial function, activates antioxidant response in the mouse brain and improves cognitive function in beta-amyloid overexpressing mice. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.21.581270v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extracts of the plant Centella asiatica can enhance mitochondrial function, promote antioxidant activity and improve cognitive deficits. Asiatic acid (AA) is one of the constituent triterpene compounds present in the plant. In this study we explore the effects of increasing concentrations of AA on brain mitochondrial function, antioxidant response and cognition in healthy mice and a single concentration of AA in the beta-amyloid overexpressing 5xFAD mouse line. Associative memory and overall activity were assessed. Hippocampal mitochondrial bioenergetics and the expression of mitochondrial and antioxidant response genes was determined. In the 5xFAD line, total beta-amyloid plaque burden after AA treatment was also evaluated. In healthy mice, we report dose responsive effects of increasing concentrations of AA on enhanced associative memory and a dose dependent increase in basal and maximal mitochondrial respiration, mitochondrial gene expression and antioxidant gene expression. Results from the highest AA dose (1% AA) were similar to what was observed with CAW. The high AA dose was then evaluated in the context of A{beta} accumulation in 5xFAD mice. Improvements in mitochondrial and antioxidant response genes were favored in females over males without significant alleviation of A{beta} plaque burden.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Varada, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chamberlin, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bui, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandes, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gladen-Kolarksy, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hack, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brumbach, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinn, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.21.581270</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Asiatic acid improves mitochondrial function, activates antioxidant response in the mouse brain and improves cognitive function in beta-amyloid overexpressing mice.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.28.582259v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Survival of tardigrades (Hypsibius exemplaris) to subzero temperatures depends on exposure intensity, duration, and ice-nucleation--as shown by large-scale mortality dye-based assays 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.28.582259v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tardigrades are an emerging model system for understanding a diversity of environmental stress responses, yet few studies describe the physiology of cold tolerance in hydrated, active tardigrades. Here, we develop methods to screen tardigrades for survival in a high-throughput manner, to investigate the impacts of several key environmental conditions on survival. The visualization of dye uptake (SYTOX Green) in hydrated, cold-exposed Hypsibius exemplaris allows us to quickly and accurately quantify the survival of thousands of animals, under a range of ecologically-relevant low temperatures, exposure times, conditions, and thermal acclimations. As a proof-of-concept, we show that SYTOX Green uptake more accurately predicts 2-week survival outcomes of tardigrades post-cold exposure, compared to previous methods of scoring survival (locomotion). We show that hydrated, active tardigrades survive mild cold exposures of - 10{degrees}C at high rates of [~]98%. Survival of tardigrades to exposures of -15{degrees}C depends on environmental freezing in pure mineral water, and survival decreased exponentially with exposure time at -20{degrees}C (to 45% after 24 hours; with freezing occurring at nearly all -20{degrees}C timepoints). To investigate the role of environmental ice-formation on tardigrade survival vs. temperature, we incubated unacclimated tardigrades with ice-nucleating bacteria--which initiate environmental freezing at higher temperatures (-1.8 to 3.8{degrees}C). Surprisingly, we found a significant increase in survival of tardigrades frozen at -20{degrees}C (p-value = 0.0152) with the addition of Pseudomonas syringae compared to non-inoculated controls, as well as observing high-survival of tardigrades in ice-nucleated samples exposed to -10{degrees}C and -15{degrees}C. This indicates the species tolerance to environmental ice formation and exposure to our lowest temperature (-20{degrees}C), under certain conditions of controlled environmental ice formation. A 3-week acclimation of tardigrades to mild cold (1{degrees}C and 4{degrees}C) in constant darkness did not significantly improve survival after acute exposure to low temperature, but acclimating animals to 15{degrees}C did. Overall, we find that H. exemplaris--an emerging tardigrade model species--has a range of cold tolerance capabilities, dependent on time, temperature, environmental ice-formation, and culturing conditions. This work offers a framework with new tools for performing large-scale physiological assays in numerous species, establishing tardigrades as a tractable and uniquely informative model system in comparative physiology and the study of environmental stress.

Key Findings- Active, hydrated tardigrades--with no prior acclimation to cold--have high survival of temperatures above -15{degrees}C, even in response to prolonged exposures.
- Below -15{degrees}C, tardigrade survival declines exponentially with increasing exposure time.
- Incubating tardigrades with ice-nucleating bacteria significantly improves survival after cold exposure, illustrating the importance of ice-formation dynamics and environmental microbes.
- A 3-week acclimation of tardigrades to mild cold (1{degrees}C & 4{degrees}C) does not significantly improve survival to low temperature, while acclimation to 15{degrees}C (vs the standard culture condition of 20{degrees}C) does.
- Uptake of the dye SYTOX Green is a more accurate metric of tardigrade mortality in response to cold exposure, compared to the traditional method of scoring lack of locomotion during recovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lyons, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.28.582259</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Survival of tardigrades (Hypsibius exemplaris) to subzero temperatures depends on exposure intensity, duration, and ice-nucleation--as shown by large-scale mortality dye-based assays]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.02.583085v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Assessing the impact of Brd2 depletion on chromatin compartmentalization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.02.583085v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent insights into genome organization have emphasized the importance of A/B chromatin compartments. While our previous research showed that Brd2 depletion weakens compartment boundaries and promotes A/B mixing 1, Hinojosa-Gonzalez et al.2 were unable to replicate the findings. In response, we revisited our Micro-C data and successfully replicated the original results using the default parameters in the cooltools software package. We show that, after correcting inconsistencies with the selection and phasing of the compartment profiles, the decrease in B compartment strength persists but the change in compartment identity is to a much lesser extent than originally reported. To further assess the regulatory role of Brd2, we used saddle plots to determine the strength of compartmentalization and observed a consistent decrease of compartment strength especially at B compartments upon Brd2 depletion. This study highlights the importance of selecting appropriate parameters and analytical tools for compartment analysis and carefully interpreting the results.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Athreya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.02.583085</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Assessing the impact of Brd2 depletion on chromatin compartmentalization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.03.583199v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prevalent fast evolution of genes involved in heterochromatin functions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.03.583199v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Heterochromatin is a gene-poor and repeat-rich genomic compartment universally found in eukaryotes. Despite its low transcriptional activity, heterochromatin plays important roles in maintaining genome stability, organizing chromosomes, and suppressing transposable elements (TEs). Given the importance of these functions, it is expected that the genes involved in heterochromatin regulation would be highly conserved. Yet, a handful of these genes were found to evolve rapidly. To investigate whether these previous findings are anecdotal or general to genes modulating heterochromatin, we compile an exhaustive list of 106 candidate genes involved in heterochromatin functions and investigate their evolution over short and long evolutionary time scales in Drosophila. Our analyses find that these genes exhibit significantly more frequent evolutionary changes, both in the forms of amino acid substitutions and gene copy number change, when compared to genes involved in Polycomb-based repressive chromatin. While positive selection drives amino acid changes within both structured domains with diverse functions and intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs), purifying selection may have maintained the proportions of IDRs of these proteins. Together with the observed negative associations between evolutionary rates of these genes and genomic TE abundance, we propose an evolutionary model where the fast evolution of genes involved in heterochromatin functions is an inevitable outcome of the unique functional roles of heterochromatin, while the rapid evolution of TEs may be an effect rather than cause. Our study provides an important global view of the evolution of genes involved in this critical cellular domain and provides insights into the factors driving the distinctive evolution of heterochromatin.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McIntyre, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colmenares, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, G. Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.03.583199</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prevalent fast evolution of genes involved in heterochromatin functions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.06.583760v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular mechanism of α-latrotoxin action 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.06.583760v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The potent neurotoxic venom of the black widow spider contains a cocktail of seven phylum-specific latrotoxins (LTXs), but only one, -LTX, targets vertebrates. This 130 kDa toxin binds to receptors at presynaptic nerve terminals and triggers a massive release of neurotransmitters. It is widely accepted that LTXs tetramerize and insert into the presynaptic membrane, thereby forming Ca2+-conductive pores, but the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. LTXs are homologous and consist of an N-terminal region with three distinct domains, along with a C-terminal domain containing up to 22 consecutive ankyrin repeats. Here we report the first high resolution structures of the vertebrate-specific -LTX tetramer in its prepore and pore state. Our structures, in combination with AlphaFold2-based structural modeling and molecular dynamics simulations, reveal dramatic conformational changes in the N-terminal region of the complex. Four distinct helical bundles synchronously rearrange to progressively form a highly stable 15 nm cation-impermeable coiled-coil stalk. This stalk, in turn, positions an N-terminal pair of helices within the membrane, thereby enabling the assembly of a cation-permeable channel. Taken together, these data unveil a unique mechanism for membrane insertion and channel formation, characteristic of the LTX family, and provide the necessary framework for advancing novel therapeutics and biotechnological applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Klink, B. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alavizargar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramaniam, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heuer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gatsogiannis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.06.583760</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular mechanism of α-latrotoxin action]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.06.582595v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep Plasma Proteome Profiling by Modulating Single Nanoparticle Protein Corona with Small Molecules 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.06.582595v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The protein corona, a dynamic biomolecular layer that forms on nanoparticle (NP) surfaces upon exposure to biological fluids is emerging as a valuable diagnostic tool for improving plasma proteome coverage analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Here, we show that spiking small molecules, including metabolites, lipids, vitamins, and nutrients (namely, glucose, triglyceride, diglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, L--phosphatidylinositol, inosine 5'-monophosphate, and B complex), into plasma can induce diverse protein corona patterns on otherwise identical NPs, significantly enhancing the depth of plasma proteome profiling. The protein coronas on polystyrene NPs when exposed to plasma treated with an array of small molecules (n=10) allowed for detection of 1793 proteins marking an 8.25-fold increase in the number of quantified proteins compared to plasma alone (218 proteins) and a 2.63-fold increase relative to the untreated protein corona (681 proteins). Furthermore, we discovered that adding 1000 {micro}g/ml phosphatidylcholine could singularly enable the detection of 897 proteins. At this specific concentration, phosphatidylcholine selectively depleted the four most abundant plasma proteins, including albumin, thus reducing the dynamic range of plasma proteome and enabling the detection of proteins with lower abundance. By employing an optimized data-independent acquisition (DIA) approach, the inclusion of phosphatidylcholine led to the detection of 1436 proteins in a single plasma sample. Our molecular dynamic results revealed that phosphatidylcholine interacts with albumin via hydrophobic interactions, h-bonds, and water-bridges. Addition of phosphatidylcholine also enabled the detection of 337 additional proteoforms compared to untreated protein corona using a top-down proteomics approach. These significant achievements are made utilizing only a single NP type and one small molecule to analyze a single plasma sample, setting a new standard in plasma proteome profiling. Given the critical role of plasma proteomics in biomarker discovery and disease monitoring, we anticipate widespread adoption of this methodology for identification and clinical translation of proteomic biomarkers into FDA approved diagnostics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ashkarran, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gharibi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Modaresi, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sayadi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jafari, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ritz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kakhniashvili, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dibavar, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahmoudi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.06.582595</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep Plasma Proteome Profiling by Modulating Single Nanoparticle Protein Corona with Small Molecules]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.12.584321v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An array of Zymoseptoria tritici effectors suppress plant immune responses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.12.584321v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Zymoseptoria tritici is the most economically significant fungal pathogen of wheat in Europe. However, despite the importance of this pathogen, the molecular interactions between pathogen and host during infection are not well understood. Herein, we describe the use of two libraries of cloned Z. tritici effectors that were screened to identify effector candidates with putative pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP) triggered immunity (PTI)-suppressing activity. The effectors from each library were transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana, and expressing leaves were treated with bacterial or fungal PAMPs to assess the effectors ability to suppress reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. From these screens, numerous effectors were identified with PTI-suppressing activity. In addition, some effectors were able to suppress cell death responses induced by other Z. tritici secreted proteins. We used structural prediction tools to predict the putative structures of all of the Z. tritici effectors, and used these predictions to examine whether there was enrichment of specific structural signatures among the PTI-suppressing effectors. From among the libraries, multiple members of the killer protein-like 4 (KP4) and killer protein-like 6 (KP6) effector families were identified as PTI-suppressors. This observation is intriguing, as these protein families were previously associated with antimicrobial activity rather than virulence or host manipulation. This data provides mechanistic insight into immune suppression by Z. tritici during infection, and suggests that similar to biotrophic pathogens, this fungus relies on a battery of secreted effectors to suppress host immunity during early phases of colonisation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thynne, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abukhalaf, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerreiro, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores-Nunez, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudd, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanyuka, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krasileva, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kettles, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stukenbrock, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.12.584321</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An array of Zymoseptoria tritici effectors suppress plant immune responses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.12.584469v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional genetics reveals modulators of anti-microtubule drug sensitivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.12.584469v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microtubules play essential roles in diverse cellular processes and are important pharmacological targets for treating human disease. Here, we sought to identify cellular factors that modulate the sensitivity of cells to anti-microtubule drugs. We conducted a genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9-based functional genetics screen in human cells treated with the microtubule-destabilizing drug nocodazole or the microtubule-stabilizing drug taxol. We further conducted a focused secondary screen to test drug sensitivity for [~]1400 gene targets across two distinct human cell lines and to additionally test sensitivity to the Kif11-inhibitor, STLC. These screens defined gene targets whose loss enhances or suppresses sensitivity to anti-microtubule drugs. In addition to gene targets whose loss sensitized cells to multiple compounds, we observed cases of differential sensitivity to specific compounds and differing requirements between cell lines. Our downstream molecular analysis further revealed additional roles for established microtubule-associated proteins and identified new players in microtubule function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Su, K.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radul, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maier, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsang, M.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goul, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moodie, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keys, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheeseman, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.12.584469</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional genetics reveals modulators of anti-microtubule drug sensitivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.12.584554v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bayesian inference of state feedback control parameters for fo perturbation responses in cerebellar ataxia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.12.584554v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Behavioral speech tasks have been widely used to understand the mechanisms of speech motor control in healthy speakers as well as in various clinical populations. However, determining which neural functions differ between healthy speakers and clinical populations based on behavioral data alone is difficult because multiple mechanisms may lead to the same behavioral differences. For example, individuals with cerebellar ataxia (CA) produce abnormally large compensatory responses to pitch perturbations in their auditory feedback, compared to controls, but this pattern could have many explanations.

Here, computational modeling techniques were used to address this challenge. Bayesian inference was used to fit a state feedback control (SFC) model of voice fundamental frequency (fo) control to the behavioral pitch perturbation responses of individuals with CA and healthy controls. This fitting process resulted in estimates of posterior likelihood distributions of five model parameters (sensory feedback delays, absolute and relative levels of auditory and somatosensory feedback noise, and controller gain), which were compared between the two groups. Results suggest that the CA group may proportionally weight auditory and somatosensory feedback differently from the control group. Specifically, the CA group showed a greater relative sensitivity to auditory feedback than the control group. There were also large group differences in the controller gain parameter, suggesting increased motor output responses to target errors in the CA group. These modeling results generate hypotheses about how CA may affect the speech motor system, which could help guide future empirical investigations in CA. This study also demonstrates the overall proof-of-principle of using this Bayesian inference approach to understand behavioral speech data in terms of interpretable parameters of speech motor control models.

Author summaryCerebellar ataxia is a condition characterized by a loss of coordination in the control of muscle movements, including those required for speech, due to damage in the cerebellar region of the brain. Behavioral speech experiments have been used to understand this disorders impact on speech motor control, but the results can be ambiguous to interpret. In this study, we fit a computational model of the neural speech motor control system to the speech data of individuals with cerebellar ataxia and that of healthy controls to determine what differences in model parameters best explain how the two groups differ in their control of vocal pitch. We found that group differences may be explained by increased sensitivity to auditory feedback prediction errors (differences between the actual sound speakers hear of their own speech as they produce it and the sound they expected to hear) and increased motor response in individuals with cerebellar ataxia. These computational results help us understand how cerebellar ataxia impacts speech motor control, and this general approach can also be applied to study other neurological speech disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gaines, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parrell, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramanarayanan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pongos, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagarajan, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houde, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.12.584554</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bayesian inference of state feedback control parameters for fo perturbation responses in cerebellar ataxia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.13.584918v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Versatile roles of protein flavinylation in bacterial extracyotosolic electron transfer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.13.584918v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria perform diverse redox chemistries in the periplasm, cell wall, and extracellular space. Electron transfer for these extracytosolic activities is frequently mediated by proteins with covalently bound flavins, which are attached through post-translational flavinylation by the enzyme ApbE. Despite the significance of protein flavinylation to bacterial physiology, the basis and function of this modification remains unresolved. Here we apply genomic context analyses, computational structural biology, and biochemical studies to address the role of ApbE flavinylation throughout bacterial life. We find that ApbE flavinylation sites exhibit substantial structural heterogeneity. We identify two novel classes of flavinylation substrates that are related to characterized proteins with non-covalently bound flavins, providing evidence that protein flavinylation can evolve from a non-covalent flavoprotein precursor. We further find a group of structurally related flavinylation-associated cytochromes, including those with the domain of unknown function DUF4405, that presumably mediate electron transfer in the cytoplasmic membrane. DUF4405 homologs are widespread in bacteria and related to ferrosome iron storage organelle proteins that may facilitate iron redox cycling within ferrosomes. These studies reveal a complex basis for flavinylated electron transfer and highlight the discovery power of coupling comparative genomic analyses with high-quality structural models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meheust, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barquera, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Light, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.13.584918</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Versatile roles of protein flavinylation in bacterial extracyotosolic electron transfer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.14.585063v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Throat color polymorphism is related to differences in aggression in the Aegean wall lizard 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.14.585063v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aggressive behavior can be used to establish and maintain access to crucial resources such as space, food, and mating opportunities. Color polymorphic animals sometimes exhibit morph-correlated aggressive behaviors that can influence relative reproductive success and, thus, the maintenance of polymorphism. The Aegean wall lizard, Podarcis erhardii, exhibits three monochromatic throat color morphs: orange, white, and yellow. Previously, male P. erhardii color morphs were shown to differ in their use of aggressive behaviors and ability to win staged contests during laboratory experiments. However, whether these color morphs use aggressive behavior differently in their natural setting where ecological and environmental factors are not standardized remains unknown. Here, we used in situ observations of wall lizard color morph interactions over a large section of dry stone wall to investigate behavioral differences in aggression among color morphs in situ. We compared the counts and intensities (aggression scores) of aggressive behaviors (both performing and receiving aggression) among color morphs and found that color morphs differ significantly in the frequencies and intensities of their aggressive behaviors. We found that the white morph exhibited significantly more aggression than the orange and yellow morphs on dry stone walls. Taken together, results from in and ex situ behavioral studies suggest that the smaller, more common white color morphs are more aggressive, which might help explain their relatively greater abundance and persistence across the species range.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mandavilli, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brock, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.14.585063</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Throat color polymorphism is related to differences in aggression in the Aegean wall lizard]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.16.585351v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Robust and Accurate Bayesian Inference of Genome-Wide Genealogies for Large Samples 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.16.585351v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Ancestral Recombination Graph (ARG), which describes the full genealogical history of a sample of genomes, is a vital tool in population genomics and biomedical research. Recent advancements have increased ARG reconstruction scalability to tens or hundreds of thousands of genomes, but these methods rely on heuristics, which can reduce accuracy, particularly in the presence of model misspecification. Moreover, they reconstruct only a single ARG topology and cannot quantify the considerable uncertainty associated with ARG inferences. To address these challenges, we here introduce SINGER, a novel method that accelerates ARG sampling from the posterior distribution by two orders of magnitude, enabling accurate inference and uncertainty quantification for large samples. Through extensive simulations, we demonstrate SINGERs enhanced accuracy and robustness to model misspecification compared to existing methods. We illustrate the utility of SINGER by applying it to African populations within the 1000 Genomes Project, identifying signals of local adaptation and archaic introgression, as well as strong support of trans-species polymorphism and balancing selection in HLA regions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.16.585351</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Robust and Accurate Bayesian Inference of Genome-Wide Genealogies for Large Samples]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.15.585246v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A numbers game: Mosquito-based arbovirus surveillance in two distinct geographic regions of Latin America 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.15.585246v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aedes mosquitoes, as vectors of medically important arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses), constitute a major public health threat that requires entomological and epidemiological surveillance to guide vector control programs to prevent and reduce disease transmission. In this study, we present the collaborative effort of one year of mosquito-based arbovirus surveillance in two geographically distinct regions of Latin America (Nicaragua and Ecuador). Adult female mosquitoes were collected using backpack aspirators in over 2,800 randomly selected households (Nicaragua, Ecuador) and 100 key sites (Nicaragua) from eight distinct communities (Nicaragua: 2, Ecuador: 6). A total of 1,358 mosquito female pools were processed for RNA extraction and viral RNA detection using real-time RT-PCR. Ten positive dengue virus (DENV) pools were detected (3 in Nicaragua and 7 in Ecuador), all of which were found during the rainy season and matched the serotypes found in humans (Nicaragua: DENV-1 and DENV-4; Ecuador: DENV-2). Infection rates ranged from 1.13 to 23.13, with the Nicaraguan communities having the lowest infection rates. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of detecting DENV-infected Aedes mosquitoes in low-resource settings and underscore the need for targeted mosquito arbovirus sampling and testing, providing valuable insights for future surveillance programs in the Latin American region.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mojica, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arevalo, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juarez, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galarza, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrazco-Montalvo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suazo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coloma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ponce, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balmaseda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cevallos, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.15.585246</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A numbers game: Mosquito-based arbovirus surveillance in two distinct geographic regions of Latin America]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.17.585438v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization of the murine spine for spaceflight studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.17.585438v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rodents provide a useful analog for understanding the effects of spaceflight on the human body, offering opportunities for investigations into the relationship between microgravity and the musculoskeletal system. In particular, rodents have often been utilized to improve our understanding of the effects of spaceflight on the spine, including intervertebral disc and vertebral body health. However, there are a number of experimental factors that differ between existing works, including mission duration, animal housing, and anatomical location of interest, making it difficult to draw holistic conclusions. Additionally, the quadrupedal nature of the murine spine results in different biomechanical loading than in a bipedal organism. Thus, the objective of this study was to more fully define the bulk properties of the murine lumbar spine model after 28 days of spaceflight. Additionally, the proximal tibia was analyzed to provide insight into the skeletal site-specificity of gravitational unloading in space. Results indicated that the effects of spaceflight on vertebral body bone microarchitecture, intervertebral disc biochemistry, and intervertebral disc joint mechanics were statistically insignificant, while large and significant bone loss was observed in the proximal tibia of the same animals. We hypothesize that this may be due to site-specific loading changes in space. Specifically, vigorous ambulatory behaviors observed in this experiment after initial acclimation to spaceflight may increase axial load-bearing in the lumbar spine, while maintaining microgravity induced mechanical unloading in the tibia. In total, this work shows that the rodent spine, unlike the weight bearing tibia in the same mice, is not affected by gravitational unloading, suggesting the tissue degenerative effects of spaceflight are site- and load-specific and not systemic. This study also highlights the importance of considering experimental variables such as habitat acclimation, physical activity, and experiment duration as key factors in determining musculoskeletal and spine health outcomes during spaceflight.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veres, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almeida, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connell, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.17.585438</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization of the murine spine for spaceflight studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.18.585639v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metric Ion Classification (MIC): A deep learning tool for assigning ions and waters in cryo-EM and x-ray crystallography structures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.18.585639v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
At sufficiently high resolution, x-ray crystallography and cryogenic electron microscopy are capable of resolving small spherical map features corresponding to either water or ions. Correct classification of these sites provides crucial insight for understanding structure and function as well as guiding downstream design tasks, including structure-based drug discovery and de novo biomolecule design. However, direct identification of these sites from experimental data can prove extremely challenging, and existing empirical approaches leveraging the local environment can only characterize limited ion types. We present a novel representation of chemical environments using interaction fingerprints and develop a machine-learning model to predict the identity of input water and ion sites. We validate the method, named Metric Ion Classification (MIC), on a wide variety of biomolecular examples to demonstrate its utility, identifying many probable mismodeled ions deposited in the PDB. Finally, we collect all steps of this approach into an easy-to-use open-source package that can integrate with existing structure determination pipelines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shub, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skiniotis, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keiser, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robertson, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.18.585639</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metric Ion Classification (MIC): A deep learning tool for assigning ions and waters in cryo-EM and x-ray crystallography structures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.19.585818v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evidence for the key roles of the Pseudomonas syringae mobilome in shaping biotic interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.19.585818v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mobilome, defined as the collection of mobile genetic elements within a bacterial genome, plays a critical role in the adaptation of bacteria to abiotic and biotic drivers. In particular, prophages have been reported to contribute to bacterial resistance to virulent bacteriophages, the competitive interaction of bacterial hosts within microbial communities, and in pathogenicity and virulence. It is therefore critical to better understand the role of prophages in distributing genes and functions within and among bacterial species to predict how bacteria adapt to their biotic environment. Pseudomonas syringae offers an ideal study system to ask these questions both because of its broad range of lifestyles (spanning from environmental growth to plant pathogens) and its high intraspecies diversity. To examine the role of the mobilome in this species complex, we compared 590 genomes available from public databases and annotated the defense mechanisms, effectors, and prophages in the genomes. We found that this species complex has an elaborate phage pandefensome consisting of 139 defense mechanisms. Host-associated P. syringae isolates were found to have both elaborate phage defensomes and effectoromes. Assessing taxonomical signatures of the observed prophages uncovered broad differences in the types and numbers of genes encoded by different phage families, emphasizing how the evolutionary advantages conferred to hosts will depend on the prophage composition and offering insight to how these genes might disperse within a community. Our study highlights the intimate association of phage families with their hosts and uncovers their key role in shaping ecology for this widespread species complex.

Significance statementThe bacterial accessory genome, including the mobilome and prophages, plays a critical role in shaping bacterial adaptation to abiotic and biotic drivers. These prophages are widespread across bacterial taxa and likely maintained because of their evolutionary advantage. Our ability to predict how a bacterial population will evolve over time requires a better understanding of where key functional traits arrive. To address this question, we assessed prophage-encoded phage defenses and effector across Pseudomonas syringae. We show that prophages carrying these genes belong to specific phage taxa with differences in the types of genes encoded. This emphasizes the evolutionary advantage of these prophages, offering a framework to uncover how these genes disperse within microbial communities and their role in pathogen evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Holtappels, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rickus, G. J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Rezende, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koskella, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alfenas-Zerbini, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.19.585818</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evidence for the key roles of the Pseudomonas syringae mobilome in shaping biotic interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.23.586412v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A human commons cell atlas reveals cell type specificity for OAS1 isoforms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.23.586412v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We describe an open source Human Commons Cell Atlas comprising 2.9 million cells across 27 tissues that can be easily updated and that is structured to facilitate custom analyses. To showcase the flexibility of the atlas, we demonstrate that it can be used to study isoforms of genes at cell resolution. In particular, we study cell type specificity of isoforms of OAS1, which has been shown to offer SARS-CoV-2 protection in certain individuals that display higher expression of the p46 isoform. Using our commons cell atlas we localize the OAS1 p44b isoform to the testis, and find that it is specific to round and elongating spermatids. By virtue of enabling customized analyses via a modular and dynamic atlas structure, the commons cell atlas should be useful for exploratory analyses that are intractable within the rigid framework of current gene-centric cell atlases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Galvez-Merchan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Booeshaghi, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pachter, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.23.586412</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A human commons cell atlas reveals cell type specificity for OAS1 isoforms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.21.586173v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Paraneoplastic renal dysfunction in fly cancer models driven by inflammatory activation of stem cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.21.586173v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tumors can induce systemic disturbances in distant organs, leading to physiological changes that enhance host morbidity. In Drosophila cancer models, tumors have been known for decades to cause hypervolemic  bloating of the abdominal cavity. Here we use allograft and transgenic tumors to show that hosts display fluid retention associated with autonomously defective secretory capacity of fly renal tubules, which function analogous to those of the human kidney. Excretion from these organs is blocked by abnormal cells that originate from inappropriate activation of normally quiescent renal stem cells (RSCs). Blockage is initiated by IL-6-like oncokines that perturb renal water-transporting cells, and trigger a damage response in RSCs that proceeds pathologically. Thus, a chronic inflammatory state produced by the tumor causes paraneoplastic fluid dysregulation by altering cellular homeostasis of host renal units.

Significance StatementTumors cause pathophysiological changes to host tissues, including distant organs. Here we use fruit fly cancer models to uncover mechanisms underlying paraneoplastic renal dysfunction. IL-6-like signaling from the tumor induces inflammatory signaling in renal tubule cells. Defects in these cells are sensed by normally quiescent renal stem cells, leading to inappropriate proliferation in a damage-like response. Chronic activation in the tumor context results in physical obstruction of tubule ducts and thus failures in fluid clearance. This fly work can prompt investigation of analogous mechanisms underlying renal dysfunction in cancer patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kwok, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bilder, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.21.586173</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Paraneoplastic renal dysfunction in fly cancer models driven by inflammatory activation of stem cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.23.586413v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Algorithms for a Commons Cell Atlas 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.23.586413v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell atlas projects curate representative datasets, cell types, and marker genes for tissues across an organism. Despite their ubiquity, atlas projects rely on duplicated and manual effort to curate marker genes and annotate cell types. The size of atlases coupled with a lack of data-compatible tools make reprocessing and analysis of their data near-impossible. To overcome these challenges, we present a collection of data, algorithms, and tools to automate cataloging and analyzing cell types across tissues in an organism, and demonstrate its utility in building a human atlas.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Booeshaghi, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galvez-Merchan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pachter, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.23.586413</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Algorithms for a Commons Cell Atlas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.21.586190v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Genomes of Nematode-Trapping Fungi Provide Insights into the Origin and Diversification of Fungal Carnivorism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.21.586190v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nematode-trapping fungi (NTF), most of which belong to a monophyletic lineage in Ascomycota, cannibalize nematodes and other microscopic animals, raising questions regarding the types and mechanisms of genomic changes that enabled carnivorism and adaptation to the carbon-rich and nitrogen-poor environment created by the Permian-Triassic extinction event. Here, we conducted comparative genomic analyses of 21 NTF and 21 non-NTF to address these questions. Carnivorism-associated changes include expanded genes for nematode capture, infection, and consumption (e.g., adhesive proteins, CAP superfamily, eukaryotic aspartyl proteases, and serine-type peptidases). Although the link between secondary metabolite (SM) production and carnivorism remains unclear, we found that the numbers of SM gene clusters among NTF are significantly lower than those among non-NTF. Significantly expanded cellulose degradation gene families (GH5, GH7, AA9, and CBM1) and contracted genes for carbon-nitrogen hydrolases (enzymes that degrade organic nitrogen to ammonia) are likely associated with adaptation to the carbon-rich and nitrogen-poor environment. Through horizontal gene transfer events from bacteria, NTF acquired the Mur gene cluster (participating in synthesizing peptidoglycan of the bacterial cell wall) and Hyl (a virulence factor in animals). Disruption of MurE reduced NTFs ability to attract nematodes, supporting its role in carnivorism. This study provides new insights into how NTF evolved and diversified after the Permian-Triassic mass extinction event.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steenwyk, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.21.586190</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Genomes of Nematode-Trapping Fungi Provide Insights into the Origin and Diversification of Fungal Carnivorism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.22.586359v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mutation of negative regulatory gene CEHC1 encoding an FBXO3 protein results in normoxic expression of HYDA genes in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.22.586359v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oxygen is known to prevent hydrogen production in Chlamydomonas, both by inhibiting the hydrogenase enzyme and by preventing the accumulation of HYDA-encoding transcripts. We developed a screen for mutants showing constitutive accumulation of HYDA1 transcripts in the presence of oxygen. A reporter gene required for ciliary motility, placed under the control of the HYDA1 promoter, conferred motility only in hypoxic conditions. By selecting for mutants able to swim even in the presence of oxygen we obtained strains that express the reporter gene constitutively. One mutant identified a gene encoding an F-box only protein 3 (FBXO3), known to participate in ubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation pathways in other eukaryotes. Transcriptome profiles revealed that the mutation, termed cehc1-1, leads to constitutive expression of HYDA1 and other genes regulated by hypoxia, and of many genes known to be targets of CRR1, a transcription factor in the nutritional copper signaling pathway. CRR1 was required for the constitutive expression of the HYDA1 reporter gene in cehc1-1 mutants. The CRR1 protein, which is normally degraded in Cu-supplemented cells, was stabilized in cehc1-1 cells, supporting the conclusion that CEHC1 acts to facilitate the degradation of CRR1. Our results reveal a novel negative regulator in the CRR1 pathway and possibly other pathways leading to complex metabolic changes associated with response to hypoxia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaVoie, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lefebvre, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallaher, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaesener, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strenkert, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merchant, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silflow, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.22.586359</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mutation of negative regulatory gene CEHC1 encoding an FBXO3 protein results in normoxic expression of HYDA genes in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.23.586415v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Honoring the Afro-Colombian musical culture with the naming of Epipedobates  sp. nov. (Anura: Dendrobatidae), a frog from the Pacific rainforests 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.23.586415v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The number of amphibian species described yearly shows no signs of slowing down, especially in tropical regions, implying that the biodiversity of amphibians remains woefully underestimated. We describe a new species of poison frog from the Pacific lowlands of southwestern Colombia: Epipedobates currulao sp. nov., named for the Pacific music and dance genre known as bambuco viejo or currulao. This species inhabits lowland forests from 0-260 m a.s.l. This taxon differs from congeners by having a combination of bright yellow blotches in the dorsal anterior region of the thigh and upper arm, homogenous dark-brown dorsal coloration, and advertisement calls of long duration and many pulses. We also describe the courtship call of E. currulao, which is lower in frequency and shorter in duration than its advertisement call. Molecular phylogenetic analyses confirm the monophyly of the populations sampled and its position as the sister species of Epipedobates narinensis, which occurs in southwestern Colombia. Among species of Epipedobates, the new species has been previously confused with E. boulengeri, but we find that the two species are allopatric and represent two divergent clades (1.77% divergent for 12S-16S and 5.39% for CYTB). These species can be distinguished by the presence of a bright yellow blotch on the dorsal anterior region of the thigh and on the upper arm of E. currulao, blotches that are either more white than yellow or absent in E. boulengeri. In addition, the advertisement calls are distinct, with E. currulao having a single but long call in each call series while E. boulengeri has 2-6 calls in a series with each call being much shorter in length. Epipedobates currulao is the most northern species of Epipedobates, which extends southwards along the western edge of the Andes. Known as the Choco, this biogeographic region has been largely converted to agriculture in Ecuador and is experiencing widespread transformation in Colombia, which may endanger E. currulao and biodiversity in the region. A Spanish translation of the main text is available in the Supplementary Materials.

ResumenEl numero de especies de anfibios descritas cada ano continua aumentando, especialmente en las regiones tropicales, lo que implica que la biodiversidad de anfibios sigue siendo subestimada. Describimos una nueva especie de rana venenosa de las tierras bajas del Pacifico del suroccidente de Colombia: Epipedobates currulao sp. nov., nombrada asi por el genero de musica y danza del Pacifico conocido como bambuco viejo o currulao. Las ranas de esta especie habitan en bosques de tierras bajas desde el nivel del mar hasta los 260 m. Este taxon se diferencia de sus congeneres por tener una combinacion de manchas amarillas brillantes en la region dorsal anterior del muslo y los brazos, una coloracion dorsal homogenea marron oscuro y cantos de advertencia mas largos y en consecuencia con mayor numero de pulsos. Tambien describimos la llamada de cortejo de E. currulao, con menor frecuencia pico y duracion que la llamada de advertencia. Los analisis filogeneticos confirman la monofilia de la especie y su posicion como hermana de Epipedobates narinensis, la cual se distribuye en el suroccidente de Colombia. Entre las especies de Epipedobates, la nueva especie ha sido previamente asignada a E. boulengeri, pero las dos especies son alopatricas y representan dos clados filogeneticamente divergentes (1.77% divergentes para 12S-16S y 5.39% para CYTB). Estas especies se pueden distinguir fenotipicamente por la presencia de una mancha amarilla brillante en la region dorsal anterior del muslo y en la parte superior del brazo en E. currulao, que son mas blancas que amarillas o estan ausentes en E. boulengeri. Ademas, los cantos de advertencia son distintos, E. currulao tiene una unica y larga llamada en una serie de llamadas, mientras que E. boulengeri tiene de 2 a 6 llamadas por serie, siendo cada llamada mucho mas corta. Epipedobates currulao es la especie distribuida mas al norte del genero Epipedobates, el cual se extiende hacia el sur a lo largo del flanco occidental de la cordillera de los Andes. Esta region conocida como el Choco biogeografico, ha sido fuertemente transformada por agricultura en Ecuador y esta experimentando una transformacion generalizada de sus bosques en Colombia, lo cual pone en peligro a E. currulao y toda su biodiversidad en un futuro cercano. Una traduccion al espanol del texto principal esta disponible en el material suplementario.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Betancourth-Cundar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rios-Orjuela, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannatella, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarvin, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.23.586415</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Honoring the Afro-Colombian musical culture with the naming of Epipedobates  sp. nov. (Anura: Dendrobatidae), a frog from the Pacific rainforests]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.25.586565v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mixed clonal-aggregative multicellularity entrained by extreme salinity fluctuations in a close relative of animals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.25.586565v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multicellularity evolved multiple times independently during eukaryotic diversification1-4. Two distinct mechanisms underpin multicellularity5: clonality (serial cell division without sister-cell separation) and aggregation (whereby independent cells assemble into a multicellular entity). Clonal and aggregative multicellularity are traditionally considered mutually exclusive1,6-9, with rare exceptions10, and evolutionary hypotheses have addressed why multicellularity might diverge toward one or the other extreme3,4. Both animals and their sister group, the choanoflagellates, are currently only known to acquire multicellularity clonally4,11-13. Here, we show that the choanoflagellate Choanoeca flexa14 forms motile and contractile cell monolayers (or "sheets") through multiple mechanisms: C. flexa sheets can form purely clonally, purely aggregatively, or by a combination of both processes. We characterise the life history of C. flexa in its natural environment - ephemeral splash pools on the island of Curacao - and show that C. flexa undergoes reversible transitions between unicellularity and multicellularity during cycles of evaporation and refilling. Different splash pools house genetically distinct strains of C. flexa, between which aggregation is constrained by kin recognition15-18. We show that clonal-aggregative multicellularity serves as a versatile strategy for the robust re-establishment of multicellularity in this variable and fast-fluctuating environment. Our findings challenge former generalisations about choanoflagellates and expand the option space of choanozoan multicellularity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ros-Rocher, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyes-Rivera, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foroughijabbari, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Combredet, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larson, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coyle, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houtepen, E. A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vermeij, M. J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunet, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.25.586565</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mixed clonal-aggregative multicellularity entrained by extreme salinity fluctuations in a close relative of animals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.27.586885v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The inflammatory microenvironment of the lung at the time of infection governs innate control of SARS-CoV-2 replication 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.27.586885v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 infection leads to vastly divergent clinical outcomes ranging from asymptomatic infection to fatal disease. Co-morbidities, sex, age, host genetics and vaccine status are known to affect disease severity. Yet, how the inflammatory milieu of the lung at the time of SARS-CoV-2 exposure impacts the control of viral replication remains poorly understood. We demonstrate here that immune events in the mouse lung closely preceding SARS-CoV-2 infection significantly impact viral control and we identify key innate immune pathways required to limit viral replication. A diverse set of pulmonary inflammatory stimuli, including resolved antecedent respiratory infections with S. aureus or influenza, ongoing pulmonary M. tuberculosis infection, ovalbumin/alum-induced asthma or airway administration of defined TLR ligands and recombinant cytokines, all establish an antiviral state in the lung that restricts SARS-CoV-2 replication upon infection. In addition to antiviral type I interferons, the broadly inducible inflammatory cytokines TNF and IL-1 precondition the lung for enhanced viral control. Collectively, our work shows that SARS-CoV-2 may benefit from an immunologically quiescent lung microenvironment and suggests that heterogeneity in pulmonary inflammation that precedes or accompanies SARS-CoV-2 exposure may be a significant factor contributing to the population-wide variability in COVID-19 disease outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baker, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohrer, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amaral, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snow-Smith, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres-Juarez, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gould, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Queiroz, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fukutani, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khillan, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barber, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrade, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilligan, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayer-Barber, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.27.586885</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The inflammatory microenvironment of the lung at the time of infection governs innate control of SARS-CoV-2 replication]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.25.586501v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
py_ped_sim - A flexible forward genetic simulator for complex family pedigree analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.25.586501v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundLarge-scale family pedigrees are commonly used across medical, evolutionary, and forensic genetics. These pedigrees are tools for identifying genetic disorders, tracking evolutionary patterns, and establishing familial relationships via forensic genetic identification. However, there is a lack of software to accurately simulate different pedigree structures along with genomes corresponding to those individuals in a family pedigree. This limits simulation-based evaluations of methods that use pedigrees.

ResultsWe have developed a python command-line-based tool called py_ped_sim that facilitates the simulation of pedigree structures and the genomes of individuals in a pedigree. py_ped_sim represents pedigrees as directed acyclic graphs, enabling conversion between standard pedigree formats and integration with the forward population genetic simulator, SLiM. Notably, py_ped_sim allows the simulation of varying numbers of offspring for a set of parents, with the capacity to shift the distribution of sibship sizes over generations. We additionally add simulations for events of misattributed paternity, which offers a way to simulate half-sibling relationships. We validated the accuracy of our software by simulating genomes onto diverse family pedigree structures, showing that the estimated kinship coefficients closely approximated expected values.

Conclusionspy_ped_sim is a user-friendly and open-source solution for simulating pedigree structures and conducting pedigree genome simulations. It empowers medical, forensic, and evolutionary genetics researchers to gain deeper insights into the dynamics of genetic inheritance and relatedness within families.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guardado, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campana, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavez-Rojas, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magana, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samperio, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Syas, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zavala, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohlfs, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.25.586501</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[py_ped_sim - A flexible forward genetic simulator for complex family pedigree analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.26.586689v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integration of CTCF Loops, Methylome, and Transcriptome in Differentiating LUHMES as a Model for Imprinting Dynamics of the 15q11-q13 Locus in Human Neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.26.586689v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human cell line models, including the neuronal precursor line LUHMES, are important for investigating developmental transcriptional dynamics within imprinted regions, particularly the 15q11-q13 Angelman (AS) and Prader-Willi (PWS) syndrome locus. AS results from loss of maternal UBE3A in neurons, where the paternal allele is silenced by a convergent antisense transcript UBE3A-ATS, a lncRNA that normally terminates at PWAR1 in non-neurons. qRT-PCR analysis confirmed the exclusive and progressive increase in UBE3A-ATS in differentiating LUHMES neurons, validating their use for studying UBE3A silencing. Genome-wide transcriptome analyses revealed changes to 11,834 genes during neuronal differentiation, including the upregulation of most genes within the 15q11-q13 locus. To identify dynamic changes in chromatin loops linked to transcriptional activity, we performed a HiChIP validated by 4C, which identified two neuron-specific CTCF loops between MAGEL2-SNRPN and PWAR1-UBE3A. To determine if allele-specific differentially methylated regions (DMR) may be associated with CTCF loop anchors, whole genome long-read nanopore sequencing was performed. We identified a paternally hypomethylated DMR near the SNRPN upstream loop anchor exclusive to neurons and a paternally hypermethylated DMR near the PWAR1 CTCF anchor exclusive to undifferentiated cells, consistent with increases in neuronal transcription. Additionally, DMRs near CTCF loop anchors were observed in both cell types, indicative of allele-specific differences in chromatin loops regulating imprinted transcription. These results provide an integrated view of the 15q11-q13 epigenetic landscape during LUHMES neuronal differentiation, underscoring the complex interplay of transcription, chromatin looping, and DNA methylation. They also provide insights for future therapeutic approaches for AS and PWS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fugon, O. J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharifi, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heath, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soto, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yasui, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendiola, A. J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Geen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beitnere, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomkova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haghani, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dillon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segal, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaSalle, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.26.586689</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integration of CTCF Loops, Methylome, and Transcriptome in Differentiating LUHMES as a Model for Imprinting Dynamics of the 15q11-q13 Locus in Human Neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.29.587402v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multispecies interactions and the community context of the evolution of virulence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.29.587402v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In nature, host-parasite/pathogen relationships are embedded in a network of ecological interactions that have the potential to shape the evolutionary trajectories of shared pathogens. Understanding this community context of infectious disease evolution is important for wildlife, agricultural, and human systems alike - illustrated, for example, by the increasing risk of zoonotic disease emergence. We introduce an eco-evolutionary model that examines ecological feedbacks across a range of host-host interactions. Specifically, we analyze a model of the evolution of virulence of a pathogen infecting hosts who themselves exhibit competitive, mutualistic, or exploitative relationships. We find that pathogen specialism is necessary for inter-host interactions to impact parasite evolution. An important general result is that increasing competition between hosts leads to higher shared pathogen virulence, while increasing mutualism leads to lower virulence. Across a range of scenarios, the nature of pathogen specialization is critical to the outcome - for instance, if hosts only differ in initial susceptibility to infection, there is no impact of host-host interactions on virulence evolution. In contrast, specialization in terms of onward transmission, host tolerance, or intra-host pathogen growth rate critically impact the evolution of virulence. For example, stronger specialism in transmission selects for lower virulence, while stronger specialism in tolerance and growth rate selects for higher virulence. Our work provides testable hypotheses for multi-host disease systems, predicts how changing interaction networks may impact the evolution of virulence, and broadly demonstrates the importance of looking beyond pairwise relationships to understand evolution in realistic natural contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Evensen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boots, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.29.587402</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multispecies interactions and the community context of the evolution of virulence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.28.587271v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Soft skeletons transmit force with variable gearing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.28.587271v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A hydrostatic skeleton allows a soft body to transmit muscular force via internal pressure. A humans tongue, an octopus arm, and a nematodes body illustrate the pervasive presence of hydrostatic skeletons among animals, which has inspired the design of soft engineered actuators. However, there is a need for a theoretical basis for understanding how hydrostatic skeletons apply mechanical work. We therefore model the shape change and mechanics of natural and engineered hydrostatic skeletons to determine their mechanical advantage (MA) and displacement advantage (DA). These models apply to a variety of biological structures, but we explicitly consider the tube feet of a sea star and the body segments of an earthworm, and contrast them with a hydraulic press and a McKibben actuator. A helical winding of stiff, elastic fibers around these soft actuators plays a critical role in their mechanics by maintaining a cylindrical shape, distributing forces throughout the structure, and storing elastic energy. In contrast to a single-joint lever system, soft hydrostats exhibit variable gearing with changes in MA generated by deformation in the skeleton. We found that this gearing is affected by the transmission efficiency of mechanical work (MA x DA) or, equivalently, the ratio of output to input work), which changes with the capacity to store elastic energy within helically wrapped fibers or associated musculature. This modeling offers a conceptual basis for understanding the relationship between the morphology of hydrostatic skeletons and their mechanical performance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ellers, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellers, K.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Po, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heydari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanso, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McHenry, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.28.587271</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Soft skeletons transmit force with variable gearing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.28.587248v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Isolation and Characterization of a Halomonas Species for Non-Axenic Growth-Associated Production of Bio-Polyesters from Sustainable Feedstocks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.28.587248v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biodegradable plastics are urgently needed to replace petroleum-derived polymeric materials and prevent their accumulation in the environment. To this end, we isolated and characterized a halophilic and alkaliphilic bacterium from the Great Salt Lake in Utah. The isolate was identified as a Halomonas species and designated "CUBES01". Full-genome sequencing and genomic reconstruction revealed the unique genetic traits and metabolic capabilities of the strain, including the common polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) biosynthesis pathway. Fluorescence staining identified intracellular polyester granules that accumulated predominantly during the strains exponential growth, a feature rarely found among natural PHA producers. CUBES01 was found to metabolize a range of renewable carbon-feedstocks, including glucosamine and acetyl-glucosamine, as well as sucrose, glucose, fructose, and further also glycerol, propionate, and acetate. Depending on the substrate, the strain accumulated up to [~]60% of its biomass [dry w/w] in poly(3-hydroxbutyrate), while reaching a doubling time of 1.7 h at 30{whitebullet}C and an optimum osmolarity of 1 M sodium chloride and a pH of 8.8. The physiological preferences of the strain may not only enable long-term aseptic cultivation but can also facilitate the release of intracellular products through osmolysis. Development of a minimal medium also allowed the estimation of maximum PHB production rates, which were projected to exceed 5 gPHB/h. Finally, also the genetic tractability of the strain was assessed in conjugation experiments: two orthogonal plasmid-vectors were stable in the heterologous host, thereby opening the possibility of genetic engineering through the introduction of foreign genes.

IMPORTANCEThe urgent need for renewable replacements for synthetic materials may be addressed through microbial biotechnology. To simplify the large-scale implementation of such bio-processes, robust cell factories that can utilize sustainable and widely available feedstocks are pivotal. To this end, non-axenic growth-associated production could reduce operational costs and enhance biomass productivity, thereby improving commercial competitiveness. Another major cost factor is downstream processing. Especially in the case of intracellular products, such as bio-polyesters. Simplified cell-lysis strategies could also further improve economic viability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Woo, S.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Averesch, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berliner, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutzmann, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Payne, V. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Criddle, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.28.587248</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Isolation and Characterization of a Halomonas Species for Non-Axenic Growth-Associated Production of Bio-Polyesters from Sustainable Feedstocks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.02.587507v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryo-EM Structures Reveal Tau Filaments from Down Syndrome Adopt Alzheimer's Disease Fold 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.02.587507v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Down syndrome (DS) is a common genetic condition caused by trisomy of chromosome 21. Among their complex clinical features, including musculoskeletal, neurological, and cardiovascular disabilities, individuals with DS have an increased risk of developing progressive dementia and early-onset Alzheimers disease (AD). This dementia is attributed to the increased gene dosage of the amyloid-{beta} (A{beta}) precursor protein gene, the formation of self-propagating A{beta} and tau prion conformers, and the deposition of neurotoxic A{beta} plaques and tau neurofibrillary tangles. Tau amyloid fibrils have previously been established to adopt many distinct conformations across different neurodegenerative conditions. Here, we report the characterization of brain samples from four DS cases spanning 36 to 63 years of age by spectral confocal imaging with conformation-specific dyes and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) to determine structures of isolated tau fibrils. High-resolution structures revealed paired helical filament (PHF) and straight filament (SF) conformations of tau that were identical to those determined from AD cases. The PHFs and SFs are made of two C-shaped protofilaments, each containing a cross-{beta}/{beta}-helix motif. Similar to filaments from AD cases, most filaments from the DS cases adopted the PHF form, while a minority (approximately 20%) formed SFs. Samples from the youngest individual with no documented dementia had sparse tau deposits. To isolate tau for cryo-EM from this challenging sample we used a novel affinity-grid method involving a graphene oxide surface derivatized with anti-tau antibodies. This method improved isolation and revealed that primarily tau PHFs and a minor population of chronic traumatic encephalopathy type II-like filaments were present in this youngest case. These findings expand the similarities between AD and DS to the molecular level, providing insight into their related pathologies and the potential for targeting common tau filament folds by small-molecule therapeutics and diagnostics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tse, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merz, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prusiner, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Southworth, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Condello, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.02.587507</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryo-EM Structures Reveal Tau Filaments from Down Syndrome Adopt Alzheimer's Disease Fold]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.05.588284v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Increased EZH2 function in regulatory T cells promotes their capacity to suppress autoimmunity by driving effector differentiation prior to activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.05.588284v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The immunosuppressive function of regulatory T (Treg) cells is essential for maintaining immune homeostasis. Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), a histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27) methyltransferase, plays a key role in maintaining Treg cell function upon CD28 co-stimulation, and Ezh2 deletion in Treg cells causes autoimmunity. Here we assessed whether increased EZH2 activity in Treg cells would improve Treg cell function. Using an Ezh2 gain-of-function mutation, Ezh2Y641F, we found that Treg cells expressing Ezh2Y641F displayed an increased effector Treg phenotype and were poised for improved homing to organ tissues. Expression of Ezh2Y641F in Treg cells led to more rapid remission from autoimmunity. H3K27me3 profiling and transcriptomic analysis revealed a redistribution of H3K27me3, which prompted a gene expression profile in naive Ezh2Y641F Treg cells that recapitulated aspects of CD28-activated Ezh2WT Treg cells. Altogether, increased EZH2 activity promotes the differentiation of effector Treg cells that can better suppress autoimmunity.

HighlightsO_LIEZH2 function promotes effector differentiation of Treg cells.
C_LIO_LIEZH2 function promotes Treg cell migration to organ tissues.
C_LIO_LIEZH2 function in Treg cells improves remission from autoimmunity.
C_LIO_LIEZH2 function poises naive Treg cells to adopt a CD28-activated phenotype.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peeters, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silveria, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozdemir, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramachandran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DuPage, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.05.588284</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Increased EZH2 function in regulatory T cells promotes their capacity to suppress autoimmunity by driving effector differentiation prior to activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.06.588423v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Life Histories and Study Duration matter less than Prior Knowledge of Vital Rates to Inverse Integral Projection Models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.06.588423v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIEcology has been surprisingly slow to address the uncertainty and bias that results from using short-term time series to draw long-term inference. To improve our understanding of assumptions around the temporal structure of vital rates (e.g., survival, reproduction), we need tools that are feasible and capture longer-term, state-structured population dynamics.
C_LIO_LIHere, we use inverse modelling of a set of integral projection models (IPMs) to show how demographic rates can be accurately reconstructed from state-structure fluctuations in a population time-series. We use a particle-filtering optimisation algorithm to fit vital rates from time-series of varying length, parameter combinations, priors, and life histories.
C_LIO_LIWe show how key life history traits such as generation time have little effect on the ability of our approach to accurately identify vital rates using state structure over time. Further, contrary to our expectations, the duration of our time-series data has relatively modest impact on the estimation of vital rates compared to the critical role of prior knowledge on vital rates.
C_LIO_LIur framework to estimate IPM vital rates highlights the potential of inverse models to extend time-series for demographic models, but also demonstrates that long-term time-series are not a perfect surrogate for detailed demographic inference. We discuss the need for more work exploring the conditions when inverse modelling is an adequate tool based on species traits.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bernard, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonsall, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salguero-Gomez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.06.588423</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Life Histories and Study Duration matter less than Prior Knowledge of Vital Rates to Inverse Integral Projection Models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.14.589432v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tick-borne flavivirus exoribonuclease-resistant RNAs contain a 'double loop' structure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.14.589432v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Flaviviridae viruses are human pathogens that generate subgenomic noncoding RNAs during infection using structured exoribonuclease resistant RNAs (xrRNAs) that block progression of host cells exoribonucleases. The structures of several xrRNAs from mosquito-borne and insect-specific flaviviruses have been solved, revealing a conserved fold in which a ring-like motif encircles the end of the xrRNA. However, the xrRNAs found in tick-borne and no known vector flaviviruses have distinct characteristics and their 3-D fold was unsolved. To address this, we identified subgenomic flaviviral RNA formation in the encephalitis-causing tick-borne Powassan Virus. We characterized their secondary structure using chemical probing and solved the structure of one of its xrRNAs using cryo-EM. This structure reveals a novel double loop ring element leading to a model in which the ring is remodeled upon encountering the exoribonuclease. Using bioinformatic analyses we showed that this structure is representative of a broad class of xrRNAs and defined key structural and sequence determinants of function. These discoveries reveal a conserved strategy of structure-based exoribonuclease resistance achieved through a unique topology across a viral family of key importance to global health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kieft, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langeberg, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szucs, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherlock, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vicens, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.14.589432</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tick-borne flavivirus exoribonuclease-resistant RNAs contain a 'double loop' structure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.12.589298v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Robust self-supervised denoising of voltage imaging data using CellMincer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.12.589298v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Voltage imaging enables high-throughput investigation of neuronal activity, yet its utility is often constrained by a low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Conventional denoising algorithms, such as those based on matrix factorization, impose limiting assumptions about the noise process and the spatiotemporal structure of the signal. While deep learning based denoising techniques offer greater adaptability, existing approaches fail to fully exploit the fast temporal dynamics and unique short- and long-range dependencies within voltage imaging datasets. Here, we introduce CellMincer, a novel self-supervised deep learning method designed specifically for denoising voltage imaging datasets. CellMincer operates on the principle of masking and predicting sparse sets of pixels across short temporal windows and conditions the denoiser on precomputed spatiotemporal auto-correlations to effectively model long-range dependencies without the need for large temporal denoising contexts. We develop and utilize a physics-based simulation framework to generate realistic datasets for rigorous hyperparameter optimization and ablation studies, highlighting the key role of conditioning the denoiser on precomputed spatiotemporal auto-correlations to achieve 3-fold further reduction in noise. Comprehensive benchmarking on both simulated and real voltage imaging datasets, including those with paired patch-clamp electrophysiology (EP) as ground truth, demonstrates CellMincers state-of-the-art performance. It achieves substantial noise reduction across the entire frequency spectrum, enhanced detection of subthreshold events, and superior cross-correlation with ground-truth EP recordings. Finally, we demonstrate how CellMincers addition to a typical voltage imaging data analysis workflow improves neuronal segmentation, peak detection, and ultimately leads to significantly enhanced separation of functional phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crouse, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleming, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valakh, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nehme, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farhi, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babadi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.12.589298</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Robust self-supervised denoising of voltage imaging data using CellMincer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.13.589377v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Label-free structural imaging of plant roots and microbes using third- harmonic generation microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.13.589377v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Root biology is pivotal in addressing global challenges including sustainable agriculture and climate change. However, roots have been relatively understudied among plant organs, partly due to the difficulties in imaging root structures in their natural environment. Here we used microfabricated ecosystems (EcoFABs) to establish growing environments with optical access and employed nonlinear multimodal microscopy of third-harmonic generation (THG) and three-photon fluorescence (3PF) to achieve label-free, in situ imaging of live roots and microbes at high spatiotemporal resolution. THG enabled us to observe key plant root structures including the vasculature, Casparian strips, dividing meristematic cells, and root cap cells, as well as subcellular features including nuclear envelopes, nucleoli, starch granules, and putative stress granules. THG from the cell walls of bacteria and fungi also provides label-free contrast for visualizing these microbes in the root rhizosphere. With simultaneously recorded 3PF fluorescence signal, we demonstrated our ability to investigate root-microbe interactions by achieving single-bacterium tracking and subcellular imaging of fungal spores and hyphae in the rhizosphere.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyml, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshikuni, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elisabeth, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Northen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogel, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.13.589377</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Label-free structural imaging of plant roots and microbes using third- harmonic generation microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.18.590177v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Jumbo phages possess independent synthesis and utilization systems of NAD+ 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.18.590177v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Jumbo phages, phages with genomes >200 kbp, contain some unique genes for successful reproduction in their bacterial hosts. Due to complex and massive genomes analogous to those of small-celled bacteria, how do jumbo phages complete their life cycle remain largely undefined. In this study, we assembled 668 high-quality jumbo phage genomes from over 15 TB of intestinal metagenomic data from 955 samples of five animal species (cow, sheep, pig, horse, and deer). Within them, we obtained a complete genome of 716 kbp in length, which is the largest phage genome so far reported in the gut environments. Interestingly, 174 out of the 668 jumbo phages were found to encode all genes required for synthesis of NAD+ by the salvage pathway or Preiss-Handler pathway, referred as NAD-jumbo phage. Besides synthesis genes of NAD+, these NAD-jumbo phages also encode at least 15 types of NAD+-consuming enzyme genes involved in DNA replication, DNA repair, and counterdefense, suggesting that these phages not only have the capacity to synthesize NAD+ but also redirect NAD+ metabolism towards phage propagation need in hosts. Phylogenetic analysis and environmental survey indicated NAD-jumbo phages are widely present in the Earths ecosystems, including the human gut, lakes, salt ponds, mine tailings, and seawater. In summary, this study expands our understanding of the diversity and survival strategies of phages, and in-depth study of the NAD-jumbo phages is crucial for understanding their role in ecological regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.18.590177</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Jumbo phages possess independent synthesis and utilization systems of NAD+]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.19.590161v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Role for Cross-linking Proteins in Actin Filament Network Organization and Force Generation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.19.590161v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The high turgor pressure across the plasma membrane of yeasts creates a requirement for substantial force production by actin polymerization and myosin motor activity for clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). Endocytic internalization is severely impeded in the absence of fimbrin, an actin filament crosslinking protein called Sac6 in budding yeast. Here, we combine live-cell imaging and mathematical modeling to gain new insights into the role of actin filament crosslinking proteins in force generation. Genetic manipulation showed that CME sites with more crosslinking proteins are more effective at internalization under high load. Simulations of an experimentally constrained, agent- based mathematical model recapitulate the result that endocytic networks with more double-bound fimbrin molecules internalize the plasma membrane against elevated turgor pressure more effectively. Networks with large numbers of crosslinks also have more growing actin filament barbed ends at the plasma membrane, where the addition of new actin monomers contributes to force generation and vesicle internalization. Our results provide a richer understanding of the crucial role played by actin filament crosslinking proteins during actin network force generation, highlighting the contribution of these proteins to the self-organization of the actin filament network and force generation under increased load.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hill, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carver, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drubin, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.19.590161</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Role for Cross-linking Proteins in Actin Filament Network Organization and Force Generation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.25.591195v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ATM and 53BP1 regulate alternative end joining-mediated V(D)J recombination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.25.591195v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
G0/G1-phase alternative end joining (A-EJ) is a recently defined mutagenic pathway characterized by resected deletion and translocation joints that are predominantly direct and are distinguished from A-EJ in cycling cells which rely much more on microhomology-mediated end joining (MMEJ). Using chemical and genetic approaches, we systematically evaluate potential A-EJ factors and DNA damage response (DDR) genes to support this mechanism by mapping the repair fates of RAG1/2-initiated DSBs in the context of Ig{kappa} locus V-J recombination and chromosome translocation. Our findings highlight a polymerase theta-independent Parp1-XRCC1/Lig3 axis as central A-EJ components, supported by 53BP1 in the context of an ATM-activated DDR. Mechanistically, we demonstrate varied changes in short-range resection, MMEJ, and translocation, imposed by compromising specific DDR activities, which include polymerase alpha, ATR, DNA2, and Mre11. This study advances our understanding of DNA damage repair within the 53BP1 regulatory domain and the RAG1/2 post-cleavage complex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadeghi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, L. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Bouteiller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frock, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.25.591195</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ATM and 53BP1 regulate alternative end joining-mediated V(D)J recombination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.25.590849v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recent adaptation in an imperiled salmonid revealed by museum genomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.25.590849v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Steelhead/rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is an imperiled salmonid with two main life history strategies: migrate to the ocean or remain in freshwater. Domesticated hatchery forms of this species have been stocked into almost all California waterbodies, possibly resulting in introgression into natural populations and altered population structure.

We compared whole-genome sequence data from contemporary populations against a set of museum population samples of steelhead from the same locations that were collected prior to most hatchery stocking.

We observed minimal introgression and few steelhead-hatchery trout hybrids despite a century of extensive stocking. Our historical data show signals of introgression with a sister species and indications of an early hatchery facility. Finally, we found that migration-associated haplotypes have become less frequent over time, a likely adaptation to decreased opportunities for migration. Since contemporary migration-associated haplotype frequencies have been used to guide species management, we consider this to be a rare example of shifting baseline syndrome that has been validated with historical data.

We suggest cautious optimism that a century of hatchery stocking has had minimal impact on California steelhead population genetic structure, but we note that continued shifts in life history may lead to further declines in the ocean-going form of the species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sharo, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Supple, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabrera, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seligmann, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sacco, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Columbus, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearse, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garza, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.25.590849</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recent adaptation in an imperiled salmonid revealed by museum genomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.01.591950v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An shRNA screen in primary human beta cells identifies the serotonin 1F receptor as a negative regulator of survival during transplant 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.01.591950v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Islet transplantation can cure type 1 diabetes, but peri-transplant beta cell death limits this procedure to those with low insulin requirements. Improving human beta cell survival or proliferation may make islet transplantation a possibility for more type 1 patients. To identify novel regulators of beta cell survival and proliferation, we conducted a pooled small hairpin RNA (shRNA) screen in primary human beta cells transplanted into immunocompromised mice. shRNAs targeting several cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors were enriched after transplant. Here, we focused on the Gi/o-coupled GPCR, serotonin 1F receptor (HTR1F, 5-HT1F) which our screen identified as a negative regulator of beta cell numbers after transplant. In vitro, 5-HT1F knockdown induced human beta cell proliferation but only when combined with harmine and exendin-4. In vivo, knockdown of 5-HT1F reduced beta cell death during transplant. To demonstrate the feasibility of targeting 5-HT1F in islet transplant, we identified and validated a small molecule 5-HT1F antagonist. This antagonist increased glucose stimulated insulin secretion from primary human islets and cAMP accumulation in primary human beta cells. Finally, the 5-HT1F antagonist improved glycemia in marginal mass, human islet transplants into immunocompromised mice. We identify 5-HT1F as a novel druggable target to improve human beta cell survival in the setting of islet transplantation.

One Sentence SummarySerotonin 1F receptor (5-HT1F) negatively regulates insulin secretion and beta cell survival during transplant.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chopra, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, X.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shariati, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yiv, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schugar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Annes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ku, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.01.591950</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An shRNA screen in primary human beta cells identifies the serotonin 1F receptor as a negative regulator of survival during transplant]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.05.592598v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic variants associated with cell-type-specific intra-individual gene expression variability reveal new mechanisms of genome regulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.05.592598v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene expression levels can vary substantially across cells, even in a seemingly homogeneous cell population. Identifying the relationships between genetic variation and gene expression is critical for understanding the mechanisms of genome regulation. However, the genetic control of gene expression variability among the cells within individuals has yet to be extensively examined. This is primarily due to the statistical challenges, such as the need for sufficiently powered cohorts and adjusting mean-variance dependence. Here, we introduce MEOTIVE (Mapping genetic Effects On inTra-Individual Variability of gene Expression), a novel statistical framework to identify genetic effects on the gene expression variability (sc-veQTL) accounting for the mean-variance dependence. Using single-cell RNA-seq data of 1.2 million peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 980 human donors, we identified 14 - 3,488 genes with significant sc-veQTLs (study-wide q-value < 0.05) across different blood cell types, 2,103 of which were shared across more than one cell type. We further detected 55 SNP-gene pairs (in 34 unique genes) by directly linking genetic variations with gene expression dispersion (sc-deQTL) regardless of mean-variance dependence, and these genes were enriched in biological processes relevant to immune response and viral infection. An example is rs1131017 (p<9.08x10-52), a sc-veQTL in the 5UTR of RPS26, which shows a ubiquitous dispersion effect across cell types, with higher dispersion levels associated with lower auto-immune disease risk, including rheumatoid arthritis and type 1 diabetes. Another example is LYZ, which is associated with antibacterial activity against bacterial species and was only detected with a monocyte-specific deQTL (rs1384) located at the 3 UTR region (p=1.48x10-11) and replicated in an independent cohort. Our results demonstrate an efficient and robust statistical method to identify genetic effects on gene expression variability and how these associations and their involved pathways confer auto-immune disease risk. This analytical framework provides a new approach to unravelling the genetic regulation of gene expression at the single-cell resolution, advancing our understanding of complex biological processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Powell, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yazar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alquicira, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuomo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Senabouth, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kathail, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hewitt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.05.592598</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic variants associated with cell-type-specific intra-individual gene expression variability reveal new mechanisms of genome regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.06.592620v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The carnivoran adaptive landscape reveals trade-offs among functional traits in the skull, appendicular, and axial skeleton 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.06.592620v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Analyses of form-function relationships are widely used to understand links between morphology, ecology, and adaptation across macroevolutionary scales. However, few have investigated functional trade-offs and covariance within and between the skull, limbs, and vertebral column simultaneously. In this study, we investigated the adaptive landscape of skeletal form and function in carnivorans to test how functional trade-offs between these skeletal regions contribute to ecological adaptations and the topology of the landscape. We found that morphological proxies of function derived from carnivoran skeletal regions exhibit trade-offs and covariation across their performance surfaces, particularly in the appendicular and axial skeletons. These functional trade-offs and covariation correspond as adaptations to different adaptive landscapes when optimized by various factors including phylogeny, dietary ecology, and, in particular, locomotor mode. Lastly, we found that the topologies of the optimized adaptive landscapes and underlying performance surfaces are largely characterized as a single gradual gradient rather than as rugged, multipeak landscapes with distinct zones. Our results suggest that carnivorans may already occupy a broad adaptive zone as part of a larger mammalian adaptive landscape that masks the form and function relationships of skeletal traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Law, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hlusko, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tseng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.06.592620</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The carnivoran adaptive landscape reveals trade-offs among functional traits in the skull, appendicular, and axial skeleton]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.06.592729v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The kinetics and optimality of influenza A virus locomotion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.06.592729v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) must navigate through a dense extracellular mucus to infect airway epithelial cells. The mucous layer, composed of glycosylated biopolymers (mucins), presents sialic acid that binds to ligands on the viral envelope and can be irreversibly cleaved by viral enzymes. It was recently discovered that filamentous IAVs exhibit directed persistent motion along their long axis on sialic acid-coated surfaces. This study demonstrates through stochastic simulations and mean-field theory, how IAVs harness a  burnt-bridge Brownian ratchet mechanism for directed persistent translational motion. Importantly, our analysis reveals that equilibrium features of the system primarily control the dynamics, even out-of-equilibrium, and that ligand asymmetry allows for more robust directed transport. We show viruses occupy the optimal parameter range ( Goldilocks zone) for efficient mucous transport, possibly due to the evolutionary adaptation of enzyme kinetics. Our findings suggest novel therapeutic targets and provide insight into possible mechanisms of zoonotic transmission.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Agarwal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veytsman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fletcher, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huber, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.06.592729</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The kinetics and optimality of influenza A virus locomotion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.09.593382v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The vibriophage-encoded inhibitor OrbA abrogates BREX-mediated defense through the ATPase BrxC 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.09.593382v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria and phages are locked in a co-evolutionary arms race where each entity evolves mechanisms to restrict the proliferation of the other. Phage-encoded defense inhibitors have proven powerful tools to interrogate how defense systems function. A relatively common defense system is BREX (Bacteriophage exclusion); however, how BREX functions to restrict phage infection remains poorly understood. A BREX system encoded by the SXT integrative and conjugative element, VchInd5, was recently identified in Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of the diarrheal disease cholera. The lytic phage ICP1 that co-circulates with V. cholerae encodes the BREX inhibitor OrbA, but how OrbA inhibits BREX is unclear. Here, we determine that OrbA inhibits BREX using a unique mechanism from known BREX inhibitors by directly binding to the BREX component BrxC. BrxC has a functional ATPase domain that, when mutated, not only disrupts BrxC function but also alters how BrxC multimerizes. Furthermore, we find that OrbA binding disrupts BrxC-BrxC interactions. We determine that OrbA cannot bind BrxC encoded by the distantly related BREX system encoded by the SXT VchBan9, and thus fails to inhibit this BREX system that also circulates in epidemic V. cholerae. Lastly, we find that homologs of the VchInd5 BrxC are more diverse than the homologs of the VchBan9 BrxC. These data provide new insight into the function of the BrxC ATPase and highlight how phage-encoded inhibitors can disrupt phage defense systems using different mechanisms.

ImportanceWith renewed interest in phage therapy to combat antibiotic-resistant pathogens, understanding the mechanisms bacteria use to defend themselves against phages and the counter-strategies phages evolve to inhibit defenses is paramount. Bacteriophage exclusion (BREX) is a common defense system with few known inhibitors. Here, we probe how the vibriophage-encoded inhibitor OrbA inhibits the BREX system of Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of the diarrheal disease cholera. By interrogating OrbA function, we have begun to understand the importance and function of a BREX component. Our results demonstrate the importance of identifying inhibitors against defense systems, as they are powerful tools for dissecting defense activity and can inform strategies to increase the efficacy of some phage therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oshiro, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunham, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seed, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.09.593382</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The vibriophage-encoded inhibitor OrbA abrogates BREX-mediated defense through the ATPase BrxC]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.08.593124v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The potential impacts of vector host species fidelity on zoonotic arbovirus transmission 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.08.593124v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The interaction between vector host preference and host availability on vector blood feeding behaviour has important implications for the transmission of vector-borne pathogens. In particular in multi-host disease systems the fidelity of the vector biting behaviour has the potential to have important implications to disease outcomes, particularly when there are amplifying and dead-end hosts. Using a mathematical model we showed that vector fidelity to the host species they take a first blood meal from leads to non-homogeneous mixing between hosts and vectors. Taking Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) as a case study, we investigated how vector preference for amplifying vs dead-end hosts and fidelity can influence JEV transmission. We show that in regions where pigs (amplifying hosts) are scarce compared to cattle (dead-end hosts preferred by common JEV vectors), JEV can still be maintained through vector fidelity. Our findings demonstrate the importance of considering fidelity as a potential driver of transmission, particularly in scenarios such as Bangladesh and India where the composition of the host community might initially suggest that transmission is not possible.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sulaimon, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonsall, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boots, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lord, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.08.593124</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The potential impacts of vector host species fidelity on zoonotic arbovirus transmission]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.10.593556v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Near infrared fluorescent nanosensors for high spatiotemporal oxytocin imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.10.593556v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oxytocin is a neuropeptide involved in regulating social and emotional behavior. Current techniques for oxytocin imaging are generally limited in spatial and temporal resolution, real-time imaging capacity, selectivity for oxytocin over vasopressin, and application in young and non-model organisms. To address these issues, we developed a method to evolve purely synthetic molecular recognition for oxytocin on the surface of near-infrared fluorescent single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) using single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). The best-performing nanosensor nIROT-SELEC reversibly undergoes up to a 172% fluorescence increase in response to oxytocin with micromolar dissociation, nanomolar limit of detection, and and high selectivity over oxytocin analogs, receptor agonists and antagonists, and co-released neurochemicals. We next demonstrated the versatility of nIROT-SELEC by performing live imaging of synaptic evoked oxytocin released in acute brain slices of mice and prairie voles. Our method for high throughput evolution of neuropeptide nanosensors holds promise to enable synaptic scale visualization of neuropeptide signaling in the brain cross different species and developmental stages, to advance the study of neurochemical signaling for its role in both health and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adams, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Komatsu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navarro, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leem, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arias-Soto, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.10.593556</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Near infrared fluorescent nanosensors for high spatiotemporal oxytocin imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.12.593736v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Acceleration of genome rearrangement in clitellate annelids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.12.593736v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Comparisons of multiple metazoan genomes have revealed the existence of ancestral linkage groups (ALGs), genomic scaffolds sharing sets of orthologous genes that have been inherited from ancestral animals for hundreds of millions of years (Simakov et al. 2022; Schultz et al. 2023) These ALGs have persisted across major animal taxa including Cnidaria, Deuterostomia, Ecdysozoa and Spiralia. Notwithstanding this general trend of chromosome-scale conservation, ALGs have been obliterated by extensive genome rearrangements in certain groups, most notably including Clitellata (oligochaetes and leeches), a group of easily overlooked invertebrates that is of tremendous ecological, agricultural and economic importance (Charles 2019; Barrett 2016). To further investigate these rearrangements, we have undertaken a comparison of 12 clitellate genomes (including four newly sequenced species) and 11 outgroup representatives. We show that these rearrangements began at the base of the Clitellata (rather than progressing gradually throughout polychaete annelids), that the inter-chromosomal rearrangements continue in several clitellate lineages and that these events have substantially shaped the evolution of the otherwise highly conserved Hox cluster.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schultz, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heath-Heckman, E. A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winchell, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, D.-H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Y.-s.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oberauer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kocot, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, S.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simakov, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weisblat, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.12.593736</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Acceleration of genome rearrangement in clitellate annelids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.13.593931v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Replay without sharp wave ripples in a spatial memory task. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.13.593931v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sharp-wave ripples in the hippocampus are believed to be a fundamental mechanism for the consolidation of episodic memories. During ripples, hippocampal neurons are re-activated in sequences called replay, which have been hypothesized to reflect episodic memory content. Ripples and replay are usually reported to co-occur, and are commonly thought to reflect the same process. Here we report that, in rats performing an open field spatial memory task, replays readily occur in the complete absence of ripples. Moreover, the occurrence of ripple-less and ripple-containing replays is not random, but precisely organized in terms of virtual space: Ripples are confined to "ripple fields", which are spatially-restricted areas defined over the virtual locations depicted during replay and independent of the actual location of the animal. Similar to allocentric coding by place fields, ripple fields are independent of the direction of travel, and stable throughout the recording session. Ripple fields track changes to environmental structure caused by the addition or subtraction of barriers to movement, consistent with ripples conveying information about the incorporation of novel experiences. Moreover, ripple fields were matched across different rats experiencing the same barrier configuration, highlighting the robustness of the ripple field spatial code. We hypothesize a new relationship between ripples and replay, in which a subset of replays that is particularly relevant to learning or novelty is paired with ripples, in order to promote its selective broadcast to the rest of the brain for consolidation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Widloski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.13.593931</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Replay without sharp wave ripples in a spatial memory task.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.13.594033v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cortical Dynamics during Contour Integration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.13.594033v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Integrating visual elements into contours is important for object recognition. Previous studies emphasized the role that the primary visual cortex (V1) plays in this process. However, recent evidence suggests that contour integration relies on the coordination of hierarchical substrates of cortical regions through recurrent connections. Many previous studies presented the contour at the same onset-time as the trial, which caused the subsequent neural imaging data to incorporate both visual evocation and contour integration activities, and thus confounding the two. In this study, we varied both the contour onset-time and contour fidelity and used EEG to examine the cortical activities under these conditions. Our results suggest that the temporal N300 represents the grouping and integration of visual elements into contours. Before this signature, we observed interhemispheric connections between lateral frontal and posterior parietal regions that were contingent on the contour location and peaked at around 150ms after contour appearance. Also, the magnitudes of connections between medial frontal and superior parietal regions were dependent on the timing of contour onset and peaked at around 250ms after contour onset. These activities appear to be related to the bottom-up and top-down attentional processing during contour integration, respectively, and shed light on how these processes cooperate dynamically during contour integration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coates, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogmen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.13.594033</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cortical Dynamics during Contour Integration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.14.594221v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Circadian rhythms mediate malaria transmission potential 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.14.594221v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Malaria transmission begins when infected female Anopheles mosquitos deposit Plasmodium parasites into the mammalian hosts skin during a bloodmeal. The salivary gland-resident sporozoite parasites migrate to the bloodstream, subsequently invading and replicating within hepatocytes. As Anopheles mosquitos are more active at night, with a 24-hour rhythm, we investigated whether their salivary glands are under circadian control, anticipating bloodmeals and modulating sporozoite biology for host encounters. Here we show that approximately half of the mosquito salivary gland transcriptome, particularly genes essential for efficient bloodmeals such as anti-blood clotting factors, exhibits circadian rhythmic expression. Furthermore, we demonstrate that mosquitoes prefer to feed during nighttime, with the amount of blood ingested varying cyclically throughout the day. Notably, we show a substantial subset of the sporozoite transcriptome cycling throughout the day. These include genes involved in parasite motility, potentially modulating the ability to initiate infection at different times of day. Thus, although sporozoites are typically considered quiescent, our results demonstrate their transcriptional activity, revealing robust daily rhythms of gene expression. Our findings suggest a circadian evolutionary relationship between the vector, parasite and mammalian host that together modulate malaria transmission.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bento, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parrington, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pascual, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldberg, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zelle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takahashi, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elias, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mota, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rijo-Ferreira, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.14.594221</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Circadian rhythms mediate malaria transmission potential]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.20.592813v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The nitrogen-fixing fern Azolla has a complex microbiome characterized by multiple modes of transmission 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.20.592813v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Azolla is a floating fern that has closely evolved with a vertically transmitted obligate cyanobacterium endosymbiont--Anabaena azollae--that performs nitrogen fixation in specialized Azolla leaf pockets. This cyanobac-terium has a greatly reduced genome and appears to be in the "advanced" stages of symbiosis, potentially evolving into a nitrogen-fixing organelle. However, there are also other lesser-known inhabitants of the leaf pocket whose role and mode of transmission are unknown. We sequenced 112 Azolla specimens collected across the state of California and characterized their metagenomes in order to identify the common bacterial endosymbionts of the leaf pocket and assess their patterns of co-diversification. Four taxa were found across all samples, establishing that there are multiple endosymbionts that consistently inhabit the Azolla leaf pocket. We found varying degrees of co-diversification across these taxa as well as varying degrees of isolation by distance and of pseudogenation, which implies that the endosymbiotic community is transmitted by a mix of horizontal and vertical mechanisms, and that some members of the microbiome are more facultative symbionts than others. These results show that the Azolla symbiotic community is complex, featuring members at potentially different stages of symbiosis evolution, further supporting the utility of the Azolla microcosm as a system for studying the evolution of symbioses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, F.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freund, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tribble, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toffelmier, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaffer, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothfels, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.20.592813</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The nitrogen-fixing fern Azolla has a complex microbiome characterized by multiple modes of transmission]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.19.594881v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptional control of central T cell tolerance by NR4A family nuclear receptors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.19.594881v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although deletion of self-reactive thymocytes and their diversion into regulatory T cell (Treg) lineage are critical for immune tolerance and homeostasis, the molecular pathways that link antigen recognition to these fates are incompletely understood. The Nr4a nuclear hormone receptors are transcriptionally upregulated in response to TCR signaling in the thymus and are implicated in both deletion and diversion, but the mechanisms by which they operate are not clear. Redundancy among the family members and their requirement for Treg generation and maintenance have obscured their role in negative selection. Here we take advantage of competitive bone marrow chimeras and the OT-II/RIPmOVA model to demonstrate that Nr4a1 and Nr4a3 are essential for upregulation of Bcl2l11/BIM and negative selection by tissue-restricted model self-antigen (TRA). Moreover, we reveal that the Nr4a family is absolutely required for full induction of a broad transcriptional program triggered in self-reactive thymocytes by TRA recognition, and conserved across model systems and the natural repertoire. Importantly, both model self antigen-specific TCR Tg and polyclonal thymocytes lacking Nr4a1/3 that escape negative selection acquire an anergy-like program that persists in the periphery and is also evident among wild-type recent thymic emigrants (RTEs). We propose that the Nr4a family transduces TCR signals during thymic development to enforce the fates of highly self-reactive clones, mediating not only deletion and Treg diversion, but also contributing to a cell-intrinsic, persistent anergy-like program that may operate at the margins of canonical thymic tolerance mechanisms to restrain self-reactive T cells after thymic egress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, H. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiwa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Proekt, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rackaityte, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aylard, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scharer, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Au-Yeung, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zikherman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.19.594881</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptional control of central T cell tolerance by NR4A family nuclear receptors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.22.595043v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tau pathology leads to lonely non-traveling slow waves that mediate human memory impairment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.22.595043v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Memory markedly declines with age, exaggerated in those with Alzheimers disease, yet the mechanisms are still not resolved. Here, we show that frontal lobe tau pathology in humans leads to impaired en masse unity and cortical traveling propagation of NREM slow waves, consequentially impairing memory retention. We elucidate these findings using PET tau brain imaging, and then replicate and extend them using AD pathology markers derived from lumbar puncture CSF in an independent clinical cohort. Thus, tau-associated memory deficits are not wholly direct, but indirectly mediated through consequential "lonely", non-traveling slow-wave events.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sharon, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dude, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ju, Y.-E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jagust, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.22.595043</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tau pathology leads to lonely non-traveling slow waves that mediate human memory impairment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.22.595370v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolic engineering of yeast for de novo production of kratom monoterpene indole alkaloids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.22.595370v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Monoterpene indole alkaloids (MIAs) from Mitragyna speciosa ("kratom"), such as mitragynine and speciogynine, are promising novel scaffolds for opioid receptor ligands for treatment of pain, addiction, and depression. While kratom leaves have been used for centuries in South-East Asia as stimulant and pain management substance, the biosynthetic pathway of these psychoactives have only recently been partially elucidated. Here, we demonstrate the de novo production of mitragynine and speciogynine in Saccharomyces cerevisiae through the reconstruction of a five-step synthetic pathway from common MIA precursor strictosidine comprising fungal tryptamine 4-monooxygenase to bypass an unknown kratom hydroxylase. Upon optimizing cultivation conditions, a titer of [~]290 {micro}g/L kratom MIAs from glucose was achieved. Untargeted metabolomics analysis of lead production strains led to the identification of numerous shunt products derived from the activity of strictosidine synthase (STR) and dihydrocorynantheine synthase (DCS), highlighting them as candidates for enzyme engineering to further improve kratom MIAs production in yeast. Finally, by feeding fluorinated tryptamine and expressing a human tailoring enzyme, we further demonstrate production of fluorinated and hydroxylated mitragynine derivatives with potential applications in drug discovery campaigns. Altogether, this study introduces a yeast cell factory platform for the biomanufacturing of complex natural and new-to-nature kratom MIAs derivatives with therapeutic potential.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Holtz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rago, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nedermark, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansson, F. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehka, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcussen, N. E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veneman, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahonen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wungsintaweekul, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dirks, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acevedo-Rocha, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keasling, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.22.595370</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolic engineering of yeast for de novo production of kratom monoterpene indole alkaloids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.22.595375v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comprehensive network modeling approaches unravel dynamic enhancer-promoter interactions across neural differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.22.595375v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundIncreasing evidence suggests that a substantial proportion of disease-associated mutations occur in enhancers, regions of non-coding DNA essential to gene regulation. Understanding the structures and mechanisms of regulatory programs this variation affects can shed light on the apparatuses of human diseases.

ResultsWe collected epigenetic and gene expression datasets from seven early time points during neural differentiation. Focusing on this model system, we constructed networks of enhancer-promoter interactions, each at an individual stage of neural induction. These networks served as the base for a rich series of analyses, through which we demonstrated their temporal dynamics and enrichment for various disease-associated variants. We applied the Girvan-Newman clustering algorithm to these networks to reveal biologically relevant substructures of regulation. Additionally, we demonstrated methods to validate predicted enhancer-promoter interactions using transcription factor overexpression and massively parallel reporter assays.

ConclusionsOur findings suggest a generalizable framework for exploring gene regulatory programs and their dynamics across developmental processes. This includes a comprehensive approach to studying the effects of disease-associated variation on transcriptional networks. The techniques applied to our networks have been published alongside our findings as a computational tool, E-P-INAnalyzer. Our procedure can be utilized across different cellular contexts and disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DeGroat, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inoue, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashuach, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahituv, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreimer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.22.595375</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comprehensive network modeling approaches unravel dynamic enhancer-promoter interactions across neural differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.23.595578v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antibodies targeting Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus GP38 limit vascular leak and viral spread 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.23.595578v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is a priority pathogen transmitted by tick bites, with no vaccines or specific therapeutics approved to date. Severe disease manifestations include hemorrhage, endothelial dysfunction, and multiorgan failure. Infected cells secrete the viral glycoprotein GP38, whose extracellular function is presently unknown. GP38 is considered an important target for vaccine and therapeutic design as GP38-specific antibodies can protect against severe disease in animal models, albeit through a currently unknown mechanism of action. Here, we show that GP38 induces endothelial barrier dysfunction in vitro, and that CCHFV infection, and GP38 alone, can trigger vascular leak in a mouse model. Protective antibodies that recognize specific antigenic sites on GP38, but not a protective neutralizing antibody binding the structural protein Gc, potently inhibit endothelial hyperpermeability in vitro and vascular leak in vivo during CCHFV infection. This work uncovers a function of the secreted viral protein GP38 as a viral toxin in CCHFV pathogenesis and elucidates the mode of action of non-neutralizing GP38-specific antibodies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pahmeier, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monticelli, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hjorth, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuehne, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakken, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batchelor, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Middlecamp, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stuart, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abelson, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLellan, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biering, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herbert, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandran, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.23.595578</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antibodies targeting Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus GP38 limit vascular leak and viral spread]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.24.595751v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An acidic loop in the FHA domain of the yeast meiosis-specific kinase Mek1 interacts with a specific motif in a subset of Mek1 substrates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.24.595751v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The meiosis-specific kinase Mek1 regulates key steps in meiotic recombination in the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. MEK1 limits resection at the double strand break (DSB) ends and is required for preferential strand invasion into homologs, a process known as interhomolog bias. After strand invasion, MEK1 promotes phosphorylation of the synaptonemal complex protein Zip1 that is necessary for DSB repair mediated by a crossover specific pathway that enables chromosome synapsis. In addition, Mek1 phosphorylation of the meiosis-specific transcription factor, Ndt80, regulates the meiotic recombination checkpoint that prevents exit from pachytene when DSBs are present. Mek1 interacts with Ndt80 through a five amino acid sequence, RPSKR, located between the DNA binding and activation domains of Ndt80. AlphaFold Multimer modeling of a fragment of Ndt80 containing the RPSKR motif and full length Mek1 indicated that RPSKR binds to an acidic loop located in the Mek1 FHA domain, a non-canonical interaction with this motif. A second protein, the 5-3 helicase Rrm3, similarly interacts with Mek1 through an RPAKR motif and is an in vitro substrate of Mek1. Genetic analysis using various mutants in the MEK1 acidic loop validated the AlphaFold model, in that they specifically disrupt two-hybrid interactions with Ndt80 and Rrm3. Phenotypic analyses further showed that the acidic loop mutants are defective in the meiotic recombination checkpoint, and in certain circumstances exhibit more severe phenotypes compared to the NDT80 mutant with the RPSKR sequence deleted, suggesting that additional, as yet unknown, substrates of Mek1 also bind to Mek1 using an RPXKR motif.

ARTICLE SUMMARYThe FHA domain is conserved module best known for creating protein complexes by binding to phosphorylated threonines on target proteins. This work identified a non-canonical mechanism by which the FHA domain of the yeast meiosis-specific kinase Mek1 interacts with two of its substrates, Ndt80 and Rrm3. An acidic loop within the FHA domain binds to RPXKR motifs in Ndt80 and Rrm3. Genetic evidence suggests that this FHA domain acidic loop is required binding to additional Mek1 substrates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Straker, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deegan, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duncker, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neiman, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luk, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hollingsworth, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.24.595751</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An acidic loop in the FHA domain of the yeast meiosis-specific kinase Mek1 interacts with a specific motif in a subset of Mek1 substrates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.25.595873v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heartbeat perception is causally linked to frontal delta oscillations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.25.595873v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to accurately perceive ones own bodily signals, such as the heartbeat, plays a vital role in physical and mental health. However, the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying this ability, termed interoception, are not fully understood. Converging evidence suggests that cardiac rhythms are linked to frontal brain activity, particularly oscillations in the delta (0.5 - 4 Hz) band, but their causal relationship remained elusive. Using amplitude-modulated transcranial alternating current stimulation (AM-tACS), a method to enhance or suppress brain oscillations in a phase-specific manner, we investigated whether frontal delta oscillations are causally linked to heartbeat perception. We found that enhancement of delta phase synchrony suppressed heartbeat detection accuracy, while suppression of delta phase synchrony enhanced heartbeat detection accuracy. These findings suggest that frontal delta oscillations play a critical role in heartbeat perception, paving the way for causal investigations of interoception and potential clinical applications.

SignificanceAlthough bodily signals are known to influence perception and behavior, little is known about the underlying neurophysiological mechanisms. Here, we show that perception of the heartbeat is anticorrelated with phase synchrony of frontal delta oscillations, and that modulating these oscillations with transcranial electric stimulation influences heartbeat perception. Our results suggest that delta oscillations play a key role in processing bodily signals, with potential implications for theories of emotions and clinical neuroscience.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haslacher, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reber, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavallo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenthal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pangratz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beck, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romanczuk Seiferth, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikulin, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villringer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soekadar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.25.595873</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heartbeat perception is causally linked to frontal delta oscillations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.23.595619v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Plant hormone manipulation impacts salt spray tolerance, which preempts herbivory as a driver of local adaptation in the yellow monkeyflower, Mimulus guttatus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.23.595619v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A major challenge in evolutionary biology is identifying the selective agents and phenotypes underlying local adaptation. Local adaptation along environmental gradients may be driven by trade-offs in allocation to reproduction, growth, and herbivore resistance. To identify environmental agents of selection and their phenotypic targets, we performed a manipulative field reciprocal transplant experiment with coastal perennial and inland annual ecotypes of the common yellow monkeyflower (Mimulus guttatus). We manipulated herbivory with exclosures built in the field and exogenously manipulated gibberellin and jasmonic acid to shift allocation of plant resources among growth, reproduction, and herbivore resistance. Our hormone treatments influenced the timing of allocation to reproduction and allocation to phytochemical defense, but this shift was small relative to ecotype differences in allocation. Herbivore exclosures reduced herbivory and increased fitness of plants at the coastal site. However, this reduction in herbivory did not decrease the homesite advantage of coastal perennials. Unexpectedly, we found that the application of exogenous gibberellin increased mortality due to salt spray at the coastal site for both ecotypes. Our results suggest that divergence in salt spray tolerance, potentially mediated by ecotype differences in gibberellin synthesis or bioactivity, is a strong driver of local adaptation and preempts any impacts of herbivory in coastal habitats that experience salt spray.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Toll, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanchard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scharnagl, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowry, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holeski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.23.595619</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Plant hormone manipulation impacts salt spray tolerance, which preempts herbivory as a driver of local adaptation in the yellow monkeyflower, Mimulus guttatus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.28.596239v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
New isolates refine the ecophysiology of the Roseobacter CHAB-I-5 lineage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.28.596239v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The CHAB-I-5 cluster is a pelagic lineage that can comprise a significant proportion of all roseobacters in surface oceans and have predicted roles in biogeochemical cycling via heterotrophy, aerobic anoxygenic photosynthesis (AAnP), CO oxidation, DMSP degradation, and other metabolisms. Though cultures of CHAB-I-5 have been reported, none have been explored and the best known representative, strain SB2, was lost from culture after obtaining the genome sequence. We have isolated two new CHAB-I-5 representatives, strains US3C007 and FZCC0083, and assembled complete, circularized genomes with 98.7% and 92.5% average nucleotide identities with the SB2 genome. Comparison of these three with 49 other unique CHAB-I-5 metagenome-assembled and single-cell genomes indicated that the cluster represents a genus with two species, and we identified subtle differences in genomic content between the two species subclusters. Metagenomic recruitment from over fourteen hundred samples expanded their known global distribution and highlighted both isolated strains as representative members of the clade. FZCC0083 grew over twice as fast as US3C007 and over a wider range of temperatures. The axenic culture of US3C007 occurs as pleomorphic cells with most exhibiting a coccobacillus/vibrioid shape. We propose the name Thalassovivens spotae, gen nov., sp. nov. for the type strain US3C007T.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lanclos, V. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hider, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coelho, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kojima, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cleveland, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thrash, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.28.596239</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[New isolates refine the ecophysiology of the Roseobacter CHAB-I-5 lineage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.28.596151v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromatin profiling identifies putative dual roles for H3K27me3 in regulating transposons and cell type specific genes in choanoflagellates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.28.596151v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene expression is tightly controlled during animal development to allow the formation of specialized cell types. Our understanding of how animals evolved this exquisite regulatory control remains elusive, but evidence suggests that changes in chromatin-based mechanisms may have contributed. To investigate this possibility, here we examine chromatin-based gene regulatory features in the closest relatives of animals, choanoflagellates. Using Salpingoeca rosetta as a model system, we examined chromatin accessibility and histone modifications at the genome scale and compared these features to gene expression. We first observed that accessible regions of chromatin are primarily associated with gene promoters and found no evidence of distal gene regulatory elements resembling the enhancers that animals deploy to regulate developmental gene expression. Remarkably, a histone modification deposited by polycomb repressive complex 2, histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3), appeared to function similarly in S. rosetta to its role in animals, because this modification decorated genes with cell type-specific expression. Additionally, H3K27me3 marked transposons, retaining what appears to be an ancestral role in regulating these elements. We further uncovered a putative new bivalent chromatin state at cell type-specific genes that consists of H3K27me3 and histone H3 lysine 4 mono-methylation (H3K4me1). Together, our discoveries support the scenario that gene-associated histone modification states that underpin development emerged before the evolution of animal multicellularity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gahan, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helfrich, L. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wetzel, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhanu, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, Z.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klose, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Booth, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.28.596151</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromatin profiling identifies putative dual roles for H3K27me3 in regulating transposons and cell type specific genes in choanoflagellates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.30.596706v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Balanced bidirectional optogenetics reveals the causal impact of cortical temporal dynamics in sensory perception 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.30.596706v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Whether the fast temporal dynamics of neural activity in brain circuits causally drive perception and cognition remains one of most longstanding unresolved questions in neuroscience1-6. While some theories posit a  timing code in which dynamics on the millisecond timescale is central to brain function, others instead argue that mean firing rates over more extended periods (a  rate code) carry most of the relevant information. Existing tools, such as optogenetics, can be used to alter temporal structure of neural dynamics7, but they invariably change mean firing rates, leaving the interpretation of such experiments ambiguous. Here we developed and validated a new approach based on balanced, bidirectional optogenetics that can alter temporal structure of neural dynamics while mitigating effects on mean activity. Using this new approach, we found that selectively altering cortical temporal dynamics substantially reduced performance in a sensory perceptual task. These results demonstrate that endogenous temporal dynamics in the cortex are causally required for perception and behavior. More generally, this new bidirectional optogenetic approach should be broadly useful for disentangling the causal impact of different timescales of neural dynamics on behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Quintana, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bounds, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veit, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adesnik, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.30.596706</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Balanced bidirectional optogenetics reveals the causal impact of cortical temporal dynamics in sensory perception]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.27.596118v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interference underlies attenuation upon relearning in sensorimotor adaptation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.27.596118v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Savings refers to the gain in performance upon relearning a task. In sensorimotor adaptation, savings is tested by having participants adapt to perturbed feedback and, following a washout block during which the system resets to baseline, presenting the same perturbation again. While savings has been observed with these tasks, we have shown that the contribution from implicit sensorimotor adaptation, a process that uses sensory prediction errors to recalibrate the sensorimotor map, is actually attenuated upon relearning (Avraham et al., 2021). In the present study, we test the hypothesis that this attenuation is due to interference arising from the washout block, and more generally, from experience with a different relationship between the movement and the feedback. In standard adaptation studies, removing the perturbation at the start of the washout block results in a salient error signal in the opposite direction to that observed during learning. As a starting point, we replicated the finding that implicit adaptation is attenuated following a washout period in which the feedback now signals a salient opposite error. When we eliminated visual feedback during washout, implicit adaptation was no longer attenuated upon relearning, consistent with the interference hypothesis. Next, we eliminated the salient error during washout by gradually decreasing the perturbation, creating a scenario in which the perceived errors fell within the range associated with motor noise. Nonetheless, attenuation was still prominent. Inspired by this observation, we tested participants with an extended experience with veridical feedback during an initial baseline phase and found that this was sufficient to cause robust attenuation of implicit adaptation during the first exposure to the perturbation. This effect was context-specific: It did not generalize to movements that were not associated with the interfering feedback. Taken together, these results show that the implicit sensorimotor adaptation system is highly sensitive to memory interference from a recent experience with a discrepant action-outcome contingency.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Avraham, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.27.596118</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interference underlies attenuation upon relearning in sensorimotor adaptation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.29.595206v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeting complement C3a receptor resolves mitochondrial hyperfusion and subretinal microglial activation in progranulin-deficient frontotemporal dementia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.29.595206v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in progranulin (GRN) cause frontotemporal dementia (GRN-FTD) due to deficiency of the pleiotropic protein progranulin. GRN-FTD exhibits diverse pathologies including lysosome dysfunction, lipofuscinosis, microgliosis, and neuroinflammation. Yet, how progranulin loss causes disease remains unresolved. Here, we report that non-invasive retinal imaging of GRN-FTD patients revealed deficits in photoreceptors and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) that correlate with cognitive decline. Likewise, Grn-/- mice exhibit early RPE dysfunction, microglial activation, and subsequent photoreceptor loss. Super-resolution live imaging and transcriptomic analyses identified RPE mitochondria as an early driver of retinal dysfunction. Loss of mitochondrial fission protein 1 (MTFP1) in Grn-/- RPE causes mitochondrial hyperfusion and bioenergetic defects, leading to NF-kB-mediated activation of complement C3a-C3a receptor signaling, which drives further mitochondrial hyperfusion and retinal inflammation. C3aR antagonism restores RPE mitochondrial integrity and limits subretinal microglial activation. Our study identifies a previously unrecognized mechanism by which progranulin modulates mitochondrial integrity and complement-mediated neuroinflammation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tan, L. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oertel, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cobigo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keihani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdelhak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montes, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordano, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casaletto, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boxer, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elahi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lakkaraju, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.29.595206</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeting complement C3a receptor resolves mitochondrial hyperfusion and subretinal microglial activation in progranulin-deficient frontotemporal dementia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.31.596873v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lepidopteran scale cells derive from sensory organ precursors through a canonical lineage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.31.596873v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The success of butterflies and moths is tightly linked to the origin of scales within the group. A long-standing hypothesis postulates that scales are homologous to the well-described mechanosensory bristles found in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, where both derive from an epithelial precursor specified by lateral inhibition that then undergoes multiple rounds of division. Previous histological examination and candidate gene approaches identified parallels in genes involved in scale and bristle development. Here, we provide definitive developmental and transcriptomic evidence that the differentiation of lepidopteran scales derives from the canonical cell lineage, known as the Sensory Organ Precursor (SOP). Live imaging in moth and butterfly pupae shows that SOP cells undergo two rounds of asymmetric divisions that first abrogate the neurogenic lineage, and then lead to a differentiated scale precursor and its associated socket cell. Single-nucleus RNA sequencing across a time-series of early pupal development revealed differential gene expression patterns that mirror canonical lineage development, including Notch-Delta signalling components, cell adhesion molecules, cell cycling factors, and terminal cell differentiation markers, suggesting a shared origin of the SOP developmental program. Additionally, we recovered a novel gene, the POU-domain transcription factor pdm3, involved in the proper differentiation of butterfly wing scales. Altogether, these data open up avenues for understanding scale type specification and development, and illustrate how single-cell transcriptomics provide a powerful platform for understanding the evolution of cell types.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Loh, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeMarr, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heryanto, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsimba, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berrio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wray, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMillan, W. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanly, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.31.596873</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lepidopteran scale cells derive from sensory organ precursors through a canonical lineage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.28.596313v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Caldas meets Janzen: Thermal regimes of montane plants and implications for global patterns of speciation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.28.596313v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The seasonality hypothesis posits that limited seasonal temperature variability in tropical mountains leads to greater climatic zonation along elevation gradients compared to temperate regions. This is predicted to result in narrow thermal tolerances and restricted dispersal for organisms, which may reduce gene flow and increase opportunities for climate-associated parapatric or allopatric speciation in tropical mountains relative to temperate-zone mountains. This hypothesis has been tested in various animal groups but not in plants. We examine the elevational and thermal ranges of pairs of sister species of angiosperms from mountains worldwide. Our findings indicate no significant difference in the breadth and overlap of elevational ranges between tropical and temperate species. However, tropical species have narrower thermal ranges and show greater similarity in these ranges between sister species compared to temperate ones. Such narrow thermal specialization in tropical plants facilitates population divergence and allopatric speciation within thermal zones more than in temperate species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quintero, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedraza, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonilla, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lohmann, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cadena, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zapata, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.28.596313</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Caldas meets Janzen: Thermal regimes of montane plants and implications for global patterns of speciation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.29.596511v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Retracing the horizontal transfer of a novel innate immune factor in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.29.596511v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immune systems are among the most dynamically evolving traits across the tree of life, and long-lived macroparasites play an outsized role in shaping animal immunity. Even without adaptive immunity, insects have evolved potent innate immune strategies to neutralize such enemies, including nematodes and parasitoid wasps. One such strategy relies on endosymbioses between insects and toxin-expressing bacteria. Here, we use genome editing in Drosophila melanogaster to retrace the evolution of two of such toxins -- cytolethal distending toxin B (cdtB) and apoptosis inducing protein of 56kDa (aip56) -- that were horizontally transferred from bacteriophages to insects. We found that a cdtB::aip56 fusion gene (fusionB), which is conserved in Drosophila ananassae subgroup species, dramatically promoted fly survival and suppressed wasp development when expressed in D. melanogaster immune tissues. FusionB, a functional nuclease, was secreted into the host hemolymph where it targeted the parasitoid embryos serosal tissue and is to our knowledge the first humoral anti-parasitoid toxin in Drosophila. When expressed ubiquitously, fusionB slowed development in late stage fly larvae and eventually killed flies, pointing to the salience of regulatory constraint in preventing autoimmunity. Our findings demonstrate how horizontal gene transfer, in the right regulatory context, can instantly provide new and potent innate immune modules in animals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tarnopol, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamsil, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cinege, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verster, K. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abraham, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magyar, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, B. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernstein, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipinszki, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ando, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiteman, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.29.596511</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Retracing the horizontal transfer of a novel innate immune factor in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.29.596534v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Electromigration of Charged Analytes Through Immiscible Fluids in Multiphasic Electrophoresis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.29.596534v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiphasic buffer systems have been of greatest interest in electrophoresis and liquid-liquid electrotransfer; this study extends that foundation by exploring the interplay of the geometric and viscous properties of an interleaving oil layer on the electrotransfer of a charged analyte from an aqueous solution into a hydrogel. We utilized finite element analysis to examine two complementary configurations: one being electrotransfer of a charged analyte (protein) in an aqueous phase into a surrounding hydrogel layer and another being electrotransfer of the protein from that originating aqueous phase - through an interleaving oil layer of predetermined viscosity and thickness - and into a surrounding hydrogel layer. Results indicate that the presence of an oil layer leads to increased skew of the injected peak. To explain this difference in injection dispersion, we utilize Probsteins framework and compare the Peclet (Pe) number with the ratio between length scales characteristic to the axial and radial dispersion, respectively. The formulation assigns electrotransfer conditions into six different dispersion regimes. We show that the presence or absence of an interleaving oil layer moves the observed peak dispersion into distinct electrotransfer regimes; the presence of an oil layer augments the electrophoretic mobility mismatch between the different phases, resulting in a five-fold increase in Pe and a six-fold increase in the ratio between the axial to radial dispersion characteristic lengths. We further show that oil viscosity significantly influences resultant injection dispersion. A decrease in oil-layer viscosity from 0.08 Pa{middle dot}s to 0.02 Pa{middle dot}s results in a >100% decrease in injection dispersion. Our theoretical predictions were experimentally validated by comparing the electrotransfer regimes of three different mineral oil samples. We show that lowering the oil viscosity to 0.0039 Pa{middle dot}s results in an injection regime similar to that of the absence of an oil layer. Additionally, we measure the migration distance and show that average electromigration velocity over the transit duration is inversely proportional to the viscosity of an interleaving oil layer. Understanding of the impact of electrotransfer of charged species across multiple immiscible fluid layers on peak dispersion informs the design of multiphasic electrophoresis systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Herr, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Islam, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.29.596534</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Electromigration of Charged Analytes Through Immiscible Fluids in Multiphasic Electrophoresis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.01.594783v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A physical model for M1-mediated influenza A virus assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.01.594783v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Influenza A virus particles assemble at the plasma membrane of infected cells. During assembly all components of the virus come together in a coordinated manner to deform the membrane into a protrusion eventually forming a new, membrane-enveloped virus. Here we integrate recent molecular insights of this process, particularly concerning the structure of the matrix protein 1 (M1), within a theoretical framework describing the mechanics of virus assembly. Our model describes M1 polymerization and membrane protrusion formation, explaining why it is efficient for M1 to form long strands assembling into helices in filamentous virions. Eventually, we find how the architecture of M1 helices is controlled by physical properties of viral proteins and the host cell membrane. Finally, by considering the growth force and speed of viral filaments, we propose that the helical geometry of M1 strands might have evolved to optimize for fast and efficient virus assembly and growth.

SignificanceInfluenza A virus remains a major threat to public health. Its most abundant viral protein, matrix protein 1 (M1), forms an endoskeleton underneath the viral membrane, but how this endoskeleton contributes to the virus lifecycle is poorly understood. Combining cryo-electron tomography data and structural data with theoretical predictions, we explain how the energetically favorable polymerization of M1 into helical strands mediates the membrane deformations that permit the virus to exit infected cells. Our analysis of M1s variable architecture provides insights into adaptive strategies of the virus for efficient growth under variable local conditions. The quantitative framework developed in this study could be extrapolated to other enveloped viruses and generally applied to protein-driven membrane deformations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peukes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dmitrieff, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nedelec, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briggs, J. A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.01.594783</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A physical model for M1-mediated influenza A virus assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.31.596834v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcription factor binding site divergence across maize inbred lines drives transcriptional and phenotypic variation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.31.596834v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Regulatory elements are important constituents of plant genomes that have shaped ancient and modern crops. Their identification, function, and diversity in crop genomes however are poorly characterized, thus limiting our ability to harness their power for further agricultural advances using induced or natural variation. Here, we use DNA affinity purification-sequencing (DAP-seq) to map transcription factor (TF) binding events for 200 maize TFs belonging to 30 distinct families and heterodimer pairs in two distinct inbred lines historically used for maize hybrid plant production, providing empirical binding site annotation for 5.3% of the maize genome. TF binding site comparison in B73 and Mo17 inbreds reveals widespread differences, driven largely by structural variation, that correlate with gene expression changes. TF binding site presence-absence variation helps clarify complex QTL such as vgt1, an important determinant of maize flowering time, and DICE, a distal enhancer involved in herbivore resistance. Modification of TF binding regions via CRISPR-Cas9 mediated editing alters target gene expression and phenotype. Our functional catalog of maize TF binding events enables collective and comparative TF binding analysis, and highlights its value for agricultural improvement.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Galli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghandour, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaudhry, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregory, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chuck, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whipple, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaeppler, H. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, S.-s. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallavotti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.31.596834</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcription factor binding site divergence across maize inbred lines drives transcriptional and phenotypic variation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.31.596901v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Robust virtual staining of landmark organelles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.31.596901v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Correlative dynamic imaging of cellular landmarks, such as nuclei and nucleoli, cell membranes, nuclear envelope and lipid droplets is critical for systems cell biology and drug discovery, but challenging to achieve with molecular labels. Virtual staining of label-free images with deep neural networks is an emerging solution for correlative dynamic imaging. Multiplexed imaging of cellular landmarks from scattered light and subsequent demultiplexing with virtual staining leaves the light spectrum for imaging additional molecular reporters, photomanipulation, or other tasks. Current approaches for virtual staining of landmark organelles are fragile in the presence of nuisance variations in imaging, culture conditions, and cell types. We report training protocols for virtual staining of nuclei and membranes robust to variations in imaging parameters, cell states, and cell types. We describe a flexible and scalable convolutional architecture, UNeXt2, for supervised training and self-supervised pre-training. The strategies we report here enable robust virtual staining of nuclei and cell membranes in multiple cell types, including human cell lines, neuromasts of zebrafish and stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons, across a range of imaging conditions. We assess the models by comparing the intensity, segmentations, and application-specific measurements obtained from virtually stained and experimentally stained nuclei and cell membranes. The models rescue missing labels, non-uniform expression of labels, and photobleaching. We share three pre-trained models (VSCyto3D, VSNeuromast, and VSCyto2D) and a PyTorch-based pipeline (VisCy) for training, inference, and deployment that leverages current community standards for image data and metadata.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirata Miyasaki, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pradeep, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahm, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foley, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandler, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivanov, I. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woosley, H. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balasubramanian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonetti, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arias, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.31.596901</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Robust virtual staining of landmark organelles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.01.596973v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cataract-prone variants of γD-crystallin populate a conformation with a partially unfolded N-terminal domain under native conditions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.01.596973v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human {gamma}D-crystallin, a monomeric protein abundant in the eye lens nucleus, must remain stably folded for an individuals entire lifetime to avoid aggregation and protein deposition-associated cataract formation. {gamma}D-crystallin contains two homologous domains, an N-terminal domain (NTD) and a C-terminal domain (CTD), which interact via a hydrophobic interface. A number of familial mutations in the gamma crystallin gene are linked to congenital early-onset cataract, most of which result in amino acid changes in the NTD. Several of these, such as V75D and W42R, are known to populate intermediates that, under partially denaturing conditions, possess a natively folded CTD and a completely unfolded NTD, with studies on W42R showing further evidence for a minor population of an intermediate under native conditions. We employed hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) to probe the structural and energetic features of variants of {gamma}D-crystallin under both native and partially denaturing conditions. For V75D and W42R, we identify a species under native conditions that retains partial structure in the NTD and is structurally and energetically distinct from the intermediate populated under partially denaturing conditions. Residues at the NTD-CTD interface play crucial roles in stabilizing this intermediate, and disruption of interface contacts either by amino acid substitution or partial denaturation permits direct observation of two intermediates at the same time. The newly identified intermediate exposes hydrophobic amino acids that are buried in both the folded full-length protein and in the proteins stable isolated domains. Such non-native exposure of a hydrophobic patch may play an important role in cataract formation.

Significance StatementHuman {gamma}D-crystallin, which plays a structural role in the eye lens, is a long-lived protein that must remain folded for an individuals entire lifetime to avoid aggregation and protein deposition - associated cataract formation. By using hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry, we demonstrate that two cataract-associated variants of {gamma}D-crystallin populate an intermediate with partial structure along the interface between its two domains under native conditions. In these intermediates, hydrophobic amino acids that are normally buried in the N-terminal domains native folded structure become exposed, possibly leading to aggregation and cataract formation. Our findings illustrate the importance of studying a proteins energy landscapes under conditions that are close to physiological.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Volz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malone, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guseman, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gronenborn, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marqusee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.01.596973</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cataract-prone variants of γD-crystallin populate a conformation with a partially unfolded N-terminal domain under native conditions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.03.596876v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tracking the genetic diversity of SARS-CoV-2 variants in Nicaragua throughout the COVID-19 Pandemic 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.03.596876v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The global circulation of SARS-CoV-2 has been extensively documented, yet the dynamics within Central America, particularly Nicaragua, remain underexplored. This study characterizes the genomic diversity of SARS-CoV-2 in Nicaragua from March 2020 through December 2022, utilizing 1064 genomes obtained via next-generation sequencing. These sequences were selected nationwide and analyzed for variant classification, lineage predominance, and phylogenetic diversity. We employed both Illumina and Oxford Nanopore Technologies for all sequencing procedures. Results indicated a temporal and spatial shift in dominant lineages, initially from B.1 and A.2 in early 2020 to various Omicron subvariants towards the studys end. Significant lineage shifts correlated with changes in COVID-19 positivity rates, underscoring the epidemiological impact of variant dissemination. The comparative analysis with regional data underscored the low diversity of circulating lineages in Nicaragua and their delayed introduction compared to other countries in the Central American region. The study also linked specific viral mutations with hospitalization rates, emphasizing the clinical relevance of genomic surveillance. This research advances the understanding of SARS-CoV-2 evolution in Nicaragua and provide valuable information regarding its genetic diversity for public health officials in Central America. We highlight the critical role of ongoing genomic surveillance in identifying emergent lineages and informing public health strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vasquez Aleman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cerpas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>G. Juarez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreira, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arguello, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coloma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>N. Bennett, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balmaseda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.03.596876</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tracking the genetic diversity of SARS-CoV-2 variants in Nicaragua throughout the COVID-19 Pandemic]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.04.596708v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A paradoxical misperception of relative motion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.04.596708v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Motion perception is considered a hyperacuity. The presence of a visual frame of reference to compute relative motion is necessary to achieve this sensitivity [Legge, Gordon E., and F. W. Campbell. "Displacement detection in human vision." Vision Research 21.2 (1981): 205-213.]. However, there is a special condition where humans are unable to accurately detect relative motion: images moving in a direction consistent with retinal slip where the motion is unnaturally amplified can, under some conditions, appear stable [Arathorn, David W., et al. "How the unstable eye sees a stable and moving world." Journal of Vision 13.10.22 (2013)]. In this study, we asked: Is world-fixed retinal image background content necessary for the visual system to compute the direction of eye motion to render in the percept images moving with amplified slip as stable? Or, are non-visual cues sufficient? Subjects adjusted the parameters of a stimulus moving in a random trajectory to match the perceived motion of images moving contingent to the retina. Experiments were done with and without retinal image background content. The perceived motion of stimuli moving with amplified retinal slip was suppressed in the presence of visual content; however, higher magnitudes of motion were perceived under conditions with no visual cues. Our results demonstrate that the presence of retinal image background content is essential for the visual system to compute its direction of motion. The visual content that might be thought to provide a strong frame of reference to detect amplified retinal slips, instead paradoxically drives the misperception of relative motion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>D'Angelo, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiruveedhula, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arathorn, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roorda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.04.596708</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A paradoxical misperception of relative motion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.04.597435v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial localization of hippocampal replay requires dopamine signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.04.597435v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sequenced reactivations of hippocampal neurons called replays, concomitant with sharp-wave ripples in the local field potential, are critical for the consolidation of episodic memory, but whether replays depend on the brains reward or novelty signals is unknown. Here we combined chemogenetic silencing of dopamine neurons in ventral tegmental area (VTA) and simultaneous electrophysiological recordings in dorsal hippocampal CA1, in freely behaving male rats experiencing changes to reward magnitude and environmental novelty. Surprisingly, VTA silencing did not prevent ripple increases where reward was increased, but caused dramatic, aberrant ripple increases where reward was unchanged. These increases were associated with increased reverse-ordered replays. On familiar tracks this effect disappeared, and ripples tracked reward prediction error, indicating that non-VTA reward signals were sufficient to direct replay. Our results reveal a novel dependence of hippocampal replay on dopamine, and a role for a VTA-independent reward prediction error signal that is reliable only in familiar environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kleinman, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.04.597435</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial localization of hippocampal replay requires dopamine signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.04.597475v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Haptic perception is contingent to hemispaces, not to hands 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.04.597475v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbsractIt is known that human haptic perception is lateralised, for example, object shape is felt differently according to the hand used to explore objects. Here we show that it is not the hand but the hemispace in which the exploring hand is located that determines differences in perception. This finding implies that our lateralised somatosensory processing depends on hand localisation in space rather than on the hand itself.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hartcher-O'Brien, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terekhov, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayward, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.04.597475</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Haptic perception is contingent to hemispaces, not to hands]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.07.597961v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Red seaweed supplementation suppresses methanogenesis in the rumen, revealing potentially advantageous traits among hydrogenotrophic bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.07.597961v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Macroalgae belonging to the genus Asparagopsis have been shown to reduce the production of methane (CH4) during rumen fermentation, while increasing feed efficiency when added to the feed of cattle. However, little is known about how the microbial community in the rumen responds to Asparagopsis supplementation, and how changes in the rumen microbiome may contribute to shifts in rumen function and ultimately the hosts phenotype. In this study, we generated and analyzed metagenomic and metatranscriptomic data from the microbiome associated with rumen fluid collected from two cohorts of lactating dairy cows, one fed a diet supplemented with Asparagopsis armata (treatment) and another fed the same diet without A. armata supplementation (control). The reduction of CH4 emission from animals that received A. armata was coupled to a qualitative decrease in relative archaeal abundance and a significant reduction in the transcription of methanogenesis pathways. Additionally, a significant decrease in the transcription of genes for complex carbon catabolism and a re-organization of the expression profile of carbon catabolic genes at the species level was observed in treated animals. Increased H2 production, a consequence of methanogenesis suppression, was coupled to a significant increase in the transcription of hydrogenases that mediate hydrogenotrophic metabolism in the treatment group. Analysis of metatranscriptome data identified a single uncultured hydrogenotrophic bacterial species (a Duodenibacillus sp.) as the dominant driver of this transcriptional change. Comparative genomic analysis between the Duodenibacillus sp. and other hydrogenotrophic rumen organisms revealed metabolic traits in the Duodenibacillus that may provide a competitive advantage in H2 scavenging. These findings provide an initial understanding of how rumen microbiota respond to a promising CH4 reducing feed additive, and may serve as a model to understand alternative stable rumen microbiome states that produce less methane and increase animal productivity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roque, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romero, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eloe-Fadrosh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kebreab, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diamond, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hess, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.07.597961</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Red seaweed supplementation suppresses methanogenesis in the rumen, revealing potentially advantageous traits among hydrogenotrophic bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.06.597828v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Critical assessment of missense variant effect predictors on disease-relevant variant data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.06.597828v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Regular, systematic, and independent assessment of computational tools used to predict the pathogenicity of missense variants is necessary to evaluate their clinical and research utility and suggest directions for future improvement. Here, as part of the sixth edition of the Critical Assessment of Genome Interpretation (CAGI) challenge, we assess missense variant effect predictors (or variant impact predictors) on an evaluation dataset of rare missense variants from disease-relevant databases. Our assessment evaluates predictors submitted to the CAGI6 Annotate-All-Missense challenge, predictors commonly used by the clinical genetics community, and recently developed deep learning methods for variant effect prediction. To explore a variety of settings that are relevant for different clinical and research applications, we assess performance within different subsets of the evaluation data and within high-specificity and high-sensitivity regimes. We find strong performance of many predictors across multiple settings. Meta-predictors tend to outperform their constituent individual predictors; however, several individual predictors have performance similar to that of commonly used meta-predictors. The relative performance of predictors differs in high-specificity and high-sensitivity regimes, suggesting that different methods may be best suited to different use cases. We also characterize two potential sources of bias. Predictors that incorporate allele frequency as a predictive feature tend to have reduced performance when distinguishing pathogenic variants from very rare benign variants, and predictors supervised on pathogenicity labels from curated variant databases often learn label imbalances within genes. Overall, we find notable advances over the oldest and most cited missense variant effect predictors and continued improvements among the most recently developed tools, and the CAGI Annotate-All-Missense challenge (also termed the Missense Marathon) will continue to assess state-of-the-art methods as the field progresses. Together, our results help illuminate the current clinical and research utility of missense variant effect predictors and identify potential areas for future development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rastogi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keum, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babbi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martelli, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savojardo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadio, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chennen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poch, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ancien, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cia, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pucci, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raimondi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vranken, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rooman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marquet, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olenyi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rost, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreoletti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamandula, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakolitsa, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mort, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergquist, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pejaver, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radivojac, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ioannidis, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.06.597828</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Critical assessment of missense variant effect predictors on disease-relevant variant data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.07.597858v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CLCC1 promotes hepatic neutral lipid flux and nuclear pore complex assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.07.597858v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Imbalances in lipid storage and secretion lead to the accumulation of hepatocyte lipid droplets (LDs) (i.e., hepatic steatosis). Our understanding of the mechanisms that govern the channeling of hepatocyte neutral lipids towards cytosolic LDs or secreted lipoproteins remains incomplete. Here, we performed a series of CRISPR-Cas9 screens under different metabolic states to uncover mechanisms of hepatic neutral lipid flux. Clustering of chemical-genetic interactions identified CLIC-like chloride channel 1 (CLCC1) as a critical regulator of neutral lipid storage and secretion. Loss of CLCC1 resulted in the buildup of large LDs in hepatoma cells and knockout in mice caused liver steatosis. Remarkably, the LDs are in the lumen of the ER and exhibit properties of lipoproteins, indicating a profound shift in neutral lipid flux. Finally, remote homology searches identified a domain in CLCC1 that is homologous to yeast Brl1p and Brr6p, factors that promote the fusion of the inner and outer nuclear envelopes during nuclear pore complex assembly. Loss of CLCC1 lead to extensive nuclear membrane herniations, consistent with impaired nuclear pore complex assembly. Thus, we identify CLCC1 as the human Brl1p/Brr6p homolog and propose that CLCC1-mediated membrane remodeling promotes hepatic neutral lipid flux and nuclear pore complex assembly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mathiowetz, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meymand, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deol, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parlakgul, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lange, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jorgens, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zalpuri, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boone, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgens, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tso, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talukdar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ku, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arruda, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olzmann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.07.597858</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CLCC1 promotes hepatic neutral lipid flux and nuclear pore complex assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.07.598012v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reversible kink instability drives ultrafast jumping in nematodes and soft robots 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.07.598012v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) exhibit a bending-elastic instability, or kink, before becoming airborne, a feature hypothesized but not proven to enhance jumping performance. Here, we provide the evidence that this kink is crucial for improving launch performance. We demonstrate that EPNs actively modulate their aspect ratio, forming a liquid-latched closed loop over a slow timescale O(1 s), then rapidly open it O (10 {micro}s), achieving heights of 20 body lengths (BL) and generating [~] 104 W/Kg of power. Using jumping nematodes, a bio-inspired Soft Jumping Model (SoftJM), and computational simulations, we explore the mechanisms and implications of this kink. EPNs control their takeoff direction by adjusting their head position and center of mass, a mechanism verified through phase maps of jump directions in simulations and SoftJM experiments. Our findings reveal that the reversible kink instability at the point of highest curvature on the ventral side enhances energy storage using the nematodes limited muscular force. We investigated the impact of aspect ratio on kink instability and jumping performance using SoftJM, and quantified EPN cuticle stiffness with AFM, comparing it with C. elegans. This led to a stiffness-modified SoftJM design with a carbon fiber backbone, achieving jumps of [~]25 BL. Our study reveals how harnessing kink instabilities, a typical failure mode, enables bidirectional jumps in soft robots on complex substrates like sand, offering a novel approach for designing limbless robots for controlled jumping, locomotion, and even planetary exploration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiwari, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>M. Ortega-Jimenez, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>R. Dillman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhamla, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.07.598012</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reversible kink instability drives ultrafast jumping in nematodes and soft robots]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.10.598313v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spontaneous emergence of alternating hippocampal theta sequences in a simple 2D adaptation model. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.10.598313v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial sequences encoded by cells in the hippocampal-entorhinal region have been observed to spontaneously alternate across the animals midline during navigation in the open field, but it is unknown how this occurs. We show that sinusoidal sampling patterns emerge rapidly and robustly in a simple model of the hippocampus that makes no assumptions about sequence direction. We corroborate our findings using hippocampal data from rats navigating in the open field.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Widloski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.10.598313</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spontaneous emergence of alternating hippocampal theta sequences in a simple 2D adaptation model.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.13.598840v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromatin enables precise and scalable gene regulation with factors of limited specificity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.13.598840v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biophysical constraints limit the specificity with which transcription factors (TFs) can target regulatory DNA. While individual nontarget binding events may be low affinity, the sheer number of such interactions could present a challenge for gene regulation by degrading its precision or possibly leading to an erroneous induction state. Chromatin can prevent nontarget binding by rendering DNA physically inaccessible to TFs, at the cost of energy-consuming remodeling orchestrated by pioneer factors (PFs). Under what conditions and by how much can chromatin reduce regulatory errors on a global scale? We use a theoretical approach to compare two scenarios for gene regulation: one that relies on TF binding to free DNA alone, and one that uses a combination of TFs and chromatin-regulating PFs to achieve desired gene expression patterns. We find, first, that chromatin effectively silences groups of genes that should be simultaneously OFF, thereby allowing more accurate graded control of expression for the remaining ON genes. Second, chromatin buffers the deleterious consequences of nontarget binding as the number of OFF genes grows, permitting a substantial expansion in regulatory complexity. Third, chromatin-based regulation productively co-opts nontarget TF binding for ON genes in order to establish a "leaky" baseline expression level, which targeted activator or repressor binding subsequently up- or down-modulates. Thus, on a global scale, using chromatin simultaneously alleviates pressure for high specificity of regulatory interactions and enables an increase in genome size with minimal impact on global expression error.

Significance StatementReliably keeping a gene off is as important as controlling its expression level when the gene is on. Yet both tasks become challenging in the packed nuclear environment of a eukaryotic cell, where the numerous and diverse regulatory proteins that are present cannot bind enhancers for target genes with perfect specificity. While regulatory schemes based on prokaryotic models would be overwhelmed by errors in such conditions, we show that chromatin-based regulation, an evolutionary innovation of eukaryotic cells, successfully rescues precise gene expression control by reliably keeping desired genes off. Our systems-level computational analysis demonstrates that this result is nontrivial, because chromatin opening must itself be correctly regulated. We furthermore identify when and how chromatin-based regulation outperforms alternative schemes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Perkins, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crocker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tkacik, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.13.598840</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromatin enables precise and scalable gene regulation with factors of limited specificity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.13.598867v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phylogenomics of the North American Desert Radiation Linanthus (Polemoniaceae) Reveals Mixed Trait Lability and No Single Geographic Mode of Speciation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.13.598867v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PremiseUnderstanding how arid-adapted plants have diversified in harsh environments is a central question in evolutionary biology. Linanthus (Polemoniaceae) occurs in biodiverse dry areas of Western North America and exhibits extensive floral trait variation, multiple color polymorphisms, differences in blooming time, and variation in life history strategies. Here, we reconstruct the evolutionary history of this group.

MethodsWe generated restriction-site associated (ddRAD) sequences for 180 individuals and target capture (TC) sequences for 63 individuals, with complete species sampling. Using maximum likelihood and pseudo-coalescent approaches, we inferred phylogenies of Linanthus and used these phylogenies to model the evolution of phenotypic traits and investigate the geographic speciation history of this genus.

Key resultsShallow relationships are consistent and well supported with both ddRAD and TC data. Most species are monophyletic despite rampant local sympatry and range overlap, suggesting strong isolating barriers. The non-monophyly of some species is possibly due to rapid speciation or issues with current species delimitation. Perenniality likely evolved from annuality, a rare shift in angiosperms. Night blooming evolved three times independently. Flower color polymorphism is an evolutionarily labile trait and is likely ancestral. No single geographic mode of speciation characterizes the radiation but most species overlap in range, suggesting they evolved in parapatry.

ConclusionsOur results illustrate the complexity of phylogenetic inference for recent radiations, even with multiple sources of genomic data and extensive sampling. This analysis provides a foundation to understand aridity adaptations, such as evolution of flower color polymorphisms, night blooming, and perenniality, as well as speciation mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anghel, I. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lichter-Marck, I. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zapata, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.13.598867</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phylogenomics of the North American Desert Radiation Linanthus (Polemoniaceae) Reveals Mixed Trait Lability and No Single Geographic Mode of Speciation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.14.598659v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reconfiguration of the visual code and retinal cell type complement in closely related diurnal and nocturnal mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.14.598659v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How does evolution act on neuronal populations to match computational characteristics to functional demands? We address this problem by comparing visual code and retinal cell composition in closely related murid species with different behaviours. Rhabdomys pumilio are diurnal and have substantially thicker inner retina and larger visual thalamus than nocturnal Mus musculus. High-density electrophysiological recordings of visual response features in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) reveals that Rhabdomys attains higher spatiotemporal acuity both by denser coverage of the visual scene and a selective expansion of elements of the code characterised by non-linear spatiotemporal summation. Comparative analysis of single cell transcriptomic cell atlases reveals that realignment of the visual code is associated with increased relative abundance of bipolar and ganglion cell types supporting OFF and ON-OFF responses. These findings demonstrate how changes in retinal cell complement can reconfigure the coding of visual information to match changes in visual needs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Allen, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hahn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richarson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pantiru, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mouland, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bano-Otalora, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monavarfeshani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wynne, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodgers, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milosavljevic, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orlowska-Feuer, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Storchi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanes, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shekhar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.14.598659</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reconfiguration of the visual code and retinal cell type complement in closely related diurnal and nocturnal mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.17.599381v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
VASCilia (Vision Analysis StereoCilia): A Napari Plugin for Deep Learning-Based 3D Analysis of Cochlear Hair Cell Stereocilia Bundles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.17.599381v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cochlear hair cells are essential for hearing, and their stereocilia bundles are critical for mechanotransduction. However, analyzing the 3D morphology of these bundles can be challenging due to their complex organization and the presence of other cellular structures in the tissue. To address this, we developed VASCilia (Vision Analysis StereoCilia), a Napari plugin suite that automates the analysis of 3D confocal microscopy datasets of phalloidin-stained cochlear hair cell bundles. VASCilia includes five deep learning-based models that streamline the analysis process, including: (1) Z-Focus Tracker (ZFT) for selecting relevant slices in a 3D image stack; (2) PCPAlignNet (Planar Cell Polarity Alignment Network) for automated orientation of image stacks; (3) a segmentation model for identifying and delineating stereocilia bundles; (4) a tonotopic Position Prediction tool; and (5) a classification tool for identifying hair cell subtypes. In addition, VASCilia provides automated computational tools and measurement capabilities. Using VASCilia, we demonstrate its utility on challenging datasets, including neonatal wildtype and Eps8 KO 5-day old mice), revealing that total actin content does not necessarily scale with bundle height. We further showcase its power by quantifying complex bundle disorganization in Cdh23-/- cochleae via texture analysis, which revealed systematically more heterogeneous and less regular bundles than in controls. These novel biological findings demonstrate the power of VASCilia in facilitating detailed quantitative analysis of stereocilia. VASCilia also provides a user-friendly interface that allows researchers to easily navigate and use the tool, with the added capability to reload all their analyses for review or sharing purposes. We believe that VASCilia will be a valuable resource for researchers studying cochlear hair cell development and function, addressing a longstanding need in the hair cell research community for specialized deep learning-based tools capable of high-throughput image quantitation. We have released our code along with a manually annotated dataset that includes approximately 55 3D stacks featuring instance segmentation (https://github.com/ucsdmanorlab/Napari-VASCilia). This dataset comprises a total of 502 inner and 1,703 outer hair cell bundles annotated in 3D. As the first open-source dataset of its kind, we aim to establish a foundational resource for constructing a comprehensive atlas of cochlea hair cell images. Ultimately, this initiative will support the development of foundational models adaptable to various species, markers, and imaging scales to accelerate advances within the hearing research community.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kassim, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renero, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al Shammaa, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ninoyu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Indzhykulian, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manor, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.17.599381</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[VASCilia (Vision Analysis StereoCilia): A Napari Plugin for Deep Learning-Based 3D Analysis of Cochlear Hair Cell Stereocilia Bundles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.23.600232v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Designing Cell-Type-Specific Promoter Sequences Using Conservative Model-Based Optimization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.23.600232v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene therapies have the potential to treat disease by delivering therapeutic genetic cargo to disease-associated cells. One limitation to their widespread use is the lack of short regulatory sequences, or promoters, that differentially induce the expression of delivered genetic cargo in target cells, minimizing side effects in other cell types. Such cell-type-specific promoters are difficult to discover using existing methods, requiring either manual curation or access to large datasets of promoter-driven expression from both targeted and untargeted cells. Model-based optimization (MBO) has emerged as an effective method to design biological sequences in an automated manner, and has recently been used in promoter design methods. However, these methods have only been tested using large training datasets that are expensive to collect, and focus on designing promoters for markedly different cell types, overlooking the complexities associated with designing promoters for closely related cell types that share similar regulatory features. Therefore, we introduce a comprehensive framework for utilizing MBO to design promoters in a data-efficient manner, with an emphasis on discovering promoters for similar cell types. We use conservative objective models (COMs) for MBO and highlight practical considerations such as best practices for improving sequence diversity, getting estimates of model uncertainty, and choosing the optimal set of sequences for experimental validation. Using three relatively similar blood cancer cell lines (Jurkat, K562, and THP1), we show that our approach discovers many novel cell-type-specific promoters after experimentally validating the designed sequences. For K562 cells, in particular, we discover a promoter that has 75.85% higher cell-type-specificity than the best promoter from the initial dataset used to train our models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reddy, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herschl, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ioannidis, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.23.600232</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Designing Cell-Type-Specific Promoter Sequences Using Conservative Model-Based Optimization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.27.600910v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TOMM40 regulates hepatocellular and plasma lipid metabolism via an LXR-dependent pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.27.600910v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The gene encoding TOMM40 (Transporter of Outer Mitochondrial Membrane 40) is adjacent to that encoding APOE, which has a central role in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. Human genetic variants near APOE and TOMM40 are strongly associated with plasma lipid levels, but a specific role for TOMM40 in lipid metabolism has not been established. Investigating this, we show that suppression of TOMM40 in human hepatoma cells upregulates expression of APOE and LDLR in part via activation of LXRB (NR1H2) by oxysterols, with consequent increased uptake of VLDL and LDL. This is in part due to disruption of mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum contact sites, with resulting accrual of reactive oxygen species and non-enzymatically derived oxysterols. With TOMM40 knockdown, cellular triglyceride and lipid droplet content are increased, effects attributable in part to receptor-mediated VLDL uptake, since lipid staining is significantly reduced by concomitant suppression of either LDLR or APOE. In contrast, cellular cholesterol content is reduced due to LXRB-mediated upregulation of the ABCA1 transporter as well as increased production and secretion of oxysterol-derived cholic acid. Consistent with the findings in hepatoma cells, in vivo knockdown of TOMM40 in mice results in significant reductions of plasma triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations, reduced hepatic cholesterol and increased triglyceride content, and accumulation of lipid droplets leading to development of steatosis. These findings demonstrate a role for TOMM40 in regulating hepatic lipid and plasma lipoprotein levels and identify mechanisms linking mitochondrial function with lipid metabolism.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=132 SRC="FIGDIR/small/600910v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (26K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@17b0c8forg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@17599aaorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1bb6ab2org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@15a035f_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chao, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garton, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orr, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oei, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zalpuri, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jorgens, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konchadi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chorba, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theusch, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krauss, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.27.600910</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TOMM40 regulates hepatocellular and plasma lipid metabolism via an LXR-dependent pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.28.601293v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Motor adaptation is reduced by symbolic compared to sensory feedback 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.28.601293v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Motor adaptation - the process of reducing motor errors through feedback and practice - is an essential feature of human competence, allowing us to move accurately in dynamic and novel environments. Adaptation typically results from sensory feedback, with most learning driven by visual and proprioceptive feedback that arises with the movement. In humans, motor adaptation can also be driven by symbolic feedback. In the present study, we examine how implicit and explicit components of motor adaptation are modulated by symbolic feedback. We conducted three reaching experiments involving over 400 human participants to compare sensory and symbolic feedback using a task in which both types of learning processes could be operative (Experiment 1) or tasks in which learning was expected to be limited to only an explicit process (Experiments 2 and 3). Adaptation with symbolic feedback was dominated by explicit strategy use, with minimal evidence of implicit recalibration. Even when matched in terms of information content, adaptation to rotational and mirror reversal perturbations was slower in response to symbolic feedback compared to sensory feedback. Our results suggest that the abstract and indirect nature of symbolic feedback disrupts strategic reasoning and/or refinement, deepening our understanding of how feedback type influences the mechanisms of sensorimotor learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abram, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsay, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.28.601293</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Motor adaptation is reduced by symbolic compared to sensory feedback]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.27.600963v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TEtrimmer: a novel tool to automate the manual curation of transposable elements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.27.600963v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transposable elements (TEs) are repetitive DNA sequences capable of moving within genomes. Accurate annotation and classification of TEs is crucial but challenging due to their sequence diversity and often fragmented occurrence. We present TEtrimmer, a novel tool to automate manual TE curation. TEtrimmer integrates multiple sequence alignment (MSA) clustering, MSA sequence extension, MSA cleaning, TE boundary definition, and TE classification, and provides report plots and a graphical user interface (GUI) application to inspect and improve results. Benchmarked on the genomes of six organisms from various kingdoms of life, TEtrimmer consistently improved the identification of intact TEs compared to established tools.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>QIAN, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Storer, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuertauer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wildermuth, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kusch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panstruga, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.27.600963</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TEtrimmer: a novel tool to automate the manual curation of transposable elements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.29.601352v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unveiling the Family of Optimal Accelerations in Minimax Optimization and Fixed-Point Algorithms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.29.601352v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
WITHDRAWAL STATEMENTbioRxiv has withdrawn this manuscript because it inappropriately listed Peter L. Bartlett, Jingfeng Wu, and Bin Yu as authors. Therefore, this work should not be cited as reference for the project. If you have any questions, please contact the corresponding author.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bartlett, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.29.601352</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unveiling the Family of Optimal Accelerations in Minimax Optimization and Fixed-Point Algorithms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.01.600583v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Simulating 500 million years of evolution with a language model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.01.600583v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
More than three billion years of evolution have produced an image of biology encoded into the space of natural proteins. Here we show that language models trained on tokens generated by evolution can act as evolutionary simulators to generate functional proteins that are far away from known proteins. We present ESM3, a frontier multimodal generative language model that reasons over the sequence, structure, and function of proteins. ESM3 can follow complex prompts combining its modalities and is highly responsive to biological alignment. We have prompted ESM3 to generate fluorescent proteins with a chain of thought. Among the generations that we synthesized, we found a bright fluorescent protein at far distance (58% identity) from known fluorescent proteins. Similarly distant natural fluorescent proteins are separated by over five hundred million years of evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hayes, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sofroniew, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oktay, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verkuil, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, V. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deaton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiggert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badkundri, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shafkat, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Derry, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molina, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, Y. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartie, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nemeth, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sercu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Candido, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rives, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.01.600583</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Simulating 500 million years of evolution with a language model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.01.601334v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiplatform molecular profiling and functional genomic screens identify prognostic signatures and mechanisms underlying MEK inhibitor response in somatic NF1 mutant glioblastoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.01.601334v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
NF1 is recurrently mutated in glioblastoma yet the molecular landscape and efficacy of targeted therapies remain unclear. Here, we combine bulk and single cell genomics of human somatic NF1 mutant, IDH-wildtype glioblastomas with functional genomic analysis of cell lines and mouse intracranial tumor models to identify molecular subgroups within NF1 mutant glioblastomas and mechanisms underlying MEK inhibitor response. Targeted DNA sequencing showed homozygous deletion of the cell cycle regulator CDKN2A/B is a poor prognostic marker in somatic NF1 mutant, but not NF1 wildtype, tumors. DNA methylation array profiling revealed three epigenetic groups highlighted by distinct clinical features, co-mutation patterns, and reference methylation classifier identities. Genome-wide CRISPRi screens in glioblastoma cells revealed cell cycle regulators are conserved mediators of cell growth while response to the MEK inhibitor selumetinib converges on Ras/RAF/MEK pathway activation. Repression of the RAF regulator SHOC2 sensitizes glioblastomas to selumetinib in vitro and in vivo in mouse intracranial glioblastoma models. Single cell RNA-sequencing of mouse intracranial glioblastomas treated with the MEK inhibitor selumetinib reveals distinct responses between mesenchymal-like (MES-like) and non MES-like subpopulations suggesting non-MES like cells are intrinsically resistant to MEK inhibition. Finally, single nuclear RNA-sequencing (snRNA-seq) of human NF1 mutant, CDKN2A/B deleted glioblastomas reveals MES-like tumor cells are associated with selumetinib sensitivity signatures while non MES-like cells exhibit increased cell cycle progression and lack selumetinib sensitivity, further supporting the notion that MEK inhibition specifically targets MES-like tumor cell subpopulations. Taken together, our data underscores the heterogeneity between and within somatic NF1 mutant glioblastomas and delineates mechanisms of MEK inhibitor response across distinct tumor subpopulations, guiding the development of future therapeutic strategies that may synergize with MEK inhibition for NF1 mutant tumors.

The tumor suppressor NF1 is mutated in 15% of glioblastomas,1-3 the most common malignant brain tumor with poor outcomes and few effective treatments.4 NF1 is a GTPase activating protein (GAP) that negatively regulates Ras, and thus, NF1 loss leads to induction of Ras/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling, driving tumorigenesis and comprising a targetable molecular cascade.5,6 Genomic analysis of glioblastoma demonstrates NF1 mutation is associated with a mesenchymal-like (MES-like) transcriptomic tumor cell subpopulation and altered tumor microenvironment.7,8 More broadly, DNA methylation analysis reveals multiple epigenetic subgroups with overlapping relationships to transcriptomic subtype and DNA alterations, underscoring the complex relationship between genetic drivers and molecular signatures.9 While the updated 2021 Central Nervous System WHO tumor classification incorporates an ever increasing amount of molecular criteria for diffuse astrocytic tumors,10 the existence and clinical significance of molecular subgroups within somatic NF1 mutant, IDH-wildtype glioblastomas based on genetic co-mutations, epigenetic profile, or transcriptomic signatures remain unclear.

Preclinical data support the utility of MEK inhibition in NF1 mutant gliomas,11,12 and the MEK inhibitor selumetinib is FDA approved for tumors arising in patients with syndromic neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1) harboring a germline NF1 mutation.13,14 In NF-1 associated gliomas, MEK inhibition demonstrates efficacy in a limited case series,15 and combined BRAF/MEK inhibition shows efficacy in BRAF p.V600E mutant gliomas,16 further supporting the translational potential of Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK blockade within genetically defined glioma subtypes. Nevertheless, treatment resistance to molecular monotherapy remains a challenge,17-20 and the mechanisms underlying MEK inhibitor resistance in NF1 mutant glioma are unknown.

Here, we integrate targeted DNA sequencing, DNA methylation profiling, and single nuclear RNA-sequencing (snRNA-seq) of human patient somatic NF1 mutant, IDH-wildtype glioblastomas with single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq), genome-wide clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats interference (CRISPRi) screens, and pharmacologic studies in cell lines and mouse intracranial glioblastoma models to define molecular subgroups and functional mediators of MEK inhibitor response. Targeted DNA sequencing of NF1 mutant, IDH-wildtype glioblastomas (n=186 tumors) revealed CDKN2A/B deletion was associated with poor outcomes in NF1 mutant, but not NF1 wildtype, glioblastomas. DNA methylation profiling (n=129 tumors) demonstrated three epigenetic subgroups with distinct clinical features, co- mutation patterns across cell cycle genes, and reference methylation classifier identities.

Genome-wide CRISPRi screens in mouse SB28 and human GBM43 glioblastoma cells identified a conserved cell cycle gene network mediating cell growth, consistent with the clinical importance of additional hits affecting the cell cycle in human somatic NF1 mutant glioblastomas. Moreover, genome-wide mediators of selumetinib response converged upon two Ras pathway effectors mediating selumetinib sensitivity: BRAF and SHOC2. SHOC2 repression in glioblastoma cells significantly improved selumetinib response both in vitro and in intracranial allografts in vivo. Single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) of mouse intracranial glioblastomas treated with the MEK inhibitor selumetinib revealed MES-like tumor cells correlated with CDKN2A retention and the CRISPRi screen selumetinib sensitivity signature, with selumetinib resistant cells displaying Ras pathway induction. In contrast, non-MES like tumor cells were CDKN2A deficient and lacked expression of the CRISPRi screen selumetinib sensitivity signature, with selumetinib resistant cells inducing a glial de-differentiation program. Finally, snRNA-seq of NF1 mutant, CDKN2A/B deleted, IDH-wildtype glioblastomas (n=9) showed non MES-like tumor cells exhibit increased cell cycle progression and were not associated with the CRISPRi screen selumetinib sensitivity signature. MES-like tumor cells within newly diagnosed, but not recurrent, tumors retained expression of the CRISPRi screen selumetinib sensitivity signature, suggesting resistance can arise both between and within specific transcriptomic glioblastoma cell tumor cell subpopulations. Taken together, our data identifies clinically important subgroups of NF1 mutant, IDH-wildtype glioblastomas and supports a model in which heterogeneity between tumors and within tumor cell subpopulations underlies MEK inhibitor response, supporting the need for additional synergistic therapeutic approaches beyond maximal Ras pathway blockade for NF1 mutant glioblastomas.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirchia, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Payne, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Adli, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peeran, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shukla, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pak, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozawa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Na, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braunstein, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solomon, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raleigh, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abate, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasudevan, H. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.01.601334</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiplatform molecular profiling and functional genomic screens identify prognostic signatures and mechanisms underlying MEK inhibitor response in somatic NF1 mutant glioblastoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.02.601091v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential Aging Effects on Implicit and Explicit Sensorimotor Learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.02.601091v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deterioration in motor control is a hallmark of aging, significantly contributing to a decline in quality of life. More controversial is the question of whether and how aging impacts sensorimotor learning. We hypothesized that the inconsistent picture observed in the current literature can be attributed to at least two factors. First, aging studies tend to be underpowered. Second, the learning assays used in these experiments tend to reflect, to varying degrees, the operation of multiple learning processes, making it difficult to make inferences across studies. We took a two-pronged approach to address these issues. We first performed a meta-analysis of the sensorimotor adaptation literature focusing on outcome measures that provide estimates of explicit and implicit components of adaptation. We then conducted two well-powered experiments to re-examine the effect of aging on sensorimotor adaptation, using behavioral tasks designed to isolate explicit and implicit processes. Convergently, both approaches revealed a striking dissociation: Older individuals exhibited a marked impairment in their ability to discover an explicit strategy to counteract a visuomotor perturbation. However, they exhibited enhanced implicit recalibration. We hypothesize that the effect of aging on explicit learning reflects an age-related decline in reasoning and problem solving, and the effect of aging on implicit learning reflects age-related changes in multisensory integration. Taken together, these findings deepen our understanding of the impact of aging on sensorimotor learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cisneros, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karny, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsay, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.02.601091</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential Aging Effects on Implicit and Explicit Sensorimotor Learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.04.602046v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multivariate analysis of multimodal brain structure predicts individual differences in risk and intertemporal preference 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.04.602046v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large changes to brain structure (e.g., from damage or disease) can explain alterations in behavior. It is therefore plausible that smaller structural differences in healthy samples can be used to better understand and predict individual differences in behavior. Despite the brains multivariate and distributed structure-to-function mapping, most studies have used univariate analyses of individual structural brain measures. Here we used a multivariate approach in a multimodal data set composed of volumetric, surface-based, diffusion-based, and functional resting-state MRI measures to predict reliable individual differences in risk and intertemporal preferences. We show that combining twelve brain structure measures led to better predictions across tasks than using any individual measure, and by examining model coefficients, we visualize the relative contribution of different brain measures from different brain regions. Using a multivariate approach to brain structure-to-function mapping that combines across many brain structure properties, along with reliably measured behavior phenotypes, may increase out-of-sample prediction accuracies and insight into neural underpinnings. Furthermore, this methodological approach may be useful to improve predictions and neural insight across basic, translational, and clinical research fields.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bergstrom, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lerman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kable, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.04.602046</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multivariate analysis of multimodal brain structure predicts individual differences in risk and intertemporal preference]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.08.600855v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The WAVE complex forms linear arrays at negative membrane curvature to instruct lamellipodia formation. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.08.600855v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells generate a wide range of actin-based membrane protrusions for various cell behaviors. These protrusions are organized by different actin nucleation promoting factors. For example, N-WASP controls finger-like filopodia, whereas the WAVE complex controls sheet-like lamellipodia. These different membrane morphologies likely reflect different patterns of nucleator self-organization. N-WASP phase separation has been successfully studied through biochemical reconstitutions, but how the WAVE complex self-organizes to instruct lamellipodia is unknown. Because WAVE complex self-organization has proven refractory to cell-free studies, we leverage in vivo biochemical approaches to investigate WAVE complex organization within its native cellular context. With single molecule tracking and molecular counting, we show that the WAVE complex forms highly regular multilayered linear arrays at the plasma membrane that are reminiscent of a microtubule-like organization. Similar to the organization of microtubule protofilaments in a curved array, membrane curvature is both necessary and sufficient for formation of these WAVE complex linear arrays, though actin polymerization is not. This dependency on negative membrane curvature could explain both the templating of lamellipodia and their emergent behaviors, including barrier avoidance. Our data uncover the key biophysical properties of mesoscale WAVE complex patterning and highlight an integral relationship between NPF self-organization and cell morphogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchando, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woolfson, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, O. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.08.600855</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The WAVE complex forms linear arrays at negative membrane curvature to instruct lamellipodia formation.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.05.602265v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Current genomic deep learning models display decreased performance in cell type specific accessible regions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.05.602265v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractO_ST_ABSBackgroundC_ST_ABSA number of deep learning models have been developed to predict epigenetic features such as chromatin accessibility from DNA sequence. Model evaluations commonly report performance genome-wide; however, cis regulatory elements (CREs), which play critical roles in gene regulation, make up only a small fraction of the genome. Furthermore, cell type specific CREs contain a large proportion of complex disease heritability.

ResultsWe evaluate genomic deep learning models in chromatin accessibility regions with varying degrees of cell type specificity. We assess two modeling directions in the field: general purpose models trained across thousands of outputs (cell types and epigenetic marks), and models tailored to specific tissues and tasks. We find that the accuracy of genomic deep learning models, including two state-of-the-art general purpose models - Enformer and Sei - varies across the genome and is reduced in cell type specific accessible regions. Using accessibility models trained on cell types from specific tissues, we find that increasing model capacity to learn cell type specific regulatory syntax - through single-task learning or high capacity multi-task models - can improve performance in cell type specific accessible regions. We also observe that improving reference sequence predictions does not consistently improve variant effect predictions, indicating that novel strategies are needed to improve performance on variants.

ConclusionsOur results provide a new perspective on the performance of genomic deep learning models, showing that performance varies across the genome and is particularly reduced in cell type specific accessible regions. We also identify strategies to maximize performance in cell type specific accessible regions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kathail, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shuai, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loeb, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ioannidis, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.05.602265</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Current genomic deep learning models display decreased performance in cell type specific accessible regions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.05.602297v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The West African lungfish secretes a living cocoon during aestivation with uncertain antimicrobial function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.05.602297v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One of the most exceptional adaptations to extreme drought is found in the sister group to tetrapods, the lungfishes (Dipnoi), which can aestivate inside a mucus cocoon for multiple years at reduced metabolic rates with complete cessation of ingestion and excretion. However, the function of the cocoon tissue is not fully understood. Here we developed a new more natural laboratory protocol for inducing aestivation in the West African lungfish, Protopterus annectens, and investigated the structure and function of the cocoon. We used electron microscopy and imaging of live tissue-stains to confirm that the inner and outer layers of the paper-thin cocoon are composed primarily of living cells. However, we also repeatedly observed extensive bacterial and fungal growth covering the cocoon and found no evidence of anti-microbial activity in vitro against E. coli for the cocoon tissue in this species. This classroom discovery-based research, performed during a course-based undergraduate research experience course (CURE), provides a robust laboratory protocol for investigating aestivation and calls into the question the function of this bizarre vertebrate adaptation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Palominos, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bharadwaj, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tralka, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aka, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alami, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrews, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartlett, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golde, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le-Pedroza, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrot, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seiter, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sparrow, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapira, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.05.602297</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The West African lungfish secretes a living cocoon during aestivation with uncertain antimicrobial function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.06.602330v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Basement membrane patterning by spatial deployment of a secretion-regulating protease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.06.602330v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While paradigms for patterning of cell fates in development are well-established, paradigms for patterning morphogenesis, particularly when organ shape is influenced by the extracellular matrix (ECM), are less so. Morphogenesis of the Drosophila egg chamber (follicle) depends on anterior-posterior distribution of basement membrane (BM) components such as Collagen IV (Col4), whose symmetric gradient creates tissue mechanical properties that specify the degree of elongation. Here we show that the gradient is not regulated by Col4 transcription but instead relies on post-transcriptional mechanisms. The metalloprotease ADAMTS-A, expressed in a gradient inverse to that of Col4, limits Col4 deposition in the follicle center and manipulation of its levels can cause either organ hyper- or hypo-elongation. We present evidence that ADAMTS-A acts within the secretory pathway, rather than extracellularly, to limit Col4 incorporation into the BM. High levels of ADAMTS-A in follicle termini are normally dispensable but suppress Col4 incorporation when transcription is elevated. Our data show how an organ can employ patterned expression of ECM proteases with intracellular as well as extracellular activity to specify BM properties that control shape.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ku, H.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bilder, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.06.602330</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Basement membrane patterning by spatial deployment of a secretion-regulating protease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.08.602555v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hypersensitivity of the vimentin cytoskeleton to net-charge states and Coulomb repulsion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.08.602555v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As with most intermediate filament systems, the hierarchical self-assembly of vimentin into nonpolar filaments requires no nucleators or energy input. Utilizing a set of live-cell, single-molecule, and super-resolution microscopy tools, here we show that in mammalian cells, the assembly and disassembly of the vimentin cytoskeleton is highly sensitive to the protein net charge state. Starting with the intriguing observation that the vimentin cytoskeleton fully disassembles under hypotonic stress yet reassembles within seconds upon osmotic pressure recovery, we pinpoint ionic strength as its underlying driving factor. Further modulating the pH and expressing differently charged constructs, we converge on a model in which the vimentin cytoskeleton is destabilized by Coulomb repulsion when its mass-accumulated negative charges (-18 per vimentin protein) along the filament are less screened or otherwise intensified, and stabilized when the charges are better screened or otherwise reduced. Generalizing this model to other intermediate filaments, we further show that whereas the negatively charged GFAP cytoskeleton is similarly subject to fast disassembly under hypotonic stress, the cytokeratin, as a copolymer of negatively and positively charged subunits, does not exhibit this behavior. Thus, in cells containing both vimentin and keratin cytoskeletons, hypotonic stress disassembles the former but not the latter. Together, our results both provide new handles for modulating cell behavior and call for new attention to the effects of net charges in intracellular protein interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Unger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.08.602555</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hypersensitivity of the vimentin cytoskeleton to net-charge states and Coulomb repulsion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.08.602602v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Acute rapamycin treatment reveals novel mechanisms of behavioral, physiological, and functional dysfunction in a maternal inflammation mouse model of autism and sensory over-responsivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.08.602602v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Maternal inflammatory response (MIR) during early gestation in mice induces a cascade of physiological and behavioral changes that have been associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In a prior study and the current one, we find that mild MIR results in chronic systemic and brain inflammation, mTOR pathway activation, mild brain overgrowth followed by regionally specific volumetric changes, sensory processing dysregulation, and social and repetitive behavior abnormalities. Prior studies of rapamycin treatment in autism models have focused on chronic treatments that alter or prevent physical brain changes. Here, we have focused on the acute effects of rapamycin to uncover novel mechanisms of dysfunction related to mTOR pathway signaling. We find that within 2 hours, rapamycin treatment could rapidly rescue neuronal hyper-excitability, seizure susceptibility, functional network connectivity and brain community structure, repetitive behaviors, and sensory over-responsivity in adult offspring with persistent mild brain overgrowth. These CNS-mediated effects are also associated with alteration of the expression of several ASD-, ion channel-, and epilepsy-associated genes in the same time frame. Reduction of microglia with CSF1R inhibitors or inhibition of NADPH oxidase in young animals reduces the development of some of the behavioral phenotypes, but neither is as effective as acute mTOR inhibition. Our findings indicate that mTOR dysregulation in MIR offspring is a key contributor to various levels of brain dysfunction. However, we demonstrate that the adult MIR brain is also amenable to rapid normalization of these functional changes which results in the rescue of both core and comorbid ASD-like behaviors in adult animals without requiring long-term physical alterations to the brain. Restoring excitatory/inhibitory imbalance and sensory functional network modularity may therefore be important targets for therapeutically addressing both primary sensory and compensatory repetitive behavior phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Le Belle, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Condro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cepeda, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oikonomou, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tessema, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudley, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoenfield, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawaguchi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geschwind, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shokat, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kornblum, H. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.08.602602</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Acute rapamycin treatment reveals novel mechanisms of behavioral, physiological, and functional dysfunction in a maternal inflammation mouse model of autism and sensory over-responsivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.09.602792v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optical Fibers Functionalized with Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Flexible Fluorescent Catecholamine Detection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.09.602792v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite the blockbuster popularity of drugs that act on catecholamine receptors, catecholamine dynamics in human health and disease remain an incomplete picture. Recent advances in fluorescent sensors have enabled unprecedented access to catecholamine dynamics in preclinical animal models, but the requirements of these technologies limit translational value for clinical diagnostics. Here, we present a flexible and convenient tool for fluorescent catecholamine detection by functionalizing optical fibers with single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT)-based near-infrared catecholamine sensors (nIRCats), a form factor that has potential for more convenient and less invasive clinical translation. We show that these near-infrared functionalized (nIRF) fibers respond to dopamine in a biologically-relevant concentration range (10nM through 1 M) with a mean {Delta}F/F0 of 0.022 through 0.411, with no statistically significant effect on signal magnitude after 16-hour exposure to human blood plasma. We further demonstrate the utility of these fibers in as little as 10 L volumes of clinically relevant biofluids up to 24 weeks after preparation, with a {Delta}F/F0 of up to 0.059 through 1.127 for 10 nM through 1 M dopamine. We also introduce a compact, mobile dual-near-infrared fiber photometry rig and demonstrate its success detecting dopamine with 0.005 {Delta}F/F0 in acute brain slices with nIRF fibers. Together, this fiber-based tool and photometry rig expand the toolbox of catecholamine detection technologies to a broader range of applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Klinger, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilbrecht, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.09.602792</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optical Fibers Functionalized with Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Flexible Fluorescent Catecholamine Detection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.10.602924v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Physical activity modulates early visual response and improves target detection in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.10.602924v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain state changes affect visual perception by altering spatial resolution. Attention enhances the spatial resolution decorrelating neuronal activity in early nonhuman primate (NHP) visual cortex. Physical activity (PA) amplifies these attentional effects in rodents but impact of PA on visual perception in humans remains uncertain. We investigated the relationship between broadband high-frequency activity (BHA: 80-150 Hz) recorded with magnetoencephalography (MEG) and visual detection performance. We found that PA enhanced visual target detection predicted by a reduction of early BHA responses (<90 msec). This effect may be due to reduced interneuronal correlation to improve spatial resolution. Moreover, PA improved spatial integration time, as indicated by a linear relationship between reaction times and BHA variation with target eccentricity. These findings provide evidence that PA influences neuronal activity critical for early visual perception, optimizing visual processing at the initial stages of the visual hierarchy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weischner, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Che, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmid, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reichert, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scholz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duerschmid, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.10.602924</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Physical activity modulates early visual response and improves target detection in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.14.603391v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Peptide-enabled ribonucleoprotein delivery for CRISPR engineering (PERC) in primary human immune cells and hematopoietic stem cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.14.603391v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Peptide-enabled ribonucleoprotein delivery for CRISPR engineering (PERC) is a new approach for ex vivo genome editing of primary human cells. PERC uses a single amphiphilic peptide reagent to mediate intracellular delivery of the same pre-formed CRISPR ribonucleoprotein enzymes that are broadly used in research and therapeutics, resulting in high-efficiency editing of stimulated immune cells and cultured hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). PERC facilitates nuclease-mediated gene knockout, precise transgene knock-in, and base editing. PERC involves mixing the CRISPR ribonucleoprotein enzyme with peptide and then incubating the formulation with cultured cells. For efficient transgene knock-in, adeno-associated virus (AAV) bearing homology-directed repair template DNA may be included. In contrast to electroporation, PERC is appealing as it requires no dedicated hardware and has less impact on cell phenotype and viability. Due to the gentle nature of PERC, delivery can be performed multiple times without substantial impact to cell health or phenotype. Here we report methods for improved PERC-mediated editing of T cells as well as novel methods for PERC-mediated editing of HSPCs, including knockout and precise knock-in. Editing efficiencies can surpass 90% using either Cas9 or Cas12a in primary T cells or HSPCs. Because PERC calls for only three readily available reagents - protein, RNA, and peptide - and does not require dedicated hardware for any step, PERC demands no special expertise and is exceptionally straightforward to adopt. The inherent compatibility of PERC with established cell engineering pipelines makes this approach appealing for rapid deployment in research and clinical settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sahu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muldoon, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asija, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyman, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnappa, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eyquem, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.14.603391</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Peptide-enabled ribonucleoprotein delivery for CRISPR engineering (PERC) in primary human immune cells and hematopoietic stem cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.14.603457v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-molecule live-cell RNA imaging with CRISPR-Csm 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.14.603457v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High-resolution, real-time imaging of RNA is essential for understanding the diverse, dynamic behaviors of individual RNA molecules in single cells. However, single-molecule live-cell imaging of unmodified endogenous RNA has not yet been achieved. Here, we present single-molecule live-cell fluorescence in situ hybridization (smLiveFISH), a robust approach that combines the programmable RNA-guided, RNA-targeting CRISPR-Csm complex with multiplexed guide RNAs for efficient, direct visualization of single RNA molecules in a range of cell types, including primary cells. Using smLiveFISH, we tracked individual endogenous NOTCH2 and MAP1B mRNA transcripts in living cells and identified two distinct localization mechanisms: co-translational translocation of NOTCH2 mRNA at the endoplasmic reticulum, and directional transport of MAP1B mRNA toward the cell periphery. This method has the potential to unlock principles governing the spatiotemporal organization of native transcripts in health and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xia, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colognori, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.14.603457</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-molecule live-cell RNA imaging with CRISPR-Csm]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.15.603480v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sequence-specific targeting of intrinsically disordered protein regions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.15.603480v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intrinsically disordered proteins and peptides play key roles in biology, but the lack of defined structures and the high variability in sequence and conformational preferences has made targeting such systems challenging. We describe a general approach for designing proteins that bind intrinsically disordered protein regions in diverse extended conformations with side chains fitting into complementary binding pockets. We used the approach to design binders for 39 highly diverse unstructured targets and obtain designs with pM to 100 nM affinities in 34 cases, testing [~]22 designs per target (including polar targets). The designs function in cells and as detection reagents, and are specific for their intended targets in all-by-all binding experiments. Our approach is a major step towards a general solution to the intrinsically disordered protein and peptide recognition problem.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muratspahic, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramelot, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNally, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaur, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coventry, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bera, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerben, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamb, M. Y.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schober, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brierley, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gelb, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montelione, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Derivery, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.15.603480</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sequence-specific targeting of intrinsically disordered protein regions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.16.603788v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Perturbed pediatric serum metabolome in mild and severe dengue disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.16.603788v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dengue viruses (DENVs) are the most prevalent arboviruses affecting humans. Four billion people are at risk of infection and this burden is rapidly increasing due to geographic expansion of the mosquito vector. Infection with any of the four serotypes of DENV can result in a self-limiting disease but debilitating febrile illness (DF), and some infections progress to severe disease with manifestations such as hemorrhage and shock. DENV infection drives the metabolic state of host cells for viral benefit and induces a host-immune response that has metabolic implications that link to disease. In this study, a dynamic metabolic response to DENV infection and disease was measured in 535 pediatric patient sera using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The metabolome was interrogated to discover biochemical pathways and identify key metabolites perturbed in severe dengue disease. A biomarker panel of thirty-two perturbed metabolites was utilized to classify DF, and severe dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS) with high sensitivity and specificity equating to a balanced accuracy of 96.9%. Some metabolites that were structurally confirmed here belong to important biochemical pathways of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, sphingolipids, purines, and tryptophan metabolism. A previously reported trend between serotonin and platelets in DHF patients has been expanded upon here to reveal a major depletion of serotonin, but not platelets, in DSS patients. This study differentiated and classified DF and DHF/DSS using a serum metabolic biomarker panel based on perturbed biochemical pathways that have potential implications for severe dengue disease.

One sentence summary: Metabolic biomarkers distinguish dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome from dengue fever and lend insight to severe disease pathology
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Soma, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gullberg, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Islam, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balmaseda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blair, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beaty, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belisle, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perera, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.16.603788</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Perturbed pediatric serum metabolome in mild and severe dengue disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.17.603927v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reward history guides attentional selection in whisker somatosensory (S1) cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.17.603927v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prior reward is a potent cue for attentional capture, but the underlying neurobiology is largely unknown. In a novel whisker touch detection task, we show that mice flexibly shift attention between specific whiskers on a trial-by-trial timescale, guided by the recent history of stimulus-reward association. Two-photon calcium imaging and spike recordings revealed a robust neurobiological correlate of attention in the somatosensory cortex (S1), boosting sensory responses to the attended whisker in L2/3 and L5, but not L4. Attentional boosting in L2/3 pyramidal cells was topographically precise and whisker-specific, and shifted receptive fields toward the attended whisker. L2/3 VIP interneurons were broadly activated by whisker stimuli, motion, and arousal but did not carry a whisker-specific attentional signal, and thus did not mediate spatially focused tactile attention. Together, these findings establish a new model of focal attention in the mouse whisker tactile system, showing that the history of stimuli and rewards in the recent past can dynamically engage local modulation in cortical sensory maps to guide flexible shifts in ongoing behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ramamurthy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldman, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.17.603927</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reward history guides attentional selection in whisker somatosensory (S1) cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.18.604185v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Self-avoidance dominates the selection of hippocampal replay 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.18.604185v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spontaneous neural activity sequences are generated by the brain in the absence of external input1-12, yet how they are produced remains unknown. During immobility, hippocampal replay sequences depict spatial paths related to the animals past experience or predicted future13. By recording from large ensembles of hippocampal place cells14 in combination with optogenetic manipulation of cortical input in freely behaving rats, we show here that the selection of hippocampal replay is governed by a novel self-avoidance principle. Following movement cessation, replay of the animals past path is strongly avoided, while replay of the future path predominates. Moreover, when the past and future paths overlap, early replays avoid both and depict entirely different trajectories. Further, replays avoid self-repetition, on a shorter timescale compared to the avoidance of previous behavioral trajectories. Eventually, several seconds into the stopping period, replay of the past trajectory dominates. This temporal organization contrasts with established and recent predictions9,10,15,16 but is well-recapitulated by a symmetry-breaking attractor model of sequence generation in which individual neurons adapt their firing rates over time26-35. However, while the model is sufficient to produce avoidance of recently traversed or reactivated paths, it requires an additional excitatory input into recently activated cells to produce the later window of past-dominance. We performed optogenetic perturbations to demonstrate that this input is provided by medial entorhinal cortex, revealing its role in maintaining a memory of past experience that biases hippocampal replay. Together, these data provide specific evidence for how hippocampal replays are generated.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mallory, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Widloski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.18.604185</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Self-avoidance dominates the selection of hippocampal replay]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.19.604386v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Advances in Estimating Level-1 Phylogenetic Networks from Unrooted SNPs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.19.604386v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We address the problem of how to estimate a phylogenetic network when given SNPs (i.e., single nucleotide polymorphisms, or bi-allelic markers that have evolved under the infinite sites assumption). We focus on level-1 phylogenetic networks (i.e., networks where the cycles are node-disjoint), since more complex networks are unidentifiable. We provide a polynomial time quartet-based method that we prove correct for reconstructing the unrooted topology of any level-1 phylogenetic network N, if we are given a set of SNPs that covers all the bipartitions of N, even if the ancestral state is not known, provided that the cycles are of length at least 5; we also prove that an algorithm developed by Dan Gusfield in JCSS 2005 correctly recovers the unrooted topology in polynomial time in this case. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first result to establish that the unrooted topology of a level-1 network is uniquely recoverable from SNPs without known ancestral states. We also present a stochastic model for DNA evolution, and we prove that the two methods (our quartet-based method and Gusfields method) are statistically consistent estimators of the unrooted topology of the level-1 phylogenetic network. For the case of multi-state homoplasy-free characters, we prove that our quartet-based method correctly constructs the unrooted topology of level-1 networks under the required conditions (all cycles of length at least five), while Gusfields algorithm cannot be used in that condition. These results assume that we have access to an oracle for indicating which sites in the DNA alignment are homoplasy-free, and we show that the methods are robust, under some conditions, to oracle errors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Warnow, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabatabaee, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.19.604386</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Advances in Estimating Level-1 Phylogenetic Networks from Unrooted SNPs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.22.604680v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synapse protein signatures in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma predict cognitive maintenance versus decline in Alzheimers disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.22.604680v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rates of cognitive decline in Alzheimers disease (AD) are extremely heterogeneous, with ages of symptom onset ranging from age 40-100 years and conversion from mild cognitive impairment to AD dementia taking 2-20 years. Development of biomarkers for amyloid-beta (A{beta}) and tau protein aggregates, the hallmark pathologies of AD, have improved patient monitoring/stratification and drug development, but they still only explain 20-40% of the variance in cognitive impairment (CI) in AD. To discover additional molecular drivers and biomarkers of AD dementia, we perform cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteomics on 3,416 individuals from six deeply phenotyped prospective AD case-control cohorts. We identify synapse proteins as the strongest correlates of CI, independent of A{beta} and tau. Using machine learning we derive the CSF YWHAG:NPTX2 synapse protein ratio, a robust correlate of CI, which explains 27% of the variance in CI beyond CSF PTau181:A{beta}42, 10% beyond tau PET, and 50% beyond CSF NfL in A{beta} positive individuals. We find YWHAG:NPTX2 also increases with normal aging as early as age 20 and increases at a faster rate in APOE4 carriers and autosomal dominant-AD mutation carriers. Most notably, YWHAG:NPTX2+ individuals (top 25th percentile) are 15-times (HR=15.4 [10.6-22.2]) more likely to experience cognitive decline over 15 years compared to YWHAG:NPTX2- individuals (bottom 25th percentile), and this rises to 19-times (HR=18.9 [10.83-32.9]) with additional stratification by A{beta} and phosphorylated tau status. Lastly, we perform plasma proteomics on 4,245 individuals to develop a plasma-based signature of CI which partly recapitulates CSF YWHAG:NPTX2. Overall, our findings underscore CSF YWHAG:NPTX2 and the corresponding plasma signature as robust prognostic biomarkers for AD onset and progression beyond gold-standard biomarkers of A{beta}, tau, and neurodegeneration and implicate synapse dysfunction as a core driver of AD dementia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oh, H. S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urey, D. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karlsson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farinas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timsina, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guldner, I. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morshed, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Western, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Guen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trelle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herukka, S.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rauramaa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiltunen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipponen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luikku, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poston, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mormino, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Channappa, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leinonen, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehrenberg, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zetterberg, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franzmeier, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansson, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruchaga, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyss-Coray, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.22.604680</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synapse protein signatures in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma predict cognitive maintenance versus decline in Alzheimers disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.23.604809v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanism-guided engineering of a minimal biological particle for genome editing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.23.604809v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The widespread application of genome editing to treat or even cure disease requires the delivery of genome editors into the nucleus of target cells. Enveloped Delivery Vehicles (EDVs) are engineered virally-derived particles capable of packaging and delivering CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoproteins (RNPs). However, the presence of lentiviral genome encapsulation and replication components in EDVs has obscured the underlying delivery mechanism and precluded particle optimization. Here we show that Cas9 RNP nuclear delivery is independent of the native lentiviral capsid structure. Instead, EDV-mediated genome editing activity corresponds directly to the number of nuclear localization sequences on the Cas9 enzyme. EDV structural analysis using cryo-electron tomography and small molecule inhibitors guided the removal of [~]80% of viral residues, creating a minimal EDV (miniEDV) that retains full RNP delivery capability. MiniEDVs are 25% smaller yet package equivalent amounts of Cas9 RNPs relative to the original EDVs, and demonstrated increased editing in cell lines and therapeutically-relevant primary human T cells. These results show that virally-derived particles can be streamlined to create efficacious genome editing delivery vehicles that could simplify production and manufacturing.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTOur results highlight the importance of understanding how virally-derived particles function to eliminate unnecessary viral proteins and create more efficacious and easier-to-produce delivery vehicles for therapeutic genome editing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ngo, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peukes, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldwin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, Z. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stickels, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satpathy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wells, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schekman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogales, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.23.604809</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanism-guided engineering of a minimal biological particle for genome editing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.23.604819v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Eco-evolutionary dynamics of pathogen immune-escape: deriving a population-level phylodynamic curve 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.23.604819v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The phylodynamic curve [1] conceptualizes how immunity shapes the rate of viral adaptation in a non-monotonic fashion, through its opposing effects on viral abundance and the strength of selection. However, concrete and quantitative model realizations of this influential concept are rare. Here, we present an analytic, stochastic framework in which a population-scale phylodynamic curve emerges dynamically, allowing us to address questions regarding the risk and timing of emergence of viral immune escape variants. We explore how pathogen- and population-specific parameters such as strength of immunity, transmissibility and antigenic constraints affect the phylodynamic curve, leading to distinct phylodynamic curves for different pathogens. Motivated by the COVID-19 pandemic, we probe the likely effects of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), and the lifting thereof, on the risk of viral escape variant emergence. Looking ahead, the framework has the potential to become a useful tool for probing how natural immunity, as well as choices in vaccine design and distribution and the implementation of NPIs affect the evolution of common viral pathogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saad-Roy, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metcalf, C. J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viboud, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grenfell, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.23.604819</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Eco-evolutionary dynamics of pathogen immune-escape: deriving a population-level phylodynamic curve]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.24.605010v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Leaky ribosomal scanning enables tunable translation of bicistronic ORFs in green algae. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.24.605010v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Advances in sequencing technology have unveiled examples of nucleus-encoded polycistronic genes, once considered rare. Exclusively polycistronic transcripts are prevalent in green algae, although the mechanism by which multiple polypeptides are translated from a single transcript is unknown. Here, we used bioinformatic and in vivo mutational analyses to evaluate competing mechanistic models for polycistronic expression in green algae. High-confidence manually curated datasets of bicistronic loci from two divergent green algae, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Auxenochlorella protothecoides, revealed 1) a preference for weak Kozak-like sequences for ORF 1 and 2) an underrepresentation of potential initiation codons before ORF 2, which are suitable conditions for leaky scanning to allow ORF 2 translation. We used mutational analysis in Auxenochlorella protothecoides to test the mechanism. In vivo manipulation of the ORF 1 Kozak-like sequence and start codon altered reporter expression at ORF 2, with a weaker Kozak-like sequence enhancing expression and a stronger one diminishing it. A synthetic bicistronic dual reporter demonstrated inversely adjustable activity of green fluorescent protein expressed from ORF 1 and luciferase from ORF 2, depending on the strength of the ORF 1 Kozak-like sequence. Our findings demonstrate that translation of multiple ORFs in green algal bicistronic transcripts is consistent with episodic leaky ribosome scanning of ORF 1 to allow translation at ORF 2. This work has implications for the potential functionality of upstream open reading frames found across eukaryotic genomes and for transgene expression in synthetic biology applications.

Significance StatementTextbook dogma states that nucleus-encoded genes are monocistronic, producing transcripts with a single translated open reading frame. However, highly conserved bicistronic loci are pervasive in green algae that are separated by several hundred million years of evolution, speaking to their ancestral origins and functions within the Chlorophyte lineage. A combination of bioinformatic analysis and in vivo gene manipulation supports leaky ribosomal scanning as the primary mechanism for translation of multiple ORFs from bicistronic transcripts. We have successfully tuned synthesis levels of two proteins encoded on one mRNA by modifying the ORF 1 Kozak-like sequence. These findings may have broad applications in synthetic biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duenas, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craig, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallaher, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moseley, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merchant, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.24.605010</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Leaky ribosomal scanning enables tunable translation of bicistronic ORFs in green algae.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.25.605073v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spindle morphology changes between meiosis and mitosis driven by CK2 regulation of the Ran pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.25.605073v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The transition from meiotic divisions in the oocyte to embryonic mitoses is a critical step in animal development. Despite negligible changes to cell size and shape, following fertilization the small, barrel-shaped meiotic spindle is replaced by a large zygotic spindle that nucleates abundant astral microtubules at spindle poles. To probe underlying mechanisms, we applied a drug screening approach using Ciona eggs and found that inhibition of Casein Kinase 2 (CK2) caused a shift from meiotic to mitotic-like spindle morphology with nucleation of robust astral microtubules, an effect reproduced in cytoplasmic extracts prepared from Xenopus eggs. In both species, CK2 activity decreased at fertilization. Phosphoproteomic differences between Xenopus meiotic and mitotic extracts that also accompanied CK2 inhibition pointed to RanGTP-regulated factors as potential targets. Interfering with RanGTP-driven microtubule formation suppressed astral microtubule growth caused by CK2 inhibition. These data support a model in which CK2 activity attenuation at fertilization leads to activation of RanGTP-regulated microtubule effectors that induce mitotic spindle morphology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cantwell, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kettenbach, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heald, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.25.605073</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spindle morphology changes between meiosis and mitosis driven by CK2 regulation of the Ran pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.25.605173v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Eco-evolutionary consequences of selective exploitation on metapopulations illustrated with Atlantic salmon 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.25.605173v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While the eco-evolutionary consequences of dispersal and exploitation are increasingly recognized, consideration of these effects and how they interact for management and conservation remains limited. We addressed this gap by examining population exploitation within a metapopulation framework, using Atlantic salmon as a case study. We compared eco-evolutionary consequences of alternative exploitation strategies by incorporating selective exploitation based on life history traits and spatial dimension of exploitation (i.e., whether populations were net exporter or importer of individuals). We used a demo-genetic agent-based model to examine demographic and evolutionary consequences of these strategies across a gradient of population-specific exploitation rates. At the metapopulation scale, we found both lower abundance and earlier sexual maturation with increasing exploitation, particularly when fishing was selective on larger individuals. The spatial selectivity of exploitation had an overall additional detrimental effect on metapopulation performance and fisheries yield, and induced stronger evolutionary changes than when exploitation was evenly spread over all populations. We discuss the implications of metapopulation functioning for species management and how considering dispersal patterns and intensity might change how we apply harvest. Nevertheless, our findings suggest that the safest approach remains to distribute exploitation efforts evenly across all populations, especially in the absence of variation in intrinsic productivity and with the dispersal rates and spatial configuration simulated. However, this strategy might not completely prevent negative consequences at the local scale. Therefore, we advise managers to critically assess the relevance of our results and dispersal assumptions in the specific cases they may have to deal with.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lamarins, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prevost, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satterthwaite, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buoro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.25.605173</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Eco-evolutionary consequences of selective exploitation on metapopulations illustrated with Atlantic salmon]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.26.605339v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In vivo analysis of the relationship between CP26 and qE-type NPQ via higher-order Arabidopsis cp26 mutants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.26.605339v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CP26 is a monomeric minor light-harvesting complex of PSII (LHCII) protein that connects major LHCII trimers to the PSII core in photosynthetic thylakoid membranes. Previous studies have proposed that CP26 is not only involved in light harvesting but could also be involved in non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). Here, we analyzed higher-order Arabidopsis cp26 mutants using biophysical and pharmacological approaches to investigate the nature of NPQ and its relationship to known NPQ regulators (PSII subunit S (PsbS), the xanthophyll-converting enzyme VDE and the pH gradient across the thylakoid membrane). Maximum PSII quantum efficiencies (Fv/Fm) and chlorophyll fluorescence lifetimes in the dark were significantly lower in cp26 mutants, confirming that CP26 deficiency leads to a sustained quenched state even in the absence of light. Destabilized PSII-LHCII supercomplexes as observed with native PAGE analysis are the likely cause for this pre-quenched state, without other antenna proteins being able to rescue this phenotype. Further analyses revealed that cp26 mutants exhibit modest (single mutant) to highly significant (double mutants) reductions in overall NPQ capacity, which do not directly rely on PsbS and VDE (although the effect is more pronounced when these qE components are altered) but depend on thylakoid lumen acidification and protonation of protein residues. Together, these results show that the NPQ component lacking in cp26 mutants acts independently of qE and qZ and is induced in a slower phase of NPQ induction that most likely relies on pH-dependent conformational changes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kromdijk, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel-Tupper, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleming, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niyogi, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.26.605339</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In vivo analysis of the relationship between CP26 and qE-type NPQ via higher-order Arabidopsis cp26 mutants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.26.604313v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proteomic Profiling Reveals Age-Related Changes in Transporter Proteins in the Human Blood-Brain Barrier 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.26.604313v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) is a crucial, selective barrier that regulates the entry of molecules including nutrients, environmental toxins, and therapeutic medications into the brain. This function relies heavily on brain endothelial cell proteins, particularly transporters and tight junction proteins. The BBB continues to develop postnatally, adapting its selective barrier function across different developmental phases, and alters with aging and disease. Here we present a global proteomics analysis focused on the ontogeny and aging of proteins in human brain microvessels (BMVs), predominantly composed of brain endothelial cells. Our proteomic profiling quantified 6,223 proteins and revealed possible age-related alteration in BBB permeability due to basement membrane component changes through the early developmental stage and age-dependent changes in transporter expression. Notable changes in expression levels were observed with development and age in nutrient transporters and transporters that play critical roles in drug disposition. This research 1) provides important information on the mechanisms that drive changes in the metabolic content of the brain with age and 2) enables the creation of physiologically based pharmacokinetic models for CNS drug distribution across different life stages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azimi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riselli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vora, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chun, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yee, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Artursson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giacomini, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.26.604313</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proteomic Profiling Reveals Age-Related Changes in Transporter Proteins in the Human Blood-Brain Barrier]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.27.605457v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Active Learning-Assisted Directed Evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.27.605457v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Directed evolution (DE) is a powerful tool to optimize protein fitness for a specific application. However, DE can be inefficient when mutations exhibit non-additive, or epistatic, behavior. Here, we present Active Learning-assisted Directed Evolution (ALDE), an iterative machine learning-assisted DE workflow that leverages uncertainty quantification to explore the search space of proteins more efficiently than current DE methods. We apply ALDE to an engineering landscape that is challenging for DE: optimization of five epistatic residues in the active site of an enzyme. In three rounds of wet-lab experimentation, we improve the yield of a desired product of a non-native cyclopropanation reaction from 12% to 93%. We also perform computational simulations on existing protein sequence-fitness datasets to support our argument that ALDE can be more effective than DE. Overall, ALDE is a practical and broadly applicable strategy to unlock improved protein engineering outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lal, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowden, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Astudillo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hameedi, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaur, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yue, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, F. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.27.605457</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Active Learning-Assisted Directed Evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.28.605512v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio controls the cell cycle period in compartmentalized frog egg extract 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.28.605512v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Each proliferating cell replicates its DNA and internal components before distributing this material evenly to its daughters. Although the regulation of cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) that dictate orderly cell cycle progression is well characterized, how the subcellular localization of the cell cycle machinery contributes to timing is not well understood. We investigated the influence of the nucleus by reconstituting cell cycle oscillations in droplets of frog egg extract in the absence or presence of a nuclear compartment and monitoring dynamics by time-lapse microscopy. We found that the cell cycle time increased in the presence of nuclei, which grew larger with each cell cycle. The correlation between increasing nuclear volume and a longer cell cycle period was maintained across extracts and nuclei from various Xenopus species and persisted upon inhibition of DNA replication or transcription. However, inhibition of nuclear import or the kinase Wee1 impacted the relationship between the nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio and the cell cycle period. To conceptually capture these experimental observations, we developed a computational model that incorporates cell cycle oscillations, nuclear-cytoplasmic compartmentalization, and periodic nuclear envelope breakdown and reformation. Altogether, our results support the major role of the nuclear compartment in setting the pace of the cell cycle and provide an explanation for the increase in cell cycle length observed at the midblastula transition when cells become smaller and the nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio increases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pineros, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frolov, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz-Reynes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Eynde, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavin-Meza, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heald, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gelens, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.28.605512</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio controls the cell cycle period in compartmentalized frog egg extract]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.29.605638v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nonenzymatic, prebiotic aminoacylation couples chirality of RNA and protein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.29.605638v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Life as we know it depends on the homochirality of nucleic acids and proteins. However, there is no widely accepted explanation for why life uses only D-sugars for nucleic acids and L-amino acids for proteins. Here we demonstrate a prebiotically plausible method of nonenzymatic aminoacylation in a water ice-eutectic phase. These reactions produce high yields of aminoacyl-tRNAs, which are active in translation. Surprisingly, we discovered these nonenzymatic aminoacylation conditions were stereoselective, favoring coupling of amino acids and RNA of "opposite" L- and D- configurations. D-RNA shows greater aminoacylation yields for L-amino acids. The opposite was true for L-RNA, which had greater yields with D-amino acids. Nucleic acid backbone chirality influencing stereoselectivity of aminoacylation presents the missing link in the origin of modern biochemistry. This phenomenon provides insight into the chirality of the RNA world, and helps to explain the "opposite" stereochemistry of modern biomolecules.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Davisson, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalb, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knudson, I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schepartz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engelhart, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adamala, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.29.605638</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nonenzymatic, prebiotic aminoacylation couples chirality of RNA and protein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.31.605654v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Complete sequencing of ape genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.31.605654v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present haplotype-resolved reference genomes and comparative analyses of six ape species, namely: chimpanzee, bonobo, gorilla, Bornean orangutan, Sumatran orangutan, and siamang. We achieve chromosome-level contiguity with unparalleled sequence accuracy (<1 error in 500,000 base pairs), completely sequencing 215 gapless chromosomes telomere-to-telomere. We resolve challenging regions, such as the major histocompatibility complex and immunoglobulin loci, providing more in-depth evolutionary insights. Comparative analyses, including human, allow us to investigate the evolution and diversity of regions previously uncharacterized or incompletely studied without bias from mapping to the human reference. This includes newly minted gene families within lineage-specific segmental duplications, centromeric DNA, acrocentric chromosomes, and subterminal heterochromatin. This resource should serve as a definitive baseline for all future evolutionary studies of humans and our closest living ape relatives.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yoo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hebbar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonacci, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logsdon, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solar, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antipov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pickett, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safonova, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montinaro, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malukiewicz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Storer, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sequeira, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mangan, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hickey, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anez, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balachandran, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bankevich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beck, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biddanda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borchers, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouffard, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brannan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carbone, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diekhans, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engelbrecht, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feschotte, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Formenti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gennaro, L. d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guarracino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haddad, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartley</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.31.605654</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Complete sequencing of ape genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.31.606035v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discrete protein condensation events govern calcium signal dynamics in T cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.31.606035v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Calcium level variations, which occur downstream of T cell receptor (TCR) signaling, are an essential aspect of T cell antigen recognition. Although coordinated ion channel activities are known to drive calcium oscillations in other cell types, observations of nonperiodic and heterogeneous calcium patterns in T cells are inconsistent with this mechanism. Here, we track the complete ensemble of individual molecular peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) binding events to TCR, while simultaneously imaging LAT condensation events and calcium level. Individual LAT condensates induce a rapid and additive calcium response, which quickly attenuates upon condensate dissolution. No evidence of cooperativity between LAT condensates or oscillatory calcium response was detected. These results reveal stochastic LAT protein condensation events as a primary driver of calcium signal dynamics in T cells.

One-Sentence SummaryCa2+ fluctuations in T cells reflect stochastic protein condensation events triggered by single molecular antigen-TCR binding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morita, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Dair, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groves, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.31.606035</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discrete protein condensation events govern calcium signal dynamics in T cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.29.605602v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Perceived and observed biases within scientific communities: a case study in movement ecology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.29.605602v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Who conducts biological research, where, and how the results are disseminated varies among geographies and identities. Identifying and documenting these forms of bias by research communities is a critical first step towards addressing them. We documented perceived and observed biases in movement ecology. Movement ecology is a rapidly expanding sub-discipline of biology, which is strongly underpinned by fieldwork and technology use. First, we surveyed attendees of an international conference, and discussed the results at the conference (comparing uninformed vs informed perceived bias). Although most researchers identified as bias-aware, only a subset of biases were discussed in conversation. Next, by considering author affiliations from publications in the journal Movement Ecology, we found among-country discrepancies between the country of the authors affiliation and study site location related to national economics. At the within-country scale, we found that race-gender identities of postgraduate biology researchers in the USA differed from national demographics. We discuss the role of potential specific causes for the emergence of bias in the sub-discipline, e.g. parachute-science or accessibility to fieldwork. Undertaking data-driven analysis of bias within research sub-disciplines can help identify specific barriers and first steps towards the inclusion of a greater diversity of participants in the scientific process.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shaw, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fouda, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mezzini, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abrahms, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Attias, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beardsworth, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beltran, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Binning, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blincow, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fronhofer, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hegemann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurme, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iannarilli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kellner, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCoy, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rafiq, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saastamoinen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sequeira, A. M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serota, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sumasgutner, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torstenson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yanco, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beck, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertram, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beumer, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradaric, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clermont, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellis-Soto, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faltusova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fieberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolzsch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee-Cruz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loretto, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loveridge, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michelangeli,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.29.605602</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Perceived and observed biases within scientific communities: a case study in movement ecology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.01.606197v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prevalence of the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle in chemolithoautotrophic psychrophiles and the potential for cold-adapted Rubisco 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.01.606197v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The act of fixing inorganic carbon into the biosphere is largely facilitated by one enzyme, Rubisco. Beyond well-studied plants and cyanobacteria, many bacteria use Rubisco for chemolithoautotrophy in extreme environments on Earth. Here, we characterized the diversity of chemolithoautotrophic Rubiscos in subzero environments. First, we surveyed subzero environments and found that the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle was the most prevalent chemolithoautotrophic pathway. Second, we uncovered potential for chemolithoautotrophy in metagenomes from two distinct subzero, hypersaline Arctic environments: 40-kyr relic marine brines encased within permafrost (cryopeg brines) and first-year sea ice. Again, the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle was the dominant chemolithoautotrophic pathway in both environments, though with different Rubisco forms. From cryopeg brine, we reconstructed four metagenome-assembled genomes with the potential for chemolithoautotrophy, of which the sulfur-oxidizing genus Thiomicrorhabdus was most abundant. A broader survey of Thiomicrorhabdus genomes from diverse environments identified a core complement of three Rubisco forms (II, IAc, IAq) with distinct patterns of gain and loss. We developed a model framework and compared these different Rubisco forms across [CO2], [O2], and temperature. We found that form II outcompetes form I at low O2, but cold temperatures minimize this advantage. However, further inspection of form II from cold environments uncovered signals of thermal adaptation of key amino acids which resulted in a more exposed active site. These modifications suggest that these form II Rubisco proteins may have unique kinetics or thermal stability. This work can help address the limits of autotrophic functionality in extreme environments on Earth and other planetary bodies.

ImportanceAutotrophy, or the fixation of inorganic carbon to biomass, is a key factor in lifes ability to thrive on Earth. Research on autotrophy has focused on plants and algae, but many bacteria are also autotrophic and can survive and thrive under more extreme conditions. These bacteria are a window to past autotrophy on Earth, as well as potential autotrophy in extreme environments elsewhere in the Universe. Our study focused on dark, cold, saline environments, which are likely to be found on Enceladus and Europa, as well as in the Martian subsurface. We found compelling evidence of cold adaptation in a key autotrophic enzyme, Rubisco, which could expand the known boundaries of autotrophy in rapidly disappearing icy environments on Earth. We also present a novel model framework that can be used to probe the limits of autotrophy not only on Earth but also on key astrobiological targets like Enceladus and Europa.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harrison, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rapp, J. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deming, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.01.606197</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prevalence of the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle in chemolithoautotrophic psychrophiles and the potential for cold-adapted Rubisco]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.31.606057v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activated Interferon Signaling Suppresses Age-Dependent Liver Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.31.606057v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Age is a major risk factor for liver cancer, as is the case for most adult human cancers. However, the underlying mechanisms are not well defined. A better understanding of the role of aging in liver and other cancers can facilitate approaches for risk assessment, early detection and prevention. We hypothesize that age-driven changes render aged liver more sensitive to oncogenic stress and hence tumorigenesis. To investigate how the liver changes with age, we documented the immune profile, transcriptome and epigenome of healthy livers from both young and aged mice, revealing pronounced alterations with aging. Notably, in aged hepatocytes, we identified heightened interferon (IFN) signaling, as well as simultaneous tumor suppressor and oncogene signaling at both bulk and single cell level, suggestive of an aged liver that is poised for neoplasia. To challenge this seemingly poised state, we employed adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated expression of a c-Myc oncogene in young and aged mouse liver hepatocytes in vivo. Analysis of aged hepatocytes expressing c-Myc revealed further elevated expression of IFN Stimulated Genes (ISGs). This ISG upregulation was evident in multiple models of oncogenic stress and transformation in older mice and also observed in aged humans with Metabolic dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis (MASH). We determined that Stat1 is both necessary and sufficient for the age specific elevated ISG expression in old wild type mice. Remarkably, inhibiting Jak/Stat signaling alongside ectopic c-Myc expression led to high-grade hepatocyte dysplasia and tumor formation, selectively in aged mice. Together, these results suggest that an aged liver is in a state of "precarious balance", due to concurrent activation of oncogenic and tumor suppressor pathways, but protected against neoplastic progression by IFN-signaling. Age-dependent activation of IFN signaling has been observed in many tissues and recent studies have demonstrated its detrimental consequences on aging, raising the question as to why IFN-signaling is activated during aging. We propose that aged tissues are intrinsically at higher risk of cancer and age-dependent activation of IFN-signaling is an adaptive process to protect from tumorigenesis, but one that also has maladaptive consequences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Havas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lande, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajesh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evensen, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varanasi, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teneche, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffmann, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaPorte, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reisz, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tharp, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gandhi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lei, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Proulx, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sacco, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadel, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niedernhofer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, G.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Alesssandro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaech, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.31.606057</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activated Interferon Signaling Suppresses Age-Dependent Liver Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.15.607984v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Field conditions greatly modify a major growth-defense tradeoff in Arabidopsis thaliana 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.15.607984v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When plants defend themselves from pathogens, this often comes with a trade-off: the same genes that protect a plant from disease can also reduce its growth and fecundity in the absence of pathogens. One protein implicated in a major growth-defense trade-off in the plant Arabidopsis thaliana is ACCELERATED CELL DEATH 6 (ACD6), an ion channel that modulates salicylic acid (SA) synthesis to potentiate a wide range of defenses. Wild plant populations maintain significant functional variation in the ACD6 gene, with some alleles making the protein hyperactive. In the greenhouse, plants with hyperactive ACD6 alleles are resistant to diverse pathogens, yet are of smaller stature, their leaves senesce earlier, and they set fewer seeds. We hypothesized that such hyperactive alleles would not only affect the growth of microbial pathogens, but also more generally leaf microbiome assembly in the wild. To test this, we grew plants with hyperactive, standard, and defective ACD6 alleles in the same field-collected soil, both in climate-controlled conditions and outdoors. We surveyed visual phenotypes, gene expression, hormone levels, seed production, and the microbiome in each environment. To our surprise, we discovered that mature field plants, in stark contrast to greenhouse plants, were unaffected by their ACD6 genotype, suggesting that additional abiotic and/or microbial signals present outdoors - but not in the greenhouse - greatly modulate ACD6 activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lundberg, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kersten, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehmetoglu Boz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pramoj Na Ayutthaya, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poersch, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swartz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Müller, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bezrukov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvest Team,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weigel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.15.607984</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Field conditions greatly modify a major growth-defense tradeoff in Arabidopsis thaliana]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.16.608140v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multipartite complexity of the lichen symbiosis revealed by metagenome and transcriptome analysis of Xanthoria parietina 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.16.608140v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lichens are composite symbiotic associations of fungi, algae, and bacteria that result in large, anatomically complex organisms adapted to many of the worlds most challenging environments. How such intricate, self-replicating lichen architectures develop from simple microbial components remains unknown because of their recalcitrance to experimental manipulation. Here we report a metagenomic and metatranscriptomic analysis of the lichen Xanthoria parietina at different developmental stages. We identified 168 genomes of symbionts and lichen-associated microbes within a lichen thallus, including representatives of green algae, three different classes of fungi, and 14 bacterial phyla. By analyzing occurrence of individual species across lichen thalli from diverse environments, we defined both substrate-specific and core microbial components of the lichen. Meta-transcriptomic analysis of the principal fungal symbiont from three different developmental stages of a lichen, compared to axenically grown fungus, revealed differential gene expression profiles indicative of lichen-specific transporter functions, specific cell signalling, transcriptional regulation and secondary metabolic capacity. Putative immunity-related proteins and lichen-specific structurally conserved secreted proteins resembling fungal pathogen effectors were also identified, consistent with a role for immunity modulation in lichen morphogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tagirdzhanova, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scharnagl, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bucknell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bentham, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jegousse, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ament-Velasquez, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brännström, I. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johannesson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacLean, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talbot, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.16.608140</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multipartite complexity of the lichen symbiosis revealed by metagenome and transcriptome analysis of Xanthoria parietina]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.14.607869v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Seeing the Future: Anticipatory Eye Gaze as a Marker of Memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.14.607869v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human memory is typically studied by direct questioning, and the recollection of events is investigated through verbal reports. Thus, current research confounds memory per-se with its report. Critically, the ability to investigate memory retrieval in populations with deficient verbal ability is limited. Here, using the MEGA (Memory Episode Gaze Anticipation) paradigm, we show that monitoring anticipatory gaze using eye tracking can quantify memory retrieval without verbal report. Upon repeated viewing of movie clips, eye gaze patterns anticipating salient events can quantify their memory traces seconds before these events appear on the screen. A series of five experiments with a total of 145 participants using either tailor-made animations or naturalistic movies consistently reveal that accumulated gaze proximity to the event can index memory. Machine learning-based classification can identify whether a given viewing is associated with memory for the event based on single-trial data of gaze features. Detailed comparison to verbal reports establishes that anticipatory gaze marks recollection of associative memory about the event, whereas pupil dilation captures familiarity. Finally, anticipatory gaze reveals beneficial effects of sleep on memory retrieval without verbal report, illustrating its broad applicability across cognitive research and clinical domains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yamin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidig, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharon, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nir, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranganath, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nir, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.14.607869</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Seeing the Future: Anticipatory Eye Gaze as a Marker of Memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.15.608059v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Insect size responses to climate changes vary across elevations according to seasonal timing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.15.608059v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Widespread plastic and evolutionary responses to temperature have led to body size declines being proposed as a universal response to warming, but the high degree of variation in terrestrial ectotherms has challenged this view. We investigate whether temperature dependent development and growth rates in ectothermic organisms drive departures from universal size responses. Leveraging a long-term study of montane grasshoppers, we detect size shifts over recent decades that depend on elevation and species seasonal timing. Size shifts have been focused at low elevations with the earliest emerging species (those that overwinter as juveniles) getting bigger, and later season species getting smaller. The shifts correspond to warmer temperatures at low elevation increasing the sizes of the earliest season species but decreasing the sizes of the later season species. This is consistent with our hypothesis that the earliest season species may be able to take advantage of warmer conditions accelerating growth during early spring development, whereas warm temperatures may adversely impact later season species via mechanisms such as increased rates of energy use or thermal stress. Grasshoppers tend to capitalize on warm conditions by both getting bigger and reaching adulthood earlier. Our analysis further reinforces the need to move beyond expectations of universal responses to climate change to consider how environmental exposure and sensitivity varies across elevations and life histories.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nufio, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheffer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troutman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bawa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoville, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buckley, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.15.608059</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Insect size responses to climate changes vary across elevations according to seasonal timing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.18.607992v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The glycolytic reaction PGAM unexpectedly restrains Th17 pathogenicity and Th17-dependent autoimmunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.18.607992v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glucose metabolism is a critical regulator of T cell function, largely thought to support their activation and effector differentiation. Here, we investigate the relevance of individual glycolytic reactions in determining the pathogenicity of T helper 17 (Th17) cells using single-cell RNA-seq and Compass, an algorithm we previously developed for estimating metabolic flux from single-cell transcriptomes. Surprisingly, Compass predicted that the metabolic shunt between 3-phosphoglycerate (3PG) and 2-phosphoglycerate (2PG) is inversely correlated with pathogenicity in these cells, whereas both its upstream and downstream reactions were positively correlated. Perturbation of phosphoglycerate mutase (PGAM), an enzyme required for 3PG to 2PG conversion, resulted in an increase in protein expression of IL2, IL17, and TNFa, as well as induction of a pathogenic gene expression program. Consistent with PGAM playing a pro-regulatory role, inhibiting PGAM in Th17 cells resulted in exacerbated autoimmune responses in the adoptive transfer model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Finally, we further investigated the effects of modulating glucose concentration on Th17 cells in culture. Th17 cells differentiated under high- and low-glucose conditions substantially differed in their metabolic and effector transcriptomic programs, both central to Th17 function. Importantly, the PGAM-dependent gene module marks the least pathogenic state of Th17 cells irrespective of glucose concentration. Overall, our study identifies PGAM, contrary to other glycolytic enzymes, as a negative regulator of Th17 pathogenicity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fessler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeTomaso, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaghouani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierce, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobel, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clish, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuchroo, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.18.607992</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The glycolytic reaction PGAM unexpectedly restrains Th17 pathogenicity and Th17-dependent autoimmunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.18.608453v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protection of the Telomeric Junction by the Shelterin Complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.18.608453v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Shelterin serves critical roles in suppressing superfluous DNA damage repair pathways on telomeres. The junction between double-stranded telomeric tracts (dsTEL) and single-stranded telomeric overhang (ssTEL) is the most accessible region of the telomeric DNA. The shelterin complex contains dsTEL and ssTEL binding proteins and can protect this junction by bridging between the ssTEL and dsTEL tracts. To test this possibility, we monitored shelterin binding to telomeric DNA substrates with varying ssTEL and dsTEL lengths and quantified its impact on telomere accessibility using single-molecule fluorescence microscopy methods in vitro. We identified the first dsTEL repeat nearest to the junction as the preferred binding site for creating the shelterin bridge. Shelterin requires at least two ssTEL repeats while the POT1 subunit of shelterin that binds to ssTEL requires longer ssTEL tracts for stable binding to telomeres and effective protection of the junction region. The ability of POT1 to protect the junction is significantly enhanced by the 5-phosphate at the junction. Collectively, our results show that shelterin enhances the binding stability of POT1 to ssTEL and provides more effective protection compared to POT1 alone by bridging single- and double-stranded telomeric tracts.

Table of Content Graphic

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=109 SRC="FIGDIR/small/608453v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (22K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@a58e79org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@12cb172org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@135bf40org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@19f3fe4_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shiekh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldt, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jack, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kodikara, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alfehaid, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yildiz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balci, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.18.608453</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protection of the Telomeric Junction by the Shelterin Complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.18.608496v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Network influence determines the impact of cortical ensembles on stimulus detection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.18.608496v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Observation of neural firing patterns can constrain theories for the types of activity patterns that the brain uses to guide behavior. However, directly perturbing these patterns, ideally with great specificity, is required to causally test any particular theory. We combined two-photon imaging and cellular resolution optogenetic photo-stimulation to causally test how neural activity in the mouse visual cortex is read out to detect visual stimuli. Contrary to expectations, targeted activation of highly sensitive neural ensembles did not preferentially modify behavior compared to random ensembles, contradicting a longstanding hypothesis for how neural activity drives stimulus detection. Instead, the main predictor of a targeted neural ensembles impact on perception was its effect on network activity. This argues that downstream regions summate visual cortex activity without preferentially weighting more informative neurons to make sensory detection decisions. Comparing mouse behavioral performance to decoding models of neural activity implies that mice employ this simple, albeit suboptimal strategy to solve the task. This work challenges conventional notions for how sensory representations mediate perception and demonstrates that specific neural perturbations are critical for determining which features of neural activity drive behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bounds, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adesnik, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.18.608496</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Network influence determines the impact of cortical ensembles on stimulus detection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.19.608636v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dissecting the oncogenic mechanisms of POT1 cancer mutations through deep scanning mutagenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.19.608636v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in the shelterin protein POT1 are associated with diverse cancers, but their role in cancer progression remains unclear. To resolve this, we performed deep scanning mutagenesis in POT1 locally haploid human stem cells to assess the impact of POT1 variants on cellular viability and cancer-associated telomeric phenotypes. Though POT1 is essential, frame-shift mutants are rescued by chemical ATR inhibition, indicating that POT1 is not required for telomere replication or lagging strand synthesis. In contrast, a substantial fraction of clinically-validated pathogenic mutations support normal cellular proliferation, but still drive ATR-dependent telomeric DNA damage signaling and ATR-independent telomere elongation. Moreover, this class of cancer-associated POT1 variants elongates telomeres more rapidly than POT1 frame-shifts, indicating they actively drive oncogenesis and are not simple loss-of-function mutations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schabort, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartke-Croughan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preetham, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyle, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghanim, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jagota, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hockemeyer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.19.608636</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dissecting the oncogenic mechanisms of POT1 cancer mutations through deep scanning mutagenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.19.608572v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Validation of a Microfluidic Device Prototype for Cancer Detection and Identification: Circulating Tumor Cells Classification Based on Cell Trajectory Analysis Leveraging Cell-Based Modeling and Machine Learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.19.608572v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microfluidic devices (MDs) present a novel method for detecting circulating tumor cells (CTCs), enhancing the process through targeted techniques and visual inspection. However, current approaches often yield heterogeneous CTC populations, necessitating additional processing for comprehensive analysis and phenotype identification. These procedures are often expensive, time-consuming, and need to be performed by skilled technicians. In this study, we investigate the potential of a cost-effective and efficient hyperuniform micropost MD approach for CTC classification. Our approach combines mathematical modeling of fluid-structure interactions in a simulated microfluidic channel with machine learning techniques. Specifically, we developed a cell-based modeling framework to assess CTC dynamics in erythrocyte-laden plasma flow, generating a large dataset of CTC trajectories that account for two distinct CTC phenotypes. Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) were then employed to analyze the dataset and classify these phenotypes. The results demonstrate the potential effectiveness of the hyperuniform micropost MD design and analysis approach in distinguishing between different CTC phenotypes based on cell trajectory, offering a promising avenue for early cancer detection.

Author summaryEarly detection is currently the most effective method to combat cancer, as it maximizes treatment options and improves potential survival rates. However, the cost of early detection presents a significant barrier, limiting access for underrepresented groups and discouraging industrial partners from investing in the research and development of screening devices. This study provides an in-silico conceptual validation for the development of an innovative hyperuniform microchip designed to identify circulating tumor cells (CTCs) without the need for biomarker labeling. We created a cell-based modeling framework to examine CTC dynamics in erythrocyte-laden plasma flow, producing an extensive dataset of CTC trajectories that reflect two distinct CTC phenotypes. Two machine learning architectures were utilized to analyze this dataset and classify the phenotypes. The results demonstrate the potential effectiveness of the hyperuniform micropost MD design and analysis approach in distinguishing between different CTC phenotypes based on cell trajectory, offering a promising and cost-effective method for early cancer detection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rejuan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aulisa, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.19.608572</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Validation of a Microfluidic Device Prototype for Cancer Detection and Identification: Circulating Tumor Cells Classification Based on Cell Trajectory Analysis Leveraging Cell-Based Modeling and Machine Learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.20.608656v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Rickettsia actin-based motility effectors RickA and Sca2 contribute differently to cell-to-cell spread and pathogenicity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.20.608656v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rickettsia parkeri is an obligate intracellular, tick-borne bacterial pathogen that can cause eschar-associated rickettsiosis in humans. R. parkeri invades host cells, escapes from vacuoles into the cytosol, and undergoes two independent modes of actin-based motility mediated by effectors RickA or Sca2. Actin-based motility of R. parkeri enables bacteria to enter protrusions of the host cell plasma membrane that are engulfed by neighboring host cells. However, whether and how RickA and Sca2 independently contribute to cell-to-cell spread in vitro or pathogenicity in vivo has been unclear. Using live cell imaging of rickA::Tn and sca2::Tn mutants, we discovered both RickA and Sca2 contribute to different modes of cell-to-cell spread. Compared with Sca2-spread, RickA-spread involves the formation of longer protrusions that exhibit larger fluctuations in length and take a longer time to be engulfed into neighboring cells. We further compared the roles of RickA and Sca2 in vivo following intradermal infection of Ifnar1-/-; Ifngr1-/- double-knockout mice, which exhibit eschars and succumb to infection with wild-type R. parkeri. We observed that RickA is important for severe eschar formation, whereas Sca2 contributes to larger foci of infection in the skin and dissemination from the skin to the internal organs. Our results suggest that actin-based motility effectors RickA and Sca2 drive two distinct forms of cell-to-cell spread and contribute differently to pathogenicity in the mammalian host.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tran, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zubair-Nizami, Z. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langohr, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welch, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.20.608656</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Rickettsia actin-based motility effectors RickA and Sca2 contribute differently to cell-to-cell spread and pathogenicity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.21.609041v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A toolbox of FRET-based c-di-GMP biosensors and its FRET-To-Sort application for genome-wide mapping of the second messenger regulatory network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.21.609041v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
C-di-GMP is a widespread second messenger, coordinating various cellular functions in bacteria. Levels of c-di-GMP can be highly dynamic and vary over a wide range of concentrations. Here we constructed a large set of FRET-based c-di-GMP biosensors, using homologues of c-di-GMP-binding effector YcgR from different bacterial species. This biosensor library was characterized using a newly established protocol to quantify FRET efficiency using flow cytometry. The resulting toolbox of 18 selected biosensors that undergo large FRET signal change upon c-di-GMP binding displays a [~]100-fold range of c-di-GMP binding affinities. We combined this toolbox with a barcoded Tn5 transposon library and cytometry-based cell sorting to develop FRET-To-Sort, a new application for systematic characterization of gene networks regulating levels of FRET-detected small molecules. Applied to planktonic E. coli cells, FRET-To-Sort identified both known and novel regulatory modules controlling c-di-GMP levels, including flagellum and fimbria biogenesis, lipid metabolism and stress response genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malengo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medeiros, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teteneva, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammond, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sourjik, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.21.609041</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A toolbox of FRET-based c-di-GMP biosensors and its FRET-To-Sort application for genome-wide mapping of the second messenger regulatory network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.21.608847v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Olfactory receptor coexpression and co-option in the dengue mosquito 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.21.608847v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The olfactory sensory neurons of vinegar flies and mice tend to express a single ligand-specific receptor. While this  one neuron-one receptor motif has long been expected to apply broadly across insects, recent evidence suggests it may not extend to mosquitoes. We sequenced and analyzed the transcriptomes of 46,000 neurons from antennae of the dengue mosquito Aedes aegypti to resolve all olfactory, thermosensory, and hygrosensory neuron subtypes and identify the receptors expressed therein. We find that half of all olfactory subtypes coexpress multiple receptors. However, coexpression occurs almost exclusively among genes from the same family--among odorant receptors (ORs) or among ionotropic receptors (IRs). Coexpression of ORs with IRs is exceedingly rare. Many coexpressed receptors are recent duplicates. In other cases, the recruitment or co-option of single receptors by multiple neuron subtypes has placed these genes together in the same cells with distant paralogs. Close examination of data from Drosophila reveal rare cases of both phenomena, indicating that the olfactory systems of these two species are not fundamentally different, but instead fall at different locations along a continuum likely to encompass diverse insects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adavi, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>dos Anjos, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotb, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metz, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zung, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McBride, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.21.608847</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Olfactory receptor coexpression and co-option in the dengue mosquito]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.23.609480v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GeneDrive.jl: A decision tool to optimize vector-borne disease management planning under climate change 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.23.609480v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We introduce GeneDrive.jl, the first software package to optimize operational planning for the biological control of mosquito disease vectors. Mosquitoes are responsible for transmitting a significant percentage of the global infectious disease burden, a problem being exacerbated as climate change shifts the range and alters the abundance of these thermo-sensitive arthropods. But the efficacy and cost of vector control varies according to species, region, and intervention type. Meanwhile, existing computational tools lack the ability to explicitly tailor interventions for local health objectives and resource limitations. GeneDrive.jl addresses this equity and efficiency gap, which is of particular concern for the under- resourced nations that both bear the highest mosquito-borne disease burden and are subject to disproportionate climate impacts. The software customizes management strategies according to specific health goals and financial constraints, and can also be used to characterize risk by analyzing the temperature-responsive dynamics of wildtype vectors. GeneDrive.jl is designed to accommodate two important realities shaping the future of vector-borne disease: first, the genetic-based technologies that are defining a new era in control, and second, the uncertainty that increasingly variable and extreme temperatures bring for the climate-sensitive illnesses transmitted by mosquitoes. The software provides a  build once, solve twice feature wherein users may define a health management problem, optimize it, and subsequently subject outcomes to scenario-based testing within a single coherent platform. We demonstrate the policy relevance of this scalable open-source framework via case studies featuring Aedes aegypti in the dengue-endemic region of Nha Trang, Vietnam.

Author SummaryWe present a software package designed to optimize and simulate genetic biocontrol, a broad suite of technologies that alter the genotype or phenotype of mosquito disease vectors by suppressing or wholly replacing vector populations. Our GeneDrive.jl library responds to a need for the fast, temperature- sensitive, low-cost exploration of public health management options, particularly in under-resourced global regions most at risk for current and future mosquito-borne illness under climate change. It is the first software to offer mathematical methods that optimally tune intervention strategies to local human health goals and resource limitations. Additional mathematical methods within GeneDrive.jl permit the simulation of optimized results given alternative parameterizations, furnishing a unique and scientifically important capacity to subject outcomes to scenario-based testing. The software is constructed to evolve along with the latest science, prioritizing composability{perp} and modularity{perp} to enable iterative updates without requiring a full rewrite. GeneDrive.jl addresses the confluence of two rapidly changing realities - existing and projected climate warming, together with advancements in biocontrol technology - when the state of the art, namely past field work and expert opinion, are no longer reliable guides for future planning. This paper is intended for an interdisciplinary audience and includes a Glossary to facilitate reading (see{perp}).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vasquez, V. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mordecai, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anthoff, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.23.609480</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GeneDrive.jl: A decision tool to optimize vector-borne disease management planning under climate change]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.24.609541v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-molecule diffusivity quantification in Xenopus egg extracts elucidates physicochemical properties of the cytoplasm 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.24.609541v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The living cell creates a unique internal molecular environment that is challenging to characterize. By combining single-molecule displacement/diffusivity mapping (SMdM) with physiologically active extracts prepared from Xenopus laevis eggs, we sought to elucidate molecular properties of the cytoplasm. Quantification of the diffusion coefficients of 15 diverse proteins in extract showed that, compared to in water, negatively charged proteins diffused [~]50% slower, while diffusion of positively charged proteins was reduced by [~]80-90%. Adding increasing concentrations of salt progressively alleviated the suppressed diffusion observed for positively charged proteins, signifying electrostatic interactions within a predominately negatively charged macromolecular environment. To investigate the contribution of RNA, an abundant, negatively charged component of cytoplasm, extracts were treated with ribonuclease, which resulted in low diffusivity domains indicative of aggregation, likely due to the liberation of positively charged RNA-binding proteins such as ribosomal proteins, since this effect could be mimicked by adding positively charged polypeptides. Interestingly, negatively charged proteins of different sizes showed similar diffusivity suppression in extract, which are typically prepared under conditions that inhibit actin polymerization. Restoring or enhancing actin polymerization progressively suppressed the diffusion of larger proteins, recapitulating behaviors observed in cells. Together, these results indicate that molecular interactions in the crowded cell are defined by an overwhelmingly negatively charged macromolecular environment containing cytoskeletal networks.

Significance StatementThe complex intracellular molecular environment is notably challenging to elucidate and recapitulate. Xenopus egg extracts provide a native yet manipulatable cytoplasm model. Through single-molecule microscopy, here we decipher the cytoplasmic environment and molecular interactions by examining the diffusion patterns of diverse proteins in Xenopus egg extracts with strategic manipulations. These experiments reveal an overwhelmingly negatively charged macromolecular environment with crosslinked meshworks, offering new insight into the inner workings of the cell.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heald, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.24.609541</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-molecule diffusivity quantification in Xenopus egg extracts elucidates physicochemical properties of the cytoplasm]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.25.609594v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AI-based Prediction of Protein Corona Composition on DNA Nanostructures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.25.609594v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA nanotechnology has emerged as a powerful approach to engineering biophysical tools, therapeutics, and diagnostics because it enables the construction of designer nanoscale structures with high programmability. Based on DNA base pairing rules, nanostructure size, shape, surface functionality, and structural reconfiguration can be programmed with a degree of spatial, temporal, and energetic precision that is difficult to achieve with other methods. However, the properties and structure of DNA constructs are greatly altered in vivo due to spontaneous protein adsorption from biofluids. These adsorbed proteins, referred to as the protein corona, remain challenging to control or predict, and subsequently, their functionality and fate in vivo are difficult to engineer. To address these challenges, we prepared a library of diverse DNA nanostructures and investigated the relationship between their design features and the composition of their protein corona. We identified protein characteristics important for their adsorption to DNA nanostructures and developed a machine-learning model that predicts which proteins will be enriched on a DNA nanostructure based on the DNA structures design features and protein properties. Our work will help to understand and program the function of DNA nanostructures in vivo for biophysical and biomedical applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huzar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coreas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tikhomirov, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.25.609594</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AI-based Prediction of Protein Corona Composition on DNA Nanostructures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.27.609593v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuronal heterogeneity in the medial septum and diagonal band of Broca: classes and continua 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.27.609593v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The medial septum and diagonal band of Broca (MSDB) is known for its diverse populations of cholinergic, GABAergic, and glutamatergic neurons, each contributing to various cognitive processes. However, cell-specific manipulations within this region often result in incongruous behavioral outcomes and reach conflicting conclusions, likely because of a hitherto unknown molecular complexity in its cellular landscape. In this study, we employed single-cell RNA sequencing to thoroughly describe the heterogeneity of MSDB neurons. We confirmed previously established neuronal classes, found gene expression gradients within them and revealed genetically defined subclusters. Moreover, we characterized the genetic profiles of these neuronal subclusters and mapped their spatial distribution. Our analysis presents a comprehensive description of the heterogeneity of MSDB neurons, provides marker genes to target them, explains previous paradoxical results, and opens unexplored avenues to study the impact of neuromodulators in the basal forebrain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kuhn, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mocellin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pupe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cembrowski, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Remy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.27.609593</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuronal heterogeneity in the medial septum and diagonal band of Broca: classes and continua]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.27.609972v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Marine spatial planning to enhance coral adaptive potential 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.27.609972v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ocean warming interacts with local stressors to negatively affect coral reefs. The adaptive capacity of reefs to survive these stressors is driven by ecological and evolutionary processes occurring at multiple spatial scales. Marine protected area (MPA) networks are one solution that can address both local and regional threats, yet the impacts of MPA network design on adaptive processes remains unclear. In this paper, we used an eco-evolutionary model to simulate hypothetical MPA configurations in the Caribbean, Southwest Pacific and Coral Triangle under projected warming. We found that protecting thermal refugia (i.e., cooler reefs) largely benefited corals inside the refugia while other reefs declined. In contrast, protecting a diverse habitat portfolio led to increased coral cover both inside and outside of the MPA network. We then quantified the thermal habitat and connectivity representations of reefs both inside and outside existing MPA networks across each region. Most strikingly, reefs in current MPA networks in the Southwest Pacific and Coral Triangle are approximately 2 {degrees}C cooler than reefs outside the MPA networks, while the Caribbeans MPA network is approximately 1 {degrees}C warmer than reefs outside the network, based on mean temperatures from 2008-2018. These results suggest that the Caribbean MPA network is poised to protect sources of warm-adapted larvae but not destinations, and the opposite is true of the Southwest Pacific and Coral Triangle. Our results suggest that 1) by protecting sites with particular temperature and connectivity characteristics, marine spatial planning may alter eco-evolutionary processes to enhance or inhibit the adaptive capacity of a reef network and 2) the distribution, extent, and effectiveness of local interventions have the potential to affect regional distributions of coral cover beyond what would be expected from local benefits alone, due to the potentially wide-reaching effects of larval dispersal and gene flow.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Forrest, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McManus, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tekwa, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schindler, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colton, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webster, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Essington, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palumbi, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mumby, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeFilippo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schill, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollock, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinsky, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.27.609972</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Marine spatial planning to enhance coral adaptive potential]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.27.610007v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tree reconstruction guarantees from CRISPR-Cas9 lineage tracing data using Neighbor-Joining 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.27.610007v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas9 based lineage tracing technologies have enabled the reconstruction of single-cell phylogenies from transcriptional readouts. However, developing tree-reconstruction algorithms with theoretical guarantees in this setting is challenging. In this work, we derive a reconstruction algorithm with theoretical guarantees using Neighbor-Joining (NJ) on distances that are moment-matched to estimate the true tree distances. We develop a series of tools to analyze this algorithm and prove its theoretical guarantees. When the parameters of the data generating process are known and there is no missing data, our results align with established results from common evolutionary models, such as Cavender-Farris-Neyman and Jukes-Cantor. However, to account for the realistic case where the parameters of the data generating process are not known and there is missing data, we develop new theory that shows for the first time that it is still possible to obtain reconstruction guarantees in the CRISPR-Cas9 case and in other models of evolution. Empirically, we show on both simulated lineage tracing data and on real data from a mouse model of lung cancer the improved performance of our method as compared to the traditional use of NJ.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Prillo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kristanto, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.27.610007</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tree reconstruction guarantees from CRISPR-Cas9 lineage tracing data using Neighbor-Joining]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.28.609967v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reconstitution of BNIP3/NIX-mediated autophagy reveals two pathways and hierarchical flexibility of the initiation machinery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.28.609967v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Selective autophagy is a lysosomal degradation pathway that is critical for maintaining cellular homeostasis by disposing of harmful cellular material. While the mechanisms by which soluble cargo receptors recruit the autophagy machinery are becoming increasingly clear, the principles governing how organelle-localized transmembrane cargo receptors initiate selective autophagy remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that transmembrane cargo receptors can initiate autophagosome biogenesis not only by recruiting the upstream FIP200/ULK1 complex but also via a WIPI-ATG13 complex. This latter pathway is employed by the BNIP3/NIX receptors to trigger mitophagy. Additionally, other transmembrane mitophagy receptors, including FUNDC1 and BCL2L13, exclusively use the FIP200/ULK1 complex, while FKBP8 and the ER-phagy receptor TEX264 are capable of utilizing both pathways to initiate autophagy. Our study defines the molecular rules for initiation by transmembrane cargo receptors, revealing remarkable flexibility in the assembly and activation of the autophagy machinery, with significant implications for therapeutic interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adriaenssens, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooke, A. S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stuke, J. F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawa-Makarska, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuschnig, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romanov, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khuu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazarou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hummer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurley, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martens, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.28.609967</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reconstitution of BNIP3/NIX-mediated autophagy reveals two pathways and hierarchical flexibility of the initiation machinery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.28.610193v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain Charts for the Rhesus Macaque Lifespan 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.28.610193v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent efforts to chart human brain growth across the lifespan using large-scale MRI data have provided reference standards for human brain development. However, similar models for nonhuman primate (NHP) growth are lacking. The rhesus macaque, a widely used NHP in translational neuroscience due to its similarities in brain anatomy, phylogenetics, cognitive, and social behaviors to humans, serves as an ideal NHP model. This study aimed to create normative growth charts for brain structure across the macaque lifespan, enhancing our understanding of neurodevelopment and aging, and facilitating cross-species translational research. Leveraging data from the PRIMatE Data Exchange (PRIME-DE) and other sources, we aggregated 1,522 MRI scans from 1,024 rhesus macaques. We mapped non-linear developmental trajectories for global and regional brain structural changes in volume, cortical thickness, and surface area over the lifespan. Our findings provided normative charts with centile scores for macaque brain structures and revealed key developmental milestones from prenatal stages to aging, highlighting both species-specific and comparable brain maturation patterns between macaques and humans. The charts offer a valuable resource for future NHP studies, particularly those with small sample sizes. Furthermore, the interactive open resource (https://interspeciesmap.childmind.org) supports cross-species comparisons to advance translational neuroscience research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alldritt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, J. S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vos de Wael, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bethlehem, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidlitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nenning, K.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esper, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smallwood, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franco, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byeon, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander-Bloch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Messinger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiele, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shmuel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tusche, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brambrink, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falchier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiba, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarraya, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butler, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russ, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howell, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drzewiecki, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guedj, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwiedrzik, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amiez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, C. R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klink, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kroenke, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Constantinidis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garin, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poirier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gale, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leopold, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudko, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amaral, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsao, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.28.610193</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain Charts for the Rhesus Macaque Lifespan]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.29.610300v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
De novo design of Ras isoform selective binders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.29.610300v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The proto-oncogene Ras which governs diverse intracellular pathways has four major isoforms (KRAS4A, KRAS4B, HRAS, and NRAS) with substantial sequence homology and similar in vitro biochemistry. There is considerable interest in investigating the roles of these independently as their association with different cancers vary, but there are few Ras isoform-specific binding reagents as the only significant sequence differences are in their disordered and highly charged C-termini which have been difficult to elicit antibodies against. To overcome this limitation, we use deep learning-based methods to de novo design Ras isoform-specific binders (RIBs) for all major Ras isoforms that specifically target the Ras C-terminus. The RIBs bind to their target Ras isoforms both in vitro and in cells with remarkable specificity, disrupting their membrane localization and inhibiting Ras activity, and should contribute to dissecting the distinct roles of Ras isoforms in biology and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.29.610300</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[De novo design of Ras isoform selective binders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.30.610436v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deciphering regulation of FOXP3 expression in human conventional T cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.30.610436v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
FOXP3 is a lineage-defining transcription factor (TF) for immune-suppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs). While mice exclusively express FOXP3 in Tregs, humans also transiently express FOXP3 in stimulated conventional CD4+ T cells (Tconvs). Mechanisms governing these distinct expression patterns remain unknown. Here, we performed CRISPR screens tiling the FOXP3 locus and targeting TFs in human Tregs and Tconvs to discover cis-regulatory elements (CREs) and trans-regulators of FOXP3. Tconv FOXP3 expression depended on a subset of Treg CREs and Tconv-selective positive (TcNS+) and negative (TcNS-) CREs. The CREs are occupied and regulated by TFs we identified as critical regulators of FOXP3. Finally, mutagenesis of murine TcNS- revealed that it is critical for restriction of FOXP3 expression to Tregs. We discover CRE and TF circuitry controlling FOXP3 expression and reveal evolution of mechanisms regulating a gene indispensable to immune homeostasis.

HighlightsO_LIComprehensive CRISPR maps of CREs and TFs controlling FOXP3 in human Tregs and Tconvs
C_LIO_LIKey TFs that control FOXP3 directly occupy and regulate CREs forming TF-CRE circuits
C_LIO_LIA previously unknown negative CRE stringently restricts FOXP3 to Tregs in mice
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Umhoefer, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arce, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dajani, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belk, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mowery, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gowen, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simeonov, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curie, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corn, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.30.610436</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deciphering regulation of FOXP3 expression in human conventional T cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.30.610482v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial Heterogeneity of Climate Fluctuations Shapes Ecological Processes and Community Dynamics in Riverine Invertebrates Across a Landscape 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.30.610482v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The environment and its variability exhibit spatial heterogeneity in influencing ecological processes and community dynamics across landscapes. However, the mechanisms remain unexplored.

This study investigates relative significance of temporal ecological processes that shape invertebrate community dynamics across 15 rivers in the European Iberian Peninsula over 21 years.

Spatial asymmetry in community dynamics was driven by a combination of temporal deterministic and stochastic processes (i.e., environmental filtering and temporal distance within the same locations, respectively).

It is noteworthy that the relative importance of deterministic versus stochastic processes diminishes with increasing elevation.

The analysis of community dynamics in diverse landscapes offers a foundation for anticipating and mitigating the consequences of prospective environmental transformation on biodiversity, thereby directing efficacious conservation strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Resh, V. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.30.610482</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial Heterogeneity of Climate Fluctuations Shapes Ecological Processes and Community Dynamics in Riverine Invertebrates Across a Landscape]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.02.610558v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A hybrid approach to invertebrate biomonitoring using computer vision and DNA metabarcoding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.02.610558v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIAutomated invertebrate classification using computer vision has shown significant potential to improve specimen processing efficiency. However, challenges such as invertebrate diversity and morphological similarity among taxa can make it difficult to infer fine-scale taxonomic classifications using computer vision. As a result, many invertebrate computer vision models are forced to make classifications at coarser levels, such as at family or order.
C_LIO_LIHere we propose a novel modular method to combine computer vision and bulk DNA metabarcoding specimen processing pipelines to improve the accuracy and taxonomic granularity of individual specimen classifications. To improve specimen classification accuracy, our methods use multimodal fusion models that combine image data with DNA-based assemblage data. To refine the taxonomic granularity of the models classifications, our methods cross-references the classifications with DNA metabarcoding detections from bulk samples. We demonstrated these methods using a continental-scale, invertebrate bycatch dataset collected by the National Ecological Observatory Network. We also introduce the CV.eDNA R package, which aims to assist practitioners looking to implement our methods.
C_LIO_LIUsing our methods, we reached a classification accuracy of 79.6% across the 17 taxa using real DNA assemblage data, and 83.6% when the assemblage data was "error-free", resulting in a 2.2% and 6.2% increase in accuracy when compared to a model trained using only images. After cross-referencing with the DNA metabarcoding detections, we improved taxonomic granularity in up to 72.2% of classifications, with up to 5.7% reaching species-level.
C_LIO_LIBy providing computer vision models with coincident DNA assemblage data, and refining individual classifications using DNA metabarcoding detections, our methods the potential to greatly expand the capabilities of biological computer vision classifiers. Our methods allow computer vision classifiers to infer taxonomically fine-grained classifications when it would otherwise be difficult or impossible due to challenges of morphologic similarity or data scarcity. These methods are not limited to terrestrial invertebrates and could be applied in any instance where image and DNA metabarcoding data are concurrently collected.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blair, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiser, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siler, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaspari, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLaughlin, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.02.610558</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A hybrid approach to invertebrate biomonitoring using computer vision and DNA metabarcoding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.03.611060v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decoupling Coldness and Softness in Tactile Wetness Perception Using Tunable Hydrogels 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.03.611060v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This study investigates the perception of tactile wetness, a complex sensation experienced by humans. Previous research has primarily focused on either thermal or mechanical cues separately, or has used textiles as stimuli whose parameters are difficult to control. Here, we employed polyacrylamide hydrogels with varying stiffness levels soaked in liquids of distinct thermal conductivities. By psychophysically evaluating participants perception of wetness, we showed that the wetness judgments for the samples exhibit a transitive relationship based on the mechanical and thermal cues from an intrinsically tunable organic material. We developed a prediction model of human wetness judgment with an accuracy of 90% and found that the best metrics for the most accurate model were those that were the most human-adjacent: change in temperature at the skin-sample interface (thermal) and compressive force from 2 mm indentation of the sample (mechanical). Given these parameters, we developed a perceptual space capable of recreating 7 distinct levels of wetness perception with the physical parameters used in this study. The results provide insights into the relative contributions of mechanical and thermal stimulus properties in wetness perception. Most notably, this work highlights that the physical characteristics of the skin-stimulus interface can provide ample information for creating a wetness perceptual space, as opposed to the chemical composition of the hydrogels.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Becerra, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Root, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rafeedi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qie, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blau, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapadia, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rouw, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipomi, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.03.611060</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decoupling Coldness and Softness in Tactile Wetness Perception Using Tunable Hydrogels]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.05.611512v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Calpains Orchestrate Secretion of Annexin-containing Microvesicles during Membrane Repair 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.05.611512v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microvesicles (MVs) are membrane-enclosed, plasma membrane-derived particles released by cells from all branches of life. MVs have utility as disease biomarkers and may participate in intercellular communication; however, physiological processes that induce their secretion are not known. Here, we isolate and characterize annexin-containing MVs and show that these vesicles are secreted in response to the calcium influx caused by membrane damage. The annexins in these vesicles are cleaved by calpains. After plasma membrane injury, cytoplasmic calcium-bound annexins are rapidly recruited to the plasma membrane and form a scab-like structure at the lesion. In a second phase, recruited annexins are cleaved by calpains-1/2, disabling membrane scabbing. Cleavage promotes annexin secretion within MVs. Our data supports a new model of plasma membrane repair, where calpains relax annexin-membrane aggregates in the lesion repair scab, allowing secretion of damaged membrane and annexins as MVs. We anticipate that cells experiencing plasma membrane damage, including muscle and metastatic cancer cells, secrete these MVs at elevated levels.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Williams, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngo, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murugupandiyan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Croall, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartzell, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schekman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.05.611512</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Calpains Orchestrate Secretion of Annexin-containing Microvesicles during Membrane Repair]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.04.611294v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fuzzy ripple artifact in high resolution fMRI: identification, cause, and mitigation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.04.611294v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeHigh resolution fMRI is a rapidly growing research field focused on capturing functional signal changes across cortical layers. However, the data acquisition is limited by low spatial frequency EPI artifacts; termed here as Fuzzy Ripples. These artifacts limit the practical applicability of acquisition protocols with higher spatial resolution, faster acquisition speed, and they challenge imaging in lower brain areas.

MethodsWe characterize Fuzzy Ripple artifacts across commonly used sequences and distinguish them from conventional EPI Nyquist ghosts, off-resonance effects, and GRAPPA artifacts. To investigate their origin, we employ dual polarity readouts.

ResultsOur findings indicate that Fuzzy Ripples are primarily caused by readout-specific imperfections in k-space trajectories, which can be exacerbated by inductive coupling between third-order shims and readout gradients. We also find that these artifacts can be mitigated through complex-valued averaging of dual polarity EPI or by disconnecting the third-order shim coils.

ConclusionThe proposed mitigation strategies allow overcoming current limitations in layer-fMRI protocols:

O_LIAchieving resolutions beyond 0.8mm is feasible, and even at 3T, we achieved 0.53mm voxel functional connectivity mapping.
C_LIO_LISub-millimeter sampling acceleration can be increased to allow sub-second TRs and laminar whole brain protocols with up to GRAPPA 8.
C_LIO_LISub-millimeter fMRI is achievable in lower brain areas, including the cerebellum.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huber, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stirnberg, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feinberg, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehses, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gulban, O. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koiso, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gephart, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swegle, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wardle, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Persichetti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckett, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoecker, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boulant, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poser, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandettini, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.04.611294</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fuzzy ripple artifact in high resolution fMRI: identification, cause, and mitigation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.09.612016v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-quality peptide evidence for annotating non-canonical open reading frames as human proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.09.612016v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A major scientific drive is to characterize the protein-coding genome as it provides the primary basis for the study of human health. But the fundamental question remains: what has been missed in prior genomic analyses? Over the past decade, the translation of non-canonical open reading frames (ncORFs) has been observed across human cell types and disease states, with major implications for proteomics, genomics, and clinical science. However, the impact of ncORFs has been limited by the absence of a large-scale understanding of their contribution to the human proteome. Here, we report the collaborative efforts of stakeholders in proteomics, immunopeptidomics, Ribo-seq ORF discovery, and gene annotation, to produce a consensus landscape of protein-level evidence for ncORFs. We show that at least 25% of a set of 7,264 ncORFs give rise to translated gene products, yielding over 3,000 peptides in a pan-proteome analysis encompassing 3.8 billion mass spectra from 95,520 experiments. With these data, we developed an annotation framework for ncORFs and created public tools for researchers through GENCODE and PeptideAtlas. This work will provide a platform to advance ncORF-derived proteins in biomedical discovery and, beyond humans, diverse animals and plants where ncORFs are similarly observed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deutsch, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kok, L. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mudge, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz-Orera, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fierro-Monti, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abelin, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alba, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aspden, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bazzini, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruford, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunet, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calviello, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carvunis, A.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chothani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clauwaert, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dean, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faridi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frankish, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubner, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingolia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magrane, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menschaert, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohler, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orchard, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rackham, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roucou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slavoff, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wacholder, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choudhary, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassani-Sternberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vizcaino, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ternette, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moritz, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prensner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van He</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.09.612016</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-quality peptide evidence for annotating non-canonical open reading frames as human proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.08.611919v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exploring the sequence and structural determinants of the energy landscape from thermodynamically stable and kinetically trapped subtilisins: ISP1 and SbtE 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.08.611919v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A proteins energy landscape, all accessible conformations, their populations, and dynamics of interconversion, is encoded in its primary sequence. While how a proteins primary sequence encodes its native state is well understood, how sequence encodes the kinetic barriers such as unfolding and refolding is not. Here we have looked at two subtiliase homologs from the Bacillus subtilis, Intracellular Subtilisin Protease 1 (ISP1) and Subtilisin E (SbtE), that are expected to have very different dynamics. As an intracellular protein, ISP1 has a small pro-domain thought to act simply as a zymogen, whereas the extracellular SbtE has a large pro-domain required for folding. The stability and kinetics of ISP1 and ProSbtE have been previously characterized. We now directly compare their energy landscapes with and without the pro-domain, examining global and local energetics of the mature proteases and the effect of each pro-domain. We find that ISP1s pro-domain has limited impact on the energy landscape of the mature protein while without the pro-domain, SbtE is thermodynamically unstable and kinetically trapped. The pro-domains show opposite effects on the flexibility of the core of the protein: in the absence of its pro-domain, ISP1s core becomes more flexible while SbtEs core becomes more rigid. ISP1 contains a unique conserved insertion, which points to a potential source for these differences. These homologs are an example of how changes in the primary sequence can dramatically alter a proteins energy landscape, and highlight the need for large scale, high-throughput studies on the relationship between primary sequence and conformational dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hood, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marqusee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.08.611919</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exploring the sequence and structural determinants of the energy landscape from thermodynamically stable and kinetically trapped subtilisins: ISP1 and SbtE]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.11.612005v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimized expansion microscopy reveals species-specific spindle microtubule organization in Xenopus egg extracts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.11.612005v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The spindle is a key structure in cell division as it orchestrates the accurate segregation of genetic material. While its assembly and function are well-studied, the mechanisms regulating spindle architecture remain elusive. In this study, we investigate the differences in spindle organization between Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis, leveraging expansion microscopy (ExM) to overcome the limitations of conventional imaging techniques. We optimized an ExM protocol tailored for Xenopus egg extract spindles, improving upon fixation, denaturation and gelation methods to achieve higher resolution imaging of spindles. Our protocol preserves spindle integrity and allows effective pre-expansion immunofluorescence. This method enabled detailed analysis of the differences in microtubule organization between the two species. X. laevis spindles overall exhibited a broader range of bundle sizes, while X. tropicalis spindles contained mostly smaller bundles. Moreover, while both species exhibited larger bundle sizes near and at the spindle center, X. tropicalis spindles otherwise consisted of very small bundles, and X. laevis spindles medium-sized bundles. By enhancing resolution and minimizing distortions and fixation artifacts, our optimized ExM approach offers new insights into spindle morphology and provides a robust tool for studying the structural intricacies of these large cellular assemblies. This work advances our understanding of spindle architecture and opens up new avenues for exploring underlying mechanisms.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTO_LICorrect spindle morphology is key to its function; however, traditional microscopy methods limit our view of spindle architecture. This study addresses the gap in resolving detailed spindle microtubule organization by using advanced imaging.
C_LIO_LIThe research utilizes Expansion Microscopy (ExM) to reveal previously unobservable details of spindle morphology in egg extracts of two Xenopus species (X. laevis and X. tropicalis). This approach provides unprecedented clarity on microtubule arrangement and variations in spindle architecture.
C_LIO_LIThis work establishes a new protocol for high-resolution imaging of spindle structures, offering insights into how spindle architecture is adapted in differently-sized spindles to ensure proper function.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guilloux, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitaoka, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mocaer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heichette, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duchesne, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heald, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pecot, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibeaux, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.11.612005</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimized expansion microscopy reveals species-specific spindle microtubule organization in Xenopus egg extracts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.11.612086v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of Proteins Influencing CRISPR-Associated Transposases for Enhanced Genome Editing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.11.612086v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-Associated Transposases (CASTs) hold tremendous potential for microbial genome editing due to their ability to integrate large DNA cargos in a programmable and site-specific manner. However, the widespread application of CASTs has been hindered by their low efficiency in diverse, non-model bacteria. In an effort to address this shortcoming, we conducted the first genome-wide screen for host factors impacting Vibrio cholerae CAST (VchCAST) activity and used the findings to increase VchCAST editing efficiency. A genome-wide loss-of-function mutant library in E. coli was screened to identify 15 genes that impact type VchCAST transposition. Of these, seven factors were validated to improve VchCAST activity and two were found to be inhibitory. Informed by homologous recombination involved effectors, RecD and RecA, we tested the {lambda}-Red recombineering system in our VchCAST editing vectors, which increased its insertion meditated-editing efficiency by 25.7-fold in E. coli while maintaining high target specificity and similar insertion arrangements. Furthermore, {lambda}-Red-enhanced VchCAST achieved increased editing efficiency in the industrially important bacteria Pseudomonas putida and the emerging pathogen Klebsiella michiganensis. This study improves understanding of factors impacting VchCAST activity and enhances its efficiency as a bacterial genome editor.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=81 SRC="FIGDIR/small/612086v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (13K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@12609e5org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@53a128org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@794e63org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@9835f_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alker, A. T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oromi-Bosch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swartz, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinson, J. N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arora, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rovinsky, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierce, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutschbauer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cress, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.11.612086</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of Proteins Influencing CRISPR-Associated Transposases for Enhanced Genome Editing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.11.612562v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synapse-to-synapse plasticity variability balanced to generate input-wide constancy of transmitter release 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.11.612562v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Basal synaptic strength can vary greatly between synapses formed by an individual neuron because of diverse probabilities of action potential (AP) evoked transmitter release (Pr). Optical quantal analysis on large numbers of identified Drosophila larval glutamatergic synapses shows that short-term plasticity (STP) also varies greatly between synapses made by an individual type I motor neuron (MN) onto a single body wall muscle. Synapses with high and low Prand different forms and level of STP have a random spatial distribution in the MN nerve terminal, and ones with very different properties can be located within 200 nm of one other. While synapses start off with widely diverse basal Pr at low MN AP firing frequency and change Prdifferentially when MN firing frequency increases, the overall distribution of Pr remains remarkably constant due to a balance between the numbers of synapses that facilitate and depress as well as their degree of change and basal synaptic weights. This constancy in transmitter release can ensure robustness across changing behavioral conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aghi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schultz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newman, Z. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendonca, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakshinska, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isacoff, E. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.11.612562</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synapse-to-synapse plasticity variability balanced to generate input-wide constancy of transmitter release]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.12.612745v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Context-Seq: CRISPR-Cas9 Targeted Nanopore Sequencing for Transmission Dynamics of Antimicrobial Resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.12.612745v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Precisely understanding how and to what extent antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is exchanged between animals and humans is needed to inform control strategies. Metagenomic sequencing has low detection for rare targets such as antibiotic resistance genes, while whole genome sequencing of isolates misses exchange between uncultured bacterial species. We introduce Context-Seq, CRISPR-Cas9 targeted sequencing of ARGs and their genomic context with long-reads. Using Context-Seq, we investigate genetically similar AMR elements containing the ARGs blaCTX-M and blaTEM between adults, children, poultry, and dogs in Nairobi, Kenya. We identify genetically distinct clusters containing blaTEM and blaCTX-M that are shared between animals and humans within and between households. We also uncover potentially pathogenic hosts of ARGs including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Haemophilus influenzae in this study context. Context-Seq complements conventional methods to obtain an additional view of bacterial and mammalian hosts in the proliferation of AMR.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fuhrmeister, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mairal, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCormack, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chieng, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swarthout, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulos, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Njenga, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pickering, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.12.612745</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Context-Seq: CRISPR-Cas9 Targeted Nanopore Sequencing for Transmission Dynamics of Antimicrobial Resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.11.612548v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Attentional Information Routing in The Human Brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.11.612548v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain-wide communication supporting flexible behavior requires coordination between sensory and associative regions but how brain networks route sensory information at fast timescales to guide action remains unclear. Using human intracranial electrophysiology and spiking neural networks during spatial attention tasks, where participants detected targets at cued locations, we show that high-frequency activity bursts (HFAb) mark temporal windows of elevated population firing that enable fast, long-range communications. HFAbs were evoked by sensory cues and targets, dynamically coupled to low-frequency rhythms. Notably, both the strength of cue-evoked HFAbs and their decoupling from slow rhythms predicted behavioral accuracy. HFAbs synchronized across the brain, revealing distinct cue- and target-activated subnetworks. These subnetworks exhibited lead-lag dynamics following target onset, with cue-activated subnetworks preceding target-activated subnetworks when cues were informative. Computational modeling suggested that HFAbs reflect transitions to population spiking, denoting temporal windows for network communications supporting attentional performance. These findings establish HFAbs as signatures of population state transitions, supporting information routing across distributed brain networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boroujeni, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helfrich, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiebelkorn, I. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bentley, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kastner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.11.612548</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Attentional Information Routing in The Human Brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.12.612669v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mindfulness-based Neurofeedback: A Systematic Review of EEG and fMRI studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.12.612669v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurofeedback concurrent with mindfulness meditation may reveal meditation effects on the brain and facilitate improved mental health outcomes. Here, we systematically reviewed EEG and fMRI studies of mindfulness meditation with neurofeedback (mbNF) and followed PRISMA guidelines. We identified 10 fMRI reports, consisting of 177 unique participants, and 9 EEG reports, consisting of 242 participants. Studies of fMRI focused primarily on downregulating the default-mode network (DMN). Although studies found decreases in DMN activations during neurofeedback, there is a lack of evidence for transfer effects, and the majority of studies did not employ adequate controls, e.g. sham neurofeedback. Accordingly, DMN decreases may have been confounded by general task-related deactivation. EEG studies typically examined alpha, gamma, and theta frequency bands, with the most robust evidence supporting the modulation of theta band activity. Both EEG and fMRI mbNF have been implemented with high fidelity in clinical populations. However, the mental health benefits of mbNF have not been established. In general, mbNF studies would benefit from sham-controlled RCTs, as well as clear reporting (e.g. CRED-NF).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Treves, I. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bajwa, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wool, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauer, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloom, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pagliaccio, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitfield-Gabrieli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auerbach, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.12.612669</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mindfulness-based Neurofeedback: A Systematic Review of EEG and fMRI studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.12.612587v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial microenvironments tune immune response dynamics in the Drosophila larval fat body 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.12.612587v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immune responses in tissues display complex spatial patterns of gene expression that are linked to disease outcomes. However, the mechanisms that generate these patterns--including the relative roles of noisy gene expression dynamics, microbial transport, and tissue anatomy-- are poorly understood. As a tractable model of spatial immune responses, we investigated heterogeneous expression of antimicrobial peptides in the larval fly fat body, an organ functionally analogous to the liver. Using live light sheet fluorescence microscopy, we discovered that individual fat body cells express antimicrobial peptides at approximately constant rates following infection, but that the average rate varies along the anterior-posterior axis of the fat body, with rapid expression in the anterior and posterior lobes. Overexpression of immune signaling components and analysis of spatial transcriptomes revealed that these tissue microenvironments are predefined independently of infection, with the rate-limiting step of antimicrobial peptide induction downstream of peptidoglycan sensing. The locations of these microevironments correlate with heartbeat-dependent fluid flow in a manner resembling the strategic positioning of immune cells in the liver, gut, and lymph nodes of mammals. We speculate that this spatial compartmentalization helps the fat body efficiently perform its diverse metabolic, enzymatic, and immunological functions.

Author SummaryRecent sequencing and imaging technologies have revealed that immune responses in our organs are not spatially uniform, but occur in complex patterns in which clusters of nearby cells are strongly active. There is increasing evidence that these spatial interactions are important for controlling disease outcomes. However, little is known about the dynamics of how these spatial patterns form: are they created through randomness, are they shaped by external signals, such as pathogen localization, or are they predetermined, representing a fine-grained tissue anatomy? While it is practically infeasible to directly observe these types of cellular dynamics in humans or even mice, small, transparent organisms like fruit fly larvae offer a literal window into the inner workings of immune responses. We used a combined imaging and genetics approach to study heterogeneous spatial patterns of antimicrobial peptide production in the fruit fly equivalent of the liver. We discovered that these spatial patterns were in fact predetermined and represent previously unknown immune microenvironments within this important tissue that correlate with areas of fast blood flow. Since innate immune signaling in highly conserved, this spatial logic may be a general feature of immunological tissues that is relevant to other animals, including humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schlomann, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pai, T.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandhu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrer Imbert, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, T. G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.12.612587</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial microenvironments tune immune response dynamics in the Drosophila larval fat body]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.14.613032v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The global spectrum of tree crown architecture 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.14.613032v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Trees can differ enormously in their crown architectural traits, such as the scaling relationships that link their height and crown size to their stem diameter. Yet despite the importance of crown architecture in shaping the structure and function of woody ecosystems, we lack a complete picture of what drives this incredible diversity in crown shapes. Using data from >500,000 globally distributed trees, we explored how climate, disturbance, competition, functional traits, and evolutionary history constrain the height, crown size and shape of the worlds tree species. We found that variation in height scaling relationships was primarily controlled by water availability and light competition. Conversely, crown width was predominantly shaped by exposure to wind and fire, while also covarying with other functional traits related to mechanical stability and photosynthesis. Additionally, several plant lineages had crown architectures that defy their environments, such as the exceedingly slender dipterocarps of Southeast Asia, or the extremely wide crowns of legumes in African savannas. Our study charts the global spectrum of tree crown architectural types. It provides a roadmap for integrating crown architecture with vegetation models and remote sensing observations, so that we may better understand the processes that shape the 3D structure of woody ecosystems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jucker, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chave, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coomes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caspersen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panzou, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldpausch, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falster, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Usoltsev, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adu-Bredu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alves, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aminpour, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angoboy, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anten, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Askari, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayyappan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbier, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battles, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beeckman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bocko, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bond-Lamberty, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bongers, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowers, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breugel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chantrain, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaudhary, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalponte, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimobe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domec, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doucet, J.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dupuy-Rada, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duursma, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enriquez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ewijk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farfan-Rios, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fayolle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferretti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forni, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forrester, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilani, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.14.613032</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The global spectrum of tree crown architecture]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.17.613524v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A dopaminergic basis of behavioral control 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.17.613524v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Both goal-directed and automatic processes shape human behavior, but these processes often conflict. Behavioral control is the decision about which process guides behavior. Despite the importance of behavioral control for adaptive decision-making, its neural mechanisms remain unclear. Critically, it is unknown if there are mechanisms for behavioral control that are distinct from those supporting the formation of goal-relevant knowledge. We performed deep phenotyping of individual dopamine system function by combining multiple PET scans, fMRI, and dopaminergic drug administration in a within-subject, double-blind, placebo-controlled design. Subjects performed a rule-based response time task, with goal-directed and automatic decision-making operationalized as model-based and model-free influences on behavior. We found a double dissociation between two aspects of ventral striatal dopamine physiology: D2/3 receptor availability and dopamine synthesis capacity. Convergent and causal evidence indicated that D2/3 receptors regulate behavioral control by enhancing model-based and blunting model-free influences on behavior but do not affect model-based knowledge formation. In contrast, dopamine synthesis capacity was linked to the formation of model-based knowledge but not behavioral control. D2/3 receptors also modulated frontostriatal functional connectivity, suggesting they regulate behavioral control by gating prefrontal inputs to the striatum. These results identify central mechanisms underlying individual and state differences in behavioral control and point to striatal D2/3 receptors as targets for interventions for improving goal-directed behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ballard, I. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furman, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berry, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jagust, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kayser, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Esposito, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.17.613524</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A dopaminergic basis of behavioral control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.17.613601v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lateral prefrontal cortex controls interplay between working memory and actions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.17.613601v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humans must often keep multiple task goals in mind, at different levels of priority and immediacy, while also interacting with the environment. We might need to remember information for an upcoming task while engaged in more immediate actions. Consequently, actively maintained working memory (WM) content may bleed into ongoing but unrelated motor behavior. Here, we experimentally test the impact of WM maintenance on action execution, and we transcranially stimulate lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) to parse its functional contributions to WM-motor interactions. We first created a task scenario wherein human participants (both sexes) executed cued hand movements during WM maintenance. We manipulated the compatibility between WM and movement goals at the trial level and the statistical likelihood that the two would be compatible at the block level. We found that remembering directional words (e.g.,  left,  down) biased the trajectory and speed of hand movements that occurred during the WM delay, but the bias was dampened in blocks when WM content predictably conflicted with movement goals. Then we targeted left lateral PFC with two different transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) protocols before participants completed the task. We found that an intermittent theta-burst protocol, which is thought to be excitatory, dampened sensitivity to block-level control demands (i.e., proactive control), while a continuous theta-burst protocol, which is thought to be inhibitory, dampened adaptation to trial-by- trial conflict (i.e., reactive control). Therefore, lateral PFC is involved in controlling the interplay between WM content and manual action, but different PFC mechanisms may support different time-scales of adaptive control.

Significance StatementWorking memory (WM) allows us to keep information active in mind to achieve our moment-to-moment goals. However, WM maintenance may sometimes unintentionally shape our externally-geared actions. This study formalizes the everyday "action slips" humans commit when we type out or say the wrong word in conversation because it was held in mind for a different goal. The results show that internally maintained content can influence ongoing hand movements, but this interplay between WM and motor behavior depends on the cortical excitability state of the lateral PFC. Neural perturbation with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) shows that temporarily increasing or decreasing PFC excitability can make participants more or less susceptible to the impact of WM on actions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kiyonaga, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Esposito, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.17.613601</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lateral prefrontal cortex controls interplay between working memory and actions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.15.613145v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Dysregulated Zinc Secretion Detects Early Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Lesions and Response to KRASG12D Inhibitor Treatment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.15.613145v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly lethal cancer, primarily due to late-stage diagnosis and limited treatment options. Zinc homeostasis is markedly dysregulated in PDAC and this dysregulation can be probed by administering a secretagogue to stimulate zinc secretion (SSZS) in the exocrine pancreas and imaging this secretion with a zinc sensitive MRI probe. This study demonstrates the potential of SSZS MRI for early detection, monitoring treatment response, and assessing recurrence after treatment withdrawal in PDAC. Our approach relies on interrogating the pancreas, circumventing the challenge of locating small, elusive tumors. By SSZS MRI, we detected PDAC by observing the unique zinc hypersecretory activity of the pancreas when malignancy is present. We observed dysregulation of zinc transporters in both human and mouse pancreas containing PDAC and confirmed secretagogue-stimulated zinc secretion in vitro and in vivo. We found that combining secretagogues such as secretin and caerulein maximized zinc secretion and as such MRI signal in the pancreas. Notably, SSZS MRI detected treatment responses to KRAS G12D inhibition within 3-5 days and identified cancer recurrence as early as one day post-treatment withdrawal. Additionally, secretagogue stimulation improved treatment responses and delayed recurrence in both treatment models. These findings suggest that SSZS MRI could significantly enhance PDAC diagnosis and management, providing a novel, non-invasive imaging modality to improve patient outcomes.

STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCEThis study demonstrates the utility of secretagogue-stimulated zinc secretion (SSZS) MRI in detecting pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) at early stages, monitoring treatment responses, and assessing cancer recurrence, thereby offering a promising non-invasive imaging modality to improve PDAC patient management and outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jordan, V. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sojoodi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moloudi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pagan, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pantazopoulos, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>French, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weigand-Whittier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotile, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tavallai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramsay, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gale, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrett, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bardeesy, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qadan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanabe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caravan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.15.613145</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Dysregulated Zinc Secretion Detects Early Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Lesions and Response to KRASG12D Inhibitor Treatment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.18.609772v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lateralized cerebellar connectivity differentiates auditory pathways in echolocating and non-echolocating whales 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.18.609772v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We report the first application of diffusion tractography to a mysticete, which was analyzed alongside three odontocete brains, allowing the first direct comparison of strength and laterality of auditory pathways in echolocating and non-echolocating whales. Brains were imaged post-mortem at high resolution with a specialized steady state free precession diffusion sequence optimized for dead tissue. We conducted probabilistic tractography to compare the qualitative features, tract strength, and lateralization of potential ascending and descending auditory paths in the mysticete versus odontocetes. Tracts were seeded in the inferior colliculi (IC), a nexus for ascending auditory information, and the cerebellum, a center for sensorimotor integration. Direct IC to temporal lobe pathways were found in all animals, replicating previous cetacean tractography and suggesting conservation of the primary auditory projection path in the cetacean clade. Additionally, odontocete IC-cerebellum pathways exhibited higher overall tract strength than in the mysticete, suggesting a role as descending acousticomotor tracts supporting the rapid sensorimotor integration demands of echolocation. Further, in the mysticete, contralateral right IC to left cerebellum pathways were 17x stronger than those between left IC and right cerebellum, while in odontocetes, the laterality was reversed, and left IC to right cerebellum pathways were 2-4x stronger than those between right IC and left cerebellum. The stronger left IC-right cerebellum connectivity observed in odontocetes corroborates the theory that odontocetes preferentially echolocate with their right phonic lips, as the right phonic lips are likely innervated by left-cortical motor efferents that integrate with left-cortical auditory afferents in right cerebellum. This interpretation is further supported by the reversed lateralization of IC-cerebellar tracts observed in the non-echolocating mysticete. We also found differences in the specific subregions of cerebellum targeted by the IC, both between the mysticete and odontocetes, and between left and right sides. This study establishes foundational knowledge on mysticete auditory connectivity and extends knowledge on the neural basis of echolocation in odontocetes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Flem, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berns, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inglis, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niederhut, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montie, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deacon, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyack, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.18.609772</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lateralized cerebellar connectivity differentiates auditory pathways in echolocating and non-echolocating whales]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.18.613750v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Role of copper during microglial inflammation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.18.613750v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Copper plays crucial roles in various physiological functions of the nervous and immune systems. Dysregulation of copper homeostasis is linked to several diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases. Since dysfunctional microglial immunity can contribute to such diseases, we investigated the role of copper in microglial immunity. We found that both increased and decreased copper levels induced by chemical treatments suppresses lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated inflammation in microglial cells, as determined by RT-qPCR analysis. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis confirmed that increased copper level reduces the inflammatory response to LPS; however, it also showed that decreased copper level affects genes involved in cell proliferation, transcription, and autophagosome regulation. These findings suggest that copper is vital for maintaining normal immune function in microglia, and both copper excess and deficiency can disrupt microglial immunity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Craciun, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muroy, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saijo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.18.613750</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Role of copper during microglial inflammation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.17.611902v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Calibration of additional computational tools expands ClinGen recommendation options for variant classification with PP3/BP4 criteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.17.611902v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeWe previously developed an approach to calibrate computational tools for clinical variant classification, updating recommendations for the reliable use of variant impact predictors to provide evidence strength up to Strong. A new generation of tools using distinctive approaches have since been released, and these methods must be independently calibrated for clinical application.

MethodUsing our local posterior probability-based calibration and our established data set of ClinVar pathogenic and benign variants, we determined the strength of evidence provided by three new tools (AlphaMissense, ESM1b, VARITY) and calibrated scores meeting each evidence strength. Results

All three tools reached the Strong level of evidence for variant pathogenicity and Moderate for benignity, though sometimes for few variants. Compared to previously recommended tools, these yielded at best only modest improvements in the tradeoffs of evidence strength and false positive predictions.

ConclusionAt calibrated thresholds, three new computational predictors provided evidence for variant pathogenicity at similar strength to the four previously recommended predictors (and comparable with functional assays for some variants). This calibration broadens the scope of computational tools for application in clinical variant classification. Their new approaches offer promise for future advancement of the field.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bergquist, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stenton, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadeau, E. A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byrne, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenblatt, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tavtigian, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Donnell-Luria, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biesecker, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radivojac, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pejaver, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ClinGen Sequence Variant Interpretation Working Group,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.17.611902</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Calibration of additional computational tools expands ClinGen recommendation options for variant classification with PP3/BP4 criteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.17.613432v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Physiologically based demographic model/GIS analyses of thirteen invasive species in Africa: why the biology matters 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.17.613432v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Globally, research and policy groups often lack the expertise to develop appropriate models to analyze agroecological and invasive species problems holistically to inform management and quarantine policy development under extant and climate change over wide geographic landscapes. Off-the-shelf species distribution models (SDM) correlate weather and other variables to records of species presence and have become the mainstay for predicting the geographic distribution and favorability of invasive species (Elith 2017). However, SDM analyses lack the capacity to examine the underpinning dynamics of agroecosystems required to inform policy and develop management strategies. We propose that age-structured physiologically based demographic models (PBDMs) can solve important aspects of this challenge as they can be used to examine prospectively species dynamics locally as well as their potential geographic distribution and relative abundance across vast areas independent of presence records. PBDMs fall under the ambit of time-varying life tables (TVLTs; cf. Gilbert et al. 1976) and capture the weather driven biology, dynamics, and interactions of species, and can be used to examine the system from the perspective of any of the interacting species. Here, we use the PBDM structure to examine the dynamics across Africa of thirteen invasive species from various taxa having diverse biology and trophic interactions (see Gutierrez 1996, Gutierrez and Ponti 2013a). PBDMs are perceived to be difficult to develop, hence the raison detre is to show this is not the case and illustrate their utility invasive and endemic agricultural and medical/veterinary pest species at the local and the large geographic scale of Africa. We note that PBDMs provide a structure for continued model improvements.

The development of open access software is proposed to facilitate PBDM development by non-experts emphasizing the crucial role of sound biological data on species responses to weather and to other species in a multi-trophic, interactions, and provide a guide for collecting the appropriate biological data. While the emphasis is on plant/arthropod interactions, models of diseases can be accommodated. The Supplemental Materials summarizes a large array of heritage PBDMs reported in the literature based on the methods outline herein, noting that the same model structure can be used to analyze and manage non pest species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ponti, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neteler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cure, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenmore, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmons, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.17.613432</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Physiologically based demographic model/GIS analyses of thirteen invasive species in Africa: why the biology matters]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.17.613471v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Truncated Complement Factor H Y402 Gene Therapy Cures C3 Glomerulonephritis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.17.613471v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Patients with both age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and C3 glomerulonephritis (C3G) are challenged by the absence of effective therapies to reverse and eliminate their disease burden. Capitalizing on complement dysregulation as both a significant risk factor for AMD and the known pathophysiology of C3G, we investigated the potential for adeno-associated virus (AAV) delivery of complement factor H (CFH) to rescue C3G in a Cfh-/- mouse model of C3G. While past efforts to treat C3G using exogenous human CFH resulted in limited success before immune rejection led to a foreign protein response, our findings demonstrate the capacity for long-term AAV-mediated delivery of truncated CFH (tCFH) to restore inhibition of the alternative pathway of complement and ultimately reverse C3G without immune rejection. Comparing results from the administration of several tCFH vectors also revealed significant differences in their relative efficiency and efficacy. These discoveries pave the way for subsequent development of AAV-mediated tCFH replacement therapy for patients with C3G, while simultaneously demonstrating proof of concept for a parallel AAV-mediated tCFH gene augmentation therapy for patients with AMD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chew, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grigsby, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hester, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amason, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McPherson, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flynn, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Visel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flannery, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowes Rickman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.17.613471</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Truncated Complement Factor H Y402 Gene Therapy Cures C3 Glomerulonephritis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.20.612103v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel method for characterizing cell-cell interactions at single-cell resolution reveals unique signatures in blood T cell-monocyte complexes during infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.20.612103v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Communication between immune cells through direct contact is a critical feature of immune responses. Here, we developed a novel high-throughput method to study the transcriptome and adaptive immune receptor repertoire of single cells forming complexes without needing bioinformatic deconvolution. We found that T cells and monocytes forming complexes in blood during active tuberculosis (TB) and dengue hold unique transcriptomic signatures indicative of TCR/MCH-II immune synapses. Additionally, T cells in complexes showed enrichment for effector phenotypes, imaging and transcriptomic features of active TCR signaling, and increased immune activity at diagnosis compared to after anti-TB therapy. We also found evidence for bidirectional RNA exchange between T cells and monocytes, since complexes were markedly enriched for "dual-expressing" cells (i.e., co-expressing T cell and monocyte genes). Thus, studying immune cell complexes at a single-cell resolution offers novel perspectives on immune synaptic interactions occurring in blood during infection.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=59 SRC="FIGDIR/small/612103v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (17K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@f90023org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@178007corg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@167e53corg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1faff48_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chawla, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tippalagama, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikulski, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seumois, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vijayanand, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scriba, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Silva, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balmaseda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiskopf, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sette, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindestam Arlehman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burel, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.20.612103</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel method for characterizing cell-cell interactions at single-cell resolution reveals unique signatures in blood T cell-monocyte complexes during infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.20.609464v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantifying Data Distortion in Bar Graphs in Biological Research 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.20.609464v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over 88% of biological research articles use bar graphs, of which 29% have undocumented data distortion mistakes that over- or under-state findings. We developed a framework to quantify data distortion and analyzed bar graphs published across 3387 articles in 15 journals, finding consistent data distortions across journals and common biological data types. To reduce bar graph-induced data distortion, we propose recommendations to improve data visualization literacy and guidelines for effective data visualization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, T.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.20.609464</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantifying Data Distortion in Bar Graphs in Biological Research]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.21.613892v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Small mammals and their burrows shape the distribution of Coccidioides in soils: a long-term ecological experiment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.21.613892v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundFor nearly all human fungal pathogens, the environmental constraints on their distributions remain poorly understood, hindering disease management. Here, we investigated the role of zoonotic host presence, soil conditions, and their interaction on the presence of Coccidioides immitis - an emerging fungal pathogen and causative agent of coccidioidomycosis.

MethodsA long-term experimental study initiated in 2007 in the Carrizo Plain National Monument, California excluded rodents from certain areas (20 by 20-meter exclosures; n = 20) via the installation of submerged mesh fences, leaving emptied burrows intact. We collected 1,988 soil samples over four sampling periods spanning April 2021 to April 2022 using a factorial design that crossed burrows and surface soils (i.e., top 10 cm of soil) with exclosures (i.e., rodent absence) and non-exclosures (i.e., rodent presence). We measured in situ soil moisture, temperature, and vegetation, and analyzed soils for C. immitis DNA.

ResultsThe proportion of samples containing C. immitis was significantly higher (p <0.0001) in burrow samples taken from outside rodent exclosures (i.e., rodents present; 28.5% positive) compared to burrow samples taken from within exclosures (i.e., rodents absent; 19.7%), surface soils outside of exclosures (3.6%) and surface soils within exclosures (0.5%). In generalized linear mixed models adjusting for soil conditions, rodent presence, and sample type (burrow vs. surface soil), we estimated that the odds of detecting C. immitis were 19.2 (95% CI: 11.3 - 36.7, p < 0.0001) times higher in soils taken from burrows compared to surface soils, and 2.6 (95% CI: 1.0 - 5.6, p = 0.049) times higher in soils where rodents were present compared to absent. Soil moisture was the only abiotic factor associated with C. immitis detection (odds ratio per 1% increase in water content: 0.83, 95% CI: 0.70 - 0.89, p = 0.0002). In mediation analyses, we estimated that 73.7% (95% CI: 68.9, 78.5) of the total association between rodents and Coccidioides detection effect was attributable to rodent creation of burrows.

ConclusionsRodent creation and occupation of burrows substantially increases C. immitis detection. Synergy between reservoir host presence and environmental conditions may exist for other human fungal pathogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Head, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camponuri, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weaver, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montoya, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radosevich, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattachan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keeney, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collender, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heaney, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Couper, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colvin, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larios, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bean, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Remais, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.21.613892</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Small mammals and their burrows shape the distribution of Coccidioides in soils: a long-term ecological experiment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.21.614267v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Super-enhancer profiling reveals ThPOK/ZBTB7B, a CD4+ cell lineage commitment factor, as a master regulator that restricts breast cancer cells to a luminal non-migratory phenotype 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.21.614267v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite efforts to understand breast cancer biology, metastatic disease remains a clinical challenge. Identifying suppressors of breast cancer progression and mechanisms of transition to more invasive phenotypes could provide game changing therapeutic opportunities. Transcriptional deregulation is central to all malignancies, highlighted by the extensive reprogramming of regulatory elements that underlie oncogenic programs. Among these, super-enhancers (SEs) stand out due to their enrichment in genes controlling cancer hallmarks. To reveal novel breast cancer dependencies, we integrated the analysis of the SE landscape with master regulator activity inference for a series of breast cancer cell lines. As a result, we identified T-helper-inducing Poxviruses and Zinc-finger (POZ)/Kruppel-like factor (ThPOK, ZBTB7B), a CD4+ cell lineage commitment factor, as a breast cancer master regulator that is recurrently associated with a SE. ThPOK expression is highest in luminal breast cancer but is significantly reduced in the basal subtype. Manipulation of ThPOK levels in cell lines shows that its repressive function restricts breast cancer cells to an epithelial phenotype by suppressing the expression of genes involved in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), WNT/{beta}-catenin target genes, and the pro-metastatic TGF{beta} pathway. Our study reveals ThPOK as a master transcription factor that restricts the acquisition of metastatic features in breast cancer cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arcuschin, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahrizi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sayaman, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiBenedetto, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salaberry, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zakroui, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwarzer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scapozza, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betancur, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saba, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coppe, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barcellos-Hoff, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kappes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van 't Veer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schor, I. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.21.614267</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Super-enhancer profiling reveals ThPOK/ZBTB7B, a CD4+ cell lineage commitment factor, as a master regulator that restricts breast cancer cells to a luminal non-migratory phenotype]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.23.614262v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A curated collection of transcriptome datasets to study the transcriptional response in blood and nasal samples following viral respiratory inoculation and vaccination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.23.614262v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our understanding of the human immune systems response to viral respiratory tract infections (VRTIs) and vaccines, including the molecular mechanisms and correlates of protection, remains incomplete. Extensive transcriptomic data from inoculation and vaccination studies have been deposited in publicly available databases. However, these studies are often separate and difficult to locate. We provide a curated compendium of public gene expression data repositories for researchers to reanalyze transcriptomes from human whole blood, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and nasal swab samples. This enables the study of transcriptional responses to viral inoculation or vaccination. This collection includes 18 datasets from inoculation studies and 37 datasets from vaccination studies, sourced from the NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), ImmPort Shared Data, and ArrayExpress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagood, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pickles, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.23.614262</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A curated collection of transcriptome datasets to study the transcriptional response in blood and nasal samples following viral respiratory inoculation and vaccination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.23.614410v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comprehensive proteolytic profiling of Aedes aegypti mosquito midgut extracts: Unraveling the blood meal protein digestion system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.23.614410v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To sustain the gonotrophic cycle, the Aedes aegypti mosquito must acquire a blood meal from a human or other vertebrate host. However, in the process of blood feeding, the mosquito may facilitate the transmission of several bloodborne viral pathogens (e.g., dengue, Zika, and chikungunya). The blood meal is essential as it contains proteins that are digested into polypeptides and amino acid nutrients that are eventually used for egg production. These proteins are digested by several midgut proteolytic enzymes. As such, the female mosquitos reliance on blood may serve as a potential target for vector and viral transmission control. However, this strategy may prove to be challenging since midgut proteolytic activity is a complex process dependent on several exo- and endo-proteases. Therefore, to understand the complexity of Ae. aegypti blood meal digestion, we used Multiplex Substrate Profiling by Mass Spectrometry (MSP-MS) to generate global proteolytic profiles of sugar- and blood-fed midgut tissue extracts, along with substrate profiles of recombinantly expressed midgut proteases. Our results reveal a shift from high exoproteolytic activity in sugar-fed mosquitoes to an expressive increase in endoproteolytic activity in blood-fed mosquitoes. This approach allowed for the identification of 146 cleaved peptide bonds (by the combined 6 h and 24 h blood-fed samples) in the MSP-MS substrate library, and of these 146, 99 (68%) were cleaved by the five recombinant proteases evaluated. These reveal the individual contribution of each recombinant midgut protease to the overall blood meal digestion process of the Ae. aegypti mosquito. Further, our molecular docking simulations support the substrate specificity of each recombinant protease. Therefore, the present study provides key information of midgut proteases and the blood meal digestion process in mosquitoes, which may be exploited for the development of potential inhibitor targets for vector and viral transmission control strategies.

Author SummaryThe Aedes aegypti mosquito is a vector of viral pathogens that can be transmitted directly to humans. For instance, the transmission of dengue, Zika, or chikungunya viruses may happen during the Ae. aegypti acquisition of an infected blood meal. This blood meal is important for the anautogenous mosquito because without the digestion of blood proteins the mosquito will not obtain the necessary nutrients needed for egg production. After imbibing a blood meal, midgut digestive enzymes (proteases) are expressed and secreted into the lumen. To fully understand their roles in blood meal digestion, we used a special technique called Multiplex Substrate Profiling by Mass Spectrometry (MSP-MS). This method allows us to generate global proteolytic activity profiles of Ae. aegypti midgut tissue extracts that were fed with sugar or blood. In addition, we generated substrate cleavage profiles of recombinantly expressed midgut proteases allowing us to understand the enzyme preferences for blood proteins. Therefore, utilizing this approach, we found the contribution of each individual recombinant protease tested relative to the global activity profile of blood-fed midgut tissue extracts. This may be a starting point for the validation of midgut protease inhibition and the development of a new potential vector control strategy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>O'Donoghue, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lui, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simington, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montermoso, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno-Galvez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serafim, M. S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burata, O. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucero, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fong, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallimore, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parungao, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isoe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rascon, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.23.614410</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comprehensive proteolytic profiling of Aedes aegypti mosquito midgut extracts: Unraveling the blood meal protein digestion system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.23.614589v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A toolbox for ablating excitatory and inhibitory synapses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.23.614589v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recombinant optogenetic and chemogenetic proteins are potent tools for manipulating neuronal activity and controlling neural circuit function. However, there are few analogous tools for manipulating the structure of neural circuits. Here, we introduce three rationally designed genetically encoded tools that use E3 ligase-dependent mechanisms to trigger the degradation of synaptic scaffolding proteins, leading to functional ablation of synapses. First, we developed a constitutive excitatory synapse ablator, PFE3, analogous to the inhibitory synapse ablator GFE3. PFE3 targets the RING domain of the E3 ligase Mdm2 and the proteasome-interacting region of Protocadherin 10 to the scaffolding protein PSD-95, leading to efficient ablation of excitatory synapses. In addition, we developed a light-inducible version of GFE3, paGFE3, using a novel photoactivatable complex based on the photocleavable protein PhoCl2c. paGFE3 degrades Gephyrin and ablates inhibitory synapses in response to 400 nm light. Finally, we developed a chemically inducible version of GFE3, chGFE3, which degrades inhibitory synapses when combined with the bio-orthogonal dimerizer HaloTag ligand-trimethoprim. Each tool is specific, reversible, and capable of breaking neural circuits at precise locations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bareghamyan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daoudi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nawy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chenoweth, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.23.614589</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A toolbox for ablating excitatory and inhibitory synapses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.23.614616v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Surface delivery quantification reveals distinct trafficking efficiencies among clustered protocadherin isoforms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.23.614616v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proteins that transmit molecules and signals across the plasma membrane are crucial in cell biology because they enable cells to sense and respond to their surroundings. A major challenge for studying cell-surface proteins is that often they do not fold or traffic properly to the plasma membrane when produced in heterologous cells. We developed a strategy for quantifying surface localization from fluorescence microscopy images of surface-stained cells. Using clustered protocadherins, a protein family important for cell-cell recognition during neuronal development, we found that surface delivery levels vary among clustered protocadherin isoforms and between wildtype and engineered variants. Quantifying these differences provides evidence that cis dimerization is not tightly coupled to surface delivery for clustered protocadherins. This work establishes a generalizable framework for screening proteins and variants of interest for proper cell surface localization.

SignificanceSurface proteins allow cells to interact with their environments, and their activities are often regulated by their delivery to and removal from the plasma membrane. We developed a strategy to quantitatively compare the surface delivery of proteins based on established epitope tag-based surface staining methods. Using natural and engineered variants of clustered protocadherins, cell-surface proteins essential for neuron development, we show that quantitative comparisons of surface trafficking levels facilitate the interpretation of mutational effects and can shed light on key regulatory mechanisms. We find that surface trafficking levels differ between variants and that, contrary to what was previously thought, a domain that inhibits surface delivery in some clustered protocadherins does so without directly relying on its protein-protein interface.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>May, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaudet, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.23.614616</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Surface delivery quantification reveals distinct trafficking efficiencies among clustered protocadherin isoforms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.23.614610v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
nSMase2-mediated exosome secretion shapes the tumor microenvironment to immunologically support pancreatic cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.23.614610v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The pleiotropic roles of nSMase2-generated ceramide include regulation of intracellular ceramide signaling and exosome biogenesis. We investigated the effects of eliminating nSMase2 on early and advanced PDA, including its influence on the microenvironment. Employing the KPC mouse model of pancreatic cancer, we demonstrate that pancreatic epithelial nSMase2 ablation reduces neoplasia and promotes a PDA subtype switch from aggressive basal-like to classical. nSMase2 elimination prolongs survival of KPC mice, hinders vasculature development, and fosters a robust immune response. nSMase2 loss leads to recruitment of cytotoxic T cells, N1-like neutrophils, and abundant infiltration of anti-tumorigenic macrophages in the pancreatic preneoplastic microenvironment. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that nSMase2-expressing PDA cell small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) reduce survival of KPC mice; PDA cell sEVs generated independently of nSMase2 prolong survival of KPC mice and reprogram macrophages to a proinflammatory phenotype. Collectively, our study highlights previously unappreciated opposing roles for exosomes, based on biogenesis pathway, during PDA progression.

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=189 SRC="FIGDIR/small/614610v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (43K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@b6e6d1org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1ebb41eorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@17e4275org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@3d31f1_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hendley, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phu, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, X. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finger, A.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerper, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berrios, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riahi, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gbenedio, O. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roose, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeh, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallinger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biankin, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>OKane, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ntranos, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weaver, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raffai, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hebrok, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.23.614610</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[nSMase2-mediated exosome secretion shapes the tumor microenvironment to immunologically support pancreatic cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.23.614632v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fine-tuning sequence-to-expression models onpersonal genome and transcriptome data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.23.614632v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genomic sequence-to-expression deep learning models, which are trained to predict gene expression and other molecular phenotypes across the reference genome, have recently been shown to have poor out-of-the-box performance in predicting gene expression variation across individuals based on their personal genome sequences. Here we explore whether additional training (fine-tuning) on paired personal genome and transcriptome data improves the performance of such sequence-to-expression models. Using Enformer as a representative pretrained model, we explore various fine-tuning strategies. Our results show that fine-tuning improves cross-individual prediction performance over the baseline Enformer model for held-out individuals on genes seen during fine-tuning, with comparable performance to variant-based linear models commonly used in transcriptome-wide association studies. However, fine-tuning does not improve model generalizability on held-out genes, which contain sequences and variants unseen during fine-tuning, highlighting a remaining open challenge in the field.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rastogi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ioannidis, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.23.614632</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fine-tuning sequence-to-expression models onpersonal genome and transcriptome data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.25.613753v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oxytocin receptor controls distinct components of pair bonding and development in prairie voles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.25.613753v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oxytocin receptor (Oxtr) signaling influences complex social behaviors in diverse species, including social monogamy in prairie voles. How Oxtr regulates specific components of social attachment behaviors and the neural mechanisms mediating them remains unknown. Here, we examine prairie voles lacking Oxtr and demonstrate that pair bonding comprises distinct behavioral modules: the preference for a bonded partner, and the rejection of novel potential mates. Our longitudinal study of social attachment shows that Oxtr sex-specifically influences early interactions between novel partners facilitating the formation of partner preference. Additionally, Oxtr suppresses promiscuity towards novel potential mates following pair bonding, contributing to rejection. Oxtr function regulates coordinated patterns of gene expression in regions implicated in attachment behaviors and regulates the expression of oxytocin in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, a principal source of oxytocin. Thus, Oxtr controls genetically separable components of pair bonding behaviors and coordinates development of the neural substrates of attachment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sharma, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berendzen, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Everitt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quine, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larios, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, K. L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoglen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sulaman, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heath, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinkel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caamal, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodwin, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beery, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bales, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willsey, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manoli, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.25.613753</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oxytocin receptor controls distinct components of pair bonding and development in prairie voles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.25.615023v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rewilding alters mouse epigenetic aging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.25.615023v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The aging of mammalian epigenomes fundamentally alters cellular functions, and such changes are the focus of many healthspan and lifespan studies. However, studies of this process typically use mouse models living under standardized laboratory conditions and neglect the impact of variation in social, physical, microbial, and other aspects of the living environment on age-related changes. We examined differences in age-associated methylation changes between traditionally lab-reared and "rewilded" C57BL6/J mice, which lived in an outdoor field environment with enhanced ecological realism. Systematic analysis of age-associated methylation dynamics in the liver indicates a genomic region-conditioned, faster epigenetic aging rate in mice living in the field than those living in the lab, implicating perturbed 3D genome conformation and liver function. Altered epigenetic aging rates were more pronounced in sites that gain methylation with age, including sites enriched for transcription factor binding related to DNA repair. These observations underscore the overlooked role of the social and physical environment in epigenetic aging with implications for both basic and applied aging research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zipple, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheehan, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.25.615023</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rewilding alters mouse epigenetic aging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.26.615300v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel color vision assessment tool: AIM Color Detection and Discrimination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.26.615300v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Color vision assessment is essential in clinical practice, yet different tests exhibit distinct strengths and limitations. Here we apply a psychophysical paradigm, Angular Indication Measurement (AIM) for color detection and discrimination. AIM is designed to address some of the shortcomings of existing tests, such as prolonged testing time, limited accuracy and sensitivity, and the necessity for clinician oversight. AIM presents adaptively generated charts, each a NxM (here 4x4) grid of stimuli, and participants are instructed to indicate either the orientation of the gap in a cone-isolating Landolt C optotype or the orientation of the edge between two colors in an equiluminant color space. The contrasts or color differences of the stimuli are adaptively selected for each chart based on performance of prior AIM charts. In a group of 23 color-normal and 15 people with color vision deficiency (CVD), we validate AIM color against Hardy-Rand-Rittler (HRR), Farnsworth-Munsell 100 hue test (FM100), and anomaloscope color matching diagnosis and use machine learning techniques to classify the type and severity of CVD. The results show that AIM has classification accuracies comparable to that of the anomaloscope, and while HRR and FM100 are less accurate than AIM and an anomaloscope, HRR is very rapid. We conclude that AIM is a computer-based, self-administered, response-adaptive and rapid tool with high test-retest repeatability that has the potential to be suitable for both clinical and research applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skerswetat, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bex, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.26.615300</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel color vision assessment tool: AIM Color Detection and Discrimination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.27.615053v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterizing the soil microbial community associated with the fungal pathogen Coccidioides immitis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.27.615053v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coccidioidomycosis is a fungal disease affecting humans and other mammals, caused by environmental pathogens of the genus Coccidioides. Understanding the ecological factors that shape the distribution of Coccidioides in soils is important for minimizing the risk of human exposure, though this remains challenging due to the pathogens highly variable spatial distribution. Here, we examined associations between the soil microbial community and Coccidioides immitis presence within the Carrizo Plain National Monument--a minimally disturbed grassland ecosystem, and the site of a longitudinal study examining the effects of rodents and their burrows on C. immitis presence in soils. Using internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) and 16S sequencing to characterize the soil fungal and bacterial communities, we found over 30 fungal species, including several other members of the Onygenales order, that co-occurred with Coccidioides more frequently than expected by chance. Coccidioides-positive samples were significantly higher in microbial diversity than negative samples, an association partly driven by higher Coccidioides presence within rodent burrows compared to surface soils. Soil source (i.e., rodent burrow versus surface soil) explained the largest amount of variation in bacterial and fungal community diversity and composition, with soils collected from rodent burrows having higher microbial diversity than those collected from adjacent surface soils. While prior evidence is mixed regarding associations between Coccidioides and microbial diversity, our study suggests that favorable microhabitats such as rodent burrows can lead to a positive association between soil diversity and Coccidioides presence, particularly in otherwise resource-limited natural environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Radosevich, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Head, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Couper, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weaver, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camponuri, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montoya, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Remais, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.27.615053</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterizing the soil microbial community associated with the fungal pathogen Coccidioides immitis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.27.615512v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Human Neural Cell Atlas of Zika Infection in developing human brain tissue: viralpathogenesis, innate immunity, and lineage reprogramming 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.27.615512v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection during pregnancy can lead to fetal brain infection and developmental anomalies collectively known as congenital Zika syndrome (CZS). To define the molecular features underlying CZS in a relevant human cell model, we evaluated ZIKV infection and neurodevelopment in primary fetal brain explants and induced pluripotent stem cell-derived mixed neural cultures at single cell resolution. We identified astrocytes as key innate immune sentinel cells detecting ZIKV and producing IFN-{beta}. In contrast, neural progenitor cells displayed impaired innate immunity and supported high levels of viral replication. ZIKV infection of neurons suppressed differentiation and synaptic signaling networks and programmed a molecular switch from neurogenesis to astrogliogenesis. We identified a universal ZIKV-driven cellular stress response linked to intrinsic apoptosis and regulated by IFN-{beta}. These findings reveal how innate immune signaling intersects with ZIKV-driven perturbations in cellular function to influence CZS outcomes including neuron developmental dysfunction and apoptotic cell death.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stokes, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitmore, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malhotra, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tisoncik-Go, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wren, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birth Defects Research Laboratory,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gale, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.27.615512</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Human Neural Cell Atlas of Zika Infection in developing human brain tissue: viralpathogenesis, innate immunity, and lineage reprogramming]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.27.615531v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TRACKing Tandem Repeats: a customizable pipeline for identification and cross-species comparisons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.27.615531v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryTRACK is a user-friendly command-line pipeline designed to consolidate the discovery and comparison of tandem repeats (TRs) across species. TRACK facilitates the cataloging and filtering of TRs based on reference genomes or T2T transcripts, and applies reciprocal LiftOver and sequence alignment methods to identify putative homologous TRs between species. For further streamlined analyses, TRACK can be used to genotype TRs and subsequently estimate and plot basic population genetic statistics. By integrating existing tools into one integrated workflow, TRACK enhances TR analysis accessibility and reproducibility, while offering flexibility for the user.

AvailabilityThe TRACK toolkit with step-by-step tutorial is freely available at https://github.com/caroladam/track.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>de Lima Adam, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sudmant, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohlfs, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.27.615531</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TRACKing Tandem Repeats: a customizable pipeline for identification and cross-species comparisons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.30.615868v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diploid assembly of the Mexican lime genome reveals extensive heterozygosity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.30.615868v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clonally propagated crops have long been recognized for their high levels of heterozygosity both between subgenomes within a somatic cell and between cells within an individual clone. Recent developments in long read sequencing technologies have accelerated our ability to identify this diversity and it is increasingly clear that these sources of diversity are abundant in clonal varieties and can contribute to variation in traits of interest to breeders. In this work, we assemble both subgenomes of Mexican lime (Citrus x aurantifolia), an interspecific hybrid between C. hystrix var. micrantha and C. medica. Using this chromosome-level assembly, we find extensive divergence between haplotypes, with at least 89% of the annotated genes harboring polymorphisms at an average rate of 13 per kilobase of coding sequence. Additionally, using high coverage PacBio HiFi libraries from leaf tissue of four individuals we identified multiple large structural variants differing between thorned and thornless lineages, and evidence for mosaicism at hundreds of loci. Many of these variants are found in the promoters and bodies of genes and may act as standing variation for continued improvement of this cultivar.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leichty, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Massaro, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.30.615868</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diploid assembly of the Mexican lime genome reveals extensive heterozygosity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.30.615893v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sporadic distribution of a new archaeal genetic code with all TAG codons as pyrrolysine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.30.615893v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Numerous genetic codes developed during the evolution of Eukaryotes and three are known in Bacteria, yet no alternative genetic code has been established for Archaea. Some bacterial and archaeal proteins include selenocysteine or pyrrolysine, the 21st and 22nd amino acids, but no evidence establishes the adoption of a genetic code in which a stop codon universally encodes either amino acid. Here, we used proteomics to confirm the prediction that certain Archaea consistently incorporate pyrrolysine at TAG codons, supporting a new archaeal genetic code which we designate Genetic Code 34. This genetic code has 62 sense codons encoding 21 amino acids, and only two stop codons. In contrast with monophyletic genetic code distributions in bacteria, Code 34 occurs sporadically. This, combined with evidence for lateral gene transfer of the code change machinery and anticipated barriers to code reversal, suggests Code 34 arose independently in multiple lineages. TAG codon distribution patterns in Code 34 genomes imply a wide range in time since code switch. We identified many new enzymes containing Pyl residues, raising questions about potential roles of this amino acid in protein structure and function. We used five new PylRS/tRNAPyl pairs from Code 34 archaea to introduce new-to-nature pyrrolysine analogs into proteins in E. coli, demonstrating their utility for genetic code expansion.

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=157 SRC="FIGDIR/small/615893v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (42K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@f363a5org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@112f061org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@63ad59org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@9eddb_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kivenson, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borrel, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kivenson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roe, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamlish, N. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fadhlaoui, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schepartz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gribaldo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hettich, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.30.615893</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sporadic distribution of a new archaeal genetic code with all TAG codons as pyrrolysine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.30.615975v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Efficient Coding in Motor Planning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.30.615975v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The nervous system utilizes prior information to enhance the accuracy of perception and action. Prevailing models of motor control emphasize Bayesian models, which suggest that the system adjusts the current motor plan by integrating information from previous observations. While Bayesian integration has been extensively examined, those studies usually applied a highly stable and predictable environment. In contrast, in many real-life situations, motor goals change rapidly over time in a relatively unpredictable way, leaving it unclear whether Bayesian integration is useful in those natural environments. An alternative model that leverages prior information to improve performance is efficient coding, which suggests that the motor system maximizes the accuracy by dynamically tuning the allocation of the encoding resources based on environmental statistics. To investigate whether this adaptive mechanism operates in motor planning, we employed center-out reaching tasks with motor goals changing in a relatively unpredictable way, where Bayesian and efficient coding models predict opposite sequential effects. Consistent with the efficient coding model, we found that current movements were biased in the opposite direction of previous movements. These repulsive biases were amplified by intrinsic motor variability. Moreover, movement variability decreased when successive reaches were similar to each other. Together, these effects support the presence of efficient coding in motor planning, a novel mechanism with which the motor system maintains flexibility and high accuracy in dynamic environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitney, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.30.615975</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Efficient Coding in Motor Planning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.01.615851v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A previously reported bottleneck in human ancestry 900 kya is likely a statistical artifact 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.01.615851v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It was recently reported that a severe ancient bottleneck occurred around 900 thousand years ago in the ancestry of African populations, while this signal is absent in non-African populations. Here, we present evidence to show that this finding is likely a statistical artifact.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.01.615851</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A previously reported bottleneck in human ancestry 900 kya is likely a statistical artifact]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.01.616117v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid two-step target capture ensures efficient CRISPR-Cas9-guided genome editing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.01.616117v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA-guided CRISPR-Cas enzymes initiate programmable genome editing by recognizing a 20-base-pair DNA sequence adjacent to a short protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM). To uncover the molecular determinants of high-efficiency editing, we conducted biochemical, biophysical and cell-based assays on S. pyogenes Cas9 (SpyCas9) variants with wide-ranging genome editing efficiencies that differ in PAM binding specificity. Our results show that reduced PAM specificity causes persistent non-selective DNA binding and recurrent failures to engage the target sequence through stable guide RNA hybridization, leading to reduced genome editing efficiency in cells. These findings reveal a fundamental trade-off between broad PAM recognition and genome editing effectiveness. We propose that high-efficiency RNA-guided genome editing relies on an optimized two-step target capture process, where selective but low-affinity PAM binding precedes rapid DNA unwinding. This model provides a foundation for engineering more effective CRISPR-Cas and related RNA-guided genome editors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Sayyad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wasko, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trinidad, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doherty, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vohra, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boger, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colognori, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cofsky, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skopintsev, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryant, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.01.616117</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid two-step target capture ensures efficient CRISPR-Cas9-guided genome editing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.02.616342v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Autophosphorylation of the oncogenic protein TEL-ABL confers resistance to the allosteric ABL inhibitor asciminib 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.02.616342v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromosomal translocations that fuse the ABL1 gene to BCR and TEL cause human leukemias. Oligomerization and the loss of an inhibitory myristoylation modification lead to unregulated kinase activity of the BCR-ABL and TEL-ABL fusion proteins. ATP-competitive ABL inhibitors, such as imatinib and ponatinib, are effective against both fusion proteins. We discovered that asciminib, an allosteric inhibitor of BCR-ABL that binds to the myristoyl binding site in the ABL kinase domain, is >2000-fold less potent against TEL-ABL than BCR-ABL in cell-growth assays. This is surprising because the ABL components of the two fusion proteins, including the asciminib binding sites, have identical sequence. We deleted a short helical segment in the ABL kinase domain that closes over asciminib when it is bound. This deletion results in asciminib resistance in BCR-ABL, but has no effect on TEL-ABL, suggesting that the native autoinhibitory mechanism that asciminib engages in BCR-ABL is disrupted in TEL-ABL. We show, using mammalian cell expression and single-molecule microscopy, that BCR-ABL is mainly dimeric while TEL-ABL forms higher-order oligomers. Oligomerization can promote trans-autophosphorylation of ABL, and we find that a regulatory phosphorylation site in the SH3 domain of ABL (Tyr 89) is highly phosphorylated in TEL-ABL. This phosphorylation is expected to disassemble the autoinhibited conformation of ABL, thereby preventing asciminib binding. We show that TEL-ABL is intrinsically susceptible to inhibition by asciminib, but that increased phosphorylation results in resistance. Our results demonstrate that different ABL fusion proteins can have dramatically different responses to allosteric inhibitors due to differential phosphorylation.

One Sentence SummaryWhen TEL-ABL is phosphorylated, it is insensitive to asciminib. However, when TEL-ABL is dephosphorylated by a phosphatase, asciminib sensitivity is restored.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Muratcioglu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eide, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorday, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sumpena, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuo, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groves, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Druker, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuriyan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.02.616342</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Autophosphorylation of the oncogenic protein TEL-ABL confers resistance to the allosteric ABL inhibitor asciminib]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.01.616095v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
New Statistical Metric for Robust Target Detection in Cryo-EM Using 2DTM 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.01.616095v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
2D template matching (2DTM) can be used to detect molecules and their assemblies in cellular cryo-EM images with high positional and orientational accuracy. While 2DTM successfully detects spherical targets such as large ribosomal subunits, challenges remain in detecting smaller and more aspherical targets in various environments. In this work, a novel 2DTM metric, referred to as the 2DTM p-value, is developed to extend the 2DTM framework to more complex applications. The 2DTM p-value combines information from two previously used 2DTM metrics, namely the 2DTM signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and z-score, which are derived from the cross-correlation coefficient between the target and the template. The 2DTM p-value demonstrates robust detection accuracies under various imaging and sample conditions and outperforms the 2DTM SNR and z-score alone. Specifically, the 2DTM p-value improves the detection of aspherical targets such as a modified artificial tubulin patch particle (500 kDa) and a much smaller clathrin monomer (193 kDa) in simulated data. It also accurately recovers mature 60S ribosomes in yeast lamellae samples, even under conditions of increased Gaussian noise. The new metric will enable the detection of a wider variety of targets in both purified and cellular samples through 2DTM.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cossio, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangan, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grigorieff, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.01.616095</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[New Statistical Metric for Robust Target Detection in Cryo-EM Using 2DTM]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.01.616156v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decreased hippocampal neurite density in middle-aged/aging adults following prenatal exposure to higher levels of maternal inflammation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.01.616156v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In animal models, exposure to heightened maternal inflammation in utero is associated with altered offspring hippocampal development, including reduced dendritic arborization and density. However, the effects of prenatal maternal inflammation (PNMI) on offspring hippocampal microstructure in humans remains unclear. Here, we examined the relationship between exposure to PNMI and neurite density in the hippocampus and its subfields among offspring during late middle age. Participants included 72 mother-offspring dyads from the Child Health and Development Studies (CHDS) cohort. Data for four inflammatory biomarkers (IL-6, IL-8, IL-1 receptor antagonist [IL-1RA], and soluble TNF receptor-II [sTNF-RII]) were available from first and second trimester maternal sera. Neurite density in the offspring hippocampus and its subfields was estimated using microstructural modeling of offsprings diffusion-weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging data (mean age of offspring at imaging = 59 years; 51% male). We estimated the relationship between each biomarker and region-of-interests neurite density. Higher first trimester maternal IL-1RA and IL-6 levels were associated with lower offspring hippocampal neurite density. These relationships were specific to the CA3, CA4, dentate gyrus, and subiculum subfields. In addition, higher second trimester IL-6 was associated with lower subiculum neurite density. Our findings reveal that exposure to heightened prenatal levels of maternal inflammation is linked to altered offspring hippocampal microstructure in late middle age, which could have implications for memory decreases during this period and may be relevant for understanding risk of aging-related cognitive changes.

Significance StatementThe contribution of prenatal maternal inflammation (PNMI) to offspring brain microstructure in later life is well established in animal models but poorly understood in humans. Our study discovered long-lasting impacts of elevated PNMI during early mid-gestation on the structural integrity of the hippocampus in offspring during late middle age. Our findings underscore the potential role of prenatal insults in aging-related neurological and cognitive decline, as the observed degradation in hippocampal microstructure is present over half a century following exposure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mohyee, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elliott, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pike, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kring, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breen, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohn, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cirillo, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krigbaum, N. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olino, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Esposito, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cogan, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patwardan, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellman, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.01.616156</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decreased hippocampal neurite density in middle-aged/aging adults following prenatal exposure to higher levels of maternal inflammation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.02.615924v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-laboratory Study Establishes Reproducible Methods for Plant-Microbiome Research in Fabricated Ecosystems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.02.615924v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inter-laboratory replicability is crucial yet challenging in microbiome research. Leveraging microbiomes to promote soil health and plant growth requires understanding underlying molecular mechanisms using reproducible experimental systems. In a global collaborative effort involving five laboratories, we aimed to help advance reproducibility in microbiome studies by testing our ability to replicate synthetic community assembly experiments. Our study compared fabricated ecosystems constructed using two different synthetic bacterial communities, the model grass Brachypodium distachyon, and sterile EcoFAB 2.0 devices. All participating laboratories observed consistent inoculum-dependent changes in plant phenotype, root exudate composition, and final bacterial community structure where Paraburkholderia sp. OAS925 could dramatically shift microbiome composition. Comparative genomics and exudate utilization linked the pH-dependent colonization ability of Paraburkholderia, which was further confirmed with motility assays. The study provides detailed protocols, benchmarking datasets, and best practices to help advance replicable science and inform future multi-laboratory reproducibility studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Novak, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andeer, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calabria, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzpatrick, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelm, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wippel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosina, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daum, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zane, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yadav, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russ, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owens, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sordo, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roux, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutschbauer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ushizima, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zengler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arsova, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dangl, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulze-Lefert, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Northen, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.02.615924</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-laboratory Study Establishes Reproducible Methods for Plant-Microbiome Research in Fabricated Ecosystems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.02.616385v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tissue-specific transcriptomics uncovers novel craniofacial genes underlying jaw divergence in specialist pupfishes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.02.616385v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The regulation of gene expression is one of the key evolutionary processes driving phenotypic divergence among species. Here, we investigate the tissue-specific gene expression of a non-model adaptive radiation of Cyprinodon pupfishes, characterized by their divergent dietary niches and exceptionally fast rates of craniofacial evolution. By comparing tissue-specific gene expression in the most morphologically divergent skeletal structure, the oral jaws, with the relatively morphologically conserved caudal tail region, we identified genes that were differentially expressed exclusively in the developing jaws of each of the three trophic specialists at hatching (8 dpf) and not in any other species. We then assessed their overlap (as transcriptionally-regulated genes) with adaptive regulatory variants identified in previous genomic studies. Our analysis identified pycr3 and atp8a1 as the most promising for craniofacial evolution in the scale-eaters, both genes with no known previous craniofacial function. We functionally confirmed the craniofacial expression of these genes by in situ mRNA hybridization chain reaction and demonstrated their species-specific expression in branchial and muscle tissues between sister species of this young radiation. Our work underscores the power of integrating tissue-specific transcriptomics with speciation genomics to identify novel craniofacial candidate genes controlling divergent morphogenesis in a natural  evolutionary mutant system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Palominos, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muhl, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.02.616385</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tissue-specific transcriptomics uncovers novel craniofacial genes underlying jaw divergence in specialist pupfishes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.03.616530v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dissecting autonomous enzyme variability in single cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.03.616530v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metabolic enzymes perform life-sustaining functions in various cellular compartments. Anecdotally, metabolic activity is observed to vary between genetically identical cells, which impacts drug resistance, differentiation, and immune cell activation. However, no large-scale resource systematically reporting metabolic cellular heterogeneity exists. Here, we leverage imaging-based single-cell spatial proteomics to reveal the extent of non-genetic variability of the human enzymatic proteome, as a proxy for metabolic states. Nearly two fifths of enzymes exhibit cell-to-cell variable expression, and half localize to multiple cellular compartments. Metabolic heterogeneity arises largely autonomously of cell cycling, and individual cells reestablish these myriad metabolic phenotypes over several cell divisions. Multiplexed imaging revealed that metabolic states are continuous and that the correlation between metabolic pathways is metabolic state dependent. These results establish cell-to-cell enzymatic heterogeneity as an organizing principle of cell biology that may rewire our understanding of drug resistance, treatment design, and other aspects of medicine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gnann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cesnik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sigaeva, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sariyar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahdessian, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schutten, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raghavan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonetti, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindskog, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uhlen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Axelsson, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lundberg, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.03.616530</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dissecting autonomous enzyme variability in single cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.04.616678v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Estimating wingbeat frequency on hummingbirds by using a no-labeling learning computer vision approach 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.04.616678v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SynopsisWingbeat frequency estimation is an important aspect for the study of avian flight, energetics, and behavioral patterns, among others. Hummingbirds, in particular, are ideal subjects to test a method for this estimation due to their fast wing motions and unique aerodynamics, which results from their ecological diversification, adaptation to high-altitude environments, and sexually selected displays. Traditionally, wingbeat frequency measurements have been done via "manual" image/sound processing. In this study, we present an automated method to detect, track, classify, and monitor hummingbirds in high-speed video footage, accurately estimating their wingbeat frequency using computer vision techniques and signal analysis. Our approach utilizes a zero-shot learning algorithm that eliminates the need for labeling during training. Results demonstrate that our method can produce automated wingbeat frequency estimations with minimal supervision, closely matching those performed by trained human observers. This comparison indicates that our method can, in some scenarios, achieve low or zero error compared to a human, making it a valuable tool for flight analysis. Automating video analysis can assist wingbeat frequency estimation by reducing processing time and, thus, lowering barriers to analyze biological data on fields such as aerodynamics, foraging behavior, and signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bastidas-Rodriguez, M. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandes, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espejo Uribe, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abaunza, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roncancio, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez Zamora, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Florez Pai, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smiley, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurme, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rico-Guevara, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.04.616678</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Estimating wingbeat frequency on hummingbirds by using a no-labeling learning computer vision approach]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.04.616757v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cholinergic regulation of sleep in the upside-down jellyfish Cassiopea 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.04.616757v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Perhaps nothing is stronger evidence of the importance of sleep than its conservation across animals [1], but the extent of its regulatory conservation is unknown. The upside-down jelly-fish Cassiopea xamachana sleeps [2], and this behavior is controlled by radially-spaced marginal ganglia. After defining a sleep-wake threshold, we compared gene expression profiles of ganglia from animals sleep-deprived for two nights and found differential expression in many sleep-related genes including GABAergic, melatonergic, and cholinergic receptors. We focused on a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha subunit-like (Chrnal-E), based on its differential expression, and selected animals for a second round of RNAseq that included both light-based and mechanically-based sleep-deprivation. Combining datasets revealed a short list of differentially expressed genes, of which chrnal-E is the most recognizable and well-supported, so we investigated its potential role in sleep regulation. First, we found that chemical cholinergic neuromodulators positively regulate pacemaker activity. Then, we showed by in situ hybridization that chrnal-E is expressed primarily within the ganglia, and that the area of expression expands after sleep deprivation. Next, we developed RNAi for use in Cassiopea and determined that Chrnal-E promotes wakefulness. Finally, we sampled circadian timepoints in the field and found in control conditions, chrnal-E has lowest expression late at night, but in sleep deprived animals, chrnal-E peaks at this time, supporting a link to wakefulness. Our finding that Cassiopea sleep is regulated by the cholinergic system underscores that mechanisms of sleep conservation are deeply conserved in animal evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abrams, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohdera, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francis, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donayre, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harland, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.04.616757</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cholinergic regulation of sleep in the upside-down jellyfish Cassiopea]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.05.616828v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A shared code for perceiving and imagining objects in human ventral temporal cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.05.616828v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mental imagery is a remarkable phenomenon that allows us to remember previous experiences and imagine new ones. Animal studies have yielded rich insight into mechanisms for visual perception, but the neural mechanisms for visual imagery remain poorly understood. Here, we first determined that [~]80% of visually responsive single neurons in human ventral temporal cortex (VTC) use a distributed axis code to represent objects. We then used that code to reconstruct objects and generate maximally effective synthetic stimuli. Finally, we recorded responses from the same neural population while subjects imagined specific objects and found that [~]40% of axis-tuned VTC neurons recapitulated the visual code. Our findings reveal that visual imagery is supported by reactivation of the same neurons involved in perception, providing single neuron evidence for the existence of a generative model in human VTC.

One Sentence SummarySingle neurons in human temporal cortex use feature axes to encode objects, and imagery reactivates this code.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wadia, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reed, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bateman, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mamelak, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rutishauser, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsao, D. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.05.616828</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A shared code for perceiving and imagining objects in human ventral temporal cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.08.617316v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Odorant receptors tuned to isothiocyanates in Drosophila melanogaster and their evolutionary expansion in herbivorous relatives 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.08.617316v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plants release defense volatile compounds that can deter herbivores. Among them are electrophilic toxins, such as isothiocyanates from mustard plants, that activate pain receptors by contact (i.e. taste) in many animals, including Drosophila melanogaster. While specialist insects have evolved strategies to tolerate toxicity and use mustard plants as hosts, it is unclear whether non-specialist insects detect and avoid electrophilic toxins via olfaction. To address this, and to understand if specialized insects co-opted these toxic compounds as hostplant olfactory cues, we leveraged closely related drosophilid species, including the microbe-feeding D. melanogaster and Scaptomyza pallida, and the mustard-feeding specialist S. flava. In olfactory assays, D. melanogaster exposed to allyl isothiocyanate volatiles were rapidly immobilized, demonstrating the high toxicity of this wasabi-derived compound to non-specialists. Through single sensillum electrophysiological recordings from olfactory organs and behavioral assays, we identified an Olfactory receptor (Or) necessary for volatile detection and behavioral aversion to allyl isothiocyanate in D. melanogaster. RNA sequencing and heterologous expression revealed that S. flava possess lineage-specific, triplicated homologs of this Or, and that each paralog exhibited broadened and distinct sensitivity to isothiocyanate compounds. Using AlphaFold2 modeling, site-directed mutagenesis and electrophysiological recordings, we identified two critical amino acid substitutions that changed the sensitivity of these paralogs from fruit-derived odors to isothiocyanates in the mustard specialist S. flava. Our findings show that non-specialists can detect electrophiles via olfaction, and that their olfactory systems can rapidly adapt to toxic hostplant niches through co-option and duplication of ancestral chemosensory genes with few amino acid changes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matsunaga, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reisenman, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman-Huertas, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajshekar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tadres, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiteman, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.08.617316</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Odorant receptors tuned to isothiocyanates in Drosophila melanogaster and their evolutionary expansion in herbivorous relatives]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.10.617723v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activity in the peripheral representation within primate V1 is substantially modulated during running 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.10.617723v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We recently investigated whether activity in primary visual cortex of a primate (Callithrix jacchus) is modulated during running, and found that the effects were small (and suppressive), a notable difference from the large and positive modulations observed in mice. In that first report, we noted that the majority of our data were collected from the retinotopic representation of the fovea, and surmised that running modulations might be different in the peripheral representation. Here, we report that running-correlated modulations of the peripheral representation in marmoset V1 are positive and substantial-- on order of 30%. In light of both the small and negative modulations observed in foveal V1, and the large and positive modulations seen in mouse V1, these results suggest that the foveal representation in primates may be unique. In this domain, non-foveal V1 in primates appears more similar to that of rodents.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rowley, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huk, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yates, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.10.617723</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activity in the peripheral representation within primate V1 is substantially modulated during running]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.10.617725v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extensive longevity and DNA virus-driven adaptation in nearctic Myotis bats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.10.617725v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Summary ParagraphThe genus Myotis is one of the largest clades of bats, and exhibits some of the most extreme variation in lifespans among mammals alongside unique adaptations to viral tolerance and immune defense1-5. To study the evolution of longevity-associated traits and response to infectious disease, we generated cell lines and near-complete genome assemblies for 8 closely related species of Myotis. Using genome-wide screens of positive selection, analyses of structural variation, and functional experiments in primary cells, we identify new patterns of adaptation contributing to longevity, cancer resistance, and viral interactions in bats. We demonstrate distinct modes of adaptation to DNA and RNA viruses in bats, with bats demonstrating genome-wide overrepresentation of positive selection for DNA virus-interacting proteins, and significant rates of copy number variation for RNA virus-interacting proteins, in contrast to other mammals. We show that the recurrent evolution of longevity seen in Myotis leads to pervasive positive selection in cancer pathways, and demonstrate a unique response to DNA damage in primary cells of the long-lived M. lucifugus. Together, our results suggest that bats remarkable longevity and immunity are linked through pleiotropic adaptations against viruses and aging-related disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vazquez, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauterbur, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mottaghinia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bucci, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraser, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray-Sandoval, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaucherand, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haidar, Z. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohler, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lama, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lecorf, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maesen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMillan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rey, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capel, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slocum, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debelak Tyburec, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos Villa, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchalski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazquez-Medina, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfeffer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Etienne, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enard, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sudmant, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.10.617725</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extensive longevity and DNA virus-driven adaptation in nearctic Myotis bats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.10.617568v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Suite of Foundation Models Captures the Contextual Interplay Between Codons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.10.617568v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the canonical genetic code, many amino acids are assigned more than one codon. Work by us and others has shown that the choice of these synonymous codon is not random, and carries regulatory and functional consequences. Existing protein foundation models ignore this context-dependent role of coding sequence in shaping the protein landscape of the cell. To address this gap, we introduce cdsFM, a suite of codon-resolution large language models, including both EnCodon and DeCodon models, with up to 1B parameters. Pre-trained on 60 million protein-coding sequences from more than 5,000 species, our models effectively learn the relationship between codons and amino acids, recapitualing the overall structure of the genetic code. In addition to outperforming state-of-the-art genomic foundation models in a variety of zero-shot and few-shot learning tasks, the larger pre-trained models were superior in predicting the choice of synonymous codons. To systematically assess the impact of synonymous codon choices on protein expression and our models ability to capture these effects, we generated a large dataset measuring overall and surface expression levels of three proteins as a function of changes in their synonymous codons. We showed that our EnCodon models could be readily fine-tuned to predict the contextual consequences of synonymous codon choices. Armed with this knowledge, we applied EnCodon to existing clinical datasets of synonymous variants, and we identified a large number of synonymous codons that are likely pathogenic, several of which we experimentally confirmed in a cellbased model. Together, our findings establish the cdsFM suite as a powerful tool for decoding the complex functional grammar underlying the choice of synonymous codons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Naghipourfar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macdonald, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saberi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mofrad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coyote-Maestas, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodarzi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.10.617568</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Suite of Foundation Models Captures the Contextual Interplay Between Codons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.11.617892v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quiescent cell re-entry is limited by macroautophagy-induced lysosomal damage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.11.617892v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To maintain tissue homeostasis, many cells are kept in a quiescent state until prompted to divide. The re-activation of quiescent cells is perturbed with aging and may underlie declining tissue homeostasis and resiliency. The unfolded protein response regulators IRE-1 and XBP-1 are required for the re-activation of quiescent cells in developmentally L1 arrested C. elegans. Utilizing a forward genetic screen in C. elegans, we discovered that macroautophagy targets protein aggregates to lysosomes in quiescent cells, leading to lysosome damage that prevents cell cycle re-entry in the absence of IRE-1/XBP-1. Genetic inhibition of macroautophagy and stimulation of lysosomes via the overexpression of HLH-30 (TFEB/TFE3) synergistically reduces lysosome damage. Protein aggregates are also targeted to lysosomes by macroautophagy in quiescent cultured mammalian cells, causing lysosome damage that is associated with reduced re-activation. Thus, lysosome damage is a hallmark of quiescent cells and limiting lysosome damage by restraining macroautophagy can stimulate their re-activation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Murley, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popovici, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, X. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lund, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wickham, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durieux, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joe, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koronyo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dillin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.11.617892</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quiescent cell re-entry is limited by macroautophagy-induced lysosomal damage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.09.617508v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CandyCollect: An Open-Microfluidic Device for the Direct Capture and Enumeration of Salivary-Extracellular Vesicles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.09.617508v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) are membrane-derived vesicles shed by cells into the extracellular space that play key roles in intercellular communication and other biological processes. As membrane-bound cargos of nucleic acids and other proteins that are abundantly found in virtually every biofluid including blood, urine, and saliva, EVs are widely regarded as promising biomarkers for disease detection. While it is an increasingly promising biofluid from which to isolate EVs, saliva poses challenges due its complexity and heterogeneity--cells, debris, and other proteins can inhibit the isolation of EVs by traditional platforms. Here, we employ the CandyCollect, a lollipop-inspired sampling device with open microfluidic channels, as a non-invasive and patient-friendly alternative for the capture of salivary EVs. The CandyCollect simplifies sample preparation by effectively pre-concentrating EVs on the device surface before EVs are eluted off of the CandyCollect, labeled with cholesterol-tagged oligonucleotides, and subsequently detected by qPCR with primers specific for the tagged oligos to enumerate the relative number of EVs. We demonstrate that downstream EV cargo analysis can be performed using Simoa. Overall, the CandyCollect ushers a new method to capture, enumerate, and analyze salivary EVs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pierce, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suryoraharjo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robertson, I. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatchett, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berthier, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thongpang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogata, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theberge, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sohn, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.09.617508</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CandyCollect: An Open-Microfluidic Device for the Direct Capture and Enumeration of Salivary-Extracellular Vesicles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.10.617505v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PhenoVision: A framework for automating and delivering research-ready plant phenology data from field images 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.10.617505v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plant phenology plays a fundamental role in shaping ecosystems, and global change-induced shifts in phenology have cascading impacts on species interactions and ecosystem structure and function. Detailed, high-quality observations of when plants undergo seasonal transitions such as leaf-out, flowering, and fruiting are critical for tracking causes and consequences of phenology shifts, but these data are often sparse and biased globally. These data gaps limit broader generalizations and forecasting improvements in the face of continuing disturbance. One solution to closing such gaps is to document phenology on field images taken by public participants. iNaturalist, in particular, provides global scale research-grade data and is expanding rapidly. Here we utilize over 53 million field images of plants and millions of human annotations from iNaturalist - data spanning all angiosperms and drawn from across the globe - to train a computer vision model (PhenoVision) to detect the presence of fruits and flowers. PhenoVision utilizes a vision transformer architecture pretrained with a masked autoencoder to improve classification success, and it achieves high accuracy for flower (98.5%) and fruit presence (95%). Key to producing research-ready phenology data is post-calibration tuning and validation focused on reducing noise inherent in field photographs, and maximizing the true positive rate. We also develop a standardized set of quality metrics and metadata so that results can be used effectively by the community. Finally, we showcase how this effort vastly increases phenology data coverage, including regions of the globe where data have been limited before. Our end products are tuned models, new data resources, and an application streamlining discovery and use of those data for the broader research and management community. We close by discussing next steps, including automating phenology annotations, adding new phenology targets, e.g., leaf phenology, and further integration with other resources to form a global central database integrating all in-situ plant phenology resources.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dinnage, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grady, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deck, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denny, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walls, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seltzer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guralnick, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.10.617505</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PhenoVision: A framework for automating and delivering research-ready plant phenology data from field images]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.13.618103v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reactive Oxygen Detoxification Contributes to Mycobacterium abscessus Antibiotic Survival 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.13.618103v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When a population of bacteria is exposed to a bactericidal antibiotic, most cells die rapidly. However, a sub-population of antibiotic-tolerant cells known as "persister cells" can survive for prolonged periods. In addition, antibiotic tolerance can be broadly induced throughout the population by stresses such as nutrient deprivation. However, the pathways required to maintain viability in this setting, and how stress induces antibiotic tolerance are both poorly understood. To identify genetic determinants of antibiotic tolerance in mycobacteria, we carried out transposon mutagenesis insertion sequencing (Tn-Seq) screens in Mycobacterium abscessus (Mabs) exposed to bactericidal translation-inhibiting antibiotics. This analysis identified genes essential for the survival of both spontaneous persister cells as well as for stress-induced tolerance, allowing the first genetic comparison of these states in mycobacteria. Pathway analysis identified multiple genes involved in the detoxification of reactive oxygen species (ROS), including the catalase-peroxidase katG, which contributed to survival in both unstressed and nutrient-starved cells. In addition, we found that endogenous ROS were generated by translation-inhibiting antibiotics, and that hypoxia impaired bacterial killing. KatG specifically contributed to survival following exposure to transcription or translation inhibitors, but not other antibiotic classes tested. Thus, the lethality of some antibiotics is amplified by toxic ROS accumulation, and antibiotic-tolerant cells require detoxification systems to remain viable. These findings further demonstrate that antibiotic-induced ROS plays a broad role in mediating antibiotic lethality across diverse organisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bates, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drwich, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanley, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penn, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.13.618103</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reactive Oxygen Detoxification Contributes to Mycobacterium abscessus Antibiotic Survival]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.14.618189v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TRENDY: Gene Regulatory Network Inference Enhanced by Transformer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.14.618189v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene regulatory networks (GRNs) play a crucial role in the control of cellular functions. Numerous methods have been developed to infer GRNs from gene expression data, including mechanism-based approaches, information-based approaches, and more recent deep learning techniques, the last of which often overlook the underlying gene expression mechanisms. In this work, we introduce TRENDY, a novel GRN inference method that integrates transformer models to enhance the mechanism-based WENDY approach. Through testing on both simulated and experimental datasets, TRENDY demonstrates superior performance compared to existing methods. Furthermore, we apply this transformer-based approach to three additional inference methods, showcasing its broad potential to enhance GRN inference.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tian, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.14.618189</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TRENDY: Gene Regulatory Network Inference Enhanced by Transformer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.14.618253v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An analysis of RNA quality metrics in human brain tissue 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.14.618253v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human brain tissue studies have historically used a range of metrics to assess RNA quality. However, few large-scale cross-comparisons of pre-sequencing quality metrics with RNA-seq quality have been published. Here, we analyze how well metrics gathered before RNA sequencing (post-mortem interval (PMI) and RNA integrity number RIN) relate to analyses of RNA quality after sequencing (Percent of counts in Top Ten genes (PTT), 5 bias, and 3 bias) as well as with individual gene counts across the transcriptome. We conduct this analysis across four different human cortical brain tissue collections sequenced with varying library preparation protocols. PMI and RIN have a low inverse correlation, and both PMI and RIN show consistent and opposing correlations with PTT. Unlike PMI, RIN shows strong consistent correlations with measurements of 3 and 5 bias, and RIN also correlates with 3,933 genes across datasets, in comparison to 138 genes for PMI. Neuronal and immune response genes correlate positively and negatively with RIN respectively, suggesting that different gene sets have divergent relationships with RIN in brain tissue. In summary, these analyses suggest that conventional metrics of RNA quality have varying degrees of value, and that PMI has an overall minimal but reproducible effect on RNA quality.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciener, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leskinen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivakumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKhann, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Runnels, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.14.618253</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An analysis of RNA quality metrics in human brain tissue]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.14.618280v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Representations of stimulus meaning in the hippocampus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.14.618280v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to discriminate and categorize the meaning of environmental stimuli and respond accordingly is essential for survival. The ventral hippocampus (vHPC) controls emotional and motivated behaviors in response to environmental cues and is hypothesized to do so in part by deciphering the positive or negative quality of these cues. Yet, what features of the environment are represented in the activity patterns of vCA1 neurons, and whether the positive or negative meaning of a stimulus is present at this stage, remains unclear. Here, using 2-photon calcium imaging across six different experimental paradigms, we consistently found that vCA1 ensembles encode the identity, sensory features, and intensity of learned and innately salient stimuli, but not their overall valence. These results offer a reappraisal of vCA1 function, wherein information corresponding to individual stimulus features and their behavioral saliency predominates, while valence-related information is attached elsewhere.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Biane, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ladow, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, L. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apodaca-Montano, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bratsch-Prince, J. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kheirbek, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.14.618280</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Representations of stimulus meaning in the hippocampus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.14.618338v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenetic and 3D genome reprogramming during the aging of human hippocampus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.14.618338v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Age-related cognitive decline is associated with altered physiology of the hippocampus. While changes in gene expression have been observed in aging brain, the regulatory mechanisms underlying these changes remain underexplored. We generated single-nucleus gene expression, chromatin accessibility, DNA methylation, and 3D genome data from 40 human hippocampal tissues spanning adult lifespan. We observed a striking loss of astrocytes, OPC, and endothelial cells during aging, including astrocytes that play a role in regulating synapses. Microglia undergo a dramatic switch from a homeostatic state to a primed inflammatory state through DNA methylome and 3D genome reprogramming. Aged cells experience erosion of their 3D genome architecture. Our study identifies age-associated changes in cell types/states and gene regulatory features that provide insight into cognitive decline during human aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zemke, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mamde, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berchtold, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garduno, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Indralingam, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartosik, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tani, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ajith, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.14.618338</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenetic and 3D genome reprogramming during the aging of human hippocampus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.18.618981v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HP1a promotes chromatin liquidity and drives spontaneous heterochromatin compartmentalization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.18.618981v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Compartmentalization of the nucleus into heterochromatin and euchromatin is highly conserved across eukaryotes. Constitutive heterochromatin (C-Het) constitutes a liquid-like condensate that packages the repetitive regions of the genome through the enrichment of histone modification H3K9me3 and recruitment of its cognate reader protein Heterochromatin Protein-1 (HP1a). The ability for well-ordered nucleosome arrays and HP1a to independently form biomolecular condensates suggests that the emergent material properties of C-Het compartments may contribute to its functions such as force-buffering, dosage-dependent gene silencing, and selective permeability. Using an in vitro reconstitution system we directly assess the contributions of H3K9me3 and HP1a on the biophysical properties of C-Het. In the presence of HP1a, H3K9me3 (Me-) and unmodified (U-) chromatin form co-condensates composed of distinct, immiscible domains. These chromatin domains form spontaneously and are reversible. Independently of HP1a, H3K9me3 modifications are sufficient to increase linker-DNA length within chromatin arrays and slow chromatin condensate growth. HP1a increases the liquidity of chromatin condensates while dramatically differentiating the viscoelastic properties of Me-chromatin versus U-chromatin. Mutating key residues in HP1a show that HP1a interactions with itself and chromatin determine the relative interfacial tension between chromatin compartments, however the formation of condensates is driven by the underlying chromatin. These direct measurements map the energetic landscape that determines C-Het compartmentalization, demonstrating that nuclear compartmentalization is a spontaneous and energetically favorable process in which HP1a plays a critical role in establishing a hierarchy of affinities between H3K9me3-chromatin and unmodified-chromatin.

Highlights HP1a is necessary and sufficient for heterochromatin compartmentalization.
 Heterochromatin compartmentalization is reversible and proceeds through microphase-separation.
 H3K9me3 is sufficient to change nucleosome-array dynamics and mesoscale material properties.
 HP1a increases chromatin liquidity.
 HP1a-chromatin interaction modes tune the interfacial tensions and morphologies of heterochromatin compartments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brennan, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colmenares, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ego, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryu, J.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karpen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.18.618981</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HP1a promotes chromatin liquidity and drives spontaneous heterochromatin compartmentalization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.17.618902v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Resolving an unconventional non-photochemical quenching signature at the light-to-dark transition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.17.618902v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) protects photosynthetic organisms via diverse molecular players contributing at varying timescales. However, in the absence of one of the largest contributors to NPQ, energy-dependent quenching (qE), we observe an unusual but universal phenomenon: a transient increase in quenching in the dark following high light exposure. To mechanistically interrogate this light-to-dark (LtD) NPQ phenotype, we performed chlorophyll fluorescence lifetime snapshot measurements across a diverse array of Arabidopsis mutant backgrounds and chemical treatments. We found that the electrochemical gradient across the thylakoid membrane is essential for this phenomenon. Through analysis of higher-order Arabidopsis mutants, we also found that LtD NPQ is independent of the known forms of photoprotective NPQ, as well as the major and minor light-harvesting complexes (LHCII). Our results point to LtD NPQ as a photoinhibition (qI)-related, reaction center quenching with implications for photoprotection in fluctuating light.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lam, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel-Tupper, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steen, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leipertz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, T.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleming, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niyogi, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.17.618902</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Resolving an unconventional non-photochemical quenching signature at the light-to-dark transition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.18.619123v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Academic Success and Mental Health: The Paradox of Frontoparietal-Default Mode Network Coupling among Children Facing Poverty 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.18.619123v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Childhood family income is a powerful predictor of academic achievement and mental health. Here, we ask whether children living in poverty who succeed academically are subsequently protected from, or at risk for, internalizing symptoms. Prior research indicates that children in poverty with better academic performance tend to have higher temporal coupling between the Lateral Frontoparietal Network (LFPN) and Default Mode Network (DMN) than lower-performing children in poverty. An open question is whether higher LFPN-DMN coupling has maladaptive long-term consequences for mental health for this population. In this pre-registered longitudinal study, we analyzed data from 10,829 children (1,931 in poverty) in the ABCD study across four time points (ages 9-13). Higher grades correlated with fewer internalizing symptoms; this association was more pronounced for children below poverty. Longitudinally, LFPN-DMN connectivity correlated positively with internalizing symptoms across both groups and timepoints. Thus, although higher academic performance was associated with better mental health outcomes for all children, the specific pattern of LFPN-DMN connectivity that supports academic resilience among children in poverty may be a risk factor for developing internalizing symptoms. These findings highlight the complex nature of academic resilience in the context of structural inequity.

HighlightsO_LIHigh grades linked to fewer internalizing symptoms, especially for kids in poverty.
C_LIO_LIHigh LFPN-DMN connectivity predicts higher internalizing symptoms in children.
C_LIO_LINeural correlates of academic resilience may predispose children to internalizing.
C_LIO_LIChildren below poverty had higher internalizing symptoms.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pacheco, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bunge, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellwood-Lowe, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.18.619123</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Academic Success and Mental Health: The Paradox of Frontoparietal-Default Mode Network Coupling among Children Facing Poverty]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.19.619222v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Correlating Disordered Activation Domain Ensembles with Gene Expression Levels 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.19.619222v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcription factor proteins bind to specific DNA promoter sequences and initiate gene transcription. In eukaryotes, most transcription factors contain intrinsically disordered activation domains (ADs) that regulate their transcriptional activity. Like other disordered protein regions, ADs do not have a fixed three-dimensional structure and instead exist in an ensemble of conformations. Disordered ensembles contain sequence-encoded structural preferences which are often linked to their function. We hypothesize this link exists between the structural preferences of disordered AD ensembles and their ability to induce gene expression. To test this, we used FRET microscopy to measure the ensemble dimensions of two activation domains, HIF-1 and CITED2, in live cells, and correlate this structural information with transcriptional activity. We find that point mutations that expanded the HIF-1 ensemble increased transcriptional activity, while those that compacted it reduced activity. Conversely, CITED2 showed no correlation between ensemble dimensions and activity. Our results reveal a sequence-dependent relationship between AD ensemble dimensions and their transcriptional activity.

WHY IT MATTERSTranscription factors have activation domains (ADs) that bind to coactivator complexes to initiate gene transcription. Despite their key role, a comprehensive understanding of what drives their transcriptional activity has remained elusive. Efforts to understand AD activity have largely focused on their amino acid composition. In recent years, it is increasingly realized that the structural ensembles of disordered proteins contain biases that dictate their structural properties. For ADs, ensemble structures remain poorly explored, especially in relation to their activity. Here we report a mutational study of two ADs, HIF-1 and CITED2, that examines how ensemble dimensions correlate with activity. Our findings suggest that ensemble dimensions may drive activity in some ADs, and that AD ensemble dimensions can be modulated not only through mutations, but also through changes in the cellular environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Flores, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camacho, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuevas-Zepeda, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCoy, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staller, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sukenik, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.19.619222</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Correlating Disordered Activation Domain Ensembles with Gene Expression Levels]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.20.619319v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Understanding the development of enzalutamide resistance based on a functional single-cell approach 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.20.619319v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most metastatic prostate cancers (PCa) initially depend on androgen for survival and proliferation. Thus, anti-androgen or castration therapies are the mainstay treatment. Although effective at first, androgen-dependent PCa (ADPC) universally develops therapy resistance, thereby evolving to the incurable disease, called castration resistant PCa (CRPC). Currently, mechanisms underlying the emergence of CRPC from ADPC are largely unclear. We used single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-Seq) to determine how a therapy-naive ADPC cell line - LNCaP responds to the anti-androgen drug, enzalutamide. We found that most cells expressed the drug-target androgen receptor (AR+), while a small subpopulation ([~]12%) expressed low or no AR (ARlow/-). Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) revealed that AR+ and ARlow/- cells were enriched with significantly different gene expressions and signaling pathways. Unexpectedly, ARlow/- cells displayed robust transcriptional response, including upregulations of genes and pathways involved in clinical CRPC. Next, we isolate ARlow/- and AR+ cells from the LNCaP cell line, and functionally confirmed the enzalutamide resistant phenotype of ARlow/- cells in vitro and in xenograft models in vivo. Finally, to explore a therapeutic option for ARlow/- cells, we found that ARlow/- cells expressed low levels of NAD+ biosynthesis genes, notably NAPRT, indicating a possible vulnerability to inhibitors blocking NAD+ synthesis. Indeed, treating ARlow/- cells with NAD+ synthesis inhibitors, FK866 and OT-82, significantly inhibited the survival and proliferation of ARlow/- cells, thus suggesting a possible novel therapeutic option for ADT and enzalutamide resistant PCa.

SUMMARYSingle-cell RNA-Sequencing reveals heterogeneities of tumor cell populations. In most cases, however, the functional significance of the observed heterogeneity is not tested. In this study, we first identified a possible therapy-resistant prostate cancer cell subpopulation with scRNA-Seq, then confirmed the resistant phenotype with single cell and colony - based cloning and functional testing. In addition, we also identified a therapeutic vulnerability of the resistant cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xue, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, H.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pittsenbarger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dao, L. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Libmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, D. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.20.619319</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Understanding the development of enzalutamide resistance based on a functional single-cell approach]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.21.619096v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic diversity loss in the Anthropocene will continue long after habitat destruction ends 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.21.619096v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic diversity within species is the basis for evolutionary adaptive capacity and has recently been included as a target for protection in the United Nations Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF). However, we lack large-scale mathematical frameworks to quantify how much genetic diversity has already been lost, let alone to predict future losses under 21st century conservation scenarios. To fill this gap, we developed an area-based spatio-temporal predictive framework of genetic diversity calibrated with population-scale genomic data of 29 plant and animal species. To estimate present genetic diversity loss with our framework, we used species habitat area and population sizes losses reported in the Living Planet Index, the Red List, and new GBF indicators across 13,808 species for the last 5 decades. Applying our evolutionary framework across these species, we estimate genetic diversity loss lags behind population and habitat area declines, with an estimated current 13-22% {pi} genetic diversity loss. However, we forecast future genetic diversity losses will reach 41-76% even if populations are not further contracted. These results highlight that safeguarding existing habitats is insufficient to maintain the genetic health of species and relying solely on continuous genetic monitoring underestimates lagging long term impacts.

Significance statementGenetic diversity is crucial for both species adaptation and survival. Recently, it has been included as a target for protection in the United Nations Global Biodiversity Framework. However, we lack large-scale predictive methods to quantify current and future losses of genetic diversity across species. Here, we develop an area-based spatio-temporal predictive framework trained with high-quality genome-wide data from 29 plant and animal species to enable quantitative predictions of genetic biodiversity at global scales. We infer global genetic diversity losses are beyond the preliminary UN targets to protect 90% of genetic diversity of species, evolutionary models dramatic genetic losses will occur in the future even with habitat protection if populations across species are not recovered.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mualim, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spence, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selmoni, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Exposito-Alonso, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.21.619096</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic diversity loss in the Anthropocene will continue long after habitat destruction ends]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.22.616524v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human Satellite 3 DNA encodes megabase-scale transcription factor binding platforms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.22.616524v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eukaryotic genomes frequently contain large arrays of tandem repeats, called satellite DNA. While some satellite DNAs participate in centromere function, others do not. For example, Human Satellite 3 (HSat3) forms the largest satellite DNA arrays in the human genome, but these multi-megabase regions were almost fully excluded from genome assemblies until recently, and their potential functions remain understudied and largely unknown. To address this, we performed a systematic screen for HSat3 binding proteins. Our work revealed that HSat3 contains millions of copies of transcription factor (TF) motifs bound by over a dozen TFs from various signaling pathways, including the growth-regulating transcription effector family TEAD1-4 from the Hippo pathway. Imaging experiments show that TEAD recruits the co-activator YAP to HSat3 regions in a cell-state specific manner. Using synthetic reporter assays, targeted repression of HSat3, inducible degradation of YAP, and super-resolution microscopy, we show that HSat3 arrays can localize YAP/TEAD inside the nucleolus, enhancing RNA Polymerase I activity. Beyond discovering a direct relationship between the Hippo pathway and ribosomal DNA regulation, this work demonstrates that satellite DNA can encode multiple transcription factor binding motifs, defining an important functional role for these enormous genomic elements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Franklin, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubocanin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chittenden, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barillas, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerton, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, K.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altemose, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.22.616524</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human Satellite 3 DNA encodes megabase-scale transcription factor binding platforms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.23.619912v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Variable Presence of an Evolutionarily New Brain Structure is Related to Trait Impulsivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.23.619912v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundImpulsivity is a multidimensional construct reflecting poor constraint over ones behaviors. Clinical psychology research identifies separable impulsivity dimensions that are each unique transdiagnostic indicators for psychopathology. Yet, despite this apparent clinical importance, the shared and unique neuroanatomical correlates of these factors remain largely unknown. Concomitantly, neuroimaging research identifies variably present human brain structures implicated in cognition and disorder: the folds (sulci) of the cerebral cortex located in the latest developing and most evolutionarily expanded hominoid-specific association cortices.

MethodsWe tethered these two fields to test whether variability in one such structure in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)--the paracingulate sulcus (PCGS)--was related to individual differences in trait impulsivity. 120 adult participants with internalizing or externalizing psychopathology completed a magnetic resonance imaging scan and the Three-Factor Impulsivity Index. Using precision imaging techniques, we manually identified the PCGS, when present, and acquired quantitative folding metrics (PCGS length and ACC local gyrification index).

ResultsNeuroanatomical-behavioral analyses revealed that participants with leftward or symmetrical PCGS patterns had greater severity of Lack of Follow Through (LFT)--which captures inattention and lack of perseverance--than those with rightward asymmetry. Neuroanatomical-functional analyses identified that the PCGS co-localized with a focal locus found in a neuroimaging meta-analysis on a feature underlying LFT. Both quantitative folding metrics did not relate to any impulsivity dimension.

ConclusionsThis study advances understanding of the neuroanatomical correlates of impulsivity and establishes the notion that the topographical organization of distinct, hominoid-specific cortical expanses underlie separable impulsivity dimensions with robust, transdiagnostic implications for psychopathology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Willbrand, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maboudian, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elliott, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kellerman, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.23.619912</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Variable Presence of an Evolutionarily New Brain Structure is Related to Trait Impulsivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.24.620116v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The deubiquitinase Rpn11 functions as an allosteric ubiquitin sensor to promote substrate engagement by the 26S proteasome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.24.620116v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The 26S proteasome is the major compartmental protease in eukaryotic cells, responsible for the ATP-dependent turnover of obsolete, damaged, or misfolded proteins that are delivered for degradation through attached ubiquitin modifications. In addition to targeting substrates to the proteasome, ubiquitin was recently shown to promote degradation initiation by directly modulating the conformational switching of the proteasome, yet the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Here, we used biochemical, mutational, and single-molecule FRET-based approaches to show that the proteasomal deubiquitinase Rpn11 functions as an allosteric sensor and facilitates the early steps of degradation. After substrate recruitment to the proteasome, ubiquitin binding to Rpn11 interferes with conformation-specific interactions of the ubiquitin-receptor subunit Rpn10, thereby stabilizing the engagement-competent state of the proteasome and expediting substrate insertion into the ATPase motor for mechanical translocation, unfolding, and Rpn11-mediated deubiquitination. These findings explain how modifications with poly-ubiquitin chains or multiple mono-ubiquitins allosterically promote substrate degradation and allow up to four-fold faster turnover by the proteasome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Htet, Z. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.24.620116</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The deubiquitinase Rpn11 functions as an allosteric ubiquitin sensor to promote substrate engagement by the 26S proteasome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.22.618525v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Too dim, too bright, and just right: Systems analysis of the Chlamydomonas diurnal program upon acclimation to light stress and limitation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.22.618525v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Photosynthetic organisms coordinate their metabolism and growth with diurnal light, which can range in intensity from limiting to inhibitory. To gain a comprehensive understanding of how diurnal regulatory circuits interface with sensing and response to various light intensities, we performed a systems analysis of synchronized Chlamydomonas populations acclimated to low, moderate, and high diurnal light. Transcriptomic and proteomic data revealed that the Chlamydomonas rhythmic gene expression program is resilient to limiting and excess light. Although gene expression and photodamage are dynamic over the diurnal cycle, Chlamydomonas populations acclimated to low and high diurnal light exhibit constitutive phenotypes with respect to photosystem abundance, thylakoid architecture, and non-photochemical quenching that persist through the night. This suggests that cells "remember" or anticipate the daylight environment. The integrated data constitute an excellent resource for understanding gene regulatory mechanisms and photoprotection in eukaryotes under environmentally relevant conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dupuis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ojeda, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallaher, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purvine, S. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaesener, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ponce, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicora, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloodsworth, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipton, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niyogi, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merchant, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.22.618525</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Too dim, too bright, and just right: Systems analysis of the Chlamydomonas diurnal program upon acclimation to light stress and limitation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.22.619683v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The genome assembly of the duckweed fern, Azolla caroliniana 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.22.619683v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Azolla is a genus of freshwater ferns that is economically important as a nitrogen-fixing biofertilizer, biofuel, bioremediator, and for potential carbon sequestration, but also contains weedy invasive species. In California, only two species are currently recognized but there may be up to six putative species, with the discrepancy being due to the difficulty in identifying taxa, hybridization, and the introduction of non-native species. Here, we report a new haplotype-resolved, chromosome-level assembly of Azolla caroliniana as part of the California Conservation Genomics Project (CCGP), using a combination of PacBio HiFi and Omni-C sequencing technologies. The assembly is 521 Mb in length, with a contig N50 of 1.6 Mb, and is scaffolded into 22 pseudo-chromosomes. The BUSCO completeness score is 87.5%, making it the most complete and most contiguous Azolla assembly to date. In combination with the previously published A. filiculoides genome, this A. caroliniana genome will be a powerful tool for understanding the population genetics and taxonomy of one of the most cryptic, economically important, and poorly circumscribed fern taxa, and for facilitating land plant genomics more broadly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, F.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freund, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escalona, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toffelmier, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaffer, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marimuthu, M. P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chumchim, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tribble, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fairbairn, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seligmann, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothfels, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.22.619683</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The genome assembly of the duckweed fern, Azolla caroliniana]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.22.619717v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of immunogenic and cross-reactive chikungunya virus-specific CD4+ T cell epitopes in chronic chikungunya viral arthritic disease in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.22.619717v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a mosquito-borne alphavirus, causes acute febrile illness that can progress into chronic chikungunya virus disease (CHIKVD) marked by persistent debilitating arthralgia. At present, the exact cause of chronic CHIKVD is not understood, and in humans, the targets of CD4+ T cells in CHIKV are currently unknown. Here, by stimulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) collected from patients suffering from chronic CHIKVD with peptides spanning the entire CHIKV genome, we provide a comprehensive landscape of CHIKV CD4+ T cell epitopes. We identified 123 novel CD4+ T cell epitopes and three immunodominant regions in E1, nsP1 and CP proteins. The immunodominance of these E1, nsP1 and CP regions was mapped to optimal epitopes, characterized by the capacity to bind to many common HLA class II allelic variants. In addition, we designed and validated a new CHIKV-specific CD4+ T cell epitope megapool, spanning both structural and non-structural proteins, which can be a useful tool to study CHIKV-specific T cell responses in small blood volumes, typically available in pediatric or clinical samples. Finally, by in silico assessment of the conservation of the CHIKV proteome in a diverse set of alphaviruses, we defined CHIKV epitopes conserved across arthritogenic and encephalitic viruses. Overall, our work is the first to identify CD4+ T cell targets of CHIKV in humans, expanding our capacity to study the role of T cells in CHIKV pathogenesis and mapping targets of alphaviruses for vaccine design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Agarwal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cortes, F. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Perez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galvez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castillo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balmaseda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romero-Vivas, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lakshmanane, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falconar, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grifoni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sette, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiskopf, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.22.619717</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of immunogenic and cross-reactive chikungunya virus-specific CD4+ T cell epitopes in chronic chikungunya viral arthritic disease in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.22.619747v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biocultural vulnerability of traditional crops in the Indian Trans Himalaya 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.22.619747v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Traditional agricultural landscapes are critical for conserving biocultural and ecological diversity. Despite their significance, traditional systems have often been overlooked, leading to genetic erosion of crop landraces. Using the fragile ecosystems of northwest Himalaya as case study, we examine the ecological and genetic resilience of an understudied and lesser-known traditional crop, black pea, and barley (Hordeum vulgare) and compare them to the introduced cash crop of green pea (Pisum sativum L.). We co-designed field experiments with local farmers to assess survival and reproductive traits for the crops. We performed whole-genome sequencing to investigate the genetic diversity of black pea and describe their nutritional profile. Our findings indicate that traditional crops are better adapted to local climatic conditions and hold considerable genetic diversity and nutritional potential. We emphasize the importance of integrating traditional knowledge with scientific research to promote sustainable food systems and socio-ecological stability in vulnerable mountain regions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jaggi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anand, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solari, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Echeverri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tobge, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsewang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suryawanshi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuljapurkar, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.22.619747</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biocultural vulnerability of traditional crops in the Indian Trans Himalaya]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.22.619760v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Learning antibody sequence constraints from allelic inclusion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.22.619760v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibodies and B-cell receptors (BCRs) are produced by B cells, and are built of a heavy chain and a light chain. Although each B cell could express two different heavy chains and four different light chains, usually only a unique pair of heavy chain and light chain is expressed--a phenomenon known as allelic exclusion. However, a small fraction of naive-B cells violate allelic exclusion by expressing two productive light chains, one of which has impaired function; this has been called allelic inclusion. We demonstrate that these B cells can be used to learn constraints on antibody sequence. Using large-scale single-cell sequencing data from humans, we find examples of light chain allelic inclusion in thousands of naive-B cells, which is an order of magnitude larger than existing datasets. We train machine learning models to identify the abnormal sequences in these cells. The resulting models correlate with antibody properties that they were not trained on, including polyreactivity, surface expression, and mutation usage in affinity maturation. These correlations are larger than what is achieved by existing antibody modeling approaches, indicating that allelic inclusion data contains useful new information. We also investigate the impact of similar selection forces on the heavy chain in mouse, and observe that pairing with the surrogate light chain significantly restricts heavy chain diversity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jagota, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazumder, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sung, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeWitt, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Listgarten, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsen, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.22.619760</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Learning antibody sequence constraints from allelic inclusion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.23.619941v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Imaging synaptic density in ageing and Alzheimer's Disease with -SynVesT-1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.23.619941v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Monitoring synaptic injury in neurodegenerative diseases may provide new insights into the evolution of the degenerative process as well as a potential mechanism to target for preservation of function. Synaptic density imaging with PET is a relatively new approach to this issue. However, there are remaining questions about technical approaches to data analysis including reference region selection, and how specific phenotypic presentations and symptoms of Alzheimers Disease (AD) are reflected in alterations in synaptic density.

MethodsUsing an SV2A PET ligand radiolabeled with the 18F isotope ([18F]-SynVesT-1) we performed sensitivity analyses to determine the optimal reference tissue modelling approach to derive whole brain ratio images. Using these whole brain images from a sample of young adults, older adults, and patients with varied phenotypic presentations of AD we then contrast regional SV2A density and in vivo AD biomarkers.

ResultReference tissue optimisation concluded that a cerebellar grey matter reference region is best for deriving whole brain ratio images. Using these whole brain ratio images, we find a strong inverse association between [18F]-SynVesT-1 PET uptake and amyloid beta and tau PET deposition. Finally, we find that individuals with lower temporal grey matter volume but higher temporal [18F]-SynVesT-1 PET uptake show preserved performance on the MMSE.

Conclusions[18F]-SynVesT-1 PET shows a close association with in vivo AD pathology and preserved SV2A density may be a possible marker for resilience to neurodegeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Giorgio, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soleimani-Meigooni, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janabi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toueg, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weimer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zinnhardt, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabinovici, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jagust, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.23.619941</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Imaging synaptic density in ageing and Alzheimer's Disease with -SynVesT-1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.23.619892v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Motor Clustering Enhances Kinesin-driven Vesicle Transport 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.23.619892v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intracellular vesicles are typically transported by a small number of kinesin and dynein motors. However, the slow microtubule binding rate of kinesin-1 observed in in vitro biophysical studies suggests that long-range transport may require a high number of motors. To address the discrepancy in motor requirements between in vivo and in vitro studies, we reconstituted motility of 120-nm-diameter liposomes driven by multiple GFP-labeled kinesin-1 motors. Consistent with predictions based on previous binding rate measurements, we found that long-distance transport requires a high number of kinesin-1 motors. We hypothesized that this discrepancy from in vivo observations may arise from differences in motor organization and tested whether motor clustering can enhance transport efficiency using a DNA scaffold. Clustering just three motors improved liposome travel distances across a wide range of motor numbers. Our findings demonstrate that, independent of motor number, the arrangement of motors on a vesicle regulates transport distance, suggesting that differences in motor organization may explain the disparity between in vivo and in vitro motor requirements for long-range transport.

Significance StatementIntracellular vesicles frequently travel long distances, despite having few kinesin and dynein motors. By reconstituting liposome motility with kinesin-1 motors, we demonstrate the need for high motor copy numbers for long-range transport when motors are randomly distributed on the liposome surface. We further show that motor clustering reduces the required motor number, emphasizing its potential role in enhancing transport efficiency. Our findings highlight the significance of motor organization in regulating intracellular transport and suggest that motor clustering, such as by scaffolding proteins or lipid domains, influences bidirectional transport outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nong, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sept, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hancock, W. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.23.619892</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Motor Clustering Enhances Kinesin-driven Vesicle Transport]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.28.620722v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CRISPR-enabled control of gene expression sets the isotopic composition of microbial methane 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.28.620722v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The stable isotopic composition of biogenic methane varies substantially in the environment and is routinely used to fingerprint its source. However, the underlying cause of this variation is debated. Here, we experimentally manipulate the growth rate of the model methanogen, Methanosarcina acetivorans, using CRISPR mutagenesis to generate a tunable version of the key and final enzyme in methanogenesis, methyl-coenzyme M reductase (MCR). We demonstrate that the carbon and hydrogen isotopic composition of methane change as a function of MCR expression and growth rate. Using an isotope enabled metabolic model we show that these changes stem from a substrate-independent increase in reversibility of methanogenic enzymes. Overall, these data provide a novel framework for calibrating growth coupled changes in the isotopic composition of biogenic methane.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gropp, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bill, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lloyd, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nayak, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stolper, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.28.620722</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CRISPR-enabled control of gene expression sets the isotopic composition of microbial methane]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.25.620326v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phosphorylation of HP1/Swi6 relieves competition with Suv39/Clr4 on nucleosomes and enables H3K9 trimethyl spreading. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.25.620326v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Heterochromatin formation in Schizosaccharomyces pombe requires the spreading of histone 3 (H3) Lysine 9 (K9) methylation (me) from nucleation centers by the H3K9 methylase, Suv39/Clr4, and the reader protein, HP1/Swi6. To accomplish this, Suv39/Clr4 and HP1/Swi6 have to associate with nucleosomes both nonspecifically, binding DNA and octamer surfaces and specifically, via recognition of methylated H3K9 by their respective chromodomains. However, how both proteins avoid competition for the same nucleosomes in this process is unclear. Here, we show that phosphorylation tunes oligomerization and the nucleosome affinity of HP1/Swi6 such that it preferentially partitions onto Suv39/Clr4s trimethyl product rather than its unmethylated substrates. Preferential partitioning enables efficient conversion from di-to trimethylation on nucleosomes in vitro and H3K9me3 spreading in vivo. Together, our data suggests that phosphorylation of HP1/Swi6 creates a regime that increases oligomerization and relieves competition with the "read-write" mechanism of Suv39/Clr4, together promoting for productive heterochromatin spreading.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemiere, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simental, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braxton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maxwell, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amine, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Sady, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.25.620326</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phosphorylation of HP1/Swi6 relieves competition with Suv39/Clr4 on nucleosomes and enables H3K9 trimethyl spreading.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.27.620516v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A multi-subunit autophagic capture complex facilitates degradation of ER stalled MHC-I in pancreatic cancer. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.27.620516v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) evades immune detection partly via autophagic capture and lysosomal degradation of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I). Why MHC-I is susceptible to capture via autophagy remains unclear. By synchronizing exit of proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), we show that PDAC cells display prolonged retention of MHC-I in the ER and fail to efficiently route it to the plasma membrane. A capture-complex composed of NBR1 and the ER-phagy receptor TEX264 facilitates targeting of MHC-I for autophagic degradation, and suppression of either receptor is sufficient to increase total levels and re-route MHC-I to the plasma membrane. Binding of MHC-I to the capture complex is linked to antigen presentation efficiency, as inhibiting antigen loading via knockdown of TAP1 or beta 2-Microglobulin led to increased binding between MHC-I and the TEX264-NBR1 capture complex. Conversely, expression of ER directed high affinity antigenic peptides led to increased MHC-I at the cell surface and reduced lysosomal degradation. A genome-wide CRISPRi screen identified NFXL1, as an ER-resident E3 ligase that binds to MHC-I and mediates its autophagic capture. High levels of NFXL1 are negatively correlated with MHC-I protein expression and predicts poor patient prognosis. These data highlight an ER resident capture complex tasked with sequestration and degradation of non-conformational MHC-I in PDAC cells, and targeting this complex has the potential to increase PDAC immunogenicity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Berquez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luy, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venida, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Loughlin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rademaker, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barpanda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yano, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiita, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruno, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perera, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.27.620516</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A multi-subunit autophagic capture complex facilitates degradation of ER stalled MHC-I in pancreatic cancer.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.28.620733v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A mitochondrial redox switch licenses the onset of morphogenesis in animals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.28.620733v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Embryos undergo pre-gastrulation cleavage cycles to generate a critical cell mass before transitioning to morphogenesis. The molecular underpinnings of this transition have traditionally centered on zygotic chromatin remodeling and genome activation1,2, as their repression can prevent downstream processes of differentiation and organogenesis. Despite precedents that oxygen depletion can similarly suspend development in early embryos3-6, hinting at a pivotal role for oxygen metabolism in this transition, whether there is a bona fide chemical switch that licenses the onset of morphogenesis remains unknown. Here we discover that a mitochondrial oxidant acts as a metabolic switch to license the onset of animal morphogenesis. Concomitant with the instatement of mitochondrial membrane potential, we found a burst-like accumulation of mitochondrial superoxide (O2-) during fly blastoderm formation. In vivo chemistry experiments revealed that an electron leak from site IIIQo at ETC Complex III is responsible for O2- production. Importantly, depleting mitochondrial O2- fully mimics anoxic conditions and, like anoxia, induces suspended animation prior to morphogenesis, but not after. Specifically, H2O2, and not ONOO-, NO, or HO*, can single-handedly account for this mtROS-based response. We demonstrate that depleting mitochondrial O2- similarly prevents the onset of morphogenetic events in vertebrate embryos and ichthyosporea, close relatives of animals. We postulate that such redox-based metabolic licensing of morphogenesis is an ancient trait of holozoans that couples the availability of oxygen to development, conserved from early-diverging animal relatives to vertebrates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kahlin, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalla Ricca, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pillai, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olivetta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tharp, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jao, L.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudin, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aydogan, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.28.620733</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A mitochondrial redox switch licenses the onset of morphogenesis in animals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.28.620771v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic Analysis of Progenitors in Viral Infection Implicates Glucocorticoids as Suppressors of Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Generation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.28.620771v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plasmacytoid Dendritic cells (pDCs) are the most potent producers of interferons, which are critical antiviral cytokines. pDC development is, however, compromised following a viral infection, and this phenomenon, as well as its relationship to conventional (c)DC development is still incompletely understood. By using lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection in mice as a model system, we observed that DC progenitors skewed away from pDC and towards cDC development during in vivo viral infection. Subsequent characterization of the transcriptional and epigenetic landscape of fms-like tyrosine kinase 3+ (Flt3+) DC progenitors and follow-up studies revealed increased apoptosis and reduced proliferation in different individual DC-progenitors as well as a profound IFN-I-dependent ablation of pre-pDCs, but not pre-DC precursor, after both acute and chronic LCMV infections. In addition, integrated genomic analysis identified altered activity of 34 transcription factors in Flt3+ DC progenitors from infected mice, including two regulators of Glucocorticoid (GC) responses. Subsequent studies demonstrated that addition of GCs to DC progenitors led to downregulated pDC-primed-genes while upregulating cDC-primed-genes, and that endogenous GCs selectively decreased pDC, but not cDC, numbers upon in-vivo LCMV infection. These findings demonstrate a significant ablation of pre-pDCs in infected mice and identify GCs as suppressors of pDC generation from early progenitors. This provides an explanation for the impaired pDC development following viral infection and links pDC generation to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.

Significance StatementPlasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) play critical roles in antiviral responses. However, adaptations of DC progenitors lead to compromised pDC generation after viral infection. Here, we characterized the transcriptional and epigenetic landscapes of DC progenitors after infection. We observed widespread changes in gene expression and chromatin accessibility, reflecting shifts in proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation potential into various DC subsets. Notably, we identified alterations in the predicted activity of 34 transcription factors, including two regulators of glucocorticoid responses. Our data demonstrate that glucocorticoids inhibit pDC generation by reprogramming DC progenitors. These findings establish a molecular framework for understanding how DC progenitors adapt to infection and highlight the role of glucocorticoid signaling in this process.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiale, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dallari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marooki, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuniga, E. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.28.620771</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic Analysis of Progenitors in Viral Infection Implicates Glucocorticoids as Suppressors of Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Generation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.31.621384v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The adolescent frontal cortex shows stronger population-level encoding of information than the adult during a putative sensitive period 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.31.621384v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adolescence is commonly claimed to be a  sensitive period for brain development, but it is not clear how experience at this stage can have such strong impacts. We hypothesized that enhanced sensitivity to experience during adolescence may manifest as stronger encoding of task-related information in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC). To enable optical access to task-related layer 2/3 neural activity in the developing mouse dmPFC, we imaged mice under a 2-photon microscope while they learned an auditory go/no-go task. We found adolescent mice (postnatal day P30-45) learned the task to criterion faster than adult mice (P60-75). When we compared neural activity in expert mice with comparable performance between the two age groups, we found that a similar fraction of single cells encoded task variables in the two groups. However, task information could be better decoded from the adolescent dmPFC population activity than the adult, even when we controlled for differences in head-fixed running. Adolescents also showed greater noise correlation than adults and shuffling to remove this noise correlation suggested noise correlation contributed to gain of function in adolescent compared to adult brain. We suggest a working model for adolescent brain function in which greater noise correlation supports greater capacity for distributed encoding of information driving, for better or for worse, increased sensitivity to experiences at this stage of life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Klinger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tai, L.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qu, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilbrecht, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.31.621384</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The adolescent frontal cortex shows stronger population-level encoding of information than the adult during a putative sensitive period]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.28.620741v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Detection of airborne Coccidioides spores using lightweight portable air samplers affixed to uncrewed aircraft systems in California's Central Valley 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.28.620741v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coccidioidomycosis is an emerging fungal infection caused by inhalation of Coccidioides spp. spores. While airborne dispersal is critical to Coccidioides transmission, limited recovery of the pathogen from air has hindered understanding of the aerosolization and transport of spores. Here, we examine uncrewed aircraft systems (UAS) with portable, active air samplers as a novel means of capturing aerosolized Coccidioides and characterizing emissions and exposure risk. We sampled in September 2023 in eastern San Luis Obispo County, California, in an area with confirmed Coccidioides immitis in soils. We completed 41 20-minute flights across 14 sites using UAS equipped with an 8 L/min bioaerosol sampler and a low-cost particulate matter sensor. We sampled source soils and air under ambient conditions using one UAS at 1-10 m above ground level, and under a simulated high-dust event using two UAS, one at <2 m height and one at 5-12 m. We detected Coccidioides DNA in two of 41 air samples (4.9%), both under ambient conditions at 8 m above ground level, representing the highest known height of airborne Coccidioides detection. Spatially explicit UAS-based sampling could enhance understanding of Coccidioides aerobiology and enable detection in hard-to-reach or hazardous air masses, including dust storms and wildfire smoke.

SynopsisUAS-based air sampling for bioaerosols, including pathogenic Coccidioides spp., opens new possibilities for characterizing the aerosolization and transport of fungal spores and other airborne pathogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Radosevich, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weaver, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lampman, P. T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kollath, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Couper, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Remais, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobziar, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markwiese, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Head, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.28.620741</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Detection of airborne Coccidioides spores using lightweight portable air samplers affixed to uncrewed aircraft systems in California's Central Valley]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.29.620780v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Switch of TIR signaling by a Ca2+ sensor activates ADR1 recognition of pRib-AMP-EDS1-PAD4 for stomatal immunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.29.620780v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plants swiftly close stomata upon detecting pathogen entry, a crucial defense termed stomatal immunity. The process is initiated by cell-surface pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that perceive pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and evoke a series of early cellular responses including calcium ions (Ca2+) influx, and is conducted by the intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich-repeat receptors (NLRs) ADR1s within an EDS1-PAD4-ADR1 module. However, the underlying mechanisms linking PRR signaling to the NLRs ADR1s remain unclear. Here, we show that the Nicotiana benthamiana Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR)-only protein Stomatal TIR1 (STIR1) produces the immune molecule pRib-AMP, induces formation of EDS1-PAD4-ADR1 complexes, and mediates stomatal immunity. The Inhibitor of Stomatal Immunity C2-domain protein 1 (ISIC1) interacts with and constrains STIR1 function at basal condition, whereas upon pathogen infection, ISIC1 senses Ca2+ signals and de-represses STIR1 signaling. Cryo-electron microscopy structure of pathogen infection-elicited Arabidopsis AtEDS1-AtPAD4-AtADR1-L2 complex reveals the pRib-AMP binding to AtEDS1-AtPAD4 receptor and the AtADR1-L2 recognition of pRib-AMP-AtPAD4-AtEDS1 for stomatal immunity. Collectively, this study uncovers a repression/de-repression mechanism linking PRR signaling to NLRs by a Ca2+ sensor/TIR-only node, and elucidates an NLR recognition mechanism of the pRib-AMP-EDS1-PAD4 complex in governing innate immunity.

SynopsisAt basal condition, the Ca2+ sensor ISIC1 interacts with and inhibits the TIR-only protein STIR1; upon pathogen infection, ISIC1 perceives Ca2+ signal and releases STIR1 to produce pRib-AMP; the EDS1-PAD4 receptor binds pRib-AMP and is recognized by the NLR ADR1-L2, thereby activating stomatal immunity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staskawicz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.29.620780</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Switch of TIR signaling by a Ca2+ sensor activates ADR1 recognition of pRib-AMP-EDS1-PAD4 for stomatal immunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.01.621559v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SOQ1 functions as a methionine sulfoxide reductase in the chloroplast lumen for regulation of photoprotective qH in Arabidopsis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.01.621559v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Photosynthetic organisms must balance light absorption and energy dissipation to prevent photo-oxidative damage. Non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) dissipates excess light energy as heat, with the quenching component qH providing sustained photoprotection. However, the molecular mechanism underlying qH induction remains unclear. Our study focuses on the thylakoid membrane protein SUPPRESSOR OF QUENCHING 1 (SOQ1) and its inhibition of qH through interaction with LIPOCALIN IN THE PLASTID (LCNP) in Arabidopsis thaliana. Structural homology of SOQ1 lumenal domains with bacterial disulfide bond protein D suggested potential thiol-disulfide exchange activity. In vitro assays determined that both SOQ1 thioredoxin-like (Trx-like) and C-terminal (CTD) domains contain a redox-active cysteine pair and evidenced electron transfer from Trx-like to CTD. Importantly, we found that SOQ1 lumenal domains exhibit methionine sulfoxide reductase (Msr) activity converting oxidized methionine residues in LCNP back to methionine, which thereby inactivates LCNP and prevents qH formation. Mutational analyses identified cysteine residues in SOQ1-CTD and methionine residues in LCNP as critical for qH suppression, supporting their role in redox regulation. Additionally, we found that the redox state of SOQ1 in vivo is light-dependent, shifting from reduced to oxidized under stress conditions, indicating a dynamic regulation of its activity. We conclude that the Trx-like domain of SOQ1 provides reducing power to its CTD displaying Msr activity. SOQ1 is therefore an unusual example of a protein possessing both a disulfide reductase and Msr domain in tandem. Our findings elucidate the redox-regulation mechanism of qH involving SOQ1-mediated methionine reduction of LCNP, providing insights into the intricate control of photoprotective processes in chloroplasts and enhancing our understanding of plant resilience under environmental stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johansson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svensson Fall, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hertle, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niyogi, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshida, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hisabori, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malnoe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.01.621559</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SOQ1 functions as a methionine sulfoxide reductase in the chloroplast lumen for regulation of photoprotective qH in Arabidopsis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.31.621407v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Many transcription factor families have evolutionarily conserved binding motifs in plants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.31.621407v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcription factors control gene expression during development and in response to a broad range of internal and external stimuli. They regulate promoter activity by directly binding cis- regulatory elements in DNA. The angiosperm Arabidopsis thaliana contains more than 1,500 annotated transcription factors, each containing a DNA-binding domain that is used to define transcription factor families.

Analyzing binding motifs of 686 and the binding sites of 335 A. thaliana transcription factors as well as motifs of 92 transcription factors from other plants, we identified a constrained vocabulary of 74 conserved motifs spanning 50 families in plants. Among 21 transcription factor families, we found one core motif for all analyzed members and between 2 and 72% overlapping binding sites. Five families show conservation of the motif along phylogenetic clades. Five families including the C2H2 zinc finger family show high diversity among motifs in plants, suggesting potential for neofunctionalization of duplicated transcription factors based on the motif recognized. For conserved motifs we tested if they remained conserved since at least 450 million years ago by determining the binding motifs of 17 orthologous transcription factors from 11 families in M. polymorpha using amplified DNA affinity purification sequencing. We detected nearly identical binding motifs as predicted from the angiosperm data.

Taken together, the results show a large repertoire of overlapping binding sites within a TF family and species and a high degree of binding motif conservation for at least 450 million years. The results indicate more potential for evolution in cis- rather than trans-regulatory elements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zenker, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wulf, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meierhenrich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viehöver, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisenhut, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stracke, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weisshaar, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bräutigam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.31.621407</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Many transcription factor families have evolutionarily conserved binding motifs in plants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.01.621560v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Site-specific DNA insertion into the human genome with engineered recombinases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.01.621560v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Technologies for precisely inserting large DNA sequences into the genome are critical for diverse research and therapeutic applications. Large serine recombinases (LSRs) can mediate direct, site-specific genomic integration of multi-kilobase DNA sequences without a pre-installed landing pad, but current approaches suffer from low insertion rates and high off-target activity. Here, we present a comprehensive engineering roadmap for the joint optimization of DNA recombination efficiency and specificity. We combined directed evolution, structural analysis, and computational models to rapidly identify additive mutational combinations. We further enhanced performance through donor DNA optimization and dCas9 fusions, enabling simultaneous target and donor recruitment. Top engineered LSR variants achieved up to 53% integration efficiency and 97% genome-wide specificity at an endogenous human locus, and effectively integrated large DNA cargoes (up to 12 kb tested) for stable expression in challenging cell types, including non-dividing cells, human embryonic stem cells, and primary human T cells. This blueprint for rational engineering of DNA recombinases enables precise genome engineering without the generation of double-stranded breaks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fanton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartie, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martins, J. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, V. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goudy, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durrant, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pawluk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konermann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.01.621560</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Site-specific DNA insertion into the human genome with engineered recombinases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.03.621721v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Methylglyoxal is an antibacterial effector produced by macrophages during infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.03.621721v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Infected macrophages transition into aerobic glycolysis, a metabolic program crucial for control of bacterial infection. However, antimicrobial mechanisms supported by aerobic glycolysis are unclear. Methylglyoxal is a highly toxic aldehyde that modifies proteins and DNA and is produced as a side-product of glycolysis. Here we show that despite the toxicity of this aldehyde, infected macrophages generate high levels of methylglyoxal during aerobic glycolysis while downregulating the detoxification system. We use targeted mutations in mice to modulate methylglyoxal generation and show that reducing methylglyoxal production by the host promotes survival of Listeria monocytogenes and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, whereas increasing methylglyoxal levels improves control of bacterial infection. Furthermore, we show that bacteria that are unable to detoxify methylglyoxal are avirulent and experience up to 1000-fold greater genomic mutation frequency during infection. Taken together, these results suggest that methylglyoxal is an antimicrobial innate immune effector that defends the host against bacterial pathogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anaya-Sanchez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berry, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espich, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zilinskas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agudelo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samani, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darwin, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Portnoy, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.03.621721</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Methylglyoxal is an antibacterial effector produced by macrophages during infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.03.621706v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prolonged low flows and non-native fish operate additively to alter insect emergence in mountain streams 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.03.621706v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Climate-induced flow alteration is subjecting mountain streams to more frequent and severe low-flow periods due to lower snowpack and earlier snowmelt. Yet, anticipating how stream ecosystems respond to prolonged low flows remains challenging because trophic levels can respond differently, and non-native predators could dampen or amplify responses. Here, we conducted a large-scale experiment to examine how early, prolonged low flows projected by the end of the century in Californias Sierra Nevada will alter mountain stream food webs and emerging insect flux--a critical stream-to-land cross-ecosystem linkage. Additionally, we tested whether Brown trout (Salmo trutta), a widespread non-native top predator, would change food-web responses to low-flow conditions. We found that early low flows and non-native fish effects were additive rather than synergistic or antagonistic. Early low flows did not alter the overall rate of emerging insects but they did shift community structure and reduce the prevalence of small-sized individuals--possibly reflecting larger size at emergence and faster growth rates due to warming. In contrast, non-native fish presence increased seasonally-aggregated abundance of stream insects up to 12%, mainly by increasing abundance of Chironomidae and small-sized Ephemeroptera and Trichoptera. In channels with fish, benthic algal biomass doubled and scraper-grazer and collector-gatherer insects emerged 60% and 55% more than channels without fish, likely benefiting from trout keeping mesopredators at bay. This experiment illustrates that prolonged low flows and invasions can profoundly alter mountain river food webs even when operating additively; and shows how mesocosm-based research may help understand global-change driven disruption of cross-ecosystem linkages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Evangelista, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buoro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leathers, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tronel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruhi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.03.621706</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prolonged low flows and non-native fish operate additively to alter insect emergence in mountain streams]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.03.621787v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular Signatures of Resilience to Alzheimer's Disease in Neocortical Layer 4 Neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.03.621787v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell omics is advancing our understanding of selective neuronal vulnerability in Alzheimers disease (AD), revealing specific subtypes that are either susceptible or resilient to neurodegeneration. Using single-nucleus and spatial transcriptomics to compare neocortical regions affected early (prefrontal cortex and precuneus) or late (primary visual cortex) in AD, we identified a resilient excitatory population in layer 4 of the primary visual cortex expressing RORB, CUX2, and EYA4. Layer 4 neurons in association neocortex also remained relatively preserved as AD progressed and shared overlapping molecular signatures of resilience. Early in the disease, resilient neurons upregulated genes associated with synapse maintenance, synaptic plasticity, calcium homeostasis, and neuroprotective factors, including GRIN2A, RORA, NRXN1, NLGN1, NCAM2, FGF14, NRG3, NEGR1, and CSMD1. We also identified KCNIP4, which encodes a voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channel-interacting protein that interacts with Kv4.2 channels and presenilins, as a key factor linked to resilience. KCNIP4 was consistently upregulated in the early stages of pathology. Furthermore, AAV-mediated overexpression of Kcnip4 in a humanized AD mouse model reduced the expression of the activity-dependent genes Arc and c-Fos, suggesting compensatory mechanisms against neuronal hyperexcitability. Our dataset provides a valuable resource for investigating mechanisms underlying resilience to neurodegeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dharshini, S. A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanz-Ros, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vallejo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otero-Garcia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cobos, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.03.621787</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular Signatures of Resilience to Alzheimer's Disease in Neocortical Layer 4 Neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.04.621531v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Type IV pili-associated secretion of a biofilm matrix protein from Clostridium perfringens that forms intermolecular isopeptide bonds 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.04.621531v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clostridium perfringens is a Gram-positive, anaerobic, spore-forming, bacterial pathogen of humans and animals. C. perfringens also produces type IV pili (T4P) and has two complete sets of T4P-associated genes, one of which has been shown to produce surface pili needed for cell adherence. One hypothesis about the second set of T4P genes is that they comprise a system analogous to the type II secretion systems (TTSS) found in Gram-negative bacteria, which is used to export folded proteins from the periplasm through the outer membrane to the extracellular environment. Gram-positive bacteria have a similar secretion barrier in the thick peptidoglycan (PG) layer, which blocks secretion of folded proteins >25 kD. To determine if the T4P-associated genes comprise a Gram-positive TTSS, the secretome of mutants lacking type IV pilins were examined and a single protein, a von Willebrand A domain containing protein, BsaC (CPE0517), was identified as being dependent on pilin PilA3 for secretion. The bsaC gene is in an operon with genes encoding a SipW signal peptidase and two putative biofilm matrix proteins BsaA and BsaB, both of which have remote homology to Bacillus subtilis biofilm protein TasA. Since BsaA forms long oligomers that are secreted, we analyzed BsaA monomer interactions with de novo modeling. These models projected that the monomers formed isopeptide bonds as part of a donor strand exchange process, in which an N-terminal disordered loop of one monomer intercalates into a beta sheet structure of an adjacent monomer and reforms into a beta sheet with subsequent isopeptide bond formation. Mutations in residues predicted to form the isopeptide bonds led to loss of oligomerization, supporting an exchange and lock mechanism. Phylogenetic analysis showed the BsaA family of proteins are widespread among bacteria and archaea but only a subset is predicted to form isopeptide bonds.

ImportanceFor bacteria to secrete folded proteins to the environment, they have to overcome the physical barriers of an outer membrane in Gram-negative bacteria and the thick peptidoglycan layer in Gram-positive bacteria. One mechanism to do this is the use of a Type II secretion system in Gram-negative bacteria, which has a structure similar to type IV pili and is modeled to act as a piston that pumps folded proteins through the outer membrane to the environment. Clostridium perfringens, like all or most all of the clostridia, has type IV pili and, in fact, has two sets of pilus-associated genes. Here we present evidence that C. perfringens uses one set of pilus genes to secrete a biofilm associated protein and may be responsible for secreting the main biofilm protein, BsaA. We show that BsaA monomers are, unlike most other biofilm matrix proteins, linked by intermolecular isopeptide bonds, enhancing the physical strength of BsaA fibers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kivimaki, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dempsey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tani, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camper, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicklin, I. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blaby-Haas, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melville, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.04.621531</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Type IV pili-associated secretion of a biofilm matrix protein from Clostridium perfringens that forms intermolecular isopeptide bonds]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.04.621602v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microbes display broad diversity in cobamide preferences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.04.621602v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cobamides, the vitamin B12 (cobalamin) family of cofactors, are used by most organisms but produced by only a fraction of prokaryotes, and are thus considered key shared nutrients among microbes. Cobamides are structurally diverse, with multiple different cobamides found in most microbial communities. The ability to use different cobamides has been tested for several bacteria and microalgae, and nearly all show preferences for certain cobamides. This approach is limited by the commercial unavailability of cobamides other than cobalamin. Here, we have extracted and purified seven commercially unavailable cobamides to characterize bacterial cobamide preferences based on growth in specific cobamide-dependent conditions. The tested bacteria include engineered strains of Escherichia coli, Sinorhizobium meliloti, and Bacillus subtilis expressing native or heterologous cobamide-dependent enzymes, cultured under conditions that functionally isolate specific cobamide-dependent processes such as methionine synthesis. Comparison of these results to previous studies of diverse bacteria and microalgae revealed that a broad diversity of cobamide preferences exists not only across different organisms, but also between different cobamide-dependent metabolic pathways within the same organism. The microbes differed in the cobamides that support growth most efficiently, cobamides that do not support growth, and the minimum cobamide concentrations required for growth. The latter differ by up to four orders of magnitude across organisms from different environments and by up to 20-fold between cobamide-dependent enzymes within the same organism. Given that cobamides are shared, required for use of specific growth substrates, and essential for central metabolism in certain organisms, cobamide preferences likely impact community structure and function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mok, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sokolovskaya, O. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutschbauer, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taga, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.04.621602</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microbes display broad diversity in cobamide preferences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.04.621904v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antigen-Specific T Cell Receptor Discovery for Treating Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.04.621904v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundProgressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a frequently fatal disease of the central nervous system caused by JC virus (JCV). Survival is dependent on early diagnosis and ability to re-establish anti-viral T cell immunity. Adoptive transfer of polyomavirus-specific T cells has shown promise; however, there are no readily available HLA-matched anti-viral T cells to facilitate rapid treatment.

ObjectiveIdentify epitopes of the JCV major capsid protein VP1 that elicit an immune response in the context of human leukocyte antigen allele A*02:01 (HLA-A2) and isolate cognate T cell receptors (TCRs) from healthy donors. Evaluate individual VP1-specific TCRs for their capacity to be expressed in T cells and clear JCV in vitro.

MethodsPBMCs from HLA-A2+ healthy donors were stimulated with peptide libraries tiled across the JCV VP1 protein. Multiple rounds of stimulation were performed to identify the antigens that induced the largest expansion and CD8+ T cell response (measured as INF{gamma}, TNF, CD137, and CD69 expression). High-affinity, antigen-specific CD8+ T cells were isolated based on intensity of tetramer binding for downstream single-cell TCR sequencing. Candidate TCRs were selected based on tetramer binding affinity and activation assays. Promising TCRs were introduced into the T cell genome via viral transduction for in vitro validation including peptide-pulsed K562 cells and astrocyte cells, and JCV-infected astrocytes.

ResultsFour conserved JCV VP1 epitopes (amino acids 100-108, 251-259, 253-262, and 274-283) presented by HLA-A2 were identified. VP1(100-108) consistently elicited the highest level of IFN-{gamma} production from multiple donors and this peptide is in a highly conserved region of VP1. We next identified fourteen high avidity TCRs specific for VP1(100-108). When virally transduced into primary human T cells, seven of these TCRs demonstrated specific binding to VP1(100-108):HLA-A2 tetramers, and four showed increased IFN-{gamma} response when incubated with peptide. Primary CD8+ T cells expressing two of these TCRs cleared both HLA-A2 positive K562 cells and HLA-A2 positive SVG astrocyte cell line presenting exogenously added VP1 peptide at a range of E:T ratios. In addition, both TCR-transduced T cell populations effectively lysed JCV-infected astrocytes.

ConclusionsWe identified JCV VP1 epitopes that are immunogenic in the context of HLA-A2 MHC-I, including epitopes that have not been previously described. The VP1(100-108) epitope was used to isolate HLA-A2-restricted TCRs. When cloned into primary human CD8+ T cells, these TCRs recognized VP1 (100-108)-presenting targets, and the transduced T cells conferred cytotoxic activity and eliminated K562 and astrocyte cells displaying the VP1(100-108) peptide and not sham peptide, as well as JCV-infected astrocytes. Taken together, these data suggest that JCV VP1-specific TCRs could be appealing therapeutics for HLA-A2+ individuals with PML in whom intrinsic T cell immunity cannot be rescued.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gupta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinov, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thelen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sunahara, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mureli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazquez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerdts, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dandekar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cortese, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fouassier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schanzer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urnov, F. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shy, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenberg, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.04.621904</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antigen-Specific T Cell Receptor Discovery for Treating Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.04.620124v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Direct lipid interactions control SARS-CoV-2 M protein conformational dynamics and virus assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.04.620124v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
M is the most abundant structural membrane protein in coronaviruses and is essential for the formation of infectious virus particles. SARS-CoV-2 M adopts two conformations, Mshort and Mlong, and regulated transition between states is hypothesized to coordinate viral assembly and budding. However, the factors that regulate M conformation and roles for each state are unknown. Here, we discover a direct M-sphingolipid interaction that controls M conformational dynamics and virus assembly. We show M binds Golgi-enriched anionic lipids including ceramide-1-phosphate (C1P). Molecular dynamics simulations show C1P interaction promotes a long to short transition and energetically stabilizes Mshort. Cryo-EM structures show C1P specifically binds Mshort at a conserved site bridging transmembrane and cytoplasmic regions. Disrupting Mshort-C1P interaction alters M subcellular localization, reduces interaction with Spike and E, and impairs subsequent virus-like particle cell entry. Together, these results show endogenous signaling lipids regulate M structure and support a model in which Mshort is stabilized in the early endomembrane system to organize other structural proteins prior to viral budding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dutta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolan, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amiar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bass, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sultana, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voth, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stahelin, R. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brohawn, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.04.620124</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Direct lipid interactions control SARS-CoV-2 M protein conformational dynamics and virus assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.04.621941v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aging drives a program of DNA methylation decay in plant organs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.04.621941v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How organisms age is a question with broad implications for human health. In mammals, DNA methylation is a biomarker for biological age, which may predict age more accurately than date of birth. However, limitations in mammalian models make it difficult to identify mechanisms underpinning age-related DNA methylation changes. Here, we show that the short-lived model plant Arabidopsis thaliana exhibits a loss of epigenetic integrity during aging, causing heterochromatin DNA methylation decay and the expression of transposable elements. We show that the rate of epigenetic aging can be manipulated by extending or curtailing lifespan, and that shoot apical meristems are protected from this aging process. We demonstrate that a program of transcriptional repression suppresses DNA methylation maintenance pathways during aging, and that mutants of this mechanism display a complete absence of epigenetic decay. This presents a new paradigm in which a gene regulatory program sets the rate of epigenomic information loss during aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dai, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.04.621941</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aging drives a program of DNA methylation decay in plant organs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.04.621969v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tomato roots exhibit distinct, development-specific responses to bacterial-derived peptides 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.04.621969v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIPlants possess cell-surface recognition receptors that detect molecular patterns from microbial invaders and initiate an immune response. Understanding the conservation of pattern-triggered immunity within different plant organs and across species is crucial to its sustainable and effective use in plant disease management but is currently unclear.
C_LIO_LIWe examined the activation and immune response patterns of three pattern recognition receptors (PRRs: SlFLS2, SlFLS3, and SlCORE) in different developmental regions of roots and in leaves of multiple accessions of domesticated and wild tomato (Solanum lycopersicum and S. pimpinellifolium) using biochemical and genetic assays.
C_LIO_LIRoots from different tomato accessions differed in the amplitude and dynamics of their immune response, but all exhibited developmental-specific PTI responses in which the root early differentiation zone was the most sensitive to molecular patterns. PRR signaling pathways also showed distinct but occasionally overlapping responses downstream of each immune receptor in tomato roots.
C_LIO_LIThese results reveal that each PRR initiates a unique PTI pathway and suggest that the specificity and complexity of tomato root immunity are tightly linked to the developmental stage, emphasizing the importance of spatial and temporal regulation in PTI.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leuschen-Kohl, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchanan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pilkey, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coaker, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyer-Pascuzzi, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.04.621969</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tomato roots exhibit distinct, development-specific responses to bacterial-derived peptides]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.07.622501v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An algal nutrient-replete, optimized medium for fast growth and high triacylglycerol accumulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.07.622501v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microalgae are promising sources to sustainably meet the global needs for energy and products. Algae grow under different trophic conditions, where nutritional status regulates biosynthetic pathways, energy production, and growth. The green alga Chromochloris zofingiensis has strong economic potential because it co-produces biofuel precursors and the high-value antioxidant astaxanthin while accumulating biomass when grown mixotrophically. As an emerging reference alga for photosynthesis, metabolism, and bioproduction, C. zofingiensis needs a defined, optimized medium to standardize experiments during fast growth. Because the interplay of glucose consumption (+Glc) and mineral deficiency influences photosynthesis, growth, and the production of lipids and astaxanthin, we designed a replete nutrient medium tailored to the C. zofingiensis cellular ionome. We combined inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and +Glc growth curves to determine a medium that is nutrient replete for at least 5 days of +Glc logarithmic growth. We found that there are high nutritional needs for phosphorus and sulfur during mixotrophy. Iron was the only element measured for which the cellular concentration correlated with exogenous concentration and was iteratively adjusted until the internal ionome was consistent through the logarithmic growth phase. This Chromochloris-Optimized Ratio of Elements (CORE) medium supports fast growth and high biomass without causing excess nutrient toxicity. This defined, nutrient-replete standard is important for future C. zofingiensis investigations and can be adapted for other species to support high biomass. The method used to develop CORE medium shows how ionomics informs replicable media design and may be applied in industrial settings to inform cost-effective biofuel production.

Significance StatementStudying how carbon sources and mineral nutrients interplay to regulate algal metabolism can be exploited to discover and control pathways in photosynthesis and biofuel production. Here we design a medium from the cellular ionome of Chromochloris zofingiensis, a powerful algal model for photosynthesis, metabolism, and bioproducts, to provide a defined, replete standard for mixotrophic and heterotrophic growth of green algae. These media design principles show how accounting for increased nutritional demands based on carbon substrate can ensure experimental replicability when probing diverse algal metabolisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jeffers, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCombs, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmollinger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merchant, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niyogi, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.07.622501</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An algal nutrient-replete, optimized medium for fast growth and high triacylglycerol accumulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.07.622512v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transmembrane coupling accelerates the growth of liquid-like protein condensates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.07.622512v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Timely and precise assembly of protein complexes on membrane surfaces is essential to the physiology of living cells. Recently, protein phase separation has been observed at cellular membranes, suggesting it may play a role in the assembly of protein complexes. Inspired by these findings, we observed that protein condensates on one side of a planar suspended membrane spontaneously colocalized with those on the opposite side. How might this phenomenon contribute to the assembly of stable transmembrane complexes? To address this question, we examined the diffusion and growth of protein condensates on both sides of membranes. Our results reveal that transmembrane coupling of protein condensates on opposite sides of the membrane slows down condensate diffusion while accelerating condensate growth. How can the rate of condensate growth increase simultaneously with a decrease in the rate of condensate diffusion? We provide insights into these seemingly contradictory observations by distinguishing between diffusion-limited and coupling-driven growth processes. While transmembrane coupling slows down diffusion, it also locally concentrates condensates within a confined area. This confinement increases the probability of condensate coalescence and thereby enhances the overall rate of growth for coupled condensates, substantially surpassing the growth rate for uncoupled condensates. These findings suggest that transmembrane coupling could play a role in the assembly of diverse membrane-bound structures by promoting the localization and growth of protein complexes on both membrane surfaces. This phenomenon could help to explain the efficient assembly of transmembrane structures in diverse cellular contexts.

SignificanceProtein assemblies that span biological membranes are critical to cellular physiology. In the past decade, liquid-like protein condensates, which are flexible, multivalent protein assemblies, have been discovered on diverse membrane surfaces. Recently, we observed that protein condensates on opposite sides of a membrane spontaneously colocalize to form coupled, transmembrane complexes. Interestingly, while transmembrane coupling slows down the diffusion of membrane-bound condensates, it substantially accelerates their growth by strongly localizing interactions between them. These findings suggest that transmembrane coupling of protein condensates may play a role in promoting the robust assembly of membrane-bound protein complexes in crowded, complex cellular environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabriales, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stachowiak, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.07.622512</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transmembrane coupling accelerates the growth of liquid-like protein condensates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.08.622676v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polyhydroxybutyrate production in freshwater SAR11 (LD12) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.08.622676v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SAR11 bacteria (order Pelagibacterales) are oligotrophs and often the most abundant bacterioplankton in aquatic environments. A subset of sequenced SAR11 genomes, predominantly in the brackish and freshwater SAR11 subclades, contain homologs of pha genes, which in other organisms confer the ability to store carbon and energy via polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) polymers. Here, we investigated the relevance of PHA production to SAR11 biology. Phylogenetics showed that Pha proteins occurred on a long branch and provided evidence for origin at the common ancestor of the brackish IIIa and freshwater LD12 subclades, followed by horizontal transfer within SAR11. Using the LD12 representative "Candidatus Fonsibacter ubiquis" strain LSUCC0530, we found that a large minority of LSUCC0530 cells contained a single Nile red-staining granule, confirmed that the cells produced polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), and estimated the total PHB content in the cells. We heterologously expressed the LSUCC0530 phaCAB locus in Escherichia coli, finding it to be functional and the likely origin of the PHB. We also determined that, irrespective of changes to carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus concentrations, a similar fraction of LSUCC0530 cells generated PHB granules and expression of the phaCAB locus remained constant. We suggest that PHB synthesis in LSUCC0530 may be constitutively active due to the slow growth dynamics and minimal regulation that characterize SAR11 bacteria. This is the first characterization of polymer storage in SAR11, providing new insights into the likely fitness advantage for cells harboring this metabolism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bennett, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meier, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanclos, V. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asrari, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coates, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thrash, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.08.622676</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polyhydroxybutyrate production in freshwater SAR11 (LD12)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.08.622714v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The development of aperiodic neural activity in the human brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.08.622714v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The neurophysiological mechanisms supporting brain maturation are fundamental to attention and memory capacity across the lifespan. Human brain regions develop at different rates, with many regions developing into the third and fourth decades of life. Here, in this preregistered study (https://osf.io/gsru7), we analyzed intracranial EEG (iEEG) recordings from widespread brain regions in a large developmental cohort. Using task-based (i.e., attention to-be-remembered visual stimuli) and task-free (resting-state) data from 101 children and adults (5.93 - 54.00 years, 63 males; n electrodes = 5691), we mapped aperiodic (1/[f]-like) activity, a proxy of neural noise, with steeper slopes indexing less noise and flatter slopes indexing more noise. We reveal that aperiodic slopes flatten with age into young adulthood in both association and sensorimotor cortices, challenging models of early sensorimotor development based on brain structure. In prefrontal cortex (PFC), attentional state modulated age effects, revealing steeper task-based than task-free slopes in adults and the opposite in children, consistent with the development of cognitive control. Age-related differences in task-based slopes also explained age-related gains in memory performance, linking the development of PFC cognitive control to the development of memory. Last, with additional structural imaging measures, we reveal that age-related differences in gray matter volume are similarly associated with aperiodic slopes in association and sensorimotor cortices. Our findings establish developmental trajectories of aperiodic activity in localized brain regions and illuminate the development of PFC control during adolescence in the development of attention and memory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cross, Z. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dede, A. J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vahidi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rau, E. M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cyr, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holubecki, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asano, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McManus, O. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sattar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Girgis, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King-Stephens, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laxer, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuele, S. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenow, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kam, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raskin, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaikhouni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunner, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roland, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braga, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ofen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.08.622714</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The development of aperiodic neural activity in the human brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.08.622731v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural landscape of AAA+ ATPase motor states in the substrate-degrading human 26S proteasome reveals conformation-specific binding of TXNL1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.08.622731v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The 26S proteasome targets many cellular proteins for degradation during general homeostasis, protein quality control, and the regulation of vital processes. A broad range of proteasome-interacting cofactors thereby modulates these functions and aids in substrate degradation. Here, we solved several high-resolution structures of the redox active cofactor TXNL1 bound to the human 26S proteasome at saturating and sub-stoichiometric concentrations by time resolved cryo-EM. We identified distinct binding modes of TXNL1 that depend on the proteasome conformational and ATPase motor states. Together with biophysical and biochemical experiments, our structural studies reveal that the resting-state proteasome prior to substrate engagement with the ATPase motor binds TXNL1 with low affinity and in variable positions on top of the Rpn11 deubiquitinase. In contrast, the actively degrading proteasome shows additional interactions leading to high-affinity TXNL1 binding, whereby TXNL1s C-terminal tail covers the catalytic groove of the Rpn11 deubiquitinase and coordinates the active-site Zn2+. Furthermore, these cryo-EM structures of the degrading proteasome capture the ATPase hexamer in all registers of spiral-staircase arrangements and thus visualize the complete ATP-hydrolysis cycle of the AAA+ motor, indicating temporally asymmetric hydrolysis and conformational changes in bursts during mechanical substrate unfolding and translocation. Remarkably, we catch the proteasome in the act of unfolding the beta-barrel mEos3.2 substrate while the ATPase hexamer is in a particular spiral staircase register. Our findings challenge current models for protein translocation through hexameric AAA+ motors and reveal how the proteasome uses its distinct but broad range of conformational states to coordinate cofactor binding and substrate processing.

HighlightsO_LIHigh resolution structures of the redox active cofactor TXNL1 in complex with the human 26S proteasome solved by time-resolved cryo-EM.
C_LIO_LITXNL1 binds the catalytic groove of the main proteasomal deubiquitinase Rpn11 and coordinates its active-site Zinc specifically in substrate-degrading states of the proteasome.
C_LIO_LIVisualizing a partially unfolded intermediate of the mEos model substrate during processing.
C_LIO_LIStructures of the actively degrading human proteasome reveal all spiral-staircase registers of the AAA+ ATPase hexamer with unexpected nucleotide occupancies that indicate asymmetric ATP hydrolysis mechanisms, conformational changes with burst phases, and thus new models for hand-over-hand substrate translocation.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkinson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gee, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.08.622731</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural landscape of AAA+ ATPase motor states in the substrate-degrading human 26S proteasome reveals conformation-specific binding of TXNL1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.11.623044v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mutant RIT1 cooperates with YAP to drive an EMT-like lung cancer state 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.11.623044v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The discovery of oncogene addiction in cancer has led to the development of over a dozen FDA-approved biomarker-driven therapies in lung adenocarcinoma. Somatic mutations of the "Ras-like in all tissues" (RIT1) gene are non-canonical driver events in lung cancer, occurring in [~]2% of lung adenocarcinomas in a mutually exclusive fashion with KRAS and EGFR mutations. Patients with RIT1-mutant lung cancer lack targeted therapy treatment options, and a lack of pre-clinical models has hindered the development of therapeutic strategies for RIT1-mutant lung cancer. Here we report a new mouse model of RIT1-driven lung cancer in which the human RIT1M90I variant can be induced in a Cre-regulated manner. We show that autochthonous expression of RIT1M90I in the lung weakly promotes cancer alone or in combination with loss of the p53 tumor suppressor. However, potent synergy between RIT1M90I and inactivation of Nf2 drives an aggressive epithelial-to-mesenchymal (EMT) lung cancer with 100% penetrance and short latency. We show this oncogenic cooperation is driven by synergistic activation of cJUN, a component of the AP-1 complex. Therapeutic inhibition of MEK and YAP/TEAD suppressed RIT1-driven lung cancer in vivo. These data identify YAP/TEAD as an important mediator of RIT1s oncogenic potential and nominate TEAD as an important drug target in RIT1-mutant lung cancer.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LIWe report a new RIT1M90I-mutant autochthonous lung tumor model
C_LIO_LIThe most common oncogenic variant of RIT1, RIT1M90I, weakly promotes lung tumor development
C_LIO_LIRIT1M90I drives the formation of lethal lung tumors in cooperation with p53 and Nf2 tumor suppressor gene loss
C_LIO_LIRIT1M90I and YAP cooperatively regulate cJUN expression
C_LIO_LITherapeutic MEK and TEAD targeting suppresses RIT1M90I-driven tumorigenesis
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rominger, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moorthi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McSharry, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamlapurkar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Brien, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waldum, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duke, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cromwell, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glabman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koehne, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.11.623044</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mutant RIT1 cooperates with YAP to drive an EMT-like lung cancer state]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.11.623112v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structures of vertebrate R2 retrotransposon complexes during target-primed reverse transcription and after second strand nicking 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.11.623112v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
R2 retrotransposons are model site-specific eukaryotic non-LTR retrotransposons that copy-and-paste into gene loci encoding ribosomal RNAs. Recently we demonstrated that avian A-clade R2 proteins achieve efficient and precise insertion of transgenes into their native safe-harbor loci in human cells. The features of A-clade R2 proteins that support gene insertion are not characterized. Here, we report high resolution cryo-electron microscopy structures of two vertebrate A-clade R2 proteins, avian and testudine, at the initiation of target-primed reverse transcription and one structure after cDNA synthesis and second strand nicking. Using biochemical and cellular assays we discover the basis for high selectivity of template use and unique roles for each of the expanded A-clade zinc-finger domains in nucleic acid recognition. Reverse transcriptase active site architecture is reinforced by an unanticipated insertion motif in vertebrate A-clade R2 proteins. Our work brings first insights to A-clade R2 protein structure during gene insertion and enables further improvement and adaptation of R2-based systems for precise transgene insertion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thawani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Vargas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Treeck, B. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassan, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adelson, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogales, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.11.623112</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structures of vertebrate R2 retrotransposon complexes during target-primed reverse transcription and after second strand nicking]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.11.623079v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sulfur-species in Zinc-specific Condylar Zones of a Rat Temporomandibular Joint 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.11.623079v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In this study, we performed synchrotron-based micro-X-ray fluorescence (-XRF) imaging of elements Zn and S, and X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES) coupled with -XRF for identification of Zn and S species in the condylar zones of a rat temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Histologic localization of Zn and hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) were mapped using an optical microscope. These data were visually correlated with -XRF and XANES data to provide insights into plausible biological S-species in Z-enriched condylar zones of a rat TMJ. Furthermore, -XRF coupled with micro-X-ray diffraction (-XRD) was used to underline Z-incorporated biological apatite in the subchondral bone and bone of the rat TMJ.

Results illustrated the potential dependence between biometal Zn and nonmetal S and their collective governance of cell and tissue functions in a zone-specific manner. Elemental Zn with organic and inorganic S-species at the cartilage-bone interface and transformation of plausible Zn-enriched mineralization kinetics of biological apatite from subchondral bone to condylar bone were ascertained using -XRF-XANES and -XRD. The coupled -XRF-XANES complementing with -XRD and immunohistology provided an informative view of S and Zn and their association with zone-specific biological pathways in situ. Understanding the spatial distributions of the main S-species with redox-inert Zn in regions of cartilage, bone, and the interface is essential for further unlocking questions surrounding formation and resorption-related biomineralization pathways as related to osteoarthritis or genetically inherited diseases. Using these complementary techniques with microspectroscopic spatial information provided insights into the associations between biometal Zn and nonmetal S and a window into detecting the plausible early-stage diagnostic biomarkers for humans with TMJ osteoarthritis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamura, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webb, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bone, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.11.623079</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sulfur-species in Zinc-specific Condylar Zones of a Rat Temporomandibular Joint]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.13.623448v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Force transmission through the inner kinetochore is enhanced by centromeric DNA sequences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.13.623448v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Previously, we reconstituted a minimal functional kinetochore from recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae proteins that was capable of transmitting force from dynamic microtubules to nucleosomes containing the centromere-specific histone variant Cse4 (Hamilton et al. 2020). This work revealed two paths of force transmission through the inner kinetochore: through Mif2 and through the Okp1/Ame1 complex (OA). Here, using a chimeric DNA sequence that contains crucial centromere-determining elements of the budding yeast point centromere, we demonstrate that the presence of centromeric DNA sequences in Cse4-containing nucleosomes significantly strengthens OA-mediated linkages. Our findings indicate that centromeric sequences are important for the transmission of microtubule-based forces to the chromosome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miedlar, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamilton, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witus, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonske, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riffle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zelter, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klevit, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asbury, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimitrova, Y. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.13.623448</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Force transmission through the inner kinetochore is enhanced by centromeric DNA sequences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.14.623625v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biomarkers of recovery: characterizing trophic flow following ecological restoration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.14.623625v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coastal kelp forests are important sources of primary productivity and provide essential habitat and ecosystem services. In many areas around the world, the formation and persistence of urchin barrens threatens kelp forest ecosystems. Over the past several decades, restoration efforts have emerged aiming to increase the abundance of foundation species like kelp in such systems. However, we lack a comprehensive understanding of how successful kelp restoration affects the nutritional landscape and the fitness of kelp forest herbivores. We bridge this knowledge gap with a Before-After-Control-Impact Paired Series (BACIPS) focused on kelp forest restoration where reductions of herbivorous sea urchins in Haida Gwaii resulted in substantial increases in kelp abundance in habitat previously characterized as barrens. Specifically, we document body size specific shifts in the fatty acid (FA) profiles of red sea urchins (Mesocentrotus franciscanus) and northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana). FAs associated with bacteria and diatoms were elevated in tissues of urchins and abalone in barrens habitat while kelp biomarkers were elevated in restored kelp forest habitat. For urchins, these shifts tracked the increase in gonad mass following kelp forest recovery. For abalone, these results varied depending on animal body size. Specifically, abalone exhibited a continuous size-specific shift from biofilm-associated markers at small sizes to kelp-associated markers as animals increased in size. For both species, a marked increase in essential fatty acids was observed following kelp restoration. Our results demonstrate kelp restoration via sea urchin reduction enhances not only the quantity but also the quality and diversity of food in previously degraded habitats, and subsequently enhances the amount and nutritional quality of roe (i.e., gonads) in sea urchins therein.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spindel, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galloway, A. W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schram, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNeill, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellis, V. S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guujaaw, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yakgujanaas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okamoto, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.14.623625</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biomarkers of recovery: characterizing trophic flow following ecological restoration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.14.623689v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Categorical and semantic perception of the meaning of call-types in zebra finches 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.14.623689v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vocal communication in social animals involves the production and perception of various calls that ethologists categorize into call-types, based on their acoustical structure and the behavioral context of production. Whether animals perceive these categories and associate distinct meanings to them remains unknown. The zebra finch, a gregarious songbird, uses approximately 11 call-types to communicate hunger, danger, social conflict, and establish social contact and bonding. Using auditory discrimination tasks, we show that the birds discriminate and categorize all the call-types in their vocal repertoire. In addition, systematic errors were more frequent between call-types used in similar behavioral contexts than could be expected from their acoustic similarity. Thus, zebra finches organize their calls into categories and create a mental representation of the meaning of these sounds.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Elie, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Witasse-Thezy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malit, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theunissen, F. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.14.623689</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Categorical and semantic perception of the meaning of call-types in zebra finches]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.15.623609v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ultrafast elastocapillary fans control agile maneuvering in ripple bugs and robots 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.15.623609v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Millimeter-sized ripple bugs in the genus Rhagovelia exhibit exceptional agility and rapid maneuvers in fast, unsteady streams, comparable to animal fliers. Their remarkable interfacial transit and turning skills stem from a specialized fan structure on their middle legs. While researchers have suggested active fan actuation, the role of capillary forces and unique microstructure in self-spreading remains unclear. We reveal that Rhagovelias fans possess a flat-ribbon architecture with directional stiffness, enabling ultrafast elastocapillary morphing for passive actuation in under 10 ms, independent of muscle control, while producing high-thrust momentum through unsteady vortical wakes. These self-morphing fans allow Rhagovelia to execute [~]90 {degrees} turns at a rate of [~]4200 {degrees}/s, in [~]50 ms, with speeds reaching [~]120 BL/s - on par with the fastest recorded turns in animal fliers like fruit flies. Inspired by these, we develop an ultralight, ultrafast elastocapillary robotic fan ([~]1 mg, [~]100 ms opening/closing time) and integrate it into an insect-scaled robot (Rhagobot, [~]0.2 g). The engineered fans passively balance surface tension and water drag through stiffness anisotropy, enabling the robot to achieve high agility with speeds up to [~]2 BL/s and turning rates of 206 {degrees}/sec. Experiments with both insects and robots, with and without fans, show that a self-spreading passive fan significantly improves thrust, braking, and turning - key factors for controlled, high-speed maneuvers. This elastocapillary innovation enables ripple bugs to survive and thrive in turbulent streams and offers new insights for agile aquatic robotics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ortega-Jimenez, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koh, J.-s.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhamla, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.15.623609</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ultrafast elastocapillary fans control agile maneuvering in ripple bugs and robots]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.15.623810v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis for growth factor and nutrient signal integration on the lysosomal membrane by mTORC1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.15.623810v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), which consists of mTOR, Raptor, and mLST8, receives signaling inputs from growth factor signals and nutrients. These signals are mediated by the Rheb and Rag small GTPases, respectively, which activate mTORC1 on the cytosolic face of the lysosome membrane. We biochemically reconstituted the activation of mTORC1 on membranes by physiological submicromolar concentrations of Rheb, Rags, and Ragulator. We determined the cryo-EM structure and found that Raptor and mTOR directly interact with the membrane at anchor points separated by up to 230 [A] across the membrane surface. Full engagement of the membrane anchors is required for maximal activation, which is brought about by alignment of the catalytic residues in the mTOR kinase active site. The observations show at the molecular and atomic scale how converging signals from growth factors and nutrients drive mTORC1 recruitment to and activation on the lysosomal membrane in a three-step process, consisting of (1) Rag-Ragulator-driven recruitment to within [~]100 [A] of the lysosomal membrane, (2) Rheb-driven recruitment to within [~]40 [A], and finally (3) direct engagement of mTOR and Raptor with the membrane. The combination of Rheb and membrane engagement leads to full catalytic activation, providing a structural explanation for growth factor and nutrient signal integration at the lysosome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cui, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esposito, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Napolitano, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballabio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurley, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.15.623810</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis for growth factor and nutrient signal integration on the lysosomal membrane by mTORC1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.19.624336v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Occurrence of Aneuploidy Across the Range of Coast Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.19.624336v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1Aneuploidy, a condition characterized by an abnormal number of chromosomes, can have significant consequences for fitness of an organism, often manifesting in reduced fertility and other developmental challenges. In plants, aneuploidy is particularly complex to study, especially in polyploid species such as coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), which is a hexaploid conifer (2n=6x=66). This study leverages a novel Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method based on sequence depth to investigate the occurrence of aneuploidy across the range of coast redwood.

We show that aneuploidy is prevalent in second-growth redwoods, predominantly as additional chromosomes, while tissue culture plants frequently experience chromosome loss. Although our study does not directly assess the fitness of aneuploids, the frequency of chromosomal instability observed in tissue culture plants compared to second-growth and old-growth trees raises questions about their long-term developmental viability and potential to become established trees. These findings have significant implications for redwood conservation and restoration strategies, especially as tissue culture becomes the primary mode of producing nursery stock plants used in reforestation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nikolaeva, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santangelo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dodd, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.19.624336</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Occurrence of Aneuploidy Across the Range of Coast Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.22.624941v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
UPR deficiency in budding yeast reveals a trade-off between ER folding capacity and maintenance of euploidy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.22.624941v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) was discovered in budding yeast as a mechanism that allows cells to adapt to ER stress. While the Ire1 branch of this pathway is highly conserved, it is not thought to be important for cellular homeostasis in the absence of stress. Surprisingly, we found that removal of UPR activity led to pervasive aneuploidy in budding yeast cells, suggesting selective pressure resulting from UPR-deficiency. Aneuploid UPR-deficient cells grew better than euploid cells, but exhibited heightened general proteostatic stress, a hallmark of aneuploidy in wild-type cells. Modulation of key genes involved in ER proteostasis that were encoded on aneuploid chromosomes, could phenocopy the effects of aneuploidy, indicating that the reason cells require UPR activity to maintain euploidy is to counteract protein folding stress in the ER. In support of this model, aneuploidy in UPR-deficient cells can be prevented by expression of a UPR-independent general ER chaperone. Overall, our results indicate an unexpected role for the UPR in basal cell growth that is sufficiently important for cells to accept the costly trade-off of aneuploidy in the absence of UPR activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bartolutti, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brar, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.22.624941</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[UPR deficiency in budding yeast reveals a trade-off between ER folding capacity and maintenance of euploidy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.25.625123v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure and mechanism of the RalGAP tumor suppressor complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.25.625123v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The RalGAP (GTPase activating protein) complexes are negative regulators of the Ral GTPases and thus crucial components that counteract (oncogenic) Ras signaling. However, no structural information on the architecture of this tumor suppressor complex is available hampering a mechanistic understanding of its functionality. Here, we present a cryo-EM structure of RalGAP that reveals an extended 58 nm tetrameric architecture comprising two heterodimers of the RalGAP and RalGAP{beta} subunits. We show that the catalytic domain of RalGAP requires stabilization by a unique domain of RalGAP{beta}, providing the molecular basis for why RalGAP complexes are obligatory heterodimers. Formation of RalGAP tetramers is not required for activity in vitro, but essential for function of the complex in vivo. Structural analysis of RalGAP subunit variants reported in cancer patients suggests effects on complex formation and thus functional relevance in tumor development, emphasizing the significance of the obtained structural information for medical research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rasche, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klink, B. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apken, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michalke, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oeckinghaus, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gatsogiannis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuemmel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.25.625123</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure and mechanism of the RalGAP tumor suppressor complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.25.625235v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic regulation of the oxidative stress response by the E3 ligase TRIP12 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.25.625235v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The oxidative stress response is centered on the transcription factor NRF2 and protects cells from reactive oxygen species (ROS). While ROS inhibit the E3 ligase CUL3KEAP1 to stabilize NRF2 and elicit antioxidant gene expression, cells recovering from stress must rapidly reactivate CUL3KEAP1 to prevent reductive stress and oxeiptosis-dependent cell death. How cells restore efficient NRF2-degradation upon ROS clearance remains poorly understood. Here, we identify TRIP12, an E3 ligase dysregulated in Clark-Baraitser Syndrome and Parkinsons Disease, as a component of the oxidative stress response. TRIP12 is a ubiquitin chain elongation factor that cooperates with CUL3KEAP1 to ensure robust NRF2 degradation. In this manner, TRIP12 accelerates stress response silencing as ROS are being cleared, but limits NRF2 activation during stress. The need for dynamic control of NRF2-degradation therefore comes at the cost of diminished stress signaling, suggesting that TRIP12 inhibition could be used to treat degenerative pathologies characterized by ROS accumulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ingersoll, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCloud, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rape, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.25.625235</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic regulation of the oxidative stress response by the E3 ligase TRIP12]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.24.625074v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Assembly and lipid-gating of LRRC8A:D volume-regulated anion channels 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.24.625074v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Volume-regulated anion channels (VRACs) are ubiquitously expressed vertebrate ion channels that open in response to hypotonic swelling. VRACs assemble as heteromers of LRRC8A and LRRC8B-E subunits, with different subunit combinations resulting in channels with different properties. Recent studies have described the structures of LRRC8A:C VRACs, but how other VRACs assemble, and which structural features are conserved or variant across channel assemblies remains unknown. Herein, we used cryo-EM to determine structures of a LRRC8A:D VRAC with a 4:2 subunit stoichiometry, which we captured in two conformations. The presence of LRRC8D subunits increases hydrophobicity and widens the selectivity filter, which may explain the unique substrate selectivity of LRRC8D-containing VRACs. The structures reveal lipids bound inside the channel pore, similar to those observed in LRRC8A:C VRACs. Using electrophysiological experiments, we confirmed that pore lipids block conduction in the closed state, demonstrating that lipid-gating is a general property of VRACs. Finally, we observe that LRRC8D subunit incorporation disrupts packing of the cytoplasmic LRR domains, increasing channel dynamics and opening lateral fenestrations, which we speculate are necessary for pore lipid evacuation and channel activation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lurie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kern, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henn, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brohawn, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.24.625074</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Assembly and lipid-gating of LRRC8A:D volume-regulated anion channels]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.25.625156v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
De novo assembled databases enable species-specific protein-based stable isotope probing of microbiomes without prior knowledge of the community composition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.25.625156v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundProtein-based stable isotope probing (Protein-SIP) is a powerful approach that can directly link individual taxa to activity and substrate assimilation, elucidating metabolic pathways and trophic relationships within microbial communities. In Protein-SIP, peptides and corresponding taxa are identified by database matching, making database quality crucial for accurate analyses. For samples with unknown community composition, Protein-SIP typically employs either unrestricted reference databases or metagenome-derived databases. While (meta)genome-derived databases represent the gold standard, they may be incomplete and are typically resource-intensive to generate. In contrast, unrestricted reference databases can inflate the search space and require complex post-processing.

ResultsHere, we explore the feasibility of using de novo peptide sequencing to construct peptide databases directly from mass spectrometry raw data. We then use the mass spectrometric data from labeled cultures to quantify isotope incorporation into specific peptides. We benchmark our approach against the canonical approach in which a sample-matching (meta)genome-derived protein sequence database is used on three different datasets: 1) a proteome analysis from a defined microbial community containing 13C-labeled E. coli cells, 2) time-course data of an anammox-dominated continuous reactor after feeding with 13C-labeled bicarbonate, and 3) a model of the human distal gut simulating a high-protein and high-fiber diet cultivated in either 2H2O or H218O. Our results show that de novo peptide databases are applicable to different isotopes, detecting similar amounts of labeled peptides compared to sample-matching (meta)genome-derived databases, and also identify labeled peptides missed by this canonical approach. Furthermore, we show that peptide-centric Protein-SIP allows up to species-specific resolution and enables the assessment of activity related to individual biological processes. Finally, we provide access to our modular Python pipeline to assist the construction of de novo peptide databases and subsequent peptide-centric Protein-SIP data analysis (https://git.ufz.de/meb/denovo-sip).

ConclusionsDe novo peptide databases enable Protein-SIP of microbial communities without prior knowledge of the composition and can be used complementarily to (meta)genome-derived databases or as a standalone alternative in exploratory or resource-limited settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Klaes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez-Cohen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adrian, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.25.625156</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[De novo assembled databases enable species-specific protein-based stable isotope probing of microbiomes without prior knowledge of the community composition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.26.625496v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Programmable epigenome editing by transient delivery of CRISPR epigenome editor ribonucleoproteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.26.625496v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Programmable epigenome editors modify gene expression in mammalian cells by altering the local chromatin environment at target loci without inducing DNA breaks. However, the large size of CRISPR-based epigenome editors poses a challenge to their broad use in biomedical research and as future therapies. Here, we present Robust ENveloped Delivery of Epigenome-editor Ribonucleoproteins (RENDER) for transiently delivering programmable epigenetic repressors (CRISPRi, DNMT3A-3L-dCas9, CRISPRoff) and activator (TET1-dCas9) as ribonucleoprotein complexes into human cells to modulate gene expression. After rational engineering, we show that RENDER induces durable epigenetic silencing of endogenous genes across various human cell types, including primary T cells. Additionally, we apply RENDER to epigenetically repress endogenous genes in human stem cell-derived neurons, including the reduction of the neurodegenerative disease associated V337M-mutated Tau protein. Together, our RENDER platform advances the delivery of CRISPR-based epigenome editors into human cells, broadening the use of epigenome editing in fundamental research and therapeutic applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nunez, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Besselink, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramadoss, G. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dierks, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lubin, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pattali, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brim, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christenson, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colias, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ornelas, I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chasins, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conklin, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.26.625496</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Programmable epigenome editing by transient delivery of CRISPR epigenome editor ribonucleoproteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.25.622742v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Arterial endothelial deletion of Alk1 causes epistaxis and cerebral microhemorrhage with aberrant arteries and defective smooth muscle coverage. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.25.622742v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia (HHT) is an autosomal dominant vascular disorder with manifestations including severe nose bleeding and microhemorrhage in brains. Despite being the second most common inherited bleeding disorder, the pathophysiological mechanism underlying HHT-associated hemorrhage is poorly understood. HHT pathogenesis is thought to follow a Knudsonian two-hit model, requiring a second somatic mutation for lesion formation. Mutations in activin receptor-like kinase 1 (ALK1) gene cause HHT type 2. We hypothesize that somatic mutation of Alk1 in arterial endothelial cells (AECs) leads to arterial defects and hemorrhage. Here, we mutated Alk1 in AECs in postnatal mice using Bmx(PAC)-CreERT2 and found that somatic arterial endothelial mutation of Alk1 was sufficient to induce spontaneous epistaxis and multifocal cerebral microhemorrhage. This bleeding occurred in the presence of tortuous and enlarged blood vessels, loss of arterial molecular marker Efnb2, disorganization of vascular smooth muscle, and impaired vasoregulation. Our data suggest that arterial endothelial deletion of Alk1 leading to reduced arterial identity and disrupted vascular smooth muscle cell coverage is a plausible molecular mechanism for HHT-associated severe epistaxis. This work provides the first evidence that somatic Alk1 mutation in AECs can cause hemorrhagic vascular lesions, offering a novel preclinical model critically needed for studying HHT-associated epistaxis, and delineating an arterial mechanism to HHT pathophysiology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raygor, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.25.622742</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Arterial endothelial deletion of Alk1 causes epistaxis and cerebral microhemorrhage with aberrant arteries and defective smooth muscle coverage.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.27.625786v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome Organization with CUT and Tag (GO-CaT) identifies substructure and maturation of lamina-associated domains in neurons of the developing human brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.27.625786v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Approximately 30-40% of the human genome is anchored to the nuclear lamina (NL) through variably sized (10 kb-10 Mb) lamina-associated domains (LADs), which can be classified into two subtypes (T1 and T2) based on their level of lamina-association. The dynamics of LAD substructure in cells that remain postmitotic for long periods of time are poorly understood. Here, we developed Genome Organization with CUT and Tag (GO-CaT) to determine the T1- and T2-LAD substructure of postmitotic excitatory neurons isolated from the prenatal and adult human cortex. While T1-LADs exhibited epigenomic features characteristic of stable, cell type-invariant LADs including strong transcriptional repression, in prenatal neurons, T2-LADs were enriched for promoter-enhancer DNA interactions, intermediate levels of gene expression, and genetic risk associated with neurodevelopmental and cognitive disorders. In adult cortical neurons, T1-LADs were expanded in size and genomic coverage, incorporating the majority of the prenatal T2-LADs, sequestering genes involved in neurodevelopment. In contrast, the minority of prenatal T2-LADs that relocated to inter-LAD regions in adult neurons were enriched for processes related to synaptic function. Overall, these data provide evidence that LADs "mature" in postmitotic neurons, remodeling from a genomic architecture that is more permissive for the dynamics of transcription of development to one that is more restricted and focused on the decades-long transcriptional needs of adult brain neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gil, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahanger, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kriegstein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.27.625786</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome Organization with CUT and Tag (GO-CaT) identifies substructure and maturation of lamina-associated domains in neurons of the developing human brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.26.625503v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping essential somatic hypermutations in a CD4-binding site bNAb informs HIV-1 vaccine design 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.26.625503v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
HIV-1 broadly-neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) targeting the CD4-binding site (CD4bs) contain rare features that pose challenges to elicit these bNAbs through vaccination. The IOMA-class of CD4bs bNAbs includes fewer rare features and somatic hypermutations (SHMs) to achieve broad neutralization, thus presenting a potentially accessible pathway for vaccine-induced bNAb development. Here, we created a library of IOMA variants in which each SHM was individually reverted to the inferred germline (iGL) counterpart to investigate the roles of SHMs in conferring IOMAs neutralization potency and breadth. Impacts on neutralization for each variant were evaluated, and this information was used to design minimally-mutated IOMA-class variants (IOMAmin) that incorporated the fewest SHMs required for achieving IOMAs neutralization breadth. A cryo-EM structure of an IOMAmin variant bound to Env was used to further interpret characteristics of IOMA variants to elucidate how IOMAs structural features correlate with its neutralization mechanism, informing the design of IOMA-targeting immunogens.

HighlightsIOMAmin variants with reduced SHMs retain neutralization potency and breadth.

Cryo-EM structure reveals IOMAmin preserves key Env interactions despite fewer SHMs.

IOMA variants with mutations in CDRH3 and CDRL1 fail to improve neutralization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dam, K.-M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gristick, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gnanapragasam, P. N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seaman, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjorkman, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.26.625503</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping essential somatic hypermutations in a CD4-binding site bNAb informs HIV-1 vaccine design]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.26.625568v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural and functional insights into activation and regulation of the dynein-dynactin-NuMA complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.26.625568v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During cell division, NuMA orchestrates the focusing of microtubule minus-ends in spindle poles and cortical force generation on astral microtubules by interacting with dynein motors, microtubules, and other cellular factors. Here, we used in vitro reconstitution, cryo-electron microscopy, and live cell imaging to understand the mechanism and regulation of NuMA. We determined the structure of the processive dynein/dynactin/NuMA complex (DDN) and showed that the NuMA N-terminus drives dynein motility in vitro and facilitates dynein-mediated transport in live cells. The C-terminus of NuMA directly binds to and suppresses the dynamics of the microtubule minus-end. Full-length NuMA is autoinhibited for its interactions with dynein and microtubules, but mitotically phosphorylated NuMA activates dynein in vitro and interphase cells. Together with dynein, activated full-length NuMA focuses microtubule minus-ends into aster-like structures. These results provide critical insights into the activation of NuMA and dynein for their mitotic functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aslan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>d'Amico, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taheri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blaauw, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumont, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yildiz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.26.625568</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural and functional insights into activation and regulation of the dynein-dynactin-NuMA complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.27.625007v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Benchmarking concentration and direct extraction methods for wastewater-based surveillance of eight human respiratory viruses: implications for rapid application to novel pathogens 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.27.625007v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Wastewater monitoring is rapidly expanding to provide surveillance for a growing number of epidemic and endemic pathogens. To provide early warning and support rapid response to a novel virus through wastewater surveillance, it would be ideal to understand in advance which concentration and extraction methods are likely to be effective for dPCR-based methods, depending on virus characteristics. In this study, we spiked wastewater samples with eight human respiratory viruses and processed them with four commercial methods that concentrate and/or extract nucleic acids from both liquid and solid fractions (Promega, Nanotrap, InnovaPrep), or only the solid fraction of wastewater (Solids). Our findings provide encouraging evidence that all four concentration/extraction methods combined with dPCR could detect an emerging virus in wastewater, although they differed in sensitivity. The pattern of recovery efficiency for adenoviruses, coronaviruses, and influenza A viruses was consistent across methods, while distinct patterns were observed for coxsackieviruses. Promega produced higher median recovery efficiencies based on dPCR for all viruses except for coxsackieviruses, even though it had the highest dPCR inhibition. We suggest caution in applying Nanotrap to new targets, based on the low recovery of coxsackievirus B5 compared to the other viruses. We also quantified the endogenous indicators PMMoV and Carjivirus (formerly crAssphage), illustrating how normalization could either improve or worsen the comparison of virus concentrations measured by different methods. These findings can guide the selection of concentration and extraction methods for wastewater monitoring based on the properties of target viruses, thus enhancing pandemic preparedness.

Synopsis StatementBenchmarking scalable concentration and extraction methods on respiratory viruses with diverse properties facilitates the rapid application of wastewater-based surveillance to emerging viruses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kane, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borucki, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kantor, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.27.625007</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Benchmarking concentration and direct extraction methods for wastewater-based surveillance of eight human respiratory viruses: implications for rapid application to novel pathogens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.29.622360v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NuMA mechanically reinforces the spindle independently of its partner dynein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.29.622360v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Both motor and non-motor proteins organize microtubules to build the spindle and maintain it against opposing forces. NuMA, a long microtubule binding protein, is essential to spindle structure and function. NuMA recruits the motor dynein to spindle microtubule minus-ends to actively cluster them, but whether NuMA performs other spindle roles remains unknown. Here, we show that NuMA acts independently of dynein to passively reinforce the mammalian spindle. NuMA that cannot bind dynein is sufficient to protect spindle poles against fracture under external force. In contrast, NuMA with a shorter coiled-coil or disrupted self-interactions cannot protect spindle poles, and NuMA turnover differences cannot explain mechanical differences. In vitro, NuMAs C-terminus self-interacts and bundles microtubules without dynein, dependent on residues essential to pole protection in vivo. Together, this suggests that NuMA reinforces spindle poles by crosslinking microtubules, using its long coiled-coiled and self-interactions to reach multiple, far-reaching pole microtubules. We propose that NuMA acts as a mechanical "multitasker" targeting contractile motor activity and separately crosslinking microtubules, both functions synergizing to drive spindle mechanical robustness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cho, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aslan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yildiz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumont, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.29.622360</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NuMA mechanically reinforces the spindle independently of its partner dynein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.30.626193v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coordinated organic and inorganic nitrogen transformations fuel soil microbial blooms and increase nitrogen retention during snowmelt 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.30.626193v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Snowmelt in high-elevation watersheds triggers a microbial bloom and crash that affects nitrogen (N) export. Predicting watershed N dynamics as snowpack declines is a challenge because the mechanisms that underlie this microbial bloom and crash are uncertain. Using a multi-omic approach, we show that the dynamic molecular properties of dissolved organic N, plus high gene expression for peptidases that recycle microbial biomass, suggested that microbial turnover provided N for biosynthesis during the microbial bloom. Amino acid fermentation by Bradyrhizobia produced organic acids that also fueled denitrification and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonia (DNRA) during snowmelt. Nitrification in spring was driven by Spring-Adapted Nitrososphaerales, which utilized ammonium derived from osmolyte degradation by Winter-Adapted Solirubrobacteraceae. High DNRA gene expression after snowmelt suggested significant nitrate retention, increasing watershed N retention potential. However, declining snowfall may compromise microbial regulation of soil N retention, with implications for watershed N export.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sorensen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karaoz, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beller, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bill, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouskill, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoyt, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eder, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eloe-Fadrosh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharrar, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tfaily, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toyoda, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tolic, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodie, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.30.626193</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coordinated organic and inorganic nitrogen transformations fuel soil microbial blooms and increase nitrogen retention during snowmelt]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.02.626332v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ancient genomics support deep divergence between Eastern and Western Mediterranean Indo-European languages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.02.626332v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Indo-European languages are among the most widely spoken in the world, yet their early diversification remains contentious1-5. It is widely accepted that the spread of this language family across Europe from the 5th millennium BP correlates with the expansion and diversification of steppe-related genetic ancestry from the onset of the Bronze Age6,7. However, multiple steppe-derived populations co-existed in Europe during this period, and it remains unclear how these populations diverged and which provided the demographic channels for the ancestral forms of the Italic, Celtic, Greek, and Armenian languages8,9. To investigate the ancestral histories of Indo-European-speaking groups in Southern Europe, we sequenced genomes from 314 ancient individuals from the Mediterranean and surrounding regions, spanning from 5,200 BP to 2,100 BP, and co-analysed these with published genome data. We additionally conducted strontium isotope analyses on 224 of these individuals. We find a deep east-west divide of steppe ancestry in Southern Europe during the Bronze Age. Specifically, we show that the arrival of steppe ancestry in Spain, France, and Italy was mediated by Bell Beaker (BB) populations of Western Europe, likely contributing to the emergence of the Italic and Celtic languages. In contrast, Armenian and Greek populations acquired steppe ancestry directly from Yamnaya groups of Eastern Europe. These results are consistent with the linguistic Italo-Celtic10,11 and Graeco-Armenian1,12,13 hypotheses accounting for the origins of most Mediterranean Indo-European languages of Classical Antiquity. Our findings thus align with specific linguistic divergence models for the Indo-European language family while contradicting others. This underlines the power of ancient DNA in uncovering prehistoric diversifications of human populations and language communities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yediay, F. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kroonen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabatini, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frei, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinotti, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wigman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thorso, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vimala, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McColl, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moutafi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altinkaya, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramsoe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaunitz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renaud, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mederos Martin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demeter, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scorrano, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canci, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duyar, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serhal, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varzari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turkteki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Shea, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahmstorf, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polat, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atamturk, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omura, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsumura, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valeur Seersholm, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morillo Leon, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voutsaki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orgeolet, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burke, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrmann, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Recchia, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corazza, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borgna, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cipolloni Sampo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trucco, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pajuelo Pando,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.02.626332</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ancient genomics support deep divergence between Eastern and Western Mediterranean Indo-European languages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.02.626349v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The molecular basis of integrated stress response silencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.02.626349v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chronic stress response activation impairs cell survival and causes devastating degenerative diseases. To counteract this, cells deploy dedicated silencing factors, such as the E3 ligase SIFI that terminates the mitochondrial stress response. How a single enzyme can sense stress across cells and elicit timely stress response inactivation is poorly understood. Here, we report the structure of human SIFI, which revealed how this 1.3MDa complex can target hundreds of proteins for accurate stress response silencing. SIFI attaches the first ubiquitin to substrates using flexible domains within an easily accessible scaffold, yet builds linkage-specific ubiquitin chains at distinct, sterically restricted elongation modules in its periphery. Ubiquitin handover via a ubiquitin-like domain couples versatile substrate modification to precise chain elongation. Stress response silencing therefore exploits a catalytic mechanism that is geared to process many diverse proteins and hence allows a single enzyme to monitor and, if appropriate, modulate a complex cellular state.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haakonsen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heider, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witus, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zelter, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beschauner, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacCoss, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rape, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.02.626349</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The molecular basis of integrated stress response silencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.28.625917v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RCVT: a novel diagnostic to quantify compositional biases among taxa for phylogenomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.28.625917v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phylogenomics aims to reconstruct the history of genes and genomes. However, noise or error during inference can stem from diverse sources, such as compositional biases. Here, we introduce RCVT (Relative Composition Variability among Taxa), a metric to quantify compositional biases among taxa. We demonstrate the utility of RCVT using example data and quantify compositional biases in 16 empirical phylogenomic datasets, revealing variation in bias among taxa within phylogenomic data matrices. Systematic removal of taxa with high RCVT scores substantially reduces compositional heterogeneity compared to randomly pruning taxa among large phylogenomic data matrices. RCVT may help researchers diagnose and potentially ameliorate phylogenomic noise associated with compositional biases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steenwyk, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buida, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.28.625917</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RCVT: a novel diagnostic to quantify compositional biases among taxa for phylogenomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.29.626078v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rebuilding the autoimmune-damaged corneal stroma through topical lubrication 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.29.626078v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Corneal lubrication is the most common treatment for relieving the signs and symptoms of dry eye and is considered to be largely palliative with no regenerative functions. Here we challenge this notion by demonstrating that wetting the desiccated cornea of an aqueous-deficient mouse model with the simplest form of lubrication, a saline-based solution, is sufficient to rescue the severely disrupted collagen-rich architecture of the stroma, the largest corneal compartment that is essential to transparency and vision. At the single cell level we show that stromal keratocytes responsible for maintaining stromal integrity are converted from an inflammatory state into unique reparative cell states by lubrication alone, thus revealing the extensive plasticity of these cells and the regenerative function of lubricating the surface. We further show that the generation of a reparative phenotype is due, in part, to disruption of an IL1{beta} autocrine amplification loop promoting chronic inflammation. Thus, our study uncovers the regenerative potential of topical lubrication in dry eye and represents a paradigm shift in our understanding of its therapeutic impact.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Efraim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, F. Y. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niknezhad, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheong, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinada, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNamara, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knox, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.29.626078</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rebuilding the autoimmune-damaged corneal stroma through topical lubrication]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.03.626544v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Expanding the HP1a-binding consensus and molecular grammar for heterochromatin assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.03.626544v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The recruitment of Heterochromatin Protein 1 (HP1) partners is essential for heterochromatin assembly and function, yet our knowledge regarding their organization in heterochromatin remains limited. Here we show that interactors engage the Drosophila HP1 (HP1a) dimer through a degenerate and expanded form of the previously identified PxVxL motif, which we now term HP1a Access Codes (HACs). These HACs reside in disordered regions, possess high conservation among Drosophila homologs, and contain alternating hydrophobic residues nested in a cluster of positively charged amino acids. These findings and molecular dynamics simulations identify key electrostatic interactions that modulate HP1a-binding strength and provide a dramatically improved HP1a-binding consensus motif that can reveal protein partners and the molecular grammar involved in heterochromatin assembly. We propose HP1a acts as a scaffold for other heterochromatin components containing HAC motifs, which in turn may regulate the function and higher order structure of the heterochromatin compartment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Colmenares, S. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsukamoto, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karpen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mofrad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brennan, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hickmann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.03.626544</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Expanding the HP1a-binding consensus and molecular grammar for heterochromatin assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.03.626720v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Contact Lens Wear Alters Transcriptional Responses to Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Both the Corneal Epithelium and the Bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.03.626720v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeHealthy corneas resist colonization by virtually all microbes yet contact lens wear can predispose the cornea to sight-threatening infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Here, we explored how lens wear changes corneal epithelium transcriptional responses to P. aeruginosa and its impact on bacterial gene expression.

MethodsMale and female C57BL/6J mice were fitted with a contact lens on one eye for 24 h. After lens removal, corneas were immediately challenged for 4 h with P. aeruginosa. A separate group of naive mice were similarly challenged with bacteria. Bacteria-challenged eyes were compared to uninoculated naive controls as was lens wear alone. Total RNA-sequencing determined corneal epithelium and bacterial gene expression.

ResultsPrior lens wear profoundly altered the corneal response to P. aeruginosa, including: upregulated pattern-recognition receptors (tlr3, nod1), downregulated lectin pathway of complement activation (masp1), amplified upregulation of tcf7, gpr55, ifi205, wfdc2 (immune defense) and further suppression of efemp1 (corneal stromal integrity). Without lens wear, P. aeruginosa upregulated mitochondrial and ubiquinone metabolism genes. Lens wear alone upregulated axl, grn, tcf7, gpr55 (immune defense) and downregulated Ca2+-dependent genes necab1, snx31 and npr3. P. aeruginosa exposure to prior lens wearing vs. naive corneas upregulated bacterial genes of virulence (popD), its regulation (rsmY, PA1226) and antimicrobial resistance (arnB, oprR).

ConclusionPrior lens wear impacts corneal epithelium gene expression altering its responses to P. aeruginosa and how P. aeruginosa responds to it favoring virulence, survival and adaptation. Impacted genes and associated networks provide avenues for research to better understand infection pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kumar, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grosser, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schator, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahn, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jedel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nieto, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleiszig, S. M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.03.626720</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Contact Lens Wear Alters Transcriptional Responses to Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Both the Corneal Epithelium and the Bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.04.626795v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PITHD1: An Endogenous Inhibitor of the 26S Proteasome During Cellular Dormancy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.04.626795v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular dormancy represents a state of regulated growth arrest essential for diverse biological processes, from reproduction to cancer progression. While mechanisms controlling protein synthesis in dormant cells have been identified, how cells regulate protein degradation during dormancy remains unclear. Using zebrafish oocytes, eggs and embryos as a model system, we discovered PITHD1 as an endogenous inhibitor of the 26S proteasome. Our high-resolution cryoEM structure reveals that PITHD1 simultaneously blocks three crucial functional sites on the 19S regulatory particle which are required for ubiquitin recognition, processing, and substrate translocation. This triple-lock mechanism effectively prevents protein degradation in dormant cells. Given PITHD1s evolutionary conservation across species, this mechanism likely represents a general strategy for reversible proteasome regulation during cellular dormancy. Our findings establish a new paradigm for controlling proteostasis in quiescent states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Amann, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roehsner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krall, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grishkovskaya, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotisch, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schleiffer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roitinger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pauli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haselbach, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.04.626795</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PITHD1: An Endogenous Inhibitor of the 26S Proteasome During Cellular Dormancy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.02.626353v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generating All-Atom Protein Structure from Sequence-Only Training Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.02.626353v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractO_ST_ABSPurposeC_ST_ABSDesigning proteins with atomic-level functional control remains a central challenge in de novo design, exacerbated by limitations in structural data availability.

MethodsWe introduce PLAID (Protein Latent Induced Diffusion), a generative model that efficiently co-generates discrete sequence and all-atom structure by sampling directly in the shared sequence-structure latent of a pretrained sequence-to-structure predictor. Unlike existing de novo generative models, PLAID trains its diffusion model exclusively on sequences, expanding effective training corpora by 2-4 orders of magnitude relative to structural databases. Using classifier-free guidance, PLAID supports controllable generation based on function (Gene Ontology) and organism keywords.

ResultsIn silico, PLAID can unconditionally generate all-atom structures without explicit structural supervision during diffusion model training. Function conditioned proteins can recapitulates catalytic side-chain positions for residues at non-adjacent positions, and transmembrane proteins with expected hydrophobicity patterns and predicted topologies. We further experimentally validate that PLAID can be prompted to generate heme binding proteins with high sequence novelty.

ConclusionOverall, PLAID unifies sequence-scale training with atomic-level generation, enabling more precise functional control in protein design. Code and weights: github.com/amyxlu/plaid.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, A. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gligorijevic, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonneau, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbeel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frey, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.02.626353</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generating All-Atom Protein Structure from Sequence-Only Training Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.02.626416v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Perception of Temperature Even in the Absence of Actual Change is Sufficient to Drive Transgenerational Epigenetic Inheritance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.02.626416v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Can processes occurring in one individuals nervous system influence the physiology of the descendants? Here we explored the provocative hypothesis that parents sensation or perception of environmental cues can influence their offspring, extending across many subsequent generations. We show that in Caenorhabditis elegans, temperature perception on its own can induce transgenerational changes in RNAi factors, small RNAs, and the genes that they regulate. Moreover, we identified secreted factors that enable a pair of thermosensory neurons (AFD) to communicate with the germline and trace the path of the epigenetic signal. We further modeled the process mathematically and validated the new predictions generated by the model experimentally. Hence, our results demonstrate that sensory perception is sufficient to trigger small RNA-mediated heritable gene expression memory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Teichman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sela, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ewe, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rieger, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anava, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mor, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szanto, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doron, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shachar, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pechuk, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gingold, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oren-Suissa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapira, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schumacher, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rechavi, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.02.626416</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Perception of Temperature Even in the Absence of Actual Change is Sufficient to Drive Transgenerational Epigenetic Inheritance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.02.626490v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Target cell tension regulates macrophage trogocytosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.02.626490v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Macrophages are known to engulf small membrane fragments, or trogocytose, target cells and pathogens, rather than fully phagocytose them. However, little is known about what causes macrophages to choose trogocytosis versus phagocytosis. Here, we report that cortical tension of target cells is a key regulator of macrophage trogocytosis. At low tension, macrophages will preferentially trogocytose antibody-opsonized cells, while at high tension they tend towards phagocytosis. Using model vesicles, we demonstrate that macrophages will rapidly switch from trogocytosis to phagocytosis when membrane tension is increased. Stiffening the cortex of target cells also biases macrophages to phagocytose them, a trend that can be countered by increasing antibody surface density and is captured in a mechanical model of trogocytosis. This work suggests that a distinct molecular pathway for trogocytosis is not required to explain differences in trogocytosis among target cell types and points to a mechanism for target cells to modulate trogocytosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cornell, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chorlay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnamurthy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldauf, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fletcher, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.02.626490</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Target cell tension regulates macrophage trogocytosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.03.626510v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conservation of function without conservation of amino acid sequence in intrinsically disordered transcriptional activation domains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.03.626510v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein function is canonically believed to be more conserved than amino acid sequence, but this idea is only well supported in folded domains, where highly diverged sequences can fold into equivalent 3D structures with identical function. Intrinsically disordered protein regions (IDRs) often experience rapid amino acid sequence divergence, but because they do not fold into stable 3D structures, it remains unknown when and how function is conserved. As a model system for studying the evolution of IDRs, we examined transcriptional activation domains, the regions of transcription factors that bind to coactivator complexes. We systematically identified activation domains on 502 homologs of the transcriptional activator Gcn4 spanning 600 MY of fungal evolution in the Ascomycota. We find that the central activation domain shows strong conservation of function without conservation of sequence. We identify the molecular mechanism for this conservation of function without conservation of sequence: evolutionary turnover (gain and loss) of acidic and aromatic residues that are important for function. We further see turnover of complete N-terminal activation domains. This turnover at two length scales confounds multiple sequence alignments, explaining why traditional comparative genomics cannot detect functional conservation of activation domains. Evolutionary turnover of key residues is likely a general mechanism for conservation of function without conservation of sequence in IDRs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>LeBlanc, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefani, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soriano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zintel, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotha, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chase, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pimentel-Solorio, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vunnum, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flug, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fultineer, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hummel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staller, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.03.626510</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conservation of function without conservation of amino acid sequence in intrinsically disordered transcriptional activation domains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.03.626575v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA tensiometer reveals catch-bond detachment kinetics of kinesin-1, -2 and -3 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.03.626575v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bidirectional cargo transport by kinesin and dynein is essential for cell viability and defects are linked to neurodegenerative diseases. Computational modeling suggests that the load-dependent off-rate is the strongest determinant of which motor  wins a kinesin-dynein tug-of-war, and optical tweezer experiments find family-dependent differences in the sensitivity of detachment to load, with kinesin-3 > kinesin-2 > kinesin-1. However, in reconstituted kinesin-dynein pairs vitro, all three kinesin families compete nearly equally well against dynein. Modeling and experiments have confirmed that vertical forces inherent to the large trapping beads enhance kinesin-1 dissociation rates. In vivo, vertical forces are expected to range from negligible to dominant, depending on cargo and microtubule geometries. To investigate the detachment and reattachment kinetics of kinesin-1, 2 and 3 motors against loads oriented parallel to the microtubule, we created a DNA tensiometer comprising a DNA entropic spring attached to the microtubule on one end and a motor on the other. Kinesin dissociation rates at stall were slower than detachment rates during unloaded runs, and the complex reattachment kinetics were consistent with a weakly-bound  slip state preceding detachment. Kinesin-3 behaviors under load suggested that long KIF1A run lengths result from the concatenation of multiple short runs connected by diffusive episodes. Stochastic simulations were able to recapitulate the load-dependent detachment and reattachment kinetics for all three motors and provide direct comparison of key transition rates between families. These results provide insight into how kinesin-1, -2 and -3 families transport cargo in complex cellular geometries and compete against dynein during bidirectional transport.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Noell, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, T.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKinley, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hancock, W. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.03.626575</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA tensiometer reveals catch-bond detachment kinetics of kinesin-1, -2 and -3]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.06.627221v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predictable modulation of plant root development using engineered cytokinin regulators 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.06.627221v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Achieving precise control over quantitative developmental phenotypes is a key objective in plant biology. Recent advances in synthetic biology have enabled tools to reprogram entire developmental pathways; however, the complexity of designing synthetic genetic programs and the inherent interactions between various signaling processes remains a critical challenge. Here, we leverage Type-B response regulators to modulate the expression of genes involved in cytokinin-dependent growth and development processes. We rationally engineered these regulators to modulate their transcriptional activity (i.e., repression or activation) and potency while reducing their sensitivity to cytokinin. By localizing the expression of these engineered transcription factors using tissue-specific promoters, we can predictably tune cytokinin-regulated traits. As a proof of principle, we deployed this synthetic system in Arabidopsis thaliana to either decrease or increase the number of lateral roots. The simplicity and modularity of our approach makes it an ideal system for controlling other developmental phenotypes of agronomic interest in plants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rattan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alamos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szarzanowicz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.06.627221</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predictable modulation of plant root development using engineered cytokinin regulators]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.09.627564v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cannabinoid inhibition of mechanosensitive K+ channels 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.09.627564v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cannabidiol (CBD) is a prominent non-psychoactive small molecule produced by cannabis plants used clinically as an antiepileptic. Here, we show CBD and other cannabinoids are potent inhibitors of mechanosensitive two-pore domain K+ (K2P) channels, including TRAAK and TREK-1 that contribute to spike propagation in myelinated axons. Five TRAAK mutations that cause epilepsy or the neurodevelopmental syndrome FHEIG (facial dysmorphism, hypertrichosis, epilepsy, intellectual/developmental delay, and gingival overgrowth) retain sensitivity to cannabinoid inhibition. A cryo-EM structure reveals CBD binds in the intracellular cavity of TREK-1 to sterically block ion conduction. These results show that cannabinoids and endogenous lipids compete for a common binding site to inhibit channel activity, identify mechanosensitive K2Ps as potential physiological targets of CBD, and suggest cannabinoids could counter gain-of-function in TRAAK channelopathies.

SummaryWe discover cannabinoids inhibit mechanosensitive K+ channels including mutants that cause disease and reveal the mechanism for channel block.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Docter, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorum, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deshmane, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doubravsky, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brohawn, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.09.627564</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cannabinoid inhibition of mechanosensitive K+ channels]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.06.627157v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scaling ecological niches from individuals to populations and beyond 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.06.627157v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The niche is a key concept that unifies ecology and evolutionary biology. However, empirical and theoretical treatments of the niche are mostly performed at the species level, neglecting individuals as important units of ecological and evolutionary processes. So far, a formal mathematical link between individual-level niches and higher organismal-level niches has been lacking, hampering the unification of ecological theories and more accurate forecasts of biodiversity change. To fill in this gap, we propose a bottom-up approach to derive population and higher organismal-level niches from individual niches. We demonstrate the power of our framework by showing that 1) the statistical properties of higher organismal-level niches (e.g. niche breadth, skewness etc.) can be partitioned into individual contributions; 2) the species-level niche shifts can be estimated by tracing the responses of individuals. Our method paves the way for a unifying niche theory and enables mechanistic assessments of organism-environment relationships across organismal scales.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yanco, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winner, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellis Soto, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jetz, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.06.627157</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scaling ecological niches from individuals to populations and beyond]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.07.627370v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
OrthoHMM: Improved Inference of Ortholog Groups using Hidden Markov Models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.07.627370v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurate orthology inference is essential for comparative genomics and phylogenomics. However, orthology inference is challenged by sequence divergence, which is pronounced among anciently diverged organisms. We present OrthoHMM, an algorithm that infers orthologous gene groups using Hidden Markov Models parameterized from substitution matrices, which enables better detection of remote homologs. Benchmarking indicates OrthoHMM outperforms currently available methods; for example, using a curated set of Bilaterian orthogroups, OrthoHMM showed a 10.3 - 138.9% improvement in precision. Rank-based benchmarking using Bilaterian orthogroups and a novel dataset of orthogroups from organisms in three major eukaryotic kingdoms revealed OrthoHMM had the best overall performance (6.7 - 97.8% overall improvement). These findings suggest that Hidden Markov Models improve orthogroup inference.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steenwyk, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buida, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.07.627370</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[OrthoHMM: Improved Inference of Ortholog Groups using Hidden Markov Models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.10.627736v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oncogenic RAS Induces a Distinctive Form of Non-Canonical Autophagy Mediated by the P38-ULK1-PI4KB Axis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.10.627736v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer cells with RAS mutations exhibit enhanced autophagy, essential for their proliferation and survival, making it a potential target for therapeutic intervention. However, the regulatory differences between RAS-induced autophagy and physiological autophagy remain poorly understood, complicating the development of cancer-specific anti-autophagy treatments. In this study, we identified a form of non-canonical autophagy induced by oncogenic KRAS expression, termed RAS-induced non-canonical autophagy via ATG8ylation (RINCAA). RINCAA involves distinct autophagic factors compared to those in starvation-induced autophagy and incorporates non-autophagic components, resulting in the formation of non-canonical autophagosomes with multivesicular/multilaminar structures labeled by ATG8 family proteins (e.g., LC3 and GABARAP). We have designated these structures as RAS-induced multivesicular/multilaminar bodies of ATG8ylation (RIMMBA). A notable feature of RINCAA is the substitution of the class III PI3K in canonical autophagy for PI4KB. We identified a regulatory P38-ULK1-PI4KB-WIPI2 signaling cascade governing this process, where ULK1 phosphorylation at S317, S479, S556, and S758 activates PI4KB. This activation involves PI4KB phosphorylation at S256 and T263, initiating PI4P production, ATG8ylation, and non-canonical autophagy. Importantly, elevated PI4KB phosphorylation at S256 and T263 was observed in RAS-mutated cancer cells and colorectal cancer specimens. Inhibition of PI4KB S256 and T263 phosphorylation led to a reduction in RINCAA activity and tumor growth in both xenograft and KPC models of pancreatic cancer, suggesting that ULK1-mediated PI4KB-Peptide-1 phosphorylation could represent a promising therapeutic target for RAS-mutated cancers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ge, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.10.627736</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oncogenic RAS Induces a Distinctive Form of Non-Canonical Autophagy Mediated by the P38-ULK1-PI4KB Axis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.10.627868v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single cell transcriptomics of X-ray irradiated Drosophila wing discs reveals heterogeneity related to cell-cycle status and cell location 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.10.627868v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Even seemingly homogeneous populations of cells can express phenotypic diversity in response to environmental changes. Thus, X-ray irradiation of tissues composed of diverse cell types can have complex outcomes. We have used single-cell RNA-sequencing to study the effects of X-ray radiation on the Drosophila wing imaginal disc, a relatively simple tissue composed mostly of epithelial cells. Transcriptomic clustering of cells collected from the wing disc generates clusters that are mainly grouped based on proximodistal cell location. To quantify heterogeneity of gene expression among clusters, we adapted a metric used to study market concentration, the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index. Genes involved in DNA damage repair, defense against reactive oxygen species, cell cycle progression, and apoptosis are expressed relatively uniformly. In contrast, genes encoding a subset of ligands, notably cytokines that activate the JAK/STAT pathway, some transcription factors including Ets21C, previously implicated in regeneration, and several signaling proteins are expressed more regionally. Though the radiation-responsive transcription factor p53 is expressed relatively uniformly in the wing disc, several regionally-induced genes still require p53 function, indicating that regional and radiation-induced factors combine to regulate their expression. We also examined heterogeneity within regions using a clustering approach based on cell cycle gene expression. A subpopulation of cells, characterized by high levels of tribbles expression, is amplified in irradiated discs. Remarkably, this subpopulation accounts for a considerable fraction of radiation-induced gene expression, indicating that cellular responses are non-uniform even within regions. Thus, both inter-regional and intra-regional heterogeneity are important features of tissue responses to X-ray radiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cruz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, W. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verbeke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hariharan, I. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.10.627868</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single cell transcriptomics of X-ray irradiated Drosophila wing discs reveals heterogeneity related to cell-cycle status and cell location]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.11.624522v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fe starvation induces a second LHCI tetramer to photosystem I in green algae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.11.624522v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Iron (Fe) availability limits photosynthesis at a global scale where Fe-rich photosystem (PS) I abundance is drastically reduced in Fe-poor environments. We used single-particle cryo-electron microscopy to reveal a unique Fe starvation-dependent arrangement of light-harvesting chlorophyll (LHC) proteins where Fe starvation-induced TIDI1 is found in an additional tetramer of LHC proteins associated with PSI in Dunaliella tertiolecta and Dunaliella salina. These cosmopolitan green algae are resilient to poor Fe nutrition. TIDI1 is a distinct LHC protein that co- occurs in diverse algae with flavodoxin (an Fe-independent replacement for the Fe-containing ferredoxin). The antenna expansion in eukaryotic algae we describe here is reminiscent of the iron-starvation induced (isiA-encoding) antenna ring in cyanobacteria, which typically co-occurs with isiB, encoding flavodoxin. Our work showcases the convergent strategies that evolved after the Great Oxidation Event to maintain PSI capacity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, H. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khera, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grob, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallaher, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purvine, S. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicora, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niyogi, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogales, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merchant, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.11.624522</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fe starvation induces a second LHCI tetramer to photosystem I in green algae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.11.628036v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MetaBiome: A Multiscale Model Integrating Agent-Based Modeling and Metabolic Networks Reveals Spatial Regulation in Mucosal Microbial Communities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.11.628036v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mucosal microbial communities (MMCs) are complex ecosystems near the mucosal layers of the gut, essential for maintaining health and modulating disease states. Despite advances in high-throughput omics technologies, current methodologies struggle to capture the dynamic metabolic interactions and spatiotemporal variations within MMCs. In this work, we present MetaBiome, a multiscale model integrating agent-based modeling (ABM), finite volume methods, and constraint-based models to explore the metabolic interactions within these communities. Integrating ABM allows for the detailed representation of individual microbial agents, each governed by rules that dictate cell growth, division, and interactions with their surroundings. Through a layered approach--encompassing environmental conditions, agent information, and metabolic pathways--we simulated different communities to showcase the potential of the model. Using our in-silico platform, we explored the dynamics and spatiotemporal patterns of MMCs in the proximal small intestine and the cecum, simulating the physiological conditions of the two gut regions. Our findings revealed how specific microbes adapt their metabolic processes based on substrate availability and local environmental conditions, shedding light on spatial metabolite regulation and informing targeted therapies for localized gut diseases. MetaBiome provides a detailed representation of microbial agents and their interactions, surpassing the limitations of traditional grid-based systems. This work marks a significant advancement in microbial ecology as it offers new insights into predicting and analyzing microbial communities.

ImportanceOur study presents a novel multiscale model that combines agent-based modeling, finite volume methods, and genome-scale metabolic models to simulate the complex dynamics of mucosal microbial communities in the gut. This integrated approach allows us to capture spatial and temporal variations in microbial interactions and metabolism that are difficult to study experimentally.

Key findings from our model include:

O_LIPrediction of metabolic cross-feeding and spatial organization in multi-species communities
C_LIO_LIInsights into how oxygen gradients and nutrient availability shape community composition in different gut regions
C_LIO_LIIdentification of spatially-regulated metabolic pathways and enzymes in E. coli
C_LI

We believe this work represents a significant advance in computational modeling of microbial communities and provides new insights into the spatial regulation of gut microbiome metabolism. The multiscale modeling approach we have developed could be broadly applicable for studying other complex microbial ecosystems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aminian-Dehkordi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickson, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valiei, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mofrad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.11.628036</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MetaBiome: A Multiscale Model Integrating Agent-Based Modeling and Metabolic Networks Reveals Spatial Regulation in Mucosal Microbial Communities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.12.627884v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep profiling of plant stress biomarkers following bacterial pathogen infection with protein corona based nano-omics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.12.627884v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Detection and remediation of stress in crops is vital to ensure agricultural productivity. Conventional forms of assessing stress in plants are limited by feasibility, delayed phenotypic responses, inadequate specificity, and lack of sensitivity during initial phases of stress. While mass spectrometry is remarkably precise and achieves high-resolution, complex samples, such as plant tissues, require time-consuming and biased depletion strategies to effectively identify low-abundant stress biomarkers. Here, we bypassed these reduction methods via a nano-omics approach, where gold nanoparticles were used to enrich time- and temperature-dependent stress-related proteins through biomolecular corona formation that were subsequently analyzed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). This nano-omic approach was more effective than a conventional proteomic analysis using UHPLC- MS/MS for resolving biotic-stress induced responses at early stages of pathogen infection in Arabidopsis thaliana, well before the development of visible phenotypic symptoms, as well as in distal tissues of pathogen infected plants at early timepoints. The enhanced sensitivity of this nano-omic approach enables the identification of stress-related proteins at early critical timepoints, providing a more nuanced understanding of plant-pathogen interactions that can be leveraged for the development of early intervention strategies for sustainable agriculture.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Coreas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sridhar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, T.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Squire, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voke, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.12.627884</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep profiling of plant stress biomarkers following bacterial pathogen infection with protein corona based nano-omics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.13.628212v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Leucine Aminopeptidase LyLAP enables lysosomal degradation of membrane proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.13.628212v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proteolysis of hydrophobic helices is required for complete breakdown of every transmembrane protein trafficked to the lysosome and sustains high rates of endocytosis. However, the lysosomal mechanisms for degrading hydrophobic domains remain unknown. Combining lysosomal proteomics with functional genomic data mining, we identify Lysosomal Leucine Aminopeptidase (LyLAP; formerly Phospholipase B Domain-Containing 1) as the hydrolase most tightly associated with elevated endocytic activity. Untargeted metabolomics and biochemical reconstitution demonstrate that LyLAP is not a phospholipase, but a processive monoaminopeptidase with strong preference for N-terminal leucine - an activity necessary and sufficient for breakdown of hydrophobic transmembrane domains. LyLAP is upregulated in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA), which relies on macropinocytosis for nutrient uptake, and its ablation led to buildup of undigested hydrophobic peptides, which compromised lysosomal membrane integrity and inhibited PDA cell growth. Thus, LyLAP enables lysosomal degradation of membrane proteins, and may represent a vulnerability in highly endocytic cancer cells.

One sentence summaryLyLAP degrades transmembrane proteins to sustain high endocytosis and lysosomal membrane stability in pancreatic cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jain, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heremans, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rademaker, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Detomasi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohweder, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Linde, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lange, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spacci, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Citron, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olzmann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craik, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bommer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perera, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zoncu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.13.628212</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Leucine Aminopeptidase LyLAP enables lysosomal degradation of membrane proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.16.628616v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tax1bp1 enhances bacterial virulence and promotes inflammatory responses during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection of alveolar macrophages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.16.628616v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Crosstalk between autophagy, host cell death, and inflammatory host responses to bacterial pathogens enables effective innate immune responses that limit bacterial growth while minimizing coincidental host damage. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) thwarts innate immune defense mechanisms in alveolar macrophages (AMs) during the initial stages of infection and in recruited bone marrow-derived cells during later stages of infection. However, how protective inflammatory responses are achieved during Mtb infection and the variation of the response in different macrophage subtypes remain obscure. Here, we show that the autophagy receptor Tax1bp1 plays a critical role in enhancing inflammatory cytokine production and increasing the susceptibility of mice to Mtb infection. Surprisingly, although Tax1bp1 restricts Mtb growth during infection of bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) (Budzik et al. 2020) and terminates cytokine production in response to cytokine stimulation or viral infection, Tax1bp1 instead promotes Mtb growth in AMs, neutrophils, and a subset of recruited monocyte-derived cells from the bone marrow. Tax1bp1 also leads to increases in bacterial growth and inflammatory responses during infection of mice with Listeria monocytogenes, an intracellular pathogen that is not effectively targeted to canonical autophagy. In Mtb-infected AMs but not BMDMs, Tax1bp1 enhances necrotic-like cell death early after infection, reprogramming the mode of host cell death to favor Mtb replication in AMs. Tax1bp1s impact on host cell death is a mechanism that explains Tax1bp1s cell type-specific role in the control of Mtb growth. Similar to Tax1bp1-deficiency in AMs, the expression of phosphosite-deficient Tax1bp1 restricts Mtb growth. Together, these results show that Tax1bp1 plays a crucial role in linking the regulation of autophagy, cell death, and pro-inflammatory host responses and enhancing susceptibility to bacterial infection.

Author SummaryAlthough macrophages are the first innate immune cells to encounter Mycobacterium tuberculosis during infection, M. tuberculosis has evolved the ability to persist in them. Recent studies highlight that some types of macrophages are more permissive to M. tuberculosis replication and survival than others, but the mechanisms for cell type-specific differences in M. tuberculosis growth are only beginning to be understood. We found that the host factor, Tax1bp1 (Tax-1 binding protein 1), supports M. tuberculosis growth during animal infection and in specific subsets of innate immune cells, including alveolar macrophages while restricting M. tuberculosis in bone marrow-derived macrophages. We also found that Tax1bp1 has a similar phenotype in enhancing the pathogenesis of another intracellular pathogen, Listeria monocytogenes. Compared to bone marrow-derived macrophages, in alveolar macrophages, Tax1bp1 enhances the release of inflammatory mediators and leads to necrotic-like host cell death, which is known to enhance M. tuberculosis growth. Phosphorylation of Tax1bp1 in alveolar macrophages promotes M. tuberculosis growth. Our research highlights that Tax1bp1 is a host target for host-directed therapy against M. tuberculosis and controls host responses to M. tuberculosis in a cell type-specific manner.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abeydeera, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Repasy, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera-Lugo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, V. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richards, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swaney, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krogan, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ernst, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Budzik, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.16.628616</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tax1bp1 enhances bacterial virulence and promotes inflammatory responses during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection of alveolar macrophages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.16.628580v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial Phylogenetics with Continuous Data: an Application to California Bryophytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.16.628580v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial phylogenetics is premised on the idea that species are not discrete categorical entities but instead lie on a hierarchical evolutionary continuum that contains rich biological information valuable for quantifying spatial biodiversity patterns. Yet while spatial phylogenetic approaches use quantitative information to represent phylogenetic patterns, most have continued to rely on methods that discard valuable information about spatial patterns by converting continuous variables into binary categories. This includes representing geographic ranges using binary presence-absence data, classifying statistical significance into categories, and quantifying biogeographic gradients into discrete regions. In this paper we show how a full suite of spatial phylogenetic analyses, including analyses of alpha and beta diversity, neo- and paleo-endemism, biogeographic hypothesis testing, and spatial conservation prioritization, can be implemented with "smooth" methods that never remove information content by categorizing continuous data. Our analysis focuses on the bryophytes of California, an understudied group in a global plant biodiversity hotspot. Using a time-calibrated phylogeny and species distribution models for 548 species of mosses and liverworts, we profile the evolutionary diversity, compositional turnover, and conservation value of bryophyte communities across the state. Our results highlight important patterns in the diversity of this key plant group, while our methods can serve as a model for future studies seeking to maximize the information content of spatial phylogenetic analyses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kling, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Ramirez, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borokini, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishler, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.16.628580</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial Phylogenetics with Continuous Data: an Application to California Bryophytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.17.629042v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predictive Modeling of Gene Expression and Localization of DNA Binding Site Using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.17.629042v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite the sequencing revolution, large swaths of the genomes sequenced to date lack any information about the arrangement of transcription factor binding sites on regulatory DNA. Massively Parallel Reporter Assays (MPRAs) have the potential to dramatically accelerate our genomic annotations by making it possible to measure the gene expression levels driven by thousands of mutational variants of a regulatory region. However, the interpretation of such data often assumes that each base pair in a regulatory sequence contributes independently to gene expression. To enable the analysis of this data in a manner that accounts for possible correlations between distant bases along a regulatory sequence, we developed the Deep learning Adaptable Regulatory Sequence Identifier (DARSI). This convolutional neural network leverages MPRA data to predict gene expression levels directly from raw regulatory DNA sequences. By harnessing this predictive capacity, DARSI systematically identifies transcription factor binding sites within regulatory regions at single-base pair resolution. To validate its predictions, we benchmarked DARSI against curated databases, confirming its accuracy in predicting transcription factor binding sites. Additionally, DARSI predicted novel unmapped binding sites, paving the way for future experimental efforts to confirm the existence of these binding sites and to identify the transcription factors that target those sites. Thus, by automating and improving the annotation of regulatory regions, DARSI generates experimentally actionable predictions that can feed iterations of the theory-experiment cycle aimed at reaching a predictive understanding of transcriptional control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karshenas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roschinger, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.17.629042</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predictive Modeling of Gene Expression and Localization of DNA Binding Site Using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.18.629276v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DTPSP: A Deep Learning Framework for Optimized Time Point Selection in Time-Series Single-Cell Studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.18.629276v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Time-series studies are critical for uncovering dynamic biological processes, but achieving comprehensive profiling and resolution across multiple time points and modalities (multi-omics) remains challenging due to cost and scalability constraints. Current methods for studying temporal dynamics, whether at the bulk or single-cell level, often require extensive sampling, making it impractical to deeply profile all time points and modalities. To overcome these limitations, we present DTPSP, a deep learning framework designed to identify the most informative time points in any time-series study, enabling resource-efficient and targeted analyses. DTPSP models temporal gene expression patterns using readily obtainable data, such as bulk RNA-seq, to select time points that capture key system dynamics. It also integrates a deep generative module to infer data for non-sampled time points based on the selected time points, reconstructing the full temporal trajectory. This dual capability enables DTPSP to prioritize key time points for in-depth profiling, such as single-cell sequencing or multi-omics analyses, while filling gaps in the temporal landscape with high fidelity. We apply DTPSP to developmental and disease-associated time courses, demonstrating its ability to optimize experimental designs across bulk and single-cell studies. By reducing costs, enabling strategic multi-omics profiling, and enhancing biological insights, DTPSP provides a scalable and generalized solution for investigating dynamic systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hijazin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.18.629276</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DTPSP: A Deep Learning Framework for Optimized Time Point Selection in Time-Series Single-Cell Studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.19.629468v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The active subset of grassland soil microbiomes changes with soil depth, water availability and prominently features predatory bacteria and episymbionts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.19.629468v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mediterranean grasslands, vital natural and agricultural ecosystems, experience seasonal variation in water content that likely affect microbial activity. We used metagenomics-informed stable isotope probing to investigate how the activities of microorganisms in Angelo Reserve (2160 mm rainfall) and Hopland (956 mm rainfall) soil change over depth and the seasons. At both sites, we find that the relative abundances of organisms in shallow soil changes relatively little but the most abundant organisms vary greatly with soil depth. Notably the highest levels of isotope incorporation, indicative of growth, occurs in deep soils. The active part of the 0-10 cm soil community varies over time, especially in Hopland soils during the fall rewetting. We defined a large, novel clade of Actinomycetota with notable capacity for thiosulfate oxidation whose representatives are prevalent and active in deep soils (>20 cm) across both ecosystems. Active Saccharibacteria unexpectedly encode nucleotide synthesis genes that enabled isotope incorporation while growing in shallow Angelo soils over all time periods. In contrast to predicted episymbiotic lifestyles of Saccharibacteria, other highly active bacteria are predicted predators. Obligately predatory Pseudobdellovibrio are active in intermediate depth Hopland soils whereas bacteria of the order Haliangiales are active in shallow Angelo soils. Supporting predatory lifestyles of Haliangiales, we used in silico structure prediction to assemble a large protein complex that we identify as a contractile injection system. Overall, the results indicate the potential for active carbon turnover in deep grassland soil and strong seasonal changes in the active members of microbial communities, despite relatively minor shifts in community composition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Penev, P. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estera-Molina, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachdeva, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lei, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Law, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoff, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blazewicz, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pett-Ridge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.19.629468</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The active subset of grassland soil microbiomes changes with soil depth, water availability and prominently features predatory bacteria and episymbionts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.19.629502v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The cell biology and genome of Stentor pyriformis, a giant cell that embeds symbiotic algae in a microtubule meshwork 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.19.629502v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Endosymbiotic events in which an endosymbiont is retained within a cell that remains capable of phagocytosis, a situation known as mixotrophy, provide potentially important clues about the evolutionary origins of eukaryotes, particularly regarding the relative evolutionary sequence of phagocytosis and endosymbiosis. Mixotrophy in ciliates is commonplace, but has been investigated at a cellular and molecular level almost entirely in one organism, Paramecium bursaria. Reliance on just one model system makes it difficult to know which cell biological aspects of this system represent general features of ciliate mixotrophy versus accidental features of the specific organism. Here we describe the cell biology and genome of the giant heterotrichous ciliate Stentor pyriformis. We show that this giant unicellular organism contains Chlorella variabilis as its endosymbiont, that the Chlorella can live freely outside the host, that within the host the Chlorella cells are docked near the cell surface, surrounded by microtubule "baskets", and that the photosynthetic efficiency of the Chlorella is reduced inside the Stentor cell compared to when it is free-living outside the host, with photon energy instead being shunted to non-photochemical quenching. Compared to the non-mixotrophic Stentor coeruleus, S. pyriformis has several distinct cellular features that may be related to endosymbiosis: the presence of microtubule baskets, which are absent in S. coeruleus; positive rather than negative phototaxis, which is likely an adaptation to allow the photosynthetic symbionts access to sufficient light; and a lack of pigment in the host cell, which may be an adaptation to tolerate high light levels. Compared to P. bursaria, S. pyriformis has several similar cellular features: in both organisms, the symbiont is a strain of Chlorella variabilis; the Chlorella endosymbiont retains the ability to live freely when separated from the host; and the algal symbionts contained in perialgal vesicles are docked at the cell surface. One potentially informative difference between P. bursaria and S. pyriformis is that S. pyriformis employs a standard genetic code, similar to other Stentor species but different from most other ciliates, including P. bursaria, which use a non-standard code in which one or more stop-codons are respecified to encode amino acids. This difference in genetic code could serve as a barrier to impede gene transfer from symbiont to host in other ciliates, but this would not be a factor in S. pyriformis. A second cell biological difference is that whereas P. bursaria performs phototaxis by a kinetic accumulation mechanism, in which swimming is non-directional but cells slow down in regions of higher light intensity, S. pyriformis performs directed swimming towards the direction of high light intensity. However, as in P. bursaria, phototaxis in S. pyriformis requires the presence of the Chlorella, implying a potential flow of information from the symbiont to direct the orientation and swimming of the host cell. We propose that S. pyriformis will serve as a useful model system for studying the evolution of mixotrophy and endosymbiosis, with unique advantages in terms of size and regenerative ability as well as distinct cellular and genomic features compared with other mixotrophic ciliate models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boudreau, v.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albright, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerbich, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fadero, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas-DeMott, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moulin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Descovich, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slabodnick, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burlacot, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niyogi, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, W. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.19.629502</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The cell biology and genome of Stentor pyriformis, a giant cell that embeds symbiotic algae in a microtubule meshwork]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.20.629801v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuronal representation of the decisional reference point in monkeys 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.20.629801v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The decisional reference point serves as a hidden benchmark for evaluating options in decision-making. Despite extensive behavioral evidence for the existence of the reference point, its neural instantiation remains unclear. To identify reference point encoding at both the single-neuron and population levels, we analyzed neural activity from macaques performing a wealth accumulation task that dissociated objective reward values from the reference point. Across six frontal regions, we found that reference-related signals were broadly distributed at the single-neuron level. However, at the population level, only the ventral bank of the anterior cingulate cortex (vbACC) encoded the reference point significantly. In contrast, the dorsal bank of ACC and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex showed population-level encoding of reference-dependent subjective value signals. The temporal sequence of these signals and their known anatomical connectivity hints at a dedicated neural circuit for reference-dependence, with the vbACC potentially serving as a global source of reference point signal modulating activity in downstream value-encoding regions.

SIGNIFICANCEAll experiences are evaluated relative to an internal benchmark called the reference point. Despite its central role in all modern theories of decision-making, its neural basis has remained unclear. In this study, using dense single-neuron recordings from macaque frontal cortex, we found that only the ventral bank of the anterior cingulate cortex encoded the reference point consistently at the population level. We also found population-level reference-dependent value signals representing anticipated and earned rewards in the dorsal bank of the anterior cingulate cortex and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, respectively. Both were inversely modulated by the reference point as predicted by theory. These findings together with known anatomical connectivity support the existence of a dedicated neural circuit for reference-dependent valuation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rich, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallis, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louie, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glimcher, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.20.629801</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuronal representation of the decisional reference point in monkeys]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.16.628781v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A biologically-inspired hierarchical convolutional energy model predicts V4 responses to natural videos 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.16.628781v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
V4 is a key area within the visual processing hierarchy, and it represents features of intermediate complexity. However, no current computational model explains V4 responses under natural conditions. To address this, we developed a new hierarchical convolutional energy (HCE) model reflecting computations thought to occur in areas V1, V2, and V4, but which consists entirely of simple- and complex-like units like those found in V1. In contrast to prior models, the HCE model is trained end-to-end on neurophysiology data, without relying on pre-trained network features. We recorded 313 V4 neurons during full-color nature video stimulation and fit the HCE model to each neuron. The models predicted optimal patterns (POPs) revealed complex spatiotemporal pattern selectivity in V4, supporting its role in representing space, time, and color. These findings indicate that area V4 is crucial for image segmentation and grouping operations that are essential for complex vision. Thus, responses of V4 neurons under naturalistic conditions can be explained by a hierarchical three-stage model where each stage consists entirely of units like those found in area V1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gallant, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliver, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eickenberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dupre la Tour, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.16.628781</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A biologically-inspired hierarchical convolutional energy model predicts V4 responses to natural videos]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.19.629525v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping the Genetic Architecture of the Adaptive Integrated Stress Response in S. cerevisiae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.19.629525v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The integrated stress response (ISR) is a conserved eukaryotic signaling pathway that responds to diverse stress stimuli to restore proteostasis. The strength and speed of ISR activation must be tuned properly to allow protein synthesis while maintaining proteostasis. Here, we describe how genetic perturbations change the dynamics of the ISR in budding yeast. We treated ISR dynamics, comprising timecourses of ISR activity across different levels of stress, as a holistic phenotype. We profiled changes in ISR dynamics across thousands of genetic perturbations in parallel using CRISPR interference with barcoded expression reporter sequencing (CiBER-seq). We treated cells with sulfometuron methyl, a titratable inhibitor of branched-amino acid synthesis, and measured expression of an ISR reporter. Perturbations to translation such as depletion of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases or tRNA biogenesis factors reduced cell growth and caused a strikingly proportionate activation of the ISR activation. In contrast, impaired ribosome biogenesis reduced basal ISR activity and weakened ISR dynamics. Reduced ribosome capacity may lower the demand for amino acids and thereby explain these changes. Our work illustrates how CiBER-seq enables high-throughput measurements of complex and dynamic phenotypes that shed light on adaptive and homeostatic mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baum, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muller, R. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingolia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.19.629525</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping the Genetic Architecture of the Adaptive Integrated Stress Response in S. cerevisiae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.20.629813v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Haplotype editing with CRISPR/Cas9 as a therapeutic approach for dominant-negative missense mutations in NEFL 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.20.629813v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inactivation of disease alleles by allele-specific editing is a promising approach to treat dominant-negative genetic disorders, provided the causative gene is haplo-sufficient. We previously edited a dominant NEFL missense mutation with inactivating frameshifts and rescued disease-relevant phenotypes in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived motor neurons. However, a multitude of different NEFL missense mutations cause disease. Here, we addressed this challenge by targeting common single-nucleotide polymorphisms in cis with NEFL disease mutations for gene excision. We validated this haplotype editing approach for two different missense mutations and demonstrated its therapeutic potential in iPSC-motor neurons. Surprisingly, our analysis revealed that gene inversion, a frequent byproduct of excision editing, failed to reliably disrupt mutant allele expression. We deployed alternative strategies and novel molecular assays to increase therapeutic editing outcomes while maintaining specificity for the mutant allele. Finally, population genetics analysis demonstrated the power of haplotype editing to enable therapeutic development for the greatest number of patients. Our data serve as an important case study for many dominant genetic disorders amenable to this approach.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dua, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marley, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feliciano, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watry, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steury, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abraham, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbertson, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramey, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capra, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conklin, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Judge, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.20.629813</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Haplotype editing with CRISPR/Cas9 as a therapeutic approach for dominant-negative missense mutations in NEFL]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.20.629816v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Short activation domains control chromatin association of transcription factors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.20.629816v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcription factors regulate gene expression with DNA-binding domains (DBDs) and activation domains. Despite mounting evidence to the contrary, it is frequently assumed that DBDs are solely responsible for interacting with DNA and chromatin. Here, we used single-molecule tracking of transcription factors in living cells to show that short activation domains can control the fraction of molecules bound to chromatin. Stronger activation domains have higher bound fractions and longer residence times on chromatin. Furthermore, mutations that increase activation domain strength also increase chromatin binding. This trend was consistent in four different activation domains and their mutants. This effect further held for activation domains appended to three different structural classes of DBDs. Stronger activation domains with high chromatin-bound fractions also exhibited increased binding to the p300 coactivator in proximity-assisted photoactivation experiments. Taken together, these results suggest that activation domains play a major role in tethering transcription factors to chromatin, challenging the traditional view that the DBD is the sole driver of genome binding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darzacq, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staller, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.20.629816</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Short activation domains control chromatin association of transcription factors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.21.629509v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The biophysical mechanism of mitochondrial pearling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.21.629509v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondrial networks exhibit remarkable dynamics that are driven in part by fission and fusion events. However, there are other reorganizations of the network that do not involve fission and fusion. One such exception is the elusive, "beads-on-a-string" morphological transition of mitochondria. During such transitions, the cylindrical tubes of the mitochondrial membrane transiently undergo shape changes to a string of "pearls" connected along thin tubes. These dynamics have been anecdotally observed in many contexts and given disparate explanations. Here we unify these observations by proposing a common underlying mechanism based on the biophysical properties of tubular fluid membranes for which it is known that, under particular regimes of tension and pressure, membranes reach an instability and undergo a shape transition to a string of connected pearls. First, we use high-speed light-sheet microscopy to show that transient, short-lived pearling events occur spontaneously in the mitochondrial network in every cell type we have examined, including primary fibroblasts, T-cells, neurons, and budding yeast. We present evidence that transient mitochondrial pearling occurs during important biological events, particularly during T cell activation, neuronal firing, and replicative senescence. Using our high-temporal resolution data, we identify two distinct categories of spontaneous pearling, i) internal pressure-driven pearling generated by ionic flux, and ii) external tension-driven pearling generated by the cytoskeleton. By applying live-cell STED and FIB-SEM imaging we document the structural reorganization of inner cristae membranes during mitochondrial pearling and the role of the MICOS complex in regulating the frequency of pearling events. We then establish numerous methods for inducing pearling, including the ability to induce these dynamics with single mitochondrion precision. These methods include ionophores, channel activators, osmotic shock, detergents, laser stimulation, membrane intercalating molecules, chemical fixation, and micro-needle force. These disparate inducers establish three main physical causes of pearling, i) ionic flux producing internal osmotic pressure, ii) membrane packing lowering bending elasticity, and iii) external mechanical force increasing membrane tension. Pearling dynamics thereby reveal a fundamental biophysical facet of mitochondrial biology. We suggest that pearling should take its place beside fission and fusion as a key process of mitochondrial dynamics, with implications for physiology, disease, and aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sturm, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hake, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lefebvre, A. E. Y. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rux, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivanova, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millett-Sikking, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tharp, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Closser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waite, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Precido-Lopez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumont, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landoni, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, W. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.21.629509</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The biophysical mechanism of mitochondrial pearling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.21.629917v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pearling Drives Mitochondrial DNA Nucleoid Distribution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.21.629917v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mitochondria of most eukaryotes carry an indispensable second genome (mtDNA), encoding genes engaged in oxidative phosphorylation1. The regular positioning and segregation of mtDNA-containing nucleoids is essential for mitochondrial function and inheritance, as well as cellular health2-5. However, the underlying mechanism driving nucleoid distribution and disaggregation remains unknown6,7. Our data reveal that mitochondria frequently undergo reversible pearling, a biophysical instability that undulates tubules into regularly spaced beads 8, typically triggered by calcium influx. We discovered that physiological pearling imposes a characteristic length scale, simultaneously mediating nucleoid disaggregation and establishing inter-nucleoid distancing with near-maximally achievable precision. We found that lamellar cristae invaginations of the inner mitochondrial membrane play a dual role, determining pearling frequency and duration, and preserving the resulting nucleoid spacing after organelle recovery to a tubular form. Thus, disrupting cristae ultrastructure resulted in more frequent pearling, but also aberrant nucleoid clustering. Our results demonstrate that the distribution of mitochondrial genomes is governed by the interplay between rapid and reversible pearling and cristae ultrastructure, establishing a mechanism for this long-puzzling yet fundamental feature of eukaryotic life, and offering insights into its potential modulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Landoni, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lycas, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macuada, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaccard, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obara, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben Nejma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippincott-Schwartz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sturm, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.21.629917</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pearling Drives Mitochondrial DNA Nucleoid Distribution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.21.629933v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatiotemporal photocatalytic proximity labeling proteomics reveals ligand-activated extracellular and intracellular EGFR neighborhoods 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.21.629933v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Photo-proximity labeling proteomics (PLP) methods have recently shown that the cell surface receptors can dynamically form lateral interactome networks. Here, we present a paired set of PLP workflows that simultaneously track neighborhood changes for oncogenic epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) with temporal resolution, both outside and inside of cells. We achieved this by augmenting the multiscale PLP workflow we call MultiMap, where three photo-probes with different labeling ranges were photo-activated by one photocatalyst, Eosin Y. By anchoring Eosin Y extracellularly and intracellularly on EGFR, we captured hundreds of proteins on both sides of the cell membrane that change in proximity to EGFR upon EGF activation. Neighbors engaged with EGFR within minutes to over an hour, reflecting dynamic interactomes during early, mid- and late-signaling including phosphorylation, internalization, degradation and transcriptional regulation. This rapid "photographic" labeling approach provides snapshots of signaling neighborhoods, revealing their dynamic nature, and potential for drug targeting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngo, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, Y.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Susa, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jun, Y.-w.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bivona, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wells, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.21.629933</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatiotemporal photocatalytic proximity labeling proteomics reveals ligand-activated extracellular and intracellular EGFR neighborhoods]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.23.630197v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Overexpression of Xanthophyll Cycle Genes Leads to Faster NPQ Acclimation in the C4 Monocot Setaria viridis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.23.630197v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Slow relaxation and induction of Non-Photochemical Quenching (NPQ) limits plant productivity under fluctuating light in C3 plants but it is unknown if this trait extends to C4 plants. Three genes have been implicated in determining NPQ induction and relaxation rates under intermittent leaf shading; VDE and ZEP interconvert the xanthophyll pigments violaxanthin and zeaxanthin, and PsbS regulates the overall level of NPQ. Here we report the overexpression of the Arabidopsis thaliana VDE, ZEP, and PsbS in the NADP-Malic Enzyme C4 monocot Setaria viridis. We demonstrate these transgenic plants have faster NPQ induction and relaxation under fluctuating light but observe no impact on Photosystem II photochemistry yield. Under illumination, faster NPQ induction resulted in higher transient NPQ levels and a lower overall chlorophyll fluorescence yield. Together this introduces the potential for lower productivity due to over-quenching of chlorophyll during light fluctuation. Although we observed faster NPQ acclimation rates in our transgenic lines, hyperspectral imaging and pigment analysis suggest that there is little photosynthetic advantage to increasing NPQ acclimation over wildtype due to naturally fast C4 acclimation rates. These results indicate that further work is necessary in evaluating the role of NPQ acclimation in C4 growth dynamics towards the goal of improving crop productivity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stone, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acosta-Gamboa, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>zhang, f.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owens, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thielen, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jander, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gore, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawton, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.23.630197</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Overexpression of Xanthophyll Cycle Genes Leads to Faster NPQ Acclimation in the C4 Monocot Setaria viridis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.27.629034v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Open-source cell culture automation system with integrated cell counting for passaging microplate cultures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.27.629034v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tissue culture in 96-well microplates is conventionally a tedious, highly manual process sensitive to individual technique and experimenter error. Here, we describe the Automated Cell Culture Splitter (ACCS), a system for passaging plates of adherent or suspension cells, for routine culture maintenance or specialized applications such as seeding plates for microscopy. The system is built around the Opentrons OT-2 liquid handling robot and incorporates a novel on-deck imaging-based cell counter which allows it to compensate for density disparities across a source plate and control the number of cells seeded on a per-well basis. We find this solution can cut hands-on time by 61% and the results compare favorably to our existing manual cell culture processes in terms of both seeding density precision and bio-logical outcomes, achieving a control of seeding density with a well-to-well coefficient of variation (CV) under 11%. The system is designed to be adaptable and an accessible entry point into automation for high-throughput cell culture; to that end, all of the source code and hardware designs are released under open source licenses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Courville, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaid, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toruno, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lebel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabrera, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raghavan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobsen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonetti, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Sjöberg, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.27.629034</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Open-source cell culture automation system with integrated cell counting for passaging microplate cultures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.27.630563v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human precentral gyrus neurons link speech sequences from listening to speaking 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.27.630563v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Speech perception and production are interconnected processes, but the underlying neural mechanisms remain unclear. We investigated this relationship by recording large-scale single-neuron activity in the human brain during a delayed sentence repetition task. Contrary to the traditional view that the precentral gyrus is solely responsible for motor execution, we found that neurons there encoded activity across all task phases of listening, delay, initiation, and speaking. Notably, we discovered "mirror" neurons that activated transiently after hearing and before producing specific speech sounds, and "bridge" neurons that maintained activity between the same speech elements during listening and speaking. Population analysis revealed distinct latent components for each task phase and persistent dynamics for specific sentences. Overall, this study provides novel insights into the neuronal basis of speech processing, emphasizing the intricate interplay between perception, production, and verbal working memory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greicius, Q. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metzger, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonard, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.27.630563</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human precentral gyrus neurons link speech sequences from listening to speaking]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.30.630764v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nde1 Promotes Lis1 Binding to Full-Length Autoinhibited Human Dynein-1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.30.630764v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cytoplasmic dynein-1 (dynein) is the primary motor for the retrograde transport of intracellular cargoes along microtubules. The activation of the dynein transport machinery requires the opening of its autoinhibited Phi conformation by Lis1 and Nde1/Ndel1, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Using biochemical reconstitution and cryo-electron microscopy, we show that Nde1 significantly enhances Lis1 binding to autoinhibited dynein and facilitates the opening of Phi. We discover a key intermediate step in the dynein activation pathway where a single Lis1 dimer binds between the Phi-like (PhiL) motor rings of dynein. In this "PhiL-Lis1", Lis1 interacts with one of the motor domains through its canonical interaction sites at the AAA+ ring and stalk and binds to the newly identified AAA5, AAA6, and linker regions of the other motor domain. Mutagenesis and motility assays confirm the critical role of the PhiL-Lis1 interface. This intermediate state is instantly and efficiently formed in the presence of Nde1, but Nde1 is not part of the PhiL-Lis1. These findings provide key insights into the mechanism of how Nde1 promotes the Lis1-mediated opening of Phi dynein.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chai, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yildiz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.30.630764</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nde1 Promotes Lis1 Binding to Full-Length Autoinhibited Human Dynein-1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.31.630854v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
scRepertoire 2: Enhanced and Efficient Toolkit for Single-Cell Immune Profiling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.31.630854v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell adaptive immune receptor repertoire sequencing (scAIRR-seq) and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) provide a transformative approach to profiling immune responses at unprecedented resolution across diverse pathophysiologic contexts. This work presents scRepertoire 2, a substantial update to our R package for analyzing and visualizing single-cell immune receptor data. This new version introduces an array of features designed to enhance both the depth and breadth of immune receptor analysis, including improved workflows for clonotype tracking, repertoire diversity metrics, and novel visualization modules that facilitate longitudinal and comparative studies. Additionally, scRepertoire 2 offers seamless integration with contemporary single-cell analysis frameworks like Seurat and SingleCellExperiment, allowing users to conduct end-to-end immune profiling with transcriptomic data. Performance optimizations in scRepertoire 2 substantially reduce computational time and memory usage, addressing the demands of the ever-increasing size and scale of single-cell studies. This release marks an advancement in single-cell immunogenomics, equipping researchers with a robust toolset to uncover immune dynamics in health and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safina, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borcherding, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.31.630854</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[scRepertoire 2: Enhanced and Efficient Toolkit for Single-Cell Immune Profiling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.31.630927v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Circuit dynamics of approach-avoidance conflict in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.31.630927v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Debilitating anxiety is pervasive in the modern world. Choices to approach or avoid are common in everyday life and excessive avoidance is a cardinal feature of anxiety disorders. Here, we used intracranial EEG to define a distributed prefrontal-limbic circuit supporting approach and avoidance. Presurgical epilepsy patients (n=20) performed a continuous-choice, approach-avoidance conflict decision-making task inspired by the arcade game Pac-Man, where patients trade-off harvesting rewards against potential losses from attack by the ghost. As patients approached increasing rewards and threats, we found evidence of a limbic circuit mediated by increased theta power in the hippocampus, amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), that drops rapidly during avoidance. Theta band connectivity within this circuit and with the lateral prefrontal cortex increases during approach and falls during avoidance, and amygdala and lateral frontal activity granger-caused the theta oscillations in both the OFC and ACC. Importantly, the degree of network connectivity predicted how long patients approach, with enhanced network synchronicity extending approach times. Finally, when threat is imminent, the system dynamically switches to a sustained increase in high-frequency activity (70-150Hz) in the middle frontal gyrus (MFG), tracking the degree of threat. The results provide evidence for a distributed prefrontal-limbic circuit, mediated by theta oscillations and high frequency activity, underlying approach-avoidance conflict in humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Staveland, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oberschulte, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim-McManus, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willie, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunner, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dastjerdi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.31.630927</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Circuit dynamics of approach-avoidance conflict in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.02.631038v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CD38 expression by neonatal human naïve CD4+ T cells shapes their distinct metabolic state and high regulatory T cell potential 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.02.631038v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neonatal life is marked by rapid antigen exposure, necessitating establishment of peripheral immune tolerance via conversion of naive CD4+ T cells into regulatory T cells (Tregs). Here, we demonstrate heighted capacity for FOXP3 expression and tolerogenic function among cord blood versus adult blood naive CD4+ T cells and that this is linked to their unique metabolic profile and elevated expression of the NADase, CD38. Early life naive CD4+ T cells demonstrate a metabolic preference for glycolysis, which directly facilitates their differentiation trajectory. We reveal an age-dependent gradient in CD38 levels on naive CD4+ T cells and show that high CD38 expression contributes to both the glycolytic state and tolerogenic potential of neonatal CD4+ T cells, effects that are mediated at least in part via the NAD-dependent deacetylase SIRT1. Thus, the early life window for peripheral tolerance in humans is critically enabled by the immunometabolic state of the naive CD4+ compartment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dwyer, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clancy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gouirand, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chien, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oltman, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jelliffe-Pawlowski, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynch, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Combes, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scharschmidt, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.02.631038</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CD38 expression by neonatal human naïve CD4+ T cells shapes their distinct metabolic state and high regulatory T cell potential]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.02.631109v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifying a next-generation antimalarial trioxolane in a landscape of artemisinin partial resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.02.631109v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For over two decades, artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) has been the standard of care for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria. However, artemisinin partial resistance (ART-R) is now prevalent in Southeast Asia and has emerged in eastern Africa, threatening ACT efficacy. Mechanistically, ART-R results from an endocytosis defect that limits concentrations of host-derived free heme in the parasite digestive vacuole, allowing early ring-stage parasites to survive exposure to the artemisinin component of ACT. The artemisinin-inspired 1,2,4-trioxolane artefenomel exhibits an extended pharmacokinetic exposure profile that predicts efficacy against ART-R parasites. Unfortunately, the development of artefenomel was halted recently after almost a decade of clinical trials. Herein, we describe the discovery of RLA-4735 and its single-enantiomer form RLA-5764, next-generation antimalarial trioxolanes that exhibit excellent in vitro potency against Plasmodium falciparum and single-exposure efficacy in a murine P. berghei model, thus retaining many of the favorable pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of artefenomel while markedly improving solubility and development potential. In P. falciparum samples collected from patients in Uganda in 2019 and 2023, ex vivo ring-stage survival assays revealed the emergence of the ART-R phenotype over this timeframe, and furthermore demonstrated markedly superior activity of artefenomel and RLA-4735 as compared to dihydroartemisinin (the active metabolite of artemisinin components of ACTs) against ART-R parasites. Overall, our findings suggest a role for next-generation trioxolanes in addressing ART-R, and present a potent new, artefenomel-adjacent chemotype with good potential to deliver new development candidates.

Summary SentenceKlope et. al. described the discovery and in vivo characterization of antimalarial endoperoxides effective against artemisinin-resistant parasites as potential development candidates for uncomplicated, blood-stage malaria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Klope, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talukder, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blank, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chelebieva, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontaine, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonciarz, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaishankar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Legac, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathur, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okitwi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orena, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Settineri, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tapia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taremwa, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tumwebaze, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinod, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burrows, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenthal, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renslo, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.02.631109</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifying a next-generation antimalarial trioxolane in a landscape of artemisinin partial resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.05.631353v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An arginine switch drives the stepwise activation of β-arrestin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.05.631353v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
{beta}-arrestins ({beta}arrs) play a crucial role in regulating G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling and trafficking. Canonically, interactions of {beta}arr with the phosphorylated intracellular GPCR-tail induce a multi-step conformational transition that results in the activation of {beta}arr. Depending on the specific interaction pattern with the receptor, {beta}arrs adopt multiple conformational states, each tightly linked to a specific functional outcome of {beta}arr recruitment. Despite its physiological relevance, the structural determinants of {beta}arr activation remain poorly understood. Using a combination of molecular dynamics simulations, biochemical and cell-based experiments, we reveal how specific interactions with a prototypical GPCR promote the unbinding of the {beta}arr2 C-tail--a crucial step in arrestin activation. Importantly, we observe that the expulsion of the C-tail is promoted by the displacement of a conserved arginine residue (Arg394) within the {beta}arr polar core, which we dub "the arginine switch." Our study uncovers a previously unknown molecular switch that, upon engagement, destabilizes the polar core as a crucial step in the GPCR-induced {beta}arr activation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ji, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stepniewski, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Min, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selent, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.05.631353</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An arginine switch drives the stepwise activation of β-arrestin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.08.632056v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Physiological and molecular impairment of PV circuit homeostasis in mouse models of autism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.08.632056v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Circuit dysfunction in autism may involve a failure of homeostatic plasticity. To test this, we studied parvalbumin (PV) interneurons which exhibit rapid homeostatic plasticity of intrinsic excitability following whisker deprivation in mouse somatosensory cortex. Brief deprivation reduces PV excitability by increasing Kv1 current to increase PV spike threshold. We found that PV homeostatic plasticity is disrupted in Tsc2+/-and Fmr1-/- models of autism. In wildtype mice, deprivation elevates the transcription factor ER81 which drives Kcna1 transcription, increasing Kv1.1 protein in the axon initial segment and soma. These molecular signatures of homeostasis were absent in Tsc2+/- and Fmr1-/-. Whisker enrichment increased PV excitability, but not in Tsc2+/-, indicating that homeostasis is lost bidirectionally. Deprivation reduced feedforward L4-L2/3 inhibition in wildtype but not Tsc2+/-mice. Thus, two autism models show a convergent loss of PV circuit homeostasis at physiological and molecular levels, potentially contributing to sensory processing impairments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Monday, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nieto, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yohannes, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luxu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolio, F. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.08.632056</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Physiological and molecular impairment of PV circuit homeostasis in mouse models of autism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.07.631804v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nonlinear effects of temperature on mosquito parasite infection across a large geographic climate gradient 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.07.631804v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Temperature drives ectothermic host - parasite interactions, making them particularly sensitive to climatic variation and change. To isolate the role of temperature, lab-based studies are increasingly used to assess and forecast disease risk under current and future climate conditions. However, in the field, the effects of temperature on parasitism may be mediated by other sources of variation, including local adaptation of hosts and parasites to one another and to the environment. To address the key knowledge gaps of how temperature influences host - parasite interactions and whether thermal responses measured in controlled experiments capture infection across temperature gradients in nature, we paired an extensive field survey of parasitism--by the ciliate Lambornella clarki on its tree hole mosquito host, Aedes sierrensis--with laboratory experiments describing parasitism thermal performance curves (TPCs) for six host populations from varying climates. We also investigated the mechanisms underlying the thermal biology of the host - parasite interaction by separately measuring TPCs for infection, host immunity, and parasite growth rates. Along the west coast of North America, across an 1100 km climate gradient spanning 12{degrees}C mean rainy season temperature variation, we found that parasitism peaked at intermediately cold temperatures of 9.2 - 10{degrees}C, and was consistent both between field seasons and with the lab experiment results. In the laboratory experiments, infection thermal responses were consistently nonlinear and peaked at 8.4 - 10{degrees}C, showing no evidence of host intraspecific variation in temperature sensitivity to parasitism. Importantly, parasitism peaked at temperatures below the thermal optimum for free-living L. clarki due to the balance of temperature effects on parasite growth and reproduction against the strength of the host melanization immune response. The results suggest that nonlinear responses to temperature drive parasitism in nature, and that simple lab and field studies can accurately capture the thermal biology of multilayered host - parasite interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Farner, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyberger, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Couper, L. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruz-Loya, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mordecai, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.07.631804</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nonlinear effects of temperature on mosquito parasite infection across a large geographic climate gradient]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.08.632020v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pillar arrays as tunable interfacial barriers for microphysiological systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.08.632020v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We report on the design and fabrication of a novel circular pillar array as an interfacial barrier for microfluidic microphysiological systems (MPS). Traditional barrier interfaces, such as porous membranes and microchannel arrays, present limitations due to inconsistent pore size, complex fabrication and device assembly, and lack of tunability using a scalable design. Our pillar array overcomes these limitations by providing precise control over pore size, porosity, and hydraulic resistance through simple modifications of pillar dimensions. Serving as an interface between microfluidic compartments, it facilitates cell aggregation for tissue formation and acts as a tunable diffusion barrier that mimics diffusion in vivo. We demonstrate the utility of barrier design to engineer physiologically relevant cardiac microtissues and a heterotypic model with vasculature within the device. Its tunable properties offer significant potential for drug screening/testing and disease modeling, enabling comparisons of drug permeability and cell migration in MPS tissue with or without vasculature.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goswami, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neiman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siemons, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velazquez, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yazgan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Healy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.08.632020</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pillar arrays as tunable interfacial barriers for microphysiological systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.08.632047v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Viscoelastic HyA Hydrogel Promotes Recovery of Muscle Quality and Vascularization in a Murine Model of Delayed Rotator Cuff Repair 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.08.632047v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rotator cuff tears are among the most common musculotendinous injuries with high risk of permanent functional disability. Following surgical repair, sub-optimal patient outcomes are directly correlated with poor muscle quality; namely, injury site fatty infiltration (FI), fibrosis, and muscle atrophy. Muscle resident fibro-adipogenic progenitor cells (FAPs) have been identified as key regulators of post-injury skeletal muscle regeneration and repair by maintaining a promyogenic environment. In this work, human-derived FAPs (hFAPs) were encapsulated into hyaluronic acid (HyA)-based hydrogels functionalized with bsp-RGD(15) cell adhesion peptide, heparin, and a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-cleavable crosslinker. Hydrogel-encapsulated hFAPs increased expression of the promyogenic marker UCP1 and production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, while downregulating the expression of the fibrotic marker SMA over time. A murine model of unilateral rotator cuff transection, denervation, and delayed repair was treated with the HyA hydrogel or PBS and compared to a contralateral, non-injured control limb. Muscle histology 6 weeks post-repair revealed that the hydrogel reduced fibrosis, FI, and muscle atrophy while supporting vascularization of the injured tissue region. Collectively, these results suggest that the hydrogel alone can promote muscle regeneration in a clinically relevant delayed repair model of rotator cuff tear, which we hypothesize is due to controlled FAP differentiation into promyogenic lineages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pfaff, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wague, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Killaars, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ning, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuthalapati, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feeley, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Healy, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.08.632047</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Viscoelastic HyA Hydrogel Promotes Recovery of Muscle Quality and Vascularization in a Murine Model of Delayed Rotator Cuff Repair]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.12.632622v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modification of Non-photochemical Quenching Pathways in the C4 Model Plant Setaria viridis Revealed Shared and Unique Photoprotection Mechanisms as Compared to C3 Plants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.12.632622v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Light is essential for photosynthesis; however, excess light can increase the accumulation of photoinhibitory reactive oxygen species that reduce photosynthetic efficiency. Plants have evolved photoprotective non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) pathways to dissipate excess light energy. In tobacco and soybean (C3 plants), overexpression of three NPQ genes, violaxanthin de-epoxidase (VDE), Photosystem II Subunit S (PsbS), and zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP), hereafter VPZ, resulted in faster NPQ induction and relaxation kinetics, and increased crop yields in field conditions. NPQ is well-studied in C3 plants; however, NPQ and the translatability of the VPZ approach in C4 plants is poorly understood. The green foxtail Setaria viridis is an excellent model to study photosynthesis and photoprotection in C4 plants. To understand the regulation of NPQ and photosynthesis in C4 plants, we performed transient overexpression in Setaria protoplasts and generated (and employed) stable transgenic Setaria plants overexpressing one of the three Arabidopsis NPQ genes or all three NPQ genes (AtVPZ lines). Overexpressing (OE) AtVDE and AtZEP in Setaria produced similar results as in C3 plants, with increased or reduced zeaxanthin (thus NPQ), respectively. However, overexpressing AtPsbS appeared to be challenging in Setaria, with largely reduced NPQ in protoplasts and under-represented homozygous AtPsbS-OE lines, potentially due to competitive and tight heterodimerization of AtPsbS and SvPsbS proteins. Furthermore, Setaria AtVPZ lines had increased zeaxanthin, faster NPQ induction, higher NPQ level, but slower NPQ relaxation. Despite this, AtVPZ lines had improved growth as compared to wildtype under several conditions, especially high temperatures, which is not related to the faster relaxation of NPQ but may be attributable to increased zeaxanthin and NPQ in C4 plants. Our results identified shared and unique characteristics of the NPQ pathway in C4 model Setaria as compared to C3 plants and provide insights to improve C4 crop yields under fluctuating environmental conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Milburn, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosola, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel-Tupper, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acosta-Gamboa, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McHargue, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sumner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thielen, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jander, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kane, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McAdam, S. A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawton, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nusinow, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gore, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niyogi, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.12.632622</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modification of Non-photochemical Quenching Pathways in the C4 Model Plant Setaria viridis Revealed Shared and Unique Photoprotection Mechanisms as Compared to C3 Plants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.12.632655v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Kinking and buckling instability in growing bacterial chains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.12.632655v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many gram-positive bacteria like Bacillus subtilis and Clostridium species, exhibit a growing chain-mediated sliding motility that is driven entirely by the force of cell growth. Particularly, the bacteria maintain cell-cell linkage after cell division and form long chains of many cells. The cells in a chain are continuously pushed outward by the mechanical force of cell growth. As the cell number in a chain grows, the cells toward the tip of the chain accelerate, and can in principle reach very high speeds. Although this seems to suggest a highly efficient motility mechanism, recent modeling work predicted mechanical stress builds up in the growing chain and the resulting chain breakage beyond a critical chain length, which ultimately sets a mechanical limitation in the maximum speed of the chain-mediated sliding. In this work we developed models to show that under different conditions the chain can either form sharp kinks or smooth buckles under the increasing stress. This can explain differential behaviors observed in different bacterial species. Our model further predicted how kinking and buckling affect the susceptibility of the chain to breakage. Our model provides a theoretical framework for predicting the dynamics and efficiency of growing chain-mediated bacterial sliding, and suggest cell properties that can optimize sliding efficiency.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McMahon, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.12.632655</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Kinking and buckling instability in growing bacterial chains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.13.632542v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Misophonia Symptoms Severity is Attributed to Impaired Flexibility and Heightened Rumination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.13.632542v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Misophonia is a disorder involving sensitivity to certain sounds and related stimuli. Here, we explore the relationship between misophonia and affective flexibility, which describes cognitive shifting abilities in the face of emotion-evoking stimuli. Previous evidence suggests impaired subjective cognitive flexibility in misophonia, but this relationship has not been confirmed behaviourally or in emotionally-salient contexts. The secondary aim of this study is to test the potential association between misophonia and cognitive flexibility, building upon findings from previous research. The third objective is to examine the relationship between misophonia and rumination, a maladaptive cognitive process characterized by repetitive negative thinking and linked to both cognitive and affective inflexibility. One hundred and forty participants completed the recently developed Memory and Affective Flexibility Task (MAFT), designed to assess affective flexibility, as well as a battery of self-report measures to evaluate misophonia severity, cognitive flexibility and rumination. Results suggested an inverse relationship between affective flexibility as measured by switch accuracy, but not reaction time, and misophonia severity. Cognitive flexibility was also inversely associated with misophonia severity, but notably did not attribute to task-based affective flexibility, suggesting two independent constructs both involved in misophonia manifestation. Rumination associated positively with misophonia severity and inversely with cognitive flexibility, but not affective flexibility. Taken together, these findings highlight a unique cognitive profile of misophonia, characterized by rigidity at the psychological level through cognitive inflexibility and rumination, as well as at the executive-function level in terms of affective switching difficulties.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Black, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aazh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erfanian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.13.632542</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Misophonia Symptoms Severity is Attributed to Impaired Flexibility and Heightened Rumination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.14.633048v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Overcoming Fluorescence Loss in mEOS-based AAA+ Unfoldase Reporters Through Covalent Linkage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.14.633048v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent work has demonstrated that the soluble photoconvertable fluorescent protein mEOS can be a reporter for AAA+ (ATPases Associated with diverse cellular Activities) unfoldase activity. Given that many AAA+ proteins process membrane proteins, we sought to adapt mEOS for use with membrane protein substrates. However, direct genetic fusion of mEOS to a membrane protein completely abolished fluorescence, severely limiting the utility of mEOS for studying AAA+ proteins. To circumvent this challenge, we separately purified mEOS and a AAA+ degron, covalently linked them via Sortase, and photoconverted the linked construct. This innovative approach preserves fluorescence and enables functional analysis, offering a broadly applicable platform for the study of membrane associated AAA+ proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Walter, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castanzo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wohlever, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.14.633048</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Overcoming Fluorescence Loss in mEOS-based AAA+ Unfoldase Reporters Through Covalent Linkage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.14.633079v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Monitoring monomer-specific acyl-tRNA levels in cells with PARTI 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.14.633079v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We describe a new assay that reports directly on the acylation state of a user-chosen tRNA in cells. We call this assay 3-Prime Adenosine-Retaining Aminoacyl-tRNA Isolation (PARTI). It relies on high-resolution mass spectrometry identification of the acyl-adenosine species released upon RNase A cleavage of isolated cellular tRNA. Here we develop the PARTI workflow and apply it to understand three recent observations related to the cellular incorporation of non--amino acid monomers into protein: (1) the origins of the apparent selectivity of translation with respect to {beta}2-hydroxy acid enantiomers; (2) the activity of PylRS variants for benzyl derivatives of malonic acid; and (3) the apparent inability of N-Me amino acids to function as ribosome substrates in living cells. Using the PARTI assay, we also provide direct evidence for the cellular production of 2,3-diacylated tRNA in certain cases. The ease and simplicity of the PARTI workflow should benefit ongoing efforts to study and improve the cellular incorporation of non--amino acid monomers into proteins.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=77 SRC="FIGDIR/small/633079v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (26K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@f3b8a0org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@de400dorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@13f17faorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@13f2c0f_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pressimone, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schissel, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goss, I. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swenson, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schepartz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.14.633079</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Monitoring monomer-specific acyl-tRNA levels in cells with PARTI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.15.633099v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic changes linked to two different syndromic forms of autism enhance reinforcement learning in adolescent male but not female mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.15.633099v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is characterized by restricted and repetitive behaviors and social differences, both of which may manifest, in part, from underlying differences in corticostriatal circuits and reinforcement learning. Here, we investigated reinforcement learning in developing mice with mutations in either Tsc2 or Shank3, both high-confidence ASD risk genes associated with major syndromic forms of ASD. Using an odor-based two-alternative forced choice (2AFC) task, we tested early adolescent mice of both sexes and found male Tsc2 and Shank3B heterozygote (Het) mice showed enhanced learning performance compared to their wild type (WT) siblings. No gain of function was observed in females. Using a novel reinforcement learning (RL) based computational model to infer learning rate as well as policy-level task engagement and disengagement, we found that the gain of function in males was driven by an enhanced positive learning rate in both Tsc2 and Shank3B Het mice. The gain of function in Het males was absent when mice were trained with a probabilistic reward schedule. These findings in two ASD mouse models reveal a convergent learning phenotype that shows similar sensitivity to sex and environmental uncertainty. These data can inform our understanding of both strengths and challenges associated with autism, while providing further evidence that sex and experience of uncertainty modulate autism-related phenotypes.

Significance StatementReinforcement learning is a foundational form of learning that is widely used in behavioral interventions for autism. Here, we measured reinforcement learning in developing mice carrying genetic mutations linked to two different syndromic forms of autism. We found that males showed strengths in reinforcement learning compared to their wild type siblings, while females showed no differences. This gain of function in males was no longer observed when uncertainty was introduced into the reward schedule for correct choices. These findings support a model in which diverse genetic changes interact with sex to generate common phenotypes underlying autism. Our data further support the idea that autism risk genes may produce strengths as well as challenges in behavioral function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chase, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tai, L.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, A. G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilbrecht, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.15.633099</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic changes linked to two different syndromic forms of autism enhance reinforcement learning in adolescent male but not female mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.16.633372v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CPI-Pred: A deep learning framework for predicting functional parameters of compound-protein interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.16.633372v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent advancements in deep learning have enabled functional annotation of genome sequences, facilitating the discovery of new enzymes and metabolites. However, accurately predicting compound-protein interactions (CPI) from sequences remains challenging due to the complexity of these interactions and the sparsity and heterogeneity of available data, which constrain the generalization of patterns across their solution space. In this work, we introduce CPI-Pred, a versatile deep learning model designed to predict compound-protein interaction function. CPI-Pred integrates compound representations derived from a novel message-passing neural network and enzyme representations generated by state-of-the-art protein language models, leveraging innovative sequence pooling and cross-attention mechanisms. To train and evaluate CPI-Pred, we compiled the largest dataset of enzyme kinetic parameters to date, encompassing four key metrics: the Michaelis-Menten constant (KM), enzyme turnover number (kcat), catalytic efficiency (kcat/KM), and inhibition constant (KI).These kinetic parameters are critical for elucidating enzyme function in metabolic contexts and understanding their regulation by compounds within biological networks. We demonstrate that CPI-Pred can predict diverse types of CPI using only the amino acid sequence of enzymes and structural representations of compounds, outperforming state-of-the-art models on unseen compounds and structurally dissimilar enzymes. Over workflow provides a valuable tool for tackling a range of metabolic engineering challenges, including the designing of novel enzyme sequences and compounds, such as enzyme inhibitors. Additionally, the datasets curated in this study offer a valuable resource for the scientific community, serving as a benchmark for machine learning models focused on enzyme activity and promiscuity prediction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barghout, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garg, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahadevan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.16.633372</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CPI-Pred: A deep learning framework for predicting functional parameters of compound-protein interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.17.633681v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of regions required for allelic specificity at the cell wall remodeling allorecognition checkpoint in Neurospora crassa 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.17.633681v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Allorecognition is the ability of organisms/cells to differentiate self from non-self. In the fungus Neurospora crassa, allorecognition systems serve as checkpoints to restrict germling/hyphal fusion between genetically incompatible strains. The cell wall remodeling (cwr) checkpoint functions after chemotrophic interactions and is triggered upon cell/hyphal contact, regulating cell wall dissolution and subsequent cell fusion. The cwr region consists of two linked loci, cwr-1 and cwr-2, that are under severe linkage disequilibrium. Phylogenetic analysis of wild N. crassa populations showed that cwr-1/cwr-2 alleles fall into six different haplogroups (HGs). Strains containing deletions of cwr-1 and cwr-2 will fuse with previously HG incompatible cells, indicating cwr negatively regulates cell fusion. CWR-1 encodes a polysaccharide monooxygenase (PMO) domain that oxidatively degrades chitin; the PMO domain is sufficient to cause fusion arrest and confers allelic specificity by interacting in trans with CWR-2, a predicted transmembrane protein. However, the catalytic activity of CWR-1 is not required for triggering a block in cell fusion. The L2 and LC regions of the CWR-1 PMO domain show high levels of structural variability between different HGs. CWR-1 chimeras containing a LC region from a different HG were sufficient to trigger a cell fusion block, but not quite at wild type levels, suggesting that the complete PMO structure is necessary for allorecognition. Modeling of the transmembrane protein CWR-2 revealed allelic variability in the two major extracellular domains (ED2/ED4). Chimeras of CWR-2 with swapped ED2 or ED4 or ED2/ED4 domains from different cwr-2 haplogroups also altered allelic specificity.

SummaryAllorecognition or nonself recognition enables fungi to distinguish genetically different individuals, thereby regulating cooperation to form mycelial networks. This study focused on the cell wall remodeling checkpoint (cwr), where genetic differences in two genes, cwr-1 and cwr-2, triggers allorecognition. Upon cell contact, CWR-1 in one cell functions in trans with CWR-2 in a second cell to confer a block in cell fusion. Chimeric proteins were created and tested to pinpoint domains involved in allelic specificity. For CWR-1, the L2 and LC domains are critical, while for CWR-2, the ED2 and ED4 domains have an important role in regulating cell fusion.

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=90 SRC="FIGDIR/small/633681v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (39K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@7e150org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1596b00org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1800a37org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@11ea8d4_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOGraphical AbstractC_FLOATNO C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rico-Ramirez, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.17.633681</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of regions required for allelic specificity at the cell wall remodeling allorecognition checkpoint in Neurospora crassa]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.20.634000v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Autism-Associated Genes and Neighboring lncRNAs Converge on Key Gene Regulatory Networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.20.634000v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a common neurodevelopmental condition characterized by deficits in social communication as well as restricted and/or repetitive behaviors. ASD is highly heritable1, with a complex genetic architecture: large-scale studies have identified dosage-altering copy number variants (CNV) and single nucleotide variants (SNV) that implicate hundreds of genes as individually rare causes of ASD (ASD genes)2-4, with common variation at multiple loci also contributing substantially to risk5. Understanding how disruptions to these functionally diverse genes lead to the shared core features of ASD remains a major challenge6. Moreover, ASD is three- to four-fold more common in males than females7,8, and autistic females tend to carry more autosomal risk alleles for ASD compared to autistic males9-13, but the biological basis of this "female protective effect" (FPE) is unknown14,15. Here we show that individual perturbations of 18 ASD genes converge on shared effects on gene expression, including widespread downregulation of other ASD genes. De novo reconstruction of a gene regulatory network (GRN) enabled the identification of central transcriptional regulators, including the prominent ASD gene CHD8 as well as novel candidates such as REST, that drive this transcriptomic convergence in ASD. Furthermore, the X-linked transcription factor ZFX, which is expressed from both the active and the "inactive" X chromosomes in females16, emerged as a key activator of many ASD genes: we propose that the higher ZFX expression level observed in female brain can buffer damaging mutations in diverse ASD genes, contributing to the FPE. Together, these results reveal how key GRNs can become broadly and similarly dysregulated upon disruption of individual ASD genes and provide molecular insight into the female protective effect in ASD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Andersen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talukdar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakamoto, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delgado, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichfeld, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harms, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.20.634000</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Autism-Associated Genes and Neighboring lncRNAs Converge on Key Gene Regulatory Networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.20.633942v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protein corona formed on lipid nanoparticles compromises delivery efficiency of mRNA cargo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.20.633942v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are the most clinically advanced nonviral RNA-delivery vehicles, though challenges remain in fully understanding how LNPs interact with biological systems. In vivo, proteins form an associated corona on LNPs that redefines their physicochemical properties and influences delivery outcomes. Despite its importance, the LNP protein corona is challenging to study owing to the technical difficulty of selectively recovering soft nanoparticles from biological samples. Herein, we developed a quantitative, label-free mass spectrometry-based proteomics approach to characterize the protein corona on LNPs. Critically, this protein corona isolation workflow avoids artifacts introduced by the presence of endogenous nanoparticles in human biofluids. We applied continuous density gradient ultracentrifugation for protein-LNP complex isolation, with mass spectrometry for protein identification normalized to protein composition in the biofluid alone. With this approach, we quantify proteins consistently enriched in the LNP corona including vitronectin, C-reactive protein, and alpha-2-macroglobulin. We explore the impact of these corona proteins on cell uptake and mRNA expression in HepG2 human liver cells, and find that, surprisingly, increased levels of cell uptake do not correlate with increased mRNA expression in part likely due to protein corona-induced lysosomal trafficking of LNPs. Our results underscore the need to consider the protein corona in the design of LNP-based therapeutics.

Abstract Figure

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=58 SRC="FIGDIR/small/633942v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (26K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@2fef29org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@fe7613org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1f9de01org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@15e5237_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Voke, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arral, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Squire, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, T.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coreas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lui, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iavarone, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinals, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitehead, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.20.633942</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protein corona formed on lipid nanoparticles compromises delivery efficiency of mRNA cargo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.20.633983v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
WASTER: Practical de novo phylogenomics from low-coverage short reads 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.20.633983v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The advent of affordable whole-genome sequencing has spurred numerous large-scale projects aimed at inferring the tree of life, yet achieving a complete species-level phylogeny remains a distant goal due to significant costs and computational demands. Traditional species tree inference methods, though effective, are hampered by the need for high-coverage sequencing, high-quality genomic alignments, and extensive computational resources. To address these challenges, this study introduces WASTER, a novel de novo tool for inferring shallow phylogenies directly from short-read sequences. WASTER employs a k-mer based approach for identifying variable sites, circumventing the need for genome assembly and alignment. Using simulations, we demonstrate that WASTER achieves accuracy comparable to that of traditional alignment-based methods, even for low sequencing depth, and has substantially higher accuracy than other alignment-free methods. We validate WASTERs efficacy on real data, where it accurately reconstructs phylogenies of eukaryotic species with as low depth as 1.5X. WASTER provides a fast and efficient solution for phylogeny estimation in cases where genome assembly and/or alignment may bias analyses or is challenging, for example due to low sequencing depth. It also provides a method for generating guide trees for tree-based alignment algorithms. WASTERs ability to accurately estimate shallow phylogenies from low-coverage sequencing data without relying on assembly and alignment will lead to substantially reduced sequencing and computational costs in phylogenomic projects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.20.633983</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[WASTER: Practical de novo phylogenomics from low-coverage short reads]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.21.634008v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell differential detergent fractionation for detection of cytokeratin 8 proteoforms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.21.634008v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Differential detergent fractionation (DDF) enables compartment-specific lysis, offering a strategy to analyze cytoplasmic proteins while preserving the nucleus for downstream assays. However, while this method facilitates sub-cellular resolution, current single-cell approaches using DDF remain limited in their ability to identify proteoforms without compromising nuclear integrity. This limitation is especially pronounced in proteins where their proteoforms present diverse biological functions such as cytokeratin 8 (CK8), a structural protein implicated in several disease states. Here, we present a single-cell western blot (scWB) integrated with DDF to selectively solubilize and separate CK8 proteoforms while preserving nuclear integrity. To evaluate assay applicability and nuclear stability, we profiled CK8 across breast cancer cell lines (MCF7, SKBR3, and MDA-MB-231), confirming proteoform detection only in MCF7 and preservation of nuclear content across all lines. We report on assay development, including screening a panel of lysis buffers based on nonionic detergents, and electrophoresis conditions to achieve a separation resolution between two proteoforms of up to 0.94, while preserving an intact nucleus. The cytoplasm-specific lysis (DDF buffer) yielded detectable proteoforms in 14.3% of solubilized cells, comparable to 10.3% with whole-cell lysis (RIPA buffer). Our approach allows for tailored solubilization, achieving reliable proteoform detection and nuclear retention across different cell types. Proteoform profiling at the single-cell level forms a basis for the exploration of the role of specific CK8 molecular forms in cellular processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khartchenko, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herr, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.21.634008</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell differential detergent fractionation for detection of cytokeratin 8 proteoforms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.23.634585v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The microbiome of Calasterella californica is shaped mostly by the genetics of the host thalli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.23.634585v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWO_ST_ABSPremise of studyC_ST_ABSThe recovery of non-target organism reads, especially when whole organisms are sampled, constitutes a great opportunity for studying microbial communities. The increase in whole genome sequencing feasibility, and the development of new pipelines and databases enable the use short reads to study bacterial communities associated with organisms.

MethodsWe utilized population genomic data of the liverwort Calasterella californica obtained through the California Conservation Genomics Project to characterize the composition of its associated bacterial communities and explore its variation across the geographic space.

Key resultsThe bacterial communities associated with C. californica were dominated by the methanotroph Methylobacterium and other Hyphomicrobiales, a group that includes well known plant symbionts. While diversity metrics of bacteria composition was similar across localities, we found significant differences in the relative abundance of a few taxa across California regions, likely driven by differences in precipitation and temperature seasonality.

ConclusionsOur results support previous observations that liverwort bacterial communities are not randomly assembled, suggesting a potential role of the plant in determining community composition, an emerging pattern that deserves more attention. Our novel off-target metagenomics approach can be applied to any population level re-sequencing where whole organisms are sequenced, opening the door to exciting avenues of microbiome research using re-purposed data from landscape genomics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Ramirez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishler, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.23.634585</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The microbiome of Calasterella californica is shaped mostly by the genetics of the host thalli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.24.634771v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lipidomic Analysis Reveals Drug-Induced Lipoxins in Glaucoma Treatment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.24.634771v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synthetic prostaglandin analogues, such as latanoprost, are first-line treatments to reduce intraocular pressure (IOP) in the management of glaucoma, treating millions of patients daily. Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness, characterized by progressive optic neuropathy, with elevated IOP being the sole modifiable risk factor. Despite this importance, the underlying latanoprost mechanism is still not well defined, being associated with both acute and long term activities, and ocular side effects. Prostaglandins are eicosanoid lipid mediators. Yet, there has not been a comprehensive assessment of small lipid mediators in glaucomatous eyes. Here we performed a lipidomic screen of aqueous humour sampled from glaucoma patients or healthy control eyes. The resulting signature was surprisingly focused on significantly elevated levels of arachidonic acid (AA) and the potent proresolving mediator, lipoxin A4 (LXA4) in glaucoma eyes. Subsequent experiments revealed that this response is due to latanoprost actions, rather than a consequence of elevated IOP. We demonstrated that increased LXA4 inhibits pro-inflammatory cues and promotes TGF-{beta}3 mediated tissue remodeling in the anterior chamber. In concert, an autocrine prostaglandin circuit mediates rapid IOP-lowering. This work reveals parallel mechanisms underlying acute and long-term latanoprost activities during the treatment of glaucoma.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>D, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maurya, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Livne-Bar, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buys, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sit, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trope, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>FLANAGAN, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>gronert, k.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivak, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.24.634771</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lipidomic Analysis Reveals Drug-Induced Lipoxins in Glaucoma Treatment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.26.634972v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
From Local Interactions to Global Patterns: An Analysis of Silk Density in Spider Webs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.26.634972v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This study explores the structural complexity of spider webs through information-theoretic and harmonicity-based frameworks to quantify spatial patterns in silk density across different web regions and reveal the underlying resource allocation strategies. Currently, there is no normalized approach for describing web structure and complexity, particularly for sheet-webs, and this methodology allows for non-destructive scanning and quantification of web characteristics. By analyzing the entropy of silk density distributions, a single scalar that captures the heterogeneity of material investment across the entire web, we observed that the entropy values follow a normal distribution with a mean of 1.24 {+/-} 0.22 bits when using 10 quantization levels. In the second part of the paper, by measuring the harmonicity of the silk density, we reveal that the silk density at a given point can be inferred from its neighbors, with an average harmonicity value of 0.0039 {+/-} 0.0017 (fraction of total points in point cloud data). The harmonic behavior is notable for its maximum principle, suggesting that the strongest parts of the web appear at the boundaries, aligning with existing knowledge of spider web construction. These findings provide a new technique for quantifying web-building strategies and offer new insights into spider behavior and evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagel, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.26.634972</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[From Local Interactions to Global Patterns: An Analysis of Silk Density in Spider Webs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.27.634647v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-Visual Light Sensing Enhances Behavioral Memory and Drives Gene Expression in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.27.634647v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Visible light influences a range of physiological processes, yet how animals respond to it independently of the visual system remains largely unknown. Here, we uncover a previously undescribed light-induced transcriptional pathway that modulates behavioral plasticity in C. elegans, a roundworm without eyes. We demonstrate that ambient visible light or controlled-intensity visible-spectrum LED activates an effector gene cyp-14A5 in non-neuronal tissues through the bZIP transcription factors ZIP-2 and CEBP-2. Light induction of cyp-14A5 is more prominent at shorter wavelengths but is independent of the known blue light receptors LITE-1 and GUR-3 in C. elegans. This bZIP-dependent genetic pathway in non-neuronal tissues enhances behavioral adaptability and olfactory memory, suggesting a body-brain communication axis. Furthermore, we use the light-responsive cyp-14A5 promoter to drive ectopic gene expression, causing synthetic light-induced sleep and rapid aging phenotypes in C. elegans. These findings advance our understanding of light-responsive mechanisms outside the visual system and offer a new genetic tool for visible light-inducible gene expression in non-neuronal tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ji, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandra, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>L'Etoile, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.27.634647</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-Visual Light Sensing Enhances Behavioral Memory and Drives Gene Expression in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.27.635166v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Interplay of Furin Cleavage and D614G in Modulating SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.27.635166v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We report a detailed analysis of the full-length SARS-CoV-2 spike dynamics within a native-like membrane environment and variants inaccessible to studies on soluble constructs by conducting hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) on enveloped virus-like particles (eVLPs) displaying various spike constructs. We find that the previously identified open-interface trimer conformation is sampled in all eVLP-displayed spike variants studied including sequences from engineered vaccine constructs and native viral sequences. The D614G mutation, which arose early in the pandemic, favors the canonical  closed-interface prefusion conformation, potentially mitigating premature S1 shedding in the presence of a cleaved furin site and providing an evolutionary advantage to the virus. Remarkably, furin cleavage at the S1/S2 boundary allosterically increases the flexibility of the S2 site, which may facilitate increased TMPRSS2 processing, enhancing viral infectivity. The use of eVLPs in HDX-MS studies provides a powerful platform for studying viral and membrane proteins in near-native environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shoemaker, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dam, K.-M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pak, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffmann, M. A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marqusee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.27.635166</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Interplay of Furin Cleavage and D614G in Modulating SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.29.635545v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of Scaffold Specific Energy Transfer Networks in the Enthalpic Activation of Orotidine 5'-Monophosphate Decarboxylase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.29.635545v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractOrotidine 5-monophosphate decarboxylase (OMPDC) is one of the most efficient enzyme systems studied, enhancing the decarboxylation of OMP to uridine 5-monophosphate (UMP) by ca. 17 orders of magnitude, primarily by reducing the enthalpy of activation by ca. 28 kcal/mol. Despite a substantial reduction in activation enthalpy, OMPDC requires 15 kcal/mol of activation energy post- ES complex formation. This study investigates the physical basis of how thermal energy from solvent collisions is directed into the active site of enzyme to enable efficient thermal activation of the reaction. Comparative study of temperature-dependent hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (TDHDX) for WT and mutant forms of enzymes has recently been shown to uncover site specific protein networks for thermal energy transfer from solvent to enzyme active sites. In this study, we interrogate region-specific changes in the enthalpic barrier for local protein flexibility using a native OMPDC from Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus (Mt-OMPDC) and a single site variant (Leu123Ala) that alters the activation enthalpy for catalytic turnover. The data obtained implicate four spatially resolved, thermally sensitive networks that originate at different protein/solvent interfaces and terminate at sites surrounding the substrate near the substrate phosphate-binding region (R203), the substrate- ribose binding region (K42), and a reaction enhancing loop5 (S127). These are proposed to act synergistically, transiently optimizing the position and electrostatics of the reactive carboxylate of the substrate to facilitate activated complex formation. The uncovered complexity of thermal activation networks in Mt-OMPDC distinguishes this enzyme from other members of the TIM barrel family previously investigated by TDHDX. The new findings extend the essential role of protein scaffold dynamics in orchestrating enzyme activity, with broad implications for the design of highly efficient biocatalysts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dubey, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Somani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iavarone, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klinman, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.29.635545</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of Scaffold Specific Energy Transfer Networks in the Enthalpic Activation of Orotidine 5'-Monophosphate Decarboxylase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.29.635557v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Capturing dynamic phage-pathogen coevolution by clinical surveillance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.29.635557v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria harness diverse defense systems that protect against phage predation1, many of which are encoded on horizontally transmitted mobile genetic elements (MGEs)2. In turn, phages evolve counter-defenses3, driving a dynamic arms race that remains underexplored in human disease contexts. For the diarrheal pathogen Vibrio cholerae, a higher burden of its lytic phage, ICP1, in patient stool correlates with reduced disease severity4. However, direct molecular evidence of phage-driven selection of epidemic V. cholerae has not been demonstrated. Here, through clinical surveillance in cholera-endemic Bangladesh, we capture the acquisition of a parasitic anti-phage MGE, PLE11, that initiated a selective sweep coinciding with the largest cholera outbreak in recent records. PLE11 exhibited potent anti-phage activity against co-circulating ICP1, explaining its rapid and dominating emergence. We identify PLE11-encoded Rta as the novel defense responsible and provide evidence that Rta restricts phage tail assembly. Using experimental evolution, we predict phage counteradaptations against PLE11 and document the eventual emergence and selection of ICP1 that achieves a convergent evolutionary outcome. By probing how PLEs hijack phage structural proteins to drive their horizontal transmission while simultaneously restricting phage tail assembly, we discover that PLEs manipulate tail assembly to construct chimeric tails comprised of MGE and phage-encoded proteins. Collectively, our findings reveal the molecular basis of the natural selection of a globally significant pathogen and its virus in a clinically relevant context.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mathur, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyd, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farnham, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MONIR, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Islam, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sultana, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seed, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.29.635557</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Capturing dynamic phage-pathogen coevolution by clinical surveillance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.31.636008v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SRS microscopy identifies inhibition of vitellogenesis as a mediator of lifespan extension by caloric restriction in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.31.636008v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The molecular mechanisms of aging are not fully understood. Here, we used label-free Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy to investigate changes in proteins and lipids throughout the lifespan of C. elegans. We observed a dramatic buildup of proteins within the body cavity or pseudocoelom of aged adults that was blunted by interventions that extend lifespan: caloric restriction (CR) and the reduced insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling (IIS) pathway. Using a combination of microscopy, proteomic analysis, and validation with mutant strains, we identified vitellogenins as the key molecular components of the protein buildup in the pseudocoelom. Vitellogenins shuttle nutrients from intestine to embryos and are homologous to human apolipoprotein B, the causal driver of cardiovascular disease. We then showed that CR and knockdown of vitellogenins both extend lifespan by >60%, but their combination has no additional effect on lifespan, suggesting that CR extends the lifespan of C. elegans in part by inhibiting vitellogenesis. The extensive dataset of more than 12,000 images stitched into over 350 whole-animal SRS images of C. elegans at different ages and subjected to different longevity intervention will be a valuable resource for researchers interested in aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manifold, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeSousa, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streets, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Titov, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.31.636008</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SRS microscopy identifies inhibition of vitellogenesis as a mediator of lifespan extension by caloric restriction in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.03.636306v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generating functional plasmid origins with OriGen 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.03.636306v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While generative artificial intelligence (AI) has shown promise for biological design, no computational system has yet created and validated sequences capable of autonomous replication. Focusing on plasmids, one of the smallest types of replicating elements, we develop OriGen, a sequence model that generates new plasmid origins of replication while maintaining key elements essential for their replication. We experimentally validate OriGens ability to create functional origins that diverge from existing wild types, demonstrating the models capacity to capture the complex and often cryptic mechanisms of biological replication.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Irvine, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arora, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinson, J. N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasham, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cress, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.03.636306</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generating functional plasmid origins with OriGen]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.05.636718v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Avid lysosomal acidification in fibroblasts of the Mediterranean mouse Mus spretus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.05.636718v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Failures of the lysosome-autophagy system are a hallmark of aging and many disease states. As a consequence, interventions that enhance lysosome function are of keen interest in the context of drug development. Throughout the biomedical literature, evolutionary biologists have found cases in which challenges faced by humans in clinical settings have been resolved by non-model organisms adapting to wild environments. Here, we used a primary cell culture approach to survey lysosomal characteristics in species of the genus Mus. We found that fibroblasts from M. spretus, a wild Mediterranean mouse, exhibited elevated lysosomal mass and enzyme activity along with reduced activity of {beta}-galactosidase, a classical marker of cellular senescence, compared to those from M. musculus, a related species adapted to human-associated environments. We propose that classic laboratory models of lysosome function and senescence may reflect characters that diverge from the phenotypes of wild mice. The M. spretus phenotype may ultimately serve as a blueprint for interventions that ameliorate lysosomal dysfunction under conditions of stress and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sui, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fort, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sudmant, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koide, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Good, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazquez, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brem, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.05.636718</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Avid lysosomal acidification in fibroblasts of the Mediterranean mouse Mus spretus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.06.636844v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Museum genomics reveals temporal genetic stasis and global genetic diversity in Arabidopsis thaliana 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.06.636844v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Global patterns of population genetic variation through time offer a window into evolutionary processes that maintain diversity. Over time, lineages may expand or contract their distribution, causing turnover in population genetic composition. At individual loci, migration, drift, and selection (among other processes) may affect allele frequencies. Museum specimens of widely distributed species offer a unique window into the genetics of understudied populations and changes over time. Here, we sequenced genomes of 130 herbarium specimens and 91 new field collections of Arabidopsis thaliana and combined these with published genomes. We sought a broader view of genomic diversity across the species, and to test if population genomic composition is changing through time. We documented extensive and previously uncharacterized diversity in a range of populations in Africa, populations that are under threat from anthropogenic climate change. Through time, we did not find dramatic changes in genomic composition of populations. Instead, we found a pattern of genetic change every 100 years of the same magnitude seen when comparing Eurasian populations that are 185 km apart, potentially due to a combination of drift and changing selection. We found only mixed signals of polygenic adaptation at phenology and physiology QTL. We did find that genes conserved across eudicots show altered levels of directional allele frequency change, potentially due to variable purifying and background selection. Our study highlights how museum specimens can reveal new dimensions of population diversity and show how wild populations are evolving in recent history.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lopez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lang, P. L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marciniak, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kistler, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Latorre, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haile, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasquez Cerda, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamba, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woods, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yifru, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerby, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKay, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oakley, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agren, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wondimu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bulafu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burbano, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lasky, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.06.636844</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Museum genomics reveals temporal genetic stasis and global genetic diversity in Arabidopsis thaliana]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.04.636488v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Consumer resilience suppresses the recovery of overgrazed ecosystems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.04.636488v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIMany heterotroph species perish when faced with severe food limitation, others can persist, adapt, and thrive. Sea urchins are emblematic of this paradox: they can overgraze kelp forests to form barren habitats, but can then survive for decades in these nutritionally depauperate seascapes. Understanding the mechanisms enabling persistence under starvation, and rapid recovery when food returns, provides insight into how consumer resilience shapes ecosystem dynamics.
C_LIO_LIWe quantified how food abundance, quality, deprivation, and reintroduction influence bioenergetic performance in the red sea urchin (Mesocentrotus franciscanus), integrating field observations of kelp forest and barren populations with a controlled feeding experiment. We measured respiration, feeding rates, gonadal growth, and fatty acid biomarkers to test how habitat history and diet jointly govern metabolic plasticity and nutrient assimilation.
C_LIO_LIResting metabolic rates (RMR) were nearly twofold higher in kelp forest urchins than barrens conspecifics, yet feeding rates were equivalent across habitats, indicating that metabolic depression does not constrain food intake. Reciprocal shifts emerged in the experiment: starvation reduced RMR and lipid reserves in kelp forest urchins, while feeding elevated both traits in barrens urchins to levels comparable with kelp forest conspecifics. These results demonstrate rapid physiological compensation in response to both food deprivation and reintroduction.
C_LIO_LIDiet quality strongly modulated performance. Urchins fed nutritionally poor monospecific diets consumed more biomass and calories than those on diverse, polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-rich diets, but did so with markedly lower efficiency of conversion to gonadal tissue. Fatty acid assimilation revealed that starvation elevated bacterial and biofilm biomarkers in tissues, whereas algal diets enriched essential PUFA profiles, particularly when diets were diverse. These results highlight that both quantity and quality of food influence consumer recovery trajectories, with nutritional geometry shaping efficiency of energy and nutrient use.
C_LIO_LITogether, our findings show that M. franciscanus exhibits pronounced metabolic resilience, allowing persistence in barren habitats and rapid reactivation of grazing and reproduction when food becomes available. This work links nutritional ecology to ecosystem feedbacks by showing how compensatory feeding and metabolic flexibility enable consumers to maintain pressure on primary producers, thereby influencing the stability, hysteresis, and recovery of degraded ecosystems.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spindel, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galloway, A. W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schram, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mcneill, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellis, S. K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guujaaw, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yakgujanaas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pontier, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okamoto, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.04.636488</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Consumer resilience suppresses the recovery of overgrazed ecosystems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.05.636692v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multitask deep learning for the emulation and calibration of an agent-based malaria transmission model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.05.636692v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Agent-based models of malaria transmission are useful tools for understanding disease dynamics and planning interventions, but they can be computationally intensive to calibrate. We present a multitask deep learning approach for emulating and calibrating a complex agent-based model of malaria transmission. Our neural network emulator was trained on a large suite of simulations from the EMOD malaria model, an agent-based model of malaria transmission dynamics, capturing relationships between immunological parameters and epidemiological outcomes such as age-stratified incidence and prevalence across eight sub-Saharan African study sites. We then use the trained emulator in conjunction with parameter estimation techniques to calibrate the underlying model to reference data. Taken together, this analysis shows the potential of machine learning-guided emulator design for complex scientific processes and their comparison to field data.

Author summaryMathematical models can help understand and design interventions for infectious diseases such as malaria, but they can be complex and time-consuming to work with. In this study, we developed a machine learning approach to create a fast and accurate emulator for a detailed malaria transmission model. Our emulator can quickly predict various disease outcomes based on different immune system parameters. We trained it using a large set of simulations created using the EMOD malaria model and tested it against real-world data from multiple African countries. The emulator not only matches the original models predictions closely, but can also be used to efficiently find the best parameter values to match field observations. We hope that this work can serve as a demonstration of machine learning tools to link complex models of disease transmission to field data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mondal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anirudh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selvaraj, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.05.636692</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multitask deep learning for the emulation and calibration of an agent-based malaria transmission model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.07.637114v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Somatic mutations distinguish melanocyte subpopulations in human skin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.07.637114v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To better understand the homeostatic mechanisms governing melanocytes, we performed deep phenotyping of clonal expansions of single melanocytes from human skin. In total, we interrogated the mutational landscapes, gene expression profiles, and morphological features of 297 melanocytes from 31 donors. To our surprise, a population of melanocytes with low mutation burden was maintained in sun damaged skin. These melanocytes were more stem-like, smaller, less dendritic and displayed distinct gene expression profiles compared to their counterparts with high mutation burdens. We used single-cell spatial transcriptomics (10X Xenium) to reveal the spatial distribution of melanocytes inferred to have low and high mutation burdens (LowMut and HighMut cells), based on their gene expression profiles. LowMut melanocytes were found in hair follicles as well as in the interfollicular epidermis, whereas HighMut melanocytes resided almost exclusively in the interfollicular epidermis. We propose that melanocytes in the hair follicle occupy a privileged niche, protected from UV radiation, but periodically migrate out of the hair follicle to replenish the interfollicular epidermis after waves of photodamage. More broadly, our study illustrates the advantages of a cell atlas that includes mutational information, as cells can change their cellular states and positional coordinates over time, but mutations are like scars, providing a historical record of the homeostatic processes that were operative on each cell.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tandukar, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deivendran, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahrani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weier, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruz-Pacheco, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marks, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zitnay, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandari, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nekoonam, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeh, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Judson-Torres, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shain, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.07.637114</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Somatic mutations distinguish melanocyte subpopulations in human skin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.07.637181v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Natural Variation in Photoprotection: Rapid NPQ Kinetics in Ferns 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.07.637181v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Land plants perform oxygenic photosynthesis but are unable to use all of the solar radiation that they absorb on a daily basis. To minimize the production of reactive oxygen species in excess light, photosynthetic organisms use non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) mechanisms to dissipate excess excitation energy. However, the on-off transition of these mechanisms is slower than the light fluctuations themselves. In high-to-low light transitions, this can be costly to the overall productivity and carbon gain of the organism across its lifetime, because useful light energy is wasted. Here, we characterize the rapid kinetics of NPQ found in species across the fern lineage. Most of the 23 examined fern species showed faster NPQ induction and faster and more complete NPQ relaxation. Curve fitting suggested that energy-dependent quenching was the dominant contributor to the kinetics. The xerophytic fern Astrolepis windhamii exhibited rapid, dithiothreitol-resistant accumulation of zeaxanthin during NPQ induction, and it maintained low residual NPQ after NPQ relaxation, which however was not associated with rapid re-epoxidation of zeaxanthin. Rapid NPQ kinetics might have been an adaptive trait as ferns radiated in sunflecked forest understories during angiosperm diversification and expansion during the Cretaceous.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maryn, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaparro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Short, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleming, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niyogi, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.07.637181</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Natural Variation in Photoprotection: Rapid NPQ Kinetics in Ferns]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.09.637186v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cross-membrane cooperation among bacteria can facilitate intracellular pathogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.09.637186v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen able to cause life- and sight-threating infections. Once considered an extracellular pathogen, numerous studies have shown it can survive intracellularly. Previously, we showed that P. aeruginosa inside cells can diversify into distinct subpopulations in vacuoles and the cytoplasm. Here, we report that the transition from vacuoles to cytoplasm requires collaboration with the extracellular subpopulation, through Ca2+ influx enabled by their type III secretion system (T3SS) translocon pore proteins. Moreover, we show that collaboration among P. aeruginosa subpopulations can contribute to disseminating intracellular bacteria in vivo in a mouse infection model. This study provides the basis for future studies to investigate how cooperation of extracellular and intracellular bacteria within the host may contribute to disease progression and persistence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schator, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chong, S. J. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jedel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleiszig, S. M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.09.637186</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cross-membrane cooperation among bacteria can facilitate intracellular pathogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.11.637750v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovery of widespread activating mutations in a compact RNA-guided endonuclease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.11.637750v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
TnpB is a diverse family of RNA-guided endonucleases associated with prokaryotic transposons. Due to their small size and putative evolutionary relationship to CRISPR-Cas12, TnpB enzymes hold significant potential for genome editing. However, most TnpBs lack robust gene editing activity, and unbiased profiling of mutational effects on editing activity has not been explored. Here, we mapped comprehensive sequence-function landscapes of a TnpB ribonucleoprotein and discovered many activating mutations in both the protein and RNA. One- and two-position RNA mutants outperform existing variants, highlighting the utility of systematic RNA scaffold mutagenesis. Leveraging the proteins mutational landscape, we identified enhanced TnpB variants from a combinatorial library of activating mutations. These variants enhanced editing in human cells, N. benthamiana, pepper, and rice, with up to a fifty-fold increase compared to wild-type TnpB. These findings highlight previously unknown elements critical for regulating TnpB endonuclease activity and reveal surprising latent activity accessible through mutation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thornton, B. W.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, R. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duong, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terrace, C. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groover, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J.-U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tartaglia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.11.637750</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovery of widespread activating mutations in a compact RNA-guided endonuclease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.11.637768v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Circuit-Based Understanding of Fine Spatial Scale Clustering of Orientation Tuning in Mouse Visual Cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.11.637768v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In sensory cortex of brain it is often the case that neurons are spatially organized by their functional properties. A hallmark of primary visual cortex (V1) in higher mammals is a columnar functional map, where neurons tuned to different stimuli features are regularly organized in space. However, rodent visual cortex is at odds with this rule and lacks any spatially ordered functional architecture, and rather neuron feature preference is haphazardly organized in patterns termed  salt-and-pepper. This sharp contrast in feature organization between the visual cortices of rodents and higher mammals has been a persistent mystery, fueled in part by abundant evidence of conserved cortical physiology between species. In this work, we applied a novel GCaMP indicator that are localized in the nucleus of neurons during two-photon imaging in mouse V1, which enabled us to overcome most spurious spatially correlated activity due to fluorescence contamination, and to ensure a faithful observation of functional organization over space. We found that the orientation tuning properties of distant neuron pairs (> 20 {micro}m) are irregularly and randomly organized, while neuron pairs that are extremely close (< 20 {micro}m) have strongly correlated orientation tuning, indicating a narrow yet strong spatially clustered organization of orientation preference, which we term  micro-clustered organization. Exploring a circuit-based model of recurrently coupled mouse V1 we derived two key predictions for the  micro-cluster: spatially localized recurrent connections over a comparable narrow spatial scale, and common relative spatial spreads of balanced excitation and inhibition in the network over broad spatial scales. These predictions are validated by both anatomical and optogenetic-based physiological circuit mapping experiments. Altogether, our work takes an important step in building a circuit-based theory of visual processing in mouse V1 over spatial scales that are often ignored, yet contain powerful synaptic interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gozel, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oldenburg, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dipoppa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adesnik, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doiron, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.11.637768</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Circuit-Based Understanding of Fine Spatial Scale Clustering of Orientation Tuning in Mouse Visual Cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.12.637987v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural dynamics of proactive and reactive cognitive control in medial and lateral prefrontal cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.12.637987v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Goal-directed behavior requires adjusting cognitive control to both react to and prepare for conflict. Previous work indicates theta oscillations and population activity in dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) are critical for reactive control. However, the neural mechanisms supporting proactive control are less clear. Here, we investigated the neural basis of behavioral adaptations when control is prepared in anticipation of conflict using intracranial EEG (iEEG) in dmPFC and dlPFC during a Stroop task where conflict frequency was manipulated across blocks. We observed canonical conflict-driven increases in dmPFC theta and in dmPFC and dlPFC local population activity, as indexed by high frequency activity (HFA). Conflict also suppressed theta power in both regions after the response, accentuated a pre-response beta desynchronization selectively in dlPFC, and increased a post-response beta rebound in both regions. Importantly, we identified a pre-trial marker of proactive control where dmPFC theta power increased before trials when conflict was expected, and theta, beta, and HFA conflict signals in both regions were enhanced when conflict was rare and diminished when conflict was common. These findings reveal shared HFA but dissociable oscillatory dynamics in dmPFC and dlPFC during reactive conflict processing, highlight pre-trial dmPFC theta as a potential substrate for proactive control, and refine the roles of dmPFC and dlPFC in control adaptations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khan, A. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoy, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piai, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King-Stephens, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laxer, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bentley, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.12.637987</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural dynamics of proactive and reactive cognitive control in medial and lateral prefrontal cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.14.638024v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dual process impairments in reinforcement learning and working memory systems underlie learning deficits in physiological anxiety 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.14.638024v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anxiety has been robustly linked to deficits in frontal executive function including working memory (WM) and attentional control processes. However, although anxiety has also been associated with impaired performance on learning tasks, computational investigations of reinforcement learning (RL) impairment in anxiety have yielded mixed results. WM processes are known to contribute to learning behavior in parallel to RL processes and to modulate the effective learning rate as a function of load. However, WM processes have typically not been modeled in investigations of anxiety and RL. In the current study, we leveraged an experimental paradigm (RLWM) which manipulates the relative contributions of WM and RL processes in a reinforcement learning and retention task using multiple stimulus set sizes. Using a computational model of interactive RL and WM processes, we investigated whether individual differences in physiological or cognitive anxiety impacted task performance via deficits in RL or WM. Elevated physiological, but not cognitive, anxiety scores were strongly associated with worse performance during learning and retention testing across all set sizes. Computationally, higher physiological anxiety scores were significantly related to reduced learning rate and increased rate of WM decay. To highlight the importance of modeling WM contributions to learning, we considered the effect of fitting RL models without WM modules to the data. Here we found that reduced learning performance for higher physiological anxiety was at least partially misattributed to stochastic decision noise in 9 out of 10 RL-only models considered. These findings reveal a dual-process impairment in learning in anxiety that is linked to a more physiological than cognitive anxiety phenotype. More broadly, this work also points to the importance of accounting for the contribution of WM to RL when investigating psychopathology-related deficits in learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Senta, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishop, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, A. G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.14.638024</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dual process impairments in reinforcement learning and working memory systems underlie learning deficits in physiological anxiety]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.12.637117v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Covalent Destabilizing Degrader of AR and AR-V7 in Androgen-Independent Prostate Cancer Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.12.637117v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Androgen-independent prostate cancers, correlated with heightened aggressiveness and poor prognosis, are caused by mutations or deletions in the androgen receptor (AR) or expression of truncated variants of AR that are constitutively activated. Currently, drugs and drug candidates against AR target the steroid-binding domain to antagonize or degrade AR. However, these compounds cannot therapeutically access largely intrinsically disordered truncated splice variants of AR, such as AR-V7, that only possess the DNA binding domain and are missing the ligand binding domain. Targeting intrinsically disordered regions within transcription factors has remained challenging and is considered "undruggable". Herein, we leveraged a cysteine-reactive covalent ligand library in a cellular screen to identify degraders of AR and AR-V7 in androgen-independent prostate cancer cells. We identified a covalent compound EN1441 that selectively degrades AR and AR-V7 in a proteasome-dependent manner through direct covalent targeting of an intrinsically disordered cysteine C125 in AR and AR-V7. EN1441 causes significant and selective destabilization of AR and AR-V7, leading to aggregation of AR/AR-V7 and subsequent proteasome-mediated degradation. Consistent with targeting both AR and AR-V7, we find that EN1441 completely inhibits total AR transcriptional activity in androgen-independent prostate cancer cells expressing both AR and AR-V7 compared to AR antagonists or degraders that only target the ligand binding domain of full-length AR, such as enzalutamide and ARV-110. Our results put forth a pathfinder molecule EN1441 that targets an intrinsically disordered cysteine within AR to destabilize, degrade, and inhibit both AR and AR-V7 in androgen-independent prostate cancer cells and highlights the utility of covalent ligand discovery approaches in directly targeting, destabilizing, inhibiting, and degrading classically undruggable transcription factor targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zammit, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koirala, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potts, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomura, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.12.637117</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Covalent Destabilizing Degrader of AR and AR-V7 in Androgen-Independent Prostate Cancer Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.15.638221v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biochemical and structural basis of Dicer helicase function unveiled by resurrecting ancient proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.15.638221v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A fully functional Dicer helicase, present in the modern arthropod, uses energy generated during ATP hydrolysis to power translocation on bound dsRNA, enabling the processive dsRNA cleavage required for efficient antiviral defense. However, modern Dicer orthologs exhibit divergent helicase functions that affect their ability to contribute to antiviral defense, and moreover, mechanisms that couple ATP hydrolysis to Dicer helicase movement on dsRNA remain enigmatic. Here, we used biochemical and structural analyses of ancestrally reconstructed Dicer helicases to map evolution of dsRNA binding affinity, ATP hydrolysis and translocation. We found that loss of affinity for dsRNA occurred early in Dicer evolution, coinciding with a decline in translocation activity, despite preservation of ATP hydrolysis activity, exemplified by the ancient deuterostome Dicer. Ancestral nematode Dicer also exhibited significant decline in ATP hydrolysis and translocation, but studies of antiviral activities in the modern nematode C. elegans indicate Dicer retained a role in antiviral defense by recruiting a second helicase. Cryo-EM analyses of an ancient metazoan Dicer allowed capture of multiple helicase states revealing the mechanism that connects each step of ATP hydrolysis to unidirectional movement along dsRNA. Overall, our study rationalizes the diversity in modern Dicer helicases by connecting ancestral functions to observations in extant enzymes.

Significance StatementAmong invertebrates, the contribution of Dicers helicase to recognition and elimination of viral double-stranded RNA varies from phylum to phylum. At the extreme end of the spectrum, vertebrate Dicers show no helicase activity. On the other end, an arthropod ortholog uses helicase translocation to efficiently move double-stranded RNA into Dicers cleavage site. The biochemical and structural basis of Dicers helicase function, as well as the evolutionary events that contribute to a divergence in function, have remained unknown. This study shows how ancient Dicer helicase tightly binds double-stranded RNA and couples ATP hydrolysis to movement along this substrate. In addition, the data reveal how components of this intricate system declined along different clades of animal evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aderounmu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maus-Conn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Consalvo, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bass, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.15.638221</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biochemical and structural basis of Dicer helicase function unveiled by resurrecting ancient proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.13.637864v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A subset of conserved phagocytic genes are likely used for the intracellular theft of cnidarian stinging organelles in nudibranch gastropods 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.13.637864v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPhagocytosis is a universal physiological process in eukaryotes with many important biological functions. In nudibranch gastropods, a novel form of phagocytosis called nematocyst sequestration is specialized for the uptake of venomous stinging organelles stolen from their cnidarian prey. This process is highly selective. Here we use the emerging model nudibranch species Berghia stephanieae and Hermissenda opalescens to identify genes enriched within the body regions where nematocyst sequestration occurs, and investigate how the expression profile of phagocytosis, immune, and digestive genes differs between nematocyst sequestering regions relative to those where other phagocytic functions occur.

ResultsWe identified 166 genes with significantly higher expression in sequestering regions in B. stephanieae, including genes associated with development, membrane transport, and metabolism. Of these, 41 overlap with transcripts upregulated in H. opalescens sequestering tissues. Using Hybridization Chain Reaction in situs, we show that at least two of these genes were localized to sequestering cells in B. stephanieae, including a putative C-type lectin receptor and a collagen. Genes annotated with phagocytosis, digestion, or immunity GO terms were often expressed in both sequestering and non-sequestering tissues, suggesting that they may also play a role in sequestration processes.

ConclusionOur results suggest that phagocytosis genes likely play a role in the sequestration phenotype, and that a small subset of genes (e.g., collagen) may play unique functions yet to be uncovered. However, we also show that genes categorized in GO terms related to endocytosis, immunity, and digestion show a clear decrease in overall expression in sequestering tissues. This study lays the foundation for further inquiry into mechanisms of organelle sequestration in nudibranchs and other organisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goodheart, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiorenza, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rio, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Anido, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrlinger, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarvin, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyons, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.13.637864</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A subset of conserved phagocytic genes are likely used for the intracellular theft of cnidarian stinging organelles in nudibranch gastropods]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.14.637520v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Infections in the Atlantic Blue Crab Callinectes sapidus (Rathbun, 1896) in coastal Adriatic and Aegean sea, and Atlantic Iberian coast 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.14.637520v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the Mediterranean Sea, the abundance of the invasive portunid crab, Callinectes sapidus, has dramatically increased in recent years. This raises concerns about damage to ecosystems, but also offers opportunities for exploitation of a new fishery. Newly invasive species may escape from pathogens in their native range, may introduce new pathogens, or can become host to endemic pathogens. Understanding these factors is important for predicting or managing natural resources in the invaded range. This study investigated the prevalence of two pathogens common in C. sapidus in its home range of North America: the reovirus CsRV1 and the protozoan parasite Hematodinium perezi. In crabs collected from Aegean, Adriatic, and Atlantic waters, the CsRV1 virus was not detected. In contrast, the parasite H. perezi was found in crabs from all areas except the Aegean Sea. Sequence analysis of the H. perezi ITS1 gene indicated that the strains observed are most related to genotypes already described in Europe and the Mediterranean, and not to strains from the Americas or Asia. The arrival of new species and new potential pathogens is ongoing through transfer of ballast water to the Atlantic and Mediterranean. Although systems are in place to exchange or inactivate ballast water, it is advisable to continue and expand surveillance for pathogens in introduced species, to inform management of movement of these species between regions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schott, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scepanovic, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucic, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pares, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hrabar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glamuzina, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pecarevic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grdan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Encarnacao, J. P. d. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morais, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cetkovic, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glamuzina, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.14.637520</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Infections in the Atlantic Blue Crab Callinectes sapidus (Rathbun, 1896) in coastal Adriatic and Aegean sea, and Atlantic Iberian coast]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.21.639450v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RB-TnSeq elucidates dicarboxylic acid specific catabolism in β-proteobacteria for improved plastic monomer upcycling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.21.639450v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dicarboxylic acids are key components of many polymers and plastics, making them a target for both engineered microbial degradation and sustainable bioproduction. In this study, we generated a comprehensive dataset of functional evidence for the genetic basis of dicarboxylic and fatty acid metabolism using randomly-barcoded transposon sequencing (RB-TnSeq). We identified four {beta}-proteobacteria that displayed robust growth with dicarboxylic acid sole carbon sources and cultured their mutant libraries with dicarboxylic and fatty acids with carbon chain lengths from C3 to C12. The resulting fitness data suggested that dicarboxylic and fatty acid metabolisms are largely distinct, and different sets of {beta}-oxidation genes are required for catabolizing dicarboxylic versus fatty acids of the same carbon chain lengths. Additionally, we identified transcriptional regulators and transporters with strong fitness phenotypes related to dicarboxylic acid utilization. In Ralstonia sp. UNC404CL21Col (R. CL21), we deleted two transcriptional repressors to improve its utilization of short chain dicarboxylic acids. We exploited the diacid-utilizing catabolism of R. CL21 to upcycle a mock mixture of the dicarboxylic acids produced when polyethylene is oxidized. After introducing a heterologous indigoidine production pathway, this engineered Rastonia produced 0.56 {+/-} 0.02 g/L indigoidine from a mixture of dicarboxylic acids as a carbon source, demonstrating the potential of R. CL21 to upcycle plastics waste to products derived from tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates.

ImportanceUpcycling the carbon in plastic wastes to value-added products is a promising approach to address the plastics waste and climate crises, and dicarboxylic acid metabolism is an important facet of several approaches. Improving our understanding of the genetic basis of this metabolism has the potential to uncover new enzymes and genetic parts for engineered pathways involving dicarboxylic acids. Our dataset is the most comprehensive interrogation of dicarboxylic acid catabolism to date, and this work will be of utility to researchers interested in both plastics bioproduction and upcycling applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pearson, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynch, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudson, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menasalvas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vilchez, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Incha, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukhopadhyay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutschbauer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keasling, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.21.639450</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RB-TnSeq elucidates dicarboxylic acid specific catabolism in β-proteobacteria for improved plastic monomer upcycling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.21.639601v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A vectorial code for semantics in human hippocampus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.21.639601v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As we listen to speech, our brains track the meanings of the words we hear.

Recent successes of large language models suggest that distributed population geometry can capture rich semantic relationships between words. Motivated by this idea, we hypothesized that semantic information in the brain may likewise be expressed in distributed patterns of activity across neurons, rather than in the activity of neurons narrowly tuned to a specific word. We recorded responses of hundreds of neurons in the human hippocampus while participants listened to narrative speech. We find encoding of contextual word meaning in the simultaneous activity of neurons whose individual selectivities span multiple unrelated semantic categories. Decoding and population geometry analyses revealed distinct neural coding principles for low-versus high-frequency words, likely reflecting the greater polysemy of common words. Similar to embedding vectors in semantic language models, distance between neural population responses correlates with semantic distance; however, this effect was only observed in contextual embedding models (GPT-2 and BERT), suggesting that the semantic distance effect depends critically on contextualization. Consistent with this, we find that neural population activity supports a multidimensional semantic subspace that aligns most closely with the contextual structure captured by GPT-2. Moreover, for semantically similar words, even contextual embedders showed an inverse correlation between semantic and neural distances; we attribute this pattern to the noise-mitigating benefits of contrastive coding. Ultimately, these results provide a neurocomputational account for understanding how neural populations track word meaning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Franch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mickiewicz, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belanger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chericoni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavez, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katlowitz, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathura, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartoli, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kemmer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piantadosi, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Provenza, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watrous, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheth, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayden, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.21.639601</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A vectorial code for semantics in human hippocampus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.19.639104v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Local variations in L/M ratio influence the detection and color naming of small spots 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.19.639104v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The distribution of long (L), middle (M), and short (S) wavelength sensitive cones in the retina determines how different frequencies of incident light are sampled across space and has been hypothesized to influence spatial and color vision. We examined how the detection and color naming of small, short-duration increment stimuli ({lambda} = 543 or 680 nm) depend on the local spectral topography of the cone mosaic. Stimuli were corrected for optical aberrations by an adaptive optics system and targeted to locations in the parafovea where cone spectral types were known. We found that sensitivity to 680 nm light, normalized by sensitivity to 543 nm light, grew with the proportion of L cones at the stimulated locus, though intra- and intersubject variability was considerable. A similar trend was derived from a simple model of the achromatic (L+M) pathway suggesting that small spot detection mainly relies on a non-opponent mechanism. Most stimuli were called achromatic, with red and green responses becoming more common as stimulus intensity increased and as the local L/M ratio became more symmetric. The proximity of S cones to the stimulated region did not influence the likelihood of eliciting a chromatic percept. Our detection data confirm earlier reports that small spot psychophysics can reveal information about local cone topography, and our color naming findings suggest that chromatic sensitivity may improve when the L/M ratio approaches unity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Greene, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandiyan, V. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabesan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuten, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.19.639104</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Local variations in L/M ratio influence the detection and color naming of small spots]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.24.639979v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A network of coiled-coil and actin-like proteins controls the cellular organization of magnetosome organelles in deep-branching magnetotactic bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.24.639979v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Magnetotactic Bacteria (MTB) are a diverse group of microorganisms that use magnetosomes, organelles composed of magnetite or greigite, to navigate along geomagnetic fields. While MTB span several phyla and exhibit diverse phenotypes, magnetosome formation has been mechanistically studied in only two species of Alphaproteobacteria. Here, we use Desulfovibrio magneticus RS-1 to uncover the mechanisms behind tooth-shaped magnetosome assembly in deep-branching MTB. Our findings show that magnetic particles in RS-1 initially form randomly within the cell before localizing to the positive cell curvature. Genetic and proteomic analyses indicate that early biomineralization involves membrane-associated proteins found in all MTB, while later stages depend on coiled-coil (Mad20, 23, 25, and 26) and actin-like (MamK and Mad28) proteins, most of which are unique to deep-branching MTB. These findings suggest that while biomineralization originates from a common ancestor, magnetosome chain organization has distinct evolutionarily origins among different MTB lineages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Russell, V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iavarone, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozyamak, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Komeili, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.24.639979</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A network of coiled-coil and actin-like proteins controls the cellular organization of magnetosome organelles in deep-branching magnetotactic bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.20.639345v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Electrostatics facilitate mid-air host attachment in parasitic jumping nematodes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.20.639345v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Jumping can be hazardous for entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) as those that fail to attach to an insect host face death by predation or starvation. Recently, it has been shown that electrostatic charges on large insects can prompt a close-range detachment of free-living nematodes, which are non-parasitic and unable to jump. However, it remains unclear if static electricity can influence aerial interactions between parasitic jumping worms and their insect hosts. Here we analyze and model the trajectories of jumping EPNs in still air as they approach fruit flies with varying electrostatic charge. We discover that the nematodes attachment to the host is facilitated by an electrical potential of a few hundred volts, a magnitude commonly found in flying insects. A model combining electrostatics, aerodynamics, and Bayesian inference indicates that the electrostatic charge on jumping nematodes is [~] 0.1 pC, which aligns with theoretical predictions for electrostatic induction. Drag coefficients based on host-nematode interactions in the presence of horizontal wind show differences at both low and high jumping velocities. Numerical simulations show that intermediate wind speeds ([~] 0.2 m/s) can further increase the likelihood of host attachment, as wind-driven aerial drifting allows the worms to reach hosts at greater distances. Our results suggest that submillimeter parasites that become airborne may exploit the electric charge carried by their host to facilitate attachment and thus enhance survival. The use of quantitative physical models provides valuable insights into understanding complex airborne infectious diseases mediated by natural environmental forces.

Significance StatementEntomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are submillimeter parasites renowned for their explosive aerial jumping, allowing them to reach distant insect hosts. They serve as important model organisms and natural biopesticides. Our work reveals that these tiny organisms can be electrostatically attracted to charged hosts, such as fruit flies, increasing the likelihood of infection. Experiments show that host attachment is significantly enhanced by electrostatic forces generated by naturally occurring electric fields from flying insect hosts. Our computational model confirms that the static charge of EPNs agrees with theoretical predictions from electrostatic induction. We propose that electrostatics play a crucial role in enhancing the survival of these jumping parasites and provide a framework for modeling environmental forces in aerial parasite-host interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ran, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burton, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortega-Jimenez, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.20.639345</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Electrostatics facilitate mid-air host attachment in parasitic jumping nematodes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.23.639543v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
pholidosis: an R package to compare biological surface patterns 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.23.639543v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Atop the heads of many lizards and snakes sit complex patterns of flattened scales, differing in their sizes, shapes, colors, textures, and inter-relationships. These patterns of head scalation-called "pholidosis" - are often diagnostic to species or genera and therefore of great importance to reptile taxonomy, yet they have never been investigated in a detailed comparative context. Similar patterns can be seen in the scutes of turtle shells and the "cells" of insect wings; these each consist of a surface pattern made up of discrete units that can be considered homologous between individuals, populations, and species. Here, I describe an R package, pholidosis, designed to analyze these patterns as networks, providing tools for their construction, analysis, and visualization, and comparative analysis via an edit distance metric.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krone, I. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.23.639543</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[pholidosis: an R package to compare biological surface patterns]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.28.640914v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
mTORC1 activation drives astrocyte reactivity in cortical tubers and brain organoid models of TSC 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.28.640914v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) is a genetic neurodevelopmental disorder associated with early onset epilepsy, intellectual disability and neuropsychiatric disorders. A hallmark of the disorder is cortical tubers, which are focal malformations of brain development containing dysplastic cells with hyperactive mTORC1 signaling. One barrier to developing therapeutic approaches and understanding the origins of tuber cells is the lack of a model system that recapitulates this pathology. To address this, we established a genetically mosaic cortical organoid system that models a somatic "second-hit" mutation, which is thought to drive the formation of tubers in TSC. With this model, we find that loss of TSC2 cell-autonomously promotes the differentiation of astrocytes, which exhibit features of a disease-associated reactive state. TSC2-/- astrocytes have pronounced changes in morphology and upregulation of proteins that are risk factors for neurodegenerative diseases, such as clusterin and APOE. Using multiplexed immunofluorescence in primary tubers from TSC patients, we show that tuber cells with hyperactive mTORC1 activity also express reactive astrocyte proteins, and we identify a unique population of cells with expression profiles that match those observed in organoids. Together, this work reveals that reactive astrogliosis is a primary feature of TSC that arises early in cortical development. Dysfunctional glia are therefore poised to be drivers of pathophysiology, nominating a potential therapeutic target for treating TSC and related mTORopathies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blair, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hockemeyer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porter, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bateup, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.28.640914</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[mTORC1 activation drives astrocyte reactivity in cortical tubers and brain organoid models of TSC]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.05.641692v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Morphogenesis and morphometry of brain folding patterns across species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.05.641692v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Evolutionary adaptations associated with the formation of a folded cortex in many mammalian brains are thought to be a critical specialization associated with higher cognitive function. The dramatic surface expansion and highly convoluted folding of the cortex during early development is a theme with variations that suggest the need for a comparative study of cortical gyrification. Here, we use a combination of physical experiments using gels, computational morphogenesis, and geometric morphometrics to study the folding of brains across different species. Starting with magnetic resonance images of brains of a newborn ferret, a fetal macaque, and a fetal human, we construct two-layer physical gel brain models that swell superficially in a solvent, leading to folding patterns similar to those seen in vivo. We then adopt a three-dimensional continuum model based on differential growth to simulate cortical folding in silico. Finally, we deploy a comparative morphometric analysis of the in vivo, in vitro, and in silico surface buckling patterns across species. Our study shows that a simple mechanical instability driven by differential growth suffices to explain cortical folding and suggests that variations in the tangential growth and different initial geometries are sufficient to explain the differences in cortical folding across species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, G. P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heuer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toro, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahadevan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.05.641692</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Morphogenesis and morphometry of brain folding patterns across species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.06.641784v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FACED 2.0 enables large-scale voltage and calcium imaging in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.06.641784v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Monitoring neuronal activity at large scale and high spatiotemporal resolution is crucial for understanding information processing within the brain. We optimized a kilohertz-frame-rate two-photon fluorescence microscope with all-optical megahertz line-scan rate to achieve ultrafast imaging across large areas and volumes at subcellular resolution. Applying this technique to voltage and calcium imaging in vivo, we demonstrated simultaneous recording of voltage activity over 200 neurons and calcium activity over 14,000 neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natan, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, J. S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miehl, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bose, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>St-Pierre, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doiron, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsia, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.06.641784</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FACED 2.0 enables large-scale voltage and calcium imaging in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.04.641538v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Poxvirus attack of anti-viral defense pathways unleashes an effector-triggered NF-κB response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.04.641538v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Effector-triggered immunity (ETI) is a form of pathogen sensing that involves detection of pathogen-encoded virulence factors or "effectors". To discover novel ETI pathways in mammals, we developed a screening approach in which individual virulence factors are expressed in human monocytes and transcriptional responses are assessed by RNA-seq. Using this approach, we identify a poxvirus effector, myxoma virus M3.1, which elicits an anti-viral NF-{kappa}B response. We find that NF-{kappa}B is unleashed by an ETI pathway that senses M3.1 attack of two anti-viral complexes: ZAP and TBK1. NF-{kappa}B activation occurs because the proteins inhibited by M3.1-- N4BP1, ZC3H12A, and TBK1--are negative regulators of NF-{kappa}B. Our results illustrate how negative regulators can function as pathogen sensors and establish a systematic approach for the discovery of ETI pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Remick, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, J. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manford, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez-Jensen, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rape, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McFadden, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaidt, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vance, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.04.641538</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Poxvirus attack of anti-viral defense pathways unleashes an effector-triggered NF-κB response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.06.641952v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Robust and Adaptive Non-Parametric Tests for Detecting General Distributional Shifts in Gene Expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.06.641952v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Differential expression analysis is crucial in genomics, yet existing methods primarily focus on detecting mean shifts. Variance shifts in gene expression are well-documented in studies of cellular signaling pathways, and more recently they have characterized aging, thus motivating the need for flexible detection approaches that include tests of expression variance changes. In this work, we present QRscore (Quantile Rank Score), a general method for detecting distributional shifts in gene expression by extending the Mann-Whitney test into a flexible family of rank-based tests. Here, we focus on implementing QRscore to detect shifts in mean and variance in gene expression, using weights designed from negative binomial (NB) and zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB) models to combine the strengths of parametric and non-parametric approaches. We show through simulations that QRscore not only achieves high statistical power while controlling the false discovery rate (FDR), but also outperforms existing methods in detecting variance shifts and mean shifts. Applying QRscore to bulk RNA-seq data from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project, we identified numerous differentially dispersed genes and differentially expressed genes across 33 tissues. Notably, many genes have significant variance shifts but non-significant mean shifts. QRscore augments the genome bioinformatics toolkit by offering a powerful and flexible approach for differential expression analysis. QRscore is available in R, at https://github.com/songlab-cal/QRscore.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aw, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erdmann-Pham, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.06.641952</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Robust and Adaptive Non-Parametric Tests for Detecting General Distributional Shifts in Gene Expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.09.642181v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brainstem circuit for sickness-induced sleep 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.09.642181v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Increased sleep induced by immune activation plays a crucial role in facilitating recovery from illness. However, the neural mechanisms underlying sickness-induced sleep remain poorly understood. Here, we identify a brainstem circuit originating in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) that mediates sickness-induced sleep. Using activity-dependent genetic labeling, we tagged NST neurons activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection and showed that their chemogenetic activation strongly promotes non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. These NST neurons project extensively to the parabrachial nucleus (PB), where LPS-activated neurons also promote NREM sleep. Fiber photometry imaging of several wake-promoting neuromodulators using their biosensors showed that evoked norepinephrine (NE) release from locus coeruleus (LC) neurons is markedly reduced by either LPS injection or direct activation of NST or PB sickness neurons. These results suggest that sickness-induced sleep is mediated in part by a brainstem circuit that regulates neuromodulator signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Darmohray, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sima, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silverman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.09.642181</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brainstem circuit for sickness-induced sleep]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.11.642695v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Subliminal risk influences subjective value in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.11.642695v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The relationship between conscious awareness and decisions has been heavily debated. Here we investigated whether subliminal probabilities are integrated with conscious rewards to form subjective value (SV) representations in the anterior ventral striatum (aVS) and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC). Participants played an incentivized competitive game with risky choice to accumulate points across trials in a behavioral and fMRI experiment. The game was a modified attentional-blink paradigm that rendered a probability cue unseen (indicating a 100% or 0% chance to win a risky reward). Following the probability cue, participants chose between a safe (1 point with certainty) or risky option (>1 or 0 points depending on probability cue). The risky reward was either 2 or 5 points, varying across trials. In some trials the probability cue was absent (replaced by a random distractor) and the probability to win the risky reward was 50%. When probability cues were unseen, they did not influence choice, as value-maximizing choice (d) was not greater than chance, but they did influence reaction time in both experiments. Consistent with SV integration, the BOLD signal in aVS and vmPFC was higher for both conscious rewards (high > low) and subliminal probabilities (high > low) and could not be explained by subliminal salience (cue present > absent). Moreover, multivariate pattern similarity between conscious rewards and subliminal probabilities in vmPFC suggest integration into an abstract value representation. Additionally, we found brain-wide subliminal probability and salience effects. Taken together, these results suggest that conscious awareness is not necessary for probability to be integrated with conscious rewards to form an abstract "common currency" SV representation in vmPFC. Additionally, brain-wide subliminal probability and salience effects suggests information can have "global access" without conscious awareness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fernandes, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kable, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almeida, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eriksson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Sousa, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergstrom, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.11.642695</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Subliminal risk influences subjective value in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.11.642717v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DiMeLo-cito: a one-tube protocol for mapping protein-DNA interactions reveals CTCF bookmarking in mitosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.11.642717v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome regulation relies on complex and dynamic interactions between DNA and proteins. Recently, powerful methods have emerged that leverage third-generation sequencing to map protein-DNA interactions genome-wide. For example, Directed Methylation with Long-read sequencing (DiMeLo-seq) enables mapping of protein-DNA interactions along long, single chromatin fibers, including in highly repetitive genomic regions. However, DiMeLo-seq involves lossy centrifugation-based wash steps that limit its applicability to many sample types. To address this, we developed DiMeLo-cito, a single-tube, wash-free protocol that maximizes the yield and quality of genomic DNA obtained for long-read sequencing. This protocol enables the interrogation of genome-wide protein binding with as few as 100,000 cells and without the requirement of a nuclear envelope, enabling confident measurement of protein-DNA interactions during mitosis. Using this protocol, we detected strong binding of CTCF to mitotic chromosomes in diploid human cells, in contrast with earlier studies in karyotypically unstable cancer cell lines, suggesting that CTCF "bookmarks" specific sites critical for maintaining genome architecture across cell divisions. By expanding the capabilities of DiMeLo-seq to a broader range of sample types, DiMeLo-cito can provide new insights into genome regulation and organization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gamarra, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chittenden, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundararajan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lundqvist, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robles, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dixon-Luinenburg, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcus, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maslan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franklin, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streets, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Straight, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altemose, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.11.642717</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DiMeLo-cito: a one-tube protocol for mapping protein-DNA interactions reveals CTCF bookmarking in mitosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.13.642867v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microtubule-dependent cell polarity regulates skin-resident macrophage phagocytosis and directed cell migration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.13.642867v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immune cells rapidly respond to tissue damage through dynamic properties of the cytoskeleton. How microtubules control immune cell functions during injury responses remains poorly understood. Within skin, tissue-resident macrophages known as Langerhans cells use dynamic dendrites to surveil the epidermis for damage and migrate through a densely packed epithelium to wounds. Here, we use Langerhans cells within the adult zebrafish epidermis as a model to investigate roles for microtubules in immune cell tissue surveillance, phagocytosis, and directed migration. We describe microtubule organization within Langerhans cells, and show that depolymerizing the microtubule cytoskeleton alters dendrite morphology, debris engulfment, and migration efficiency. We find that the microtubule organizing center positions adjacent to engulfed debris and that its position correlates with navigational pathfinding during directed cell migration. Stabilizing microtubules prevents Langerhans cell motility during directed cell migration by impairing navigation around cellular obstacles. Collectively, our work demonstrates requirements for microtubules in the dynamic actions of tissue-resident macrophages during epithelial surveillance and wound repair.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peterman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swinburne, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Megason, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasmussen, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.13.642867</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microtubule-dependent cell polarity regulates skin-resident macrophage phagocytosis and directed cell migration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.19.644088v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
transfactor: Transcription factor activity estimation via probabilistic gene expression deconvolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.19.644088v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene expression is the primary modality being studied to differentiate between biological cells. Contemporary single-cell studies simultaneously measure genome-wide transcription levels for thousands of individual cells in a single experiment. While the characterization of cell population differences has often occurred through differential expression analysis, tiny effect sizes become statistically significant when thousands of cells are available for each population, compromising biological interpretation. Moreover, these large studies have spurred the development of methods to infer gene regulatory networks (GRNs) directly from the data, and GRN databases are becoming more comprehensive.

In this work, we propose a statistical model for gene expression measures and an inference method that leverage GRNs to deconvolve transcription factor (TF) activity from gene expression, by probabilistically assigning mRNA molecules to TFs. This shifts the paradigm from investigating gene expression differences to regulatory differences at the level of TF activity, aiding interpretation and allowing prioritization of a limited number of TFs responsible for significant contributions to the observed gene expression differences. The inferred TF activities result in intuitive prioritization of TFs in terms of the (difference in) estimated number of molecules they produce, in contrast to other widely-used methods relying on arbitrary enrichment scores. Our model allows the incorporation of prior information on the regulatory potential between each TF and target gene through prior distributions, and is able to deal with both repressing and activating interactions. We compare our approach to other TF activity estimation methods using two simulation experiments and two case studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Van den Berge, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bickel, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudoit, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.19.644088</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[transfactor: Transcription factor activity estimation via probabilistic gene expression deconvolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.20.644439v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gyral crowns contribute to the cortical infrastructure of human face processing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.20.644439v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuroanatomical features across spatial scales contribute to functional specialization and individual differences in behavior across species. Among species with gyrencephalic brains, gyral crown height, which measures a key aspect of the morphology of cortical folding, may represent an anatomical characteristic that importantly shapes neural function. Nevertheless, little is known about the relationship between functional selectivity and gyral crowns--especially in clinical populations. Here, we investigated this relationship and found that the size and gyral crown height of the middle, but not posterior, face-selective region on the fusiform gyrus (FG) was smaller in individuals with developmental prosopagnosia (DPs; N = 22, 68% female, aged 25-62) compared to neurotypical controls (NTs; N = 25, 60% females, aged 21-55), and this difference was related to face perception. Additional analyses replicated the relationship between gyral crowns and face selectivity in 1,053 NTs (55% females, aged 22-36). These results inform theoretical models of face processing while also providing a novel neuroanatomical feature contributing to the cortical infrastructure supporting face processing.

Significance StatementUnderstanding how brain structure supports specialized brain functions is a central goal of neuroscience. Here, we identified a role of gyral crown height--an understudied cortical feature--in shaping the cortical infrastructure underlying face processing. By examining face-selective regions of the fusiform gyrus in both neurotypical individuals and those with developmental prosopagnosia, we demonstrate that reduced gyral crown height is associated with diminished face-selective region surface area and impaired face recognition ability. Furthermore, this structural-functional relationship extends to a large neurotypical sample of over 1,000 individuals, highlighting a generalizable link between cortical anatomy and functional specialization. These findings introduce a new neuroanatomical factor to theoretical models of face perception, which could extend to additional neurodevelopmental disorders and other cognitive tasks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Willbrand, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiahui, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duchaine, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.20.644439</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gyral crowns contribute to the cortical infrastructure of human face processing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.21.644400v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A GENERALIZED PROTEIN DESIGN ML MODEL ENABLESGENERATION OF FUNCTIONAL DE NOVO PROTEINS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.21.644400v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Traditional protein design is fundamentally constrained by known sequences and folds. To break free from these limitations, we introduce a new alternative: designing proteins directly from plain-language specifications. To achieve this, we trained MP4, a transformer-based model that maps natural language prompts to protein sequences, on a dataset of 3.2 billion points and 138k tokens. In a benchmark of 96 prompts representing a wide array of functions and contexts, MP4 excelled by simultaneously improving on three key metrics: sequence realism, predicted fold quality, and alignment to the requested function. This high performance is particularly significant as it was achieved using only text as input which is a major departure from other models. Experimental validation confirmed our computational predictions: two de novo designs were experimentally shown to be both expressible and thermostable, with high-resolution crystallography (1.30 [A] and 1.77 [A]) ultimately revealing one to possess a paradigm-shifting novel fold. Functionally, the designs were also active, demonstrating both ATP binding and hydrolysis in vitro. This work demonstrates the realization of natural-language intent as functional proteins that express, crystallize, and catalyze. Although the underlying approach is still in early development with incomplete coverage and controllability, MP4 delivers a profound impact: it lowers the barrier to protein design and vastly expands the space for creative exploration in molecular programming.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Riley, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matusovsky, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parsa, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalantari, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naderi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azimian, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.21.644400</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A GENERALIZED PROTEIN DESIGN ML MODEL ENABLESGENERATION OF FUNCTIONAL DE NOVO PROTEINS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.22.644763v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aromatic acid metabolism in  Methylobacterium extorquens  reveals interplay between methylotrophic and heterotrophic pathways 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.22.644763v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Efforts towards microbial conversion of lignin to value-added products face many challenges because lignins methoxylated aromatic monomers release toxic C1 byproducts such as formaldehyde. The ability to grow on methoxylated aromatic acids (e.g., vanillic acid) has recently been identified in certain clades of methylotrophs, bacteria characterized by their unique ability to tolerate and metabolize high concentrations of formaldehyde. Here, we use a phyllosphere methylotroph isolate, Methylobacterium extorquens SLI 505, as a model to identify the fate of formaldehyde during methylotrophic growth on vanillic acids. M. extorquens SLI 505 displays concentration-dependent growth phenotypes on vanillic acid without concomitant formaldehyde accumulation. We conclude that M. extorquens SLI 505 overcomes potential metabolic bottlenecks from simultaneous assimilation of multicarbon and C1 intermediates by allocating formaldehyde towards dissimilation and assimilating the ring carbons of vanillic acid heterotrophically. We correlate this strategy with maximization of bioenergetic yields and demonstrate that formaldehyde dissimilation for energy generation rather than formaldehyde detoxification is advantageous for growth on aromatic acids. M. extorquens SLI 505 also exhibits catabolite repression during growth on methanol and low concentrations of vanillic acid, but no diauxie during growth on methanol and high concentrations of vanillic acid. Results from this study outline metabolic strategies employed by M. extorquens SLI 505 for growth on a complex single substrate that generates both C1 and multicarbon intermediates and emphasizes the robustness of M. extorquens for biotechnological applications for lignin valorization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Govindaraju, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Gomez, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.22.644763</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aromatic acid metabolism in  Methylobacterium extorquens  reveals interplay between methylotrophic and heterotrophic pathways]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.22.642900v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mosquito Dispersal in Context 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.22.642900v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mosquito dispersal plays an important role in mosquito ecology and mosquito-borne pathogen transmission. While reaction-diffusion and patch-based models with simple flux assumptions for emigration have played a predominant role in modeling mosquito dispersal, mosquito behavioral ecology - in particular, the process of searching for resources - is usually ignored by diffusion-based models. We thus set out to analyze mosquito movement using highly mimetic models, to see what we could learn from a different approach. Here, we present two behavioral state microsimulation models, in which mosquitoes are in behavioral states and search for required resources, which are distributed on a landscape. Models of this sort are laborious and challenging to work with, so we developed ramp.micro, an R package to build, solve, analyze, and visualize behavioral state microsimulation models for mosquitoes. Mosquito population dispersal is an emergent feature in these complex systems, so we developed new methods to describe and understand it. We show that population structure might not be revealed by a crude analysis of observed mosquito movement patterns, unless it can somehow account for sequences of flights for mosquitoes in behavioral states trying to accomplish a goal. We also show that even when resources are distributed randomly and uniformly, mosquito populations tend to form highly spatially structured communities. We also show that some heterogeneity in mosquito population densities is attributed to features of a network defined by searching and the spatial distribution of resources. These models highlight the importance of understanding mosquito behavioral states and resource availability in understanding mosquito population dispersal, and they point to the importance of local context. Motivated by these dynamics, spatial models for mosquito ecology and mosquito-borne pathogen transmission would benefit from considering resource availability as a factor affecting mosquito movement and dispersal.

Author summaryWe develop highly realistic population dynamic models for mosquito behavioral ecology where mosquitoes move around on landscapes made up of resources located at points in space. The mosquitoes are in behavioral states - blood feeding, egg laying, or sugar feeding - and they end each search at a point where the resource they need can be found. Even with simple assumptions, mosquito populations can be highly structured. Because mosquitoes tend to leave areas that lack a resource, and they tend to stay in areas that have all required resources, the scarcest resources end up determining the structure of mosquito populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sanchez Castellanos, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henry, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerra, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galick, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.22.642900</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mosquito Dispersal in Context]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.24.645022v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporal fMRI Dynamics Map Dopamine Physiology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.24.645022v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial variations in dopamine function are linked to cognition and substance use disorders but are challenging to characterize with current methods. Because dopamine influences blood vessel dilation, we hypothesized that hemodynamic latency, which reflects BOLD signal timing, could serve as an indirect marker of dopamine physiology. Across four datasets, we found a topography of hemodynamic latencies that precisely distinguished the nucleus accumbens, a dopaminergic region implicated in motivation and substance abuse, from other striatal regions. Using PET, genetics, and pharmacology, we found that hemodynamic latencies are robustly related to dopamine function and dopamine-linked behavior. In individuals with cocaine use disorder, we observed a spatial gradient of altered hemodynamic latencies in the striatum. This pattern independently predicted nicotine use, revealing a conserved physiological profile associated with addictive substance use. Hemodynamic latencies map regional, individual, and pathological differences linked to dopamine, opening new avenues for indirectly assessing the role of dopamine in healthy cognition and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ballard, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pappas, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furman, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berry, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frederick, B. d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kayser, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jagust, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Esposito, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.24.645022</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporal fMRI Dynamics Map Dopamine Physiology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.24.645145v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Where are they now? Academic and career trajectories of national laboratory STEM internship alumni from community colleges, compared to those from universities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.24.645145v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It is well-established that participation in technical or research experiences can support university student retention in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). However, there is very little published research on the availability and impact of opportunities for community college students, particularly those provided by Department of Energy (DOE) national laboratories. To address this gap, we collected data from students who participated in two DOE sponsored programs spanning from 2009 to 2016: the Community College Internship (CCI) and Science Undergraduate Laboratory Internship (SULI) at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL). Among CCI alumni, 90% earned a STEM bachelors degree and 88% are on a STEM career pathway. For SULI alumni, 91% earned a STEM bachelors degree and 71% are on a STEM career pathway. Overall, 80% of CCI alumni and 56% of SULI alumni have entered the STEM workforce, 5% of CCI alumni and 11% of SULI alumni are in the health workforce, and 6% of CCI alumni and 13% of SULI alumni are in the non-STEM workforce. Our findings indicate that community college students who participate in STEM professional development activities (such as the CCI program) are likely to complete their academic degrees and pursue STEM careers at rates comparable to those of university students. This investment in providing internships at LBNL for community college students has effectively supported their entry into STEM careers and their desire in pursuing work within the DOE complex in the years following their participation in these programs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cote, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zamora, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaramillo Salcido, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Doren, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manocha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otero Munoz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Law, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baranger, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.24.645145</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Where are they now? Academic and career trajectories of national laboratory STEM internship alumni from community colleges, compared to those from universities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.25.642177v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rare Jackpot Individuals Drive Rapid Adaptation in Threespine Stickleback 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.25.642177v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recombination has long been considered the primary mechanism to bring beneficial alleles together, which can increase the speed of adaptation from standing genetic variation. Recombination is fundamental to the transporter hypothesis proposed to explain precise parallel adaptation in Threespine Stickleback. We studied an instance of freshwater adaptation in the Threespine Stickleback system using whole genomic data from an evolutionary time series to observe the genomic dynamics underlying rapid parallel adaptation. Our experiment showed that rapid adaptation to a freshwater environment depended on a few individuals with large haploblocks of freshwater-adaptive alleles (jackpot carriers) present among the anadromous (i.e., sea-run) founders at low frequencies. Biological kinship analyses indicate that mating among jackpot carriers and between jackpot carriers and non-jackpot individuals led to a rapid increase in freshwater-adaptive alleles within the first few generations. This process allowed the population to overcome a substantial bottleneck likely caused by the low fitness of first-generation stickleback with a few freshwater-adaptive alleles born in the lake. Additionally, we found evidence that the genetic load that emerged from population growth after the bottleneck may have been reduced through an increase in homozygosity by inbreeding, ultimately purging deleterious alleles. Recombination likely played a limited role in this case of very rapid adaptation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kwakye, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reid, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wund, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heins, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veeramah, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.25.642177</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rare Jackpot Individuals Drive Rapid Adaptation in Threespine Stickleback]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.26.645588v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Directed evolution expands CRISPR-Cas12a genome editing capacity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.26.645588v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas12a enzymes are versatile RNA-guided genome-editing tools with applications encompassing viral diagnosis, agriculture and human therapeutics. However, their dependence on a 5-TTTV-3 protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM) next to DNA target sequences restricts Cas12as gene targeting capability to only [~]1% of a typical genome. To mitigate this constraint, we used a bacterial-based directed evolution assay combined with rational engineering to identify variants of Lachnospiraceae bacterium Cas12a (LbCas12a) with expanded PAM recognition. The resulting Cas12a variants use a range of non-canonical PAMs while retaining recognition of the canonical 5-TTTV-3 PAM. In particular, biochemical and cell-based assays show that the variant Flex-Cas12a utilizes 5-NYHV-3 PAMs that expand DNA recognition sites to [~]25% of the human genome. With enhanced targeting versatility, Flex-Cas12a unlocks access to previously inaccessible genomic loci, providing new opportunities for both therapeutic and agricultural genome engineering.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ma, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wasko, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esain-Garcia, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trinidad, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.26.645588</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Directed evolution expands CRISPR-Cas12a genome editing capacity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.25.645285v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Assessing the combined performance of supervised learning and spike-in constructs for bias correction in eDNA metabarcoding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.25.645285v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding has become increasingly popular as an approach to efficiently document biodiversity within an environment characterized by relative uncertainty. Compared to the traditional stereomicroscopic approaches, eDNA metabarcoding is simpler and less costly. Under ideal circumstances, researchers are able to directly extrapolate the true relative abundance of a particular taxon in the sampled environment by computing the proportion of sequenced reads assigned to the specific taxon. Although several previous studies have been carried out under such assumptions, some researchers have raised the possibility that there may exist both biological and technical biases in eDNA metabarcoding studies, leading to inconsistent estimations of community composition. Using mock community datasets from nine relevant studies in the past, we showed that bias correction in eDNA metabarcoding studies is indeed a predictable task. We also found reads and amp_gc to be the two most important feature predictors, such that these two features alone are enough to retain most of the model performances. Experiment-specific information were found to be necessary for bias correcting models to perform well. However, we have yet to develop an effective way of converting knowledge regarding spike-in (SP) samples into experiment-specific information that can be learned by existing models. Nonetheless, under the data-specific scenario, AdaBoost showed an optimal 35.62% improvement from the baseline established by the vanilla control model. Additionally, we showed that model performances could be rescued by the availability of experiment-specific data, under which XgBoost exhibited an optimal 81.57% improvement from the baseline. Our work suggests that future metabarcoding studies would benefit from performing supervised learning (SL)-based bias correction prior to downstream analyses. Moreover, if experiment-specific data is available at the time of the study, it is optimal to construct an XgBoost model. Otherwise, it is still recommended to construct an AdaBoost model, which showed marginal improvement from the baseline with no modeling.

One Sentence SummarySupervised learning models, particularly XgBoost and AdaBoost, can effectively correct biases in eDNA metabarcoding studies, with performance improving significantly when experiment-specific data is available.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.25.645285</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Assessing the combined performance of supervised learning and spike-in constructs for bias correction in eDNA metabarcoding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.28.646030v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A miniature CRISPR-Cas10 enzyme confers immunity by an inverse signaling pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.28.646030v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial and viral co-evolution has created immunity mechanisms involving oligonucleotide signaling that share mechanistic features with human anti-viral systems1. In these pathways, including CBASS and type III CRISPR systems in bacteria and cGAS-STING in humans, oligonucleotide synthesis occurs upon detection of virus or foreign genetic material in the cell, triggering the antiviral response2-4. In a surprising inversion of this process, we show here that the CRISPR-related enzyme mCpol synthesizes cyclic oligonucleotides constitutively as part of an active mechanism that maintains cell health. Cell-based experiments demonstrated that the absence or loss of mCpol-produced cyclic oligonucleotides triggers cell death, preventing spread of viruses that attempt immune evasion by depleting host cyclic nucleotides. Structural and mechanistic investigation revealed mCpol to be a di-adenylate cyclase whose product, c-di-AMP, prevents toxic oligomerization of the effector protein 2TM{beta}. Analysis of cells by fluorescence microscopy showed that lack of mCpol allows 2TM{beta}-mediated cell death due to inner membrane collapse. These findings unveil a powerful new defense strategy against virus-mediated immune suppression, expanding our understanding of oligonucleotides in cell health and disease. These results raise the possibility of similar protective roles for cyclic oligonucleotides in other organisms including humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Doherty, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adler, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armbuster, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lahiri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolling, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilcox, X. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akkati, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iavarone, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pogliano, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.28.646030</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A miniature CRISPR-Cas10 enzyme confers immunity by an inverse signaling pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.26.645601v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Barrier-Free Microhabitats: Self-Organized Seclusion in Microbial Communities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.26.645601v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria frequently colonize natural microcavities such as gut crypts, plant apoplasts, and soil pores. Recent studies have shown that the physical structure of these spaces plays a crucial role in shaping the stability and resilience of microbial populations (1, 2). Here, we demonstrate that protected microhabitats can emerge dynamically, even in the absence of physical barriers. Interactions with surface features--such as roughness or friction--lead microbial populations to self-organize into effectively segregated subpopulations. Our numerical and analytical models reveal that this self-organization persists even when strains have different growth rates, allowing slower-growing strains to avoid competitive exclusion. These findings suggest that emergent spatial structuring can serve as a fundamental mechanism for maintaining microbial diversity, despite selection pressures, competition, and genetic drift.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Slepukhin, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peris-Yague, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westendorf, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koch, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallatschek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.26.645601</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Barrier-Free Microhabitats: Self-Organized Seclusion in Microbial Communities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.01.646723v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The third alpha helix of plant homeoproteins are generally cell-penetrating to plant cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.01.646723v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Homeoproteins are transcription factors involved in developmental regulation. Animal homeoproteins are generally cell-penetrating to animal cells, capable of crossing membranes through a conserved 3rd alpha helix "penetration" domain. While plants also possess homeoproteins, the cell-penetrating ability of plant homeoproteins has not been investigated. We catalog the 3rd alpha helixes of plant homeoproteins across 851 species and screen a subset for the ability to penetrate walled-plant cells. We identify plant 3rd alpha helixes which are cell-penetrating to plants, the efficiency of which is amino acid sequence dependent, and use these peptides for cytosolic delivery of recombinant protein cargoes. We discover plant homeoproteins are generally cell-penetrating to plants, mirroring the behavior of animal homeoproteins, with applications in plant biotechnology and implications for fundamental plant biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Squire, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J. W.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.01.646723</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The third alpha helix of plant homeoproteins are generally cell-penetrating to plant cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.29.646125v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Paired Analyses of Nuclear Protein Targets and Genomic DNA by Single-Cell Western Blot and Single-Cell PCR 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.29.646125v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell multimodal assays measure multiple layers of molecular information. Existing single-cell tools have limited capability to analyze nuclear proteins and genomic DNA from the same originating single cell. To address this gap, we designed and developed a microfluidic single-cell assay (SplitBlot), that pairs measurements of genomic DNA (PCR-based) and nucleo-cytoplasmic proteins (nuclear histone H3 and cytoplasmic beta-actin). To accomplish this paired multiomic measurement, we utilize microfluidic precision to fractionate protein molecules (both nuclear and cytoplasmic) from genomic DNA (nuclear). We create a fractionation axis that prepends a comet-like encapsulation of genomic DNA in an agarose molded microwell to a downstream single-cell western blot in polyacrylamide gel (PAG). For single-cell genomic DNA analysis, the agarose-encapsulated DNA is physically extracted from the microfluidic device for in-tube PCR, after release of genomic DNA from a molten agarose pallet (86% of pallets resulted in amplification of TurboGFP). For protein analysis, nucleo-cytoplasmic proteins are photocaptured to the PAG (via benzophenone) and probed in-situ (15 kDa histone H3 resolved from 42 kDa beta-actin with a separation resolution Rs = 0.77, CV = 76%). The SplitBlot reported the amplification of TurboGFP DNA and the separation of nuclear histone H3 and cytoplasmic beta-actin from the same single U251 cells engineered to express TurboGFP. Demonstrated here, Split-Blot offers the capacity for precision genomic DNA vs. protein fractionation for subsequent split workflow consisting of in-tube PCR and on-chip single-cell western blotting, thus providing a tool for pairing genotype to nuclear and cytoplasmic protein expression at the single-cell level.

TOC Graphic

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=111 SRC="FIGDIR/small/646125v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (17K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@168541corg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@69ff17org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@ea4fa1org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@111daad_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gomez Martinez, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herr, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.29.646125</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Paired Analyses of Nuclear Protein Targets and Genomic DNA by Single-Cell Western Blot and Single-Cell PCR]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.01.646034v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improving interpretability of transcription factor binding models with DNA shape features 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.01.646034v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deep learning models in genomics that predict molecular phenotypes from DNA sequence traditionally focus on one-hot encoded nucleotide representations. Here, we develop a novel model that extends this approach by incorporating DNA structural attributes indicative of local DNA shape alongside canonical sequence inputs. This augmentation provides an additional axis for model interpretability and aids in identifying regulatory patterns not apparent from sequence alone. Applying this approach to prediction of transcription factor binding (ChIP-seq) demonstrates that combining sequence and structural DNA information can improve the identification of regulatory elements to provide a more nuanced understanding of genomic function and regulation.

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=96 SRC="FIGDIR/small/646034v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (23K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@b648b6org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@15fa931org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@15d0d31org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@d212e_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG Schematic overview of the DeepShape model. One-hot encoded sequence, and five DNA shape attributes--minor groove width (MGW), helical twist (HelT), propeller twist (ProT), roll, and electrostatic potential (EP)--are input separately to sequence and shape branches of the model, each processed through two convolutional layers and subsequently concatenated for further processing through additional convolutional layers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Keivanfar, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ioannidis, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.01.646034</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improving interpretability of transcription factor binding models with DNA shape features]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.03.647137v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Excitation Spectral Phasor Microscopy (ExSPM) unveils spatiotemporal heterogeneities in polarity of intracellular lipid droplets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.03.647137v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatiotemporal heterogeneities in intracellular LD polarity are central to cellular homeostasis but remain largely unexplored. Here, we introduce Excitation Spectral Phasor Microscopy (ExSPM), which integrates high-throughput excitation spectral imaging with phasor analysis to map LD polarity with exceptional sensitivity and spatiotemporal resolution. Using the lipophilic dye Nile Red, ExSPM revealed extensive heterogeneity and dynamics of LD polarity within single cells, reflecting lipid metabolism and energy status. Notably, high-polarity LDs emerged dynamically at lysosome- and mitochondria-contact sites, revealing pathway-specific kinetics of LD catabolism that distinguish lipophagy from neutral lipolysis. ExSPM further uncovered a tightly interconnected regulatory network among lipolytic pathways, in which perturbation of one pathway reshapes others while preserving overall energy supply. ExSPM thus provides a versatile platform to dissect intracellular compositional heterogeneity and the coordinated regulation of lipid metabolism, offering new insights into organelle function and cellular homeostasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kireev, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.03.647137</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Excitation Spectral Phasor Microscopy (ExSPM) unveils spatiotemporal heterogeneities in polarity of intracellular lipid droplets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.04.645990v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
How Nasal Cavity Structure Influences Empty Nose Syndrome Severity: A CFD-Based Analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.04.645990v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundEmpty Nose Syndrome (ENS) is a debilitating condition that can occur after partial or total turbinectomy, leading to impaired nasal airflow sensation, breathing difficulties, and sleep disturbances. While ENS is often diagnosed using the ENS6Q questionnaire, its precise causes remain unclear. Some patients with significant turbinate loss develop minor ENS symptoms, whereas others experience severe symptoms after minor mucosal cauterization. Understanding the structural and aerodynamic factors contributing to ENS is crucial for improving diagnosis and prevention.

ObjectiveThis study aims to identify correlations between the ENS6Q score and key anatomical and aerodynamic parameters obtained from computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations in ENS patients.

MethodsWe reconstructed patient-specific nasal cavity models from computed tomography (CT) scans and performed CFD simulations. The analysis focused on five key parameters: the remaining turbinate volume, total mucosal surface area, nasal resistance, average cross-sectional area, and airflow imbalance between the two nasal cavities. These parameters were then compared to ENS6Q scores.

ResultsPreliminary findings suggest that a lower remaining turbinate volume, reduced mucosal surface area are associated with higher ENS6Q scores. Additionally, significant airflow asymmetry between the two nasal cavities appears to correlate with more severe symptoms.

Furthermore, our data indicate that individuals with larger nasal cavities and greater preoperative mucosal surface area tend to be more resilient to turbinectomy. For an equivalent amount of turbinate resection, patients with initially smaller nasal cavities thus having less mucosal surface experience more severe ENS symptoms.

ConclusionBy quantifying the anatomical and aerodynamic characteristics of ENS patients, this study provides new insights into the structural factors contributing to ENS severity. These findings may help refine diagnostic criteria and guide surgical approaches to minimize ENS risk.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>RUMIANO, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinh, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.04.645990</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[How Nasal Cavity Structure Influences Empty Nose Syndrome Severity: A CFD-Based Analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.04.647278v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Force-insensitive myosin-I enhances endocytosis robustness through actin network-scale collective ratcheting 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.04.647278v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Force production by Type-I myosins influences endocytic progression in many cell types. Since different myosin-I isoforms exhibit distinct force-dependent kinetic properties, it is important to investigate how these properties affect endocytic outcomes, and the mechanisms through which myosin-I contributes to endocytosis. To this end, we adapted our agent-based simulations of endocytic actin networks and incorporated nonprocessive, single-headed myosin motors at the base of the endocytic pit. We varied the unbinding rate and the force dependence of myosin unbinding. Our results revealed that the inclusion of myosin motors facilitated endocytic internalization, but only under kinetic regimes with rapid and less force-sensitive unbinding. Conversely, slow or strongly force-dependent unbinding impeded endocytic progression. As membrane tension increased, the boundary between assistive and inhibitory phases shifted, allowing the myosins to assist over larger regions of the kinetic landscape. Myosin-Is contribution to internalization could not be explained by direct force transduction or increased actin assembly. Instead, the myosins collectively bolstered the robustness of internalization by limiting pit retraction.

Significance StatementO_LIType-I myosins with varying force sensitivity levels participate in different membrane deformation pathways, but the mechanistic link between molecular biophysical properties and cellular function remains poorly understood.
C_LIO_LIThe authors analyze a computational model of endocytosis with type-I myosins and find that myosins with lower force sensitivity assist endocytosis by reducing backsliding along the internalization trajectory, while myosins with higher force sensitivity stall endocytosis by sequestering actin in non-productive orientations.
C_LIO_LIThese results introduce a new perspective on the function of type-I myosins in membrane reshaping: as a collective emergent property rather than the sum of individual force-generating motors.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ferrin, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedersen, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drubin, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akamatsu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.04.647278</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Force-insensitive myosin-I enhances endocytosis robustness through actin network-scale collective ratcheting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.07.647376v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SpeedyTrack: Direct microsecond wide-field single-molecule tracking and super-resolution mapping via CCD vertical shift 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.07.647376v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We introduce spatially-encoded dynamics tracking (SpeedyTrack), a strategy to enable direct microsecond wide-field single-molecule tracking/imaging on common microscopy setups. Capitalizing on the native sub-microsecond vertical charge shifting capability of popular electron-multiplying charge-coupled devices (EM-CCDs), SpeedyTrack staggers wide-field single-molecule images along the CCD chip at [~]10-row spacings between consecutive timepoints, effectively projecting the time domain to the spatial domain. Wide-field tracking is thus achieved for freely diffusing molecules at down to 50 {micro}s temporal resolutions for >30 timepoints, permitting trajectory analysis to quantify diffusion coefficients up to 1,000 {micro}m2/s. Concurrent acquisition of single-molecule diffusion trajectories and Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) time traces further elucidates conformational dynamics and binding states for diffusing molecules. Moreover, with a temporally patterned vertical shifting scheme, we deconvolve the spatial and temporal information to map long, fast single-molecule trajectories at the super-resolution level, thus resolving the diffusion mode of a fluorescent protein in live cells with nanoscale resolution. While these demonstrated capabilities substantially outperform existing approaches, SpeedyTrack further stands out for its simplicity by directly working off the built-in functionalities of EM-CCDs without the need to modify existing optics or electronics. We thus provide a facile solution to the microsecond tracking/imaging of single molecules and their super-resolution mapping in the wide field.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steves, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.07.647376</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SpeedyTrack: Direct microsecond wide-field single-molecule tracking and super-resolution mapping via CCD vertical shift]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.11.648418v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Restoration of urban salmon habitat has limited effects on a key ecosystem function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.11.648418v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pacific Salmon have the potential to act as umbrella species in western North America. Urban streams have warmer temperatures, higher nutrient loads, and flashier hydrographs from impervious surroundings (urban stream syndrome). These changes are likely to affect ecosystem functions that are key to biodiversity and ecosystem services. Here, we ask whether restoration to improve urban stream habitat for Pacific Salmon can naturalize organic matter decomposition rates. Using structural equation models, we investigated the relationship between physical habitat, surrounding impervious surface, restoration intensity, and cotton strip decomposition rates, for streams in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. We hypothesized that 1) decomposition rates would differ along a gradient of urbanized to more natural reaches, and 2) sites receiving more intense restoration would have decomposition rates more similar to less-urbanized sites, partly because restoration would mitigate the environmental changes associated with urban stream syndrome. Streams surrounded by more impervious surface tended to have faster decomposition rates (standardized path coefficient = 0.38, the strongest direct effect on decomposition out of all the variables we considered). Reaches with higher restoration showed altered physical habitat characteristics compared to less-restored urban reaches. However, restoration intensity did not have a significant effect on decomposition rates in our structural equation model. Human impacts on freshwater ecosystems occur through pathways at broad spatial scales, and our results suggest that local efforts focusing on physical habitat restoration for umbrella species may not be the most effective way to address changes to ecosystem functioning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wik, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Little, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.11.648418</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Restoration of urban salmon habitat has limited effects on a key ecosystem function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.10.648287v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Warm waters undermine cryptic female choice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.10.648287v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reproduction is often more thermally sensitive than survival. Thus, understanding the thermal sensitivity of reproductive interactions is crucial given global warming. However, it is unknown how temperature influences female control over fertilization after mating (i.e., cryptic female choice). We tested how temperatures relevant to current conditions and climate change projections influence cryptic female choice in a marine fish, Symphodus ocellatus. Under typical conditions, females bias fertilization dynamics to favor dominant males. We find that warmer temperatures decrease female influence on sperm velocity and reduce the expected paternity of dominant males. Our results demonstrate that temperatures relevant to climate change can shift the balance between mate choice and male-male competition. Thus, climate change may influence sexual selection, leading to evolutionary changes in reproductive traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kustra, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alissa, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molinari, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stiver, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marsh-Rollo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hellmann, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alonzo, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.10.648287</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Warm waters undermine cryptic female choice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.11.648246v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Seasonal brain regeneration and chromosome instability are linked to selection on DNA repair in Sorex araneus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.11.648246v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sorex araneus, the Eurasian common shrew, has seasonal brain size plasticity (Dehnels phenomenon) and abundant intraspecific chromosomal rearrangements, but genomic contributions to these traits remain unknown. We couple a chromosome-scale genome assembly with seasonal brain transcriptomes to discover relationships between molecular changes and both traits. Positively selected genes enriched the Fanconi anemia DNA repair pathway, which prevents the accumulation of chromosomal aberrations, and is likely involved in chromosomal rearrangements (FANCI, FAAP100). Genes involved in neurogenesis show either signatures of positive selection (PCDHA6), seasonal differential expression in the cortex and hippocampus (Notch signaling), or both (SOX9), suggesting a role for cellular proliferation in seasonal brain shrinkage and regrowth. Both positive selection and evolutionary upregulation in the shrew hypothalamus of VEGFA and SPHK2 indicate adaptations in hypothalamic metabolic homeostasis have evolved together with Dehnels phenomenon. These findings reveal genomic changes central to the evolution of both chromosomal instability and cyclical patterns in brain gene expression that characterizes mammalian brain size plasticity.

TeaserGenomic and expression variations are key to chromosomal instability and seasonal brain plasticity in the common shrew.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thomas, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lama, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno-Santillan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farre, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldoni, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abueg, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balacco, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedrigo, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Formenti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mountcastle, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tilley, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tracey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dechmann, D. K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Elverfeldt, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nieland, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corthals, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarvis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davalos, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.11.648246</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Seasonal brain regeneration and chromosome instability are linked to selection on DNA repair in Sorex araneus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.15.649019v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
G protein-coupled receptor diversity and evolution in the closest living relatives of Metazoa 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.15.649019v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play a pivotal role in the perception of environmental cues across eukaryotic diversity. Although GPCRs have been relatively well characterized in metazoans, GPCR signaling is poorly understood in their sister group, the choanoflagellates, and in other close relatives of metazoans (CRMs). Here, we examine GPCR diversity and evolution in choanoflagellates by curating a catalog of 918 GPCRs, 141 G proteins, and 367 associated regulators from 23 choanoflagellate genomes and transcriptomes. We found that the repertoire of choanoflagellate GPCRs is larger and more diverse than previously anticipated, with 18 GPCR families found in choanoflagellates, of which 12 families are newly identified in these organisms. Comparative analyses revealed that most choanoflagellate GPCR families are conserved in metazoans and/or other eukaryotic lineages. Adhesion GPCRs and a class of GPCRs fused to kinases (the GPCR-TKL/Ks) are the most abundant GPCRs in choanoflagellates. The identification of GPCR repertoires in CRMs and other non-metazoans refines our understanding of metazoan GPCR evolution and reveals the existence of previously unreported GPCR families in metazoans and at the root of the eukaryotic tree.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garcia De Las Bayonas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.15.649019</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[G protein-coupled receptor diversity and evolution in the closest living relatives of Metazoa]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.14.648727v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Write and read: Harnessing Synthetic DNA Modifications for Nanopore Sequencing. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.14.648727v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An exciting feature of nanopore sequencing is its ability to record multi-omic information on the same sequenced DNA molecule. Well-trained models allow the detection of nucleotide-specific molecular signatures through changes in ionic current as DNA molecules translocate through the nanopore. Thus, naturally occurring DNA modifications, such as DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation, may be recorded simultaneously with the genetic sequence. Additional genomic information, such as chromatin state or the locations of bound transcription factors, may also be recorded if their locations are chemically encoded into the DNA. Here, we present a versatile "write-and-read" framework, where chemo-enzymatic DNA labeling with unnatural synthetic tags results in predictable electrical fingerprints in nanopore sequencing. As a proof-of-concept, we explore a DNA glucosylation approach that selectively modifies 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) with glucose or glucose-azide adducts. We demonstrate that these modifications generate distinct and reproducible electrical shifts, enabling the direct detection of chemically altered nucleotides. We further demonstrate that enzymatic alkylation, such as the enzymatic transfer of azide residues to the N6 position of adenines, also produces characteristic nanopore signal shifts relative to the native adenine and 6-methyladenine. Beyond direct nucleotide detection, this approach introduces new possibilities for bio-orthogonal DNA labeling, enabling an extended alphabet of sequence-specific detectable moieties. The future use of programmable chemical modifications for simultaneous analysis of multiple omics features on individual molecules opens new avenues for genetic research and discovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bertocchi, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grunwald, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eitan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avraham, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaeli, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Listgarten, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simpson, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timp, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebenstein, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.14.648727</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Write and read: Harnessing Synthetic DNA Modifications for Nanopore Sequencing.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.16.649203v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Feature-tuned synaptic inputs to somatostatin interneurons drive context-dependent processing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.16.649203v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mapping neural computation onto the functional microarchitecture of sensory circuits is essential for understanding how brain circuits transform input signals into coherent percepts. Many higher-order perceptual processes emerge in the cortex, yet relatively little is known about how specific connectivity motifs give rise to these computations. To address this challenge, we combined single cell and population-level physiological recordings and perturbation methods to map a context-dependent cortical computation onto the synaptic microarchitecture of the mouse primary visual cortex (V1). We demonstrate a precise, recurrent circuit between cortical pyramidal cells (PCs) and somatostatin (SST) inhibitory interneurons that mediates context-driven figure/ground modulation in V1. Through a like-to-like connectivity rule from PCs and SSTs, this circuit explains SSTs visual encoding properties and their resulting impact on contextual modulation in V1. These findings reveal key synaptic and circuit mechanisms that may underlie the earliest stages of scene segmentation in the visual cortex. Moreover, they raise the notion that feature-specific excitatory-inhibitory microcircuitry from PC to SSTs could be a general strategy that the cortex exploits to give rise to higher level computations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hendricks, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadahiro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mossing, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veit, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adesnik, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.16.649203</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Feature-tuned synaptic inputs to somatostatin interneurons drive context-dependent processing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.18.649589v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
OpenIrisDPI: An Open-Source Digital Dual Purkinje Image Eye Tracker for Visual Neuroscience 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.18.649589v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundVideo-based eye trackers are widely used in vision science, psychology, clinical assessment, and neurophysiology. Many such systems track the pupil center and corneal reflection (P-CR) and compare their positions to estimate the direction of gaze. However, P-CR eye trackers are often too imprecise for applications with stringent eye tracking quality requirements.

New methodWe present OpenIrisDPI, an open-source plugin for the OpenIris frame-work that implements dual Purkinje image (DPI) tracking. OpenIrisDPI supports simultaneous pupillography, a technique widely used in perceptual psychology and neuroscience, and it enables direct comparison between P-CR and DPI signals.

ResultsData collected from macaque monkeys using OpenIrisDPI show that the P-CR method overestimates the amount of fixational drift between saccades compared to DPI. The accuracy of the DPI signal was further validated using high-density extracellular recording of neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus. Compensating for the effects of fixational eye movements using DPI signals produced sharper estimates of neuronal receptive fields than using simultaneously collected P-CR signals.

Comparison with existing methodsOpenIrisDPI is provided as open-source software and operates on consumer-grade hardware, making it more accessible than previously described DPI eye trackers and less costly than many P-CR systems. To our knowledge, OpenIrisDPI is the first eye tracker to perform both pupillography and DPI eye tracking.

ConclusionOpenIrisDPI makes high-precision eye tracking readily available to the research community. It is well suited for visual neuroscience applications, where accurate knowledge of the retinal image during experiments is critical.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=105 SRC="FIGDIR/small/649589v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (31K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@596dd2org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@139027borg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1d1e526org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@11b321c_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG HighlightsO_LIOpenIrisDPI is a new open-source eye tracking system.
C_LIO_LIOpenIrisDPI tracks the pupil, corneal reflection, & fourth Purkinje image at 500 Hz.
C_LIO_LIDual Purkinje image-based eye tracking is more precise than pupilbased tracking.
C_LIO_LIDPI improves receptive field characterization of LGN neurons in fixating macaques.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ressmeyer, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otero-Millan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horwitz, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yates, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.18.649589</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[OpenIrisDPI: An Open-Source Digital Dual Purkinje Image Eye Tracker for Visual Neuroscience]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.21.648266v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell-type-specific transposable element demethylation and TAD remodeling in the aging mouse brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.21.648266v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aging is a major risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases, yet underlying epigenetic mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we generated a comprehensive single-nucleus cell atlas of brain aging across multiple brain regions, comprising 132,551 single-cell methylomes and 72,666 joint chromatin conformation-methylome nuclei. Integration with companion transcriptomic and chromatin accessibility data yielded a cross-modality taxonomy of 36 major cell types. We observed that age-related methylation changes were more pronounced in non-neuronal cells. Transposable element methylation alone distinguished age groups, showing cell-type-specific genome-wide demethylation. Chromatin conformation analysis demonstrated age-related increases in TAD boundary strength with enhanced accessibility at CTCF binding sites. Spatial transcriptomics across 895,296 cells revealed regional heterogeneity during aging within identical cell types. Finally, we developed novel deep-learning models that accurately predict age-related gene expression changes using multi-modal epigenetic features, providing mechanistic insights into gene regulation. This dataset advances our understanding of brain aging and offers potential translational applications.

HighlightsO_LISingle-cell multi-omic profiling maps the epigenetic and spatial transcriptomic landscape of brain aging across multiple regions.
C_LIO_LICell-type-specific genome-wide demethylation of retrotransposable elements correlates with increased chromatin accessibility and expression.
C_LIO_LIElevated TAD boundary strength emerges as a unique marker of brain aging associated with CTCF gaining accessibility.
C_LIO_LIA novel deep-learning model reveals the significance of epigenetic features on age-related transcriptomic changes across genes.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zeng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartlett, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nery, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castanon, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osteen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altshul, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenworthy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valadon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owens, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amaral, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baez-Becerra, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rink, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barcoma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arzavala, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emerson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behrens, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ecker, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.21.648266</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell-type-specific transposable element demethylation and TAD remodeling in the aging mouse brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.16.649239v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exogenous Thyroxine Increases Cardiac Nrf2-TRX in Insulin Resistant OLETF Rats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.16.649239v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death among individuals with Type II diabetes (T2D), affecting approximately 30 million people in the United States. During insulin resistance, the heart undergoes a metabolic shift, leading to increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, lipotoxicity, and mitochondrial dysfunction, ultimately contributing to cardiovascular dysfunction. The effects of thyroid hormones (THs) on redox biology and oxidative stress remain inconclusive, necessitating further investigation. In this study, insulin-resistant Otsuka Long Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats were used to assess the impact of exogenous thyroxine (exoT4) on NADPH oxidases (NOX) and antioxidant defenses in the heart. Rats were assigned to four groups: (1) lean control, Long Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO; n=6), (2) LETO + T4 (8 g/100g BM/day for 5 weeks; n=7), (3) untreated OLETF (n=6), and (4) OLETF + T4 (n=7). NOX4 mRNA expression was two-fold greater in OLETF rats compared to LETO. T4 treatment increased NOX4 protein abundance by 56% in OLETF. Additionally, T4 normalized lipid peroxidation (4-hydroxynonenal) and tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) levels while increasing nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) mRNA expression by 158% compared to LETO and enhancing nuclear Nrf2 protein expression by 45% compared to untreated OLETF. Thioredoxin (TRX) expression, suppressed in OLETF, was increased by 88% following T4 treatment. ExoT4 increased mitofusin 2 (Mfn2) protein abundance in OLETF by 49% compared to LETO. These findings suggest that thyroid hormone treatment may have cardioprotective effects mediated by Nrf2 in the heart during metabolic syndrome (MetS).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mendez, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez Garcia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sonanez-Organis, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez Garcia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazquez-Anaya, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nishiyama, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazquez-Medina, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortiz, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.16.649239</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exogenous Thyroxine Increases Cardiac Nrf2-TRX in Insulin Resistant OLETF Rats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.21.648827v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Horizontal saccade bias results from combination of saliency anisotropies and egocentric biases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.21.648827v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Saccadic eye movements shift the fovea between objects of interest to build a visual percept. In humans, saccades are predominantly executed along the cardinal axes, particularly in the horizontal direction. It is unknown how this horizontal saccade bias could arise mechanistically, though previous work suggests contributions from neural, image-based, and ocular motor factors. Here we used two publicly available eye movement datasets to first investigate which image features-spatial frequency, saliency, and structural content-relate to the horizontal saccade bias. Among the three image features, we found that orientation anisotropies in saliency content best predicted the strength of the horizontal saccade bias. Based on this result, we next implemented a saccade target selection model combining allocentric biases aligned with image orientation and egocentric biases aligned with eye or head orientation, independent of image content. As in prior work, this combination successfully replicated human saccade distributions during free viewing of upright images. When applied to tilted images, the model produced effects of image tilt and saccade size that were correlated with prior empirical findings, though with reduced amplitude, suggesting that current saliency models do not fully capture image effects. Taken together, these results suggest that saccade generation reflects both the allocentric biases present in the structure of natural scenes and the egocentric biases present in the saccade generation system itself. An open question is why the egocentric saccade bias exists, but our results suggest that it is adaptive in response to regularities in the world and our typical upright orientation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reeves, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otero-Millan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.21.648827</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Horizontal saccade bias results from combination of saliency anisotropies and egocentric biases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.21.649844v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic cell-type resolved transcriptomes of 8 tissues in 8 lab and wild-derived mouse strains captures global and local expression variation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.21.649844v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mapping the impact of genomic variation on gene expression facilitates an understanding of the molecular basis of complex phenotypic traits and disease predisposition. Mouse models provide a controlled and reproducible framework for capturing the breadth of genomic variation observed in different genotypes across a wide variety of tissues. As part of the IGVF consortiums effort to catalog the effects of genetic variation, we uniformly characterized the transcriptomes of eight tissues from each mouse founder strain used to derive the Collaborative Cross strains, comprising five classical laboratory inbred strains and three wild-derived inbred strains. We sequenced samples from four male and four female replicates per tissue using single-nucleus RNA-seq to generate an "8-cube" dataset of 5.2 million nuclei across 106 cell types and cell states. As expected, the overall extent of transcriptome variation correlates positively with genetic divergence across the strains with the greatest differential between PWK/PhJ and CAST/EiJ. At the individual tissue level, heart and brain are relatively more similar across strains compared with gonads, adrenal, skeletal muscle, kidney, and liver. Further analyses revealed substantial strain variation, often concentrated in a few cell types as well as cell-state signatures that especially reflect strain-associated immune and metabolic trait differences. The founder 8-cube dataset provides rich transcriptome variation signatures to help explain strain-specific phenotypic traits and disease states, as illustrated by examples in tissue-resident immune cells, muscle degeneration, kidney sex differences, and the hypothalamicpituitary-adrenal axis. This data further provides a systematic foundation for the analysis of these tissues in the founder strains as well as the Collaborative Cross.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rebboah, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdollahzadeh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swarna, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trout, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reese, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filimban, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahdipour, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duffield, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mojaverzargar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taghizadeh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fattahi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mojgani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loving, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carilli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Booeshaghi, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawauchi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallgrimsdottir, I. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacGregor, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pachter, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wold, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mortazavi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.21.649844</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic cell-type resolved transcriptomes of 8 tissues in 8 lab and wild-derived mouse strains captures global and local expression variation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.22.649783v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Assemblies of long-read metagenomes suffer from diverse errors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.22.649783v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genomes from metagenomes have revolutionised our understanding of microbial diversity, ecology, and evolution, propelling advances in basic science, biomedicine, and biotechnology. Assembly algorithms that take advantage of increasingly available long-read sequencing technologies bring the recovery of complete genomes directly from metagenomes within reach. However, assessing the accuracy of the assembled long reads, especially from complex environments that often include poorly studied organisms, poses remarkable challenges. Here we show that erroneous reporting is pervasive among long-read assemblers and can take many forms, including multi-domain chimeras, prematurely circularized sequences, haplotyping errors, excessive repeats, and phantom sequences. Our study highlights the need for rigorous evaluation of the algorithms while they are in development, and options for users who may opt for more accurate reads than shorter runtimes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Trigodet, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachdeva, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eren, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.22.649783</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Assemblies of long-read metagenomes suffer from diverse errors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.25.650514v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DCAF16-Based Covalent Degradative Handles for the Modular Design of Degraders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.25.650514v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Targeted protein degradation (TPD) is a powerful strategy for targeting and eliminating disease-causing proteins. While heterobifunctional Proteolysis-Targeting Chimeras (PROTACs) are more modular, the rational design of monovalent or molecular glue degraders remains challenging. In this study, we generated a small library of BET-domain inhibitor JQ1 analogs bearing elaborated electrophilic handles to identify permissive covalent degradative handles and E3 ligase pairs. We identified an elaborated fumaramide handle that, when appended onto JQ1, led to the proteasome-dependent degradation of BRD4. Further characterization revealed that the E3 ubiquitin ligase CUL4DCAF16--a common E3 ligase target of electrophilic degraders--was responsible for BRD4 loss by covalently targeting C173 on DCAF16. While this original fumaramide handle, when appended onto other protein-targeting ligands, did not accommodate the degradation of other neo-substrates, a truncated version of this handle attached to JQ1 was still capable of degrading BRD4, now through targeting both C173 and C178. This truncated fumaramide handle, when appended on various protein targeting ligands, and was also more permissive in degrading other neo-substrates, including CDK4/6, SMARCA2/4, and the androgen receptor (AR). We further demonstrated that this optimized truncated fumaramide handle, when transplanted onto an AR DNA binding domain-targeting ligand, could degrade both AR and the undruggable truncation variant of AR, AR-V7, in androgen-independent prostate cancer cells in a DCAF16-dependent manner. Overall, we have identified a unique DCAF16-targeting covalent degradative handle that can be transplanted across several protein-targeting ligands to induce the degradation of their respective targets for the modular design of monovalent or bifunctional degraders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Orr, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomlinson, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grupe, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yilmaz, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olzmann, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomura, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.25.650514</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DCAF16-Based Covalent Degradative Handles for the Modular Design of Degraders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.26.650713v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The status of human goal-directed actions after manipulations of the action-outcome contingency 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.26.650713v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Goal-directed actions are those performed with the expectation of producing a specific outcome and are therefore sensitive to changes in the outcomes current value without re-experiencing the action-outcome contingency. Disrupting the action-outcome association by a number of interventions can reduce responding, but whether such interventions also affect the goal-directedness of human responses remains unknown. We trained participants to perform different actions for two distinct outcomes in two groups. One group experienced extinction (i.e., complete suspension of outcome delivery for a specific previously rewarded action) whereas the other was given non-contingent training (i.e., outcomes were presented independently of responding). Goal-directed control was tested by outcome devaluation, making one of the two outcomes less desirable, and responding was then tested in the absence of outcome presentations. Despite having been significantly reduced in both groups by extinction and non-contingent training, responding remained sensitive to outcome value, suggesting that human goal-directed behavior is resistant to action-outcome contingency interventions. We discuss these results in light of recent theories of goal-directed behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Perez, O. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merlo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arenas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickinson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.26.650713</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The status of human goal-directed actions after manipulations of the action-outcome contingency]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.27.650853v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Small molecule bioactivity benchmarks are often well-predicted by counting cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.27.650853v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phenotypic profiling methods, such as Cell Painting and gene expression, have been widely used to predict compound bioactivity, often showing improvement over predictive models based on chemical structures alone. We discovered that a large subset of assays in widely-used benchmark datasets either directly relate to cell health and cytotoxicity or are assays intending to capture a more specific phenotype but whose active compounds impact cell count, while inactives do not. As a result, counting cells can achieve similar predictive performance as Cell Painting or gene expression data. Filtering benchmarks to include only assays relating to protein targets reveals that Cell Painting can capture information that cannot be predicted by mere cell counting. We re-evaluated three benchmark datasets used with Cell Painting data and observed that, in many cases, cell count models produced an AUC comparable to models using the full Cell Painting profiles. However, in protein-target-specific benchmarks across 17 distinct protein targets, Cell Painting features demonstrated unique predictive power, outperforming mean balanced accuracy from cell count models with a relative improvement of 19.6%. We propose five practical recommendations for benchmarking machine learning models for predicting bioactivity, including using cell count as a baseline feature. Although multi-class classification applications (such as matching samples based on their morphological profile) are less likely to be predictable by cell count than bioactivity benchmarks, these recommendations are broadly applicable to machine learning for drug discovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Seal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dee, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Titterton, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabrera, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boiko, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beatson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puigvert, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spjuth, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bender, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carpenter, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.27.650853</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Small molecule bioactivity benchmarks are often well-predicted by counting cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.29.651109v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Constitutive Androstane Receptor induces Ribonucleotide Reductase-M2 expression and maintains hepatocyte ploidy in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.29.651109v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The nuclear receptor Constitutive Androstane Receptor (CAR/NR1i3) is known for regulating various liver functions, including detoxification, nutrient metabolism, and hepatocyte proliferation. While CAR activation has been previously linked to higher ploidy, the underlying mechanisms are not fully known. Here, we uncover a basal role for CAR in maintaining hepatocyte ploidy, such that CAR deletion increases the number of diploid (2c) hepatocytes with a concomitant reduction in tetraploid (4c) hepatocytes. We demonstrate that CAR controls the de novo dNTP synthesis by directly transactivating the Ribonucleotide Reductase-M2 (RRM2) gene, which encodes the rate-limiting catalytic subunit of the enzyme, ribonucleotide reductase. Further, we find that the ligand-dependent CAR activation is sufficient to induce several genes involved in the de novo dNTP synthesis pathways, resulting in higher hepatic dATP and dTTP levels within the liver. Importantly, overexpressing RRM2 levels in CAR knockouts led to increased DNA synthesis and tetraploid (4c) hepatocytes compared to the control mice. Importantly, we demonstrate that CAR-mediated DNA synthesis in liver cells is dependent on catalytically active RRM2 function. Taken together, these findings reveal that the CAR-mediated RRM2 regulation contributes towards DNA synthesis and thereby maintains hepatocyte ploidy.

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=68 SRC="FIGDIR/small/651109v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (29K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@5e41faorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@3db897org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@21dd53org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1497b64_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Asokaumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathur, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cronologia, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alencastro, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathews, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duncan, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anakk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.29.651109</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Constitutive Androstane Receptor induces Ribonucleotide Reductase-M2 expression and maintains hepatocyte ploidy in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.29.651152v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromatix: a differentiable, GPU-accelerated wave-optics library 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.29.651152v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Modern microscopy methods incorporate computational modeling as an integral part of the imaging process, either to solve inverse problems or optimize the optical system design itself. These methods often depend on differentiable optics simulations, yet no standardized framework exists--forcing computational optics researchers to repeatedly and independently implement simulations with limited reusability and performance. These common problems limit the potential impact of computational optics as a field. Here we present Chromatix: an open-source, GPU-accelerated, differentiable wave optics simulation library. Chromatix builds on JAX to democratize fast, parallelized simulation of diverse optical systems and expand the design space in computational optics. Chromatix standardizes a growing collection of optical elements and propagation methods allowing a broad range of applications, which we demonstrate here for snapshot microscopy, holography, and phase retrieval. We demonstrate speed improvements of 2-6x on a single GPU and up to 22x on 8 GPUs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deb, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Both, G.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bezzam, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaware, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderberg, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eybposh, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heintzmann, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera-Sanchez, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmerer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tormes-Vaquerano, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shanmugavel, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maruvada, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diederich, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waller, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durr, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pegard, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>La Riviere, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horstmeyer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chowdhury, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turaga, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.29.651152</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromatix: a differentiable, GPU-accelerated wave-optics library]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.30.650879v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Optimal Retinal Locus for High-Resolution Vision in Space and Time 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.30.650879v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humans exhibit machine-like eye-movement behavior in space and time while performing challenging visual resolution tasks. Fewer microsaccades occur as stimulus presentation is imminent. Drifts and microsaccades combine to confine the landing location of an anticipated visual stimulus to a tiny retinal region: the preferred retinal locus (PRL). We find that this location confers the best visual acuity despite it being offset from the anatomical fovea (the location of maximum cone density). We also find that acuity is best when the last microsaccade occurs 400msec or longer before stimulus presentation. The machine-like eye movements are involuntary and not perceived. Our findings thus reveal a highly evolved oculomotor system such that gaze direction during fixation is rarely far enough from the PRL to cause a decline in visual resolution.

TeaserHumans exhibit machine-like eye-movement behavior during fine visual tasks that rarely deviates from an optimal retinal location.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gautier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowers, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banks, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roorda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.30.650879</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Optimal Retinal Locus for High-Resolution Vision in Space and Time]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.30.651569v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heterchronic shifts in a timing-keeping microRNA are associated with multiple instances of neoteny in plants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.30.651569v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The prolonged production of juvenile traits and an associated reduction or loss of adult traits during development (neoteny) can either arise from a change in genes that mediate the timing of the shift between juvenile and adult traits (timing genes) or from changes in genes that are necessary for the development of adult traits (response genes). To date, the relative contribution of each developmental mechanism to the origins of neoteny remain unclear. We examined this question in the plant genus, Acacia, which contains species that undergo the juvenile-to-adult vegetative transition (vegetative phase change) early in shoot development, as well as species that remain permanently juvenile, or have delayed vegetative phase change. Mapping the timing of vegetative phase change onto a molecular phylogeny of Acacia revealed that permanent juvenility has evolved multiple times and is sometimes associated with a delay in vegetative phase change in related species. In three cases, the absence or delay in vegetative phase change was associated with either higher amounts or a delayed decline in level of miR156, the master regulator of vegetative phase change in plants. These findings support the hypothesis that neoteny in Acacia has evolved not by a loss in the capacity to produce the adult leaf phenotype, but by a change in the timing of genes that promote juvenile leaf identity.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTNatural variation in the timing of the juvenile-to-adult transition has been described in many plant species, but the mechanism of this variation and its contribution to plant evolution is unknown. The genus Acacia is an excellent system in which to study these questions because it includes species that produce juvenile and adult leaves, as well as species that only produce juvenile leaves. Our results suggest that many permanently juvenile leaf species in Acacia are the result of the prolonged expression of the juvenile vegetative phase, not a loss of the ability to produce an adult leaf. In at least some cases, this neotenous phenotype is associated with a change in the expression of miR156, the master regulator of vegetative phase change.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leichty, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poethig, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.30.651569</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heterchronic shifts in a timing-keeping microRNA are associated with multiple instances of neoteny in plants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.01.651241v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ectodysplasin overexpression reveals spatiotemporally dynamic tooth formation competency in stickleback and zebrafish 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.01.651241v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Organ initiation is often driven by extracellular signals that activate precursor cells competent to receive and respond to the signal, yet little is known about how dynamic competency is in space and time during development. Teeth are excellent organs to study organ initiation competency because they can be activated with the addition of a single signaling ligand, Ectodysplasin (Eda). Eda, a Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) ligand, is a critical regulator of ectodermal organ development, including teeth, acting through TNF receptors, like Edar, to activate NF-{kappa}B signaling in tooth precursor cells. While Eda is both necessary for normal tooth formation and sufficient for ectopic tooth formation, the spatial and temporal dynamics of competency for ectopic tooth initiation and maintenance remains unknown. To investigate the role of Eda in tooth specification, we generated transgenic sticklebacks and zebrafish with heat shock-inducible Eda overexpression. We find that stickleback Eda can drive de novo tooth formation in at least eight distinct oropharyngeal and cranial domains. Both zebrafish and stickleback exhibit maximal responsiveness to Eda overexpression during the critical window of pioneer tooth initiation, highlighting that the precursors of ectopic pharyngeal teeth likely follow a similar developmental trajectory as endogenous tooth precursors. Furthermore, we observe that some induced dental fields often undergo tooth regeneration to maintain themselves, allowing them to persist for months after the cessation of transgene activation. Finally, analysis of TNF receptor expression in sticklebacks reveals that ectopic tooth formation in the pharynx correlates with Edar and Troy expression, while in the region where teeth can form on the face, only Troy expression was detected, providing a possible molecular mechanism of competency involving spatially restricted receptor expression. These findings underscore the latent developmental potential, i.e. competency, of the vertebrate dentition and provide insights into organ competency during embryonic and post-embryonic development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayanan, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stagliano, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huynh, P. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundaram, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackey, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Square, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.01.651241</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ectodysplasin overexpression reveals spatiotemporally dynamic tooth formation competency in stickleback and zebrafish]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.02.651959v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Landscape genomics and demography of California Azolla 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.02.651959v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Azolla was collected and sequenced across California as a part of the California Conservation Genomics Project. We identify three major populations of Azolla in the state. Out of these groups, we are able to confidently identify one as Azolla filiculoides. The other two taxa are seemingly newly reported to California and are not the same as the taxa currently treated by the Jepson Manual; specifically, they are not members of the A. microphylla/mexicana clade. We infer patterns of Azolla genetic diversity across the state and the demographic histories of these populations. We find evidence that both isolation by distance and isolation by environment contribute to spatial genetic variation. Both of the two newly reported populations have demographic histories consistent with recent invasions of the state. However, we also discuss alternative possibilities and propose a roadmap for resolving the taxonomy of California Azolla.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tribble, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Ramirez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freund, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, F.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothfels, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.02.651959</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Landscape genomics and demography of California Azolla]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.07.652756v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Associations between floor material and E. coli contamination in rural Bangladeshi households 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.07.652756v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Soil floors are common in low-income countries and can harbor contamination from unsafely managed human and animal fecal waste. Soil/dust ingestion directly from floors or indirectly via hands, drinking water and food can significantly contribute to childrens ingestion of fecal organisms. We assessed if finished (e.g., concrete) floors are associated with lower E. coli contamination in the domestic environment in rural Bangladesh. We collected samples from 1864 households over 3.5 years, including stored drinking water, child and caregiver hand rinses, courtyard soil, food, and flies (n=24,118 samples), and enumerated E. coli using IDEXX Quanti-Tray/2000. Controlling for potential confounders (socio-demographics, water/sanitation status, animal ownership), households with finished floors had slightly lower log10-transformed E. coli counts ({Delta}log10= -0.10 (-0.20, 0.00)) and prevalence (prevalence ratio=0.90 (0.83, 0.98)) on child hands than households with soil floors; floor material was not associated with contamination levels in other sample types. Finished floors were associated with lower E. coli contamination of child hands, food and stored drinking water following periods of higher rainfall and temperature, and lower E. coli contamination of child hands in households with more domestic animals. Measures to control enteric infections in low-income countries should test flooring improvements to reduce exposure to fecal contamination.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tazin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Islam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pickering, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwong, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mertens, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niven, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubbard, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Islam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unicomb, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luby, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benjamin-Chung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ercumen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.07.652756</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Associations between floor material and E. coli contamination in rural Bangladeshi households]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.05.651767v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Leveraging a synthetic biology approach to enhance BCG-mediated expansion of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.05.651767v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is an urgent need to develop a more efficacious anti-tuberculosis vaccine as the current live-attenuated vaccine strain BCG fails to prevent pulmonary infection in adults. Our long-term goal is to test whether increasing the immunogenicity of BCG will improve vaccine effectiveness while maintaining its proven safety profile. In this study, we leverage a synthetic biology approach to engineer BCG to produce more (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMBPP), a phosphoantigen produced as an intermediate of bacterial--but not host--isoprenoid biosynthesis via the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway. Importantly, HMBPP strongly activates and expands V{gamma}9V{delta}2 T cells, which are unique to higher-order primates and protect against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Prior work to engineer BCG to produce specific ligands and antigens has been attempted to some success; however, our strategy exploits a self-nonself recognition mechanism in the host via HMBPP sensing, which has not been attempted before in this way. To inform the design of our recombinant strains, we performed synteny analyses of >63 mycobacterial species, which revealed that isoprenoid biosynthetic genes are not found in gene clusters or operons across all the 356 surveyed genomes. This analysis also revealed pair biases of isoprenoid biosynthesis genes frequently found in close proximity. In our engineering attempts, we found that simply overexpressing the rate-limiting gene in the pathway was toxic to the bacterium. Thus, we generated synthetic loci with the goal of specifically overproducing HMBPP, and tested the ability of these engineered strains to induce human V{gamma}9V{delta}2 expansion in an in vitro stimulation assay. We found that BCG expressing a rationally-designed, synthetic MEP locus did not enhance V{gamma}9V{delta}2 T cell expansion over the wild-type vaccine strain, suggesting that ectopic expression of multiple MEP genes may result in feedback inhibition of the pathway. However we found that overexpression of the HMBPP synthase GcpE alone potently induced V{gamma}9V{delta}2 T cell expansion and did not result in downregulation of other pathway genes, presenting a successful strategy to accumulate HMBPP and overcome feedback inhibition in this pathway. While much remains to be done to ultimately develop a more efficacious vaccine, our data present a promising system to improve upon the BCG platform. To our knowledge, this is the first work to attempt reengineering of the MEP pathway in BCG to improve vaccine efficacy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qabar, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waldburger, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keasling, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Portnoy, D. A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.05.651767</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Leveraging a synthetic biology approach to enhance BCG-mediated expansion of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.05.652312v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lineage-Specific Evolution, Structural Diversity, and Activity of R2 Retrotransposons in Animals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.05.652312v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Retrotransposons play outsized roles in the evolution of gene regulation, genome function, and disease pathogenesis and more recently, have sparked interest as workhorses for new gene therapy approaches. R2 retrotransposons insert site-specifically to the multicopy genes encoding 28S ribosomal RNA at a target sequence conserved broadly across eukaryotic evolution. R2 retrotransposons have been detected in many animals, but previous surveys have been limited in scope and methodology. Here, we substantially expand the known distribution of R2 retrotransposons from previously unrepresented or underrepresented taxonomic groups ranging from ctenophores to amphibians and reptiles. We discover diverse R2 domain architectures and motifs and identify many new avian R2 candidates for genome engineering development. Overall, phylogenetic analyses reveal two highly successful R2 lineages. We observe properties of each lineage in several features of the domains that mediate DNA recognition and in co-evolving signatures within the reverse transcriptase domain. Within each of the two lineages, R2 protein sequences do not necessarily preserve the unifying configuration of N-terminal DNA-binding domains implied in the current clade classification scheme. We show that recombinant R2 proteins with distinctive domain architectures and distribution across major animal classes support target-primed reverse transcription with conserved site specificity. Our analysis of the surprisingly varied domain architectures that support target-site specificity informs new R2 classification criteria and provides a greatly expanded foundation for additional structure/function insights about DNA binding selectivity. This expanded perspective on R2 evolution informs approaches for engineering therapeutic gene insertion technologies and offers an opportunity to investigate the conservation and diversification of retrotransposons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hassan, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Treeck, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Vargas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheppard, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adelson, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.05.652312</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lineage-Specific Evolution, Structural Diversity, and Activity of R2 Retrotransposons in Animals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.08.652930v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Micron-scale, liquid-liquid phase separation in ternary lipid membranes containing DPPE 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.08.652930v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Micron-scale, liquid-liquid phase separation occurs in membranes of living cells, with physiological consequences. To discover which lipids might support phase separation in cell membranes and how lipids might partition between phases, miscibility phase diagrams have been mapped for model membranes. Typically, model membranes are composed of ternary mixtures of a lipid with a high melting temperature, a lipid with a low melting temperature, and cholesterol. Phospholipids in ternary mixtures are chosen primarily to favor stable membranes (phosphatidylcholines and sphingomyelins) or add charge (phosphatidylglycerols and phosphatidylserines). A major class of phospholipids missing from experimental ternary diagrams has been the phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs). PE-lipids constitute up to 20 mol% of common biological membranes, where they influence protein function and facilitate membrane fusion. These biological effects are often attributed to PEs smaller headgroup, which leads to higher monolayer spontaneous curvatures and higher melting temperatures. Taken alone, the higher melting points of saturated PE-lipids imply that liquid-liquid phase separation should persist to higher temperatures in membranes containing PE-lipids. Here, we tested that hypothesis by substituting a saturated PE-lipid (DPPE) for its corresponding PC-lipid (DPPC) in two well-studied ternary membranes (DOPC/DPPC/cholesterol and DiphyPC/DPPC/cholesterol). We used fluorescence microscopy to map full ternary phase diagrams for giant vesicles over a range of temperatures. Surprisingly, we found no micron-scale, liquid-liquid phase separation in vesicles of the first mixture (DOPC/DPPE/cholesterol), and only a small region of liquid-liquid phase separation in the second mixture (DiphyPC/DPPE/cholesterol). Instead, coexisting solid and liquid phases were widespread, with the solid phase enriched in DPPE. An unusual feature of these ternary membranes is that solid and liquid-ordered phases can be distinguished by fluorescence microscopy, so tie-line directions can be estimated throughout the phase diagram, and transition temperatures to the 3-phase region (containing a liquid-disordered phase, a liquid-ordered phase, and a solid phase) can be accurately measured.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTUnder physiological conditions, yeast vacuole membranes phase separate into liquid phases. The resulting domains are microns in size, and they are important for the cells function. Yeast membranes contain a significant fraction of lipids with phosphatidylethanolamine headgroups. It was unknown whether these lipids enhanced liquid-liquid phase separation or hindered it. Here, we produced model membranes containing a saturated phosphatidylethanolamine lipid, we mapped miscibility phase diagrams over broad temperature ranges, and we compared our results to existing diagrams for membranes of other lipid types. We were surprised to find that the new lipid suppressed liquid-liquid phase separation compared to a lipid with a larger, phosphatidylcholine headgroup. Previous simulations incorporated phosphatidylethanolamine lipids, and our results provide an experimental basis for future simulations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goetz, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naomi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madrigal, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C. L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornell, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.08.652930</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Micron-scale, liquid-liquid phase separation in ternary lipid membranes containing DPPE]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.05.652217v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Separable global and local beta burst dynamics in motor cortex of primates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.05.652217v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sensorimotor beta band oscillations are known to modulate during normal movement control and abnormal beta modulation is linked to pathological bradykinesia. However, the functional differences between beta localized to one brain area versus beta synchronized across brain areas remains unclear. We monitored beta bursts in non-human primates, both neurotypical and stroke- impaired, during the performance of complex motor tasks. Across both groups of animals, we identified two distinct beta burst types: global bursts that tend to be synchronized across cortical and subcortical areas, and local bursts that tend to be confined to cortex. These two types exhibited distinct neural dynamics, with global bursts linked to reduced firing variability and overall slowed movements. In contrast, local bursts often occurred during the execution of complex behaviors, particularly during prehension. We found evidence for changes in the distribution of global and local bursts during recovery after stroke. In impaired animals early after stroke, global bursts predominated and were associated with reduced speed and impaired grasping. Notably, recovery of grasping was associated with a reduction in global bursts and an increase in local bursts, suggesting that local bursts may play an important role during prehension. Our findings reveal distinct roles of global and local beta bursts and indicate that the normalization of global and local burst timing tracks recovery of dexterity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khanna, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>farrokhi, b.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heimbuch, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novik, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiesen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morecraft, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganguly, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.05.652217</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Separable global and local beta burst dynamics in motor cortex of primates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.06.652514v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The bivalent epigenetic regulator ULTRAPETALA1 promotes the Arabidopsis floral transition via recruitment of Polycomb histone methyltransferases for H3K27me3 deposition at the FLC locus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.06.652514v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Floral induction is a major transition during the plant life cycle that contributes to reproductive fitness in annual and perennial plants. Flowering occurs in response to multiple environmental and endogenous cues. In Arabidopsis thaliana, many of these cues converge on the regulation of the FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) gene, which encodes a MADS domain transcription factor that functions as the main floral repressor. Here we demonstrate that the bivalent epigenetic regulator ULTRAPETALA1 (ULT1) is both necessary and sufficient to promote flowering. We identify ULT1 as a novel component of the autonomous pathway (AP) and show that it accelerates flowering by directly repressing FLC transcription. We demonstrate that ULT1 physically associates with the SWINGER (SWN) and CURLY LEAF (CLF) histone methyltransferase components of Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) to regulate FLC transcription by altering the accumulation of H3K27me3 marks. Our data indicate that ULT1 promotes the floral transition by interacting with SWN and CLF to recruit PRC2 to the FLC locus to deposit repressive histone methylation and reduce transcription of this key floral repressor.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xing, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shemyakina, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strotmann, V. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anwar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stahl, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller-Xing, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fletcher, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.06.652514</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The bivalent epigenetic regulator ULTRAPETALA1 promotes the Arabidopsis floral transition via recruitment of Polycomb histone methyltransferases for H3K27me3 deposition at the FLC locus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.09.652712v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An IMPDH2 variant associated with neurodevelopmental disorder disrupts purine biosynthesis and somitogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.09.652712v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IMP dehydrogenase (IMPDH) controls a key regulatory node in purine biosynthesis. Gain-of-function mutations in human IMPDH2 are associated with neurodevelopmental disorders and neuromuscular symptoms including dystonia, but the developmental mechanisms underlying these defects are unknown. We previously showed that these mutants are insensitive to GTP inhibition and hypothesized that their hyperactivity would affect nucleotide metabolism in vivo. Here, we characterize the metabolic and developmental consequences of the neurodevelopmental disorder-associated IMPDH2 mutant, S160del, in Xenopus tropicalis. We show that expressing S160del but not WT human IMPDH2 disrupts purine pools and somitogenesis in the developing tadpole. We also show that S160del disrupts in vivo IMPDH filament assembly, a well-described IMPDH regulatory mechanism. Cryo-EM structures show that S160del disrupts filament assembly by destabilizing the dimerization of regulatory Bateman domains. Dimerization of Bateman domains and subsequent filament formation can be restored with a high affinity ligand, but this does not restore sensitivity to GTP inhibition, suggesting S160del also disrupts allostery of IMPDH2 filaments. This work demonstrates that the structural effects of patient IMPDH2 variants can cause disruptions both to nucleotide levels and to the normal development of sensorimotor structures, helping us better understand the physiological basis of disease in these patients.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTIMPDH2 is a critical enzyme for de novo purine biosynthesis, regulating the balance between adenine and guanine nucleotides. Under purine stress, it forms filaments that resist feedback inhibition by GTP. Patients with gain-of-function variants of this enzyme suffer from early-onset neuromotor symptoms including dystonia. Here, we express one gain-of-function variant of IMPDH2, S160del, in Xenopus tropicalis. S160del is particularly powerful for structural and developmental studies, as it impedes filament formation and also is insensitive to feedback inhibition by GTP. Here, we show S160del can perturb vertebrate development, metabolism, and filament formation in a dominant fashion. Insights from this work will open the door to a new suite of studies defining the function of purine metabolism in development and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>O'Neill, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCartney, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Ramirez, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kollman, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wills, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.09.652712</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An IMPDH2 variant associated with neurodevelopmental disorder disrupts purine biosynthesis and somitogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.11.652581v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neurochemical imaging reveals changes in dopamine dynamics with photoperiod in a seasonally social vole species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.11.652581v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Studying dopamine signaling in non-model organisms is crucial for understanding the broad range of behaviors not represented in traditional model systems. However, exploring new species is often hindered by a scarcity of tools suitable for non-genetic models. In this work, we introduce near-infrared catecholamine nanosensors (nIRCats) to investigate dopamine dynamics in meadow voles, a rodent species that exhibits distinct changes in social behavior and neurobiology across photoperiods. We observe increased dopamine release and release site density in social voles under short photoperiods, suggesting adaptations linked to environmental changes. Moreover, pharmacological and extracellular manipulations demonstrate that social voles exhibit heightened responsiveness to dopamine-increasing interventions and resilience against suppressive conditions. These findings highlight a significant association between dopamine signaling and photoperiod-driven changes in social behavior and establish nIRCats as an effective tool for expanding our understanding of dopamine dynamics across non-model organisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mun, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Power, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beery, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.11.652581</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neurochemical imaging reveals changes in dopamine dynamics with photoperiod in a seasonally social vole species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.08.652811v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mycobacterium tuberculosis suppresses protective Th17 responses during infection through multiple mechanisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.08.652811v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) causes more deaths annually than any other pathogen, yet an effective vaccine remains elusive. IFN-{gamma}-producing CD4+ T cells are necessary but insufficient for protection against infection. In humans, the development of IL-17A producing Th17 T cells correlates with protection, however not all individuals develop a Th17 response. In mice, experimental vaccines can elicit protective Th17 cells, yet Th17s are rare in primary infection. Why Mtb fails to consistently elicit Th17s is unknown. Here, we identify factors suppressing Th17 responses during primary infection. We demonstrate that the lack of Th17 induction is independent of route and duration. Next, using Tbet deficient mice, we show that Mtb drives a Th1 response that is only partially protective and limits Th17 cell production in an IFN-{gamma} independent manner. We further reveal that the ESX-1 type VII alternative secretion system and lipid PDIM suppresses Th17 responses. Infection with ESX-1 or PDIM mutants results in significantly increased Th17 T cells and IL-17A cytokine in the lungs, and infection of IL-17A deficient animals partially restores virulence of ESX-1 and PDIM mutants. Although the ESX-1 secretion system and lipid PDIM elicits type I IFN, which can suppress Th17 differentiation, we find that suppression of Th17 is independent of type I IFN. Instead, ESX-1 and PDIM suppresses production of IL-23, a cytokine that promotes Th17 differentiation, in dendritic cells found in mediastinal lymph nodes during Mtb infection. These findings define a new function of the ESX-1 secretion system and PDIM in Mtb virulence, a long-standing question in tuberculosis research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zilinskas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balakhmet, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agudelo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samani, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanley, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.08.652811</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mycobacterium tuberculosis suppresses protective Th17 responses during infection through multiple mechanisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.12.652736v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Composition, growth, succession, and function in the Cladophora microbiome: insights from quantitative Stable Isotope Probing and NanoSIMS imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.12.652736v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The branching green macroalga Cladophora glomerata and its epiphytic microbiome dominate summer biomass in the Eel River, a Northern California river under Mediterranean (summer drought, winter rain) seasonality. Green Cladophora streamers proliferate in early summer, then change to yellow and then red-brown as epiphyte loads increase. We characterized successional changes in epiphytic bacteria on Cladophora, examining both community composition and growth rates, using quantitative Stable Isotope Probing (qSIP) and16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. The number of bacterial taxa increased with succession while growth rates peaked in the middle stage. NanoSIMS imaging confirmed high sulfur (S) concentrations in Cladophora cell walls relative to surrounding biomass, coinciding with a bloom of sulfur bacteria (bacteria that reduce or oxidize sulfur/sulfates). In general, relative abundances and growth rates were independent, indicating that either metric alone is insufficient for understanding how taxonomy and functional groups affect ecosystem processes. For instance, the relative abundance of nitrogen fixers peaked in the late summer when their relative growth rates were slowest. Such patterns may be driven by space competition limiting growth. Together, changes in abundance and relative growth rates suggest different limiting factors for different functional groups in the Cladophora microbiome at multiple successional stages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fitzpatrick, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hungate, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Power, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pett-Ridge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foley, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marks, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.12.652736</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Composition, growth, succession, and function in the Cladophora microbiome: insights from quantitative Stable Isotope Probing and NanoSIMS imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.12.653543v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel Fluorescent and Photoconvertible Fusions Reveal Dorsal Activator Dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.12.653543v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over the last two decades, new in vivo and in cellulo imaging technologies have uncovered the inherently dynamic nature of transcriptional regulation in embryonic development and, in particular, in the fruit fly D. melanogaster. These technologies have made it possible to characterize the subnuclear and single-molecule dynamics of transcription factors. However, a lack of appropriate fluorescent protein fusions has, until now, limited these studies to only a few of the dozens of important transcription factors in the fruit fly gene regulatory network dictating early development. Here, we report the creation of four new fluorescent protein fusions to Dorsal, a member of the NF-{kappa}B/Rel family that initiates dorsal-ventral patterning. We generated and characterized two bright fluorescent protein fusions for Dorsal, meGFP and mNeonGreen, and two photoconvertible fluorescent protein fusions, mEos4a and Dendra2. We show that removal of the DsRed2 cassette commonly used to mark the CRISPR integration restores endogenous Dorsal mRNA and protein levels and enables the fusion allele to rescue a dorsal null allele, meeting the gold standard for endogenous function of a tagged protein in a fruit fly. We then demonstrate that our bright fluorescent protein fusions can be used to dissect the spatiotemporal dynamics of stable Dorsal clusters that traverse the nucleoplasm and uncovered that these clusters preferentially interact with active sites of Dorsal-modulated transcription. We further demonstrate that our photoconvertible fluorescent protein fusions make it possible to detect individual molecules of Dorsal in the nuclei of developing embryos. These new fluorescent protein fusions constitute a valuable resource for the community to elucidate the role of Dorsal activator dynamics in dictating fruit fly early embryonic development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Turner, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gravina, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moretti, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dima, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martini, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reeves, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.12.653543</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel Fluorescent and Photoconvertible Fusions Reveal Dorsal Activator Dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.12.653603v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Organic carbon oxidation state shapes fermentative methanogenic microbiomes and controls greenhouse gas fluxes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.12.653603v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Organic compounds with a negative nominal oxidation state of carbon (NOSC) are thermodynamically recalcitrant in anaerobic ecosystems, but few studies have measured the influence of NOSC on carbon degradation rates, gaseous product yields, or microbiome composition. We amended anaerobic rice paddy sediment microcosms with monomeric organic carbon compounds varying in NOSC. Consistent with thermodynamic and stoichiometric predictions, negative NOSC compounds are catabolized more slowly but produce more methane per mole of carbon. Negative NOSC microbiomes have higher alpha diversity, more syntrophs and methanogens, and fewer fermentative bacteria. Strikingly, fermentative bacterial taxa display genomically encoded NOSC catabolic preferences both in the lab and field. Negative NOSC- preferring fermenters have longer predicted doubling times, consistent with the thermodynamic recalcitrance of their preferred substrates. We propose that microbial NOSC preference can be leveraged for predicting and engineering greenhouse gas fluxes and understanding bacterial population dynamics and trait evolution across redox gradients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aronson, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weaver, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larowe, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutschbauer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coates, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.12.653603</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Organic carbon oxidation state shapes fermentative methanogenic microbiomes and controls greenhouse gas fluxes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.13.653614v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A generative language model decodes contextual constraints on codon choice for mRNA design 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.13.653614v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The genetic code allows multiple synonymous codons to encode the same amino acid, creating a vast sequence space for protein-coding regions. Codon choice can impact mRNA function and protein output, a consideration newly relevant with advances in mRNA technology. Genomes preferentially use some codons, but simple optimization methods that select preferred codons miss complex contextual patterns. We present Trias, an encoder-decoder language model trained on millions of eukaryotic coding sequences. Trias learns codon usage rules directly from sequence data, integrating local and global dependencies to generate species-specific codon sequences that align with biological constraints. Without explicit training on protein expression, Trias generates sequences and scores that correlate strongly with experimental measurements of mRNA stability, ribosome load, and protein output. The model outperforms commercial codon optimization tools in generating sequences resembling high-expression codon sequence variants. By modeling codon usage in context, Trias offers a data-driven framework for synthetic mRNA design and for understanding the molecular and evolutionary principles behind codon choice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Faizi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakharova, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lareau, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.13.653614</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A generative language model decodes contextual constraints on codon choice for mRNA design]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.09.653172v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alternative Splicing in TRPA1 Drives Sensory Adaptation to Electrophiles in Drosophilids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.09.653172v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Behaviors are among the first traits to evolve as animals enter new niches, but their molecular bases are poorly understood. To address this gap, we used the mustard-feeding drosophilid fly Scaptomyza flava, which feeds on toxic Brassicales plants like wasabi that produce noxious, electrophilic isothiocyanates (ITCs or mustard oils). We found that S. flava exhibits dramatically reduced behavioral sensitivity to allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) compared to its microbe-feeding relatives Scaptomyza pallida and Drosophila melanogaster. We hypothesized that molecular evolution of the "wasabi receptor" TRPA1, known to detect ITCs in flies, could explain this loss of aversion. Our experiments revealed three interconnected evolutionary genetic changes consistent with this hypothesis. First, TRPA1 was expressed in labellar tissues of S. flava at the lowest levels among the three species, at a nearly four-fold lower level than in D. melanogaster. Second, S. flava expressed a higher proportion of TRPA1 splice variants previously reported to be less sensitive to chemical stimulus. Third, we identified amino acid substitutions in S. flava that could influence the structure of intracellular domains of TRPA1. To test the functional salience of these mechanisms in vitro and in vivo, we validated TRPA1 splicing isoforms using Xenopus oocyte electrophysiology and the GAL4/UAS system in D. melanogaster. Single TRPA1 isoform electrophysiology in vitro revealed evolution of the channel in the S. flava lineage towards reduced electrophile sensitivity. Ectopic expression of S. flava TRPA1 in D. melanogaster also consistently conferred weaker AITC sensitivity in vivo than expression of its orthologues, although this did not fully recapitulate differences in wild-type phenotypes between species, suggesting other molecular mechanisms were involved. To address this, we explored the consequences of isoform co-expression using oocyte electrophysiology. We found that enrichment of electrophile-insensitive TRPA1 splicing isoforms as observed in the salient S. flava sensory organs additively reduced cellular responses to AITC, which could further contribute to reduced electrophile aversion. Our findings illuminate how expression differences, protein structural changes, and especially alternative splicing, together can drive sensory evolution as animals behaviorally adapt to toxic new niches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saito, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajshekar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sokabe, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haji, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groen, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pelaez, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsunaga, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takemoto, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takahashi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tominaga, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saito, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiteman, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.09.653172</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alternative Splicing in TRPA1 Drives Sensory Adaptation to Electrophiles in Drosophilids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.09.653207v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A defined growth medium for trace metal limitation studies in  Auxenochlorella sp.  (UTEX 250-A) during mixotrophic growth with glucose. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.09.653207v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Auxenochlorella sp. (strain UTEX 250-A) is a fast-growing, oleaginous alga that is an emerging reference organism for basic research, with broad biotechnological applications. Advancing UTEX 250-A as a biotechnological workhorse requires a deeper understanding of its nutritional demands, particularly under different trophic conditions. However, little is known about the specific acclimations that allow UTEX 250-A to thrive when essential nutrients are scarce. Here, we describe the formulation of a defined growth medium that supports the cultivation of UTEX 250-A with controlled trace levels of the essential micronutrients iron, copper, and zinc. Special attention was given to ensure that the medium was compatible with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis, enabling the detection and minimization of metal contamination in the nanomolar range. The medium was designed to provide sufficient nutrients to support the mixotrophic growth of UTEX 250-A from an initial density of 105 cells/mL to a stationary density of 2.4x108 cells/mL, with additional nutrients supplied to accommodate metabolic and trophic transitions during stationary phase, when photosynthesis is restored due to carbon limitation. This replete medium provides a foundation for robust nutrient limitation studies in Auxenochlorella sp. (UTEX 250-A).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Camacho, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moseley, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merchant, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.09.653207</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A defined growth medium for trace metal limitation studies in  Auxenochlorella sp.  (UTEX 250-A) during mixotrophic growth with glucose.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.12.653590v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiplexed profiling of transcriptional regulators in plant cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.12.653590v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcriptional regulators play key roles in plant growth, development, and environmental responses; however, understanding how their regulatory activity is encoded at the protein level has been hindered by a lack of multiplexed large-scale methods to characterize protein libraries in planta. Here, we present ENTRAP-seq (Enrichment of Nuclear Trans-elements Reporter Assay in Plants), a high-throughput method that introduces protein-coding libraries into plant cells to drive a nuclear magnetic sorting-based reporter, enabling multiplexed measurement of regulatory activity from thousands of protein variants. Using ENTRAP-seq and machine learning, we screened 1,495 plant viruses and identified hundreds of novel putative transcriptional regulatory domains found in structural proteins and enzymes not associated with gene regulation. In addition, we combined ENTRAP-seq with machine-guided design to engineer the activity of a plant transcription factor in a semi-rational fashion. Our findings demonstrate how scalable protein function assays deployed in planta will enable the characterization of natural and synthetic coding diversity in plants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alamos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waldburger, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owens, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rattan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.12.653590</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiplexed profiling of transcriptional regulators in plant cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.14.653916v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Megabase-scale human genome rearrangement with programmable bridge recombinases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.14.653916v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bridge recombinases are a class of naturally occurring RNA-guided DNA recombinases. We previously demonstrated they can programmably insert, excise, and invert DNA in vitro and in bacteria. Here, we report the discovery and engineering of IS622, a simple two-component system capable of universal DNA rearrangements of the human genome. We define strategies for the optimal application of bridge systems, leveraging mechanistic insights to improve their targeting specificity. Through rational engineering of the IS622 bridge RNA and deep mutational scanning of its recombinase, we achieve up to 20% insertion efficiency into the human genome and genome-wide specificity as high as 82%. We further demonstrate intra-chromosomal inversion and excision, mobilizing up to 0.93 megabases of DNA. Finally, we provide proof-of-concept for excision of a gene regulatory region or expanded repeats relevant for the treatment of genetic diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Perry, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartie, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katrekar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durrant, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pai, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fanton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiraizumi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricci-Tam, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nishimasu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konermann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.14.653916</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Megabase-scale human genome rearrangement with programmable bridge recombinases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.11.653364v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial close-kin mark-recapture methods to estimate dispersal parameters and barrier strength for mosquitoes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.11.653364v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Close-kin mark-recapture (CKMR) methods have recently been used to infer demographic parameters for several aquatic and terrestrial species. For mosquitoes, the spatial distribution of close-kin pairs has been used to estimate mean dispersal distance, of relevance to vector-borne disease transmission and genetic biocontrol strategies. Close-kin methods have advantages over traditional mark-release-recapture (MRR) methods as the mark is genetic, removing the need for physical marking and recapturing that may interfere with movement behavior. Here, we extend CKMR methods to accommodate spatial structure alongside life history for mosquitoes and comparable insects. We derive kinship probabilities for parent-offspring and full-sibling pairs in a spatial context, where an individual in each pair may be a larva or adult. Using the dengue vector Aedes aegypti as a case study, we use an individual-based model of mosquito life history to test the effectiveness of this approach at estimating parameters such as mean dispersal distance, daily staying probability, and the strength of a barrier to movement. Considering a simulated population of 9,025 adult mosquitoes arranged on a 19-by-19 grid, we find the CKMR approach provides unbiased and precise estimates of mean dispersal distance given a total of 2,500 adult females sampled over a three-month period using 25 traps evenly spread throughout the landscape. The CKMR approach is also able to estimate parameters of more complex dispersal kernels, such as the daily staying probability of a zero-inflated exponential kernel, or the strength of a barrier to movement, provided the magnitude of these parameters is greater than 0.5. These results suggest that CKMR provides an insightful characterization of mosquito dispersal that is complementary to conventional MRR methods.

Author summaryClose-kin mark-recapture (CKMR) is a genetic analogue of mark-release-recapture (MRR) in which the frequency of marked individuals in a sample is used to infer demographic parameters such as census population size and mean dispersal distance. These methods have been widely applied to aquatic species; however their application to mosquitoes is yet to be rigorously explored. Previous theoretical work demonstrated the potential for CKMR to infer parameters such as population size and mortality rate for randomly-mixing mosquito populations, and close-kin-based methods have been used to infer movement patterns for Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in Singapore and Malaysia. Here, we use simulations to explore the potential for formal CKMR methods to characterize mosquito dispersal patterns. We find that formal CKMR methods are able to accurately estimate mean dispersal distance, and to estimate additional parameters, such as the strength of a landscape barrier and the probability that a mosquito remains within its population node each day. CKMR and other close-kin-based methods provide insights into mosquito dispersal complementary to commonly-used alternatives such as MRR, as they capture displacement across several generations and are not compromised by the marking process.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marshall, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filipovic, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasic, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.11.653364</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial close-kin mark-recapture methods to estimate dispersal parameters and barrier strength for mosquitoes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.12.653431v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ngsAMOVA: A Probabilistic Framework for Analysis of Molecular Variance, dXY and Neighbor-Joining Trees with Low Depth Sequencing Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.12.653431v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationNext-generation sequencing (NGS) has transformed population genetics and evolutionary biology, but the data produced in studies of non-model organisms, ancient DNA, and environmental DNA often consist of low- or medium-depth sequencing. Analyses of these data rely on computational methods that utilize genotype likelihoods (GLs) to account for genotype uncertainty. Nevertheless, many widely-used analysis methods, such as analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) and methods for estimating phylogenetic trees using nucleotide divergence (dXY) still lack the probabilistic frameworks necessary to accommodate GLs.

ResultsWe introduce ngsAMOVA, a novel probabilistic framework for analyzing molecular variation in population hierarchies with low- and medium-depth sequencing data. It employs an Expectation Maximization algorithm to first estimate the joint genotype probabilities for pairs of individuals, accounting for genotype uncertainty using GLs. It then uses these estimates to generate a pairwise distance matrix, which can be used for AMOVA, estimation of dXY, and for estimating phylogenetic trees using Neighbor-Joining. Hypothesis testing is facilitated using genomic block-bootstrapping. Through extensive simulations, we demonstrate that ngsAMOVA provides more accurate results compared to genotype calling at low and medium read depths. Overall, ngsAMOVA represents a methodological advance in the analysis of molecular variance and divergence under sequencing uncertainty. It provides a robust framework, opening up numerous possibilities for gaining insights into the evolutionary histories through its applications. ngsAMOVA is available as a fast, efficient, and user-friendly program written in C/C++.

AvailabilityngsAMOVA is freely available at https://github.com/isinaltinkaya/ngsAMOVA.

Contactisin.altinkaya@sund.ku.dk

Supplementary informationSupplementary data are available online.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Altinkaya, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korneliussen, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.12.653431</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ngsAMOVA: A Probabilistic Framework for Analysis of Molecular Variance, dXY and Neighbor-Joining Trees with Low Depth Sequencing Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.12.653534v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nucleosome positioning and sensitivity suggest novel functional organization of the purple sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.12.653534v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The eukaryotic nucleosome is the fundamental subunit of chromatin and plays functional roles in DNA templated processes, including replication and transcription. In eukaryotic promoters, nucleosome organization is highly structured, with nucleosomes occupying canonical positions flanking the transcription start site (TSS), thereby regulating access of the transcriptional machinery to the underlying DNA. We determine whether this canonical distribution is present in the purple sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, a species of ecological importance and a model organism for developmental biology and climate science. We used titrations of micrococcal nuclease to produce high throughput maps of nucleosome distribution and sensitivity to digestion from female urchin gonad tissue. Unlike yeast, flies, zebrafish, maize, mice or humans, urchins have extended nucleosome repeat lengths and lack a nucleosome depleted region over TSSs. Urchin promoters are dominated by strongly positioned and highly occupied +1 and +2 nucleosomes which are most prominent in highly expressed genes. Additionally, urchin promoters exhibit distinct patterns of susceptibility to nuclease digestion, with heightened sensitivity upstream of the TSS and limited resistance to nuclease digestion. Discretely positioned sensitive nucleosomes were enriched in promoters of highly expressed genes, suggesting a relationship between nucleosome sensitivity and transcriptional regulation. Collectively, we present a comprehensive overview of the unique interplay between nucleosome positioning and chromatin sensitivity in sea urchins. Our study not only provides a better understanding of dynamics of gene expression in a key developmental organism, but also reveals potential heterogeneity in a key structural property of chromatin previously thought to be homogeneous in model eukaryotes.

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=133 SRC="FIGDIR/small/653534v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (41K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@c724dforg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@45c163org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@19b6043org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1ccf475_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Munstermann, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benoit, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karelitz, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arambarri, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dennis, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okamoto, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.12.653534</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nucleosome positioning and sensitivity suggest novel functional organization of the purple sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.14.654096v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA polymerase III transcription-associated polyadenylation promotes the accumulation of noncoding retrotransposons during infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.14.654096v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The accumulation of RNA Polymerase III (Pol III) transcribed short interspersed nuclear element (SINE) retrotransposon RNA is a hallmark of various cellular stressors, including DNA virus infection. However, the molecular mechanisms driving the induction of these normally repressed loci are largely undefined. Here, we reveal that in addition to Pol III transcriptional induction, gammaherpesvirus infection stimulates mRNA-like 3 end processing of SINE RNAs that leads to their stabilization. We developed a convolutional neural network (CNN)-based model that identified a polyadenylation-associated motif as the key hallmark of infection-induced SINEs. Indeed, mRNA polyadenylation machinery is recruited in a Pol III-dependent manner to virus-induced loci, including B2 SINE and tRNA genes. Infection causes enhanced polyadenylation of SINE ncRNA, which is required for its stable accumulation. This virus-host interaction therefore highlights an inducible, coupled relationship between Pol III transcription and mRNA-like polyadenylation. It also reveals that co-option of the polyadenylation machinery by Pol III is a mechanism to increase the abundance of noncoding RNA during pathogenic stress.

SIGNIFICANCEShort interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs) are hyperabundant and transcribed by RNA polymerase III (Pol III) to produce noncoding retrotransposons. Although generally not detectable in healthy somatic cells, SINE RNA expression is upregulated during stress, including viral infection and inflammatory diseases. We used gammaherpesvirus infection to uncover pathways leading to increased SINE RNA expression. Using a newly developed deep learning model and genomics analyses, we reveal that infection-induced accumulation of SINEs is driven by increased Pol III transcription and Pol III-dependent recruitment of polyadenylation machinery. This stimulates polyadenylation of SINEs, which is a known stabilizer of these noncoding transcripts. Our findings suggest that inducible alterations to Pol III transcript 3 end processing modulate the abundance of noncoding retrotransposons during pathogenic stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanghrajka, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karijolich, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lareau, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaunsinger, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.14.654096</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA polymerase III transcription-associated polyadenylation promotes the accumulation of noncoding retrotransposons during infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.15.654128v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oxytocin receptor absence reduces selectivity in peer relationships and alters neurochemical release dynamics in prairie voles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.15.654128v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Abstract/SummaryFriendships, or selective peer relationships, are a vital component of healthy social functioning in humans, while deficits in these relationships are associated with negative physical and mental health consequences. Like humans, prairie voles are among the few mammalian species that form selective social bonds with both peers and mates, making them an excellent model for the mechanistic investigation of selective social attachment. Here, we explored the role of oxytocin receptors in selective peer attachment using prairie voles lacking a functional oxytocin receptor gene (Oxtr1-/-). We found that Oxtr1-/- animals exhibited significant delays in peer relationship formation compared to wildtype animals. Oxytocin receptor function also contributed to the maintenance of peer bonds, as Oxtr1-/- voles displayed reduced relationship stability and lost selective attachments rapidly in a multi-chamber, group-living habitat. Oxtr1-/- voles also showed deficits in both general social reward as well as selective social reward for a peer partner over an unfamiliar conspecific. Evoked oxytocin release in the nucleus accumbens was reduced in Oxtr1-/- animals compared to their wildtype counterparts, indicating that these voles do not have a compensatory increase in oxytocinergic signaling. Together, these data indicate that oxytocin receptors influence the formation, persistence, and reward value of peer relationships.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Black, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Komatsu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taskey, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serrano, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manoli, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beery, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.15.654128</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oxytocin receptor absence reduces selectivity in peer relationships and alters neurochemical release dynamics in prairie voles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.16.654343v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct Sox9 single-molecule dynamics characterize adult differentiation and fetal-like reprogrammed states in intestinal organoids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.16.654343v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcription factors (TFs) mediate gene expression changes during differentiation and development. However, how TF biophysical properties and abundance dynamically regulate specific cell state transitions remains poorly understood.

Using automated live-cell single-molecule tracking (SMT) in intestinal organoid models, we revealed an expression level-independent decrease in the fraction of immobile Sox9 molecules during differentiation from [~]48% to [~]38%, largely dependent on DNA binding. Strikingly, long-term Sox9 overexpression caused organoids to transition from budding to spheroid morphology accompanied by increased proliferation and a loss in gene expression signatures for intestinal identity and function. In this fetal-like reprogrammed state, a larger fraction of partially self- interacting Sox9 molecules ([~]61%) binds to DNA.

Our results suggest context-dependent Sox9 single-molecule dynamics during adult intestinal differentiation and fetal-like reversion in consequence to long-term Sox9 overexpression. Our work underpins the power of our automated live-cell SMT framework to generate testable hypotheses towards unraveling molecular mechanisms underlying tissue-level phenotypes.

Highlights- Heterogenous diffusion behavior of Sox9 across intestinal differentiation states
- Concentration-independent decrease in chromatin-bound Sox9 upon differentiation
- Sox9 overexpression leads to fetal-like reversion and more immobile Sox9 molecules
- Automated SMT in 2D monolayers reveals TF dynamics underlying organoid phenotypes
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Walther, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anantakrishnan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dailey, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maurer, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cattoglio, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.16.654343</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct Sox9 single-molecule dynamics characterize adult differentiation and fetal-like reprogrammed states in intestinal organoids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.16.654085v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diploid gametes in maize by mutation of A-Type cyclins: a step towards apomeiosis and synthetic apomixis. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.16.654085v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hybrid crops are agriculturally desirable due to heterosis but are costly or difficult to produce. Synthetic apomixis, clonal reproduction through seed, offers the ability to fix hybrid vigor. Two components are needed to achieve this goal: the formation of diploid gametes identical to the maternal parent through apomeiosis, and the induction of embryogenesis in the egg cell without fertilization, known as parthenogenesis. In maize, parthenogenesis was achieved by egg cell expression of the transcription factor ZmBABY BOOM 1 but a viable apomeiosis strategy has not been reported. In the MiMe (Mitosis instead of Meiosis) system, in addition to mutants that skip recombination and sister chromatid adhesion, mutation of genes involved in cell cycle control during meiosis is needed to skip the second division and ensure diploid gametes. In this report we describe the effect of mutation of maize A-type cyclin genes with similarity to Arabidopsis TARDY ASYNCHRONOUS MEIOSIS (TAM). In double mutant plants, we find that diploid gametes are formed with high efficiency and that the progeny are tetraploid. These genes provide a viable route towards creating synthetic apomixis in maize.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Skinner, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaikwad, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fenner, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, M.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelliher, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundaresan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.16.654085</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diploid gametes in maize by mutation of A-Type cyclins: a step towards apomeiosis and synthetic apomixis.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.15.654370v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sustained Glucose Turnover Flux Distinguishes Cancer Cachexia from Nutrient Limitation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.15.654370v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer cachexia is an involuntary weight loss condition characterized by systemic metabolic disorder. A comprehensive flux characterization of this condition however is lacking. Here, we systematically isotope traced eight major circulating nutrients in mice bearing cachectic C26 tumors (cxC26) and food intake-matched mice bearing non-cachectic C26 tumors (ncxC26). We found no difference in whole-body lipolysis and proteolysis, ketogenesis, or fatty acid and ketone oxidation by tissues between the two groups. In contrast, compared to ncxC26 mice ad libitum, glucose turnover flux decreased in food intake-controlled ncxC26 mice but not in cxC26 mice. Similarly, sustained glucose turnover flux was observed in two autochthonous cancer cachexia models despite reduced food intake. We identified glutamine and alanine as responsible for sustained glucose production and tissues with altered use of glucose and lactate in cxC26 mice. We provide a comprehensive view of metabolic alterations in cancer cachexia revealing those distinct from decreased nutrient intake.

HighlightsO_LIQuantitative fluxomics of cancer cachexia under matched food intake and body weight
C_LIO_LIIntact lipolysis, proteolysis, ketogenesis, and lipid oxidation in cachectic mice
C_LIO_LISustained glucose consumption in cachectic mice despite reduced food intake
C_LIO_LIIncreased glucose production from glutamine and alanine in cachectic mice
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kwon, Y. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Jenkins, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsiang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janowitz, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goncalves, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hui, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.15.654370</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sustained Glucose Turnover Flux Distinguishes Cancer Cachexia from Nutrient Limitation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.15.654376v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interpreting biochemical text with language models:a machine learning framework for reaction extraction and cheminformatic validation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.15.654376v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) offer new opportunities for automating the manual curation of biochemical reaction databases from scientific literature. In this study, we present an integrated pipeline that enhances LLM-based extraction of enzymatic reactions with machine learning and cheminformatics-informed validation. Using BRENDA-linked PubMed articles, we evaluate GPT-4s ability to extract reactions and infer missing chemical entities in textual descriptions of enzymatic reactions. Extracted reactions are converted to SMILES and InChI notations before being encoded into molecular fingerprint similarity scores and atom mapping metrics. These cheminformatics metrics are then used to train machine learning classifiers that validate GPT extractions. We employ a Positive-Unlabeled learning approach with synthetic invalid reactions to train various classifiers and assess model performances. The best classifier is then benchmarked on GPT extractions. Our findings show that GPT can accurately infer incomplete reactions and cheminformatics tools can serve as effective predictors of reaction validity. This work demonstrates a scalable framework for automated and reliable curation of enzymatic reaction databases, highlighting the potential of combining LLMs with cheminformatics and machine learning for reliable scientific knowledge extraction.

Author SummaryCurating databases of biochemical reactions is a time-consuming and manual task, yet it plays a vital role in advancing research in biology and chemistry. Many scientific articles describe important enzymatic reactions, but often do so in incomplete ways--such as mentioning only the starting molecule or the enzyme, and leaving out the rest. In this work, we explore how recent advancements in artificial intelligence, specifically large language models like GPT, can help extract such information automatically from scientific literature. We show that these models can not only find reactions in text, but also infer missing parts of reactions based on the surrounding context. To make sure these inferred reactions are chemically plausible, we use computational chemistry tools that analyze the structure of the molecules involved. We then train a machine learning model to help us automatically detect which reactions are likely to be valid. This combination of tools offers a new way to speed up and improve how biochemical knowledge is extracted from the growing body of scientific literature. Our study suggests that this kind of automation could help scientists keep biological databases up to date and reduce the burden of manual data entry.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badrinarayanan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sterling, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajesh, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mistry, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manjrekar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Areff, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kristanto, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.15.654376</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interpreting biochemical text with language models:a machine learning framework for reaction extraction and cheminformatic validation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.16.653159v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Matters arising: Forced Symmetry Artifacts in a Prohibitin Complex Structure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.16.653159v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In a recent publication, Lange et al.1 proposed an 11-spoked wheel model for the mitochondrial prohibitin complex consisting of six PHB1 and five PHB2 subunits built into low resolution density obtained from 11-fold symmetry averaging. The proposed unequal stoichiometry is inherently incompatible with symmetry. The building of an asymmetric molecular model into density obtained by 11-fold symmetry averaging is inherently self-contradictory. This contradiction alone calls the validity of the derived structure into question. Our own data revealed that the complex primarily adopts an asymmetric open conformation in situ. We show that it was the incorrect symmetry imposition on the open conformation that led to the spoked wheel density reported by Lange et al.. Further validation by re-analysis of crosslinking-mass spectrometry data, and a test of in situ template matching all support a larger prohibitin complex architecture. These findings underscore the need for great care in the imposition of symmetry cryo-ET at less than atomistic resolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Herrmann, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurley, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.16.653159</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Matters arising: Forced Symmetry Artifacts in a Prohibitin Complex Structure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.20.655198v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Specialist Generalist Trade Offs in Microbial Growth Rates Across Soil Habitats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.20.655198v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial ecological strategies are shaped by a fundamental trade-off: is it better to specialize and thrive in a narrow niche or generalize and persist across diverse environments? In soils, this trade-off is particularly relevant in the rhizosphere and detritusphere, where microorganisms encounter distinct resource inputs from living and decaying roots. Using H {superscript 1} O quantitative stable isotope probing (qSIP), we measured in situ bacterial and fungal growth rates in the rhizosphere, the root detritusphere, and in the combined presence of rhizosphere + root detritus to test whether specialists--microbes growing in a single habitat--grow faster than generalists that persist across multiple environments. Specialists grew consistently faster than generalists, suggesting a trade-off between the breadth of environmental conditions a microorganism can tolerate and its ability to grow quickly in a specific habitat. This cost to broad niche adaptation was apparent for bacteria, but growth rates of fungal saprotrophs varied little between specialists and generalists, reflecting how fundamental differences in life-history strategies between bacteria and fungi can shape microbial responses to resource availability and habitat heterogeneity. Net relatedness and nearest taxon indices indicated total bacterial communities were phylogenetically clustered while specialist and generalist communities were phylogenetically random, suggesting that functional traits, not lineage, best predict ecological strategy. In annual grassland soils, fast-growing specialists may dominate ecosystem processes when resources abound, and slow-growing generalists may sustain element transformations when conditions shift; understanding this interplay is key to predicting soil-carbon trajectories.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Foley, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sokol, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blazewicz, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estera-Molina, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenlon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimbrel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pett-Ridge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hungate, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.20.655198</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Specialist Generalist Trade Offs in Microbial Growth Rates Across Soil Habitats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.16.654596v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Absence of testes at puberty impacts functional development of nigrostriatal but not mesoaccumbal dopamine terminals in a wild-derived mouse 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.16.654596v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The nigrostriatal and mesoaccumbal dopamine systems are thought to contribute to changes in behavior and learning during adolescence, yet it is unclear how the rise in gonadal hormones at puberty impacts the function of these systems. We studied the impact of prepubertal gonadectomy on evoked dopamine release in male Mus spicilegus, a mouse whose adolescent life history has been carefully characterized in the wild and laboratory. To examine how puberty impacts the dopamine systems in M. spicilegus males, we removed the gonads prepubertally at P25 and then examined evoked dopamine release in the dorsomedial, dorsolateral, and nucleus accumbens core regions of striatal slices at P60-70. To measure dopamine release, we used near-infrared catecholamine nanosensors (nIRCats) to enable study of spatial distribution of dopamine release sites in each striatal region. We found that prepubertal gonadectomy led to a significantly reduced density of dopamine release sites and reduced dopamine release at each site in the dorsolateral nigrostriatal system compared to sham controls. By contrast, mesoaccumbal dopamine release was comparable between sham and gonadectomized groups. Our data suggest that during adolescence the development of the nigrostriatal dopamine system is significantly affected by the rise in gonadal hormones in males, while the mesoaccumbal system shows no detectable sensitivity at this time point. These data are consistent with molecular studies in rodents that suggest nigrostriatal neurons are sensitive to androgens at puberty, and extend our understanding of how gonadal hormones could impact the spatial distribution and release potential of dopamine terminals in the striatum.

Significance StatementHere we use a wild-derived species, Mus spicilegus, to study adolescent development. This wild-derived species has value over standard lab mice because it is more likely to exhibit evolved developmental programs relevant to dispersal and other natural behaviors. By using this wild-derived species and metrics of evoked dopamine release with spatial resolution, we can test if the rise in gonadal hormones at puberty plays a role in maturation of dopamine terminal function in the striatum. These findings may help us better understand developmental programs in humans that orchestrate changes in behavior at adolescent milestones in contexts of both health and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mun, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prounis, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phumsatitpong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Motahari, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kriegsfeld, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilbrecht, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.16.654596</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Absence of testes at puberty impacts functional development of nigrostriatal but not mesoaccumbal dopamine terminals in a wild-derived mouse]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.21.654808v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Frontostriatal salience network expands as executive networks contract in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.21.654808v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), marked by intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviours (compulsions), is linked to dysfunction in frontostriatal circuits. However, neural differences potentially contributing to these alterations are often small, and conflicting evidence obscures the directionality and underlying mechanisms of these alterations. Like many psychiatric conditions, OCD follows a fluctuating symptom trajectory, with symptoms shifting dramatically over months--either naturally or due to treatment. Yet, the absence of longitudinal neuroimaging studies limits our understanding of the neural mechanisms driving these changes.

Here, we used precision functional mapping in highly sampled individuals with OCD, uncovering a striking imbalance within frontostriatal networks. We identified a twofold expansion of the salience network in these individuals and a concomitant contraction of the frontoparietal network. Notably, salience network expansion was driven by border shifts, encroaching on adjacent executive networks and leading to their contraction. This imbalance within frontostriatal networks may relate to excessive attention to internal stimuli and lack of goal-directed control, which are classically observed in OCD. Longitudinal analyses of neuroimaging data collected over several months revealed frontostriatal connectivity changes tracking symptom severity. Overall, these findings pinpoint network-level features that may confer risk for individuals with OCD and highlight dynamic connectivity shifts tied to severity of OCD symptoms over time. By isolating frontostriatal abnormalities at the individual level in OCD and their relationship to symptom severity for the first time, this work paves the way for more targeted, personalized treatment strategies and identifies precision functional mapping as a model for precision psychiatry.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vaghi, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norgaard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rios, J. A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bissett, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, C. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poldrack, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.21.654808</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Frontostriatal salience network expands as executive networks contract in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.22.655499v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Endosome transcriptomics reveal trafficking of Cajal bodies into multivesicular bodies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.22.655499v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
All eukaryotic cells secrete exosomes, a type of extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from the endocytic compartments known as multivesicular bodies (MVBs), or late endosomes (LEs). Exosomes contain a diverse range of cargo such as nucleic acids, proteins, lipids and small molecules but whether these contents have a biological function remains an area of intense investigation. Over the last decade, numerous studies have described the transcriptome of exosomes but very little is known about the RNA content of the MVBs, the source compartment for exosome biogenesis. Here we determine the small-RNA transcriptome of highly purified MVBs and report that various classes of nuclear small regulatory RNAs such as small-Cajal body associated RNAs (scaRNAs), small-nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) and small-nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) traffic to MVBs. We show that this RNA-trafficking requires the function of ESCRT machinery but is independent of canonical LC3 lipidation mediated selective autophagy. Furthermore, blocking the activity of a PI3K Class 3 enzyme, VPS34, required for recruitment of the ESCRT machinery to the endosome, prevents the turnover of these nuclear RNAs in MVBs. Our results provide a mechanism for targeting nuclear ribonucleoprotein complexes (RNPs), such as Cajal bodies, for degradation and turnover by the cytoplasmic endo-lysosomal pathway.

Significance StatementEndosomes are cytoplasmic, membrane-bound subcellular organelles that are sites for biogenesis of exosomes, a class of extracellular vesicles, thought to mediate intercellular communication via their packaged cargo such as RNA. Previous studies have focused on the transcriptome of exosomes however very little is known about the identity of RNAs and mechanisms by which they are sorted into endosomes. Here we report a comprehensive endosome transcriptome and provide evidence that several nuclear RNA-protein complexes (RNPs) sort into endosomes, a previously unappreciated phenomenon. We show that this process requires the activity of endosomal sorting complexes and phospholipids characteristic of cellular endocytic compartments. Our study provides a mechanism for recycling and disposal of unwanted nuclear RNPs by the cytoplasmic endolysosomal pathway.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elliott, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jhawar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schekman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.22.655499</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Endosome transcriptomics reveal trafficking of Cajal bodies into multivesicular bodies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.18.654734v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Viral infection induces oxylipin chemical signaling at the end of a summer upwelling bloom: implications for carbon cycling. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.18.654734v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Abstract/SummaryDiatoms are large phytoplankton that form the base of the marine food web and often bloom first when nutrients are injected into the surface ocean through upwelling or deep ocean mixing1,2. Diatoms contribute 20% of global photosynthesis3 while disproportionately representing 40% of carbon export4, with most export occurring along the continental margins5. Oxylipin chemical signaling by diatoms has been extensively studied in the Mediterranean Sea where oxylipins are linked to grazing with subsequent insidious effects on copepod reproduction6-13. Culture studies with diatoms have shown that stress, growth phase, and viral infection also impact oxylipin production14-16. This study provides insight into the role of oxylipins as biomarkers and chemical signals during viral infection of diatoms in natural communities. Biomarkers for lysis and senescence were identified in laboratory experiments and observed at elevated concentrations in meta-lipidomes collected in the California Coastal Ecosystem (CCE) where diatoms had recently been lysed by viruses17. Deck-board incubations with natural communities show that oxylipins stimulate sinking particle-attached and surface-ocean microbes in a dose and community-dependent manner, while inhibiting microzooplankton grazing and phytoplankton growth rates. Carbon export was two times higher at the Post-lytic site than elsewhere along the transect consistent with the viral shuttle, whereby viruses facilitate carbon export. We previously reported enhanced enzymatic activity at the Post-lytic site17, suggestive of the viral shunt, whereby carbon is remineralized or attenuated into non-sinking dissolved organic matter. Here we layer geochemical evidence to show that lysis of oxylipin producing diatoms amplified the vertical flux of carbon from the surface ocean even in the presence of viral shunt processes. The remineralization length scale and community composition have been hypothesized as controls on shunt vs. shuttle18-20; our analysis provides another example of how community interactions may toggle a system between favoring shunt or shuttle.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Edwards, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thamatrakoln, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kranzler, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ossolinski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fredricks, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krause, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bidle, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Mooy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.18.654734</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Viral infection induces oxylipin chemical signaling at the end of a summer upwelling bloom: implications for carbon cycling.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.19.654893v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ancient convergence with prokaryote defense and recent adaptations to lentiviruses in primates characterize the ancestral immune factors SAMD9s 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.19.654893v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human SAMD9 and SAMD9L are duplicated genes that encode innate immune proteins restricting poxviruses and lentiviruses, such as HIV, and implicated in life-threatening genetic diseases and cancer. Here, we combined structural similarity searches, phylogenetics and population genomics with experimental assays of SAMD9/9L functions to resolve the evolutionary and functional dynamics of these immune proteins, spanning from prokaryotes to primates. We discovered structural analogs of SAMD9/9L in the anti-bacteriophage defense system Avs, resulting from convergent evolution. Further, the predicted nuclease active site was conserved in bacterial analogs and was essential for cell death functions, suggesting a fundamental role in defense across different life kingdoms. Despite this ancestral immunity, we identified genomic signatures of evolutionary arms-races in mammals, with remarkable gene copy number variations targeted by natural selection. We further unveiled that the absence of SAMD9 in bonobos corresponds to a recent gene loss still segregating in the population. Finally, we found that chimp and bonobo SAMD9Ls have enhanced anti-HIV-1 functions, and that bonobo-specific SAMD9L polymorphisms confer increased anti-HIV-1 activity to human SAMD9L without compromising its effect on cell translation. These SAMD9/9L adaptations likely resulted from strong viral selective pressures, including by primate lentiviruses, and could contribute to lentiviral resistance in bonobos. Altogether, this study elucidates the interplay between ancient immune convergence across kingdoms and species-specific adaptations within the Avs9 and SAMD9/9L antiviral shared immunity.

Significance statementThe SAMD9 gene family encodes antiviral factors of poxviruses and lentiviruses/HIV and is implicated in genetic diseases. Here, we found strong structural similarity with proteins from the Avs anti-bacteriophage system and uncovered ancient functional convergence in immune strategies between prokaryotes and metazoans. Within mammals, and more importantly in primates, we describe a highly dynamic evolutionary history of the SAMD9 gene family that underwent adaptive episodic gene losses. Unlike humans and chimps, some bonobos lack the SAMD9 gene entirely. Bonobos and chimps also possess unique variants of SAMD9L enhancing anti-HIV-1 activity without compromising cell functions, suggesting super-restrictors. This could also participate in shaping SIVcpz evolution and contribute to the absence of lentivirus-infected bonobos. Overall, the seeming dichotomy between the ancient evolutionary convergence in different kingdoms and recent functional adaptation within primates highlights the arms-races between key immune defense systems and viruses. This study paves the way for evolutionary medicine, where evolutionary-based discoveries may have application to human health, providing a deeper understanding of how the immune system adapts to fight viral infections over billion years of evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Legrand, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demeure, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chantharath, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rey, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baltenneck, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilchrist, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loyer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picard, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cimarelli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinegger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rousset, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sudmant, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Etienne, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.19.654893</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ancient convergence with prokaryote defense and recent adaptations to lentiviruses in primates characterize the ancestral immune factors SAMD9s]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.22.655649v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Primitive Molecular Buffering by Low-Multivalency Coacervates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.22.655649v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coacervate droplets formed by liquid-liquid phase separation serve as models for intracellular biomolecular condensates and as potential protocellular compartments during the emergence of life. Changes in availability of molecular components can be anticipated for intracellular and prebiotic milieu, and protocells may have also faced fluctuations in salinity and pH. Compartments able to maintain their molecular composition, i.e. homeostasis, under such conditions would be better able to preserve internal functions. Phase separation could in principle provide resistance to local changes in molecular composition. To evaluate this possibility, we investigated the impact of non-stoichiometric charge ratios of coacervate molecules on coacervate formation and RNA compartmentalization in oligoarginine (R10)/ATP coacervates across salinity and pH conditions relatable to plausible prebiotic environments. These R10/ATP coacervate systems resisted changes in oligoarginine concentration in both phases under freshwater and ocean-relevant salt conditions, providing a primitive molecular buffering function. Moreover, RNA accumulation was observed in the coacervates over a range of pH, salinity, and R10/ATP stoichiometry. We also observed salt-dependent differences in molecular buffering and compartmentalization that can be understood in terms of how salinity impacts the relative strengths of intermolecular binding modes that drive coacervation and RNA uptake. By varying relative phase volumes and altering which intermolecular binding modes dominate, LLPS provides general mechanisms for resisting changes in molecular availability and environmental conditions, even without the active homeostasis of living cells. Such primitive molecular buffering could have aided the emergence of life and may find utility in biotechnological or commercial applications based on molecular compartmentalization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bevilacqua, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keating, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.22.655649</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Primitive Molecular Buffering by Low-Multivalency Coacervates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.23.654357v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Groundwater and phenology data reveal vulnerability of riparian trees to drought 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.23.654357v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The increasing frequency and magnitude of climatic extremes are altering water availability in dryland ecosystems globally. However, riparian vulnerability to hydroclimate whiplash remains poorly understood. Here, we examined how riparian trees respond to groundwater fluctuations and drought through their water use patterns and phenology. To this end, we combined time-series analysis of long-term, high-frequency groundwater monitoring and satellite imagery from a drought-prone and relatively pristine watershed in California (Chalone Creek, Pinnacles National Park). We found that trees by intermittent river reaches displayed consistent but depth-limited groundwater reliance, while those at perennial reaches primarily relied on groundwater during the dry season. Machine-learning models revealed that at intermittent sites groundwater depth predominantly controlled vegetation greenness, represented by Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). In contrast, variation in photoperiod length dominated at perennial sites where water was more reliably available. During the severe 2020-2022 drought, all species experienced reduced greenness, but phenological responses differed by flow regime. While the start of season was delayed across all sites, trees at intermittent reaches exhibited substantially earlier end of season during drought, resulting in growing seasons shortened by as much as 28 days. These phenological shifts vastly exceed those documented across aridity classifications in global datasets from satellite observations, ground-based monitoring networks, and experimental precipitation manipulations. Although riparian trees in drylands have been shaped by exposure to drought over evolutionary timescales, our findings challenge the prevailing assumption that ecosystems regularly exposed to hydrological are more resilient to drought. Instead, we show that trees in intermittent systems may be operating close to critical groundwater thresholds, rendering them particularly vulnerable to increasingly long and severe droughts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mohammadi, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiedeman, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stella, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruhi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.23.654357</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Groundwater and phenology data reveal vulnerability of riparian trees to drought]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.23.654932v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prolonged fasting and glucocorticoid exposure drive dynamic DNA methylation in elephant seals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.23.654932v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Elephant seals experience prolonged fasting while breeding, molting, and undergoing postnatal development. Fasting elephant seals adjust neuroendocrine function and gene expression to cope with potentially detrimental effects associated with extended fasting. DNA methylation alters gene expression by modulating accessibility to regions necessary to initiate transcription. The role of fasting and glucocorticoids on DNA methylation in elephant seals is understudied. We evaluated whether fasting alters global blood DNA methylation, the potential correlation between increased glucocorticoids and methylation, and the effects of glucocorticoids on DNA methylation in seal muscle cells in primary culture. We found that fasting transiently increases blood DNA methylation and that blood DNA methylation levels correlate with plasma cortisol. Hence, we then conducted bioinformatic analyses to identify regions in the elephant seal glucocorticoid receptor (GR) promoter that influence gene transcription through methylation (CPG islands). We identified one CpG island within the putative promoter region of GR gene. Methylation in this region, however, was unaffected by prolonged fasting. We then investigated whether exogenous glucocorticoids alter DNA methylation and gene expression profiles in seal muscle cells in primary culture (myotubes). Exposure to glucocorticoids for 12 or 48 hours decreased DNA methylation while upregulating pro-survival gene expression in seal myotubes. Our results show that whereas prolonged fasting transiently increases DNA methylation in elephant seal blood, sustained exposure to exogenous glucocorticoids decreases DNA methylation and activates a pro-survival transcriptional program in seal myotubes. Therefore, our results suggest that DNA methylation is a plastic, potentially cell-type-specific response that regulates gene expression in fasting seals.

Summary statementDNA methylation is a plastic response to fasting and increased glucocorticoids in elephant seals. Our work underscores the role of epigenetic regulation of gene expression during energetically challenging conditions in seals and potentially other mammals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gibson, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres-Velarde, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ensminger, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno-Santillan, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crocker, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazquez-Medina, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.23.654932</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prolonged fasting and glucocorticoid exposure drive dynamic DNA methylation in elephant seals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.23.655815v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
COVID-19 induces persistent transcriptional changes in adipose tissue that are not associated with Long COVID 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.23.655815v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Long COVID is a heterogeneous condition characterized by a wide range of symptoms that persist for 90 days or more following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Now more than five years out from the onset of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the mechanisms driving Long COVID are just beginning to be elucidated. Adipose tissue has been proposed as a potential reservoir for viral persistence and tissue dysfunction contributing to symptomology seen in Long COVID. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) from two cohorts: participants with subacute COVID-19 (28-89 days post-infection) compared to pre-pandemic controls, and participants with Long COVID compared to those with those classified as "indeterminate" based on the RECOVER-Adult Long COVID Research Index (12-47 months post-infection). We found no evidence of persistent SARS-CoV-2 RNA in adipose tissue in any participant. SAT from participants with subacute COVID-19 displayed significant transcriptional remodeling, including depleted immune activation pathways and upregulated Hox genes and integrin interactions, suggesting resident immune cell exhaustion and perturbations in tissue function. However, no consistent changes in gene expression were observed between Long COVID samples and samples from indeterminant participants. Thus, SAT may contribute to inflammatory dysregulation following COVID-19, but does not appear to play a clear role in Long COVID pathophysiology. Further research is needed to clarify the role of adipose tissue in COVID-19 recovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DeLine-Caballero, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratnasiri, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahagun, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mangalanathan, U. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnard, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turk, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saini, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayhan, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Memetimin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finlin, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Licht, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kern, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emery, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leeman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edelstein, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Licht, J. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLaughlin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blish, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.23.655815</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[COVID-19 induces persistent transcriptional changes in adipose tissue that are not associated with Long COVID]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.23.655838v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Drought reduces formation, but enhances persistence, of mineral-associated organic matter in a grassland soil 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.23.655838v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Drought effects are pervasive in many terrestrial ecosystems, yet little is known about the impact of drought on the transformation of plant C inputs to mineral-associated organic matter (MAOM) - the largest and slowest-cycling pool of organic carbon (C) on land. Using 13C-CO2 greenhouse labeling chambers, we tracked the formation of 13C-MAOM derived from Avena barbata living root inputs (13C-rhizodeposits) versus A. barbata decaying root inputs (13C-root detritus) under normal moisture and spring drought conditions in a semi-arid grassland soil, and then tested the durability of this 13C-MAOM in a subsequent persistence assay. Overall, drought reduced formation of MAOM - both per gram of soil and across the entire soil profile. Notably, drought conditions enhanced the persistence of MAOM derived from root detritus, though not of MAOM derived from rhizodeposition. Drought had the most pronounced effect on MAOM accrual from rhizodeposition late in plant development (week 12) whereas it had the most pronounced effect on MAOM accrual from root detritus early in root decomposition (week 4). These temporal responses were associated with distinct trajectories in microbial community-level growth rates, the average mass of OM compounds, and the number of unique metabolites within each habitat. Our results provide mechanistic evidence that drought reduces overall formation of MAOM but can enhance its persistence in a grassland soil.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sokol, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foley, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blazewicz, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Didonato, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estera-Molina, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firestone, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenlon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hungate, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kew, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasa-Tolic, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slessarev, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pett-Ridge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.23.655838</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Drought reduces formation, but enhances persistence, of mineral-associated organic matter in a grassland soil]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.24.655972v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development of Second-Generation Acyl Silane Photoaffinity Probes for Cellular Chemoproteomic Profiling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.24.655972v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deconvolution of the protein targets of hit compounds from phenotypic screens, often conducted in live cells, is critical for understanding mechanism of action and identifying potentially hazardous off-target interactions. While photoaffinity labeling and chemoproteomics are long-established approaches for discovering small-molecule-protein interactions in live cells, there are a relatively small number of photoaffinity labeling strategies that can be applied in intracellular settings. Recently, we reported a novel chemical framework for photoaffinity labeling based on the photo-Brook rearrangement of acyl silanes and demonstrated its ability, when appended to protein-targeting ligands, to label recombinant proteins. Here, we report the application of these probes to live cell photoaffinity workflows, demonstrate their complementarity to current state-of-the-art minimalist diazirine-based photoaffinity probes, and introduce a modular synthetic route to access acyl silane scaffolds with improved labeling properties.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Page, A. C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orr, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyers, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belcher, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coffey, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scholz, S. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cismoski, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomura, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toste, F. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.24.655972</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development of Second-Generation Acyl Silane Photoaffinity Probes for Cellular Chemoproteomic Profiling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.27.654663v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Double strand breaks drive toxicity in Huntington's disease mice with or without somatic expansion. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.27.654663v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There has been a substantial investment in elucidating the mechanism of expansion in hopes of identifying therapeutic targets for Huntington disease (HD). Although an expanded CAG allele is the causal mutation for HD, there is evidence that somatic expansion may not be the only disease driver. We report here that double strand breaks (DSBs) drive HD toxicity by an independent mechanism from somatic expansion. The mutant HD protein inhibits non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) activity, leading to the accumulation of DSBs. DSBs promote transcriptional pathology in mice that cannot expand their CAG tracts somatically. Conversely, Inhibition of DSBs reverses neuronal toxicity in animals that undergo somatic expansion. Although they coexist in neurons, DSBs and somatic expansion are independent therapeutic targets for HD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Polyzos, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheong, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blagec, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagel, Z. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMurray, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.27.654663</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Double strand breaks drive toxicity in Huntington's disease mice with or without somatic expansion.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.21.655361v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of sexual dimorphism and estrous cycle on C. difficile infections prophylaxis in two rodent models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.21.655361v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is responsible for the majority of identifiable hospital-related antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Susceptibility to CDI and severity of disease varies depending on a variety of factors such as aggressive use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, age, and immune status. Epidemiological studies have consistently shown that female patients are more at risk for CDI than their male counterparts. C. difficile is spread by spores which can persist in the environment and in the intestines of patients. Spores do not cause disease but germinate in the antibiotic-altered gut of patients to generate toxin producing vegetative cells. The germination of C. difficile spores is mediated by the composition of bile salts in the gut with taurocholate facilitating germination and chenodeoxycholate inhibiting it.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Phan, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Washington, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Do, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mata, T. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niamba, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heredia, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soriano, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cross, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abel-Santos, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.21.655361</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of sexual dimorphism and estrous cycle on C. difficile infections prophylaxis in two rodent models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.29.656244v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide CRISPR screens identify PTGES3 as a novel AR modulator 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.29.656244v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The androgen receptor (AR) is a critical driver of prostate cancer (PCa). To study regulators of AR protein levels and oncogenic activity, we created the first live cell quantitative endogenous AR fluorescent reporters. Leveraging this novel AR reporter, we performed genome-scale CRISPRi flow cytometry sorting screens to systematically identify genes that modulate AR protein levels. We identified and validated known AR protein regulators including HOXB13 and GATA2 and also unexpected top hits including PTGES3, a poorly characterized gene in PCa. PTGES3 repression resulted in loss of AR protein, cell cycle arrest, and cell death in AR-driven PCa models. PTGES3 is not a commonly essential gene, and our data nominate it as a prime PCa therapeutic target. Clinically, analysis of PCa data demonstrate that PTGES3 expression is associated with AR-directed therapy resistance. Mechanistically, we show PTGES3 binds directly to AR, forms a protein complex with AR in the nucleus, regulates AR protein stability in vitro and in vivo and modulates AR function in the nucleus at AR target genes. PTGES3 represents a novel therapeutic target for overcoming known mechanisms of resistance to existing AR-directed therapies in PCa.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melnyk, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, B. X. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shrestha, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sjostrom, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chesner, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farsh, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suarez, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nath, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egusa, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calvert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kishishita, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barpanda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maheshwari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alshalalfa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winters, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hua, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davicioni, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiita, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stohr, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siddiqui, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Small, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shokat, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quigley, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wasmuth, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, F. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.29.656244</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide CRISPR screens identify PTGES3 as a novel AR modulator]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.27.656480v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
KODA: Agentic Framework for Microbiome Drug Target Discovery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.27.656480v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The gut microbiome plays a crucial role in human health and disease, influencing diverse biological processes such as immune regulation and nutrient metabolism. However, the complexity of micro-bial interactions and their metabolic cross-feeding dynamics remains poorly understood. This study proposes KODA, an agentic framework that integrates large language models (LLMs) and knowledge graphs (KGs) to facilitate the discovery of targets in antimicrobial drugs in the gut microbiome. Our approach employs a multi-agent system to interpret natural language queries and translate them into precise graph database queries, enabling intuitive interactions with complex microbiome data. Focusing on KEGG orthologies related to essential microbial genes, KODA identifies potential antimicrobial drug targets by analyzing microbial metabolic pathways. The system employs a Neo4j-based microbiome KG, which integrates microbial interaction data, metabolic models, and KEGG annotations. A dedicated evaluation framework, which incorporates LLM-based reviewers, assesses the quality of generated queries and analytical reports. Our results demonstrate the efficacy of KODA in providing actionable insights for antimicrobial research, particularly in identifying conserved essential genes as potential drug targets. This framework holds the potential to democratize microbiome research by lowering technical barriers and accelerating hypothesis generation in drug discovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aminian-Dehkordi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parsa, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naghipourfar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mofrad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.27.656480</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[KODA: Agentic Framework for Microbiome Drug Target Discovery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.30.657119v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Detection of astrocyte epigenetic memory in in vitro systems, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis samples 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.30.657119v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We recently described astrocyte pro-inflammatory epigenetic memory based on multiple complementary in vivo and in vitro studies, and the analysis of multiple sclerosis samples. Based on bioinformatic analyses, ODea and Liddelow argued that the astrocyte epigenetic memory we described is the result of contamination with immune cells, particularly myeloid cells. We rebut ODea and Liddelow arguments as follows: (1) We show substantial purity of astrocytes analyzed in in vivo and in vitro systems; (2) We recapitulate astrocyte memory responses using five independent pure astrocyte in vitro systems, and show its dependency on the histone acetyl transferase p300; and (3) Using the Liddelow lab bioinformatic pipeline to implement purity and cell-quality criteria, we detect astrocyte epigenetic memory in five independent scRNA-seq experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and multiple sclerosis (MS) astrocyte datasets. These additional analyses and studies provide further support for the existence of astrocyte pro-inflammatory epigenetic memory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Quintana, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faust Akl, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piester, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothhammer, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, I. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.30.657119</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Detection of astrocyte epigenetic memory in in vitro systems, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis samples]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.31.657201v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microbial dispersal from surrounding vegetation influences phyllosphere microbiome assembly of corn and soybean 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.31.657201v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Non-crop plants surrounding large plantings of agricultural crops can provide numerous ecological services to adjacent agricultural plants but have rarely been considered as a source of microorganisms during the early stages of their growth. In this study we test whether agricultural plants in close proximity to surrounding woodland habitat fragments develop a denser microbiome than plants farther away, and whether the composition of the crop microbiomes more closely resembles the composition of the surrounding vegetation when in close proximity. During the early stages of development, we sampled epiphytic bacteria from corn and soybean leaves over 4 and 3 weekly sampling timepoints, respectively, using a spatially explicit design, and on the final timepoint for both host species we additionally sampled a younger cohort of leaves. To contextualize the source strength of the surrounding vegetation we also sampled the soil at each sampling location. Both crop species exhibited a microbiome density gradient and a decay of microbiome similarity to surrounding vegetation over a distance of 100 m from the field edges at many timepoints. Phyllosphere microbiome similarity to the soil also tended to increase into the field interior. The strength of host plant microbiome filtering also depended on the proximity to the surrounding vegetation, with intermediate to most distant locations exhibiting the highest values of host filtering, reflecting an apparent decrease in immigrant inoculum. The bacterial communities of younger leaves tended to more closely resemble those of the older surrounding conspecific leaves than either the soil or surrounding woodland vegetation, reflecting the growing dominance of inoculum from within developing crop canopies as plants grew. Overall, our study sheds light on the important role that dispersal of bacteria from nearby leaves can play in phyllosphere microbiome assembly and highlights the diminishing role that soil plays in assembly of phyllosphere microbiomes as plant sources are closer or more abundant.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meyer, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindow, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.31.657201</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microbial dispersal from surrounding vegetation influences phyllosphere microbiome assembly of corn and soybean]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.01.657182v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
scVIVA: a probabilistic framework for representation of cells and their environments in spatial transcriptomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.01.657182v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial transcriptomics provides a significant advance over studies of dissociated cells in that it reveals the environment in which cells reside, thus opening the way for a more complete description of their state and function. However, most current methods for embedding and discovery of cell states rely only on the cells own gene expression profile, thus raising the need for ways to account for the neighboring cells as well. Here, we introduce scVIVA, a deep generative model that leverages both cell-intrinsic and neighboring gene expression profiles to output stochastic embeddings of cell states as well as normalized gene expression profiles. We demonstrate that scVIVA produces informative fine-grained partitions of cells that reflect both their internal state and the surrounding tissue and that its generative model facilitates the testing of hypotheses of differential expression between tissue niches. We leverage these properties of scVIVA to uncover a spatially-restricted tumor-promoting endothelial population in breast cancer and niche-associated T cell states that are shared across multiple cancers. scVIVA is available as open source software within scvi-tools.org.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Levy, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingelfinger, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakulin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cinnirella, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyeau, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadler, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ergen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.01.657182</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[scVIVA: a probabilistic framework for representation of cells and their environments in spatial transcriptomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.01.657268v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Kinetic Proofreading through Parallel Reactions on a Single T Cell Receptor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.01.657268v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
T cells can recognize a few molecules of cognate antigen amongst vastly outnumbering non-cognate ligands. The T cell receptor (TCR) differentiates antigens based on antigen-TCR binding dwell time through a kinetic proofreading process. Historically, this has been modeled as the ligated receptor undergoing a series of reactions before producing a signal. In such a sequential mechanism, the number of steps is a key determinant of discrimination fidelity. Here, we consider two features of the molecular mechanism of TCR activation that diverge from a sequential process and suggest that an alternative kinetic proofreading mechanism may be at play. First, activation processes of multiple ITAM domains of the TCR represent parallel reaction sequences taking place on a single TCR molecule. Second, the states of the parallel proofreading reactions are integrated to produce a binary output from each TCR in the form of a discrete LAT condensation event, which may or may not occur. We examine a revised kinetic proofreading scheme based on parallel reactions followed by an integration step (multi-thread scheme) and compare its performance with the sequential scheme in a stochastic setting. A distinct difference in a multi-thread scheme is that multiplicity of the parallel reaction threads provides an additional means to increase discrimination fidelity. This relieves the need for fine-tuned kinetics among chemically distinct reaction steps, which is a major hurdle for physical implementation of a sequential mechanism. Lastly, we reinterpret previously reported experimental observations and find that various proofreading behaviors are well described as proofreading through parallel reaction threads.

Significance StatementThe kinetic proofreading mechanism by which T cells discriminate antigen has attracted interest from both physical and immunological perspectives. The proofreading process has generally been modeled as a multi-step sequence of reactions, and many experimental observations have been interpreted based on this presumed mechanism. However, these models do not capture key molecular features of the TCR signaling mechanism, including ITAM multiplicity and LAT condensation. Here, we find distinct consequences of these molecular features by examining kinetic models and reinterpreting published experimental data. ITAM multiplicity offers multiple parallel reaction threads, re-integrated by the LAT condensation step, which readily improves discrimination fidelity up to the observed levels. Multi-thread reactions are suggested to play a central role in amplifying TCR kinetic proofreading performance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morita, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groves, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.01.657268</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Kinetic Proofreading through Parallel Reactions on a Single T Cell Receptor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.02.656870v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Replaying germinal center evolution on a quantified affinity landscape 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.02.656870v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Darwinian evolution of immunoglobulin genes within germinal centers (GC) underlies the progressive increase in antibody affinity following antigen exposure. Whereas the mechanics of how competition between GC B cells drives increased affinity are well established, the dynamical evolutionary features of this process remain poorly characterized. We devised an experimental evolution model in which we "replay" over one hundred instances of a clonally homogenous GC reaction and follow the selective process by assigning affinities to all cells using deep mutational scanning. Our data reveal how GCs achieve predictable evolutionary outcomes through the cumulative effects of many rounds of imperfect selection, acting on a landscape shaped heavily by somatic hypermutation (SHM) targeting biases. Using time-calibrated models, we show that apparent features of GC evolution such as permissiveness to low-affinity lineages and early plateauing of affinity are best explained by survivorship biases that distort our view of how affinity progresses over time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DeWitt, W. S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vora, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Araki, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galloway, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alkutkar, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bortolatto, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumm, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jennings-Schaffer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mesin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozorowski, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pae, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ralph, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloom, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nourmohammad, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Starr, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsen, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Victora, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.02.656870</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Replaying germinal center evolution on a quantified affinity landscape]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.02.657538v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-Bench: A Scientific Reasoning Benchmark from Real-World Expert Discussions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.02.657538v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In this short report, we present an automated pipeline tailored for the genomics domain and introduce Genome-Bench, a new benchmark constructed from over a decade of scientific forum discussions on genome engineering. Our pipeline transforms raw interactions into a reinforcement learningfriendly multiple-choice questions format, supported by 3000+ high-quality questionanswer pairs spanning foundational biology, experimental troubleshooting, tool usage, and beyond. To our knowledge, this is the first end-to-end pipeline for teaching LLMs to reason from scientific discussions, with promising potential for generalization across scientific domains beyond biology. The dataset is available at https://huggingface.co/datasets/Mingyin0312/Genome-Bench.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.02.657538</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-Bench: A Scientific Reasoning Benchmark from Real-World Expert Discussions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.05.657210v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Immunophenotype and Proviral Landscape of HIV-infected CD4 T Cells During Antiretroviral Therapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.05.657210v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In individuals on effective antiretroviral therapy, integrated HIV proviruses persist within CD4 T cells, forming a viral reservoir that rebounds if treatment is stopped. Identifying and targeting these rare, infected cells is critical for advancing therapies, but methods to study reservoir cells are limited and their unique properties remain largely unknown. We applied DAb-seq, a high-throughput method that combines single-cell DNA and surface protein sequencing, to profile over five hundred and twenty thousand CD4 T cells from the blood of six individuals on ART. Infected cells were unequally distributed in T cell subsets, and differential protein expression between infected and uninfected cells revealed significant heterogeneity across cell subsets. Attempts to identify surface markers that differentiate infected from uninfected cells found antigens that mirrored the enrichment of HIV in central memory subsets. However, while central memory T cells harbored the majority of HIV, cells with intact provirus were enriched relative to their defective counterparts in Naive and Regulatory T cell subsets, suggesting that they differentially maintain intact proviruses. In summary, we developed DAb-seq as an open-source platform for linking the proviral landscape to diverse cellular phenotypes, revealing heterogeneity in surface protein expression and provirus maintenance across infected subsets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Delley, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joslin, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, Y. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Busch, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demaree, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deeks, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boritz, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abate, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, I. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.05.657210</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Immunophenotype and Proviral Landscape of HIV-infected CD4 T Cells During Antiretroviral Therapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.02.657265v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A discontinuity in motion perception during fixational drift 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.02.657265v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human visual system is tasked with perceiving stable and moving objects despite ever-present eye movements. Normally, our visual system performs this task exceptionally well; indeed, under conditions with frames of reference, our ability to detect relative motion exceeds the sampling limits of foveal cones. However, during fixational drift, if an image is programmed to move in a direction consistent with retinal slip, little to no motion is perceived, even if this motion is amplified. We asked: Would a stimulus moving in a direction consistent with retinal slip, but with a smaller magnitude across the retina, also appear relatively stable? We used an adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscope to deliver stimuli that moved contingent to retinal motion and measured subjects perceived motion, under conditions with world-fixed background content. We also tested under conditions with background content closer and farther from the stimuli. We found a sharp discontinuity in motion perception. Stimuli moving in a direction consistent with retinal slip, no matter how small, appear to have relatively little to no motion; while, stimuli moving in the same direction as eye motion appear to be moving. Displacing background content to greater than 4{degrees} from the stimuli diminishes the effects of this phenomenon.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>D'Angelo, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiruveedhula, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arathorn, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otero-Millan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roorda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.02.657265</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A discontinuity in motion perception during fixational drift]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.02.657515v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An improved model for prediction of de novo designed proteins with diverse geometries 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.02.657515v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nature uses structural variations on protein folds to fine-tune the geometries of proteins for diverse functions, yet deep learning-based de novo protein design methods generate highly regular, idealized protein fold geometries that fail to capture natural diversity. Here, using physics-based design methods, we generated and experimentally validated a dataset of 5,996 stable, de novo designed proteins with diverse non-ideal geometries. We show that deep learning-based structure prediction methods applied to this set have a systematic bias towards idealized geometries. To address this problem, we present a fine-tuned version of Alphafold2 that is capable of recapitulating geometric diversity and generalizes to a new dataset of thousands of geometrically diverse de novo proteins from 5 fold families unseen in fine-tuning. Our results suggest that current deep learning-based structure prediction methods do not capture some of the physics that underlie the specific conformational preferences of proteins designed de novo and observed in nature. Ultimately, approaches such as ours and further informative datasets should lead to improved models that reflect more of the physical principles of atomic packing and hydrogen bonding interactions and enable improved generalization to more challenging design problems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Orr, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crilly, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akpinaroglu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keiser, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kortemme, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.02.657515</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An improved model for prediction of de novo designed proteins with diverse geometries]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.03.657705v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA-seq reveals transcriptomic differences in circadian-related genes of the choroid plexus in a preclinical chronic migraine model. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.03.657705v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMigraine patients show choroid plexus (CP) changes, impairing the blood-CSF barrier. The CP regulates circadian rhythms, but links between CP circadian genes and migraine are unexplored.

ObjectiveThis study examined CP circadian gene transcriptome changes in a chronic migraine rat model versus controls to identify migraine-related pathways.

DesignChronic migraine model: Sprague Dawley rats (3 females, 3 males) received nitroglycerine (NTG) every other day for 9 days; controls (3 females, 3 males) got saline. CP from the 4th ventricle was collected 2 hours post-final injection for RNAseq.

MethodsMigraine Behavior: Von Frey hair tests on days 1, 5, and 9, pre- and 2 hours post-NTG/saline injection, assessed basal and NTG-induced pain thresholds.

RNAseq & Analysis: Differentially expressed genes (p < 0.05, fold change > 1) were identified. GO, KEGG, and Reactome enrichment analyses evaluated circadian gene expression changes.

ResultsO_LINTG group showed reduced basal and NTG-induced pain thresholds on days 1, 5, and 9.
C_LIO_LIFemales had more upregulated genes (MT2A, SLC7A11), males upregulated ZBTB16, S100A8. SLC7A11, SCG2, GRIA1 showed inverse regulation (up in females, down in males).
C_LIO_LICircadian gene expression altered: 10 genes upregulated (e.g., SERPINE1, MAPK9, ATF4), 13 downregulated (e.g., PER2, DBP, EZH2). Sex-specific differences: females (FBXL12, GPR157), males (NKX2-1, ATF4, CLOCK).
C_LIO_LIGO/KEGG analyses revealed significant enrichment of circadian rhythm-related pathways, insulin resistance, and inflammatory response processes, with sex-specific differences: females showed HIF-1 signaling and hemoglobin-related pathways, while males exhibited arachidonic acid and leukotriene production.
C_LI

ConclusionCP transcriptomics in the rat migraine model revealed sex-specific gene regulation, with females upregulating antioxidant genes (MT2A, SLC7A11) and males upregulating inflammatory factors (ZBTB16, S100A8), alongside circadian disruption (e.g., SERPINE1 upregulated, PER2 downregulated). Pathway analyses indicate enriched circadian rhythms, HIF-1 signaling (females), inflammatory processes (males), lipid metabolism (PPAR), and heme signaling, highlighting sex-specific and circadian targets for migraine therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Woldeamanuel, Y. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fonteh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arakaki, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.03.657705</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA-seq reveals transcriptomic differences in circadian-related genes of the choroid plexus in a preclinical chronic migraine model.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.05.657915v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanical force locally damages, remodels and stabilizes the lattice of spindle microtubules 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.05.657915v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To segregate chromosomes at cell division, the spindle must maintain its structure under force. How it does so remains poorly understood. To address this question, we use microneedle manipulation to apply local force to spindle microtubule bundles, kinetochore-fibers (k-fibers), inside mammalian cells. We show that local load directly fractures k-fibers, and that newly created plus-ends often have arrested dynamics, resisting depolymerization. Force alone, without fracture, is sufficient for spindle microtubule stabilization, as revealed by laser ablating k-fibers under local needle force. Doublecortin, which binds a compacted microtubule lattice, is lost around the force application site, suggesting local force-induced structural remodeling. In turn, EB1, which recognizes GTP-tubulin, is locally enriched at stabilization sites, both before and after force-induced fracture. Together, our findings support a model where force-induced damage leads to local spindle microtubule lattice remodeling and stabilization, which we propose reinforces the spindle where it experiences critical loads.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rux, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chong, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumont, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.05.657915</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanical force locally damages, remodels and stabilizes the lattice of spindle microtubules]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.06.657857v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biological Processes as Exploratory Dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.06.657857v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many biological processes can be thought of as the result of an underlying dynamics in which the system repeatedly undergoes distinct and abortive trajectories with the dynamical process only ending when some specific process, purpose, structure or function is achieved. A classic example is the way in which microtubules attach to kinetochores as a prerequisite for chromosome segregation and cell division. In this example, the dynamics is characterized by apparently futile time histories in which microtubules repeatedly grow and shrink without chromosomal attachment. We hypothesize that for biological processes for which it is not the initial conditions that matter, but rather the final state, this kind of exploratory dynamics is biologys unique and necessary solution to achieving these functions with high fidelity. This kind of cause and effect relationship can be contrasted to examples from physics and chemistry where the initial conditions determine the outcome. In this paper, we examine the similarities of many biological processes that depend upon random trajectories starting from the initial state and the selection of subsets of these trajectories to achieve some desired functional final state. We begin by reviewing the long history of the principles of dynamics, first in the context of physics, and then in the context of the study of life. These ideas are then stacked up against the broad categories of biological phenomenology that exhibit exploratory dynamics. We then build on earlier work by making a quantitative examination of a succession of increasingly sophisticated models for exploratory dynamics, all of which share the common feature of being a series of repeated trials that ultimately end in a "winning" trajectory. We also explore the ways in which microscopic parameters can be tuned to alter exploratory dynamics as well as the energetic burden of performing such processes.

OutlookIt is a great privilege to take part in this special volume dedicated to the life and work of Prof. Erich Sackmann (1934-2024). For one of us (RP), at the time of making a switch from traditional condensed matter physics to a life engaged in the study of life, he went to a meeting near Munich which completely opened his eyes to the ways in which the approach of physics could be brought to bear on the study of the living. Sackmanns work was an inspiring presence at that meeting. One of the hallmarks of his work was a principled approach to dissecting biological processes over a range of scales and phenomena. One common thread to much of his work was that it acknowledged the dynamical character of living organisms. The present paper attempts to follow in the tradition of Sackmanns studies of dynamics by suggesting a new way of looking at many biological processes all through the unifying perspective of what we will call exploratory dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kondev, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirschner, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salmon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.06.657857</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biological Processes as Exploratory Dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.06.658366v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Low-density lipoprotein receptor-targeting chimeras for membrane protein degradation and enhanced drug delivery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.06.658366v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibody-based therapeutics encompass diverse modalities for targeting tumor cells. Among these, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) and extracellular targeted protein degradation (eTPD) specifically depend on efficient lysosomal trafficking for activity. However, many tumor antigens exhibit poor internalization, limiting ADC effectiveness. To address this, we developed low-density lipoprotein receptor-targeting chimeras (LIPTACs), leveraging the constitutive endocytic and recycling activity of the LDLR to enhance lysosomal delivery. LIPTACs enable efficient and selective degradation of diverse extracellular membrane proteins. Additionally, by coupling LIPTACs with cytotoxic payloads to generate degrader-drug conjugates, we can achieve superior intracellular delivery and enhanced cytotoxicity compared to conventional ADCs. The dual modality addresses key challenges of inadequate internalization in conventional ADCs and cytotoxic potency for current eTPD strategies. Our findings demonstrate that LDLR-mediated trafficking can enhance eTPD and ADCs, providing a hybrid blueprint for developing next-generation antibody therapeutics with broader utility and improved efficacy in cancer treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaefer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miao, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganjave, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumru, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters-Clarke, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inague, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olzmann, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wells, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.06.658366</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Low-density lipoprotein receptor-targeting chimeras for membrane protein degradation and enhanced drug delivery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.09.658556v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The phonology of sperm whale coda vowels 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.09.658556v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In previous research, sperm whale codas (structured series of clicks used for communication) have been shown to resemble human vowels acoustically. Based on the number of formants, two different coda quality categories have been described: a-codas and i-codas. In the present paper, we demonstrate that sperm whale codas not only resemble human vowels acoustically, but also pattern like them across several dimensions. First, traditional count- and timing-based coda types interact with coda "vowel" quality (a vs. i). Second, a-codas are generally longer than i-codas. Third, the duration of i-codas has a bimodal distribution, showing a contrast between short i-codas and long[i] -codas. Fourth, the baseline coda length differs across whales. And fifth, edge clicks mismatching their coda often match an adjacent coda, a phenomenon that resembles human coarticulation. All five properties have close parallels in the phonetics and phonology of human languages. Sperm whale coda vocalizations thus represent one of the closest parallels to human phonology of any known animal communication system.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTSperm whales communicate using series of clicks known as codas. The codas acoustically resemble human vowels. In addition, they pattern in ways similar to human sound systems. For example, different coda types are correlated with particular click qualities, and their durations are intentionally controlled. This shows that sperm whale vocalizations are highly complex and likely constitute one of the most sophisticated communication systems in the animal kingdom. By studying it, we may be able to gain a broader understanding of animal intelligence and social behaviors, determine the impact of human activities on whale habitat, develop strategies to protect whales from threats such as noise pollution and ship traffic, and advance legislation which facilitates that protection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Begus, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dabkowski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sprouse, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruber, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gero, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.09.658556</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The phonology of sperm whale coda vowels]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.10.658963v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Purification of post-transcriptionally modified tRNAs for enhanced cell-free translation systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.10.658963v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) are utilized by the ribosome to decode the nucleic acid alphabet. tRNA structure, stability, aminoacylation efficiency, and decoding efficacy are governed by their extensive post-transcriptional modifications. In most studies, individual tRNAs are generated using in vitro transcription, which produces tRNAs devoid of these critical site-specific modifications, negatively affecting translation yields and fidelity. To address this, we have developed a purification method which couples tRNA overexpression to DNA hybridization-based purification. Using this approach, we produced native tRNAs from E. coli in high yield and purity while retaining their complement of native post-transcriptional modifications and translational activity. We extend this technique to the purification of [Formula] and [Formula], tRNAs of critical importance for genetic code expansion. We confirmed that both [Formula] and [Formula] contain native E. coli post-transcriptional modifications and provide the first complete modification profiles of each. Moreover, we found that in vivo-generated [Formula] significantly outperforms its in vitro-generated counterpart in amber codon suppression in cell-free translation reactions. Finally, we purified an engineered variant of E. coli [Formula], extending our studies to synthetic tRNAs. We present a flexible method which generates modified tRNAs in high yield and purity, addressing a critical and persistent challenge in RNA biochemistry. This toolkit enables future structural and cell-free studies through scalable access to native and engineered tRNAs, advancing the broader field of translation and synthetic biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kalb, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alejo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dias-Fields, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knudson, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davisson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maldonado, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chattrakun, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schepartz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanchard, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engelhart, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adamala, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.10.658963</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Purification of post-transcriptionally modified tRNAs for enhanced cell-free translation systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.10.658786v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-selective RAS(ON) Inhibition Targets Oncogenic RAS Mutations and Overcomes RAS/MAPK-Mediated Resistance to FLT3 and BCL2 Inhibitors in Acute Myeloid Leukemia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.10.658786v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aberrant activation of the RAS/MAPK signaling limits the clinical efficacy of several targeted therapies in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In FLT3-mutant AML, the selection of clones harboring heterogeneous RAS mutations drives resistance to FLT3 inhibitors (FLT3i). RAS activation is also associated with resistance to other AML targeted therapies, including the BCL2 inhibitor venetoclax. Despite the critical need to inhibit RAS/MAPK signaling in AML, no targeted therapies have demonstrated clinical benefit in RAS-driven AML. To address this unmet need, we investigated the preclinical activity of RMC-7977, a multi-selective inhibitor of GTP-bound active [RAS(ON)] isoforms of mutant and wild-type RAS in AML models. RMC-7977 exhibited potent antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic activity across AML cell lines with MAPK-activating signaling mutations. In cell line models with acquired FLT3i resistance due to secondary RAS mutations, treatment with RMC-7977 restored sensitivity to FLT3i. Similarly, RMC-7977 effectively reversed resistance to venetoclax in RAS-addicted cell line models with both RAS wild-type and mutant genetic backgrounds. In murine patient-derived xenograft models of RAS-mutant AML, RMC-7977 was well tolerated and significantly suppressed leukemic burden in combination with gilteritinib or venetoclax. Our findings strongly support clinical investigation of broad-spectrum RAS(ON) inhibition in AML to treat and potentially prevent drug resistance due to activated RAS signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Popescu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lomeli, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peretz, C. A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abelson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morales, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pikman, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logan, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stieglitz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.10.658786</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-selective RAS(ON) Inhibition Targets Oncogenic RAS Mutations and Overcomes RAS/MAPK-Mediated Resistance to FLT3 and BCL2 Inhibitors in Acute Myeloid Leukemia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.10.658926v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reversible Antagonism of Dopamine D1 Receptor using a Photoswitchable Remotely Tethered Ligand 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.10.658926v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dopamine D1 receptor (D1R) plays key roles in health and disease. D1R is broadly expressed throughout the brain and body and is dynamically activated in response to endogenous dopamine, making it difficult to target this receptor with sufficient precision. We previously developed a robust light-activatable, tetherable agonist for D1R, wherein a temporally precise photo-switch (the P compound) binds to a genetically-encoded membrane anchoring protein (the M protein) in specific brain locations and cell types. Here we extended our approach by developing a complementary antagonist P compound that could be used to block specific populations of D1R in the brain with precise timing. Together, we have generated a robust toolkit for interrogating D1R function in the brain with unprecedented precision.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hetzler, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donthamsetti, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolesensky, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanley, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isacoff, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trauner, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.10.658926</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reversible Antagonism of Dopamine D1 Receptor using a Photoswitchable Remotely Tethered Ligand]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.12.659203v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantifying Misuse of Color in Biological Research 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.12.659203v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Colors are widely used to report biological research data. Effective interpretation of colors relies on accurate, intuitive, and accessible colormaps that are properly labeled. Misuse of colormaps, such as using rainbow, mismatched, and other inaccessible colormaps, hinders reader interpretation. Despite their ubiquitous use to represent biological data, the prevalence of colormap misuse has not been quantified. Using established guidelines, we analyzed over 6,000 articles in 10 high-impact biological journals spanning 2020-2024 to quantify the prevalence of colormap use and misuse. Over 67% of articles contain at least one colormap, of which 81% contain some form of misuse. Among the over 11,000 acquired colormap-associated figures, 60% contain some form of misuse. Heatmaps, scatter plots, images, and image overlays are the most commonly used figures with colormaps. These statistics vary by journal but remain constant over time, demonstrating the urgent need to increase awareness and education about color-based data reporting guidelines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, T.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duong, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.12.659203</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantifying Misuse of Color in Biological Research]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.15.659774v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-resolution spatial mapping of cell state and lineage dynamics in vivo with PEtracer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.15.659774v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Charting the spatiotemporal dynamics of cell fate determination in development and disease is a long-standing objective in biology. Here we present the design, development, and extensive validation of PEtracer, a prime editing-based, evolving lineage tracing technology compatible with both single-cell sequencing and multimodal imaging methodologies to jointly profile cell state and lineage in dissociated cells or while preserving cellular context in tissues with high spatial resolution. Using PEtracer coupled with MERFISH spatial transcriptomic profiling in a syngeneic mouse model of tumor metastasis, we reconstruct the growth of individually-seeded tumors in vivo and uncover distinct modules of cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic factors that coordinate tumor growth. More generally, PEtracer enables systematic characterization of cell state and lineage relationships in intact tissues over biologically-relevant temporal and spatial scales.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koblan, L. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yost, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colgan, W. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandhu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ergen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saunders, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.15.659774</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-resolution spatial mapping of cell state and lineage dynamics in vivo with PEtracer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.02.657494v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Multimodal Adaptive Optical Microscope For In Vivo Imaging from Molecules to Organisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.02.657494v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding biological systems requires observing features and processes across vast spatial and temporal scales, spanning nanometers to centimeters and milliseconds to days, often using multiple imaging modalities within complex native microenvironments. Yet, achieving this comprehensive view is challenging because microscopes optimized for specific tasks typically lack versatility due to inherent optical and sample handling trade-offs, and frequently suffer performance degradation from sample-induced optical aberrations in multicellular contexts. Here, we present MOSAIC, a reconfigurable microscope that integrates multiple advanced imaging techniques including light-sheet, label-free, super-resolution, and multi-photon, all equipped with adaptive optics. MOSAIC enables non-invasive imaging of subcellular dynamics in both cultured cells and live multicellular organisms, nanoscale mapping of molecular architectures across millimeter-scale expanded tissues, and structural/functional neural imaging within live mice. MOSAIC facilitates correlative studies across biological scales within the same specimen, providing an integrated platform for broad biological investigation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fu, T.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milkie, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorlitz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferro, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Divekar, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>York, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kilic, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daugird, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gacha-Garay, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larkin, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adikes, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shirazinejad, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nourse, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheu, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mondal, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Achour, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hercule, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stabley, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emmerich, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drubin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clapham, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mumm, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koyama, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Killilea, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bravo-Cordero, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keene, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirchhausen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pathak, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arumugam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nunez, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matus, D. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.02.657494</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Multimodal Adaptive Optical Microscope For In Vivo Imaging from Molecules to Organisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.12.659391v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Causes and consequences of experimental variation in Nicotiana benthamiana transient expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.12.659391v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Infiltration of Agrobacterium tumefaciens into Nicotiana benthamiana has become a foundational technique in plant biology, enabling efficient delivery of transgenes in planta with technical ease, robust signal, and relatively high throughput. Despite transient expressions prevalence in disciplines such as synthetic biology, little work has been done to describe and address the variability inherent in this system, a concern for experiments that rely on highly quantitative readouts. In a comprehensive analysis of N. benthamiana agroinfiltration experiments, we model sources of variability that affect transient expression. Our findings emphasize the need to validate normalization methods under the specific conditions of each study, as distinct normalization schemes do not always reduce variation either within or between experiments. Using a dataset of 1,915 plants collected over three years, we develop a model of variation in N. benthamiana transient expression, using power analysis to determine the number of individual plants required for a given effect size. Drawing on our longitudinal data, these findings inform practical guidelines for minimizing variability through strategic experimental design and power analysis, providing a foundation for more robust and reproducible use of N. benthamiana in quantitative plant biology and synthetic biology applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tang, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szarzanowicz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanctot, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sirirungruang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirkpatrick, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drako, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alamos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waldburger, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.12.659391</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Causes and consequences of experimental variation in Nicotiana benthamiana transient expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.16.660010v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome editing of phylogenetically distinct bacteria using portable retron-mediated recombineering 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.16.660010v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Advanced genome editing technologies have enabled rapid and flexible rewriting of the Escherichia coli genome, benefiting fundamental biology and biomanufacturing. Unfortunately, some of the most useful technologies to advance genome editing in E. coli have not yet been ported into other bacterial species. For instance, the addition of bacterial retrons to the genome editing toolbox has increased the efficiency of recombineering in E. coli by enabling sustained, abundant production of ssDNA recombineering donors by reverse transcription that install flexible, precise edits in the prokaryotic chromosome. To extend the utility of this technology beyond E. coli, we surveyed the portability and versatility of retron-mediated recombineering across three different bacterial phyla (Proteobacteria, Bacillota and Actinomycetota) and a total of 15 different species. We found that retron recombineering is functional in all species tested, reaching editing efficiencies above 20% in six of them, above 40% in three of them, and above 90% in two of them. We also tested the extension of the recombitron architecture optimizations and strain backgrounds in a subset of hosts to additionally increase editing rates. The broad recombitron survey carried out in this study forms the basis for widespread use of retron-derived technologies through the whole Bacteria domain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Delgado, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonillo-Lopez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knoedlseder, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lekbach, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selvakumar, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wold, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aragon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gralnick, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatfull, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keitz, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koskella, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mutalik, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Pijkeren, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shipman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.16.660010</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome editing of phylogenetically distinct bacteria using portable retron-mediated recombineering]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.18.660248v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Small Extra-Large GTPase-like proteins influence rhizobial symbiosis in Lotus japonicus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.18.660248v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plants possess a unique class of heterotrimeric G subunits called extra-large GTPases (XLGs) which contribute to numerous developmental and stress responses. In addition to the canonical G domain, XLGs have an uncharacterized N-terminal domain and functions that are distinct from conventional G subunits. In this study, we identified homologs of XLG3 in Lotus japonicus responsive to rhizobial and mycorrhizal symbiosis. However, these proteins were approximately one-third the size of conventional XLGs and only aligned to the N-terminal domain, containing a putative nuclear localization signal and a cysteine-rich domain of unknown function. Multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis determined these small XLGs (SXLGs) did not share domains with other mono- or heterotrimeric G-protein classes and exhibited a pattern of duplication and neofunctionalization typical of genes involved in symbiotic signaling pathways. Transient expression of LjSXLGs in tobacco demonstrated their potential for localization to the plasma membrane, nucleus, and nucleolus. Analysis of L. japonicus sxlg2 mutants revealed transient impairment of immature nodule formation in a destructive experimental setup and inhibition of infection events in a nutrient-limited non-destructive experimental setup, with a delayed onset of established infection events and a potential impact on nodule maturation rate. Additionally, sxlg2 mutants showed a potential impairment of the root growth response in N-limited conditions. We discuss the potential utility of SXLGs in better understanding the evolution of XLGs and their possible function as transcriptional regulators, as well as the likelihood SXLGs are involved in the establishment of rhizobial and mycorrhizal symbioses through influencing membrane reorganization, such as during infection thread development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Washington, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshino, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malagoli Franzon, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vera, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheller, H. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.18.660248</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Small Extra-Large GTPase-like proteins influence rhizobial symbiosis in Lotus japonicus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.18.660284v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Clade V MLO proteins are bona fide host susceptibility factors required for powdery mildew pathogenesis in Arabidopsis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.18.660284v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Obligate biotrophic powdery mildew (PM) fungi strictly require living host to survive. To search for host factors or processes essential for PM pathogenesis, a tailored genetic screen was conducted with the immuno-compromised eds1-2/pad4-1/sid2-2 (eps) triple Arabidopsis mutant. This led to the identification of five allelic disruptive mutations in Mildew Locus O 2 (MLO2) to be responsible for the compromised-immunity-yet-poor infection (cipi) mutant phenotype upon challenge from an adapted PM isolate. Moreover, the eds1/pad4/sid2/mlo2/mlo6/mlo12 (eps3m) sextuple mutant display near complete immunity to the adapted PM fungus without sign of defense activation, demonstrating that these three clade V MLOs in Arabidopsis are bona fide host susceptibility factors of PM fungi. Confocal imaging revealed focal accumulation of MLO2-GFP in the peri-penetration peg membranous space, implicating MLO2 in repairing and stabilizing the damaged host plasma membrane, which may be co-opted by PM fungi for haustorium differentiation. Results from domain-swapping analysis between MLO1 and MLO2 suggest a bipartite functional configuration for MLO2: its C-terminus determines where and when MLO2 functions, while its N-terminal seven transmembrane domain region executes the cellular function that is critical for PM pathogenesis. Genetic studies further demonstrate that, unlike MLO7 in synergids, focal accumulation of MLO2 does not depend on FERONIA (FER) and its five other family members, nor does it require phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate produced from phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase 1 (PIP5K1) and PIP5K2. Together, these findings define clade V MLOs as host factors co-opted by obligate biotrophic PM fungi for successful host colonization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bloodgood, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panstrgua, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kessler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, C.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.18.660284</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Clade V MLO proteins are bona fide host susceptibility factors required for powdery mildew pathogenesis in Arabidopsis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.23.661103v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Attention is all you need (in the brain): semantic contextualization in human hippocampus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.23.661103v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In natural language, word meanings are contextualized, that is, modified by meanings of nearby words. Inspired by self-attention mechanisms in transformer-based large language models (LLMs), we hypothesized that contextualization in the brain results from a weighted summation of canonical neural population responses to words with those of the words that contextualize them. We examined single unit responses in the human hippocampus while participants listened to podcasts. We first find that neurons encode the position of words within a clause, that they do so at multiple scales, and that they make use of both ordinal and frequency-domain positional encoding (which are used in some transformer models). Critically, neural responses to specific words correspond to a weighted sum of that words non-contextual embedding and the embedding of the words that contextualize it. Moreover, the relative weighting of the contextualizing words is correlated with the magnitude of the LLM-derived estimates of self-attention weighting. Finally, we show that contextualization is aligned with next-word prediction, which includes prediction of multiple possible words simultaneously. Together these results support the idea that the principles of self-attention used in LLMs overlap with the mechanisms of language processing within the human hippocampus, possibly due to similar prediction-oriented computational goals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Katlowitz, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belanger, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ismail, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavez, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chericoni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franch, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mickiewicz, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathura, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartoli, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piantadosi, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Provenza, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watrous, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheth, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayden, B. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.23.661103</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Attention is all you need (in the brain): semantic contextualization in human hippocampus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.19.660615v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
EVODEX: A Mechanistic Framework for Extracting, Structuring, and Predicting Enzymatic Reactivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.19.660615v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurately modeling enzymatic reactivity is essential for synthesis planning, mass spectrometry interpretation, and biochemical knowledge extraction, but existing reaction datasets are often incomplete or inconsistently annotated. EVODEX introduces two abstractions to address this: partial reactions, which isolate atom-mapped substrate-product transformations from complex biochemical reactions, and Electronic Reaction Operators (EROs), which encode the bonding and orbital environment of atoms undergoing change. From 349,458 curated reactions in EnzymeMap, EVODEX constructs over 186,000 partial reactions and mines a core set of 1,404 EROs, each supported by at least 10 examples. Together, these explain 91 percent of test reactions at the formula level and 62 percent at the mechanistic level. A further filtered synthesis subset of 436 one-to-one operators that exclude ubiquitous metabolites provides a compact and generalizable vocabulary of single-step enzymatic transformations. EVODEX operators are auditable, reusable, and available as part of an open-source Python package with datasets, Jupyter notebooks, and a browsable website.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Conceicao, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tai, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.19.660615</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[EVODEX: A Mechanistic Framework for Extracting, Structuring, and Predicting Enzymatic Reactivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.24.661379v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
De novo designed bright, hyperstable rhodamine binders for fluorescence microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.24.661379v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
De novo protein design has emerged as a powerful strategy with the promise to create new tools. The practical performance of designed fluorophore binders, however, has remained far from meeting fluorescence microscopy demands. Here, we design de novo Rhodamine Binder (Rhobin) tags that combine ideal properties including size, brightness, and now adding hyperstability. Rhobin allows live and fixed cell imaging of a wide range of subcellular targets in mammalian cells. Its reversible fluorophore binding further enables live super-resolution STED microscopy with low photobleaching, as well as PAINT-type single-molecule localization microscopy. We showcase Rhobin in the extremophile Sulfolobus acidocaldarius living at 75{degrees}C, an application previously inaccessible by existing tags. Rhobin will serve as the basis for a new class of live cell fluorescent tags and biosensors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yserentant, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhowmick, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charles-Orszag, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lord, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mann, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimm, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavis, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullins, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeGrado, W. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.24.661379</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[De novo designed bright, hyperstable rhodamine binders for fluorescence microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.24.661411v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Anterior cingulate folding pattern is altered in autism spectrum disorder 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.24.661411v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuroimaging research has identified focal differences in the cerebral cortex of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), particularly in the cortical folds (sulci) within higher-level association cortices. The present study investigated the sulcal patterning and morphology of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in individuals with ASD compared to neurotypical (NT) individuals for the first time. We used neuroimaging data from 50 NT and 50 ASD participants. All participants were under 20 years old and male. The two groups were age-matched. Using established criteria and cortical reconstructions generated from each participants T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging scans with FreeSurfer, we identified the defining sulcal feature of ACC, the variably present paracingulate sulcus (PCGS): its presence in the left and right hemispheres, and asymmetry in PCGS presence between hemispheres. Finally, multiple quantitative morphological features (length, depth, and cortical thickness mean and standard deviation) were extracted from the PCGS using FreeSurfer tools. Analyses revealed that NT participants were more likely to have asymmetrical PCGS patterns than ASD participants (controlling for age and scanner site). However, none of the quantitative morphological features differed between groups. These findings suggest the presence of a variation in the prenatal neurodevelopment of ACC in young males with ASD; however, further research is necessary to uncover the role of this observed difference in the pathogenesis of ASD. The present study also adds to the growing literature implicating variations in PCGS patterning as a trait marker across multiple disorders.

Lay SummaryThis study found that young males with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) show less hemispheric asymmetry in the presence of a notoriously variable brain structure (paracingulate sulcus (PCGS)) compared to neurotypical individuals. Considering that this feature of the PCGS develops before birth, the reduced asymmetry may indicate focal differences in brain development in ASD. These findings further enhance our understanding of the neurodevelopmental characteristics of ASD and highlight growing findings indicating that the PCGS may be a useful transdiagnostic marker for various psychiatric conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Willbrand, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maboudian, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ludwig, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.24.661411</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Anterior cingulate folding pattern is altered in autism spectrum disorder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.25.661608v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Harnessing fusion of genome-edited human stem cells to rapidly screen for novel protein functions in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.25.661608v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome editing has enabled the integration of fluorescent protein coding sequences into genomes, resulting in expression of in-frame fusion proteins under the control of their natural gene regulatory sequences. While this technique overcomes the well-documented artifacts associated with gene overexpression, editing genomes of metazoan cells incurs a significant time cost compared to simpler organisms, such as yeast. Editing two or more genes to express multiple fluorescent fusion proteins in a single cell line has proven to be a powerful strategy for uncovering spatio-dynamic, and therefore functional, relationships among different proteins, but it can take many months to edit each gene within the same cell line. Here, by utilizing cell fusions, we quickly generated cells expressing pairwise permutations of fluorescent fusion proteins in genome-edited human cells to reveal previously undetected protein-organelle interactions. We fused human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) that express in-frame fusions of clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) and actin cytoskeleton proteins with hiPSCs that express fluorescently tagged organelle markers, uncovering novel interactions between CME proteins, branched actin filament networks, and lysosomes.

Significance StatementO_LICell fusion can be used to generate new multi-colored genome-edited cell lines, which can be clonally expanded.
C_LIO_LIIn combination with genome-edited fluorescent cell line libraries such as the collection from the Allen Institute for Cell Science, cell fusion can be used as a screening tool to look for novel protein localization on a variety of intracellular structures.
C_LIO_LIMultiple endocytic proteins localize to the surface of lysosomes in healthy, non-stressed cells, and these proteins exhibit a broad range of behaviors on the lysosome surface.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smith, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwamoto, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manimaran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drubin, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.25.661608</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Harnessing fusion of genome-edited human stem cells to rapidly screen for novel protein functions in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.26.661765v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intratumoral Treg ablation is sufficient to mediate tumor control systemically without autoimmunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.26.661765v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) infiltrate most tumors, yet whether they suppress immune responses directly within tumor tissues is not clear. We used intratumoral (IT) delivery of diphtheria toxin (DT) in Foxp3DTR mice to deplete IT Tregs while leaving peripheral Tregs intact. IT delivery of DT reduced Treg frequencies in the tumor, which promoted potent tumor control without autoimmunity. Interestingly, this control was principally mediated by CD4+ T cells, whereas CD8+ T cells only contributed when CD4+ T cells were absent. While conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) were required to clear tumors, Batf3+ cDC1s were dispensable. Distant secondary tumors, mimicking metastases, were also controlled by IT Treg ablation. Mechanistically, IT Tregs suppressed antitumor T cell responses by blocking the acquisition of tumor antigen by cDC2s. Importantly, similar mechanisms of control were observed using a clinically translatable IT Treg-depleting anti-CCR8 antibody and reveal a distinct therapeutic strategy that leverages cDC2s and CD4+ T cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bockman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gittins, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno Ayala, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saddier Axe, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weist, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DuPage, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.26.661765</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intratumoral Treg ablation is sufficient to mediate tumor control systemically without autoimmunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.30.662339v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
XoxF and the Calvin-Benson Cycle Mediate Lanthanide-Dependent Growth on Methanol in Bradyrhizobium and Sinorhizobium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.30.662339v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nodule-forming bacteria play crucial roles in plant health and nutrition by providing fixed nitrogen to leguminous plants. Despite the importance of this relationship, how nodule-forming bacteria are affected by plant exudates and soil minerals is not fully characterized. Here, the effects of plant-derived methanol and lanthanide metals on the growth of nitrogen-fixing Rhizobiales are examined. Prior work has demonstrated that select Bradyrhizobium strains can assimilate methanol only in the presence of lanthanide metals; however, the pathway enabling assimilation remains unknown. In this study, we characterize Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens USDA 110, Bradyrhizobium sp. USDA 3456, and Sinorhizobium meliloti 2011 to determine the pathways involved in methanol metabolism in previously characterized strains, other clades of Bradyrhizobium, and the more distantly related Sinorhizobium. Based on genomic analyses, we hypothesized that methanol assimilation in these organisms occurs via the lanthanide-dependent methanol dehydrogenase XoxF, followed by oxidation of formaldehyde via the glutathione-linked oxidation pathway, subsequent oxidation of formate via formate dehydrogenases, and finally assimilation of CO2 via the Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle. Transcriptomics revealed upregulation of the aforementioned pathways in Bradyrhizobium sp. USDA 3456 during growth on methanol. Enzymatic assays demonstrated increased activity of the glutathione-linked oxidation pathway and formate dehydrogenases in all strains during growth on methanol compared to succinate. 13C-labeling studies confirmed the presence of CBB intermediates and label incorporation during growth on methanol. Our findings provide multiple lines of evidence supporting the proposed XoxF-CBB pathway and, combined with genomic analyses, suggest that this metabolism is widespread among Bradyrhizobium and Sinorhizobium species.

ImportanceNitrogen-fixing soil bacteria such as Bradyrhizobium and Sinorhizobium promote plant growth while reducing dependence on artificial, energy-intensive fertilizers. Numerous studies have attempted to increase bacterial nitrogen fixation and colonization of plant tissues by identifying the micronutrients and plant exudates that promote successful symbiotic relationships. Among the compounds encountered by rhizobacteria, lanthanides have received little attention, despite reports that plant growth is affected by the presence of lanthanides. We characterized three agriculturally relevant Bradyrhizobium and Sinorhizobium strains, demonstrated that they gain the capacity to utilize methanol when lanthanides are present, and experimentally determined the pathway by which this metabolism occurs. This study provides a foundation for understanding the impacts of bacteria-mediated lanthanide metabolism on plant growth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mineo, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Gomez, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.30.662339</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[XoxF and the Calvin-Benson Cycle Mediate Lanthanide-Dependent Growth on Methanol in Bradyrhizobium and Sinorhizobium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.27.661958v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Uncovering smooth structures in single-cell data with PCS-guided neighbor embeddings 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.27.661958v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell sequencing is revolutionizing biology by enabling detailed investigations of cell-state transitions. Many biological processes unfold along continuous trajectories, yet it remains challenging to extract smooth, low-dimensional representations from inherently noisy, highdimensional single-cell data. Neighbor embedding (NE) algorithms, such as t-SNE and UMAP, are widely used to embed high-dimensional single-cell data into low dimensions. But they often introduce undesirable distortions, resulting in misleading interpretations. Existing evaluation methods for NE algorithms primarily focus on separating discrete cell types rather than capturing continuous cell-state transitions, while dynamic modeling approaches rely on strong assumptions about cellular processes and specialized data. To address these challenges, we build on the Predictability-Computability-Stability (PCS) framework for reliable and reproducible data-driven discoveries. First, we systematically evaluate popular NE algorithms through empirical analysis, simulation, and theory, and reveal their key shortcomings such as artifacts and instability. We then introduce NESS, a principled and interpretable machine learning approach to improve NE representations by leveraging algorithmic stability and to enable robust inference of smooth biological structures. NESS offers useful concepts, quantitative stability metrics, and efficient computational workflows to uncover developmental trajectories and cell-state transitions in single-cell data. Finally, we apply NESS to six single-cell datasets, including those about pluripotent stem cell differentiation, organoid development, and multiple tissue-specific lineage trajectories. Across these diverse contexts, NESS consistently yields useful and verifiable biological insights, such as identification of transitional and stable cell states and quantification of transcriptional dynamics during development. Notably, NESS resolves distinct neuronal subpopulations during embryoid formation and provides a deeper understanding of their cell-state dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ma, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.27.661958</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Uncovering smooth structures in single-cell data with PCS-guided neighbor embeddings]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.27.662006v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-season analysis reveals hundreds of drought-responsive genes in sorghum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.27.662006v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Persistent drought affects global crop production and is becoming more severe in many parts of the world in recent decades. Deciphering how plants respond to drought will facilitate the development of flexible mitigation strategies. Sorghum bicolor L. Moench (sorghum), a major cereal crop and an emerging bioenergy crop, exhibits remarkable resilience to drought. To better understand the molecular traits that underlie sorghums remarkable drought tolerance, we undertook a large-scale sorghum gene expression profiling effort, totaling nearly 1,500 transcriptome profiles, across a 3-year field study with replicated plots in Californias Central Valley. This study included time-resolved gene expression data from roots and leaves of two sorghum genotypes, BTx642 and RTx430, with different pre-flowering and post-flowering drought-tolerance adaptations under control and drought conditions. Quantification of genotype-specific drought tolerance effects was enabled by de novo sequencing, assembly, and annotation of both BTx642 and RTx430 genomes. These reference-quality genomes were used to construct a pan-gene set for characterizing conserved and genotype-specific expression. By integrating time-resolved transcriptomic responses to drought in the field across three consecutive years, we identified a set of drought-responsive genes that responded similarly in all three years of our field study. This expansive dataset represents a unique resource for sorghum and drought research communities and provides a methodological framework for the integration of multi-faceted time-resolved transcriptomic datasets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cole, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varoquaux, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hollingsworth, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutmacher, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahlberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierroz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barry, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshinaga, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daum, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zane, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blow, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>OMalley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lovell, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmutz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman-Derr, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Visel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemaux, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purdom, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogel, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.27.662006</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-season analysis reveals hundreds of drought-responsive genes in sorghum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.30.662456v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activation of the impaired NAMPT/SIRT7/SOD2 axis restores alveolar progenitor cell homeostasis in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and reverses pulmonary fibrosis in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.30.662456v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alveolar type II (AT2) progenitor cell exhaustion and impaired regenerative capacity are key pathogenic hallmarks in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) functions as a central regulator of cellular energy metabolism. We have reported that downregulation of NAD+-dependent sirtuin signaling contributes to the impaired progenitor function of IPF AT2s. In this study, we identified that a key NAD+ biosynthesis enzyme, nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), is significantly downregulated in IPF AT2s. NAMPT deficiency impairs AT2 renewal and enhances lung fibrosis through downregulation of SIRT7 and SOD2, which results in increased oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, induction of pathological transitional gene expression and impaired regenerative capacity to generate alveolar type I (AT1) cell required for gas exchange. Mice with deletion of Nampt in AT2s showed severely impaired AT2 renewal and increased susceptibility to bleomycin lung injury and spontaneous fibrois. Activation of NAMPT by small molecule activators promoted AT2 renewal, restored homeostasis, and reversed lung fibrosis. NAMPT activation could be a therapeutic strategy for restoring AT2 progenitor function and halting or reversing progressive pulmonary fibrosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabata, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parimon, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stripp, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardell, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noble, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.30.662456</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activation of the impaired NAMPT/SIRT7/SOD2 axis restores alveolar progenitor cell homeostasis in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and reverses pulmonary fibrosis in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.03.663114v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The accessory protein CvnF8 modulates histidine kinase activity in an Actinobacterial G protein system in Streptomyces coelicolor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.03.663114v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Conservons are regulatory systems found in bacteria of the phylum Actinomycetota. These regulatory systems are composed of four core proteins: a sensor histidine kinase-like protein (CvnA homolog), an MglA-type roadblock protein (CvnB homolog), a protein containing a domain of unknown function (CvnC homolog), and small Ras-like GTPase (CvnD homolog). Based on their conserved small GTPase components and their phylogenetic distribution, we propose that conservons should be known as Actinobacterial G protein systems (AGPSs). The signal transduction path through AGPSs remains poorly understood, and some AGPSs have additional accessory proteins (CvnE and CvnF homologs) of unknown function. In this work, we show that AGPS accessory proteins are present when the cognate histidine kinase protein (CvnA homolog) lacks an extracytoplasmic sensory domain. It was previously shown that the Cvn8 AGPS of Streptomyces coelicolor controls expression of multiple pathways for specialized metabolism and that the Cvn8 AGPS contains an accessory protein, CvnF8. Through protein modeling, we found that CvnF8 may share an interaction interface with the histidine kinase CvnA8, prompting the hypothesis that CvnF8 may serve as a modulator of CvnA8 activity. We found that in a purified system, CvnF8 strongly stimulated the ATPase activity and autophosphorylation of CvnA8. Taken together, these findings indicate that CvnF family accessory proteins likely serve as sensors and/or modulators of histidine kinases of AGPSs found broadly in Actinomycetota.

Importance StatementMany lineages of bacteria in the phylum Actinomycetota contain conserved operons (conservons) that encode an unusual type of regulatory system whose function is poorly understood. These lineages include pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and members of the genus Streptomyces that produce valuable natural products. These regulatory systems are composed of four proteins, including a sensor histidine kinase, a small Ras-like GTPase, a likely GTPase activating protein, and a protein containing a domain of unknown function. Given this composition, we propose that these regulatory modules be known as Actinobacterial G protein systems (AGPSs). We show that some AGPSs include accessory proteins that are only found with partner histidine kinases that lack sensory domains. We demonstrate that one such accessory protein can control the activity of its cognate histidine kinase. Together this work indicates that these CvnF-family accessory proteins likely serve as sensory inputs for AGPSs found broadly in Actinomycetota.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cantu Morin, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekoninck, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Min, K.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traxler, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.03.663114</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The accessory protein CvnF8 modulates histidine kinase activity in an Actinobacterial G protein system in Streptomyces coelicolor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.04.663130v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lesions in the cerebellum impact cross-modal temporal predictions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.04.663130v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cerebellum (CE) supports the encoding of the precise sensory event timing and the generation of temporal predictions. Here we investigated whether focal CE lesions impact temporal predictions in a cross-modal context. Individuals with CE lesion (n=9) and healthy-matched controls (HC) were presented with visuo-auditory stimulus pairs, presented in a temporally regular (predictable) or irregular (unpredictable) manner while EEG was recorded. We hypothesized cross-modal temporal predictions to be mediated by pre-stimulus cerebello-cortical beta-band (12-25Hz) activity. In turn, we expected HC, but not CE patients, to show a modulation of pre-stimulus beta power as a function of temporal prediction.

HC showed greater pre-stimulus beta-band suppression in anticipation of sound onsets, and stronger post-stimulus delta- and theta-band (1-4Hz; 4-8Hz) power in the predictable than the unpredictable condition. Furthermore, they displayed a significant modulation of pre-stimulus delta-beta cross-frequency coupling as a function of temporal prediction. These effects were not observed in the CE group.

Results confirm that cerebellar lesions impair the generation of temporal predictions in cross-modal (visuo-auditory) stimulus processing, extending the role of cerebellar predictive timing from sensorimotor to motor-independent cross-modal perception.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Criscuolo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knolle, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartze, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schröger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotz, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.04.663130</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lesions in the cerebellum impact cross-modal temporal predictions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.01.662675v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TOMM40 Knockdown in Macrophages Inhibits Oxidized LDL-induced NLRP3 Activation and Promotes LXR-β Mediated Cholesterol Transporter Gene Expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.01.662675v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Atherogenesis has been shown in mice to be dependent on activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, a cytosolic innate immune sensor activated by a broad range of pathogen and damage associated molecular patterns, including oxidized LDL (oxLDL) in atherosclerosis. Previous work from our group has shown that knockdown of Translocase of Outer Mitochondrial Membrane 40 (TOMM40), which encodes a component of the mitochondrial importer TOM complex, increases expression and activity of the nuclear receptor-family transcription factor, liver X receptor (LXR) in hepatocytes. As LXR agonists have been shown to inhibit NLRP3 activation, we confirmed the prediction that TOMM40 knockdown has this effect in THP-1 monocyte-derived macrophages. Further, we demonstrated that TOMM40 KD upregulates LXR-mediated macrophage expression of the ABCA1 and ABCG1 genes which encode transporters that promote cellular cholesterol efflux, the first step in reverse cholesterol transport to the liver. Taken together, these findings identify a novel mechanism whereby increased LXR activity induced by suppression of TOMM40 expression in macrophages may retard atherogenesis both by inhibiting inflammation and promoting reverse cholesterol transport.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chelluri, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theusch, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krauss, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.01.662675</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TOMM40 Knockdown in Macrophages Inhibits Oxidized LDL-induced NLRP3 Activation and Promotes LXR-β Mediated Cholesterol Transporter Gene Expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.03.659993v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cholesterol Metabolism in a Murine Model of Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.03.659993v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The most effective and durable treatment for obesity is metabolic bariatric surgery. Currently, vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) has become the preferred surgical method to achieve sustained weight loss and reverse obesity-related disease, including dyslipidemias. Human studies indicate that 40% of VSG patients can discontinue statin treatment by 6 months, while alterations in plasma bile acids and synthesis have been observed after bariatric surgery. Although it is well known that cholesterol is the precursor for all bile acids, the link between changes in plasma cholesterol and bile acids remains unclear in the context of VSG. Here, we present a murine model of VSG that leads to a marked decrease in plasma cholesterol levels despite no difference in body weight compared to sham surgery. Our results demonstrate that gastric resection lowers systemic cholesterol burden by promoting the hepatobiliary elimination of cholesterol through the upregulation of bile acid synthesis. These observations imply that gastric resection impacts overall hepatic physiology and cholesterol homeostasis independent of weight loss.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Whang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennelly, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarrett, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedard, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Aguiar Vallim, T. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tontonoz, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.03.659993</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cholesterol Metabolism in a Murine Model of Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.05.662870v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
mRNABench: A curated benchmark for mature mRNA property and function prediction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.05.662870v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Messenger RNA (mRNA) is central in gene expression, and its half-life, localization, and translation efficiency drive phenotypic diversity in eukaryotic cells. While supervised learning has widely been used to study the mRNA regulatory code, self-supervised foundation models support a wider range of transfer learning tasks. However, the dearth and homogeneity of standardized benchmarks limit efforts to pinpoint the strengths of various models. Here, we present O_SCPLOWMC_SCPLOWRNABO_SCPLOWENCHC_SCPLOW, a comprehensive benchmarking suite for mature mRNA biology that evaluates the representational quality of mature mRNA embeddings from self-supervised nucleotide foundation models. We curate ten datasets and 59 prediction tasks that broadly capture salient properties of mature mRNA, and assess the performance of 18 families of nucleotide foundation models for a total of 135K experiments. Using these experiments, we study parameter scaling, compositional generalization from learned biological features, and correlations between sequence compressibility and performance. We identify synergies between two self-supervised learning objectives, and pre-train a new Mamba-based model that achieves state-of-the-art performance using 700x fewer parameters. O_SCPLOWMC_SCPLOWRNABO_SCPLOWENCHC_SCPLOW can be found at: https://github.com/morrislab/mRNABench.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalal, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fradkin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koyyalagunta, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chhabria, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tam, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ceyhan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laverty, K. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baali, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.05.662870</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[mRNABench: A curated benchmark for mature mRNA property and function prediction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.06.663397v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Selective disruption of lipid peroxide homeostasis in intratumoral regulatory T cells by targeting FSP1 enhances cancer immunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.06.663397v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A burgeoning approach to treat cancer is the pharmacological induction of ferroptotic cell death of tumor cells. However, the impact of disrupting anti-ferroptotic pathways in the broader tumor microenvironment (TME), such as in immune cells, is still undefined and may complicate treatments. Here, we show that Ferroptosis Suppressor Protein 1 (FSP1/Aifm2) is critically required for regulatory T cell (Treg) resistance to ferroptosis and their immunosuppressive function within the TME. Compared to other canonical ferroptosis regulators such as GPX4, GCH1, and NRF2, only FSP1 was induced upon T cell activation. Deletion of Aifm2 in all T cells, or Tregs specifically, enhanced tumor control by selectively disrupting Treg immunosuppression within tumors without inciting autoimmune pathology in mice. As opposed to deletion of Gpx4 in all T cells, T cell deletion of Aifm2 did not impair antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses. These results reveal a unique opportunity for targeting a regulator of ferroptosis that can not only directly target cancer cells, but also simultaneously enhance anti-cancer immune responses without inciting autoimmunity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Castillo, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olzmann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DuPage, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silveria, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauquet, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schirokauer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendricks, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sul, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.06.663397</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Selective disruption of lipid peroxide homeostasis in intratumoral regulatory T cells by targeting FSP1 enhances cancer immunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.07.663390v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decoding Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) Niche Environment via Integrative Analysis of Single Cell Multiomics and Spatial Transcriptomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.07.663390v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a rare, progressive lung disease characterized by cystic destruction and metastatic growth of smooth muscle-like cells. Despite advances in understanding its genetic basis, the cellular heterogeneity, regulatory mechanisms, and microenvironmental interactions driving LAM progression remain poorly defined. In this study, we employed an integrative multi-omics approach combining single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), single-nucleus ATAC sequencing (snATAC-seq), and high-resolution spatial transcriptomics (Visium, Visium HD, and Xenium) to decode the LAM niche in its native environment. We identified two spatially and functionally distinct LAM subtypes: LAMCORE1 and LAMCORE2. LAMCORE1 cells exhibited a uterine smooth muscle-like phenotype, expressing associated markers (ACTA2, MYH11) and were enriched in MTORC1 signaling and myogenic pathways, supporting a uterine origin. In contrast, LAMCORE2 cells displayed fibroblast-like features, with upregulated extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling genes (COL1A1, MMP11) and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) pathways, suggesting a role in niche formation. Pseudotime and regulon analyses revealed dynamic transitions between these subtypes, driven by distinct transcriptional networks (e.g., HOX/PBX in LAMCORE1, TWIST/ZEB in LAMCORE2). The presence of the two distinct LAM subtypes was further validated by RNAscope and immunofluorescence microscopy.

We identified LAM-associated fibroblasts (LAFs) as activated stromal cells expressing canonical markers (FAP, S100A4, VIM, IGFBP7, SPARC) and localized within LAM lesions. Subpopulations of LAFs, LAF-seed (proximal to LAMCORE1) and LAF-niche (surrounding LAM niches), exhibited unique functional profiles, including ECM deposition, TGF-{beta} signaling, and myofibroblast activation. Regulatory network analysis pinpointed EGR1 as a central hub governing LAF phenotype. Our comprehensive spatial profiling revealed niche structures dominated by LAMCORE1 cells and surrounded by lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs), LAFs, scattered LAMCORE2 cells, macrophages, and reprogrammed alveolar epithelial cells (AT2). ECM remodeling and aberrant organization of cable-like structures (-smooth muscle actin+) of the LAM niches were further validated by second harmonic generation microscopy.

These findings provide a high-resolution blueprint of LAM pathogenesis, highlighting the interplay between uterine-derived LAMCORE cells, activated fibroblasts, and the remodeled lung microenvironment. They significantly enhance our understanding of the LAM niche microenvironment and offer insights into potential therapeutic targets and strategies for managing this complex disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reza, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cakar, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wikenheiser-Brokamp, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perl, A.-K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinner, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.07.663390</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decoding Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) Niche Environment via Integrative Analysis of Single Cell Multiomics and Spatial Transcriptomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.08.663621v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Advancing FAIR Data Management through AI-Assisted Curation of Morphological Data Matrices 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.08.663621v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Curation of biological and paleontological datasets is a labor-intensive process that requires standardization and validation to ensure data integrity. In particular, manual curation of datasets is prone to human errors such as typographical errors, inconsistent formatting, and incomplete metadata, which hinder reproducibility and compliance with Findability, Accessibility, Interoperability, and Reusability (FAIR) principles. Artificial Intelligence (AI) offers a transformative solution for enhancing research efficiency by automating data validation, improving accuracy, and streamlining curation workflows. This study presents a proof-of-concept implementation of an AI-assisted curation tool developed for MorphoBank, an open access repository established to enhance standardization and usability of morphological character datasets. Specifically, this work presents an AI tool designed to extract, structure, and standardize morphological character data from published literature into the NEXUS file format, a widely used format for phylogenetic analyses. This tool leverages machine learning techniques, including Large Language Models (LLMs), to automate the extraction of character names and states from text in various formats, reducing manual data entry errors and improving data completeness. The system enables efficient conversion of matrix-only files into complete, machine- and human-readable datasets that include key character metadata. By assisting with these tasks, the tool reduces the manual effort required for curation while improving consistency and standardization. This approach increases the FAIRness of morphological character data and provides a framework for extending AI-assisted curation to other types of biological data. These results illustrate the potential of AI-assisted workflows to support scalable data curation and reuse in paleontology, systematics, and evolutionary biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jariwala, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long-Fox, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berardini, T. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.08.663621</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Advancing FAIR Data Management through AI-Assisted Curation of Morphological Data Matrices]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.09.659702v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-omic mapping of Drosophila protein secretomes reveals tissue-specific origins and inter-organ trafficking 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.09.659702v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Secreted proteins regulate many aspects of animal biology and are attractive targets for biomarkers and therapeutics. However, comprehensively identifying the "secretome", along with their tissues of origin, remains extremely challenging. To address this, we employed multiple  omics methods to define a tissue-secretome map of 535 blood plasma proteins derived from specific cell-types and organs in Drosophila melanogaster. This map was enabled by methodological improvements including a collection of transgenic flies to label endogenous secreted proteins in 10 major tissue types, large-scale blood isolation, whole animal snRNA-seq, and a collection of 40 knock-in strains. Using this map, we discover surprising findings about circulating proteins: most originate from specific tissues including unusual sources (e.g. glia), many are uncharacterized, and some are shed ectodomains of transmembrane proteins. In addition, in vivo experiments revealed circulating proteins with remarkably tissue-specific expression, as well as proteins that are deposited in a different tissue from where they are synthesized, suggesting potential inter-organ functions. Our secretome map will serve as a resource to investigate blood protein function, discover novel tissue-tissue communication signals, and mine for homologues of human biomarkers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bosch, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beltran, P. M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavers, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaGraff, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melanson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tattikota, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hashmi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asara, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Branon, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ting, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrimon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.09.659702</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-omic mapping of Drosophila protein secretomes reveals tissue-specific origins and inter-organ trafficking]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.08.663741v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic Modulation of Beta-Band Oscillations in the LGN and Their Role in Visual Processing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.08.663741v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuronal oscillations are a ubiquitous feature of thalamocortical networks and can be dynamically modulated across processing states, enabling thalamocortical communication to flexibly adapt to varying environmental and behavioral demands. The lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), like all thalamic nuclei, engages in reciprocal synaptic interactions with the cortex, relaying retinal information to and receiving feedback input from primary visual cortex (V1). While retinal excitation is the primary driver of LGN activity, retinal synapses represent a minority of the total synaptic input onto LGN neurons, allowing for both retinogeniculate and geniculocortical signals to be influenced by nonretinal sources. To gain a holistic view of network processing in the geniculocortical pathway, we performed simultaneous extracellular recordings from the LGN and V1 of behaving macaque monkeys, measuring local field potentials (LFPs) and spiking activity. These recordings revealed prominent beta-band oscillations coherent between the LGN and V1 that influenced spike timing in the LGN and were statistically consistent with a feedforward process from the LGN to V1. These thalamocortical oscillations were suppressed by visual stimulation, spatial attention, and behavioral arousal, strongly suggesting that these oscillations are not a feature of active visual processing. Instead, they appear analogous to occipital lobe, alpha oscillations recorded in humans and may represent a signature of signal suppression that occurs during periods of low engagement or active distractor suppression.

Significance StatementOscillations within thalamocortical networks in the awake state are generally believed to enhance communication between the thalamus and cortex, allowing circuits to flexibly respond to changes in sensory, behavioral, and cognitive demands. Here, we show that oscillations within and between the LGN and V1 are suppressed by increases in visual stimulation, increases in behavioral arousal, and shifts in covert spatial attention. We therefore conclude that these oscillations are not a mechanism to enhance the transmission of retinal information through the LGN to V1. Instead, we propose that they are a signature of signal suppression that occurs when network engagement is low or during active distractor suppression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alitto, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Usrey, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.08.663741</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic Modulation of Beta-Band Oscillations in the LGN and Their Role in Visual Processing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.11.664281v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The mevalonate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis supports metabolic flexibility in Mycobacterium marinum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.11.664281v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Isoprenoids are a diverse class of natural products that are essential in all domains of life. Most bacteria synthesize isoprenoids through either the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway or the mevalonate (MEV) pathway, while a small subset encodes both pathways, including the pathogen Mycobacterium marinum (Mm). It is unclear whether the MEV pathway is functional in Mm, or why Mm encodes seemingly redundant metabolic pathways. Here we show that the MEP pathway is essential in Mm while the MEV pathway is dispensable in culture, with the {Delta}MEV mutant having no growth defect in axenic culture but a competitive growth defect compared to WT Mm. We found that the MEV pathway does not play a role in ex vivo or in vivo infection but does play a role in survival of peroxide stress. Metabolite profiling revealed that modulation of the MEV pathway causes compensatory changes in the concentration of MEP intermediates DOXP and CDP-ME, suggesting that the MEV pathway is functional and that the pathways interact at the metabolic level. Finally, the MEV pathway is upregulated early in the shift down to hypoxia, suggesting that it may provide metabolic flexibility to this bacterium. Interestingly, we found that our complemented strains, which vary in copy number of the polyprenyl synthetase idsB2, responded differently to peroxide and UV stresses, suggesting a role for this gene as a determinant of downstream prenyl phosphate metabolism. Together, these findings suggest that MEV may serve as an anaplerotic pathway to make isoprenoids under stress conditions.

ImportanceOrganisms from all domains of life utilize isoprenoids to carry out thousands of critical and auxiliary cellular processes, including signaling, membrane integrity, stress response, and host-pathogen interactions. The common precursor of all isoprenoids is synthesized via one of two biosynthetic pathways and importantly, some bacteria encode both pathways, including M. marinum. We found that only one pathway is essential in M. marinum, while the nonessential pathway may confer metabolic flexibility to help the bacterium better adapt to various environmental conditions. We also found that the polyprenyl synthetase IdsB2 plays an important role in driving such phenotypes. Further, we demonstrate metabolic interplay between both functional pathways. These insights represent the first characterization of isoprenoid biosynthesis in dual pathway-encoding mycobacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qabar, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baidoo, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akyuz Turumtay, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qayum, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keasling, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madigan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Portnoy, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.11.664281</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The mevalonate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis supports metabolic flexibility in Mycobacterium marinum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.11.664399v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
mamp-ml: A deep learning approach to epitope immunogenicity in plants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.11.664399v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eukaryotes detect biomolecules through surface-localized receptors, key signaling components. A subset of receptors survey for pathogens, induce immunity, and restrict pathogen growth. Comparative genomics of both hosts and pathogens has unveiled vast sequence variation in receptors and potential ligands, creating an experimental bottleneck. We have developed mamp-ml, a machine learning framework for predicting plant receptor-ligand interactions. We leveraged existing functional data from over two decades of foundational research, together with the large protein language model ESM-2, to build a pipeline and model that predicts immunogenic outcomes using a combination of receptor-ligand features. Our model achieves 73% prediction accuracy on a held-out test set, even when an experimental structure is lacking. Our approach enables high-throughput screening of LRR receptor-ligand combinations and provides a computational framework for engineering plant immune systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stevens, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vega, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coaker, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krasileva, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.11.664399</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[mamp-ml: A deep learning approach to epitope immunogenicity in plants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.11.664390v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
One of these things is not like the others: Theta, beta, & ERP dynamics of mismatch detection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.11.664390v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Working memory (WM) enables the detection of mistakes by permitting one to notice when sensory input is mismatched to their internal prediction. Prior studies support the role of frontal midline theta activity, with an overlapping N200 event-related potential (ERP), as a mechanism for comparing incoming sensory stimuli to the internal model. Additionally, posterior low-beta activity has been proposed as a mechanism for processing incoming sensory stimuli in WM. However, it is unknown whether frontal midline theta activity and the N200 support mismatch detection, or whether posterior low-beta activity extends from sensory processing to detecting a mismatch between sensory input and the internal model. Here, we reveal that frontal midline theta supports mismatch detection and explains individual WM performance. Unexpectedly, instead of the N200, results show a positive slow wave ERP overlapping with the frontal midline theta mismatch response. Results additionally indicate a late posterior low-beta response persisting from stimulus presentation into the post-stimulus delay. Our findings establish frontal midline theta as a marker of successful mismatch detection, challenge the domain-general role of the N200 in error detection, and support theories linking posterior low-beta to processing incoming sensory stimuli.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yarbrough, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chattopadhyay, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.11.664390</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[One of these things is not like the others: Theta, beta, & ERP dynamics of mismatch detection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.14.663593v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Developmental Immunotoxicity of Low-dose Inorganic Arsenic Reprograms Macrophages Inducing Tumor-promoting Phenotypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.14.663593v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In many regions around the world, including the United States, inorganic arsenic (iAs) contaminates groundwater used for drinking, food production, and irrigation. Although the World Health Organization has set a safety limit of 10 {micro}g/L for arsenic in drinking water, an estimated 200 million people worldwide are still exposed to arsenic concentrations above this threshold. Eliciting a broad range of adverse health effects, arsenic is a known carcinogen classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and causes increased susceptibility to infectious diseases, highlighting its role as an immunotoxicant. The purpose of this study is to elucidate the effects of arsenic on the innate immune system, namely macrophages, using in vitro exposure models. Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) were cultured from adult male and female C57/BL6 mice. These naive macrophages ("M0" BMDMs) were exposed in vitro to a non-cytotoxic dose of iAs (0.1 {micro}M sodium (meta)arsenite) during the 7 day period of macrophage differentiation and stimulated for 24 hrs with LPS and IFN{gamma} (to induce "M1" pro-inflammatory activation) or IL-4 and IL-13 (to induce "M2" anti-inflammatory activation). In a parallel chronic exposure model, RAW 264.7 (RAW) macrophages were cultured in vitro with iAs for 70 days. Culture supernatant analysis for nitric oxide and cytokine secretion revealed sex-dependent differences in immune response between exposure models, as well as between iAs-exposed and nonexposed macrophages, with and without stimulation. Additionally, iAs-exposed macrophages exhibited increased lipid droplet formation and altered lipidomic and metabolomic profiles, as determined by LC/MS. Flow cytometric analysis further revealed changes in macrophage polarization markers in a sex- and stimulation-dependent manner, with M2-related markers being upregulated in iAs-exposed conditions. Finally, to assess the effects of iAs on macrophages in the context of cancer, we demonstrated that iAs-exposed macrophages displayed increased migration toward cancer cell-conditioned media, and promoted cancer cell proliferation. These results suggest that dysregulated macrophage polarization due to iAs exposure could impact susceptibility to diseases. This research contributes to our understanding of the full spectrum of adverse health effects of iAs exposure and may aid in the development of therapeutics for iAs-induced diseases, including cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Illingworth, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rychlik, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleensang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Cecetaite, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez Steube, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathur, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadhukhan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medina-Cleghorn, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomura, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoque, M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sille, F. C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.14.663593</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Developmental Immunotoxicity of Low-dose Inorganic Arsenic Reprograms Macrophages Inducing Tumor-promoting Phenotypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.14.664737v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Long-fuse evolution of carnivoran skeletal phenomes through the Cenozoic 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.14.664737v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Climatic change is hypothesized to promote phenotypic diversification. While neontological analyses are often used to test this hypothesis, extant data only captures time-averaged signals of surviving lineages. More nuanced tests require paired and longitudinal climatic and organismal data. Here, we developed the most comprehensive phenomic dataset to-date of pan-carnivorans to test hypotheses that Cenozoic climatic change influenced the evolution of the cranial, appendicular, and axial skeleton. We found support for the hypothesis that a hierarchical progression of ecological diversification across the Cenozoic significantly influenced the establishment of modern carnivorans. Specifically, extinctions during the Eocene-Oligocene Transition released crown carnivorans from a constrained adaptive zone to interfamilial skeletal diversification. Intrafamilial skeletal diversification did not occur for another 20 million years until after the Mid-Miocene Climate Transition. Our work demonstrates the essential role of macroevolutionary data from the fossil record for revealing how major global climatic events steered the evolutionary trajectories of modern skeletal phenomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Law, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hlusko, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tseng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.14.664737</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Long-fuse evolution of carnivoran skeletal phenomes through the Cenozoic]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.18.665531v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Covariance-Based MD Simulation Analysis Pinpoints Nanobody Attraction and Repulsion Sites on SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Spike Protein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.18.665531v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Omicrons heavily mutated SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain (RBD) enables broad escape from neutralizing antibodies and nanobodies (Nbs), yet the atomistic basis of epitope-dependent Nb loss remains unclear. We performed >8 s of all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of 13 Nbs (H11-D4, H11-H4, Huo-H3, MR17, NB21, NM1230, RE5D06, SB14, SB23, SB45, Ty1, VHH-E, WNB2) bound to the Omicron RBD to characterize binding-pose stability and interfacial dynamics. Principal-component analysis of MD trajectories yields binding-pose free-energy landscapes: most Nbs occupy single dominant basins yet often deviate from WTbound poses (orientation shifts), whereas NB21 and SB14 show pose plasticity. Using our covariance-matrix-based interaction-mapping method, we map stabilizing versus destabilizing residue-residue couplings and classify the underlying attractive interactions (salt bridges, hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic contacts) and repulsive interactions (like-charge repulsion or polarity mismatches). Attractive contacts converge on recurrent hydrophobic "anchor" patches on the receptor-binding motif (RBM) ([~]V445-G456 and [~]F490-Y501) alongside binder-specific, complementarity-determining-region (CDR)-shaped interactions. Omicron substitutions rewire contact networks, shift binding orientations, and can introduce unfavorable repulsion, directly at mutation sites (e.g., E484A) or indirectly via mutation-driven reorientation, weakening binding. Mutation-induced repulsion reshapes correlated interfacial motions and reduces interfacial stability, providing a mechanistic basis for diminished binding robustness of multiple Nbs that were effective against WT and/or earlier variants. Low-speed steered MD pulling (AFM comparable) of ACE2 and selected Nbs shows lower unbinding work for Nbs than ACE2 ([~]16-42 vs [~]45 kcal/mol), with NM1230 and SB23 most mechanically robust. These Nb-RBD interaction fingerprints pinpoint epitope-specific determinants and mutation-induced clash sites, providing a blueprint for structure-guided CDR engineering of Nbs with sustained potency against ongoing SARS-CoV-2 evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Golcuk, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abu-Juam, F. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basturk, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gursel, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buran, C. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metin-Akkaya, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yildiz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gur, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.18.665531</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Covariance-Based MD Simulation Analysis Pinpoints Nanobody Attraction and Repulsion Sites on SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Spike Protein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.16.665137v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A morphological comparison of the caudal rami of the superior temporal sulcus in humans, chimpanzees, and other great apes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.16.665137v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For centuries, anatomists have charted the folding patterns of the sulci of the cerebral cortex in primates. Improvements in neuroimaging technologies over the past decades have led to advancements in understanding of the sulcal organization of the human cerebral cortex, yet comparisons to chimpanzees, one of humans closest extant phylogenetic relatives, remain to be performed in many regions, such as superior temporal cortex. For example, while several posterior branches, or rami, of the superior temporal sulcus (STS) have been identified in great apes since the late 1800s, no study has yet to comprehensively identify and quantitatively compare these rami across species. To fill this gap in knowledge, in the present study, we defined the three caudal branches of the STS (cSTS) in 72 human and 29 chimpanzee brains (202 total hemispheres) and then extracted and compared the morphological (depth and surface area) properties of these sulci. We report three main findings. First, modern methods replicate classic findings that three rami of the posterior STS are unique to the hominid lineage (i.e., humans and great apes). Second, normalizing for brain size, the cSTS rami were relatively deeper in chimpanzees compared to humans. Third, the cSTS branches were relatively larger in surface area in humans compared to chimpanzees. Finally, we share probabilistic predictions of the cSTS to guide the identification of these sulci in future studies. Altogether, these findings bridge the gap between historic qualitative observations and modern quantitative measurements in a part of the brain that has expanded substantially throughout evolution and that is involved in human-specific aspects of cognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sathishkumar, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willbrand, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nanayakkara, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voorhies, W. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gagnant, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hopkins, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherwood, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.16.665137</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A morphological comparison of the caudal rami of the superior temporal sulcus in humans, chimpanzees, and other great apes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.18.665478v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reduced Model-Based Control in Gambling Disorder Despite Intact Neural Value and Task Structure Representations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.18.665478v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Disordered gambling has been linked to impairments in goal-directed (model-based) control and reinforcement learning. Here we investigated the potential neural basis of this impairment using a sequential reinforcement learning task (modified two-step-task), computational modeling, and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in individuals exhibiting symptoms of disordered gambling (GD) and matched healthy controls (HC, n=30 per group). Model-agnostic analyses replicated the effects of reduced performance and reduced model-based control in the gambling group, both in terms of choice and response time effects. Computational modeling of choice behavior confirmed that this effect was due to reduced model-based control in the gambling group. Analyses of choices and response times using drift diffusion modeling revealed a more complex pattern, where behavioral impairments in the gambling group were linked to changes across several parameters reflecting drift rate modulation and asymptote, as well as non-decision time. Despite these pronounced behavioral differences, the gambling group exhibited largely intact neural effects related to the task transition structure, reward feedback and trial-to-trial behavioral adjustments. Results are discussed with respect to current neurocomputational models of behavioral dysregulation in disordered gambling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brands, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knauth, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuzmanovic, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tittgemeyer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.18.665478</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reduced Model-Based Control in Gambling Disorder Despite Intact Neural Value and Task Structure Representations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.22.666210v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mono-mix strategy enables comparative proteomics of a cross-kingdom microbial symbiosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.22.666210v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cross-kingdom microbial symbioses, such as those between algae and bacteria, are key players in biogeochemical cycles. The molecular changes during initiation and establishment of symbiosis are of great interest, but quantitatively monitoring such changes can be challenging, particularly when the microorganisms differ greatly in size or are intimately associated. Here, we analyze output from data-dependent acquisition (DDA) LC-MS/MS proteomics experiments investigating the well-studied interaction between the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and the heterotrophic bacterium Mesorhizobium japonicum. We found that detection of bacterial proteins decreased in coculture by 50% proteome-wide due to the abundance of algal proteins. As a result, standard differential expression analysis led to numerous false-positive reports of significantly downregulated proteins, where it was not possible to distinguish meaningful biological responses to symbiosis from artifacts of the reduced protein detection in coculture relative to monoculture. We show that data normalization alone does not eliminate the impact of altered detection on differential expression analysis of the cross-kingdom symbiosis. We assessed two additional strategies to overcome this methodological artifact inherent to DDA proteomics. In the first, we combined algal and bacterial monocultures at a relative abundance that mimicked the coculture, creating a "mono-mix" control to which the coculture could be compared. This approach enabled comparable detection of bacterial proteins in the coculture and the monoculture control. In the second strategy, we enhanced detection of lowly abundant bacterial proteins by using sample fractionation upstream of LC-MS/MS analysis. When these simple approaches were combined, they allowed for meaningful comparisons of nearly 10,000 algal proteins and over 4,000 bacterial proteins in response to symbiosis by DDA. They successfully recovered expected changes in the bacterial proteome in response to algal coculture, including upregulation of sugar-binding proteins and transporters. They also revealed novel proteomic responses to coculture that guide hypotheses about algal-bacterial interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dupuis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lingappa, U. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purvine, S. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallaher, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicora, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipton, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merchant, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.22.666210</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mono-mix strategy enables comparative proteomics of a cross-kingdom microbial symbiosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.23.666363v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Illusory tilt does not induce optostatic torsion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.23.666363v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Viewing tilted images that contain spatial information about gravity and verticality, such as rotated landscapes, or leaning buildings, produces an eye movement response known as optostatic torsion (OST). OST consists of a small-amplitude rotation [~]1{o} of the eyes around the line of sight, in the same direction of image tilt. Here we aimed to determine whether illusory perceptions of visual tilt were sufficient to produce OST. The illusory stimulus was a variation of the Cafe Wall illusion, applied to four "walls" to approximate the appearance of a tilted room. In a first experiment we determined the perceived magnitude of tilt of the illusory stimulus using a two-alternative forced choice (2AFC) task, measuring the amount of tilt required to cancel the perceived illusory tilt for clockwise (CW) or counterclockwise (CCW) configurations. We found an illusory tilt of +3.67{+/-}0.57{degrees} and -3.80{+/-}0.93{degrees}, respectively. Then, in a second experiment, we recorded 3 dimensions of binocular eye movements in ten healthy subjects viewing one of four possible stimuli: 1) illusory, 2) non-illusory with small tilt, 3) landscape with small tilt, and 4) landscape with large tilt. Both the landscape ({+/-}4{o} tilt: 0.4{+/-}0.1, p<0.05; {+/-}30{degrees} tilt: 0.5{+/-}0.1, p<0.01;) and control stimulus (0.2{degrees}{+/-}0.1{degrees}, p<0.05) produced a significant amount of OST when comparing left tilt and right tilt configurations while the illusory stimulus (0.11{degrees}{+/-}0.07{degrees}, p=0.15) did not. This indicates a potential dissociation between our perception of tilt and the processing of tilt that drives the motor response of OST.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Girum, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otero-Millan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.23.666363</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Illusory tilt does not induce optostatic torsion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.24.666600v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole-genome analyses point to new candidate genes underlying aestivation in amphibians 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.24.666600v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When amphibians invaded the terrestrial realm, a strategy such as aestivation may have helped them to survive water and oxygen stress in the novel environment. In fact, aestivation appears to be an ancestral state in amphibians. We conducted a literature review about the genes previously linked to aestivation and then we searched for additional candidate genes related to the aestivation phenotype by comparing evolutionary rates of 13,578 genes in 31 amphibian species, including 10 aestivating species and 21 non-aestivating species. Based on the assumption that aestivation has two main requirements - a) metabolic regulation needed to control transitions to/from dormancy, and b) cell preservation strategies needed to sustain biological processes over long-term dormancy - we expected to find distinct relative evolutionary rates (RER) in genes related to those traits. We identified 323 genes with accelerated or decelerated RERs; these genes were enriched for some processes overlapping with our predictions and with literature findings, such as different modes of ATP production. Other genes related to protein and membrane trafficking (TRAPP, SNARE, and Arp2/3 protein complexes) are newly associated with aestivation. RER patterns suggest that aestivation in amphibians relies on a set of highly conserved core processes and other auxiliary processes that have diversified across the phylogeny. Given the vast number and diversity of aestivating amphibian lineages, we predict that more in-depth molecular studies of amphibian aestivation will offer novel insight into hypometabolic processes that could inspire medical innovations to prevent organ atrophy, address problems with angiogenesis, and combat processes underlying cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ochoa-Ochoa, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarvin, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.24.666600</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole-genome analyses point to new candidate genes underlying aestivation in amphibians]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.28.667051v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Saturated lipid stress attenuates mitochondrial genome synthesis in human cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.28.667051v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fatty acids are trafficked between organelles to support membrane biogenesis and act as signaling molecules to rewire cellular metabolism in response to starvation, overnutrition, and environmental cues. Mitochondria are key cellular energy converters that harbor their own multi-copy genome critical to metabolic control. In homeostasis, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) synthesis is coupled to mitochondrial membrane expansion and division at sites of contact with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Here, we provide evidence from cultured hepatocytes that mtDNA synthesis and lipid droplet biogenesis occur at spatially and functionally distinct ER-mitochondria membrane contact sites. We find that, during saturated lipid stress, cells pause mtDNA synthesis and mitochondrial network expansion secondary to rerouted fatty acid trafficking through the ER and lipid droplet biogenesis, coincident with a defect in soluble protein import to the ER lumen. The relative composition of fatty acid pools available to cells is critical, as monounsaturated fatty acid supplementation rescued both ER proteostasis and mtDNA synthesis, even in the presence of excess saturated fat. We propose that shutoff of mtDNA synthesis conserves mtDNA-to-mitochondrial network scaling until cells can regain ER homeostasis.

SummaryOvernutrition of cultured human cells causes endoplasmic reticulum dysfunction, which downregulates mitobiogenesis in turn by constraining mtDNA synthesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boone, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Judge, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shami, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danna, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ball, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waingankar, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saqub, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Divakaruni, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.28.667051</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Saturated lipid stress attenuates mitochondrial genome synthesis in human cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.27.667007v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Can you trust your reconstructed lineage tree? A homoplasy-based approach for irreversible evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.27.667007v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phylogeny inference is a fundamental problem in computational biology, with many proposed algorithms. Emerging techniques that couple single-cell genomics with Cas9-based genome editing open the way for indepth analysis of cell phylogenies that underlie processes of clonal expansion, selection and diversification, from embryogenesis to cancer. A key distinguishing feature of cell lineage analysis with these techniques is the non-modifiability of Cas9-induced mutations, which motivates revisiting questions in phylogenetics. In this work, we ask one such fundamental question: is it possible to assess the reliability of an inferred lineage tree, even though we do not know its underlying ground truth? We present a homoplasy-based approach for this question that leverages the non-modifiability property. We show via simulations that under a broad range of settings, our method can effectively distinguish accurate reconstructions out of a pool of candidate solutions. Importantly, our homoplasy-based score is substantially more powerful than the commonly used parsimony score - a result that we back by both empirical and theoretical analysis. The computation of the homoplasy score is simple and scalable, thus opening the way for more rigorous analysis of cell lineages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zilber, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prillo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadler, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.27.667007</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Can you trust your reconstructed lineage tree? A homoplasy-based approach for irreversible evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.29.667489v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Minimal Impact of Low Vision on Explicit Sensorimotor Adaptation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.29.667489v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rehabilitation from motor system dysfunction relies on learning deliberate motor corrections through practice and feedback. This is called explicit motor adaptation. One key source of feedback for this adaptation is the visual error signal between the intended movement and the achieved movement. As people age, both motor dysfunction and visual impairment become more common, potentially compromising the visual feedback signal. Previous work has shown that visual impairment can disrupt the implicit, automatic adjustments made by the sensorimotor system. But how visual impairment influences the explicit motor adaptation, a cornerstone of rehabilitation, remains unknown. To address this gap, we recruited individuals with low vision--defined as uncorrectable visual impairment resulting in functional vision loss--and age-matched controls to complete a visuomotor task designed to isolate two components of explicit motor adaptation: discovering a new deliberate sensorimotor strategy and recalling a previously learned one. Surprisingly, low vision had no measurable impact on either component. Despite reduced visual fidelity, individuals with low vision were as effective as controls in both discovering and retrieving successful explicit sensorimotor strategies. These results highlight potential mechanisms that can be leveraged in rehabilitation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cipleu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padmanabhan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsay, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.29.667489</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Minimal Impact of Low Vision on Explicit Sensorimotor Adaptation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.28.667273v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Assessing cellular metabolic dynamics with NAD(P)H fluorescence polarization imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.28.667273v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Altered metabolism enables adaptive advantages for cancer, driving the need for improved methods for non-invasive long-term monitoring of cellular metabolism from organelle to population level. Here we present two-photon steady-state fluorescence polarization ratiometric microscopy (FPRM), a label-free imaging method that uses nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) (NAD(P)H) autofluorescence as a functional readout of cellular metabolism. The method is simple to implement and operates an order of magnitude faster than the NAD(P)H-fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) imaging modality, reducing cytotoxic stress while providing long-term monitoring capacity. FPRM enables high-resolution dynamic tracking of NAD(P)H signals with subcellular details and we have established a set of instrument-independent ratiometric parameters that correlates NAD(P)H signals with metabolic status during pharmaceutical and environmental perturbations. We further integrated FPRM readouts with other parameters such as cell shape and migration on 2D and 3D collagen matrices, demonstrating the techniques versatility across bioengineered platforms for cancer metabolism research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zipfel, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ling, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowley, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischbach, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estroff, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimpi, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunitake, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.28.667273</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Assessing cellular metabolic dynamics with NAD(P)H fluorescence polarization imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.29.667524v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A plant immune receptor mediates tritrophic interactions by linking caterpillar detection to predator recruitment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.29.667524v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plants deploy direct and indirect defenses in response to insect herbivory. The specific antiherbivore responses involve cell surface immune receptors that recognize herbivore associated molecular patterns (HAMPs), yet the ecological relevance of this molecular interplay remains unexplored. We demonstrate that the Inceptin Receptor (INR) encoded by common bean, upon recognition of inceptin, a HAMP in caterpillar oral secretions, orchestrates a tritrophic interaction. Laboratory and field experimentation in Mexico using a naturally occurring inceptin-insensitive mutant and its near-isogenic wild type equivalent, revealed that inceptin recognition by INR activates an herbivore-specific immune pathway, and triggers the emission of a volatile blend that recruits predatory wasps. These findings provide a novel molecular-to-ecological link, revealing how an immune receptor mediates ecologically relevant plant-insect-predator interactions in nature.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Palacios, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grof-Tisza, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behnken, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arce, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaparro, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmelz, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turlings, T. C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benrey, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinbrenner, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.29.667524</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A plant immune receptor mediates tritrophic interactions by linking caterpillar detection to predator recruitment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.30.667798v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineered lignin composition in Brachypodium distachyon modulates the root-associated microbiome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.30.667798v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lignin is a key component of the plant cell wall and a barrier to microbial interaction and biomass digestibility. While lignin biosynthesis has been engineered in grasses to reduce recalcitrance for agroindustrial applications, the consequences for root-associated microbial communities remain poorly understood. Here, we show in the model grass species Brachypodium distachyon that genetic modification of lignin biosynthetic genes, particularly caffeic acid O-methyltransferase (COMT), alters root lignin syringyl/guaiacyl (S/G) ratios, root exudate composition, and significantly reshapes the rhizosphere microbiome. Using a synthetic microbial community (SYNCOM) in controlled fabricated ecosystem (EcoFAB) environments, we observed a distinct reduction in Burkholderia colonization and enrichment of Rhodococcus in COMT mutant lines. LC-MS/MS profiling of root exudates revealed increased p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid and hydroxycinnamic acid amides in these lines, potentially linked to both metabolic remodeling and plant stress responses. These findings demonstrate that altering lignin composition can have profound, genotype-specific impacts on rhizosphere microbiome assembly, with implications for plant-microbe interactions, nutrient cycling, and biomass conversion strategies in bioenergy crops.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Priya, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, H.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Downs, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andeer, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosina, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eudes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Northen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukhopadhyay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mortimer, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.30.667798</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineered lignin composition in Brachypodium distachyon modulates the root-associated microbiome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.31.667952v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Efficient uniform sampling explains non-uniform memory of narrative stories 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.31.667952v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humans do not remember all experiences uniformly. We remember certain moments better than others, and central gist better than detail. Current theories focus exclusively on surprise to explain why some moments are better remembered, and do not explain gist memory. We propose that humans uniformly sample incoming information in time, which explains both non-uniform memory and gist. Rather than surprise, this model predicts that the mutual information between a given moment and the rest of the experience drives memory. To test this model, participants listened to narrative stories and recalled them immediately afterward. Using large language models to quantify the information structure of narrative stories and participants recall, we found that our parsimonious uniform sampling model explained memory better than earlier theories. These findings suggest an alternative, simpler account of human memory that does not rely on costly feedback mechanisms for prioritizing encoding of specific information.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preston, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huth, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.31.667952</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Efficient uniform sampling explains non-uniform memory of narrative stories]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.30.667731v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impacts of changing ocean circulation, temperature, and food supply on larval recruitment of purple sea urchins in Southern California: A biophysical modeling study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.30.667731v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Changes in ocean conditions among years and across decades can alter populations in marine ecosystems. This study evaluates the impact of changing ocean conditions on larval recruitment of purple sea urchins in the Southern California Bight using 3D biophysical modeling, surface chlorophyll, and recruitment data. The influence of circulation, temperature, and food supply on larval recruitment is quantified using five modeled variables, larval dispersal distance, larval source location, larval food supply, and temperature exposure for larvae and adults, which are derived for 18 years and five larval recruitment sites. Sensitivity testing of the variables to different plankton larval durations (PLDs), larval behaviors, and nearshore retention is performed. All variables are found to be relatively insensitive to changes in PLD greater than 26 days. Larval dispersal distance and source location, representing changes in circulation, are found to be more sensitive to larval behavior and nearshore retention than larval food supply and temperature exposure for larvae and adults. All variables are statistically compared to recruitment field data. Temperature exposure for adults during the fall reproductive season is found to be a strong driver of larval recruitment while temperature exposure for larvae during the spring recruitment season is not. Food supply is not found to be a driver of larval recruitment. Circulation is found to be a driver of larval recruitment if larvae have behavior that reduces their dispersal distance, allowing them to come from source sites near to the recruitment sites. Overall, we hypothesize that larval behavior which reduces dispersal improves recruitment and that the timing of recruitment and reproduction can predict the impact of temperature on recruitment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Simons, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okamoto, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.30.667731</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impacts of changing ocean circulation, temperature, and food supply on larval recruitment of purple sea urchins in Southern California: A biophysical modeling study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.02.668307v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Feature-specific inhibitory connectivity augments the accuracy of cortical representations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.02.668307v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To interpret complex sensory scenes, animals exploit statistical regularities to infer missing features and suppress redundant or ambiguous information. Cortical microcircuits might contribute to this cognitive goal by either completing or cancelling predictable activity, but it remains unknown whether, and how, a single circuit can implement these antagonistic computations. To address this central question, we used all-optical physiology to simulate sensory-evoked activity patterns in pyramidal cells (PCs) and somatostatin interneurons (SSTs) in the mouses primary visual cortex (V1). In the absence of external visual input, photostimulation of orientation-tuned PC ensembles drove either completion or cancelation of input-matching representations, depending on the number of photostimulated cells. This dual computational capacity arose from the co-existence of  like-to-like excitatory interactions between PCs, and a newly discovered  like-to-like SST-PC connectivity motif, in which SSTs are preferentially recruited by, and in turn suppress, similarly tuned PCs. Finally, we show that photoactivation of tuned SST ensembles during visual processing improved the discriminability of their preferred visual input by suppressing ambiguous activity. Thus, these complementary feature-specific connectivity motifs allow different strategies of contextual modulation to optimize inference by either completion (through PC-PC interactions) or cancelation (via PC-SST-PC loops) of predictable activity, depending on the structure of the input and the network state.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ogando, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdeladim, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sit, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sridharan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gopakumar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adesnik, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.02.668307</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Feature-specific inhibitory connectivity augments the accuracy of cortical representations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.05.668603v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protein language models reveal evolutionary constraints on synonymous codon choice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.05.668603v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Evolution has shaped the genetic code, with subtle pressures leading to preferences for some synonymous codons over others. Codons are translated at different speeds by the ribosome, imposing constraints on codon choice related to the process of translation. The structure and function of a protein may impose pressure to translate the associated mRNA at a particular speed in order to enable proper protein production, but the molecular basis and scope of these evolutionary constraints have remained elusive. Here, we show that information about codon constraints can be extracted from protein sequence alone. We leverage a protein language model to predict codon choice from amino acid sequence, combining implicit information about position and protein structure to learn subtle but generalizable constraints on codon choice in yeast. In parallel, we conduct a genome-wide screen of thousands of synonymous codon substitutions in endogenous loci in yeast, reliably identifying a small set of several hundred synonymous variants that increase or decrease fitness while showing that most positions have no measurable effect on growth. Our results suggest that cotranslational localization and translational accuracy, more than cotranslational protein folding, are major drivers of selective pressure on codon choice in eukaryotes. By considering both the small but wide-reaching effects of codon choice that can be learned from evolution and the strong but highly specific effects determined via experiment, we expose unappreciated biological constraints on codon choice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sakharova, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lareau, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.05.668603</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protein language models reveal evolutionary constraints on synonymous codon choice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.01.667986v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Developing future resilience from signatures of adaptation across the sorghum pangenome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.01.667986v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While the green revolution adapted a handful of crops to homogenous and high-input industrialized agriculture, much of the global population still relies on local food production from low-input smallholder farms that grow highly variable crop cultivars. The high diversity of the grain and bioenergy crop sorghum 1-4, and many other crops that were not homogenized during the green revolution 5, not only provides the raw materials for breeders to make substantial gains in cultivar improvement, but also constrains breeding efforts due to highly specialized locally adapted plant phenotypes 6. Here, we construct a 33-member pangenome and identify trait-associated variants in 1,988 cultivars and landraces. We then apply these resources to explore the complex interplay between historical contingency, ongoing adaptation, and the potential for future gains through climate-aware genome-enabled breeding. Specifically, our analyses conclusively demonstrate that multiple nested, deeply diverged, and previously uncharacterized structural variants in the domestication gene SHATTERING1 distinguish the previously established multicentric origin of sorghum. We then apply landscape genomics tests to reveal how gene flow, adaptation, and secondary contact created the complex genetic mosaic in current global breeding networks. Further analysis of climate-gene associations highlights candidate loci underlying adaptation, including the biosynthetic gene cluster for the cyanogenic glucoside dhurrin. Combined, the pangenome-informed variants developed here will enable both trait discovery and subsequent marker assays to accelerate breeding and provide a framework for similar applications in other diverse and non-model crops.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morris, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harder, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Healey, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLaughlin, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rice, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruet-Burgos, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rifkin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spiekerman, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VanGessel, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agnew, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Audebert, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barry, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baxter, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beurier, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boston, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyles, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brady, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bunting, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaparro, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Courtney, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dembele, J. S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deshpande, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diatta, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eck, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eveland, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faye, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fonceka, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gano, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Gracia Coquerel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodstein, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimwood, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kholova, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawa, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kouressy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kresovich, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemaux, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowery, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.01.667986</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Developing future resilience from signatures of adaptation across the sorghum pangenome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.05.668752v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vitamin B2 metabolism promotes FSP1 stability to prevent ferroptosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.05.668752v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ferroptosis, a regulated form of cell death driven by excessive lipid peroxidation, has emerged as a promising therapeutic target in cancer. Ferroptosis suppressor protein 1 (FSP1) is a critical regulator of ferroptosis resistance, yet the mechanisms controlling its expression and stability remain mostly unexplored. To uncover regulators of FSP1 abundance, we conducted CRISPR-Cas9 screens utilizing a genome-edited, dual-fluorescent FSP1 reporter cell line, identifying both transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms that determine FSP1 levels. Notably, we identified riboflavin kinase (RFK) and FAD synthase (FLAD1), enzymes which are essential for synthesizing flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) from vitamin B2, as key contributors to FSP1 stability. Biochemical and cellular analyses revealed that FAD binding is critical for FSP1 activity. FAD deficiency, and mutations blocking FSP1-FAD binding, triggered FSP1 degradation via a ubiquitin-proteasome pathway that involves the E3 ligase RNF8. Unlike other vitamins that inhibit ferroptosis by scavenging radicals, vitamin B2 supports ferroptosis resistance through FAD cofactor binding, ensuring proper FSP1 stability and function. This study provides a rich resource detailing mechanisms that regulate FSP1 abundance and highlights a novel connection between vitamin B2 metabolism and ferroptosis resistance with implications for therapeutic strategies targeting FSP1 in cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deol, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomlinson, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doubravsky, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathiowetz, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olzmann, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.05.668752</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vitamin B2 metabolism promotes FSP1 stability to prevent ferroptosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.05.668560v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GHIST 2024: The 1st Genomic History Inference Strategies Tournament 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.05.668560v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Evaluating population genetic inference methods is challenging due to the complexity of evolutionary histories, potential model misspecification, and unconscious biases in self-assessment. The Genomic History Inference Strategies Tournament (GHIST) is a community-driven competition designed to evaluate methods for inferring evolutionary history from population genomic data. The inaugural GHIST competition ran from July to November 2024 and featured four demographic history inference challenges of varying complexity: a bottleneck model, a split with isolation model, a secondary contact model with demographic complexity, and an archaic admixture model. Data were provided as error-free VCF files, and participants submitted numerical parameter estimates that were scored by relative root mean squared error. Approximately 60 participants competed, using diverse approaches. Results revealed the current dominance of methods based on site frequency spectra, while highlighting the advantages of flexible model-building approaches for complex demographic histories. We discuss insights regarding the competition and outline the next iteration, which is ongoing with expanded challenge diversity. By providing standardized benchmarks and highlighting areas for improvement, GHIST represents a substantial step toward more reliable inference of evolutionary history from genomic data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Struck, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaughn, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daigle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noskova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sequeira, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonets, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alekseevskaya, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grigoreva, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raines, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMaster, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovacs, T. G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ragsdale, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno-Estrada, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lotterhos, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siepel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutenkunst, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.05.668560</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GHIST 2024: The 1st Genomic History Inference Strategies Tournament]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.07.669133v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
STARComm Scalably Detects Emergent Modules of Spatial Cell-Cell Communication in Inflammation and Cancer. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.07.669133v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In humans, cell-cell communication orchestrates tissue organization, immune coordination, and repair, yet spatially mapping these interactions remains a challenge for biology. We introduce STARComm, a scalable-interpretable computational method that identifies Multicellular Communication Interaction Modules (MCIMs) by detecting spatially co-located receptor-ligand activity from high-plex spatial transcriptomics in 2D and 3D. Applied to an atlas of >14million cells across 8 cancers, STARComm revealed 24 conserved and tumor-specific MCIMs, including a fibro-immune module with targetable axes linked to immune exclusion and immunotherapy resistance. In chronic graft-versus-host disease, STARComm identified three salivary gland MCIMs predictive of patient death and two druggable axes (CXCL12-CXCR4, CCL5-SDC4), both with FDA-approved therapeutics. STARComm demonstrated that peripheral tissue profiling can forecast fatality nearly 3 years in advance using minor salivary glands. By enabling scalable biomarker discovery, drug targeting, and spatially resolved precision profiling, STARComm bridges the gap between spatial biology and clinical translation, advancing the field of spatial medicine.

SUMMARYDespite major advances in spatial biology, no framework has yet linked spatially resolved intercellular communication networks, independent of cell types, to clinical outcomes in human disease. Here, we present STARComm, a scalable method that identifies Multicellular Interaction MCIMs (MCIMs). Applying STARComm to minor salivary gland biopsies from patients with chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), we identify MCIMs that not only distinguish healthy from diseased tissue but also stratify patient survival. High-risk MCIMs are enriched for actionable immune and stromal pathways, including those targetable with existing therapies. These findings establish the first outcome-linked spatial communication framework in any human disease and highlight the translational potential of oral tissues as minimally invasive platforms for real-time immune diagnostics, prognostic modeling, and therapeutic screening.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huynh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matuck, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Souza, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fatobene, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soares Junior, L. A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferraz da Silva, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byrd, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.07.669133</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[STARComm Scalably Detects Emergent Modules of Spatial Cell-Cell Communication in Inflammation and Cancer.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.07.669190v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dehydration promotes intracellular lipid synthesis and accumulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.07.669190v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lipids can be considered a water reservoir used to offset dehydration stress as their oxidation by the mitochondria generates water. However, whether dehydration and the ensuing hypertonic stress directly regulate lipid synthesis is unknown. We found that hypertonic stress decreases cellular oxygen consumption, increases intracellular lipid synthesis, and favors glutamine oxidation as a carbon precursor for lipid synthesis via remodeling mitochondrial metabolism. These findings provide a mechanism whereby cellular dehydration leads to intracellular lipid accumulation, functionally linking water availability to lipid storage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carty, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selvasingh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuchowski, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nam, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penalva, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nanayakkara, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jennings, E. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voss, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adame, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tossberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yap, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melzer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viquez, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCall, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piotrowski, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bessho, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leaptrot, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schrimpe-Rutledge, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Codreanu, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherrod, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLean, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trapani, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cottam, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shrivastava, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delker, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassenour, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lantier, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chernova, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haase, V. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medina, J.-P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosma, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cartailler, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zent, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris,, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watts, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terker,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.07.669190</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dehydration promotes intracellular lipid synthesis and accumulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.08.668946v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MechanoAge, a machine learning platform to identify individuals susceptible to breast cancer based on mechanical properties of single cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.08.668946v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundExisting breast cancer risk models inadequately identify individuals at latent risk, particularly among women without known genetic mutations or family history. Risk is often underestimated or overestimated due to reliance on population-level data and neglect of cellular aging and mechanobiological alterations.

MethodsWe profiled primary human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs) from women of varying ages and risk backgrounds using mechano-node-pore sensing (mechano-NPS), a high-throughput microfluidic platform that captures single-cell mechanical properties. Using machine learning, we developed a classifier, MechanoAge, to predict age-related mechanical phenotypes and introduce a novel index, mechano-RISQ, to quantify deviations linked to breast cancer risk. We further assessed the cytoskeletal protein keratin 14 (KRT14) as a molecular mediator of these mechanical states through overexpression and knockdown experiments.

FindingsCells from younger women carrying BRCA1/2 mutations or with a family history of breast cancer exhibited accelerated mechanical aging compared to age-matched controls. Elevated mechano-RISQ scores reflected an increased proportion of cells with "older" mechanical profiles. KRT14 overexpression induced an aged mechanical phenotype in younger cells, while knockdown partially reversed this state in older cells. CyTOF profiling and modeling showed KRT14 modulation impacted protein expression signatures associated with aging and risk, particularly in luminal cells.

InterpretationMechanical properties of breast epithelial cells reflect biologic aging and cancer susceptibility. Mechano-RISQ offers a new approach for identifying individuals at elevated risk, especially among average-risk populations, and may complement existing risk models by incorporating biophysical measures of epithelial aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hinz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grondal, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cotner, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomsen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hester, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yee, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seewaldt, V. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorens, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sohn, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaBarge, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.08.668946</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MechanoAge, a machine learning platform to identify individuals susceptible to breast cancer based on mechanical properties of single cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.08.668962v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High frequency broadband activity detected noninvasively in infants distinguishes wake from sleep states 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.08.668962v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High frequency broadband activity (HFB; 70-150 Hz) indexes local brain activity. It is predominantly studied using invasive measures due to signal drop off from skull attenuation. We hypothesized that HFB is detectable in infants noninvasively through fontanelles and thin skull that have not fully developed. We analyzed scalp electroencephalography (EEG) data during wake and sleep states in 19 channels from 18 infants (1-4 months, both sexes). At the group level, linear mixed-effects models revealed greater HFB power in wake versus sleep states in midline and central channels near fontanelles, as well as in occipital channels over thin skull. These differences were detected with 90% reliability using as few as 25 seconds of data per state in as few as 10 subjects. On the individual level, linear mixed-effects models revealed the same wake > sleep effect with a mean reliability of 60% when using at least 50 seconds of data per state. These findings establish that noninvasive HFB detection in infants is not only possible at sites where the skull has not fully developed, but sufficiently robust to enable systematic investigation of early cognitive development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Holubecki, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yarbrough, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangarajan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuperman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.08.668962</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High frequency broadband activity detected noninvasively in infants distinguishes wake from sleep states]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.08.669145v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Global monitoring of wildlife mortality through participatory science in near-real time 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.08.669145v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Detection of wildlife mortality events is critical for timely conservation and natural resource management. We present an open-source, web-based decision support tool that queries, aggregates and summarizes participatory science data from iNaturalist to monitor mortality events worldwide. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach using four case studies spanning taxonomic, spatial, and temporal scales. In Canada and the United States, high peaks of bird mortality coincided with zoonotic risk during avian influenza outbreaks. Across Latin America, we detected 75 mortality events of critically endangered species. In California, recorded mammal mortality was associated with human infrastructure, including proximity to roads, and to a lesser extent, the human footprint. Mortality of pumas (Puma concolor) was detected across nine countries, highlighting the need for international cooperation to conserve mobile species. Our tool enables resource managers to flag emerging threats and empowers participatory scientists to monitor and integrate mortality records for conservation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ellis Soto, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, L. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schell, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boettiger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.08.669145</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Global monitoring of wildlife mortality through participatory science in near-real time]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.08.669442v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Global and local origins of trial-to-trial spike count variability in visual cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.08.669442v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sensory neuron spiking responses vary across repeated presentations of the same stimuli, but whether this trial-to-trial variability represents noise versus unidentified signals remains unresolved. Some of the variability can be attributed to correlations between neural activity and arousal, locomotion, and other overt movements. We hypothesized that correlations with global activity factors, i.e., patterns of neural activity observable in other brain regions, may explain additional variability in spike count responses of visual cortical neurons. To test this, we used Neuropixels 2.0 probes to record neural activity in mouse primary visual cortex (V1) while subjects passively viewed images. We recorded videos of behavior alongside neural activity from other brain regions, either spiking activity of neural populations in anterior cingulate area (ACA) or widefield calcium signals from across the dorsal cortex. We then used a model based on reduced rank regression to partition the explainable variability of visual cortical responses by source. Some of the trial-to-trial variability in V1 spike counts was attributable to locally shared patterns of activity uncorrelated with either behavior or global activity patterns. Locally shared activity patterns explained trial-to-trial variability that was in excess of Poisson spike generation. Of the parts of variability attributable to non-local sources, global cortical activity predicted significantly more V1 spike count variability than behavioral factors. Additionally, behavioral factors explained little variability uniquely and comprised a geometric subspace of the globally predictable V1 activity. Finally, optogenetically perturbing ACA directly impacted V1 activity, and ACA activity patterns predicted V1 spike count variability even on trials without overt behaviors. Our data indicate that globally shared factors from other cortical areas contribute substantially to shared spike count variability in V1, with only a minority of shared variability confined to local V1 circuits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ladd, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matveev, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shea-Brown, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinmetz, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.08.669442</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Global and local origins of trial-to-trial spike count variability in visual cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.12.669962v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exploring the deletion landscape of S. aureus Cas9 with SABER 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.12.669962v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Profiling tolerated amino acid deletions in proteins can elucidate structure-function relationships, reconstruct intermediate stages in protein evolution, and be used to engineer minimized versions of proteins with size-sensitive biotechnology applications. Despite advances in deletion library construction techniques over the past several decades, there are presently few methods available that are simultaneously efficient, precise, and easy to implement. Here we present SABER, a novel approach which utilizes SpRYCas9, a near-PAMless engineered SpCas9 variant, as a molecular biological tool for building deletion libraries with unprecedented speed and ease. We applied this technique to the small and structurally divergent Cas9 from Staphylococcus aureus (SaCas9) and mapped the set of deletions tolerated for DNA binding activity. We proceeded to use this information to design a set of minimal SaCas9-based effectors capable of CRISPRi transcriptional repression in bacterial cells. Our findings provide new insights into the function of certain structural elements in SaCas9, and we anticipate that our dSaCas9 deletion map may prove useful in further efforts to develop minimal Cas9-based effectors and gene editors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Plebanek, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oltrogge, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terrace, C. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lukarska, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khoury, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.12.669962</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exploring the deletion landscape of S. aureus Cas9 with SABER]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.11.669795v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glycopolymers stabilize protein folding and protein-protein interactions via enthalpic interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.11.669795v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Macromolecular crowding is ubiquitous to physiological environments, perturbing the thermodynamics and kinetics of proteins via excluded volume and nonspecific chemical interactions. While crowding has been well-studied in vitro and in cells, the inert sugar polymers used to simulate crowding lack the chemical characteristics of biomolecules. Emerging studies guide the development of more relevant models of crowding in the cell, but little work has been done to discern crowding effects on proteins at the cell surface. Using 19F NMR, we measure how protein stability, folding, and intermolecular interactions are modulated by three glycopolymers abundant at the cellular exterior. Biologically relevant glycopolymers including heparin, hyaluronic acid, and mucin significantly stabilize folding of the N-terminal domain of the Drk-SH3 protein. These interactions are enthalpically stabilizing, emphasizing the importance of chemical interactions for biologically relevant crowders. We further show that these glycopolymers stabilize a homodimer formed by the A34F variant of GB1, demonstrating that biological crowders not only affect isolated proteins, but also influence how proteins interact with one another.

Crowding is more complex than simple ideas of volume exclusion suggest, and our work guides a more comprehensive understanding of protein crowding in the context of the glycocalyx, the last frontier of the cell.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Richter, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brook, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guseman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.11.669795</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glycopolymers stabilize protein folding and protein-protein interactions via enthalpic interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.12.669954v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fly wounds and tumors restrict macrophages via a matrix degradation-moderating protease inhibitor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.12.669954v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Breaches of epithelial homeostasis trigger an inflammatory response. Not only initiation but negative regulation of the response is critical, as autoinflammation can cause tissue damage and chronic disease. Epithelial breaches can be signaled by damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), including basement membrane (BM) degradation, that attract inflammatory cells. Here we show that the conserved thioester-containing protein Tep3 from Drosophila limits innate immune cell attachment to damaged and transformed epithelia. Tep3 is produced in wounds and tumors alongside the matrix metalloprotease MMP1. Tep3 inhibits MMP1 proteolytic activity, reducing production of a BM DAMP that is necessary for macrophage association. A Drosophila tumor upregulates Tep3 to limit an MMP1- and macrophage-dependent anti-tumor immune response, thus accelerating progression and host death. Hence, fly tumors can exploit a physiological anti-inflammatory axis to pathologically limit their immune restriction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adiga, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nawabi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendez-Lopez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsi, T.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bilder, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.12.669954</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fly wounds and tumors restrict macrophages via a matrix degradation-moderating protease inhibitor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.12.670003v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetically encoded tool for manipulation of ATP/ADP ratio in human cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.12.670003v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability of cells to power energy-demanding processes depends on maintaining the ATP hydrolysis reaction a billion-fold away from equilibrium. Cells respond to changes in energy state by sensing changes in ATP, ADP, AMP, and inorganic phosphate. A key barrier to a better understanding of the maintenance of energy homeostasis is a lack of tools for direct manipulation of energy state in living cells. Here, we report the development of ATPGobble-a genetically encoded tool for controlling cellular ATP hydrolysis rate. We validated ATPGobble by showing that it doubles the energy demand, decreases [ATP]/[ADP] and [ATP]/[AMP] ratios, and activates AMPK activity in human cells. We then used ATPGobble to systematically characterize the proteome and phosphoproteome changes caused by direct manipulation of the energy state. Our results establish ATPGobble as a powerful approach for dissecting the regulatory roles of energy state in human cells, opening new opportunities to study how cellular energy state governs physiology, stress responses, and disease processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ekvik, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kober, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Titov, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.12.670003</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetically encoded tool for manipulation of ATP/ADP ratio in human cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.14.670214v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distributed theta networks support the control of working memory: Evidence from scalp and intracranial EEG 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.14.670214v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We combined scalp EEG and intracranial EEG (iEEG) to identify spectral and network-level signatures of executive control during a delayed match-to-sample task working memory task. To isolate executive processes, we contrasted test and sample phases, matched in perceptual input but differing in cognitive demand. Scalp EEG revealed increased frontal midline theta event-related spectral perturbations (ERSPs), dynamic increases and decreases in posterior theta-alpha ERSPs, and decreased central alpha-beta ERSPs during the test phase. These local spectral changes were accompanied by enhanced frontoposterior theta phase synchrony and network hub strength, predicting higher behavioral accuracy. Using a novel cross-modal scalp EEG-iEEG ERSP similarity approach, we localized the sources of scalp-derived frontal midline, posterior, and central control effects to medial frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital regions. Our results integrate power and connectivity measures across scalp and iEEG, linking local spectral fluctuations to broader network organization. Together, they support a model in which executive control emerges from flexible, temporally precise coordination between medial frontal control hubs and posterior representational systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chattopadhyay, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yarbrough, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King-Stephens, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Girgis, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaikhouni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuele, S. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenow, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asano, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim-McManus, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sattar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.14.670214</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distributed theta networks support the control of working memory: Evidence from scalp and intracranial EEG]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.13.670148v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-dye, transfection-free FLIM multiplexing via bioorthogonal chemistry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.13.670148v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) can visualize multiple targets in a single spectral window, making it a powerful tool to overcome multiplexing limitations during live cell fluorescence microscopy. Here we show that small molecule probes-which are well-suited for imaging applications due to high specificity, low toxicity, and the elimination of transfection requirements-can be fine-tuned via bioorthogonal chemistry to exhibit predictably different fluorescent lifetimes suitable for FLIM multiplexing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dadina, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lesiak, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zoltek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brauer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schepartz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.13.670148</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-dye, transfection-free FLIM multiplexing via bioorthogonal chemistry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.13.670168v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adaptive radiation along ecological and morphological lines of least resistance in Cyprinodon pupfishes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.13.670168v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adaptive radiation results in part from ecological opportunity in a new environment, but it is unclear how pre-existing constraints in the founding population may limit this process. Genetic lines of least resistance, and by proxy morphological variance, are known to limit adaptive divergence, but ecological variance is rarely investigated. Here we test whether ecological or morphological lines of least resistance in generalist populations may have constrained the directions of species divergence in two independent Caribbean adaptive radiations of Cyprinodon pupfishes. We find almost universal congruence between the major multivariate dimensions of intraspecific craniofacial and dietary variance within generalist populations and the major axes of interspecific divergence within each adaptive radiation. This is surprising given that we document unique trophic specialists within each radiation, including a bivalve-specialist, zooplanktivore, molluscivore/ostracod-specialist, and scale-eating specialist, while nearly all generalist populations were observed to feed rarely on these same resources. We conclude that pre-existing genetic constraints within each founding generalist population, resulting in dimensions of greater ecological and morphological variance, may partially constrain and predict the directions of species divergence and dietary specialization during adaptive radiation. We also provide a new framework for examining ecological lines of least resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martin, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zapata, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paredes, R. G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cortes, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kustra, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mar-Silva, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mex, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palominos, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tralka, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badillo-Aleman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitter-Soto, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arroyave, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gracida-Juarez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.13.670168</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adaptive radiation along ecological and morphological lines of least resistance in Cyprinodon pupfishes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.13.670086v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Layer-by-Layer Nanoparticle Outer Polyion Impacts Protein Corona Formation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.13.670086v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nanoparticles (NPs) can be engineered to achieve targeted delivery with strategies based on surface modifications. These include layer-by-layer (LbL) NPs, modular electrostatically assembled carriers with tunable surface properties altered by changes to the outer polyion layer. Variations in these polymers dictate intracellular trafficking and biodistribution patterns. As NPs are administered, a layer of protein adsorbs to their surfaces, forming a protein corona that affects NP properties, alters biodistribution, and ultimately, impacts therapeutic efficacy. We hypothesized that some differences in LbL NP performance are due, in part, to variations in the resulting protein coronas. To study them, we first optimized an ultrafiltration method to effectively isolate LbL NPs with their protein corona. Following incubation in conditioned media, anionic homopolypeptide outer layers, such as poly-L-aspartic acid (PLD) and poly-L-glutamic acid (PLE), and LbL NPs with the bioinert polymer poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) had the lowest amount of protein associated, lower than conventional PEG liposomes. While mass spectroscopy revealed changes in the protein composition among LbL NPs; albumin, alpha-2-macroglobulin, and apolipoprotein B were most abundant. In vitro, pre-formed protein coronas reduced uptake in macrophages but increased uptake in ovarian cancer cells for certain LbL NP outer layers. In vivo, LbL NP outer layer influenced both serum half-life and biodistribution. Overall, this work highlights that LbL NPs can be designed to control protein corona formation, and supports that further understanding NP interactions with biological fluids is essential for designing clinically translatable NP platforms.

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=181 SRC="FIGDIR/small/670086v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (50K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@18a2a66org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1e5b755org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@676af2org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@19e3b34_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dacoba, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglas-Green, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murthy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Restrepo, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strom, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Billingsley, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pryor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammond, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.13.670086</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Layer-by-Layer Nanoparticle Outer Polyion Impacts Protein Corona Formation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.14.669974v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative analysis reveals distinct actin-based motility mechanisms in divergent Rickettsia species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.14.669974v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many Rickettsia species undergo actin-based motility to promote cell-cell spread during infection. Rickettsial genomes encode two motility effectors, RickA and Sca2. In the spotted fever group species R. parkeri, RickA acts early in infection by activating the host Arp2/3 complex; Sca2 acts later by mimicking the structure and function of eukaryotic formins. The function of RickA and Sca2 orthologs in the distantly related species R. bellii was unclear. We report that the R. bellii Sca2 ortholog, Sca2/6, nucleates and elongates actin with a flexible structure and an unusual actin monomer-binding motif in a mechanism distinct from formins or other microbial actin nucleators. R. bellii motility occurs only later in infection and is solely correlated with Sca2/6 localization. Compared with R. parkeri, R. bellii motility is slow and meandering, and generates distinctly organized actin tails, reflecting differences in Sca2 ortholog mechanism and localization. The evolutionary flexibility in the mechanism and regulation of rickettsial actin-based motility suggests similar adaptability for other microbes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bacher, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choe, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welch, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.14.669974</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative analysis reveals distinct actin-based motility mechanisms in divergent Rickettsia species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.14.670347v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Machine-learning strategy for high error tolerance in image-based digital molecular assays 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.14.670347v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is a significant global health need to translate more in vitro diagnostic tests (IVDs) from clinical laboratories to field-based applications, including point-of-care (POC) and self-administered test formats. These applications typically require smaller sample sizes, limit the extent of sample processing and measurement capabilities, and introduce greater handling variability. Error tolerance is one of the most critical factors for successful field-based assay design. Here, we examine machine-learning (ML) strategies to enhance the error tolerance of image-based nanoparticle immunoassays. Random dispersions of nanoparticles were imaged in microliter sample volumes, and images were processed to determine analyte concentrations based on nanoparticle appearance. Assay performance was characterized using two common blood diagnostics: C-reactive protein (CRP) and S.CoV-2 IgG. We compare the results from a conventional image analysis, a hybrid ML-conventional approach based on pixel segmentation, and a full end-to-end image regression using a targeted regularization strategy. Training images for the full image regression approach required only a single label for training - the analyte concentration - eliminating the need for labor-intensive pixel-level labeling. Ultimately, the fully ML-based analysis significantly improved dynamic range, sensitivity, and reproducibility in high-error settings, including direct measurements performed in whole blood.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McAffee, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnob, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groves, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.14.670347</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Machine-learning strategy for high error tolerance in image-based digital molecular assays]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.18.670983v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bivalent mRNA booster encoding virus-like particles elicits potent polyclass RBD antibodies in pre-vaccinated mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.18.670983v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
mRNA vaccines emerged as a leading vaccine technology during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, their sustained protective efficacies were limited by relatively short-lived antibody responses and the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants, necessitating frequent and variant-updated boosters. We recently developed the ESCRT- and ALIX-binding region (EABR) mRNA vaccine platform, which encodes engineered immunogens that induce budding of enveloped virus-like particles (eVLPs) from the plasma membrane, thereby resulting in presentation of immunogens on cell surfaces and eVLPs. Prior studies showed that spike (S)-EABR mRNA-LNP immunizations elicited enhanced neutralizing antibody responses against ancestral and variant SARS-CoV-2 compared with conventional S mRNA-LNP in naive mice, but the effectiveness of S-EABR mRNA-LNP boosters in the context of pre-existing immunity has not been investigated. Here, we evaluated monovalent Wuhan-Hu-1 (Wu1) and bivalent (Wu1/BA.5) S-EABR mRNA-LNP boosters in mice pre-vaccinated with conventional Wu1 S mRNA-LNP. Compared to conventional S mRNA-LNP boosters, the EABR approach enhanced monovalent and bivalent mRNA-LNP booster-induced neutralizing responses against Omicron subvariants BA.1, BA.5, BQ.1.1, and XBB.1, with bivalent S-EABR mRNA-LNP consistently eliciting the highest titers. Epitope mapping of polyclonal antisera by deep mutational scanning revealed that bivalent S-EABR mRNA-LNP boosted diverse "polyclass" anti-receptor-binding domain (RBD) responses, suggesting balanced targeting of multiple RBD epitope classes. In contrast, monovalent S, bivalent S, and monovalent S-EABR mRNA-LNP boosters elicited less diverse polyclonal serum responses primarily targeting immunodominant RBD epitopes. Cryo-EM structures demonstrated that bivalent mRNA immunizations promote S heterotrimer formation, potentially enhancing bivalent S-EABR mRNA-LNP booster-induced antibody breadth and polyclass epitope targeting by activating cross-reactive B cells through intra-S crosslinking. These findings support the future design of bivalent or multivalent S-EABR mRNA-LNP boosters as a promising strategy to confer broader, and therefore potentially more durable, protection against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants and other rapidly evolving viruses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dam, K.-M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rorick, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Priso Fils, A.-C. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gnanapragasam, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segovia, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huey-Tubman, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moon, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjorkman, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffmann, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.18.670983</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bivalent mRNA booster encoding virus-like particles elicits potent polyclass RBD antibodies in pre-vaccinated mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.14.670398v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cortical thickness changes precede high levels of amyloid by at least seven years 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.14.670398v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alzheimers disease (AD) is now defined based on its underlying brain pathology1, with the presence of amyloid (A{beta}) plaques at high enough levels sufficient to warrant a diagnosis in the absence of cognitive symptoms. High levels of PET-detectable A{beta} are widely thought to be the first imaging marker, with structural brain changes detectable on MRI scans thought to occur later. We combined 4570 longitudinal MRIs and 1684 A{beta} PET scans from three cognitively healthy cohorts to test the difference in cortical thickness and its change between those that subsequently converted to be A{beta}-positive or stayed A{beta}-negative, using MRIs acquired exclusively in the years before conversion. We found those that subsequently developed elevated A{beta} levels show both thicker cortex and less cortical thinning, even when the last MRI used to estimate their thickness trajectories was acquired at least seven years before conversion. Many effects remained when accounting for quantitative A{beta} levels, suggesting some cortical thickness effects may be partly independent of A{beta}. Differences in cortical thickness and its change between converters and A{beta}-negative individuals showed moderate alignment with patterns of A{beta} deposition, and the timing of thickness changes tracked the temporal progression of A{beta} accumulation. Thus, if amyloid is AD1, we show that high levels of PET-detectable amyloid are not the first imaging marker of AD, as cortical thickness changes can be traced years before pathological amyloid. This has implications for understanding the sequence of events leading up to the earliest stages of AD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roe, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jagust, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landua, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grydeland, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slivka, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alatorre-Warren, J.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrido, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorensen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grodem, E. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonardsen, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fladby, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjornerud, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walhovd, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fjell, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vidal-Pineiro, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.14.670398</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cortical thickness changes precede high levels of amyloid by at least seven years]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.19.671124v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulated development of cannibalistic supergiant cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.19.671124v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Virtually all paradigms in developmental biology apply to differentiating cells and tissues within multicellular animals and plants. However, unicellular eukaryotes, which must simultaneously perform all roles necessary for organismal function, also form complex and specialized structures, using processes that take place exclusively within the confines of a single cell. Here, we describe a ciliate (Euplotes gigatrox sp. nov.) undergoing drastic morphological transformations within a genetically uniform population, the most spectacular being the appearance of "supergiants" that increase in size, change shape, and modify their locomotion and feeding behaviour to cannibalize clonal relatives. We explore supergiant formation from the perspective of life cycle, ecological strategy, and gene expression, demonstrating that supergiants are distinct, regulated, transcriptionally unique stages. These reversibly differentiated cells require both external and internal triggers to develop and have evolved regulatory loops to ensure coupling between environmental and physiological conditions. This system provides a blueprint for approaching both cell differentiation and functional ecology in unicellular organisms, which might open new avenues for the generalization and contextualization of known morphogenetic mechanisms, as well as the discovery of new ones.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Larson, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giannotti, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mtawali, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lord, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boscaro, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keeling, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.19.671124</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulated development of cannibalistic supergiant cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.18.670924v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Frequency-dependent fitness effects are ubiquitous 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.18.670924v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In simple microbial populations, the fitness effects of selected mutations are typically assumed to be constant, regardless of mutant frequency. This assumption underpins predictions about evolutionary dynamics, epistasis, and the maintenance of genetic diversity. Here, we systematically test this assumption using beneficial mutations from early generations of the Escherichia coli Long-Term Evolution Experiment (LTEE). Using flow cytometry-based competition assays, we find that frequency-dependent fitness effects are the norm rather than the exception, occurring in approximately 80% of strain pairs tested. Most competitions exhibit negative frequency-dependence, where fitness advantages decline as mutant frequency increases. We demonstrate that the strength of frequency-dependence is predictable from invasion fitness measurements, which explain approximately half of the biological variation in frequency-dependent slopes. We also observe violations of fitness transitivity in several strain combinations, indicating that competitive outcomes cannot always be predicted from fitness measured against a single reference strain. High-resolution measurements reveal that frequency-dependence changes substantially within the growth cycle, with the net per-cycle effect reflecting the balance of opposing dynamics at different growth phases. Our results demonstrate that even in a model system designed to minimize ecological complexity, subtle interactions between closely related genotypes create frequency-dependent selection that can fundamentally alter evolutionary trajectories.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ascensao, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abedi, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prasad, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallatschek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.18.670924</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Frequency-dependent fitness effects are ubiquitous]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.21.671373v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Divergent viral phosphodiesterases for immune signaling evasion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.21.671373v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) and other short oligonucleotides play fundamental roles in immune system activation in organisms ranging from bacteria to humans. In response, viruses use phosphodiesterase-mediated oligonucleotide cleavage for immune evasion, a strategy whose diversity has not yet been explored. We used a canonical 2H phosphodiesterase (2H PDE) structure-based search of prokaryotic and eukaryotic viral sequences to identify an exceptional diversity of 2H PDEs across the virome, including enzymes not detectable with sequence search methods alone. Despite active site conservation, biochemical experiments revealed remarkable substrate specificity of these PDEs that corresponds to variation in the core 2H fold. This nuanced specificity allows 2H PDEs to selectively degrade oligonucleotide messengers to avoid interfering with host immune signaling. Together, these findings nominate viral 2H PDEs as key regulators of CDN signaling across the tree of life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Doherty, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomburg, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adler, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blount, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.21.671373</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Divergent viral phosphodiesterases for immune signaling evasion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.21.671629v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas13d-mediated targeting of a context-specific essential gene enables selective elimination of uveal melanoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.21.671629v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Uveal melanoma, the most common eye cancer in adults, remains limited to surgical intervention and chemotherapy, with a dismal survival rate that has not improved in over 50 years. To address this therapeutic impasse, we systematically analyzed public gene expression, RNAi, and CRISPR knockout datasets and identified RASGRP3 as an essential gene specifically for uveal melanoma. RasGRP3 is uniquely overexpressed and essential for survival in uveal melanoma cells, but dispensable in healthy cells. RasGRP3 remains "undruggable" due to its intracellular localization and lack of targetable binding pockets. To overcome this, we developed a CRISPR-Cas13d RNA-targeting therapeutic that specifically knocks down RasGRP3 mRNA. This Cas13d-based therapeutic mediates selective uveal melanoma killing through two synergistic mechanisms: (i) direct silencing of the essential RasGRP3 transcript, and (ii) collateral RNA degradation triggered by the cleavage of overexpressed RasGRP3. When delivered via optimized lipid nanoparticles encoding Cas13d mRNA and guide RNA, this strategy eliminated >97% of uveal melanoma cells while sparing healthy cells, including retinal pigment epithelial cells. This approach outperformed conventional Cas9 and siRNA methods in potency without inducing permanent genomic alterations. Our findings establish a RNA-targeting therapeutic for uveal melanoma and a framework for Cas13d-based interventions against broad "undruggable" cancers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stauber, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sosnick, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pimcharoen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawanprasert, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murthy, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myung, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.21.671629</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CRISPR-Cas13d-mediated targeting of a context-specific essential gene enables selective elimination of uveal melanoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.22.666972v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Maximum water stress is decoupled from climate, traits and growth in a xeric oak 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.22.666972v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIWidespread drought-induced forest mortality highlights the ecological consequences of climate change, yet our ability to explain, let alone predict, the spatial patterns of forest mortality remains limited.
C_LIO_LIWe conducted a range-wide survey of drought stress, growth, and allocation traits in a widespread oak species (Quercus douglasii, blue oak) to test the predictability of stress across populations and explore how water availability and allocation mediate spatial variation in tree growth.
C_LIO_LIAcross 15 sites, we found little relationship between end-of-season water availability (predawn leaf water potentials) or maximum water stress (midday water potentials) and climate or soils. Instead, water availability (within and among sites) was predicted by access to deep water resources inferred from stem water stable isotopes.
C_LIO_LIWe also found a remarkable three-way decoupling of water stress, growth, and allocation to leaf tissue, which challenged a data-parameterized mechanistic plant model.
C_LIO_LIOur results reveal that deeply rooted trees can be hydrologically decouple from above-ground climate, and that the seasonality of growth, trait development and hydraulic risk are phenologically disconnected. The complicated relationship between carbon gain and hydraulic risk in seasonal environments and limited data on critical zone hydrology are key challenges to predicting drought vulnerability.
C_LI

Plain Language SummaryBelow-ground structure complicates our understanding of plant water stress. We show that below-ground complexity and highly seasonal environments can both disconnect trees from their above-ground climate and disconnect drought mortality risk from growth and trait development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anderegg, L. D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skelton, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papper, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lovegreen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trugman, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ackerly, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.22.666972</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Maximum water stress is decoupled from climate, traits and growth in a xeric oak]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.21.671640v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Plasma membrane accessible cholesterol is regulated by ACC1 and lipid droplets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.21.671640v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proper maintenance of plasma membrane (PM) cholesterol is essential for diverse processes ranging from animal development to pathogen evasion. Despite decades of study, the mechanisms governing cellular cholesterol regulation are incomplete. Using genome-wide screens we find that ACC1, the rate-limiting enzyme in fatty acid biosynthesis, regulates PM cholesterol transport. ACC1 loss causes a [~]10-fold increase in PM accessible cholesterol in cells and mice. Mechanistically, we find that ACC1 regulates lipid droplet (LD) catabolism, and LDs are intimately tied to PM accessible cholesterol levels since reductions or elevations in their numbers block or promote cholesterol trafficking, respectively. Furthermore, LDs are required for cholesterol trafficking induced by 25-hydroxycholesterol, a modulator of inflammation and an interferon-stimulated second messenger that protects cells from pathogen invasion. This work identifies an unrecognized role for ACC1 and LDs in cholesterol regulation, which has implications for diseases where LD numbers are altered, from metabolic syndromes to neurodegeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kinnebrew, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wijesinghe, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, C.-w.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schad, E. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takeshima, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khandwala, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tillo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lebensohn, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olzmann, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohatgi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.21.671640</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Plasma membrane accessible cholesterol is regulated by ACC1 and lipid droplets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.26.672485v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lithosyntrophy: Obligate syntrophy in a phosphite-oxidizing, methanogenic culture 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.26.672485v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The anaerobic conversion of organic matter to methane and carbon dioxide typically relies on obligate syntrophic interactions between bacteria and methanogenic archaea, where interspecies hydrogen (H2) transfer enables thermodynamically constrained reactions to proceed near equilibrium. Syntrophs couple the oxidation of fermentation products such as fatty acids and alcohols to the reduction of protons to form H2. These reactions can only proceed if low H2 concentrations are maintained by H2-consuming syntrophic partners. Here, we describe "lithosyntrophy," a novel mode of syntrophic interaction in which electrons that drive hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis originate from an inorganic compound rather than from the canonical organic substrates. Candidatus Phosphitivorax anaerolimi strain Phox-21 oxidizes phosphite (HPO32-, oxidation state +3) to phosphate coupled to hydrogenogenesis in an obligate energetic dependency on a hydrogenotrophic methanogen, Methanoculleus sp. Physiology experiments, thermodynamic calculations, genomic annotation, and metaproteomics analysis collectively revealed a mechanism for syntrophic phosphite oxidation in Phox-21, which requires phosphite, acetate, and CO2 as co-substrates. In this pathway, electrons derived from phosphite drive H2 production via an electron-confurcating hydrogenase. Unlike previously characterized acetogenic phosphite oxidizers that grow without exogenous acetate, Phox-21 requires acetate to regenerate AMP, a cofactor required by the phosphite dehydrogenase, PtdF. Lithosyntrophic phosphite oxidizers may play important roles both in transferring reducing equivalents as well as biologically available phosphorus to other members of their surrounding microbial communities. We infer that lithosyntrophic DPO emerged before acetoclastic methanogenesis and was a major sink for acetate in the Archaean when phosphite was more abundant.

Significance statementDissimilatory phosphite-oxidizing microorganisms (DPOM) use phosphite as an energy source, producing phosphate. While the two previously isolated DPOM couple phosphite oxidation to carbon fixation via the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway, Candidatus Phosphitivorax anaerolimi strain Phox-21 instead performs lithosyntrophic metabolism, coupling DPO to proton reduction in obligate partnership with a hydrogenotrophic methanogen. This establishes a novel link between phosphorus and carbon redox cycles: like organosyntrophy, DPO can fuel methanogenesis. Lithosyntrophy expands our understanding of syntrophic interactions and suggests similar processes may occur with other inorganic substrates in anoxic ecosystems. We propose lithosyntrophic DPO predates acetoclastic methanogenesis, serving as an early acetate sink during the Archaean. Following Earths oxygenation, phosphite depletion likely reduced competition for acetate, enabling the later evolution of acetoclastic methanogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aronson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weaver, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanclos, V. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rapp, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iavarone, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coates, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.26.672485</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lithosyntrophy: Obligate syntrophy in a phosphite-oxidizing, methanogenic culture]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.22.671818v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Robust fluorescent labeling and tracking of endogenous non-repetitive genomic loci 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.22.671818v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The spatial organization and dynamics of a genome are central to gene regulation. While a comprehensive understanding of chromatin organization in the human nucleus has been achieved using fixed-cell methods, measuring the dynamics of specific genomic regions over extended periods in individual living cells remains challenging. Here, we present a robust and fully genetically encoded system for fluorescent labeling and long-term tracking of any accessible non-repetitive genomic locus in live human cells using fluorogenic and replenishable nanobody array fusions of the Staphylococcus aureus dCas9, and compact polycistronic single guide (sg)RNAs. First, we characterize the selectivity and photostability of our probes, enabling genome-wide visualization of chromatin dynamics at locally repetitive elements. Next, through multiplexed expression of 8-10 sgRNAs from polycistronic cassettes, we demonstrate efficient and sustained labeling of non-repetitive loci, enabling high-fidelity tracking of gene-proximal regions at exceptional spatial and temporal resolution. Finally, by correlating chromatin mobility with transcriptional activity at multiple genes, we find that local chromatin dynamics at 20 Hz are gene-specific and not necessarily dependent on transcription. Our approach is versatile, minimally invasive, and scalable, enabling multiplexed imaging of regulatory element dynamics involved in gene control, with broad applicability across diverse biological systems and disease contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Raterink, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilton, I. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liphardt, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gustavsson, A.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.22.671818</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Robust fluorescent labeling and tracking of endogenous non-repetitive genomic loci]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.26.672275v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Detection of Echinococcus multilocularis in coyotes in Washington State, USA highlights need for increased global wildlife surveillance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.26.672275v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Echinococcus multilocularis is a zoonotic cestode that uses canids as definitive hosts and rodents as intermediate hosts. In humans, this parasite is the causative agent of alveolar echinococcosis. Recently, its range has been expanding across the Northern Hemisphere, and it is increasingly detected in wild canids, domestic dogs, and humans across Canada and the United States. While this expansion has been documented in isolated studies across the continent, a lack of routine sampling in wildlife hinders our ability to anticipate and mitigate further spread of E. multilocularis. We confirmed the presence of E. multilocularis in Washington State, USA, using a combination of morphological and molecular techniques across carcasses and field-collected scats of coyotes (Canis latrans), this regions most common wild canid. Morphological identification of adult worms was confirmed by next-generation sequencing. Over a third of all samples tested positive for E. multilocularis when all methodologies were combined. Sequencing revealed a haplotype of E. multilocularis matching a documented haplotype originally of European origin in British Columbia, Canada. Our study provides the first confirmation of E. multilocularis in a wild host on the west coast of the U.S and provides additional haplotype information crucial to tracking the geographical expansion of the parasite. We also provide a new next-generation sequencing primer targeting cestodes of canids. The difference in amplification between intestinal and fecal samples suggests that non-invasive fecal sampling using DNA metabarcoding--a popular method of helminth surveillance --may lead to underestimation of prevalence, hindering control measures. The global significance of these findings extends beyond North America; E. multilocularis is a major public health concern in Europe and Asia, where alveolar echinococcosis is increasingly diagnosed in humans. Our study highlights the urgent need for increased surveillance and improved diagnostic strategies worldwide, particularly in regions with significant human-wildlife contact.

Author summaryParasites that are transmitted between wildlife, domestic animals, and people are an important part of global health. One such parasite is Echinococcus multilocularis, a small tapeworm of canids that can cause a severe, life-threatening disease in humans called alveolar echinococcosis. Many wild canid hosts of the parasite, such as coyotes, overlap significantly with domestic dogs, which facilitates transmission to humans. In Europe, Asia, and Arctic regions of North America, E. multilocularis has long been recognized as a major public health problem. In recent decades its range has expanded across the Northern Hemisphere, raising concern. In this study, we discovered E. multilocularis in coyotes in a densely populated area of Washington State, USA -- the first detection of E. multilocularis in a wild host in the region. More than one-third of our coyote samples contained E. multilocularis, confirming that it is widespread in the area. Genetic testing showed that the strain we detected matched one previously found in Canada, originally from Europe. Our findings underscore the importance of monitoring E. multilocularis and other parasites in wildlife so that emerging public health threats can be detected early, reducing risk to people and pets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hentati, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reese, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curran, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz-Morales, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreling, S. E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verocai, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prugh, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schell, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.26.672275</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Detection of Echinococcus multilocularis in coyotes in Washington State, USA highlights need for increased global wildlife surveillance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.27.672703v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prior contact lens wear reduces susceptibility of the superficially-injured cornea to bacterial adhesion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.27.672703v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Contact lens wear in humans and mice is consistently associated with asymptomatic corneal parainflammation. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the corneal response to lens wear alone can function to protect it against bacterial adhesion enabled by superficial injury. One eye only of mT/mG-LysMcre mice (cell membranes red; Lyz2+ cells green) wore a contact lens for 4-6 days. After lens removal, mice were anesthetized and both corneas superficially-injured before bacterial inoculation with either a mouse eyelid commensal (Macrococcus epidermidis) or a corneal pathogen (Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Inoculation was repeated hourly for 4 hours under anesthesia before euthanasia. Enucleated eyes were fixed overnight, and adherent bacteria visualized using a universal 16S rRNA-targeted FISH probe (M. epidermidis) or Blue Fluorescent Protein (P. aeruginosa). Confocal imaging and Imaris software were used to quantify bacterial adhesion and location in the epithelium, and also the number, location and morphology of Lyz2+ cells. For both commensal and P. aeruginosa, prior lens wear resulted in reduced adhesion to the superficially injured corneas ([~] 55% and [~] 45% respectively). In both instances this correlated with increased numbers of corneal Lyz2+ cells. Other details differed for the two bacterial types. For the commensal, prior lens wear resulted in bacteria penetrating deeper into the epithelium versus contralateral eyes, with Lyz2+ cells extending their processes further into the epithelium and localizing closer to the cornea surface. For P. aeruginosa, prior lens wear resulted in adherent bacteria closer to the cornea surface, and Lyz2+ cells moving further away from it. Moreover, while overall Lyz2+ cell sphericity increased for P. aeruginosa with prior lens wear versus contralateral eyes, it showed no overall change for the commensal. Lyz2+ cell volume in the central cornea was decreased for P. aeruginosa with prior lens wear but increased for the commensal. Thus, corneal responses to prior lens wear can quantitively reduce bacterial adhesion to superficially-injured corneas correlating with a Lyz2+ cell response for both a commensal and a pathogen, with differences in details for the two bacterial types. How continued lens wear supersedes this protective response to promote P. aeruginosa infection pathogenesis remains to be determined, as does the relationship to the Lyz2+ cell response.

Author summaryContact lens wear induces asymptomatic corneal parainflammation in humans and mice involving multiple immune cell types. Here, we used a mouse model to test if previous lens wear would subsequently protect superficially-injured corneas against bacterial adhesion by either a murine commensal (Macrococcus epidermidis) or an opportunistic pathogen (Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Confocal imaging was used to quantify bacterial adhesion/location in addition to Lyz2+ immune cell numbers, location and morphology. Prior lens wear for 4-6 days, known to trigger corneal parainflammation, reduced the propensity for bacteria to adhere to corneas that were superficially-injured after the lens was removed: [~] 55% for the commensal and [~] 45% for P. aeruginosa versus contralateral eyes that had not worn a lens. In both instances this correlated with increased Lyz2+ immune cell numbers. However, differences were also noted, including that adherent commensals were found penetrating further into the epithelium while adherent P. aeruginosa remained close to the corneal surface. Lyz2+ cell location, sphericity and volume also differed for the two bacterial types. In sum, lens wear in the absence of bacterial inoculation can enable a response that protects the cornea against bacterial challenge after lens removal. How lens wear during inoculation overcomes this protective response to promote P. aeruginosa infection pathogenesis remains to be determined.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flandrin, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abboud, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jedel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleiszig, S. M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.27.672703</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prior contact lens wear reduces susceptibility of the superficially-injured cornea to bacterial adhesion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.25.671896v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Beyond species means - the intraspecific contribution to global wood density variation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.25.671896v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Wood density is central for estimating vegetation carbon storage and a plant functional trait of great ecological and evolutionary importance. However, the global extent of wood density variation is unclear, especially at the intraspecific level.

We assembled the most comprehensive wood density collection to date (GWDD v.2), including 109,626 records from 16,829 plant species across woody life forms and biomes. Using the GWDD v.2, we explored the sources of variation in wood density within individuals, within species, and across environmental gradients.

Intraspecific variation accounted for up to 15% of overall wood density variation (sd = 0.068 g cm-3). Sapwood densities varied 50% less than heartwood densities, and branchwood densities varied 30% less than trunkwood densities. Individuals in extreme environments (dry, hot, acidic soils) had higher wood density than conspecifics elsewhere (+0.02 g cm-3, [~]4% of the mean). Intraspecific environmental effects strongly tracked interspecific patterns (r = 0.83) but were only 20-30% as large and varied considerably among taxa.

Individual plant wood density was difficult to predict (RMSE > 0.08 g cm-3; single-measurement R2 = 0.59). We recommend (i) systematic within-species sampling for local applications, and (ii) expanded taxonomic coverage combined with integrative models for robust estimates across ecological scales.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fischer, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chave, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zanne, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jucker, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fajardo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fayolle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Lima, R. A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vieilledent, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beeckman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubau, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Mil, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallenus, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldana, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez-Davila, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alves, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apgaua, D. M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arcanjo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastin, J.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bilous, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birnbaum, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blyshchyk, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borah, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boukili, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camarero, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gatti, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chambers, J. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fabiano, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choat, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornwell, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dar, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dougabka, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falster, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fearnside, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fyllas, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodman, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guibal, D</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.25.671896</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Beyond species means - the intraspecific contribution to global wood density variation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.25.671920v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A global map of wood density 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.25.671920v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Wood density influences how quickly woody plants grow, how long they live and how much carbon they store, yet its global variation remains poorly mapped. Here we combined 109,626 wood density measurements from 16,829 species with 300,949 vegetation plots to produce a km-scale map of community-weighted wood density for every woody biome. Our model led to a prediction accuracy 32-51 % higher than previous global products, and a 1.8-3.7-fold wider wood density range (0.28-1.00 g cm-3; global mean: 0.57 g cm-3) than previously assumed. Spatial cross-validation showed low bias ({+/-}2.5 % of the mean), and uncertainties decreased from 20% in poorly sampled drylands and boreal regions to 5% in data-rich temperate forests. Mean annual temperature was the best predictor of community-weighted mean wood density, increasing by 0.01 g cm-3 for every 1{degrees}C change. We deliver a low-bias, high-resolution wood density layer for Earth system models, together with spatially explicit error maps. This study represents a major step forward for carbon accounting and trait-based forecasts of vegetation change.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fischer, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chave, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zanne, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jucker, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fajardo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fayolle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Lima, R. A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vieilledent, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beeckman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubau, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Mil, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallenus, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldana, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez-Davila, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alves, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apgaua, D. M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arcanjo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastin, J.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bilous, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birnbaum, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blyshchyk, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borah, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boukili, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camarero, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cazzolla Gatti, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chambers, J. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chimbioputo Fabiano, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choat, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cifuentes, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coomes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornwell, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dar, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dougabka, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eggli, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falster, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fearnside, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.25.671920</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A global map of wood density]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.25.672222v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus TBP mimic uses a non-canonical DNA binding mode to promote viral late gene transcription 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.25.672222v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Kaposis sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) orchestrates late gene transcription through viral transcriptional activators that hijack host RNA polymerase II machinery, maintaining selectivity for viral promoters. Among these, the KSHV protein ORF24 serves as a TATA-binding protein (TBP) mimic essential for recognizing viral late promoters, although the molecular mechanisms underlying its function remain poorly characterized. Here, we used AlphaFold3 to predict the structure of ORF24 in complex with DNA and validated key features in both transfected cells and during KSHV lytic replication. Structural modeling revealed that ORF24 employs a non-canonical DNA binding mode where the C-terminal domain (CTD) makes critical DNA contacts beyond the canonical TBP fold. Targeted mutagenesis confirmed that ORF24 requires conserved TBP-like phenylalanines alongside a polar-rich binding interface distinct from cellular TBP. During infection, both the TBP-like domain and CTD are essential for ORF24 occupancy at viral late promoters. Most surprisingly, we discovered that ORF24 pre-assembles with RNA polymerase II and the viral protein ORF34 to achieve stable promoter binding. This cooperative assembly mechanism represents a fundamental departure from stepwise eukaryotic transcription initiation, resembling a prokaryotic strategy within the eukaryotic nucleus.

Summary Bullet pointsO_LIThe structure of the KSHV TBP mimic ORF24 binding DNA was modeled and experimentally tested.
C_LIO_LIKSHV ORF24 uses an extended DNA-binding interface beyond the canonical TBP fold.
C_LIO_LIORF24 requires cooperative pre-assembly with transcriptional machinery before DNA engagement
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Llacsahuanga Allcca, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Didychuk, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Vargas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaunsinger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.25.672222</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus TBP mimic uses a non-canonical DNA binding mode to promote viral late gene transcription]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.26.672452v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Leopard-EM: An extensible 2DTM package to accelerate in situ structural biology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.26.672452v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to generate high-resolution views of cells with cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) can reveal the molecular mechanisms of biological processes in their native cellular context. The revolutionary impact of this strategy is limited by the difficulty of accurately annotating structures within these images. 2D template matching (2DTM), in which high-resolution structural models are used as computational probes to locate and orient molecular complexes with high precision, has shown initial promise in annotating single molecules in cellular cryo-EM images. While the scientific community works to identify best practices for applying 2DTM to specific biological questions and to maximize sensitivity and throughput, a modular and extensible software architecture would support the rapid development of novel methodological approaches, thus accelerating innovation within the field. To achieve this, we developed Leopard-EM (Location & oriEntatiOn of PARticles found using two-Dimensional tEmplate Matching), a modular Python-based 2DTM implementation built to be easily customizable. We implemented an automated pixel size refinement procedure and find that 2DTM is sensitive to pixel size to within 0.001[A]. To demon-strate the flexibility of the Leopard-EM architecture, we developed a constrained search protocol that improved small ribosomal subunit (SSU) detection by approximately eightfold by using initial locations and orientations determined for the large ribosomal subunit (LSU). Using this strategy, we captured a distribution of ribosome rotation states within a living cell at single-molecule resolution. We envision that Leopard-EM can be used as a platform for development of in situ cryo-EM data processing workflows, facilitating the rapid development of this field. Leopard-EM is available at https://github.com/Lucaslab-Berkeley/Leopard-EM.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Giammar, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickerson, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.26.672452</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Leopard-EM: An extensible 2DTM package to accelerate in situ structural biology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.27.672644v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhanced Processivity and Collective Force Production of Kinesins at Low Radial Forces 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.27.672644v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Kinesin-1 is a robust motor that carries intracellular cargos towards the plus ends of microtubules. However, optical trapping studies reported that kinesin-1 is a slippery motor that quickly detaches from the microtubule, and multiple kinesins are incapable of teaming up to generate large collective forces. This may be due to the vertical (z) forces that the motor experiences in a single bead trapping assay, accelerating the detachment of the motor from a microtubule. Here, we substantially lowered the z-force by using a long DNA handle between the motor and the trapped bead and characterized the motility and force generation of single and multiple kinesin-1s. Contrary to previous views, we show that kinesin-1 is a robust motor that resists microtubule detachment before it reaches high hindering forces, but it quickly detaches under assisting forces even at low z-forces. We also demonstrate highly efficient collective force generation by multiple kinesin-1 motors. These results provide an explanation for how multiple kinesins team up to perform cellular functions that require higher forces than a single motor can bear.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hensley, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yildiz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.27.672644</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhanced Processivity and Collective Force Production of Kinesins at Low Radial Forces]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.27.672403v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Repeated Viewing of a Narrative Movie Changes Event Timescales in The Brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.27.672403v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many everyday experiences share a recurring structure: routines, familiar routes, rewatched films, and replayed songs. How do repeated encounters with such structure alter the brains representations of events? We hypothesized that, with repeated viewing of a film clip, event representations in the brain may adapt by becoming either finer (more detailed) or coarser (more generalized). To test this hypothesis, we analyzed data from 30 human participants (12 males, 18 females) who underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while watching three 90-second clips from "The Grand Budapest Hotel" six times each. We used hidden Markov models and pattern similarity analysis applied to searchlights across the brain to quantify the strength of event structure at different timescales for each clip presentation. We then tested how event structure strength changed at both slow and fast timescales with repeated viewings. Most brain regions exhibited stability in the strength of event structure at both slow and fast timescales. Other regions, however, showed flexible event representations that became more or less granular across repeated clip presentations. Notably, several brain regions exhibited consistent changes in the strength of event structure at a slow timescale across different movie clips. Furthermore, in lateral occipital cortex and middle temporal gyrus, slow timescale structure was correlated with subsequent memory for the clips. These results highlight that event dynamics in the brain are not fixed, but can change flexibly with experience.

Significance StatementMany day-to-day experiences recur over time, as we retrace the same route to work or listen to our favorite song on repeat. We asked how increasing familiarity with an experience changes the brains representations of it. Individuals repeatedly watched film clips while undergoing fMRI. We examined how the brains temporal representations of events in the clips changed with repeated viewing. As clips became familiar, some brain regions exhibited fine-tuned event representations that divided film clips into smaller events. Other brain regions showed coarser event representations that grouped previously distinct events. The strength of event structure at a coarse timescale was correlated with memory. These results show that the brain flexibly changes how it represents events as they become more familiar.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Al-Zahli, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldassano, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.27.672403</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Repeated Viewing of a Narrative Movie Changes Event Timescales in The Brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.28.672467v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Light on its feet: Acclimation to high and low diurnal light is flexible in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.28.672467v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chlamydomonas acclimates to repeated low (LL) or high light (HL) days by changing the abundance of photosynthetic complexes and the ultrastructure of its thylakoid membranes. These phenotypes persist through the night phases, suggesting a readiness for the daylight environment that is routinely experienced despite the intervening dark periods (Dupuis & Ojeda et al. 2025). Here, we investigate how prior acclimation impacts algal fitness upon a change in daylight intensity and how quickly Chlamydomonas can reprogram its photoprotective strategy in a diurnal context. We performed a systems analysis of synchronized populations acclimated to diurnal LL when subjected to HL days and of populations acclimated to diurnal HL when subjected to LL days. In the latter case, diurnal photoacclimation decreased fitness during the first day at a new light intensity: HL-acclimated cells barely increased in size over the first LL period, and they failed to complete a cell cycle. However, although LL-acclimated cells showed severe photodamage after 6 hours of HL, they recovered chloroplast form and function later that afternoon and successfully divided at nightfall. These cells rapidly altered their thylakoid membrane ultrastructure, increased their photoprotective quenching capacity, and decreased their inventory of photosystem and antenna proteins by the end of the first HL day. Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses revealed rapid induction of thousands of genes, including those encoding proteases, chaperones, and other proteins involved in the chloroplast unfolded protein response. These results show that the alga is highly flexible and competent to rapidly acclimate to changes in diurnal light intensity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dupuis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chastain, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallaher, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicora, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purvine, S. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipton, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niyogi, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merchant, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.28.672467</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Light on its feet: Acclimation to high and low diurnal light is flexible in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.29.672971v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unique and conserved endoplasmic reticulum stress responses in neuroendocrine cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.29.672971v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Endocrine cells are dedicated to the production and processing of hormones, from peptides to small molecules, to regulate key physiological processes, including glucose homeostasis and metabolism. Because of this relatively high productivity, endo-crine cells must handle a variety of stresses from oxidative stress to the unfolded protein response of the endoplasmic reticulum (UPRER). While much is known about the major pathways regulating the UPRER, the roles of endocrine cell type-specific, context-dependent, and time-dependent transcriptional changes are not well explored. To identify unique and shared responses to the UPRER across a subset of endocrine cell types, we tested representative lines for {beta}-cells (insulin), -cells (glucagon), {delta}-cells (somatostatin), X/A-cells (ghrelin), L-cells (glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1)), and thyrotropes (thyroid hormone and thyroglobulin). We exposed each cell type to the canonical ER stressor thapsigargin for 6 and 24 h, or vehicle for 24 h and performed mRNA sequencing. Analysis of the data showed all lines responded to thapsigargin. Comparisons of differentially expressed genes between each line revealed both shared and unique transcriptional signatures. These data represent a valuable mineable set of candidate genes that may have cell type-specific functions during the UPRER and have the potential to lead to a new understanding of how different endocrine cells mitigate or succumb to ER stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-dos-Santos, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geisinger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Somalraju, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalwat, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.29.672971</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unique and conserved endoplasmic reticulum stress responses in neuroendocrine cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.29.673118v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenetically regulated p53 activity maintains intestinal regulatory T cell identity to prevent inflammation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.29.673118v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are critical guardians of immune homeostasis that must operate in diverse and often inflammatory conditions. However, the mechanisms that Tregs use to maintain their stability and function, especially in response to the stresses of distinct microenvironments, remain incompletely understood. Previous work identified the repressive chromatin modification histone 3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) as a rheostat for Treg function. Here, we find that loss of H3K27me3 in Tregs activates the tumor suppressor p53. Stabilization of p53 using the MDM2 inhibitor Nutlin-3 protected Tregs from losing their master transcription factor Foxp3 in vitro when cultured with the Th17 cytokines IL-6 and IL-1{beta}, while p53 deficiency rendered Tregs more prone to Foxp3 loss. Treg-specific p53 deficiency resulted in accumulation of cells that had lost Foxp3 expression ("ex-Tregs") and reduction of suppressive markers on Tregs specifically in the colon. Additionally, these mice exhibited inflammation in the colon at homeostasis and increased severity of induced colitis. These results demonstrate a specific role for p53 in the maintenance of Treg stability in Th17-polarizing environments and present a possible target for improving Treg-based immunotherapies for diseases defined by intestinal inflammation, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Silveria, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peeters, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vickery, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veronezi, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramachandran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DuPage, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.29.673118</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenetically regulated p53 activity maintains intestinal regulatory T cell identity to prevent inflammation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.29.673168v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Atypical developmental remodeling of dopamine neurons involves AKT-GSK3β signaling and glia-mediated axon degeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.29.673168v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuronal remodeling is essential for sculpting neural circuits, and its disruption has been implicated in neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders. Yet the molecular and cellular diversity of remodeling across neuron types remains incompletely understood. Here, we uncover a distinct remodeling mode in a subtype of Drosophila dopamine neurons (DANs) critical for learning, memory, sleep, and locomotion. Unlike the stereotypical pruning-then-regrowth paradigm, these DANs undergo a transient axon overgrowth followed by selective pruning during metamorphosis. Remarkably, DAN axon pruning proceeds independently of canonical ecdysone signaling and instead involves neuron-intrinsic AKT-GSK3{beta} signaling and extrinsic glial activity. Disruption of AKT-GSK3{beta} signaling alters microtubule stability and impairs glial recruitment and clearance of axonal debris. Notably, the role of AKT-GSK3{beta} is cell-type specific, underscoring mechanistic diversity in remodeling programs. These findings reveal an unexpected overgrowth-then-pruning developmental trajectory, establishing DANs as a powerful model to uncover the mechanisms underlying neuronal remodeling, circuit maturation, and neurodegeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jan, L. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jan, Y. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.29.673168</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Atypical developmental remodeling of dopamine neurons involves AKT-GSK3β signaling and glia-mediated axon degeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.30.673236v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cysteine reactivity profiling identifies host regulators of Mycobacterium tuberculosis replication in human macrophages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.30.673236v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Innate immune cells such as monocytes and macrophages provide the earliest defense against infection by intracellular pathogens by initiating signaling pathways and restricting pathogen replication. However, the full complement of proteins that mediate cell-autonomous immunity remains incompletely defined. Here, we applied cysteine-directed activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) to map proteome-wide cysteine reactivity changes in THP-1 monocytes and primary human monocyte-derived macrophages during Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. Across both cell types, we quantified 148 cysteine residues with altered reactivity. Genetic perturbation of a subset of proteins harboring these changes significantly impacted Mtb replication, revealing functional links between site-specific cysteine reactivity and antimicrobial defense. These data define previously unrecognized host protein changes during Mtb infection and provide a resource for investigating post-translational events that regulate innate immune responses to intracellular bacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Neff, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeMeester, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parraga, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suciu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dix, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gianakopoulos, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melillo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cravatt, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiloh, M. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.30.673236</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cysteine reactivity profiling identifies host regulators of Mycobacterium tuberculosis replication in human macrophages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.29.673151v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional imaging of hippocampal layers using VASO and BOLD on the Next Generation (NexGen) 7T Scanner 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.29.673151v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial accuracy and venous biases are a central concern in mesoscale fMRI, with subcortical brain regions facing additional challenges due to lower sensitivity, high physiological noise, and complicated vasculature. Here, we optimized CBV VASO on the NexGen 7T scanner for layer-specific investigations of the hippocampus. The presence of venous biases in VASO and BOLD (from the same acquisition) was then compared by using an established autobiographical memory task. While the activation patterns converged at macroscale, layer-specific differences emerged in the hippocampal subiculum, consistent with venous bias in the inner layers of the subiculum which can be explained by the unique two-sided venous drainage. Further, both VASO and BOLD supported an anterior-posterior dissociation between retrieval stages and functional connectivity with neocortical networks. Thus, hippocampal fMRI allows mapping layer function with high accuracy, and can provide deeper insights into a number of neuropsychological phenomena and the early changes occurring in Alzheimers disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Häkkinen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckett, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huber, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feinberg, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.29.673151</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional imaging of hippocampal layers using VASO and BOLD on the Next Generation (NexGen) 7T Scanner]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.03.674063v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Natural variation in expression of a plant immune receptor mediates elicitor sensitivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.03.674063v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plant immune systems rely on pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to specifically detect diverse pathogen/pest-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). While many distinct receptors are known to mediate PAMP recognition, the role of transcriptional regulation of PRRs remains poorly understood. In legume plants, Inceptin Receptor (INR) senses an 11-amino acid peptide, In11, to activate direct and indirect defenses against caterpillar pests. Here we investigated the genetic basis of the rare In11 insensitivity phenotype found in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) landraces. Natural variation in the rapid In11-induced ethylene response corresponded with genetic variation at the locus encoding INR itself. Surprisingly, phenotypic variation corresponded with expression level of the INR receptor, rather than coding sequence variation. Promoter sequence variation across 21 accessions of Andean Phaseolus vulgaris, as well as near-isogenic lines (NILs) derived from crosses between an In11-sensitive and insensitive line, corresponded with strength of In11-induced ethylene response. Promoter alleles also corresponded with strength of activation of a luciferase reporter in the heterologous expression model, Nicotiana benthamiana, indicating that cis-element variation is sufficient to drive differences in leaf expression levels. Surprisingly, NILs encoding either WT or the lower expression inr-2 allele did not show differences in resistance to herbivory by beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua), or in In11-pretreatment protection assays, suggesting that even low INR expression can still mediate effective responses against herbivores despite insensitivity to the In11 elicitor in laboratory assays. Our results demonstrate that natural variation in PRR expression can contribute to differential PAMP responses while not necessarily affecting downstream resistance phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Behnken, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaparro, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kloss-Schmidt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinbrenner, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.03.674063</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Natural variation in expression of a plant immune receptor mediates elicitor sensitivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.01.673563v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nutrient-Sensing Nuclear Receptor PPARα Controls Liver Proteostasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.01.673563v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR) is a nuclear receptor that orchestrates metabolic adaptation to fasting by regulating hepatic lipid and glucose metabolism. While these functions are well established, its role in protein homeostasis, another energy-intensive process, has remained unclear. Here, we performed multi-omics analyses in wild-type and PPAR knockout mice treated with the PPAR agonist fenofibrate to define its broader role in proteostasis. Interestingly, chronic PPAR activation suppressed hepatic secretory pathways, reducing secretome gene expression and circulating serum proteins, and downregulated genes involved in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) translocation, glycosylation, folding, and trafficking. Concurrently, PPAR activation enhanced proteasome activity, which was associated with selective induction of proteasome 26S subunit non-ATPase (PSMD) family members. In addition, hepatic protein synthesis was strongly attenuated. This was associated with an increase in the inhibitory phosphorylation of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (eIF2), that in turn was linked to disrupted iron homeostasis. Together, these findings identify PPAR as a regulator of proteostasis, suppressing protein synthesis and secretion while promoting protein degradation pathways. Beyond its canonical role in lipid and glucose metabolism, we conclude that PPAR exerts an additional energy-conserving function by coordinating proteostasis, expanding our understanding of its systemic metabolic role.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bains, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maddox, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margolis, J. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fantini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziari, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohammed, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hellerstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arruda, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.01.673563</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nutrient-Sensing Nuclear Receptor PPARα Controls Liver Proteostasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.02.673848v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ectomesenchymal identity emerges via relief of Twist1transcript destabilization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.02.673848v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During vertebrate development, cranial neural crest cells (CNCCs) differentiate into a variety of derivatives, including ectodermal cell types (neurons, glia, and pigment cells) as well as a suite of derivatives that are classically associated with the mesoderm (cartilage, bone and muscle) and are collectively termed  ectomesenchyme. While the molecular decisions that guide CNCCs toward ectomesenchymal identity remain incompletely understood, the transcription factor Twist1 plays a central role. Here, we investigate the regulation of Twist1 expression in CNCCs and find that Twist1 is expressed by late migratory ectomesenchymal CNCCs in Gallus gallus and Danio rerio embryos. Using Hi-ChIP, ATAC-seq, and CUT&RUN sequencing data, we identify a distal enhancer for Twist1 within the Hdac9 locus that is active in the neural tube and CNCCs. Notably, this enhancer is directly bound by TFAP2 transcription factors and is active in pre-migratory CNCCs, a stage when Twist1 transcripts are not detectable in CNCCs. We reconcile this temporal discrepancy by showing that the Twist1 3 UTR of multiple vertebrate species (but not the non-vertebrate chordate Ciona intestinalis) is sufficient to destabilize GFP transcripts in the neural tube and surface ectoderm. Together, these findings reveal a vertebrate-specific, two-tiered regulatory mechanism that uncouples enhancer activity from transcript accumulation, gating the onset of Twist1 expression in CNCCs and the acquisition of ectomesenchymal identity in vertebrate CNCCs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Busby, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patrick, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyons, L. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martik, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.02.673848</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ectomesenchymal identity emerges via relief of Twist1transcript destabilization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.05.674581v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HuD controls widespread RNA stability to drive neuronal activity-dependent responses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.05.674581v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuronal activity shapes brain development and refines synaptic connectivity in part through dynamic changes in gene expression. While activity-regulated transcriptional programs have been extensively characterized, the holistic effects of neuronal activity on the full RNA life cycle remain relatively unexplored. Here, we show that neuronal activity influences multiple stages of RNA metabolism in vitro and in vivo. Among these, RNA stability emerges as a previously underappreciated regulator of gene expression, exerting a stronger influence than transcription on total RNA levels for [~]15% of activity-dependent genes. We go on to profile 3'UTR mRNA motifs that are sufficient to modulate activity-dependent mRNA stability and employ machine learning to identify the neuronal-specific RNA-binding protein HuD as a key regulator of activity-dependent mRNA stabilization. We demonstrate that HuD shapes activity-dependent mRNA abundance of hundreds of transcripts in both soma and distal neuronal processes and that neuronal activity drives the reorganization of HuD-interacting proteins, thereby stabilizing HuD-bound mRNAs and directing them into translationally active granules. Finally, we find that many variants associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and other neurodevelopmental disorders disrupt or promote aberrant activity-dependent changes in mRNA stability. These findings reveal mRNA stability as a widespread mechanism of stimulus-responsive gene regulation in neurons with direct implications for the understanding of neurodevelopmental disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duffy, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patop, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalaora, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Assad, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koren, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traunmüller, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krüttner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pajarillo, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finander, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barsdale, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macias, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulo, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffith, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalish, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gygi, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Churchman, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenberg, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.05.674581</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HuD controls widespread RNA stability to drive neuronal activity-dependent responses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.02.673753v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Seeing the forest and the trees: a workflow for automatic acquisition of ultra-high resolution drone photos of tropical forest canopies to support botanical and ecological studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.02.673753v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tropical forest canopies contain many tree and liana species, and foliar and reproductive characteristics useful for taxonomic identification are often difficult to see from the forest floor. As such, taxonomic identification often becomes a bottleneck in tropical forest inventories. Here we present a drone-based workflow to automatically acquire large volumes of close-up, ultra-high resolution photos of selected tree crowns (or specific locations over the canopy) to support tropical botanical and ecological studies (https://youtu.be/80goMEifpc4). Our workflow is built around the small, easy-to-use DJI Mavic 3 Enterprise (M3E) drone, which is equipped with a wide-angle and a telephoto camera. On day one, the pilot maps a forest area of up to [~]200 ha with the wide-angle camera to generate a high-resolution digital surface model (DSM) and orthomosaic using structure-from-motion (SfM) photogrammetry. On subsequent days, the pilot acquires close-up photos with the telephoto camera from up to 300 selected canopy trees per day. These close-up photos are acquired from 6 m above the canopy and contain a high level of visual detail that allows botanists to reliably identify many tree and liana species. The photos are geolocated with survey-grade accuracy using RTK GNSS, thus facilitating spatial co-registration with other data sources, including the photogrammetry products. The primary operational challenge of our workflow is the need to maintain RTK corrections with the drone to ensure that close-up photos are acquired exactly at the predefined locations. The maximum operational range we achieved was 3 km, which would allow the pilot to reach any tree within a [~]2800 ha area from the take-off point. Although our workflow was developed to support taxonomic identification of tropical trees and lianas, it could be extended to any other forest or vegetation type to support botanical, phenological, and ecological studies. We provide harpia, an open-source Python library to program these automatic close-up photo missions with the M3E drone (https://github.com/traitlab/harpia).

Data/code for peer review statementWe provide harpia, an open-source Python library to program these automatic close-up photo missions (https://github.com/traitlab/harpia). Drone imagery and labelled close-up photo data are not yet publicly available because they were acquired with the goal of publishing benchmark machine learning datasets and models for tree and liana species classification and prior publication of the data would jeopardize this future publication.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Laliberte, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caron-Guay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Falher, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tougas, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muller-Landau, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivas-Torres, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walla, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baudchon, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buenano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chambers, J. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inuma, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arauz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valdes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brassfield, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sergio, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasquez, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simonetti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marra, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasconcelos, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaca, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivadeneyra, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Illanes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salagaje-Muela, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gualinga, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.02.673753</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Seeing the forest and the trees: a workflow for automatic acquisition of ultra-high resolution drone photos of tropical forest canopies to support botanical and ecological studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.02.673859v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heterochronic myeloid cell replacement reveals the local brain environment as key driver of microglia aging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.02.673859v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aging, the key risk factor for cognitive decline, impacts the brain in a region-specific manner, with microglia among the most affected cell types. However, it remains unclear whether this is intrinsically mediated or driven by age-related changes in neighboring cells. Here, we describe a scalable, genetically modifiable system for in vivo heterochronic myeloid cell replacement. We find reconstituted myeloid cells adopt region-specific transcriptional, morphological and tiling profiles characteristic of resident microglia. Young donor cells in aged brains rapidly acquired aging phenotypes, particularly in the cerebellum, while old cells in young brains adopted youthful profiles. We identified STAT1-mediated signaling as one axis controlling microglia aging, as STAT1-loss prevented aging trajectories in reconstituted cells. Spatial transcriptomics combined with cell ablation models identified rare natural killer cells as necessary drivers of interferon signaling in aged microglia. These findings establish the local environment, rather than cell-autonomous programming, as a primary driver of microglia aging phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gizowski, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popova, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mader, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craft, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shibuya, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wranik, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Depp, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin-McNulty, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tai, P.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hingerl, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atkins, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fong, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jogran, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wendorff, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendrickson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wernig, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hahn, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.02.673859</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heterochronic myeloid cell replacement reveals the local brain environment as key driver of microglia aging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.03.674033v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human-mouse cross-species comparison identifies common and unique aspects of intestinal mesenchyme development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.03.674033v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and histological approaches, we examine cross-species cellular identity, diversity and organization of mesenchymal (fibroblast) populations in the developing mouse and human intestines. In both species, we defined 7 fibroblast populations. Using cross-species integration and label transfer approaches we find that each mesenchymal cell subtype in the murine intestine is highly concordant to a cell type/state in the human intestine, and vice-versa, suggesting a strong conservation of mesenchymal cell types/states across species. Despite this conservation, we also observe that individual lineage-defining genes are not always shared and can be found in different mesenchymal populations. High resolution spatial analysis via fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and immunofluorescence (IF) confirmed these findings and revealed that transcriptionally-defined sub-types of intestinal mesenchymal cells in mice and humans are organized within similar spatial domains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Islam, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderman, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spence, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walton, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.03.674033</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human-mouse cross-species comparison identifies common and unique aspects of intestinal mesenchyme development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.05.674469v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhancer-driven random gene overexpression (ERGO): a method to study gene function in Chlamydomonas 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.05.674469v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene overexpression can be used to study gene function and is more suitable to characterize essential and redundant genes than gene knockout. A forward genetic approach based on random gene overexpression, also known as activation tagging, was previously used to study gene function in angiosperms. However, such an approach has never been applied to algae. Here, we present enhancer-driven random gene overexpression (ERGO), a forward genetic screen that we utilized to study genes involved in carotenoid metabolism in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. We generated a library of over 33,000 insertional mutants in a yellow-in-the-dark background strain, which is incapable of producing chlorophyll in the dark. Each mutant contained a randomly inserted enhancer, Ehist cons, capable of activating gene expression in the C. reinhardtii nuclear genome. After visually screening the mutant colonies for a color change from yellow to orange, we isolated a mutant with increased carotenoid content and remarkable resistance to high-light stress. RNA-seq data analysis revealed substantial upregulation of a gene, that we name CMRP1, encoding a putative F-box protein. CRISPR-mediated knockout of this gene resulted in decreased carotenoid concentrations, confirming that CMRP1 is involved in the regulation of carotenoid metabolism. Our study shows that a gene overexpression screen can be successfully adapted to C. reinhardtii and potentially other plants and algae, thereby expanding the palette of genetic tools to study gene function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lihanova, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craig, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pribbernow, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goss, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sasso, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.05.674469</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhancer-driven random gene overexpression (ERGO): a method to study gene function in Chlamydomonas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.04.674288v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The biosynthetic gene cluster landscape of the oral microbiome across health and dental caries 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.04.674288v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Specialized metabolites encoded by biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) in the oral microbiome remain largely unexplored in the context of oral health and disease. Previous genome-centric surveys have cataloged hundreds of uncharacterized BGCs in the oral cavity associated with health and disease, but these studies relied on reference genomes and did not capture strain-level variation or the native distribution of BGCs. Here, we assembled three independently sourced metagenomic datasets from healthy and dental caries samples, extracted BGCs, and quantified their abundance alongside expression in a metatranscriptomic dataset. We first identified that aryl polyene, ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptide (RiPP), and nonribosomal peptide (NRP) encoding BGCs were the most abundant BGC classes across all three metagenomic datasets. We then grouped these BGCs into homology-based families and found that homologous clusters were usually consistently associated with either health or dental caries, suggesting conserved community-level roles for BGCs. An elastic-net regression model further selected 45 BGCs out of >5000 that could distinguish healthy and dental caries samples in the metatranscriptomic dataset, which demonstrated that BGCs could be predictive markers of disease. This analysis emphasizes the importance of high-quality metagenomic and metatranscriptomic datasets to resolve BGC expression patterns and to guide discovery of metabolites relevant to oral health and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yao, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hua, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.04.674288</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The biosynthetic gene cluster landscape of the oral microbiome across health and dental caries]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.04.673943v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TDP-43 loss of function drives aberrant splicing in Parkinson's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.04.673943v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Introductory paragraphWhile mRNA splicing dysregulation is a well-established contributor to neurodegeneration in disorders such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), its role in Parkinsons disease (PD) remains underexplored. Here, we analyse transcriptomic data from >500 post-mortem human brain samples from individuals with and without PD to show that splicing alterations are frequently detected. Differentially spliced genes were significantly more enriched for those causally-implicated in both PD and ALS than genes that were differentially expressed. Furthermore, we observed a strong association between these splicing alterations and dysfunction of the RNA-binding protein (RBP), TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43). Strikingly, genes and exon junctions affected by TDP-43 knockdown overlapped significantly with those dysregulated across brain regions in PD. In brains from individuals with the LRRK2 c.6055G>A (p.G2019S) mutation, the most common genetic cause of PD, we also observed significant enrichment of TDP-43-dependent splicing changes. This finding was corroborated in human pluripotent stem cell-derived midbrain dopaminergic neurons and a LRRK2 p.G2019S knock-in mouse model, where reduced nuclear TDP-43 levels evidenced the well-recognised loss-of-function mechanism contributing to splicing dysregulation. By leveraging our RNA-based analyses we predicted TDP-43-dependent novel peptide sequences and validated their existence within human LRRK2 mutation mDNs, while also demonstrating an overall loss of protein and mRNA expression in mis-spliced genes. Collectively, our findings reveal that PD is marked by extensive splicing dysregulation dependent on TDP-43, making TDP-43 a promising new therapeutic target in PD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brenton, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Follett, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nirujogi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toomey, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Garcia, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Syed, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocamora Perez, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fairbrother-Browne, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Sa, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant-Peters, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lachica, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagen, A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Callaghan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macpherson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, K.-a.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Busquets, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynolds, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia Ruiz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plun-Favreau, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lashley, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soldner, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hockemeyer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alessi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, N. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rio, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaunmuktane, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gustavsson, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gandhi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryten, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.04.673943</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TDP-43 loss of function drives aberrant splicing in Parkinson's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.07.674752v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human shields alter antipredator behavior in Guenther's dik-dik (Madoqua guentheri) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.07.674752v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human activities affect landscape use by wildlife, with many predators actively avoiding areas near humans. In human-occupied areas, prolonged habituation to human activity could therefore lead to relaxed antipredator behavior by prey species, which can be detrimental when predators return or if individuals are translocated to new areas that host predators. We conducted behavioral trials to test whether exposure of Guenthers dik-dik (Madoqua guentheri) to human activity affected habituation to humans and, by extension, response to predation cues. We hypothesized that dik-diks living in areas with higher levels of human activity would exhibit shorter flight initiation distances and spend less time responding to predation cues than those in areas with less human activity, but would respond more strongly to non-specific predation cues (i.e., alarm calls from white-browed sparrow-weavers, a locally common bird) than to cues associated with predators that avoid human activity (i.e., hyena vocalizations). Flight initiation distance and responses to both sparrow-weaver alarm calls and hyena vocalizations varied predictably with differences in human activity: dik-diks living in areas with more human activity had shorter flight initiation distances and spent less time responding to predation cues than those living in areas with less human activity, but responded more strongly to the sparrow-weaver alarm calls than hyena vocalizations in the area with the highest level of human activity. As human populations expand and overlap increasingly with predators, human settlements and activities may increase susceptibility of prey to predators by increasing prey naivety to predators that avoid humans. These results are particularly relevant for ecotourism in working landscapes and translocation of habituated animals, both of which may increase prey naivety.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Owino, R. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawkins, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noordermeer, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanton, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goheen, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alston, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.07.674752</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human shields alter antipredator behavior in Guenther's dik-dik (Madoqua guentheri)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.07.674699v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CytoVI: Deep generative modeling of antibody-based single cell technologies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.07.674699v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Due to their robustness, dynamic range and scalability, antibody-based single cell technologies, such as flow cytometry, mass cytometry and CITE-seq, have become an irreplaceable part of routine clinics and a powerful tool for basic research. However, their analysis is complicated by measurement noise and bias, differences between batches, technology platforms, and restricted antibody panels. This results in a limited capacity to accumulate knowledge across technologies, studies, experimental batches, or across different antibody panels. Here, we present CytoVI - a probabilistic generative model designed to address these challenges and enable statistically rigorous and integrative analysis for antibody-based single cell technologies. We show that CytoVI outperforms existing computational methods and effectively handles a variety of integration scenarios. CytoVI enables key functionalities such as generating informative cell embeddings, imputing missing measurements, differential protein expression testing, and automated annotation of cells. We applied CytoVI to generate an integrated B cell maturation atlas across 350 proteins from a set of smaller antibody panels measured by conventional mass cytometry, and identified proteins associated with immunoglobulin class-switching in healthy humans. Using a cohort of B cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma patients measured by flow cytometry, CytoVI uncovered T cell states that are associated with disease. Finally, we show that CytoVI is a robust probabilistic framework for the analysis of standard diagnostic flow cytometry antibody panels, enabling the automated detection of tumor populations and diagnoses of incoming patient samples. CytoVI facilitates accurate and automated analysis in both preclinical and clinical settings and is available as open-source software at scvi-tools.org.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ingelfinger, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ergen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakulin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyeau, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ditz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dirks, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maaskola, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wertheimer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeiser, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Widmer, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amit, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.07.674699</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CytoVI: Deep generative modeling of antibody-based single cell technologies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.10.675405v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CRISPR epi-editing reveals regulatory crosstalk between alternative promoters and splicing in Neurexin isoform expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.10.675405v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The use of alternative promoters and splicing increases molecular complexity and diversifies cellular functions. However, mechanisms of crosstalk between transcription and splicing remain poorly understood. Here, we utilize CRISPR epi-editing in neurons to manipulate isoforms of the synaptic organizer, Neurexin-1, and elucidate mechanisms underlying the co-regulation of alternative promoters and splicing. Surprisingly, silencing individual Neurexin-1 promoters altered downstream promoter activity via transcriptional interference and biased splicing decisions. Our data reveals transcriptional interference as key to shaping cell type-specific Neurexin-1 isoforms in the mouse hippocampus and demonstrates the power of epi-editing to uncover regulatory interactions between RNA processes in the brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hsiao, Y. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.10.675405</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CRISPR epi-editing reveals regulatory crosstalk between alternative promoters and splicing in Neurexin isoform expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.12.675892v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct Implicit Contributions to Action Selection and Action Execution in Sensorimotor Adaptation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.12.675892v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The sensorimotor system is continuously adjusted to minimize error. Current theories assume that this adaptation process entails the operation of multiple learning systems, with a key division between implicit and explicit components. Recent studies have revealed several inconsistencies regarding the characteristics and constraints of the implicit system, suggesting that the current framework is incomplete. Here, we propose that these conflicting findings can be understood by recognizing that there are multiple implicit subcomponents, distinguished by their distinct computational goals. One well-studied component is implicit recalibration, a process critical for action execution which uses sensory-prediction errors to automatically refine the sensorimotor map. Here we describe a second, novel component, implicit aiming, a process which contributes to action selection to achieve the specific goals. Through a series of studies, we find compelling evidence that those two implicit processes show a clear separation in their temporal stabilities and contextual modulations. These distinct properties correspond to different computational frameworks attributing learning dynamics to either contextual inference or cancellation of competing neural populations, respectively. Together, these findings suggest an alternative framework for sensorimotor adaptation based on the computational goals of the system rather than phenomenology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.12.675892</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct Implicit Contributions to Action Selection and Action Execution in Sensorimotor Adaptation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.12.675635v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Active learning enables discovery of transcriptional activators across fungal evolutionary space 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.12.675635v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biological discovery and design are increasingly being guided by predictive models in place of costly experimentation. However, existing datasets are often biased by overrepresentation from model organisms, leading to failures in evolutionary studies of non-model species. We present a hybrid framework that leverages high-throughput molecular assays and active learning to quantify biological properties across evolutionary space. We focus on transcriptional activators, which contain activation domains (ADs) that promote gene expression. ADs are intrinsically disordered and poorly conserved, which limits their study using comparative genomics. Here, we developed ADhunter, a high-capacity regression model that outperforms state-of-theart algorithms in identifying and quantifying the strength of transcriptional activators. Model uncertainty was used to guide evolutionary sampling across 7.8 million proteins from 2,400 fungal genomes. We functionally characterized 9,836 ADs from 1,071 fungal genomes, providing a 15.5-fold expansion in genome representation compared to existing datasets. Comprehensive sampling from non-model genomes improved model generalizability and provides the first functional annotation for 3,416 proteins from 670 non-model fungi. Model interpretability analysis aligns with the biophysical model of AD function and reveals novel, underrepresented protein codes, highlighting the importance of sampling from non-model organisms to build evolutionarily robust models for predicting biological properties.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Waldburger, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nisonoff, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zintel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirkpatrick, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanclos, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keasling, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staller, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.12.675635</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Active learning enables discovery of transcriptional activators across fungal evolutionary space]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.09.674953v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Estimating Historical Food Web Variation in Chesapeake Bay Using Isotope Variation in Museum Fish Specimens 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.09.674953v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Trophic interactions are hypothesized to change in response to rapid anthropogenic environmental changes. Documenting these trends may aid biological conservation. One tool to measure trophic level is stable isotope analysis. Nitrogen isotope values ({delta}15N) of bulk tissue may be used as indirect indicators of an organisms trophic level and the isotopic composition of its prey. In contrast, compound-specific isotope analysis can estimate trophic level directly. For the fishes of Chesapeake Bay, museum collections provide a unique opportunity to characterize trophic trends collected as early as the 1850s, from an ecosystem that has been overfished and subjected to increasingly high nutrient loading and land use change during the past three centuries. To assess isotope data for evidence of change in predator species trophic level, we analyzed tissue from 183 museum specimens of three predators (Striped Bass, Morone saxatilis; Summer Flounder, Paralichthys dentatus; and Bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix) and two lower-trophic-level species (Bay Anchovy, Anchoa mitchilli; and Menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus). Predatory Striped Bass did not show an increase through time in {delta}15N values, despite such a trend in Bay Anchovy, suggesting possible change in trophic level. Analysis of Striped Bass tissue using compound specific analysis indicates their mean trophic level has been stable for decades. These findings imply that Striped Bass are part of a diverse food web within Chesapeake Bay beyond that reflected by our two included prey species and are stable through time in their average size-specific trophic level, a valuable insight into their ecological role.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schumm, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bemis, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parenti, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okamoto, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.09.674953</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Estimating Historical Food Web Variation in Chesapeake Bay Using Isotope Variation in Museum Fish Specimens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.11.675358v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Design principles of a membrane-spanning ubiquitin ligase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.11.675358v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Receptor-type E3 ubiquitin ligases are membrane-spanning assemblies that enable extracellular signals to directly control ubiquitylation in the cytoplasm. Despite playing widespread roles in tissue patterning and homeostasis, metabolism, and immunity, their structures and mechanisms remain poorly understood. Using cryo-electron microscopy, integrated with biophysical and functional studies, we visualized an E3 complex composed of two transmembrane proteins, MEGF8 and MOSMO, and the intracellular RING-family protein MGRN1. This MEGF8-MOSMO-MGRN1 (MMM) complex regulates left-right patterning of the body axis and the development of multiple organs, partly by attenuating signaling through the Hedgehog pathway. We find that the MMM complex functions like a fishing pole: a long, flexible helix attached to a membrane platform suspends an activated and precisely oriented RING domain--like a fishhook--to ubiquitylate the cytoplasmic surfaces of target receptors. Our structure explains how mutations in MEGF8 cause multi-organ birth defects in humans and defines a paradigm for receptor regulation by ubiquitylation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Williams, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nocka, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hedger, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parashara, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Latorraca, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pusapati, G. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lartey, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milenkovic, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chalk, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steyaert, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marqusee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrique, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bazan, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rouse, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siebold, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohatgi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.11.675358</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Design principles of a membrane-spanning ubiquitin ligase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.11.675390v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Allosteric Disordering of eIF2B Regulates the Integrated Stress Response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.11.675390v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ternary complex (TC), composed of translation initiation factor eIF2, GTP, and initiator methionyl tRNA, delivers the first amino acid to the ribosome to initiate protein synthesis. The activity of the decameric eukaryotic initiation factor 2B complex (eIF2B) initiates TC assembly by catalyzing GDP to GTP exchange on eIF2, thereby setting the TC levels in the cell. Stress-induced phosphorylation converts eIF2 from the substrate of the GDP/GTP exchange reaction into an inhibitor (eIF2-P) of eIF2B. This conversion reduces the cells TC levels and induces the widespread reprogramming of translation known as the Integrated Stress Response (ISR). Here, we chart an allosteric axis running through eIF2B, revealing the importance of a protrusive -helix in its {beta}-subunit, the  latch-helix, that locks onto the -subunit to induce eIF2B activity. eIF2-P binding unhooks the latch-helix, opening eIF2B, which inhibits its GDP/GTP exchange activity. Distinct viral proteins have convergently evolved to bind to eIF2B and stabilize the latch-helix-bound active state. Using these insights, we generated ISR-ACTivating compounds, ISRACTs, that stabilize eIF2B in its inhibited, unlatched state. Our study thus highlights how state-transitions in eIF2B are regulated via long-range allostery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dalwadi, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramanian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conrad, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkatesh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boone, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egea, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reineke, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saito, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talledge, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toutkoushian, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Vasseur, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zappa, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Groot, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acosta-Alvear, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arthur, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nunnari, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa-Mattioli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Kuppeveld, F. J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Croll, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walter, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frost, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.11.675390</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Allosteric Disordering of eIF2B Regulates the Integrated Stress Response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.11.675652v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PAQman: reference-free ensemble evaluation of long-read eukaryotic genome assemblies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.11.675652v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Advances in long-read sequencing have made it easier and more cost effective to generate high-quality genome assemblies. However, assessing assembly quality remains a challenge, as existing tools often focus on a few metrics and/or require a reference assembly for comparison. Furthermore, the number of available metrics and associated tools for genome evaluation have expanded in recent years, making it more difficult for researchers to easily use and develop comprehensive pipelines. To address this, we developed the Post-Assembly Quality manager (PAQman), a tool that lowers the barrier to entry for assembly quality assessment by measuring seven reference-free features of genome quality within a single framework: Contiguity, Gene content, Completeness, Accuracy, Correctness, Coverage, and Telomerality. PAQman integrates multiple commonly used tools alongside custom scripts, requiring users to provide only a query genome assembly and its underlying long-read data, while providing a streamlined and consistent framework for quality assessment across datasets.

Impact StatementPAQman is an ensemble-based tool for comprehensive, reference-free evaluation of genome assemblies derived from long-read sequencing data. The simultaneous integration of seven quality features enables users to easily assess assembly quality within a standardized, reproducible framework across diverse organisms, while lowering the barrier to entry for biologists analyzing their data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>O'Donnell, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steenwyk, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geiser, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, F. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gluck-Thaler, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.11.675652</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PAQman: reference-free ensemble evaluation of long-read eukaryotic genome assemblies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.14.673351v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-Nucleus Analysis of Human White Adipose Tissue Reveals Adipocyte Subsets with Distinct Metabolic Profiles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.14.673351v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anatomic location of white adipose tissue is a determinant of cardiometabolic risk. To understand differences within/between adipose depots, we generated 65,668 single-nucleus transcriptomes from human subcutaneous or intraabdominal adipose tissue (SAT/IAT). Unsupervised analysis revealed 26 adipose-resident cell clusters including two subpopulations of mature adipocytes, characterized by high vs. low expression of adipocyte maturation genes (ADIPOMAThi vs. ADIPOMATlo). ADIPOMATlo adipocytes demonstrate a low-differentiation, pro-inflammatory, and pro-fibrotic transcriptome. IAT-resident ADIPOMATlo were more abundant in higher BMI donors, while SAT-resident ADIPOMATlo associated with impaired glycemia. TSHZ3 was identified as a candidate regulator of ADIPOMATlo transcriptome. TSHZ3 knockdown in adipogenic progenitors inhibited differentiation, with downregulation of early adipogenic regulators (e.g. CEBPA/B, PPARG) and mature adipocyte genes. Heterozygous deletion of Tshz3 in mice reduced SAT and IAT weight. Here, we show that adipocyte subsets with distinct transcriptomic signature reside in human WAT; altered TSHZ3-mediated transcriptional regulation may contribute to low-maturation subpopulation linked to metabolic disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Efthymiou, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kodani, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caubit, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fasano, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poulos, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camara, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belaidouni, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Booeshaghi, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rastogi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamsi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vernon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streets, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tseng, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patti, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.14.673351</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-Nucleus Analysis of Human White Adipose Tissue Reveals Adipocyte Subsets with Distinct Metabolic Profiles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.15.676324v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Hippocampus Rapidly Integrates Sequence Representations During Novel Multistep Predictions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.15.676324v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Memories for temporally extended sequences can be used adaptively to predict future events on multiple timescales, a function that relies on the hippocampus. For such predictions to be useful, they should be updated when environments change. We investigated how and when new learning shapes hippocampal representations of temporally extended sequences, and how this updating relates to flexible predictions about future events. Human participants learned sequences of environments in immersive virtual reality. They then learned novel environment transitions connecting previously separate sequences. During subsequent fMRI, participants predicted multiple steps into the future in both the newly connected sequence and control sequences that remained separate. The hippocampus integrated representations of the connected sequence, such that activity patterns became more similar across trials for the connected sequence vs. the unconnected sequences. These integrated sequence representations in the hippocampus emerged soon after learning, incorporated representations of the initial sequences as well as new activity patterns not previously present in either sequence, and predicted participants ability to update their predictions in behavior. Together, these results advance our understanding of how structured knowledge dynamically emerges in service of adaptive behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tarder-Stoll, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldassano, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.15.676324</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Hippocampus Rapidly Integrates Sequence Representations During Novel Multistep Predictions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.12.675711v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Annotated Blueprint: Integrated Functional Genomic Resources for a Model Tetraploid Wheat Triticum turgidum cv. Kronos 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.12.675711v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Triticum turgidum cv. Kronos is a tetraploid wheat cultivar that underpins one of the richest community platforms for functional genomics. Over the past decade, about 3,000 exome- and promoter-capture datasets, linked to mutagenized seed stocks, and transcriptomic and phenotypic resources have accumulated, yet the absence of a reference genome has constrained their impact. Here, we present a chromosome-scale reference genome of Kronos with high-confidence annotations, including manual curation of over 1,000 disease resistance (NLR) genes. This reference revealed previously hidden NLR diversity and clarified their genomic organization at chromosomal ends. Re-analysis of exome- and promoter-capture datasets enabled high-resolution mutation discovery in genes and regulatory regions that were previously inaccessible, uncovering the full standing variation present in Kronos mutant lines. We further re-curated transcriptomic and small RNA datasets, generating improved, genome-wide maps of microRNAs and phasiRNAs important for wheat development. Collectively, these resources elevate Kronos to reference quality and establish it as a versatile platform for functional and translational wheat research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Seong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prigozhin, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lunde, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherubino Ribeiro, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belanger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, J.-W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyers, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krasileva, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.12.675711</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Annotated Blueprint: Integrated Functional Genomic Resources for a Model Tetraploid Wheat Triticum turgidum cv. Kronos]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.14.675619v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Membrane potential and feedback dynamics regulate CatSper-mediated progesterone signaling in human sperm 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.14.675619v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Activation of the sperm-specific Ca2+ channel CatSper by progesterone evokes rapid changes in intracellular Ca2+ in human sperm that are required for fertilization. However, the mechanisms regulating the progesterone-induced Ca2+ signals have remained elusive. Here, we used quantitative kinetic fluorimetry with fast voltage-sensitive fluorescent indicators to investigate how progesterone affects the membrane potential (Vm) of human sperm. Additionally, we employed the FASTM technique to simultaneously record at millisecond time resolution changes in both Vm and intracellular Ca2+. We show that progesterone evokes a rapid pulse-like depolarization and repolarization. The depolarization is caused by Ca2+ influx through CatSper, which pulls Vm away from a resting membrane potential (Vrest) of -65 mV set by the sperm-specific K+ channel Slo3. We further show that Vm- and Ca2+-dependent mechanisms limit the CatSper-mediated Ca2+ influx, thereby promoting repolarization and enabling K+ efflux through Slo3 channels to restore Vrest. Our findings demonstrate that non-genomic progesterone signaling in human sperm is regulated by negative feedback on CatSper and involves a dynamic interplay between CatSper and Slo3 in controlling Vm. We anticipate that our novel kinetic, quantitative Vm recording and Vm/Ca2+-multiplexing techniques will reveal additional molecular mechanisms underlying CatSper-mediated Ca2+ signaling in human sperm both in health and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kierzek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fridman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biagioni, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaupp, U. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenker, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strünker, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.14.675619</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Membrane potential and feedback dynamics regulate CatSper-mediated progesterone signaling in human sperm]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.17.674062v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Subfoveal scotomas trigger fine-scale fixation reorganization: insights from retinal imaging and retinal-contingent stimulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.17.674062v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fine spatial vision relies on the foveola, the 1-degree retinal region with highest cone density. Despite its importance, the relationship between retinal anatomy, fixational behavior, and visual perception in the foveola is not fully understood. Using an Adaptive Optics Scanning Light Ophthalmoscope for high-resolution retinal imaging and stimulation, we studied the effect of a simulated subfoveolar ({approx}0.03 degrees2) scotoma on fine spatial vision and fixation behavior in healthy observers. Our findings show that the visuomotor system adapts to the scotoma with striking precision by shifting the preferred locus of fixation in a systematic fashion by minute ({approx}5 arcmin) amounts to bring stimuli into a region of visibility. These results reveal an unprecedented level of fine-scale plasticity in the human visuomotor system. Interestingly, this new retinal locus of fixation is characterized by lower cone density among those surrounding the scotoma, indicating that factors beyond spatial sampling maximization influence these fine-scale adjustments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prahalad, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roorda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiruveedhula, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harmening, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutnikov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenks, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapisthalam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rucci, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rolland, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poletti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.17.674062</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Subfoveal scotomas trigger fine-scale fixation reorganization: insights from retinal imaging and retinal-contingent stimulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.17.673801v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lipoxin B4 Mitigates TRPV4-Activated Muller Cell Gliosis During Ocular Hypertension 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.17.673801v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeMuller glia play dual roles in glaucoma, contributing to both retinal homeostasis and neuroinflammation; their activation by elevated intraocular pressure through the mechanosensitive channel TRPV4 promotes a reactive state that drives retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss. Lipoxin B4 (LXB4), an endogenous lipid mediator produced by retinal astrocytes, has been shown to suppress glial reactivity and directly protect RGCs. This study investigated whether LXB4 modulates TRPV4-driven Muller glial activation and inflammation and whether Muller glia themselves contribute to this retinal lipoxin pathway.

MethodsOcular hypertension (OHT) was induced in mice via a silicone oil model, and reactive Muller glia were isolated via magnetic sorting for transcriptomic analysis. In vitro, primary and immortalized Muller glia were treated with a TRPV4 agonist with or without LXB4. Glial reactivity was assessed by flow cytometry, immunostaining, qPCR, and western blotting. LC-MS/MS-based lipidomics was used to quantify lipoxin pathway metabolites, and single-cell RNA-seq was used to examine transcriptional responses to LXB4 treatment. GFAP and TRPV4 expression was evaluated via immunohistochemistry in retinal sections.

ResultsRNA bulk-sequencing analysis and qPCR revealed that Muller glia express both 5- and 15-lipoxygenase. Lipidomic analysis confirmed that the lipoxin pathway is functional and that Muller glia endogenously produce LXB4, establishing this essential cell type as a source of anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective LXB4 in the retina. TRPV4 activation induced a reactive glial phenotype characterized by increased GFAP and IL6 expression, increased STAT3 phosphorylation, and increased production of lipoxins, suggesting that biomechanical stress simultaneously triggers both gliosis and protective lipid signaling. Treatment with LXB4 suppressed TRPV4-induced gliosis in vitro by downregulating IL6 and inhibiting STAT3 activation, and in vivo by reducing the expression of Stat3, Il6, and TNF- during OHT while attenuating TRPV4 upregulation in Muller glia.

ConclusionMuller glia are a significant source of LXB4 in the retina. This neuroprotective Muller glia pathway is amplified during chronic TRPV4 activation to counter-regulate gliosis. The findings support targeting of the TRPV4-lipoxin pathway as a potential approach to protect against OHT-induced neurodegeneration in glaucoma.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kumar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karnam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maurya, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagireddy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>FLANAGAN, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>gronert, k.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.17.673801</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lipoxin B4 Mitigates TRPV4-Activated Muller Cell Gliosis During Ocular Hypertension]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.17.676398v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Model-based and model-free valuation signals in the human brain vary markedly in their relationship to individual differences in behavioral control 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.17.676398v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human action selection under reinforcement is thought to rely on two distinct strategies: model-free and model-based reinforcement learning. While behavior in sequential decision-making tasks often reflects a mixture of both, the neural basis of individual differences in their expression remains unclear. To investigate this, we conducted a large-scale fMRI study with 179 participants performing a variant of the two-step task. Using both cluster-defined subgroups and computational parameter estimates, we found that the ventromedial prefrontal cortex encodes model-based and model-free value signals differently depending on individual strategy use. Model-based value signals were strongly linked to the degree of model-based behavioral reliance, whereas model-free signals appeared regardless of model-free behavioral influence. Leveraging the large sample, we found individuals lacking both model-based behavior and model-based neural signals exhibited impaired state prediction errors, suggesting a difficulty in building or updating their internal model of the environment. These findings indicate that model-free signals are ubiquitous across individuals, even in those not behaviorally relying on model-free strategies, while model-based representations appear only in those individuals utilizing such a strategy at the behavioral level, the absence of which may depend in part on underlying difficulties in forming accurate model-based predictions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ding, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cockburn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feusner, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tadayonnejad, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Doherty, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.17.676398</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Model-based and model-free valuation signals in the human brain vary markedly in their relationship to individual differences in behavioral control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.18.677204v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Overlooked neuroanatomical markers of face processing and developmental prosopagnosia in posteromedial cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.18.677204v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent functional imaging studies implicate human posteromedial cortex (PMC)--composed of the posterior cingulate cortex, the precuneus, and retrosplenial cortex--in face processing. Separately, anatomical studies have identified previously overlooked cortical folds (sulci) in PMC associated with higher-level cognitive abilities. Here, we tested whether these newly identified sulci support face processing in neurotypical individuals and individuals with developmental prosopagnosia (DP). After manually labeling 1,642 sulci in 164 hemispheres, we first identified a gradient of face selectivity along the anterior-posterior axis of PMC that was consistent across three samples, including DP individuals. Second, we discovered a new anatomical locus in PMC that differed structurally and functionally between neurotypical and DP individuals. Finally, data-driven analysis revealed that right-hemisphere PMC sulcal morphology was associated with face recognition ability. These findings reveal a sulcal network in PMC that supports face processing, and they identify the first structural neuroanatomical marker of face processing deficits in PMC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kelly, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willbrand, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maboudian, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiahui, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrido, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duchaine, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.18.677204</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Overlooked neuroanatomical markers of face processing and developmental prosopagnosia in posteromedial cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.18.677210v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Perinatal Lead (Pb) Exposure Increases Mouse Embryonic Weight and Alters Neuronal Gene Expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.18.677210v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Acute and chronic exposure to lead (Pb) during pregnancy is linked to adverse health outcomes, including delayed neurodevelopment in offspring. However, the pathways by which Pb exposure influences long-term health remain poorly understood. To address this, we measured the effects of perinatal Pb exposure on gene expression including imprinted genes, X-linked genes, and sexually dimorphic genes. Female mice were given control or Pb acetate dosed (32 ppm) drinking water two weeks prior to timed mating until embryonic day (E)10-12, upon which whole embryos were collected, weighed, and sexed at E13-15. From a subset of embryo heads (n[&ge;]9 per sex per group), we extracted and sequenced RNA. We used linear regression to assess Pb impacts on embryonic weight and gene expression across all mice and stratified by sex. Among the differentially expressed genes, we identified significantly enriched pathways. Pb-exposed embryos weighed more than controls (p=0.007), across both sexes. Collectively, we identified 2,920 differentially expressed genes (FDR<0.05), including 31 imprinted genes and 120 X-linked genes upon Pb exposure. Pb exposure altered expression in gene pathways related to neuronal structure and function as well as sexually dimorphic genes (44 for females; 76 for males). These findings highlight perinatal Pb-linked alterations that may drive later-life health outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Perera, B. P. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tapaswi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goswami, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakulski, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodrich, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sartor, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolinoy, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colacino, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.18.677210</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Perinatal Lead (Pb) Exposure Increases Mouse Embryonic Weight and Alters Neuronal Gene Expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.19.676942v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Developing and Benchmarking One Health Genomic Surveillance Tools for Influenza A Virus in Wastewater 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.19.676942v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Influenza A viruses (IAV) remain a persistent One Health threat, and whole-genome sequencing from wastewater offers a promising surveillance tool. However, IAV is at low abundance in wastewater, making it difficult to sequence. We benchmarked four targeted enrichment methods suited for whole-genome sequencing including custom and off-the-shelf amplicon and probe-based methods. Our custom HA tiled-amplicon panel was sensitive, fast, and cost-effective, making it suitable for monitoring low-abundance seasonal variants of known subtypes. However, its reliance on conserved and intact primer-binding sites limited primer design to fewer subtypes. A previously published universal amplicon method targeted all IAV subtypes, but it performed poorly in wastewater due to its reliance on intact genome segments. Probe-capture methods were resilient to RNA degradation and mismatches, potentially enabling broader surveillance and detection of emerging strains. However, probes were costly, labor-intensive, and less sensitive than tiled-amplicon. When testing compatibility of sequencing methods with upstream virus concentration and extraction methods, ultrafiltration-based virus concentration outperformed large-volume direct extraction with all four sequencing methods. This set of benchmarking comparisons and custom panels provides needed information for the translation of IAV genomic sequencing into a routine component of wastewater surveillance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thissen, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pipes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kantor, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.19.676942</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Developing and Benchmarking One Health Genomic Surveillance Tools for Influenza A Virus in Wastewater]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.18.676945v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovery of circulating cell-free DNA 5hmC biomarkers for peritoneal metastasis in colorectal and appendiceal cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.18.676945v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionPeritoneal metastases (PM) are associated with poor prognosis in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) or appendiceal adenocarcinoma (AA), yet detection of PM is unreliable using current circulating DNA technology. Leveraging novel 5hmC-seal technology to detect ultra-low amounts of DNA in plasma, we demonstrate the feasibility of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) signatures derived from circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) as biomarkers for PM.

MethodsUsing a highly sensitive and robust 5hmC sequencing approach on genomic DNA isolated from peripheral blood samples, we developed predictive models to identify biomarkers for peritoneal metastases.

ResultsWe obtained genome-wide 5hmC profiles from 71 CRC/AA patients with PM, 41 without PM, and 73 non-cancer controls. Predictive models trained on genomic region 5hmC levels in patients with cancer could distinguish PM status with high sensitivity and moderate specificity (AUC 0.827, sensitivity 92.4%, specificity 46.1%). Pathway enrichment analysis identified epigenetically dysregulated cancer, cell migration, adhesion, and immune-related pathways in PM.

ConclusionNovel 5hmC-Seal technology based 5hmC signatures can detect patients with peritoneal metastases from CRC and AA, albeit with reduced specificity. This study lays a foundation for future clinical assay development for PM.

Statement of significanceWe demonstrate high-sensitivity detection of peritoneal metastasis in colorectal and appendiceal adenocarcinomas using 5hmC-Seal of plasma cfDNA. Earlier detection of this condition could expand curative treatments in [~]20,000 affected U.S. patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Malina, Y. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhiman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West-Szymanski, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, X.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dougherty, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwesi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witmer, H. D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bissonnette, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turaga, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.18.676945</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovery of circulating cell-free DNA 5hmC biomarkers for peritoneal metastasis in colorectal and appendiceal cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.19.677413v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interpretable biophysical neural networks of transcriptional activation domains separate roles of protein abundance and coactivator binding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.19.677413v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deep neural networks have improved the accuracy of many difficult prediction tasks in biology, but it remains challenging to interpret these networks and learn molecular mechanisms. Here, we address the interpretability challenges associated with predicting transcriptional activation domains from protein sequence. Activation domains, regions within transcription factors that drive gene expression, were traditionally difficult to predict due to their sequence diversity and poor conservation. Multiple deep neural networks can now accurately predict activation domains, but these predictors are difficult to interpret. With the goal of interpretability, we designed simple neural networks that incorporated biophysical models of activation domains. The simplicity of these neural networks allowed us to visualize their parameters and directly interpret what the networks learned. The biophysical neural networks revealed two new ways that arrangement (i.e. the sequence grammar) of activation domain controlled function: 1) hydrophobic residues both increase activation domain strength and decrease protein abundance, and 2) acidic residues control both activation domain strength and protein abundance. Notably, the biophysical neural networks helped us to recognize the same signatures in complex interpreters of the deeper neural networks. We demonstrate how combining biophysical and deep neural networks maximizes both prediction accuracy and interpretability to yield insights into biological mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>LeBlanc, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agarwal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demaray, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zintel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro Hernandez, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staller, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.19.677413</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interpretable biophysical neural networks of transcriptional activation domains separate roles of protein abundance and coactivator binding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.19.677415v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Repressed expression of nucleoporins and importins impairs plant defense against an infectious noncoding RNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.19.677415v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Viroids are a group of infectious noncoding RNAs that cause substantial crop diseases. Previous studies showed that both RNA silencing and plant immunity play defense roles against viroid infection. However, viroids can still achieve successful systemic infection in hosts. The underlying mechanism remains elusive. Through comparing proteomics profiles from mock and infected tomato samples, we unexpectedly observed a systematic reduction of proteins factors involved in nuclear pore complex and nuclear transport receptors. This fortuitous observation was confirmed in subsequent analyses and led us to discover the impaired NPR1 (NONEXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS-RELATED GENES1) nuclear import in infected samples. Transgenically increasing NPR1 expression in tomato plants or exogenously application of salicylic acid analog repressed potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) infection. Altogether, our finding pinpoints the repressed expression of host nuclear transport receptors and nucleoporins as the mechanism limiting the effectiveness of plant defense against viroid, which significantly advances the understanding of plant-pathogen interactions.

Significance StatementViroids represent a mysterious group of pathogens. Plant-viroid interactions have not been well understood. Here, we report a fortuitous observation of a wide range of protein level reductions in nucleoporins and nuclear transport receptors upon potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) infection. This reduction impairs the nuclear import of a key immune factor, NPR1. Based on this finding, we increased the expression of NPR1 protein in plants or used a salicylic acid analog (acibenzolar-S-methyl/ASM) to elevate NPR1 activity, both of which limited the infection potato spindle tuber viroid. Notably, spraying ASM to prevent PSTVd infection provides the first practical measure against this internationally controlled agent.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merritt, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mou, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.19.677415</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Repressed expression of nucleoporins and importins impairs plant defense against an infectious noncoding RNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.21.677619v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting functional constraints across evolutionary timescales with phylogeny-informed genomic language models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.21.677619v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genomic language models (gLMs) have emerged as a powerful approach for learning genome-wide functional constraints directly from DNA sequences. However, standard gLMs adapted from natural language processing often require extremely large model sizes and computational resources, yet still fall short of classical evolutionary models in predictive tasks. Here, we introduce GPN-Star (Genomic Pretrained Network with Species Tree and Alignment Representation), a biologically grounded gLM featuring a phylogeny-aware architecture that leverages whole-genome alignments and species trees to model evolutionary relationships explicitly. Trained on alignments spanning vertebrate, mammalian, and primate evolutionary timescales, GPN-Star achieves state-of-the-art performance across a wide range of variant effect prediction tasks in both coding and non-coding regions of the human genome. Analyses across timescales reveal task-dependent advantages of modeling more recent versus deeper evolution. To demonstrate its potential to advance human genetics, we show that GPN-Star substantially outperforms prior methods in prioritizing pathogenic and fine-mapped GWAS variants; yields unprecedented enrichments of complex trait heritability; and improves power in rare variant association testing. Extending beyond humans, we train GPN-Star for five model organisms - Mus musculus, Gallus gallus, Drosophila melanogaster, Caenorhabditis elegans, and Arabidopsis thaliana - demonstrating the robustness and generalizability of the framework. Taken together, these results position GPN-Star as a scalable, powerful, and flexible new tool for genome interpretation, well suited to leverage the growing abundance of comparative genomics data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ye, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benegas, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albors, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prillo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fields, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.21.677619</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting functional constraints across evolutionary timescales with phylogeny-informed genomic language models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.22.677893v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Establishing a continuum of cell types in the visual cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.22.677893v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mammalian cerebral cortex is composed of neurons whose properties vary in a continuous fashion rather than falling into discrete cell types. In the mouse visual cortex, excitatory neurons in layer 2 and 3 (L2/3) form such a continuum along cortical depth, patterned by the graded expression of hundreds of genes. Here we sought to understand how this continuum develops and contributes to cortical wiring. Using single-nucleus multiomics (RNA- and ATAC-Seq) and spatial transcriptomics, we show that the L2/3 continuum is established in two phases. During the first postnatal week, a genetically hardwired program establishes a primitive continuum of cell identities spanning the depth of L2/3. The second program, promoted by visual experience, is later superimposed upon the preexisting continuum. This second phase is driven by activity-regulated transcription factors that drive the L2/3 depth-dependent expression of genes linked to synaptic function and plasticity. We show that neurons at different positions along the L2/3 continuum project preferentially to distinct higher visual areas and that visual deprivation disrupts targeting to some higher visual areas while sparing others. Thus, cortical continua emerge through a stepwise process in which genetic programs and sensory experience specify neuronal identity and sculpt intracortical wiring specificity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yoo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butrus, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorzek, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirshahidi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tring, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suresh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleishman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ringach, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trachtenberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zipursky, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shekhar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.22.677893</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Establishing a continuum of cell types in the visual cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.23.678135v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reduced legacy precipitation decreases microbial community growth efficiency and alters soil organic carbon in a California grassland 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.23.678135v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Changes in global patterns can leave a lasting legacy in semi-arid grasslands by reshaping microbial growth dynamics and carbon cycling during the first wet-up in the autumn--a period known for intense microbial activity and significant carbon emissions. To study the lasting impacts of decreased winter rain, we implemented two precipitation regimes (100% vs. 50% mean annual precipitation) in California Mediterranean-climate grassland field plots. After the dry season, soils were rewetted in the laboratory with H218O, and sampled at 0 h, 3 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, and 168 h post rewet. We quantified CO2 efflux; measured microbial growth and mortality via quantitative 18O stable isotope probing and 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing; and characterized the soil organic carbon chemical composition, metagenomes, and metatranscriptomes. We found that reduced winter precipitation imposed a strong legacy effect on microbial turnover; despite maintaining similar respiration rates, microbial growth declined by [~]1 order of magnitude, yielding decreased community growth efficiency (CGE = gross community growth/net respiration), and microbial mortality declined by [~]2 orders of magnitude. Soil organic carbon also shifted from lipid-like, amino-sugar-like, and protein-like compounds (indicative of microbial necromass) to more oxidized lignin-like and tannin-like compounds (indicative of decomposing plant-derived compounds). Meta-omics revealed distinct metabolic strategies linked to CGE. At high-CGE, microbes appeared to consume more energetically favorable N-rich necromass (released via high microbial turnover), this allowed for increased amino acids and peptidoglycan biosynthesis and greater aromatic compound degradation, fueling further energy production and growth efficiency. At low-CGE, communities had elevated carbohydrate metabolism and lipid turnover, consistent with increased investment in plant detritus degradation and membrane repair and maintenance rather than growth. Together, our findings demonstrate that reduced winter rainfall decreases microbial turnover following rewetting. Persistent decreases in CGE due to reduced winter rainfall result in consistent carbon loss as CO2, which, if sustained over multiple years, could ultimately lead to a net decline in total soil organic carbon.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiDonato, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasa-Tolic, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chuckran, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firestone, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sieradzki, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estera-Molina, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimbrel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dijkstra, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pett-Ridge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blazewicz, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.23.678135</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reduced legacy precipitation decreases microbial community growth efficiency and alters soil organic carbon in a California grassland]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.22.677860v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AMICI: Attention Mechanism Interpretation of Cell-cell Interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.22.677860v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial transcriptomic data enable study of cell-cell communication, yet current analysis tools often fail to provide dynamic, interpretable estimates of interactions and their spatial range across tissue. We present AMICI, an interpretable attention framework that jointly estimates interaction length scales, adaptively resolves sender-receiver subpopulations, and links communication to downstream gene programs. AMICI recovers ground-truth interactions in semi-synthetic data, uncovers gene programs linked to cell communication in the mouse cortex, and reveals length-scale-dependent tumor-immune signaling that reinforces estrogen receptor (ER) programs in breast cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desai, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nazaret, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ergen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plitas, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azizi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.22.677860</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AMICI: Attention Mechanism Interpretation of Cell-cell Interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.23.678143v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phylogenetically diverse introgression drives subtle population structure in Pacific rockfishes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.23.678143v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genomic methods have shown that admixture and introgression is common across animal taxa. Pacific rockfishes, genus Sebastes, are group of commercially important species that primarily inhabit inshore, shelf, and slope habitats along the North American west coast. Among these, Copper and Quillback Rockfishes (abbreviated to Copper and Quillback) are closely related species known to hybridize, particularly within the Salish Sea in North Americas Pacific Northwest. Here, we investigate genetic population structure and introgression patterns in Copper and Quillback from Alaska to California. Using whole-genome resequencing (WGS) across a broad geographic range, we seek to (1) compare population structure between these species, and (2) assess how introgression affects population structure patterns. Our analyses reveal that Copper exhibit much higher levels of population differentiation compared to Quillback, especially separating Salish Sea samples from all other populations. In contrast, Quillback populations appear to be nearly panmictic, with lower overall differentiation. Surprisingly, we detected signatures of introgression from 13 other rockfish species in Copper and 16 species in Quillback. This introgression was highly regional suggesting hybridization depended on geographic context and congener ranges. Yelloweye Rockfish introgression drives the strongest signal of regional population structure in Quillback. These findings provide novel insights into the range-wide genetic structure of these species and highlight that hybridization in Sebastes is phylogenetically broader than previously appreciated.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sykes, N. T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lou, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegle, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sudmant, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larson, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owens, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.23.678143</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phylogenetically diverse introgression drives subtle population structure in Pacific rockfishes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.24.678339v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic landscape of DNMT3A R882H reveals mechanism of aberrant oligomerization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.24.678339v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA methyltransferase 3A (DNMT3A) is a de novo DNA methyltransferase that is recurrently mutated in hematological malignancies and developmental disorders. The most prevalent mutation, R882H, compromises DNMT3A activity in a dominant-negative manner, but its precise biochemical mechanism has been debated. Here, we use paired deep mutational scanning of the wild-type and R882H-mutant proteins to systematically identify mutations on a massively parallel scale that modify DNMT3A activity by suppressing, phenocopying, or selectively rescuing the dominant-negative effect of R882H. By leveraging the mutational depth and unbiased nature of the paired genetic landscapes, we uncover two distinct mechanisms that can rescue DNMT3AR882H activity, providing novel insights into the function of the R882 hotspot. First, by analyzing the effects of combinatorial mutations in the target recognition domain (TRD), we reveal that its crosstalk with the ADD regulatory domain modulates DNMT3A DNA binding and enzymatic activity, partially compensating for R882H-induced loss-of-function. Second, pairwise analysis of variant effects across the two genetic backgrounds supports the notion that R882H promotes aberrant macro-oligomerization of DNMT3A via its central dimerization interface, which accounts for its dominant-negative effect. Critically, we show that the R882 position exhibits a distinct dominant-negative signature in the genetic landscape, where positively charged residues at this position safeguard against aberrant macro-oligomerization. By performing hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) on DNMT3A mutants, we show that R882H dramatically alters the protein dynamics of DNMT3A, rigidifying its central dimerization interface to promote oligomerization. Our data support a new model in which R882H removes the critical function of R882, where the arginine attenuates the pre-organization of the interface and subsequent oligomerization at a supramolecular assembly hotspot1. Altogether, we map the genetic landscape underpinning the DNMT3AR882H hotspot mutation, illuminating the unexpected molecular mechanism of macro-oligomerization that drives its dominant-negative effect.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garcia, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavidor, O. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raval, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lue, N. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McFadden, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zepeda, M. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papanastasiou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liau, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.24.678339</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic landscape of DNMT3A R882H reveals mechanism of aberrant oligomerization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.24.678324v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimized Lipid Extraction and Hybrid Annotation Pipeline for Individual Chitinous Mesozooplankton Using UPLC-HRMS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.24.678324v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High-resolution lipidomics at the scale of individual mesozooplankton offers a powerful tool for understanding trophic interactions and carbon cycling in marine ecosystems, but chitinous exoskeletons present challenges for efficient lipid extraction. Here, we develop and validate an optimized Bligh and Dyer-based extraction protocol that incorporates in-line glass bead homogenization, yielding a 2.5-fold increase in lipid recovery. When combined with an increased injection volume, this protocol achieves a 4.4-fold gain in signal intensity. This workflow enables the robust detection of intact lipid species from single Calanus copepods, eliminating the need for additional homogenization equipment or extended extraction steps, thereby making it broadly accessible for analytical applications.

To address the limitations of current annotation pipelines, we directly compared adduct-hierarchy (LOBSTAHS) and fragmentation-based (MS-DIAL) approaches, finding systematic biases that reshape lipidomic profiles depending on the computational strategy employed. Additionally, by integrating a wax ester-specific fragmentation library, we demonstrate improved annotation of marine-relevant lipid classes largely absent from conventional databases. Together, this extraction and hybrid annotation pipeline enables high-resolution, compound-specific lipidomics of individual mesozooplankton, capturing biological heterogeneity while remaining scalable to pooled samples. Our approach provides a critical methodological advance for tracing lipid metabolism across trophic levels and for quantifying the role of mesozooplankton lipids in marine biogeochemical cycles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hwang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.24.678324</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimized Lipid Extraction and Hybrid Annotation Pipeline for Individual Chitinous Mesozooplankton Using UPLC-HRMS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.25.678303v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Atlas of Lysosomal Aging Reveals a Molecular Clock of Storage Disorder-Associated Metabolites 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.25.678303v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lysosomal dysfunction is a well-recognized feature of aging, yet its systematic molecular investigation remains limited. Here, we employ a suite of tools for rapid lysosomal isolation to construct a multi-tissue atlas of the metabolite changes that murine lysosomes undergo during aging. Aged lysosomes in brain, heart, muscle and adipose accumulate glycerophosphodiesters and cystine, metabolites that are causally linked to juvenile lysosomal storage disorders like Batten disease. Levels of these metabolites increase linearly with age, preceding organismal decline. Caloric restriction, a lifespan-extending intervention, mitigates these changes in the heart but not the brain. Our findings link lysosomal storage disorders to aging-related dysfunction, uncover a metabolic lysosomal "aging clock," and open avenues for the mechanistic investigation of how lysosomal functions deteriorate during aging and in age-associated diseases.

One-Sentence SummaryAging in mice is tracked by a lysosomal "clock", where glycerophosphodiesters and cystine - metabolites causally linked to juvenile lysosomal storage disorders - gradually accumulate in lysosomes of the brain, heart, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Puszynska, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cangelosi, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cameron, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tseyang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, G. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sprenger, H.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colgan, W. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kedir, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kajderowicz, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esantsi, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waite, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunchok, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulte, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabatini, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.25.678303</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Atlas of Lysosomal Aging Reveals a Molecular Clock of Storage Disorder-Associated Metabolites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.25.678463v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Joint Mapping of Chromatin Accessibility and Targeted Proteomics in HER2-expressing Breast Cancer Systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.25.678463v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
HER2 proteoforms promote therapeutic resistance and aggressiveness in HER2-positive breast cancer, yet their epigenetic consequences remain poorly defined. Here, we establish EpiBlot, a joint assay incorporating a customized plateATAC-seq workflow that minimizes sample inputs with single-cell western blotting to concurrently profile chromatin accessibility with protein and proteoform expression. We applied our method to engineered MCF7 cells expressing HER2 proteoforms - full-length p185HER2 or truncated 611-CTF -, where we evaluated the impact of such proteoforms on the epigenetic and protein profiles after lapatinib or doxorubicin exposure. Expression of 611-CTF elicits pervasive chromatin remodeling, whereas p185HER2 provokes only modest accessibility shifts under the same treatments. EpiBlot reveals that treatment with doxorubicin drives extensive genome-wide accessibility changes, while lapatinib treatment produces limited global effects but unmasks proteoform-specific responses. Concordance between chromatin accessibility and protein abundance is moderate, underscoring complex regulatory coupling. Extending this dual-modality approach to HER2-low patient-derived organoids uncovers distinct chromatin states and reveals a subpopulation of triple-negative breast-cancer cells expressing truncated HER2 proteoforms. We anticipate that EpiBlot will highlight the value of multimodal profiling with proteoform identification for dissecting tumor heterogeneity and therapeutic response in cancer.

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=198 SRC="FIGDIR/small/678463v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (45K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@673263org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@11d28c5org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@15fa336org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1d4426b_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fomitcheva Khartchenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldhammer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bont, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warhadpande, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenbluth, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herr, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.25.678463</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Joint Mapping of Chromatin Accessibility and Targeted Proteomics in HER2-expressing Breast Cancer Systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.26.678918v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inflammatory reprogramming of human brain endothelial cells compromises blood-brain barrier integrity in Alzheimer's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.26.678918v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction is an early feature of Alzheimers disease (AD), yet the endothelial gene-regulatory programs involved remain incompletely understood. We integrate postmortem human single-nucleus transcriptomics with iPSC-based BBB models to define a conserved, inflammation-driven pathway that compromises barrier integrity. We identify an NF-{kappa}B-associated endothelial gene module endoM2 that is elevated in AD, inversely correlated with cognition, and enriched for inflammation and endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition signatures. Cytokine stimulation of iPSC-derived brain endothelial cells induces morphological remodeling, lipid accumulation, junctional disruption, and transcriptomic shifts that mirror endoM2. A targeted drug screen identifies the NF-{kappa}B inhibitor BAY11-7082 as protective against cytokine-induced changes. In our perfusable iPSC-derived BBB-Chip that recapitulates human BBB signatures, single-cell profiling reveals inflammatory endothelial state-specific programs reflecting those in AD brains and demonstrates that BAY11-7082 suppresses cytokine-triggered dysfunction and reverses inflammation-associated gene activation. Together, these findings position cerebrovascular inflammation as a therapeutic target to preserve BBB integrity in AD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pinals, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Islam, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuyeras, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naomi, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngo, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Truong, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agbas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lozano Cruz, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staab, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanton, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, L.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.26.678918</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inflammatory reprogramming of human brain endothelial cells compromises blood-brain barrier integrity in Alzheimer's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.24.678280v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brawn before bite in endemic Asian mammals after the end-Cretaceous extinction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.24.678280v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The first 10 million years (Myr) following the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) mass extinction marked a period of global greenhouse conditions and dramatic rise of placental mammals. Because [~]80% of known terrestrial sections capturing post-K-Pg mammal recovery come from North America, a substantial knowledge gap exists in the tempo and mode of recovery in Asia, where only 3% of sites are located and most contain species found nowhere else. We show that isolated Paleocene placental assemblages from China (1) reached high tooth size disparity early in the Paleocene, (2) tracked regional and global environmental changes in their dental shape later in the Paleocene, and (3) achieved maximum dental shape-performance integration near the end of the first 10 Myr post-K-Pg. This  brawn before bite transformation, coupled with prolonged dental shape versus performance variability, favors a scenario whereby many living orders of placental mammals were borne out of phenotypically and functionally plastic ancestral assemblages, including those in tropical south China, during the Paleocene.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tseng, Z. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ting, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.24.678280</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brawn before bite in endemic Asian mammals after the end-Cretaceous extinction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.26.678671v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide screen in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infected macrophages reveals innate regulation of antibacterial mediators by IRF2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.26.678671v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Controlling Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection requires a precisely balanced host inflammatory response. Too little inflammation leads to uncontrolled bacterial growth but exacerbated inflammation, activated by mediators such as TNF and type I IFN, inhibits effective antibacterial responses. How these immunopathological states are established is unknown. Deeper understanding of the pathways elicited upon initial Mtb infection of the host macrophage may reveal vital regulatory mechanisms that govern the subsequent inflammatory environment and ultimate resolution of infection. To elucidate these early regulators of inflammation, we performed a genome-wide CRISPR knockout screen in macrophages to identify genes that influence the induction of TNF and iNOS upon infection with Mtb. The resulting dataset is a valuable resource that includes genes representing a wide range of unexpected regulatory mechanisms that control cytokine responses to Mtb and also cell-intrinsic resistance to infection by the bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. We show that type I IFN signaling enhances TNF production early after infection, and IRF2 acts to inhibit induction of the antibacterial state of macrophages. Our data support a model in which early production of type I IFN in response to bacterial infection serves to increase innate antibacterial resistance during the earliest stages of infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roberts, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Del Cid, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garelis, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.26.678671</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide screen in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infected macrophages reveals innate regulation of antibacterial mediators by IRF2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.29.678932v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computational design of pH-sensitive binders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.29.678932v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
pH gradients are central to physiology, from vesicle acidification to the acidic tumor microenvironment. While therapeutics have been developed to exploit these pH changes to modulate activity across different physiological environments, current approaches for generating pH-dependent binders, such as combinatorial histidine scanning and display-based selections, are largely empirical and often labor-intensive. Here we describe two complementary principles and associated computational methods for designing pH-dependent binders: (i) introducing histidine residues adjacent to positively charged residues at binder-target interfaces to induce electrostatic repulsion and weaken binding at low pH, and (ii) introducing buried histidine-containing charged hydrogen-bonding networks in the binder core such that the protein is destabilized under acidic conditions. Using these methods, we designed binders that dissociate at acidic pH against ephrin type-A receptor 2, tumor necrosis factor receptor 2, interleukin-6, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9, and the interleukin-2 mimic Neo2. Fusions of the designs to pH-independent binders of lysosomal trafficking receptors function as catalytic degraders, inducing target degradation at substoichiometric levels. Our methods should be broadly useful for designing pH-sensitive protein therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ahn, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coventry, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadre, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haefner, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sappington, I. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broerman, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lichtenstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glögl, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goreshnik, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vafeados, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.29.678932</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computational design of pH-sensitive binders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.29.679121v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Concept Learning Builds Behaviourally Relevant Attentional Templates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.29.679121v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Attention optimizes learning by filtering relevant information to build conceptual knowledge. However, how learned concepts, once encoded in memory, subsequently guide attentional processes remains an intriguing question. We propose that concept learning leads to the emergence of attentional templates that store goal-relevant representations, thereby actively guiding attention allocation. Participants completed two separate learning tasks and a test, wherein each trial began with a cue, indicating which learning task should be employed. Random test trials included a probe instead of concept specific features: a small arrow appeared at a feature location that was relevant (i.e., valid) or irrelevant (i.e., invalid) for the cued task.

Successful learners were faster at responding to valid probes than invalid, demonstrating the deployment of concept-specific attentional templates. Importantly, the efficiency of this attention allocation was tied to concept learning success, with higher learning performance yielding greater response time benefits at test. Thus, our results reveal that learning builds behaviourally relevant attentional templates, and subsequently, learned concepts in memory guide attention by deploying these templates, a phenomenon that we introduce as learning-guided attention. This work provides novel insights into the dynamic interplay between learning, memory, and attention.

Significance StatementExtensive work shows that attention selects the most relevant information while learning new knowledge. Theoretically, the interaction between learning and attention is bidirectional; learned knowledge, in turn, guides attention to relevant information for that context. However, the mechanism by which knowledge in memory directs attention has remained largely unexplored. By developing an experimental paradigm that bridges the learning and attention literatures, we demonstrate that learning builds "attentional templates" which capture what is relevant in a specific learning context. While utilizing learned knowledge, individuals deploy these templates to allocate their attention to the most relevant information for a given situation. We introduce this phenomenon as learning-guided attention, providing novel insights into the dynamic interplay between learning, memory, and attention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gumus, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Z. Z. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mack, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.29.679121</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Concept Learning Builds Behaviourally Relevant Attentional Templates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.29.679311v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TOR inhibition drives accumulation of amino acids through transcriptional activation in algae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.29.679311v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular homeostasis is maintained by the balance between energy production and breakdown and is fundamental to all forms of life. The conserved, ancient target of rapamycin (TOR) kinase is a central metabolic regulator in eukaryotes that integrates carbon and nitrogen to maintain homeostasis and promote growth and development through protein synthesis. While TOR regulatory mechanisms of amino acid accumulation are well known in yeast and mammals, they remain unknown in photosynthetic organisms. Here, we developed the unicellular green alga Chromochloris zofingiensis as a simpler model system for understanding TOR function. Multiomics experiments showed that TOR inhibition leads to an increase in amino acid levels independent of hexokinase-mediated glucose signaling. We observed upregulation of selective amino acid biosynthesis pathways at the transcript and protein levels as potential mechanisms driving the increase in amino acids. Transcriptomics and proteomics experiments identified a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor with rapid upregulation during TOR inhibition. DAP-seq analysis demonstrated that bHLH can bind directly to the promoters of amino acid biosynthesis genes, potentially regulating their transcription in response to TOR inhibition. We found high conservation of the bHLH-binding motif in the genomes of other green algae and plants, suggesting a conserved regulatory mechanism for amino acid biosynthesis across Viridiplantae. Phosphoproteomics experiments also revealed novel conserved targets that are not currently recognized as part of the TOR pathway. Altogether, our findings elucidate the transcriptional regulation of amino acid metabolism and explain how TOR regulates nitrogen metabolism to support growth and development in photosynthetic organisms.

Significance StatementCarbon and nitrogen metabolism play key roles in enhancing plant yield and reducing fertilizer use. Thus, improving nitrogen utilization can significantly boost crop productivity and algal biotechnology. From yeast to plants to mammals, the protein target of rapamycin (TOR) kinase is an essential metabolic regulator. Here, we developed the unicellular green alga Chromochloris zofingiensis as a simpler system to study conserved mechanisms in TOR signaling. Using a multiomics approach, we showed transcriptional regulation of amino acid accumulation upon TOR inhibition and identified a transcription factor with evolutionarily conserved DNA binding sites in nitrogen metabolism genes. We also discovered novel conserved targets of TOR. Our study demonstrates the role of TOR in regulating nitrogen metabolism to support growth and development in photosynthetic organisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Upadhyaya, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosina, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hixson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schepmoes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mewalal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Malley, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baumgart, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blaby, I. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipton, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Northen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niyogi, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.29.679311</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TOR inhibition drives accumulation of amino acids through transcriptional activation in algae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.30.679639v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A single-cell transcriptomic atlas of inner ear morphogenesis in zebrafish 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.30.679639v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The inner ear constitutes different cell types next to one another: the sensory patches whose hair cells synapse with neurons, the thin channels of three semicircular canals whose perpendicular organization enables detection of directional head rotation, and the endolymphatic duct and sac whose conditional epithelial barrier relieves excess pressure and promotes fluid pressure homeostasis. How the ears component cell states are established during development has remained unknown. We use single-cell RNA sequencing to distinguish cell states within the developing ear with wild-type zebrafish embryos and lmx1bb mutants that exhibit defects in canal and sac morphogenesis. We identify the earliest marker for the semicircular canal-genesis zone (ccn1l1), unexpected genes in the endolymphatic sac that suggest a role for tissue contraction in its function (smtnb), parallel gene sets for sensory patches in the neuromast and ear, and a conserved role for cell-cycle pausing (cdkn1bb expression in the canals and sac as previously observed in the developing mouse ear). This atlas provides the most comprehensive transcriptional profiling of the developing inner ear, identifying new molecular leads to understand ear morphogenesis.

Summary statementSingle-cell transcriptomic analysis of developing wild-type and lmx1bb mutant zebrafish reveals cell-states and effectors that distinguish the inner ears sensory patches, semicircular canals, endolymphatic duct and sac, and periotic mesenchyme.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Swinburne, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munjal, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kukreja, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawanishi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Brown, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishimatsu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Megason, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.30.679639</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A single-cell transcriptomic atlas of inner ear morphogenesis in zebrafish]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.01.679840v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Measuring serotonin binding to its receptors via charge transfer to ANAP 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.01.679840v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Serotonin (5-HT) is a vital intercellular messenger with diverse signaling functions throughout the human body. We have characterized and implemented a novel, in vitro fluorescence-based method of measuring 5-HT binding to gain a fuller understanding of the interactions between 5- HT and its receptors. This method involves expression of 5-HT receptor proteins in cultured cells with the fluorescent, non-canonical amino acid L-3-(6-acetylnaphthalen-2-ylamino)-2- aminopropanoic acid (ANAP) incorporated into the ligand binding site. ANAP fluorescence was quenched in solution by both 5-HT and dopamine. Time-resolved photoluminescence and transient absorption spectroscopy confirmed that ANAP quenching by 5-HT occurs via a charge- transfer process that recovers through back-electron transfer on the nanosecond timescale. Supported by density functional theory calculations, this process likely involved a ANAP reduction by 5-HT. To test this method on intact receptors in a cellular context, we expressed 5- HT3A receptors (5-HT-gated ion channels) in HEK293T cells with ANAP inserted co- translationally into the transmitter binding site. Fluorescently labeled 5-HT3A receptors were functional and activated by 5-HT, as assessed by whole-cell patch clamp. Addition of 5-HT caused a concentration-dependent quenching of fluorescence from ANAP-tagged channels in intact cells and unroofed plasma membranes, demonstrating the utility of this method for measuring 5-HT binding to its receptors. Collectively, these results delineate a technique for measuring transmitter binding that can be widely adopted to explore 5-HT binding not only to 5- HT3 receptors, but to any 5-HT receptor, transporter, or binding protein in heterologous expression systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brado, O. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawkins, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puljung, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.01.679840</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Measuring serotonin binding to its receptors via charge transfer to ANAP]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.02.679619v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Slow change blindness from serial dependence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.02.679619v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Slow change blindness, when attentive observers fail to notice large changes that happen gradually, raises questions about how visual information is combined across time. One plausible integration strategy is serial dependence: blending information from the recent past into current perception. Here, we investigate serial dependencies in perception of a cartoon object that slowly changes hue. In a one-shot experiment, observers each viewed a single trial with a random degree of hue change and provided one hue judgement response. Across participants, the entire morph was probed. Observers hue reports revealed an overall bias towards the past that increased in magnitude as more of the morph was experienced. In three follow-up experiments, we verified that observers experienced slow change blindness, confirmed that the bias was serial dependence, and replicated the results with a repeated-trials design. Overall, we provide evidence that serial dependence actively biases perception during gradual changes, producing slow change blindness.

TeaserBy strategically integrating recent and current visual information, observers experience a slowly changing stimulus as stable.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Frey, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitney, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.02.679619</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Slow change blindness from serial dependence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.02.680142v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct laminar origins of high-gamma and low-frequency ECoG signals revealed by optogenetics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.02.680142v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Electrocorticography (ECoG) provides a high-spatiotemporal-resolution measure of cortical activity (cortical surface electrical potentials, CSEPs) in humans and animals. The CSEP high-gamma band (H{gamma}, 65-170 Hz) correlates with neuronal firing rates at the columnar spatial scale and is widely used as a biomarker of local activity. Whether H{gamma} reports all stages of columnar processing, intermediate processing in L2/3 (close to the ECoG electrode), or the main columnar output in L5, is unknown. We disentangled the laminar origins of H{gamma} and other ECoG bands by optogenetically suppressing L2/3 or L5 pyramidal cells during micro-ECoG recording in mouse somatosensory cortex. Whisker deflections evoked transient, topographically localized CSEPs. L5 optogenetic suppression most strongly reduced 65-450 Hz (H{gamma}-uH{gamma}) bands in sensory-evoked ECoG signals, whereas L2/3 suppression most strongly reduced 4-30 Hz ({theta}-{beta}) bands. Thus, different CSEP frequency bands reflect layer-specific activity and are biomarkers of distinct stages of columnar processing.

Significance StatementElectrocorticography (ECoG) is widely used as a mesoscale measure of cortical activity in human and animals, providing a unique methodological from basic neuroscience discovery to understanding the human brain in health and disease. However, the cell types and laminar sources that generate ECoG signals are unknown, which impedes interpretation of ECoG findings in both the clinic and basic research. We disentangled the laminar origins of ECoG frequency bands by optogenetically suppressing L2/3 or L5 pyramidal cells during ECoG recording in mouse somatosensory cortex. We found that L5 optogenetic suppression most strongly reduced high frequencies whereas L2/3 suppression most strongly reduced lower frequencies. Thus, different ECoG frequency bands reflect layer-specific activity and are biomarkers of distinct stages of columnar processing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garderes, P.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldman, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouchard, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.02.680142</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct laminar origins of high-gamma and low-frequency ECoG signals revealed by optogenetics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.03.680375v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microclimatic Effects on Functional Traits of Arctostaphylos crustacea ssp. crustacea in Alameda County, California, USA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.03.680375v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anthropogenic climate change and land-use changes threaten the health and survival of plants, particularly by altering the microclimatic conditions of habitats. Plant productivity is highly sensitive to these abiotic conditions that influence their morphological and physiological traits. I studied this relationship in plants of the Arctostaphylos genus, commonly known as manzanita, shrubs in chaparral ecosystems across California. I assessed microclimate and examined its effects on leaf morphological traits and plant productivity of A. crustacea ssp. crustacea across two sites in Alameda County, California. At the site of higher sunlight and less soil moisture (VWC), leaves had a greater mass per area (LMA) and were more steeply angled, and photosynthesis was significantly higher (11.14 {micro}molCO2/m2s) than leaves at the site of less sunlight and more VWC (7.94 {micro}molCO2/m2s). Results from linear mixed models showed that light level was the overall strongest predictor variable for plant traits, with vapor pressure deficit and VWC also contributing to LMA, and leaf temperature and leaf angle distribution also influencing photosynthesis. Overall, no individual microclimatic variable was the sole contributing predictor of a leaf morphological trait or photosynthesis. Rather a combination and interaction of microclimatic conditions influenced plant functional traits, though some conditions had greater influence than others. The functional traits of A. crustacea ssp. crustacea adjusted in response to microclimatic factors, showing intraspecific trait variation (ITV) of this species. ITV is an essential defense for plant resilience that allows for adaptations in the face of rapidly changing climatic conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hsiao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.03.680375</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microclimatic Effects on Functional Traits of Arctostaphylos crustacea ssp. crustacea in Alameda County, California, USA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.03.680384v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Preselection CD4+CD8+ thymocytes modulate TCR responsiveness following TCRβ selection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.03.680384v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Modulation of TCR sensitivity during positive selection is critical to avoid negative selection and direct thymocytes into their appropriate lineage. Thymocytes just prior to positive selection (preselection) are highly responsive to low affinity self-ligands and are also actively rearranging their TCR locus as they await a positive selection signal. Preselection DP thymocytes were thought to be relatively homogeneous and TCR modulation during this stage had not been previously described. Here we provide evidence for progressive gene expression changes within the preselection DP thymocyte population that correlates with a gradual loss of TCR responsiveness and a defect in upregulating TCR target genes associated with the CD4 fate. We relate these observations to the link between positive selection and T cell lineage commitment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aylard, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steier, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortiz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streets, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robey, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.03.680384</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Preselection CD4+CD8+ thymocytes modulate TCR responsiveness following TCRβ selection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.05.680591v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Leveraging WNT Hyperactivation to Kill Colorectal Cancer While Rejuvenating Healthy Intestine. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.05.680591v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
WNT signaling maintains intestinal homeostasis yet drives colorectal cancer (CRC) when constitutively activated by APC mutations. We overturn the fundamental assumption that APC-mutant tumors exist at maximal WNT activation, revealing instead that cancer cells occupy a precarious "WNT-just-right" zone along a signaling continuum. This discovery exposes an unprecedented therapeutic vulnerability: while normal intestinal epithelium thrives with enhanced WNT signaling, APC-mutant tumor cells undergo apoptosis when pushed beyond their oncogenic setpoint, a phenomenon we term "over-WNTing." Through systematic organoid-based screening, we identified that WNT hyperactivation through multiple approaches: GSK3 inhibition, concentrated WNT proteins, or APC knockdown in GSK3-null backgrounds, selectively kills tumor cells by hyperactivating the driving pathway of CRC. Mechanistically, over-WNTing in APC-mutant cells triggers spillover into non-canonical planar cell polarity signaling, where RHOC upregulation induces ROCK1/2-mediated apoptosis. We demonstrate therapeutic efficacy across the neoplastic continuum, from adenomas to metastatic CRC, including patient-derived tumors, validating GSK3 inhibition with a novel nanoparticle formulation. This discovery enables the first cancer therapy that simultaneously enhances normal tissue function while eliminating tumors. "Over-WNTing" effectively treats adenomas and both mouse and patient-derived CRC, establishing a therapeutic paradigm that exploits fundamental differences in cellular WNT biology to achieve the dual benefit of eliminating cancer while promoting healthy tissue regeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eng, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braverman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gala, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yilmaz, O. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.05.680591</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Leveraging WNT Hyperactivation to Kill Colorectal Cancer While Rejuvenating Healthy Intestine.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.06.680814v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ANTIDOTE: A Metadata-Driven Neural Network for Improving CryoEM 3-D Particle Sorting 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.06.680814v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite the maturation of cryogenic electron microscopy (cryoEM) methodologies, generating high-resolution three-dimensional (3-D) reconstructions from micrographs is a time-intensive process involving iterative rounds of subjective data curation and hyperparameter optimization. Current approaches to particle classification are often unable to remove all low-quality particles from particle stacks, largely due to the low signal-to-noise ratio, the high dimensionality of particle images, and the multiple degrees of freedom associated with each particles unknown rotation, orientation, and class assignment. The retention of low-quality particles negatively affects the overall quality of the final EM density and continued efforts to eliminate their deleterious contributions are warranted. Here, we present ANTIDOTE (A Neural network Trained In Deleterious Object deTection and Elimination), a neural network framework that discriminates between constructive and deleterious particles using per-particle metadata generated during 3-D classification in RELION. Using benchmark and real-world cryoEM datasets, we demonstrate that ANTIDOTE paired with RELION 3-D classification achieves higher particle classification accuracy than conventional data processing approaches alone, yielding improvements in reconstruction quality, global and local resolution, and map interpretability while reducing time-consuming hyperparameter optimization. We additionally detail practical use-case scenarios for ANTIDOTE and demonstrate its versatility in increasing particle curation accuracy for high-quality cryoEM reconstruction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Berkeley, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foroughi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bachochin, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herzik, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.06.680814</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ANTIDOTE: A Metadata-Driven Neural Network for Improving CryoEM 3-D Particle Sorting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.06.680702v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Controlled Delivery of a Neurotrophic Factor in the Adult Mouse Brain Using Engineered Microglia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.06.680702v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system, have been proposed as vehicles for delivering therapeutic biologics. These cells can be genetically engineered in vitro and transplanted into host animals following ablation of endogenous microglia, enabling repopulation of the brain parenchyma. However, current replacement strategies often rely on radiation or transgenic models, limiting their clinical relevance. CSF1R inhibitors offer a more translational approach to microglia ablation, though surviving host cells can compete with transplanted microglia during repopulation.

In this study, we successfully ablated endogenous microglia using a CSF1R inhibitor in adult mice and developed a method to transplant engineered microglia expressing Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) in a doxycycline-inducible manner. To enhance engraftment, transplanted cells also expressed a constitutively active CSF1R mutant (caCSF1R).

BDNF-expressing transplanted microglia spread through large areas of host mice brains, displayed similar morphology and transcriptional profile to repopulating host microglia, and responded to pro-inflammatory stimuli. Treatment with doxycycline resulted in increased BDNF expression and TrkB phosphorylation in the host brain. Expression of caCSF1R provided transplanted cells with a competitive advantage over endogenous repopulating cells, resulting in the accelerated spread of the transplants.

Our results demonstrate the functional integration and therapeutic potential of microglia as vehicles for delivering neurotrophic factors to the brain in a controllable manner. Furthermore, we show that caCSF1R expression is able to enhance the spread of transplanted microglia.

SIGNIFICANCEThis study demonstrates the potential of engineered microglia to deliver the protein Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor to the brain parenchyma, under the control of orally-administered doxycycline. The technique can be generalized to a wide array of proteins, offering a novel paradigm for neurological therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hofland, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gronska-Peski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nobuta, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buitrago, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malhotra, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hebert, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goncalves, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.06.680702</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Controlled Delivery of a Neurotrophic Factor in the Adult Mouse Brain Using Engineered Microglia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.07.681065v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A microfluidics-based platform enables discovery of gametogenicrejuvenation factors in Saccharomyces cerevisiae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.07.681065v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During mitotic growth, Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells age by dividing asymmetrically producing young daughter cells while retaining age-associated damage in the mother cell, which will eventually become senescent. Gametogenesis naturally and fully resets precursor cell lifespan, even for replicatively aged cells. However, the mechanisms responsible for gametogenic rejuvenation remain elusive. This is, in part, due to the existing methods to quantify replicative lifespan resetting in this context, which are limited to low-throughput and labor-intensive approaches. Here, we introduce a high-throughput microfluidic-based assay that allows systematic characterization of factors required for gametogenic rejuvenation in S. cerevisiae. With this technique, we show that we can sensitively measure a wide range of gamete replicative lifespans that are consistent with known short and long-lived mutants. Excitingly, using this technique, we report Atg39 and Atg40, receptors involved in selective autophagy of the ER, as the first identified molecular determinants of gametogenic rejuvenation. We anticipate that this novel technique will enable systematic identification of additional molecular factors that drive gametogenic rejuvenation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spiri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sing, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phung, N. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brar, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.07.681065</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A microfluidics-based platform enables discovery of gametogenicrejuvenation factors in Saccharomyces cerevisiae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.08.681091v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Environmental DNA Reveals Reykjavik's Human and Ecological History 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.08.681091v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Iceland was among the last large islands settled by humans, with colonization (Landnam) in the late 9th century CE (Common Era) and is often portrayed as an ecological disaster driven by the Norse settlers. Here, we revisit this narrative through environmental DNA (eDNA) and multiproxy analyses of sediment cores from Lake Tjornin in central Reykjavik, one of Icelands earliest and longest-occupied settlements. Originally a marine embayment, Tjornin became a freshwater lake around 660 CE. Our record reveals a human presence decades before the long-accepted arrival date of 877 CE, marked by the Landnam volcanic tephra. Early settlement brought livestock, barley cultivation, and other introduced taxa that enhanced nutrient cycling and unexpectedly increased local biodiversity. Contrary to the conventional view of rapid deforestation, eDNA shows that birch and willow expanded during the settlement period, likely supported by deliberate management. Pronounced ecological and land use shifts occurred after 1200 CE, but these were coeval with the Little Ice Age cooling, compounded by volcanic eruptions, storm surges, and plague, rather than anthropogenic degradation. Crop cultivation ceased, arboreal taxa retracted, and grazing pressure maintained open landscapes. Even more profound ecological changes came after c. 1750 CE with urbanization and industrialization, as wastewater discharge, heavy-metal pollution, and fossil fuel use reshaped Tjornins ecosystem. These findings challenge the prevailing model of Norse-induced environmental collapse, revealing instead a dynamic human-environment relationship shaped by both cultural practices and external stressors. By applying eDNA to a long-occupied urban catchment, we demonstrate the power of genomic methods to refine settlement chronologies, reassess ecological baselines and changes, and integrate natural and cultural histories. This approach offers a model for revisiting human-environment interactions in urban centers worldwide.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kjaer, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruter, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menendez-Serra, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogel, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramsoe, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farnsworth, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siggaard-Andersen, M.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korneliussen, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sand, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prohaska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stenderup, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sikora, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingolfsson, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Einarsson, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erlendsson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petersen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilsoe, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guthmundsdottir, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Einarsson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eiriksson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>AEGIS Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sonderborg, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamerlik, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riddell, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vesteinsson, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wörmer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larsen, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sistiaga, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dockter, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jorgensen, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waugh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreiber, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hedley, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maca</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.08.681091</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Environmental DNA Reveals Reykjavik's Human and Ecological History]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.09.679812v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Co-option of lysosomal machinery shapes the symbiosis supporting coral reefs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.09.679812v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intracellular photosymbiosis has evolved across life and forms the foundation of coral reef ecosystems. Using the sea anemone Aiptasia as a model, we generated a high-quality proteome of the symbiosome, the organelle that houses algal symbionts. This proteome revealed protein trafficking mechanisms and the types of biomolecules exchanged during symbiosis. Symbiosomal enrichment of lysosomal proteins, visualization of lysosomal fusion, along with reduced symbiosis following knockdown of lysosomal genes, supports its phagolysosomal identity and that extensive co-option of lysosomal proteins shapes the symbiosome. CRISPR/Cas9-induced mutations in the symbiosomal and lysosomal bicarbonate/sulfate transporter, SLC26A11, disrupted symbiosis in both Aiptasia and a reef-building coral. These findings support that anemones and corals independently evolved a carbon-concentrating and sulfate transport mechanism to fuel photosymbiosis by co-opting an orthologous lysosomal transporter.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maruyama, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henderson, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swinhoe, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kowalewski, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meier, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engelke, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cleves, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.09.679812</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Co-option of lysosomal machinery shapes the symbiosis supporting coral reefs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.09.681283v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Uncovering Design and Assembly Rules for mRNA-DNA Origami 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.09.681283v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
mRNA-DNA hybrid origami offers a powerful route to combine the structural programmability of DNA origami with the biological functionality of messenger RNA, but generalizable design and assembly rules for these hybrids remain poorly defined. Here we systematically investigate the design principles and synthesis conditions that govern high-yield formation of mRNA-DNA hybrid nanostructures. Using mature mRNAs encoding firefly luciferase, EGFP, and mCherry as scaffolds, we construct a series of five hybrid compact origamis with diverse sizes, shapes, crossover strategies, and packing densities. We identify key parameters that control folding fidelity, including asymmetric A-form crossovers, monovalent-cation concentrations, and moderate-temperature annealing protocols, which together mitigate RNA instability, reduce kinetic traps, and accommodate RNA-DNA helical geometry. Atomic force microscopy reveals monodisperse, well-folded structures consistent with design expectations across most architectures and confirms that optimized conditions produce nanoscale precision comparable to DNA origami. Our findings establish generalizable design rules and a standard synthesis protocol for mRNA-DNA hybrid origami, providing a framework for their use in gene delivery and other RNA-based nanotechnologies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huzar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lomeli, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delcassian, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tikhomirov, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.09.681283</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Uncovering Design and Assembly Rules for mRNA-DNA Origami]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.08.681290v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ex Vivo Expanded Regulatory T Cells Inhibit AAA Progression by Limiting CD4+ and CD8+ T Cell Accumulation in Aortic Tissue 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.08.681290v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundRegulatory T cells (Tregs) play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA), a chronic inflammatory condition with few treatment options for patients with early-stage disease. Treg therapy for AAA is potentially beneficial but its specific mechanism requires further investigation for clinical applications.

MethodsAfter identifying the critical role of T-cells in AAA using human and mouse AAA single-cell RNA sequencing data, we investigated the influence of Tregs on immune cell infiltration within mouse AAA--specifically CD3+ T cells--using congenic transfer of Thy1.1 allelic donor mice Tregs into AAA-induced wild-type C57BL/6J mice. AAA progression was quantified with ultrasound and image micrometry. Tissues obtained on postoperative days 7-42 were analyzed with flow cytometry, qRT-PCR, Verhoeff-van Gieson staining, hematoxylin-eosin staining, and immunohistochemistry.

ResultsCD3+ T cell population was profoundly elevated in the elastase induced AAA mouse model which was further used in the study. The AAA mice that received Treg cell therapy had less elastin degradation and aortic wall enlargement than their control counterparts. Donor Tregs were detected in draining lymph nodes even after five weeks, with characteristic expression of FOXP3 and CD25. Although donor Tregs were not detected in the aortic microenvironment, the pro-inflammatory cell population including CD4 and CD8 cells was reduced, compared to control mice.

ConclusionElevated T cell population aggravates inflammation and promotes AAA progression. Treg therapy impedes the recruitment of T cells into AAA tissue by colonizing the draining lymph nodes, thereby mitigating AAA progression. This study deepens our understanding of Treg stability, function, and potential as a promising therapy for early-stage aneurysms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dasari, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shawyan Jan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaligram, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, P.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy-Lambert, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lizama Valenzuela, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadley, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oskowitz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.08.681290</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ex Vivo Expanded Regulatory T Cells Inhibit AAA Progression by Limiting CD4+ and CD8+ T Cell Accumulation in Aortic Tissue]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.09.681482v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sensorimotor Theta Oscillations Coordinate Speech Movements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.09.681482v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fluent speech depends on precisely timed motor commands that coordinate rapid transitions between successive articulatory gestures. Using direct cortical recordings, we identified a prominent sensorimotor theta oscillation (6-10 Hz) that supports this coordination. During articulation, premotor speech circuits exhibited enhanced theta phase coherence, with elevated population activity near theta troughs. The oscillations frequency remained remarkably stable across varying speech rates and cognitive states, consistent with an intrinsically generated rhythm. Vocal-tract kinematics revealed pulse-like movements at 6-10 Hz, tightly coupled to cortical theta phase. At a mesoscopic scale, theta cycles structured sequential sensorimotor activations encoding articulatory gestures, with syllable identity optimally decodable following theta troughs. These findings identify theta oscillations as an intrinsic timing mechanism that coordinates the distributed and synergistic motor control underlying fluent speech.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Norman, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.09.681482</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sensorimotor Theta Oscillations Coordinate Speech Movements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.10.681734v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatially patterned cytoskeletal organization shapes astrocyte branch complexity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.10.681734v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Astrocytes, the most abundant cells in the brain, extend elaborate branches that enable diverse functions, from synapse maintenance to blood-brain-barrier integrity. The cytoskeletal basis of this architecture has remained unclear, since traditional culturing methods produce minimal branching. Using immunopanning and serum-free conditions, we generated primary rodent astrocytes with in-vivo-like morphology and surveyed their cytoskeleton using confocal microscopy and cryogenic electron tomography. We show that astrocyte microtubules are oriented primarily plus-ends-out. Proximally, microtubules appear stabilized by post-translational modifications (PTMs) and microtubule inner proteins (MIPs). Distal regions lack stabilizing microtubule PTMs, and are enriched in intermediate filament (IF) GFAP. Additionally, diverse actin microstructures, including reticular webbing, extend astrocyte boundaries beyond the microtubule-IF framework. Our results uncover fundamental principles of astrocyte cytoskeletal organization that underlie their intricate branching.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wynne, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barclay, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gopal, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergstrom, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogales, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, M.-m.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.10.681734</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatially patterned cytoskeletal organization shapes astrocyte branch complexity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.11.681838v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A human arteriovenous differentiation roadmap reveals vein developmental mechanisms and vascular effects of viruses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.11.681838v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extracellular signals and cell-fate trajectories during vein development remain elusive, despite trailblazing insights into artery development. Here we exploit human pluripotent stem cell differentiation and mouse embryology to present a model that answers longstanding questions: vein endothelial cell (EC) differentiation unfolds in two steps driven by opposing extracellular signals. First, VEGF differentiates mesoderm into "primed" ECs, newly-defined progenitors that co-express certain arterial (SOX17) and venous (APLNR) markers. Second, primed ECs execute vein differentiation upon VEGF/ERK inhibition; however, upon VEGF activation they can instead form artery ECs. The arteriovenous plasticity of primed ECs was supported by intersectional lineage tracing. Future venous genes including NR2F2 harbor poised chromatin in primed ECs, but are only transcribed upon VEGF/ERK inhibition. SOXF transcription factors, including SOX17, confer primed ECs with vein differentiation competence. Collectively, this two-step vein differentiation model--entailing primed EC intermediates and VEGF/ERK inhibition to trigger vein differentiation--has implications for VEGF-modulating therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ang, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masaltseva, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winters, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Creytz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jha, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dailamy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alcocer, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorensen, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>She, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smolyar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szumska, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nornes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lesch, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Restrepo, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lickert, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porteus, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skylar-Scott, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosimann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sumanas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Val, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prescott, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Red-Horse, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loh, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.11.681838</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A human arteriovenous differentiation roadmap reveals vein developmental mechanisms and vascular effects of viruses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.10.681725v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A telomere-to-telomere map of somatic mutation burden and functional impact in cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.10.681725v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oncogenesis involves widespread genetic and epigenetic alterations, yet the full spectrum of somatic variation genome-wide remains unresolved. We generated a near-telomere-to-telomere (T2T) diploid assembly of a donor paired with deep short- and long-read sequencing of their melanoma. This revealed that 16% of somatic variants occur in sequences absent from GRCh38, with satellite repeats acting as hotspots for UV-induced damage due to sequence-intrinsic mutability and inefficient repair. Centromere kinetochore domains emerged as focal sites of structural, genetic, and epigenetic variation, leading to remodeling of centromere kinetochore binding domains during tumor evolution. Single-molecule telomere reconstructions uncovered cycles of attrition, deletion, and telomerase-mediated extension that shape cancer telomeres. Finally, diploid chromatin maps exposed that copy number alterations and epimutations, rather than point mutations, predominate in rewiring cancer regulatory programs. These findings define the full landscape of a cancers somatic variation and their functional impact, establishing a blueprint for T2T studies of mosaicism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sohn, M.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubocanin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vollger, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minkina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munson, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hart, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranchalis, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parmalee, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedeno-Cortes, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Au, N. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohaczuk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carroll, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frazar, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvey, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoekzema, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, M.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacques, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolar, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mack, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryke, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutherlin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swanson, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>SMaHT Assembly Working Group,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carvalho, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coorens, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, C.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichler, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altemose, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stergachis, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.10.681725</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A telomere-to-telomere map of somatic mutation burden and functional impact in cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.12.681832v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptional regulation of disease-relevant microglial activation programs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.12.681832v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microglia, the brains innate immune cells, can adopt a wide variety of activation states relevant to health and disease. Dysregulation of microglial activation occurs in numerous brain disorders, and driving or inhibiting specific states could be therapeutic. To discover regulators of microglial activation states, we conducted CRISPR interference screens in iPSC-derived microglia for inhibitors and activators of six microglial states. We identified transcriptional regulators for each of these states and characterized 31 regulators at the single-cell transcriptomic and cell-surface proteome level in two distinct iPSC-derived microglia models. Finally, we functionally characterized several regulators. STAT2 knockdown inhibits interferon response and lysosomal function. PRDM1 knockdown drives disease-associated and lipid-rich signatures and enhanced phagocytosis. DNMT1 knockdown results in widespread loss of methylation, activating negative regulators of interferon signaling. These findings provide a framework to direct microglial activation to selectively enrich microglial activation states, define their functional outputs, and inform future therapies.

HighlightsO_LICRISPRi screening reveals novel regulators of six microglia activation states
C_LIO_LIMulti-modal single-cell screens highlight differences between mRNA and protein level expression
C_LIO_LIiPSC-microglia models show different baseline distributions of activation states
C_LIO_LILoss of DNMT1 leads to widespread DNA demethylation, promoting some states but limiting the interferon-response state
C_LIO_LILoss of PRDM1 drives microglial disease-associated state
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McQuade, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colias, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castillo, V. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lubin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haage, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshe, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fujita, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ta, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teter, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chasins, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nunez, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kampmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.12.681832</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptional regulation of disease-relevant microglial activation programs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.12.681901v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A compressed code for memory discrimination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.12.681901v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to discriminate similar visual stimuli has been used as an important index of memory function. This ability is widely thought to be supported by expanding the dimensionality of relevant neural codes, such that neural representations for the similar stimuli are maximally distinct, or "separated." An alternative hypothesis is that discrimination is supported by lossy compression of visual inputs, efficiently coding sensory information by discarding seemingly irrelevant details. A benefit of compression, relative to expansion, is that it allows the individual to efficiently retain fewer essential dimensions underlying stimulus variation--a process linked to higher-order visual processing--without hindering discrimination. Under the compression hypothesis, pattern separation is facilitated when more information from similar stimuli can be discarded, rather than preserving more information about distinct stimulus dimensions. We test the compression versus expansion hypotheses by predicting performance on the canonical mnemonic similarity task. First, we train neural networks to compress perceptual and semantic factors of stimuli, and measure lossiness of those representations using the mathematical framework underlying compression. Consistent with the compression hypothesis, and not the expansion hypothesis, we find that greater lossiness predicts the ease and performance of lure discrimination, particularly in later layers of convolutional neural networks shown to predict brain activity in the higher-order visual stream. We then empirically confirm these predictions across two sets of images, four behavioral datasets, and alternative metrics of lossiness. Finally, using task fMRI data, we identify signatures of lossy compression--neural dimensionality reduction and information loss--in the higher-order visual stream regions V4 and IT as well as hippocampal subregions dentate gyrus/CA3 and CA1 associated with lure discrimination performance. These results suggest lossy compression may support mnemonic discrimination behavior by discarding redundant and overlapping information.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noh, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harhen, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banavar, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirwan, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yassa, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bornstein, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.12.681901</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A compressed code for memory discrimination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.13.681959v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Population-scale Single-cell Spatial Transcriptomic Atlas of the Human Cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.13.681959v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The genetic and spatial determinants of cell type diversity in human cerebral cortices remain poorly defined. Here, we present a population-level single-cell spatial transcriptomic atlas of human cortices from 71 donors across the lifespan. We identified 906 layer-specific genes showing conserved and divergent laminar expression patterns between humans and other species. Spatial analysis revealed neuronal vulnerability and glial activation during aging, together with a decline in the proportion of superficial SST neurons and their interactions with other cells. Disease-associated genes exhibited high cell-type and layer-specific expression, implicating the pathogenic role of spatially specific gene expression. Spatial cis-eQTL analysis identified regulatory variants linked to genes related to diseases like Tourette syndrome. Cross-species comparison demonstrated glial expansion in the human cortex, accompanied by enhanced neuron-glia communication via the neuregulin signaling. Together, we provide a comprehensive single-cell atlas of the human cortex that is essential for understanding aging, evolution, and disease pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Han, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chai, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gan, W.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.13.681959</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Population-scale Single-cell Spatial Transcriptomic Atlas of the Human Cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.13.682097v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extreme weather risk shrinks range size estimates and alters biodiversity predictions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.13.682097v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extreme weather events, including heat waves, cold snaps, and droughts, are increasing in frequency and intensity with expected but little understood consequences for biodiversity. Extreme weather events can push organisms beyond their physiological thermal or hydric tolerances and thus limit where they can persist, affecting their geographic distributions. Species might be especially sensitive to extreme weather at the edges of their geographic ranges, where they are often already living near their physiological limits. However, the influence of climatic variability and extreme weather is often ignored in favor of climatic means when estimating distributional and richness patterns. Here we link hundreds of millions of citizen science bird observations from 2004-2024 to high-resolution extreme weather risk maps to explore how climatic variability and extreme weather risk alters summer and winter distributions and biodiversity patterns for 535 North American species. We find that species distribution models accounting for historical extreme weather risk performed better at predicting richness and the presence of individual species across 220 well-surveyed sites. Models incorporating extreme weather predicted narrower geographic distributions than models relying on only climatic means, with species ranges shrinking an average of 6% in summer and 10% in winter and range truncation observed at the range edges. These effects were observed in both seasons but were particularly strong in winter, a time with greater short-term weather variability than summer. Richness estimates were substantially lower when extreme weather was accounted for, especially in the US southwest and central plains (up to 30-40 fewer species), regions highly prone to extreme heat, cold and drought. Our results suggest that more mechanistically informed biodiversity predictions that account for extreme weather are critical for reliably predicting shifting distributional and biodiversity patterns.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cohen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellis-Soto, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>La Sorte, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jetz, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.13.682097</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extreme weather risk shrinks range size estimates and alters biodiversity predictions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.13.682223v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MAIT cells induced by engineered Listeria exhibit antibacterial and antitumor activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.13.682223v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are among the most conserved and abundant innate-like T cells in humans that recognize microbial-derived riboflavin precursors and elicit potent antimicrobial responses1. The foodborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes is a broad host-range facultative intracellular pathogen2 that lacks the riboflavin biosynthetic pathway3, leading us to hypothesize that this deficiency is pathoadaptive and allows the pathogen to evade MAIT cells. Here, we show that L. monocytogenes strains engineered to produce riboflavin (L. monocytogenes-ribDEAHT) are attenuated in wild-type mice but fully virulent in MAIT cell-deficient mice. Infection with L. monocytogenes-ribDEAHT prompted rapid and robust MAIT cell expansion in multiple tissues and required the cytolytic effector perforin to eliminate infected cells in vivo and in vitro. We also assessed the therapeutic potential of L. monocytogenes-ribDEAHT- stimulated MAIT cells in both infectious disease and cancer mouse models. Infection with L. monocytogenes-ribDEAHT provided protection against Francisella tularensis in the lungs and inhibited tumor growth even in the absence of CD8+ T cells. These findings highlighted the importance of MAIT cell evasion during L. monocytogenes infection and reveal the therapeutic potential of engineered L. monocytogenes to activate and harness MAIT cells for protection against infectious disease and cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rivera-Lugo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castillo, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lobanovska, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anaya-Sanchez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espich, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanley, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DuPage, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Portnoy, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.13.682223</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MAIT cells induced by engineered Listeria exhibit antibacterial and antitumor activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.13.682189v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intrinsic errors in mitochondrial translation trigger a decline in cell fitness. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.13.682189v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Defects in the faithful expression of the human mitochondrial genome underlies disease states, from rare inherited disorders to common pathologies and the aging process itself. The ensuing decrease in the capacity for oxidative phosphorylation alone cannot account for the phenotype complexity associated with disease. Here, we address how aberrations in mitochondrial nascent chain synthesis per se exert a decline in cell fitness using a classic model of mitochondrial induced premature aging. We identify how intrinsic errors during mitochondrial nascent chain synthesis destabilize organelle gene expression, triggering intracellular stress responses that rewire cellular metabolism and cytokine secretion. Further, we show how these mechanisms extend to pathogenic variants associated with inherited human disorders. Together, our findings reveal how aberrations in mitochondrial protein synthesis can sensitize a cell to metabolic challenges associated with disease and pathogen infection independent of oxidative phosphorylation.

Teaser/One-Sentence SummaryAberrations in mitochondrial translation elongation trigger activation of intracellular stress responses associated with disease and aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bal, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berzell, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akpinar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ekvik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koludarova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naddafi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raths, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vane-Tempest, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VanPortfliet, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Keefe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Najumudeen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nyman, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battersby, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.13.682189</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intrinsic errors in mitochondrial translation trigger a decline in cell fitness.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.13.682215v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biosynthesis of minimal C-phycocyanin chromophore assemblies in E. coli provides a platform to dissect protein-mediated tuning of exciton transfer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.13.682215v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cyanobacteria are arguably among the most evolutionarily successful organisms on Earth, inhabiting a wide range of ocean, fresh water, soil, and even desert environments on every continent. The cyanobacterial phycobilisome consists of stacks of disk-like light-collecting moieties, allophycocyanin (APC) and phycocyanin (CPC), with covalently bound phycocyanobilin (PCB) pigments. The ways in which the energies of the specific chromophores in these complexes are tuned by the protein to achieve its highly efficient and directional energy transfer are not fully understood, as complex combinations of decay pathways are occurring simultaneously and competitively through this elaborate light-harvesting system. This makes it difficult to extract information about isolated protein-pigment interactions. We provide herein a description of a useful new experimental platform in which we have recombinantly expressed a fully functioning CPC complex and selectively created minimal chromophore sets to study their individual contributions to the overall CPC spectra. Structural and computational analysis of this protein system have provided a greater understanding of how the protein environment serves to alter the photophysics of each of these chromophores. Introduction of a quencher into various positions within CPC confirmed the ability of the protein environment to tune the directionality of energy transport in this assembly. Further mutational analysis suggested the roles of key amino acids surrounding the chromophores, showcasing the utility of heterologous expression techniques for understanding the effects of structure on EET mechanisms in the phycobilisome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhuang, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chuang, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velez, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velilla, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sweeny, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niyogi, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francis, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.13.682215</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biosynthesis of minimal C-phycocyanin chromophore assemblies in E. coli provides a platform to dissect protein-mediated tuning of exciton transfer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.14.682352v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide DNA bridging by H-NS reshapes the stationary phase nucleoid and transcriptional landscape 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.14.682352v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial nucleoid-associated proteins (NAPs) structure the chromosome and regulate gene expression, but how these two functions are related is unclear. H-NS is a well-studied NAP that acts as a global gene silencer capable of bridging and looping DNA in vitro. Here, using high-throughput chromosome conformation capture assays, we show that H-NS mediates genome-wide long-range DNA looping in the stationary-phase nucleoid of Escherichia coli. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrate that high levels of H-NS are present at the base of DNA loops. Super-resolution imaging and single-particle tracking show that H-NS binds more tightly in stationary phase and compacts the nucleoid mesh. Transcriptomic analyses indicate H-NS represses gene expression more strongly in the looped nucleoid and enables higher expression of genes outside of H-NS-bound regions. Overall, our study demonstrates that H-NS bridges distal DNA regions along the genome upon nutrient limitation, causing reduced nucleoid accessibility, stronger transcriptional repression, and a shifted transcriptional landscape.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Way, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiesler, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarthy, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardy, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuller, D. E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hossain, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbondanzieri, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biteen, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.14.682352</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide DNA bridging by H-NS reshapes the stationary phase nucleoid and transcriptional landscape]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.16.682955v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mutualism in disguise? Isotopic evidence for nutrient transfer from a carnivorous pitcher plant to its insect prey 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.16.682955v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Carnivorous pitcher plants are regarded as exploiters of arthropod prey, attracting them with nectaries which are densely clustered near the slippery peristome, putting visiting arthropods at risk of becoming trapped. However, most pitcher visitors are not captured and may benefit from access to concentrated, nutrient-rich rewards. This raises the possibility that pitcher plants and their arthropod visitors engage in an indirect mutualism in which both insects and plants incur some cost but reap net nutritive benefits, yet evidence that potential prey species derive measurable nutritional benefits from pitcher plants is currently lacking. To address this knowledge gap, we measured levels of nitrogen isotopic enrichment of vespulid wasps residing in dense stands of the naturally 15N enriched pitcher plant Darlingtonia californica relative to those from adjacent forest patches. Wasps occupying pitcher fens had elevated{delta} 15N values, suggesting they consume 15N-enriched nitrogen originating from Darlingtonia -- either directly through nectar or indirectly via 15N-enriched arthropod proteins. These findings contribute support for the hypothesized nutritional mutualism between pitcher plants and local insect populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Armitage, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conover, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saunders, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.16.682955</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mutualism in disguise? Isotopic evidence for nutrient transfer from a carnivorous pitcher plant to its insect prey]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.17.678657v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The impacts of almond pollination on honeybee viral dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.17.678657v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Seasonal aggregation of hosts can rapidly reshape microbial and viral communities, with consequences for disease dynamics and spillover risk. Each year, millions of honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies experience a mass human-mediated intercontinental  migration to Californias Central Valley to pollinate most of the worlds almond supply. Clearly, this  mass mixing event with hives from across the country has the risk of spreading highly virulent pathogens, including viruses. It is essential to weigh the benefits of the almond bloom against the risks of disease in honeybees, which may also affect native pollinators. We conducted an observational longitudinal RNA-seq study of colonies from a commercial beekeeping operation before, during, and after almond pollination, compared with non-migrating control colonies. We found that viral diversity increased in honeybee colonies during and directly after the bloom; however, it returned to pre-bloom levels a month later. The virome community composition also became more uniform between hives after the bloom. Hives in closer proximity had more similar viromes. This spatial variation suggests that inter-colony drift is a potential transmission route. Together, these findings suggest that the bloom increases viral transmission, with no single virus dominating the communities. Instead, a group of viruses (black queen cell virus, Lake Sinai Virus, deformed wing virus) were responsible for community shifts. Although crop bloom increased viral diversity and community homogenization, this effect was short-lived, with viromes reverting to pre-bloom levels once hives left the orchards. These findings indicate that pollination events can transiently restructure viral communities in managed bees.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sokolov, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Northrup, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilfert, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boots, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.17.678657</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The impacts of almond pollination on honeybee viral dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.18.683228v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
All-atom protein design via SE(3) flow matching with ProteinZen 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.18.683228v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The advent of generative models of protein structure has greatly accelerated our ability to perform de novo protein design, especially concerning design at coarser physical scales such as backbone generation and protein binder design. How-ever, the design of precise placements at atomic scales remains a challenge for existing design methods. One avenue towards higher fidelity atomic-scale design is via generative models with full atomic resolution, but is complicated by the intricacies of simultaneously designing both discrete protein sequence and continuous atomic positionings. In this work we propose a framework to capture this interplay by decomposing residues into collections of oriented rigid bodies, allowing us to apply SE(3) flow-matching for all-atom protein structure generation. Our method, ProteinZen1, generates designs with high sequence-structure consistency while retaining competitive diversity and novelty on both unconditional and conditional generation tasks. We demonstrate competitive performance for unconditional monomer design and state-of-the-art performance on various forms of motif scaffolding, including full-atom motif scaffolding and motif scaffolding without specifying motif segment spacing or relative sequence order.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kortemme, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.18.683228</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[All-atom protein design via SE(3) flow matching with ProteinZen]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.20.683382v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accessing rare bacterial biosphere of soil through culturing: a comparative study of culture media effectiveness integrated with metataxonomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.20.683382v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Soil harbors a vast bacterial diversity, including a "rare biosphere" of low-abundance taxa increasingly recognized as crucial for ecosystem functioning. Traditional plate-based culturing can facilitate access to this fraction. Here, we investigated how culture medium type influences the recovery of rare soil bacteria. To do this, culture-independent bacterial diversity of agricultural, forest, and contaminated soils was compared with culture-dependent diversity on four media (TSA (tryptic soy agar), SEM (soil extract medium), R2A (Reasoners 2A), and 20-fold diluted R2A) using a high-throughput approach in which all colonies were collected and analyzed via 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding (metataxonomics). Across all media and soils, ~30% of the culture-independent taxa were recovered through culturing, of which ~40% were members of the rare community. Culturability of bacterial communities declined across soil types in the order: contaminated > agricultural > forest, but the community isolated from forest soil contained a higher proportion of rare taxa. SEM, characterized by its low nutrient content and chemical composition resembling that of soil, proved to be the most effective, yielding higher colony-forming unit counts, greater overall and rare richness, and recovering a more taxonomically diverse rare community. The rare community retrieved by SEM was dominated by non-spore-forming taxa, in contrast to the other media, including diluted R2A. Culturing revealed a unique fraction of culturable taxa, representing ~17% of the culture-independent community on average, likely members of the rare biosphere that escape detection in metabarcoding analyses. SEM was also the medium that best captured this fraction. Our study demonstrates that low-nutrient, soil-like media such as SEM are powerful tools for accessing and characterizing the rare soil biosphere, complementing metabarcoding and providing isolates to explore the ecological and functional significance of rare taxa.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Siles, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terry, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.20.683382</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accessing rare bacterial biosphere of soil through culturing: a comparative study of culture media effectiveness integrated with metataxonomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.20.683458v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain Dynamics of Mental Manipulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.20.683458v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humans effortlessly juggle their internal thoughts, but the neuronal dynamics that support mental manipulation are largely unknown. Leveraging the high spatiotemporal fidelity of intracranial recordings in humans (N = 30), we provide evidence that mental sound manipulation involves the inhibition of sensory cortex and the coordinated engagement of memory and control networks. This modulation manifests in two ways. First, there is a shift in the balance between faster (> 30 Hz) and slower (< 30 Hz) dynamics in primary and secondary auditory areas, suggesting a decrease in local excitability. Second, there is a distributed increase in oscillatory synchrony (6-10 Hz), which predicts imagery vividness and task performance. This evidence points to a key role of local excitability and inter-areal synchrony in the manipulation of thought.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Quiroga-Martinez, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Rubio, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonetti, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blenkmann, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Endestad, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solbakk, A.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meling, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fabricius, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McManus, O. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willie, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunner, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dastjerdi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.20.683458</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain Dynamics of Mental Manipulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.20.683564v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Investigating Overflow Metabolism in Heterotrophic Cultures of the Green Alga Chromochloris zofingiensis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.20.683564v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromochloris zofingiensis is of interest for its ability to perform a reversible trophic switch in the presence of glucose that is characterized by a shutdown of photosynthesis and an accumulation of energy storage metabolites. Previous work has shown that this trophic switch is accompanied by overflow metabolism and the production of lactate in aerobic conditions. This trophic switch is not observed in nutrient replete media. We utilized isotopically assisted metabolic flux analysis to characterize intracellular flux distributions that are associated with different metabolic phenotypes observed in this organism in different media formulations in light and dark conditions. The results of this analysis showed differences in flux through carbon fixation reactions, the TCA cycle and through the reaction catalyzed by pyruvate kinase. This analysis was complemented with transcriptomics data collected for C. zofingiensis grown in iron limited conditions to provide further evidence towards the negative impact of iron limitation on both photosynthetic and respiratory activity. Overflow metabolism allows this alga to compensate for the lower energy production that results from iron limitation. This work highlights how nutrient availability can lead to drastic changes in the metabolism of C. zofingiensis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meagher, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camacho, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallaher, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merchant, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyle, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.20.683564</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Investigating Overflow Metabolism in Heterotrophic Cultures of the Green Alga Chromochloris zofingiensis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.20.683597v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of radical SAM enzymes responsible for the methylation and desaturation of archaeal lipids and an AttH hydratase mediating hydroxy-GDGT biosynthesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.20.683597v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lipid biosynthesis in archaea is highly dependent upon radical (S)-adenosyl methionine (rSAM) enzymes. The formation of their membrane-spanning lipids, known as glycerol dibiphytanyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs), is catalyzed by the rSAM tetraether synthase and the subsequent cyclization of their lipid tails is performed by the B12-binding rSAM (B12-rSAM) GDGT ring synthase. Further, GDGT tails are cross-linked by the rSAM GMGT synthase and then methylated by the B12-rSAM GMGT methylase. Here, utilizing three archaeal model organisms - Sulfolobus acidocaldarius, Thermococcus kodakarensis, and Methanosarcina acetivorans - we expand this repertoire of rSAM enzymes further, identifying two B12-rSAM GDGT methylases and a novel B12-rSAM GDGT desaturase. We also extend beyond the rSAM enzyme superfamily, identifying an AttH-like hydratase mediating hydroxy-GDGT (OH-GDGT) biosynthesis. Specifically, we identify two GDGT methylases in S. acidocaldarius and Thermococcus aggregans which possess different substrate specificities. While GDGT methylation is generally low in archaea, we observe high levels of lipid methylation in response to penicillin G and hexanoic acid amphiphile exposure, suggesting a role for lipid methylation in response to membrane-destabilizing chemical agents. Utilizing heterologous expression in M. acetivorans and T. kodakarensis, we uncover a novel B12-rSAM enzyme from Candidatus Bathyarchaeota B1_G15 with unusual tetraether desaturase (Ted) activity that seemingly reverses previous saturation by geranylgeranyl reductase, anaerobically forming double bonds in the inert hydrocarbon tails of a GDGT. Finally, we show that a non-rSAM AttH-like hydratase, genomically associated with Ted, is a hydroxy-GDGT synthase (Hgs), putatively hydrating the double bond(s) introduced by Ted to form OH-GDGTs. These results highlight the value of exploring the rSAM enzyme landscape of archaea - revealing diverse and novel rSAM enzyme activities amongst homologous proteins that invoke new paradigms such as reversibility in the archaeal lipid biosynthesis pathway.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garcia, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chadwick, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nayak, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welander, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.20.683597</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of radical SAM enzymes responsible for the methylation and desaturation of archaeal lipids and an AttH hydratase mediating hydroxy-GDGT biosynthesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.21.683287v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
JAK1/2 Inhibition Delays Cachexia and Improves Survival through Increased Food Intake 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.21.683287v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death and is frequently accompanied by reduced food intake and cachexia, a debilitating syndrome characterized by weight loss and skeletal muscle wasting. We sought to identify contributors to cachexia using a murine model of lung cancer that reproduces key features of this syndrome. A multiplex cytokine screening approach, integrated with western blot and transcriptomic analyses, identified tumor-derived inflammatory mediators and downstream signaling pathways associated with cachexia. Notably, IL-6 superfamily members were elevated in the tumor and plasma of mice and patients with cachexia. The JAK-STAT3 signaling was upregulated in liver and skeletal muscle, driving the acute phase response and impairing lipid metabolism. Pharmacologic inhibition of JAK1/2 with ruxolitinib improved body weight, fat mass, and overall survival without altering tumor burden. These effects were driven primarily by blunted hypothalamic leptin receptor signaling, which increased food intake early in the disease course. In the liver, JAK inhibition reduced STAT3 activity, restored fatty acid oxidation, and decreased the production of acute-phase proteins. These findings support JAK inhibition as a therapeutic strategy for lung cancer-associated cachexia.

Statement of SignificanceCancer cachexia is a lethal complication of lung cancer that lacks effective treatment. We show that JAK inhibition by ruxolitinib restores weight, fat mass, and prolongs survival in murine models of lung cancer. These effects were independent of tumor burden, underscoring the relevance of addressing cachexia to improve survival in cancer patients and supporting clinical testing of JAK inhibition for cancer cachexia
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dantas, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murthy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrier, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramsamooj, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nathoo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kniess Debarba, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lima Queiroz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ersoy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, I. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malbari, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altorki, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cararo Lopes, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez Jenkins, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamal-Hanjani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janowitz, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goncalves, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.21.683287</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[JAK1/2 Inhibition Delays Cachexia and Improves Survival through Increased Food Intake]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.21.683652v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Separating selection from mutation in antibody language models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.21.683652v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibodies are encoded by nucleotide sequences that are generated by V(D)J recombination and evolve according to mutation and selection processes. Existing antibody language models, however, focus exclusively on antibodies as strings of amino acids and are fitted using standard language modeling objectives such as masked or autoregressive prediction. In this paper, we first show that fitting models using this objective implicitly incorporates nucleotide-level mutation processes as part of the protein language model, which degrades performance when predicting effects of mutations on functional properties of antibodies. To address this limitation, we devise a new framework: a Deep Amino acid Selection Model (DASM) that learns the selection effects of amino-acid mutations while explicitly factoring out the nucleotide-level mutation process. By fitting selection as a separate term from the mutation process, the DASM exclusively quantifies functional effects: effects that change some aspect of the function of the antibody. This factorization leads to substantially improved performance on standard functional benchmarks. Moreover, our model is an order of magnitude smaller and multiple orders of magnitude faster to evaluate than existing approaches, as well as being readily interpretable.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matsen, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumm, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sung, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rich, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Starr, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fukuyama, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haddox, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.21.683652</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Separating selection from mutation in antibody language models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.22.680877v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeted Transcriptional Repression by Induced Proximity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.22.680877v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most cancer-driving proteins remain "undruggable" due to the absence of ligandable pockets and their reliance on intrinsically disordered or protein-DNA/protein-protein interactions. Transcription factors, which orchestrate oncogenic gene expression programs, are particularly challenging: they turn over rapidly, evade durable pharmacological inhibition, and resist even emerging targeted protein degradation strategies. Here, we describe a new induced-proximity therapeutic modality, Transcriptional Regulation via Active Control of Epigenetic Reprogramming (TRACER), that enforces locus-specific transcriptional silencing by recruiting endogenous corepressor complexes to transcription factor binding sites. We developed small-molecule TRACERs that tether methyl-CpG binding domain protein 2 (MBD2) and the Nucleosome Remodeling and Deacetylase (NuRD) complex to transcription factor-directed ligands. An estrogen receptor (ER) TRACER potently suppressed ER transcriptional activity in breast cancer cells, downregulated canonical ER target genes, and required MBD2 and histone deacetylase (HDAC1/2) for activity, confirming on-target epigenetic repression. Extending this approach to prostate cancer, an androgen receptor (AR) TRACER transcriptionally repressed both full-length AR and the drug-resistant truncation variant AR-V7, achieving >90% inhibition of AR transcriptional activity in androgen-independent prostate cancer cells with locus-specific gene repression. We further show that TRACERs can be modularly reprogrammed to recruit alternative repressors, including PRC2. Collectively, these findings establish TRACERs as a generalizable modality to pharmacologically silence undruggable transcription factors through targeted epigenetic reprogramming, offering a powerful new strategy for treating cancers refractory to existing therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stieger, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dovala, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pizzato, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKenna, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johannessen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fodor, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schirle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomura, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.22.680877</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeted Transcriptional Repression by Induced Proximity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.22.683881v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Benchmarking remote sensing methods to capture plant functional diversity from space 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.22.683881v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The development of remote sensing methods to estimate plant functional diversity is limited by mismatches between ecology and remote sensing sampling schemes, and the limited representativeness of local field campaigns. The Biodiversity Observing System Simulation Experiment (BOSSE) provides a modeling framework for benchmarking new methodologies. We used BOSSE to simulate 180 different synthetic "Scenes" encompassing a two-year-long time series of plant trait maps and imagery of hyperspectral reflectance factors, spectral indices, sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence, land surface temperature, and estimates of plant traits (optical traits). We used these simulations to answer five fundamental, yet unsolved, questions:

Q1. How should remote sensing characterize functional diversity in large surfaces (sites)? Diversity metric values saturate with the number of pixels involved, hampering comparisons between plant traits and remote sensing estimates in large areas. The average value of metrics computed over small samples should be used instead.

Q2. Which sources of spectral information (or combinations thereof) can best capture plant functional diversity at the site scale? Accounting for background effects is the key. Optical traits (remote sensing estimates of plant traits) are the best estimators for plant functional diversity. Other variables succeed when filtered out of the soil pixels; their combination did not yield additional advantages.

Q3. How should remote sensing estimates be validated/compared with plant functional diversity measurements? Leaf area index (LAI) is a better proxy of abundance than the pixel for QRao, but not for variance-based partitioning. It is more sensitive to sample size, but also more resistant to suboptimal spatial resolution.

Q4. When (in the phenological year) can remote sensing best capture site-scale plant functional diversity? The estimation error decreased with LAI and stabilized at values above 1 m{superscript 2}/m{superscript 2}.

Q5. Which approaches and remote sensing variables are more resistant to the effects of suboptimal spatial resolution? Optical traits, fluorescence, and reflectance factors were the most robust variables. Still, field data resolution needs to be degraded to match the sensors resolution. We found a relative spatial resolution threshold of [~]30 % (where the pixel is around three times larger than the plants).

Simulation frameworks like BOSSE enable testing methodologies beyond local contexts and address the current shortage of suitable global datasets, supporting the application and development of methods for assessing plant functional diversity with remote sensing. In the future, BOSSE could contribute to understanding observational results, refining and pre-testing new methodologies, and supporting the development of comparable experimental datasets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pacheco-Labrador, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomarasca, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pabon-Moreno, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Migliavacca, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duveiller, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.22.683881</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Benchmarking remote sensing methods to capture plant functional diversity from space]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.25.684559v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Direct identification of de novo mobile element insertions from single molecule sequencing of human sperm 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.25.684559v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mobile element insertions (MEIs) are a significant source of human genetic variation, yet the rates and properties of de novo MEIs are poorly characterized due to technical limitations in sequencing technology. Here, we directly sequenced individual gametes from sperm samples of 14 donors (aged 28-62) using highly accurate PacBio long-read sequencing to identify de novo retrotransposition events without familial inference. We developed a "self-alignment" strategy using personal genome assemblies that enables high-precision, single-read detection of de novo MEIs. Using this method, we identified 51 de novo Alu insertions, revealing 7-fold variation in Alu retrotransposition rates between individuals (0.023 to 0.17 insertions/gamete). We found a significant increase in Alu activity with paternal age, yielding an additional 0.003 insertions/gamete/year, of additional paternal age, representing a direct observation of age-associated increases in structural variant (SV) mutation rates. These active Alu elements are predominantly comprised of the evolutionarily young AluYa5 and AluYb8 subfamilies and bear characteristic molecular signatures of target-primed reverse transcription (TPRT). Our population-averaged rate of 7.4 insertions per 100 gametes aligns well with previous population genetic estimates, validating both direct observation and population approaches for estimating de novo MEI rates. These results establish direct gamete sequencing as a powerful method for characterizing germline mutation processes and reveal age as a significant determinant of de novo retrotransposition in the male germline.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aston, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gleeson, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinlan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sudmant, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.25.684559</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Direct identification of de novo mobile element insertions from single molecule sequencing of human sperm]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.26.684676v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A20 restriction of nitric oxide production restores macrophage bioenergetic balance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.26.684676v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Macrophages play critical roles in regulating host responses to microbial pathogens and other forms of tissue stress and can acquire pro-inflammatory or tissue reparative phenotypes. A20, or TNFAIP3, is a potent regulator of innate immune cell functions and is extensively linked to human inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. We now find that A20 is a powerful regulator of both glycolytic and mitochondrial respiration in macrophages. Differentiated macrophages that are acutely rendered A20 deficient exhibit increased glycolytic activity and markedly decreased mitochondrial respiration after LPS stimulation. These cells are unable to repolarize from an M1-like to M2-like phenotype. Compromised mitochondrial oxygen consumption in A20 deficient macrophages is caused by increased nitric oxide production. Inhibition or genetic ablation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) restores mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and lactate production in these cells. These metabolic perturbations occur independently of exaggerated cytokine production and despite robust production of IL-10. Therefore, A20 prevents Warburg-like aerobic glycolysis and restores macrophage homeostasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, M.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Advincula, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Achacoso, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grossman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomura, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malynn, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.26.684676</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A20 restriction of nitric oxide production restores macrophage bioenergetic balance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.27.684862v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Natural variation in regulatory code revealed through Bayesian analysis of plant pan-genomes and pan-transcriptomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.27.684862v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the genetic code of cis-regulatory elements (CREs) is essential for engineering gene expression and modulating agronomic traits in crops. In plants, CREs underlying rapid evolution of gene expression often overlap with structural variation in promoters, making them undetectable using single-reference genomes. Here, we develop K-PROB (K-mer-based in silico PROmoter Bashing), a computational tool that learns from intraspecies promoter sequence and gene expression variation in pan-genomes and pan-transcriptomes to identify CREs controlling gene expression. K-PROB deploys a k-mer-based Bayesian variable selection framework to prioritize causal variable identification. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach in maize and soybean, two staple crops species. Applying K-PROB to genes with the most highly variable promoter sequences and the most diverse patterns of expression, such as nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors, we identified k-mers enriched for bona fide transcription factor binding sequences, and overlapping with open chromatin regions and DAP-seq binding sites. Notably, multiple significant k-mers are located within presence/absence structural variants, highlighting structural variation in promoters as key drivers of transcriptional diversity of highly variable genes. We further validated the regulatory effects of identified k-mers on gene expression using luciferase reporter assays. Our results showcase a high-throughput and pangenomic approach for probing natural intraspecies cis-regulatory diversity, discovering new causative cis-elements, and facilitating future expression engineering across plant species.

Significance StatementUnderstanding which DNA sequences control gene expression is essential for crop improvement. Current methods for identifying regulatory elements rely on expensive, specialized biochemical datasets typically limited to a single genotype. We developed a computational tool that links natural sequence variation and gene expression variation to identify functional regulatory sequences. Our tool employs a statistical framework that prioritizes causality over correlation, in contrast to most genome-wide association studies. Applying it to maize and soybean, two staple crops, we uncovered known and novel regulatory elements and validated them with molecular assays. Our approach is scalable, cost-effective, and efficiently utilizes natural variation from existing pangenomic datasets, opening new avenues for future crop engineering and studying gene regulation in diverse plant species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wei, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutherland, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lunde, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Exposito-Alonso, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krasileva, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.27.684862</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Natural variation in regulatory code revealed through Bayesian analysis of plant pan-genomes and pan-transcriptomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.27.684972v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Faf1 accelerates p97-mediated protein unfolding by promoting ubiquitin engagement 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.27.684972v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
P97/VCP is a protein unfoldase of the AAA+ ATPase family that plays essential roles in numerous processes, including ER-associated degradation and DNA replication. For unfolding of proteins that are modified with K48-linked ubiquitin chains, p97 works with the heterodimeric cofactor Ufd1-Npl4, and the cofactor Faf1 was shown to enhance this activity during replisome disassembly, yet the mechanisms remain unknown.

Here, we employ an in vitro reconstituted system with human components for biochemical experiments, FRET-based assays, and cryo-EM structure determination to reveal that Faf1 plays a generic role in accelerating ubiquitin-dependent substrate processing by promoting the unfolding of an initiator ubiquitin and its engagement by the ATPase. Faf1 thereby uses its p97-bound C-terminal UBX domain to anchor a long helix that braces the UT3 domain of Ufd1 and stabilizes the Ufd1-Npl4 cofactor for ubiquitin unfolding. Our findings demonstrate how p97 works simultaneously with several cofactors to facilitate the unfolding of ubiquitinated proteins, indicating more complex regulatory mechanisms for substrate selection than for the simpler yeast Cdc48.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkinson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.27.684972</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Faf1 accelerates p97-mediated protein unfolding by promoting ubiquitin engagement]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.27.684907v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure-Aware Mapping of Disease-Relevant Missense Variation in Nuclear Pore complex Genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.27.684907v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Missense variation in the nuclear pore complex (NPC) remains difficult to interpret because sequence change, structural context, and sparse clinical labels all interact in nontrivial ways. We study three functionally distinct nucleoporins GLE1, NUP214, and NUP62 and build a reproducible pipeline that binds variants to canonical UniProt coordinates, overlays AlphaFold2 per-residue confidence, and assigns domain/feature labels from UniProtKB/Pfam. Primary inferences rely strictly on curated Clin-Var assertions, while a separate high-confidence pseudo-labeled cohort is created for sensitivity analyses using a guarded weak-supervision scheme: a centroid-cosine scorer over handcrafted sequence-structural features is ensembled with a positive-unlabeled classifier, and only variants passing conservative probability gates are promoted. Across genes, curated data reveal coherent structure-function signals: pathogenic substitutions concentrate in specific domains and structurally ordered regions, while the pseudo-labeled cohort preserves these trends under expanded sample size without entering into hypothesis tests. The result is a transparent workflow that cleanly separates ground truth from weak supervision, avoids leakage, and produces interpretable, domainlevel effect estimates. We argue that this combination of principled labeling, structural context, and simple, auditable models offers a practical path for variant interpretation in nucleoporins and, more broadly, in proteins rich in intrinsically disordered and repeat-containing regions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yekeh Yazdandoost, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parsa, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.27.684907</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure-Aware Mapping of Disease-Relevant Missense Variation in Nuclear Pore complex Genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.28.685116v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic PD-L1 Regulation Shapes Tumor Immune Escape andResponse to Immunotherapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.28.685116v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A major challenge in cancer treatment is the ability of tumor cells to adapt to immunotherapy through immune escape, often mediated by the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway. To investigate this, we adapted an ordinary differential equation model of combination therapy, incorporating the dynamics of the immune checkpoint inhibitor Avelumab and the immunostimulant NHS-muIL12. Using literature-derived parameter values from a previous study, we refitted a single parameter across therapies, which showed that PD-L1 expression increased with immunotherapy, while Avelumab blocked its functional signaling, preventing PD-L1 from suppressing T-cell activity. Incorporating therapy-dependent, dynamically regulated PD-L1 expression enabled a biologically grounded mechanism to reproduce experimental observations, leading us to formulate PD-L1 tumor expression as a dynamic variable ({epsilon}) and providing a mechanistic basis for both therapeutic synergy and treatment failure. Our results indicate that tumor resistance is linked to dose-dependent upregulation of PD-L1 following NHS-muIL12 treatment, explaining treatment failure, while PD-1/PD-L1 blockade in combination therapy enables effective anti-tumor immune responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pell, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalizhanova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tursynkozha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dengi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kashkynbayev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.28.685116</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic PD-L1 Regulation Shapes Tumor Immune Escape andResponse to Immunotherapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.28.685211v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stimulation with ECoG electrodes modulates cortical activity and sensory processing in the awake mouse brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.28.685211v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Electrical stimulation has been widely used to probe neural network properties and treat dysfunction. Electrocorticography (ECoG) electrodes, long used for activity monitoring, can also stimulate the brain in a minimally invasive and chronic manner. However, how cortical surface electrical stimulation impacts cortical network activity remains poorly understood. Using in vivo calcium imaging in the awake mouse brain with chronically implanted ECoG electrodes, we measured how electrical stimulation modulates the activity of visual cortical neurons, including during concurrent visual stimulation. We found that cortical surface electrical stimulation initially activates L2/3 neurons followed by prolonged inhibition lasting seconds after stimulation. Electrical stimulation suppresses the activity of neurons at their preferred grating orientation but enhances their responses to non-preferred visual stimuli, thereby reducing sensory feature selectivity. By measuring how electrical stimulation modulates the activity of inhibitory neuron subtypes including PV, SST, and NDNF interneurons, we propose a circuit model in which L1 NDNF interneurons are strongly activated by cortical electrical stimulation and, in turn, inhibit L2/3 excitatory neurons and PV interneurons through volume transmission of GABA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ji, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tchoe, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganji, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vatsyayan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrett, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dayeh, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halgren, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.28.685211</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stimulation with ECoG electrodes modulates cortical activity and sensory processing in the awake mouse brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.29.684720v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deterministic DNA barcoding using vacuum-driven loading of free oligonucleotides to microwell arrays 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.29.684720v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Achieving high throughput in experiments requiring sample indexing depends primarily on precise and reproducible reagent deposition prior to analysis. Contemporary droplet and microwell systems utilize random deposition of oligonucleotide-coated beads into reaction chambers, requiring costly bead synthesis and offering limited control over the final distribution of barcoded beads. As an alternative, we present deterministic, aqueous barcoding of 512 arrayed microwells using a multi-layer, vacuum-driven microfluidic network. To uniquely barcode each of the 512 microwells, we deposit DNA oligonucleotide solutions designed using a Combinatorial Dual Indexing (CDI) (i5, i7) scheme via deterministic loading. Deterministic fluid loading is achieved by sequentially mating two bifurcated, orthogonal microchannel networks to a planar microwell array. The microchannel networks actuate fluid flow through a combination of an applied vacuum force and a dead-end channel design. After loading the oligonucleotide solutions, we observed uniform barcode patterning across the arrays of microwells ([~]20% CV), reasonable barcode loading times (30 - 40 min per step), and reduced reagent use ([~] 8-16 {micro}L at 25 {micro}M oligos vs. 10-50 {micro}L at 100 {micro}M for bead systems). We detected cross-contamination in [~]4% of the microwells. Following DNA barcode delivery, on-chip PCR of nuclear DNA from a breast-cancer cell line having the characteristics of the differentiated mammary epithelium (MCF7) was successfully performed, and off-chip quality control of the amplified breast cancer DNA was completed. Overall, we describe a deterministic and bead-free DNA barcoding strategy for efficient barcoding of microwell arrays that are important in single-cell analyses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baranowska, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herr, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.29.684720</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deterministic DNA barcoding using vacuum-driven loading of free oligonucleotides to microwell arrays]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.30.685624v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineered orthogonal translation systems from metagenomic libraries expand the genetic code 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.30.685624v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic code expansion with non-canonical amino acids (ncAAs) opens new opportunities for the function and design of proteins by broadening their chemical repertoire. Unfortunately, ncAA incorporation is limited both by a small collection of orthogonal aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) and tRNAs and by low-throughput methods to discover them. Here, we report the discovery, characterization, and engineering of a UGA suppressing orthogonal translation system mined from metagenomic data. We developed an integrated computational and experimental pipeline to profile the orthogonality of >200 tRNAs, test >1,250 combinations of aaRS:tRNA pairs, and identify the AP1 TrpRS:tRNATrpUCA as an orthogonal pair that natively encodes tryptophan at the UGA codon. We demonstrate that the AP1 TrpRS:tRNATrpUCA is highly active in cell-free and cellular contexts. We then use Ochre, a genomically recoded Escherichia coli strain that lacks UAG and UGA codons, to engineer an AP1 TrpRS variant capable of 5-hydroxytryptophan incorporation at an open UGA codon. We anticipate that our strategy of integrating metagenomic bioprospecting with cell-free screening and cell-based engineering will accelerate the discovery and optimization of orthogonal translation systems for genetic code expansion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Seki, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, M. T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penev, P. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isaacs, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jewett, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.30.685624</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineered orthogonal translation systems from metagenomic libraries expand the genetic code]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.30.685539v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cohesin Acetylation and ATPase Activity Control Cohesion and Loop Architecture through Distinct Mechanisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.30.685539v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cohesin is a conserved protein complex that mediates sister chromatid cohesion, chromosome condensation, gene regulation, and DNA repair. These processes rely on cohesins ability to tether sister chromatids and form chromatin loops, which depend on cohesins ATPase activity and Eco1-mediated acetylation of two lysine residues (K112 and K113 in budding yeast) in its Smc3 subunit. How cohesins ATPase activity and acetylation integrate to control cohesin functions remains poorly understood. Here, we analyzed chromatin architecture in yeast mutants with altered cohesin acetylation and/or ATPase activity. We find that acetylation of either K112 or K113 is sufficient to produce a wild-type chromosome structure with loops positioned at cohesin-associated regions (CARs), whereas loss of acetylation at both residues abolishes positioned loops, indicating that acetylation at either lysine alone can maintain wild-type chromatin architecture. We further show that a cohesin acetylation mutant, despite being defective in sister-chromatid tethering and thus failing to establish cohesion, still forms wild-type-like loops, while cohesion-competent mutants lack positioned loops. These results suggest that the activities required for cohesion and loop formation are mechanistically separable, arguing against passive loop capture. Moreover, a mutant with reduced ATPase activity showed a loop profile similar to wild type, indicating that cohesin with lower ATPase activity can still form wild-type chromatin architecture. By contrast, hyper-ATPase mutants accumulate positioned loops, suggesting that increasing ATPase activity can enhance loop processivity. Together, our findings support a multilayered regulatory model in which acetylation fine-tunes ATPase output and cohesin functions to shape genome architecture.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Costantino, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boardman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koshland, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.30.685539</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cohesin Acetylation and ATPase Activity Control Cohesion and Loop Architecture through Distinct Mechanisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.30.685682v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glycolytic ATP production enables rapid mammalian cell growth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.30.685682v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proliferating cells must produce ATP rapidly enough to meet the energy demands of growth and maintenance. While microbes show a linear coupling between ATP production rate and growth, whether this principle holds in mammalian cells has remained unclear and it has been suggested that most ATP is allocated to cell maintenance, regardless of growth rate. Here, we quantified lactate production, oxygen consumption, and proliferation across twelve mammalian cell lines and found a strong linear relationship between total ATP production and growth with the majority of ATP allocated to macromolecular synthesis. By inhibiting glycolysis, inhibiting respiration, or reducing translation, cells shift along this ATP-growth line in predictable directions, indicating bidirectional coupling between ATP supply and demand. A genetically encoded ATP hydrolysis sink increased ATP turnover yet slowed proliferation, demonstrating that ATP production capacity can limit growth. Together, these results show that respiration alone cannot generate enough ATP to support the growth rates of rapidly dividing cells, whereas glycolysis can. Our results provide a quantitative rationale for the Warburg Effect, where cells rely on glycolysis to achieve doubling times faster than 30 hours. Our results establish ATP production rate as a quantitative constraint on growth across species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kukurugya, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ekvik, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Titov, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.30.685682</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glycolytic ATP production enables rapid mammalian cell growth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.31.685754v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Principal Components Analysis fails to recover phylogenetic structure in hominins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.31.685754v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectivesPaleoanthropologists often utilize geometric morphometrics and principal components analysis (PCA) to interpret shape variation within the hominin fossil record. It is common practice to interpret proximity in principal components (PC) space among taxa as indicative of not just morphological, but also phylogenetic affinity. This interpretation, however, has not been directly evaluated for hominins.

Materials and MethodsFirst, we inferred the posterior distribution of hominin phylogenetic trees and subsampled trees from this distribution. On these phylogenies, we simulated 2D and 3D geometric morphometric datasets and traditional morphological datasets, containing traits analogous to measurements of size or length, with varying numbers of landmarks or traits and evolutionary rates. On each dataset, we conducted a PCA and used neighbor-joining to infer evolutionary relationships from the PC scores of each taxon. We measure the difference between the PCA tree and sampled tree with subtree pruning and regrafting distance and Robinson-Foulds distance.

ResultsPCA trees inferred from traditional morphometric data were identical to the sampled tree in 0.11% of datasets when we only considered PC axes 1 and 2, and in 2.9% of datasets when we considered all axes. No PCA tree inferred from any of the 2,400,000 shape datasets was identical to the sampled tree, regardless of the number of axes.

DiscussionPhylogenetic interpretations of the hominin fossil record based on proximity in PC space are inherently flawed and likely to be erroneous. Arguments in the hominin systematics literature based on PCA should therefore be reevaluated using phylogenetically-informed alternatives.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Raskin, L. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seselj, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bitarello, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stroustrup, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huelsenbeck, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.31.685754</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Principal Components Analysis fails to recover phylogenetic structure in hominins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.31.685772v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A unifying model of LAT condensates in reconstitution experiments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.31.685772v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The formation of condensates by the Linker for the Activation of T-cells (LAT) is a key signal gating and amplification step in the T-cell receptor signaling pathway. LAT condensation is challenging to study in-vivo and is therefore often investigated using reconstitution experiments. While these experiments recapitulate key aspects of LAT condensation, they also exhibit some puzzling features. Here, we describe the mechanisms underlying these observations using two complementary models. First, we employ a Smoluchowski aggregation model to show that the delay time before condensation is observed arises from a low effective binding probability between LAT monomers. Second, we propose a field-theoretic model that reproduces all condensate morphologies observed in experiments, showing that they can arise from common underlying dynamics modulated by variations in experimental conditions. This result unifies different experimental observations reported previously. While this article addresses open questions regarding the formation of LAT condensates, our results also provide a common framework for understanding condensation of other multivalent membrane proteins such as EGFR, FGFR2, and nephrin.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Omar, Y. A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kardar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groves, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.31.685772</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A unifying model of LAT condensates in reconstitution experiments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.31.685963v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TOMM40 suppression promotes neuronal cholesterol imbalance and molecular and behavioral phenotypes of Alzheimer's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.31.685963v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
INTRODUCTIONWhile the APOE4 allele is a major risk factor for Alzheimers disease (AD), the role of TOMM40--an adjacent gene involved in mitochondrial protein import--is not known.

METHODSMice, human iPSC-derived neurons (iNeurons), and human brain tissue were used for study of animal cognition, cholesterol metabolism, mitochondrial function, and gene expression.

RESULTSTOMM40 knockdown (KD) impaired memory in mice and increased cholesterol and A{beta} 42 in mouse brains and human iNeurons. KD disrupted mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum contact sites (MERCs), causing mitochondrial dysfunction and promoting reactive oxygen species that led to activation of LXRB (NR1H2), upregulation of APOE and LDLR. and increased cellular cholesterol and A{beta} 42 independent of APOE4. Human brain transcriptomics showed reduced TOMM40 expression that correlated with cholesterol regulatory gene expression, amyloid burden, and clinical AD diagnosis.

DISCUSSIONTOMM40 is a novel mediator of AD pathology through dual effects on MERCs that regulate cholesterol homeostasis and mitochondrial function.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=163 SRC="FIGDIR/small/685963v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (31K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@e3e3e2org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1861f67org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@77a813org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1bb9a83_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simms, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinh, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oei, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yassine, H. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krauss, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.31.685963</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TOMM40 suppression promotes neuronal cholesterol imbalance and molecular and behavioral phenotypes of Alzheimer's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.31.685897v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid generation of ventral A9-like dopaminergic neurons from patterned iPSCs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.31.685897v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In vitro modelling of highly vulnerable nigral dopaminergic (DA) neuronal subtypes in Parkinsons disease (PD), is necessary for studying disease mechanisms. Here, we optimized a new approach by expressing the pioneer neurogenic transcription factor, Achaete-scute-like 1 (Ascl1), implicated in determining dopaminergic fate. Sequential small-molecule patterning of iPSCs into early floor plate mesencephalic progenitors, followed by inducible Ascl1 expression, rapidly differentiates midbrain DA neurons. Immunocytochemistry and transcriptomic analysis of these patterned Ascl1-driven DA neurons (PA-DANs) confirmed midbrain-lineage specificity. Importantly, we found an enrichment of DA subpopulations that corresponded to the adult human ventral SOX6-positive A9 DA subtypes vulnerable in PD. Furthermore, we combined these ventral A9-like PA-DANs with human iPSC-derived midbrain astrocytes and microglia in defined ratios to generate mature 3D A9-like assembled organoids that display characteristic spontaneous neuronal activity and electrical propagation along the axon. Our method efficiently generates a mature and functional A9-like DA neuronal platform to study PD.

HighlightsO_LISequential midbrain patterning and Ascl1 expression accelerates DA differentiation
C_LIO_LIPA-DANs resemble human adult ventral A9-like DA subtypes vulnerable in PD
C_LIO_LI3D assembled organoids show mature identity of PA-DANs, iAstrocytes and iMicroglia
C_LIO_LIPA-DANs matured in 3D organoids show neuronal network activity within weeks
C_LI

eTOC blurbIn this study, Ullian and colleagues have developed a rapid method to differentiate dopaminergic neurons, using small molecules to generate early floor plate mesencephalic progenitors from human iPSCs and sequentially expressing a pioneer transcription factor, Ascl1, that accelerates uniform dopaminergic neurogenesis. Patterned Ascl1-driven dopaminergic neurons (PA-DANs) in 2D and 3D assembled organoids serve as a platform to study Parkinsons disease



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=182 SRC="FIGDIR/small/685897v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (38K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1d83eb3org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1fc7fa5org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@2033e3org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@2e8fa3_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chaplot, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wessman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>England, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, I. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ullian, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.31.685897</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid generation of ventral A9-like dopaminergic neurons from patterned iPSCs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.31.685803v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamical memory underlies prolonged plasmid persistence after transient antibiotic treatment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.31.685803v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plasmids play critical roles in spreading and maintaining antimicrobial resistance (AMR). They often exhibit prolonged persistence upon antibiotic treatment, even when they impose substantial burden on their hosts. This persistence has been primarily attributed to rapid horizontal transfer or low plasmid cost. However, these mechanisms cannot account for the slow decay of burdensome plasmids with poor mobility. Here, we show that the decoupling of time scales between slow segregation loss and fast growth competition leads to a slow-down in plasmid abundance decay at high initial plasmid abundance, reminiscent of the ghost effect from nonlinear dynamical systems. Integrating theory, simulations, and quantitative experiments across clonal populations and multi-species bacterial communities, we demonstrate that a transient antibiotic pulse can eliminate plasmid-free cells and create a ghost state that extends plasmid persistence from days to months. Our research reveals a generalizable mechanism for the prolonged ecological memory of antibiotic exposure and underscores the need for proactive strategies to curb the spread of AMR.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lok, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Son, H.-i.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>You, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.31.685803</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamical memory underlies prolonged plasmid persistence after transient antibiotic treatment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.01.685673v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
T cell costimulatory and inhibitory signals differentially modulate LAT condensate nucleation propensity after TCR ligation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.01.685673v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Linker for activation of T cells (LAT) is a membrane-surface scaffold protein that assembles key signaling molecules upon T cell receptor (TCR) activation. Recent observations have revealed LAT assembly occurs in discretized condensates traceable to single molecular TCR activation events. Moreover, the condensation process occurs abruptly, but after a distinct delay, indicative of a type of phase transition. Here we examine the effects of costimulatory (CD80, CD86) and inhibitory (PD-L1) ligands on the nucleation propensity of LAT condensation. We utilize single molecule mobility tracking to resolve the moment a pMHC molecule binds to TCR combined with intracellular imaging to measure the time delay between pMHC:TCR binding and nucleation of the corresponding LAT condensate. These delay time distributions reflect the propensity function for stochastic nucleation of the LAT condensate and provide a measure of the effective signal strength from a single, activated TCR. The results reveal that CD28 stimulation by CD80 or CD86 causes a distinct reduction in the mean delay time to LAT condensation while PD-L1 is mildly antagonistic to the process. Collectively, these observations strengthen evidence that probability and timing of the LAT nucleation process itself is tightly associated with signal propagation downstream from individual TCR activation events.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tijam, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisen, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morita, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McAffee, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groves, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.01.685673</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[T cell costimulatory and inhibitory signals differentially modulate LAT condensate nucleation propensity after TCR ligation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.03.686228v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Design of Tissue-Selective PROTACs Through Recruiting E3 Ligase Scaffolding Protein MAGEA11 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.03.686228v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) are an emerging therapeutic modality that induces protein degradation by recruiting E3 ligases. Most reported PROTACs recruit ubiquitously expressed E3 ligases, such as cereblon and the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor. Of the additional 600+ E3 ligases, recruiting those with tissue-restricted expression is attractive for increasing the specificity of PROTACs. To this end, tissue-specific E3 ligases or E3 ligase-associated proteins that can be recruited for targeted protein degradation need to be identified. This work describes the first reported PROTAC that recruits the tissue-specific E3 ligase scaffolding protein MAGEA11. As an initial demonstration, a library of bromodomain and extra-terminal domain (BET)-targeting PROTACs that recruit MAGEA11 was synthesized. The library was screened in osteosarcoma U2OS cells, identifying lead compound 105B. 105B potently degrades BET proteins in U2OS osteosarcoma cell lines (BRD4 DC50 = 0.130 nM, Dmax = 78%) and KYSE180 esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cell lines (DC50 = 40 nM, Dmax = 70%), but shows no degradation in non-cancerous, MAGEA11-deficient HEK293T cells. Mechanistic studies confirmed 105Bs dependence on the ubiquitin-proteasome system and engagement of both MAGEA11 and BRD4. 105B decreased levels of BET-regulated gene products c-Myc, RUNX2, and KRT14; however, improvements are still necessary to affect selective cytotoxicity. This work reports the first example of a PROTAC recruiting a tissue-specific E3 ligase for cancer-restricted degradation of BET proteins and highlights the need for further development of MAGEA11-recruiting degraders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jacobsen, I. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scholtz, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pomerantz, W. C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georg, G. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.03.686228</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Design of Tissue-Selective PROTACs Through Recruiting E3 Ligase Scaffolding Protein MAGEA11]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.31.685934v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quorum sensing antiactivators constrain Pseudomonas aeruginosa RhlR activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.31.685934v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an opportunistic pathogen, uses a cell-cell communication system called quorum sensing (QS) to regulate gene expression in response to population density. P. aeruginosa QS involves, in part, two transcription factors, LasR and RhlR, that respond to N-acyl homoserine lactone (AHL) signals. Two proteins known as "antiactivators," QteE and QslA, attenuate QS by inhibiting LasR, RhlR, or both. While initial characterization of antiactivation has revealed the considerable influence these factors may have on dampening QS, details regarding the individual impacts of these antiactivators on P. aeruginosa QS activity remain scant. Additionally, the effects of antiactivators on RhlR QS activity and in QS systems in isolates or strain lacking LasR have yet to be explored. To investigate how QteE and QslA each modulate LasR or RhlR independently, we combined gene deletion and over-expression analysis of each antiactivator in wild-type P. aeruginosa (PAO1) and two strains with rhl-dominated QS: clinical isolate E90 and PAO {Delta}lasR {Delta}mexT. As measured with a transcriptional reporter, over-expression of qteE or qslA notably reduced RhlR activity in PAO1 and PAO {Delta}lasR {Delta}mexT, but only expression of qteE had a marked effect on RhlR activity in E90. Expression analysis indicates LasR and RhlR repress QteE transcription, but not QslA. By over-expressing qslA in the absence of QteE and vice versa, we demonstrate that QslA activity and corresponding effects on QS phenotypes can be QteE-dependent in some scenarios. Our results reveal a nuanced role for individual antiactivator proteins in affecting the layered P. aeruginosa QS circuitry.

ImportanceQuorum sensing (QS) is a cell signaling mechanism that enables populations of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to coordinate group behaviors such as biofilm formation, virulence factor production, and antibiotic tolerance once a critical cell-density threshold is reached. P. aeruginosa employs two "antiactivator" proteins that attenuate QS at low cell densities, dampening QS activation. The specific effects of individual antiactivators on the complex and hierarchically-arranged P. aeruginosa QS systems remain undefined. Here, we use two strains with rewired QS circuits to independently assess the effects of QS antiactivators on each QS circuit. We find that while one antiactivator selectively targets one QS circuit, the other can broadly target both with strong effects on QS activity. This work reveals an additional layer of complexity to counter-regulation of QS signalling and further defines antiactivation as a mechanism P. aeruginosa uses to finely tune QS responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sridhar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smalley, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dandekar, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asfahl, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.31.685934</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quorum sensing antiactivators constrain Pseudomonas aeruginosa RhlR activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.04.686414v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of distinct cDC2 subpopulations that direct microbiota-specific T cell differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.04.686414v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How the complex network of intestinal antigen presenting cells (APCs) instructs CD4+ T cell responses against the microbiota remains unclear. Here, we use Labeling Immune Partnerships by SorTagging Intercellular Contacts (LIPSTIC) to characterize the APCs that prime CD4+ T cells recognizing the commensal bacterium Akkermansia muciniphila. A. muciniphila-specific T cells engaged multiple transcriptionally distinct migratory cDC2 subpopulations, both at homeostasis, when A. muciniphila promotes TFH differentiation, and during inflammation, when it also drives TH1 and TH17 differentiation. The identity of these subpopulations was unchanged by inflammation; however, the distribution of presentation across the subpopulations shifted, with increased presentation by inflammatory cDC2s favoring TH1 and TH17 polarization. These results reveal how distinct T cell differentiation trajectories can be determined through varied interactions with multiple, functionally distinct subpopulations of APCs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carroll, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ly, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canesso, M. C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Victora, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mucida, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barton, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.04.686414</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of distinct cDC2 subpopulations that direct microbiota-specific T cell differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.05.686826v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diversity-driven biochemical survey reveals dimeric structural origin of rubisco 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.05.686826v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rubisco is the entry point of nearly all organic carbon into the biosphere and is present in all domains of life. Despite its global importance, biochemical studies of this enzyme superfamily have been limited to a relatively narrow set of subclades. Recent advances in metagenomics have dramatically reshaped our understanding of both microbial and rubisco diversity; however, biochemical characterization of these sequences has not kept pace with the exponential growth in sequence data. To better survey the functional and structural diversity of rubisco, we systematically sampled and synthesized a library of diverse rubisco sequences with an emphasis on clades that have previously not been characterized. Our updated phylogenetic analysis reveals that many deep-branching rubiscos assemble as dimers, supporting a dimeric origin for the superfamily -- in contrast to the ecologically dominant hexadecameric form I. Additionally, we discover and structurally characterize the largest rubisco described to date, originating from a cryptic, early-branching subclade with novel structural folds that have previously not been observed in the rubisco superfamily. By integrating biochemical data with an updated phylogenetic framework, we propose a revised nomenclature for the rubisco protein family that reflects current insights and will better accommodate future discoveries.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kehl, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor-Kearney, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waldburger, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeow, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarado, L. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegel, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prywes, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.05.686826</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diversity-driven biochemical survey reveals dimeric structural origin of rubisco]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.04.686643v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bronsted-basic small molecules activate GTP hydrolysis in Ras Q61 mutants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.04.686643v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The RAS oncogenes (KRAS, HRAS, NRAS) are among the most frequently mutated genes in human cancer, affecting over three million patients annually. Therapeutic development has largely focused on inhibitors for KRAS codon 12 mutations (G12C/D/V/S/R) which are key drivers in lung, colorectal, and pancreatic cancers. In contrast, mutant-selective inhibitors for Q61 variants remain elusive. A common mechanistic feature of G12 and Q61 mutants is the impaired hydrolysis of GTP, which traps Ras in its active, signaling-competent state. We envisioned that an alternative therapeutic strategy - reactivation of GTP hydrolysis - could address this shared oncogenic mechanism. Here we report small molecules that accelerate GTP hydrolysis in K-Ras Q61 mutants. These compounds compensate for the loss of the catalytic residue Gln61 by introducing a general base into the active site, selectively enhancing hydrolysis of K-Ras Q61X (X = H, L, K, R) mutants by up to 20-fold while sparing the wild-type protein. In mutant cancer cell lines, these compounds reduce GTP-bound Ras levels and suppress downstream signaling. We show that the chemical design principles are generalizable to other Ras isoforms. This work establishes a mechanistic foundation for small-molecule "GTPase activators" and offers a new paradigm for targeting Ras-driven cancers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norinskiy, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celik, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.04.686643</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bronsted-basic small molecules activate GTP hydrolysis in Ras Q61 mutants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.04.686660v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Direct Optical Quantification of Chain Collapse, Reduced Dielectric, and Water Release Driving Protein Phase Separation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.04.686660v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biomolecular condensates represent unique microenvironments that organize intracellular biology and promote biochemical reactions. However, the biomolecular interactions driving condensate phase separation are often weak, transient, and heterogeneous. Investigating the structural biology and chemical properties of condensate interiors has therefore proven experimentally challenging, often requiring the use of perturbative probes. To overcome this challenge, we combine label-free optical scattering and vibrational spectroscopy approaches spanning ultraviolet, visible, mid-infrared, and terahertz wavelengths with deep-learning-based ensemble prediction of intrinsically disordered protein conformations. Our experimental and computational results reveal that the intrinsically disordered N-terminal domain of the RNA Deadbox helicase 4 (DDX4) deviates from random coil behavior and undergoes chain collapse that correlates with phase separation, which leads to lower dielectric and reduced water content inside condensates. Our data support a model of DDX4 phase separation whereby chain collapse, reduced dielectric, and water release enhance the strength of multivalent protein-protein interactions within condensates, driving condensate growth and phase separation through positive feedback. Our study addresses the critical driving forces of biomolecular phase separation across a range of length scales, providing quantitative insights into protein-protein/protein-solvent interactions and the chemical properties of condensate interiors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Perets, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spies, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheong, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asamoto, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holehouse, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Min, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, E. C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.04.686660</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Direct Optical Quantification of Chain Collapse, Reduced Dielectric, and Water Release Driving Protein Phase Separation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.05.686799v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Revisiting the Evolution of Lactase Persistence: Insights from South Asian Genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.05.686799v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lactase persistence (LP), the ability to digest lactose from milk into adulthood, is a classic example of natural selection in humans. Multiple mutations upstream of the LCT gene are associated with LP and have been previously shown to be under selection in Europeans and Africans. South Asia is the worlds largest producer of dairy, and milk and dairy products are widely consumed throughout the subcontinent. However, the origin, evolutionary history and selective pressures associated with LP in South Asia remain elusive. We assembled genome-wide data from [~]8,000 present-day and ancient genomes from India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, spanning diverse timescales ([~]3300 BCE-1650 CE), geographic regions, and ethnolinguistic and subsistence groups. We find that the Eurasian LP-associated variant,-13.910:C>T, is widespread across South Asia, exhibiting clinal variation along north-south and east-west gradients. Ancient DNA analysis reveals that this variant first appeared in South Asia during the historical and medieval periods through Steppe pastoralist-related gene flow. Interestingly, unlike in other worldwide populations, the LP prevalence is almost entirely explained by Steppe ancestry--not selection--in most contemporary South Asians. A notable exception is the only two pastoralist groups, Toda in South India and Gujjar in Pakistan, that have unexpectedly high frequencies of-13.910*T, comparable to estimates in Northern Europeans. By performing local ancestry inference, we find significant enrichment for Steppe pastoralist ancestry around the LCT locus in these two geographically-distant pastoralist groups, indicative of strong selection. Together, these findings highlight the complex role of ancestry and natural selection in shaping the prevalence of lactase persistence on the subcontinent.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kerdoncuff, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marohn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cramer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kardia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thangaraj, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segurel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dey, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moorjani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.05.686799</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Revisiting the Evolution of Lactase Persistence: Insights from South Asian Genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.06.687045v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Detection of five viruses commonly implicated with Bovine Respiratory Disease using loop-mediated isothermal amplification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.06.687045v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Herein, we present novel quantitative loop-mediated isothermal amplification (qLAMP) and reverse-transcription qLAMP (RT-qLAMP) assays for the detection of five viruses commonly implicated with the onset and progression of bovine respiratory disease (BRD): Bovine Alphaherpesvirus Type 1 (BHV-1), Bovine Adenovirus Type 3 (BAV-3), Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV), Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Type 1 (BVDV-1), and Bovine Parainfluenza Virus Type 3 (BPIV-3). Using contrived samples spiked with whole viruses, we found that our extraction-free assays have limits of detection between 30 and 1,057 copies per reaction (1.8% final sample concentration) with minimal sample processing. Using dual-tipped swabs and 1.4 mL resuspension volumes, these limits of detection are on the order of 2 x 105 copies per swab for BAV-3 and BHV-1 and between 6.31 x 106 to 8.22 x 106 copies per swab in the case of BPIV-3, BRSV, and BVDV-1. Analytical sensitivities ranged from 73 - 100% and analytical specificities ranged from 90 - 100%. Additionally, we introduced a streamlined pipeline to minimize the experimental workload to design, screen, select, and characterize LAMP performance for developing assays. The assays targeting these BRD viruses can be utilized to develop colorimetric LAMP assays that enable the sensitive and specific detection of these viruses chute side to aid in diagnosing and treating BRD. The associated development pipeline enables more rapid development of LAMP-based diagnostic tools targeting emerging pathogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Davidson, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maruthumuthu, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pascual-Garrigos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dextre, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Centeno-Delphia, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boerman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pillai, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koziol, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ault, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoonmaker, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verma, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.06.687045</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Detection of five viruses commonly implicated with Bovine Respiratory Disease using loop-mediated isothermal amplification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.06.687035v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Retinal ganglion cell input to superior colliculus encodes salient information 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.06.687035v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The superior colliculus (SC) is critical in detecting and responding to salient stimuli. However, it is unknown whether salience signals are inherited from external sources such as retina and cortex, or arise from the intrinsic circuitry within SC. We used in vivo 2-photon calcium imaging with adaptive optics to examine the activity of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axon terminals in superficial SC (sSC). We found that RGC boutons exhibit similar saliency-related activity as sSC neurons. A majority of boutons respond more strongly to salient discontinuities of visual features, and change their orientation preference depending on stimulus properties such as the orientations of edges of drifting gratings. We furthermore demonstrate that these effects arise from the center-surround receptive field structure of RGCs. Our results show that the orientation tuning of RGCs is highly flexible, and that saliency encoding originates in retina rather than sSC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Borges, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xian, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nigam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.06.687035</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Retinal ganglion cell input to superior colliculus encodes salient information]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.07.687251v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reconstitution of multistep recruitment of ULK1 to membranes in autophagy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.07.687251v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ULK1 complex (ULK1C) and the class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex I (PI3KC3-C1) act together to initiate autophagy. Human ULK1C consists of ULK1 itself, FIP200, and the HORMA domain heterodimer ATG13:ATG101. PI3P generated by PI3KC3-C1 is essential to recruit and stabilize ULK1C on membranes for ULK1 to phosphorylate its membrane-associated substrates in autophagy induction, even though ULK1C subunits do not contain any PI3P-binding domains. Here we show that the ATG13:ATG101 dimer forms a tight complex with the PI3P-binding protein WIPI3, as well as with WIPI2. Bound to WIPI2-3, ATG13:ATG101 aligns with the membrane to insert its Trp-Phe (WF) finger into the membrane. Molecular dynamics simulations show that alignment of WIPIs and the ATG101 WF finger cooperatively stabilizes the complex on membranes, explaining the essential role of the WF residues in autophagy. Biochemical reconstitution and a cell-based assay show that WIPI3:ATG13 engagement is required for ATG16L1 phosphorylation by ULK1, ATG13 puncta formation, and bulk autophagic flux. We further showed that a kinase domain (KD)-proximal PVP motif within the ULK1 IDR docks onto the surface of the ATG13:ATG101 HORMA dimer and used molecular modeling to show how the ULK1 KD is brought close to the membrane surface. Biochemical reconstitution and cell-based assays show that the PVP motif is essential for in vitro ULK1 phosphorylation of ATG16L1 and important for starvation-induced autophagy and BNIP3/NIX-dependent mitophagy. These data establish a stepwise pathway for recruitment of the ULK1 KD to the vicinity of the membrane surface downstream of PI3KC3-C1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilhelm, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, A. S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adriaenssens, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martens, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganley, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hummer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurley, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.07.687251</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reconstitution of multistep recruitment of ULK1 to membranes in autophagy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.09.687458v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrated analysis of multimodal long-read epigenetic assays 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.09.687458v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Long-read sequencing assays that detect base modifications are becoming increasingly important research tools for the study of epigenetic regulation, especially with the development of DiMeLo-seq and similar methods that deposit non-native base modifications to mark a range of epigenetic features such as protein-DNA interactions and chromatin accessibility. A main benefit of these methods is their inherent capacity for multimodality, enabling the encoding of multiple genomic signals onto single nucleic acid molecules. However, there are limited tools available for visualization and statistical analysis of this type of multimodal data. Here we introduce dimelo-toolkit, a python package built to enable flexible visualizations and easy integration into custom data processing workflows. We demonstrate the utility of dimelo-toolkits preset visualizations of multiple base modifications in long-read single-molecule sequencing data with a novel extension of the DiMeLo-seq protocol that can capture three separate aspects of chromatin state on the same single reads: target protein binding, CpG methylation, and chromatin accessibility. We apply this multimodal method to simultaneously map chromatin accessibility, CpG methylation, and LMNB1 and CTCF binding patterns, respectively, in GM12878 cells. Our flexible design allows us to investigate previously unexplored technical biases that arise when working with this type of multimodal data. Additionally, we show that dimelo-toolkit enables analysis for a wide range of other long-read sequencing methods, such as mapping endogenous patterns in RNA base modifications with direct RNA sequencing. This software tool will pave the way for developing well-optimized protocols and help unlock previously inaccessible biological insights.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marcus, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dixon-Luinenburg, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamarra, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozenwald, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maslan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urnov, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Straight, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altemose, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ioannidis, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streets, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.09.687458</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrated analysis of multimodal long-read epigenetic assays]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.09.687449v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Challenges in predicting chromatin accessibility differences between species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.09.687449v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Enhancers are transcriptional regulatory elements that help drive phenotypic diversity, yet they often undergo rapid sequence evolution despite functional conservation, posing a challenge for predicting their function across species. Machine learning models that predict quantitative enhancer activity using DNA sequence have not previously been evaluated for their ability to predict quantitative differences across orthologous regions. Here, we trained convolutional neural networks (CNNs) on a regression task to predict chromatin accessibility, which is a proxy for enhancer activity, in the liver across five mammals, and we developed a novel framework to evaluate cross-species performance. We demonstrated that training on multiple species improves model generalization to both species used in training and held-out species. However, the models consistently achieved poor performance in predicting quantitative differences in accessibility between species at orthologous regions. Our study highlights the challenges in using regression models to predict chromatin accessibility changes between species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stephen, A. Z. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raje, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sestili, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirthlin, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawler, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stauffer, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfenning, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplow, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.09.687449</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Challenges in predicting chromatin accessibility differences between species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.10.687720v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Magnetosome organelles are organized through interactions between McaA and McaB that alter the dynamics of the bacterial actin-like protein MamK 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.10.687720v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are a group of Gram-negative species that produce a lipid-bounded organelle, the magnetosome, in which a magnetic crystal is biomineralized. MTB use magnetosomes to align with the geomagnetic field for improved navigation of their environment. To optimize this alignment, these species organize their magnetosomes in a linear fashion using a handful of factors including the bacterial actin-like protein MamK. Despite these shared features, there is a broad diversity of species-specific linear magnetosome chain arrangements within MTB, but the molecular mechanisms behind these phenotypic variations are unclear. Recently, genetic analyses showed that two proteins McaA and McaB interface with the chain organization machinery of Magnetospirillum magneticum AMB-to arrange magnetite crystals in a series of subchains rather than the single cohesive chains found in closely related MTB. Here, we use in vivo co-immunoprecipitation in AMB-1 to demonstrate protein-protein interactions between McaA, McaB, and MamK. Experiments with McaA truncation mutants and conditional control of McaB localization determined that McaA-McaB interactions are dependent on amino acids 530-665 of McaA and McaB localization to the magnetosome chain. We further show that disrupting the McaA-McaB interaction alters the spatial dynamics of MamK in vivo We present a model in which protein-protein interactions between McaA, McaB, and MamK drive changes in MamK behavior to establish AMB-1s magnetosome chain organization.

IMPORTANCEMagnetosomes model for understanding the cell biology of bacterial organelles and the mechanisms of bacterial cell organization. MamK, one of the best-studied bacterial actins, is a notable player in magnetosome chain assembly. This work explores how MamK dynamics are altered by two potential bacterial actin binding proteins, McaA and McaB. This system illustrates how changes in bacterial cytoskeleton regulation result in different organization of subcellular compartments. The conclusions from this research also have implications for understanding the broader evolutionary strategies for regulation of actin-like proteins and compartment organization diversification in bacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ra, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, T. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dixon, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taoka, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Komeili, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.10.687720</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Magnetosome organelles are organized through interactions between McaA and McaB that alter the dynamics of the bacterial actin-like protein MamK]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.10.686860v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
eIF2B Selectively Anchors and Activates Mutant KRAS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.10.686860v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Much is known about how RAS oncoproteins regulate mRNA translation factors, but the reverse relationship, how translation factors influence RAS activity, has remained largely unexplored. At the plasma membrane (PM), Son of Sevenless (SOS) acts as the canonical guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for RAS proteins, yet mechanisms governing its specificity for individual RAS isoforms remain unknown. Here, we show that the translation initiation factor eIF2B, best known for its GEF function in translation initiation, forms a distinct complex with SOS and mutant KRAS at the PM, but not with other oncogenic RAS variants. Mechanistically, eIF2B acts as an allosteric regulator of SOS, selectively enhancing GDP-GTP exchange on mutant KRAS. This specificity arises from the translational activity of eIF2B, which upregulates glycosphingolipid (GSL) biosynthesis to remodel PM lipids and preferentially anchor mutant KRAS. Together, our results uncover an unexpected moonlighting function of eIF2B: acting both as a direct activator of SOS and as a regulator of GSL pathway that shapes the membrane landscape, both required for mutant KRAS activation. These insights redefine our understanding of eIF2B and mutant KRAS functions in cancer and have profound implications for KRAS-driven oncogenesis.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=161 SRC="FIGDIR/small/686860v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (21K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1f50934org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@2f55b9org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1a51e39org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1634aac_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG O_LIeIF2B interacts with mutant KRAS and SOS at the plasma membrane (PM).
C_LIO_LIThe eIF2B:SOS complex promotes the GTP-bound active state of mutant KRAS.
C_LIO_LIeIF2B enhances the translation of B4GALT5 mRNA, encoding a key enzyme of glycosphingolipid (GSL) biosynthesis.
C_LIO_LIUpregulation of the GSL metabolites, ganglioside GM3 and sulfatide SM4, remodels PM lipid composition to facilitate eIF2B:SOS:KRAS complex formation and mutant KRAS nanoclustering.
C_LIO_LIThrough its interaction with SOS and stimulation of GSL synthesis, eIF2B selectively activates mutant KRAS at the PM among RAS isoforms.
C_LIO_LIeIF2B is required for the development of mKRAS-driven lung adenocarcinoma in mice.
C_LIO_LIeIF2B is a marker of poor prognosis in mutant KRAS-driven cancers.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, K.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egea, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pantsar, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghaddar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amiri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gannaban, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hancock, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rice, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sasaki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asara, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tripathi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawrence, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatzoglou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azpilcueta-Nicolas, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lumb, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Columbus, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turbyville, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ikura, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groves, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sonenberg, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walter, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koromilas, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.10.686860</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[eIF2B Selectively Anchors and Activates Mutant KRAS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.10.687703v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spinal cord regeneration deploys cell-type specific developmental and non-developmental strategies to restore neuron diversity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.10.687703v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A major goal of spinal cord injury research is to develop a path to endogenous regeneration. This approach has been heavily informed by animal models of natural regeneration. An unresolved question is whether these models rebuild the spinal cord by exclusively accessing developmental mechanisms of neuron differentiation. To address this question, we contrasted single-cell gene expression during regeneration with stage-matched controls in the conditionally regenerative frog Xenopus tropicalis. We generated an expanded atlas of neuronal diversity, annotating several neurons in Xenopus for the first time. From this atlas, we found that the neuron composition of the developing and regenerating spinal cord differ. So do the strategies employed, which favor waves of cell-type specific neuron morphogenesis, proliferation, and proliferative neurogenesis during regeneration. Low levels of early neurogenesis are then compensated by movement of post-mitotic neurons. Our work highlights the use of distinct developmental versus regenerative paths to heal post-injury.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Angell Swearer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perkowski, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Husain, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Figueiredo, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCartney, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wills, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.10.687703</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spinal cord regeneration deploys cell-type specific developmental and non-developmental strategies to restore neuron diversity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.11.687271v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolic zonation and characterization of tissue slices with spatial transcriptomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.11.687271v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The exchanges of small molecules between cells and their environments are essential for the formation of functioning tissues. To study them at scale, we developed Harreman (Basque for "receive and give"), an algorithm for identifying metabolic crosstalk from spatially resolved transcriptomics of intact tissues. Unlike previous methods, which primarily focus on the secretion or reception of protein signals, Harreman reconstructs molecular metabolic crosstalk based on the co-localized expression of metabolite transporters. By utilizing a series of increasingly detailed models for testing spatial correlation, Harreman provides insight at multiple levels: a) coarse partition of the tissue into regions sharing metabolic characteristics; b) identification of metabolic exchanges within each region; and c) inference of the cell subsets involved in those exchanges. Harreman identified a sodium/calcium exchange at the tumor boundary in human lung metastases of human renal cancers, and associated it with nearby pro-inflammatory macrophages. In the mouse model of DSS-induced colitis, Harreman identified vitamin A and lysophosphatidylcholine transport at the interface of the epithelial monolayer as major signals associated with regeneration. Harreman is available at https://github.com/YosefLab/Harreman.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Etxezarreta Arrastoa, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pirona, A.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.11.687271</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolic zonation and characterization of tissue slices with spatial transcriptomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.12.688118v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bioplastic Production Potential of Azospira suillum PS: Growth-Associated PHB Production Under Aerobic and Anaerobic Conditions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.12.688118v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plastics are indispensable in modern society, yet less than 10% of the 380 million tons produced annually are recycled. This accumulation of non-degradable waste has intensified the search for sustainable alternatives. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), particularly polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), are biodegradable polymers produced by microorganisms. Here, we investigate the capacity of Azospira suillum PS, a model facultative perchlorate-reducing bacterium, to synthesize PHB. We show that unlike most organisms, PHB production is growth-associated both aerobically, and anaerobically with perchlorate as an electron acceptor under moderate nitrogen deplete conditions. Genomic analysis revealed four phaC homologs, with one, phaC4, co-localized with phaB and phaR, suggesting a conserved operon. While three of the phaC genes were successfully deleted, phaC4 could not be disrupted, indicating an essential role for growth. Redox profiling revealed a positive correlation between PHB accumulation and NADPH/NADP+ ratios, supporting the role of cytoplasmic reducing equivalents in PHB synthesis. This study presents the first demonstration of PHA production under perchlorate-respiring conditions and one of the few documented cases of growth-associated PHA synthesis. It offers new insights into the genetic and metabolic basis of PHB production in A. suillum PS, underscoring its potential as a platform organism for sustainable, growth-coupled bioplastic production.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meier, D. A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glazer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanclos, V. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coates, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.12.688118</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bioplastic Production Potential of Azospira suillum PS: Growth-Associated PHB Production Under Aerobic and Anaerobic Conditions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.11.687741v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of biological fixation methods on stimulated Raman scattering microscopy signal 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.11.687741v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS) microscopy enables label-free imaging of cells and tissues in their native state with chemical specificity. However, there are often experimental advantages of chemical fixation of samples prior to imaging, which can introduce perturbations that may alter the native state of the samples, and possibly impact the SRS signal. In this study, we systematically characterize the effects of common fixatives (Paraformaldehyde, Formalin, Glutaraldehyde, Methanol, Ethanol) on the preservation of cellular integrity and molecular composition in a Hela cell model as observed by SRS microscopy. We demonstrate how the different fixatives can influence lipid and protein content, and overall cell morphology, with significant implications for the accuracy of quantitative SRS microscopy. Our findings indicate that Paraformaldehyde (PFA) imposes minimal disruption to cellular and molecular states compared to the other fixatives tested, and suggest Glutaraldehyde (GA) as a suitable alternative for SRS imaging. This study provides insights for the choice of the optimal sample preparation, enabling more reliable SRS-based studies for the evaluation of cellular processes and disease mechanisms where fixation is used.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ceconello, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manifold, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streets, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.11.687741</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of biological fixation methods on stimulated Raman scattering microscopy signal]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.12.688091v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Class-I myosin responds to change in membrane tension during clathrin-mediated endocytosis in human induced pluripotent stem cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.12.688091v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) is an essential cellular process that needs to operate efficiently across a wide range of conditions. Internalization of the endocytic site involves forces generated by membrane-bound proteins and Arp2/3-mediated branched actin filament assembly to bend the plasma membrane (PM) from flat to omega-shaped. In mammalian CME, the requirement for a branched actin filament network varies depending on cell type and differences in membrane tension. However, how the actin network adapts to changes in load in order to ensure robustness of this process over a range of membrane tensions is not understood. Here, we combine live-cell imaging and super-resolution microscopy of genome-edited human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) to investigate the role of the mammalian class-I myosin, Myosin1E (Myo1E), in load adaptation. Under normal conditions, sites that recruit Myo1E are rare and exhibit slow CME dynamics. However, as membrane tension increases and CME dynamics are slowed globally, Myo1E is recruited to more sites, likely to assemble more branched actin, resulting in increased force generation to rescue stalled sites and promote internalization. Loss of Myo1E results in increased Arp2/3 complex lifetime at CME sites under normal conditions, and at high membrane tension, these sites fail to recruit as many Arp2/3 molecules. We propose that Myo1E is recruited to CME sites that have stalled due to increased membrane tension, where it helps build a more effective branched actin network by generating force through motor activity and recruiting additional Arp2/3 complexes to rescue stalled sites.

SignificanceFor mammalian cells to internalize extracellular cargo via clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME), specific regions of the plasma membrane (PM) must bend from flat to inwardly curved, a process that requires force-generating proteins. One key component in generating this force during CME is the branched actin network, in which actin filaments polymerize against the plasma membrane. When PM tension increases, more force is required to generate curvature, prompting the assembly of actin and actin associated proteins to aid the process. We demonstrate that the class-I myosin motor, Myosin1E (Myo1E), becomes increasingly crucial as membrane tension rises, presumably to build a more effective branched actin network to facilitate internalization of slowed sites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smith, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Belly, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drubin, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.12.688091</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Class-I myosin responds to change in membrane tension during clathrin-mediated endocytosis in human induced pluripotent stem cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.13.688195v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Random barcode transposon-site sequencing in Mycobacterium tuberculosis reveals the functions of uncharacterized genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.13.688195v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a human bacterial pathogen that establishes chronic infection in the lung. Although the genome of Mtb was sequenced nearly 25 years ago, the genetic basis of Mtbs success as a human pathogen remains to be fully elucidated. Large-scale genetic approaches to understanding gene function are hindered by the limited throughput of traditional transposon sequencing strategies used in mycobacteria. To create a resource for determining the function of genes, we generated a pooled random barcode transposon-site sequencing (RB-TnSeq) library in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). A unique twenty-nucleotide barcode in the transposon allows for rapid, high-throughput genetic screening without the laborious protocol of standard bacterial TnSeq screens. We performed 95 RB-TnSeq screens on an array of carbon sources, nitrogen sources, stressors, and antibiotics. Using the resulting dataset, we examined phenotypes of PE/PPE genes, a mycobacterial gene family whose function has long been elusive, uncovering 187 novel phenotypes across 37 genes in this family. We propose a pathway for lactate utilization in which the ESX-5 type VII secretion system exports PPE3, facilitating the import of D- and L-lactate into the bacterial cell. Notably, we identify a candidate D-lactate dehydrogenase that may mediate this metabolic capability. Additionally, we find that the proton-pumping NADH dehydrogenase Nuo is required for utilization of propionate, highlighting the metabolic flexibility of Mtb. Lastly, we characterize a novel mutant that confers resistance to the new tuberculosis antibiotic pretomanid. Results from these genetic screens will facilitate the development of additional new hypotheses about the function of uncharacterized genes and will expand our knowledge of Mtb metabolism and resistance to stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dinshaw, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lien, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ounkap, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutschbauer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanley, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.13.688195</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Random barcode transposon-site sequencing in Mycobacterium tuberculosis reveals the functions of uncharacterized genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.13.688263v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FOXA1 mutations co-opt nascent transcription factor networks in partnership with androgen receptor to enhance prostate tumorigenicity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.13.688263v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in the pioneer transcription factor FOXA1, found in 10-40% of human prostate cancers, alter global chromatin accessibility and promote growth in prostate cells. Through analysis of a novel cohort of 874 primary and metastatic prostate tumors with somatic FOXA1 mutations, we confirm the high frequency of missense mutations (n=339) and indels (n=335) in the Wing2 region of the Forkhead domain, as well as frameshift mutations that truncate the C-terminus (n=287). To investigate the transcriptomic consequences of each mutation subgroup as well as elevated levels of wild-type FOXA1 (WT) (a fourth well documented subgroup), we performed single nucleus multiome sequencing in primary mouse organoids following inducible expression of representative alleles. Whereas each mutant induced distinct transcriptomic and DNA accessibility features, a prominent feature of all mutants was perturbed epithelial lineage specification, ranging from basal-like fates in cells expressing indel mutants to secretory (L1-like) luminal fates in cells expressing C-terminal truncation, missense mutations or excess WT. Integrated RNA-seq, ATAC-seq and ChIP-seq analysis of L1-like fate specification revealed enrichment of a composite androgen receptor-FOXA1 hybrid motif and cooperativity with the Oct family transcription factor POU2F1. Importantly, L1-like fate specification is seen in vivo tumorigenicity assays where, in combination with Trp53/Pten loss, expression of these mutants results in a histologic switch from basal-like to secretory luminal histology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ladewig, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nazir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, V. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawk, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leslie, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawyers, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.13.688263</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FOXA1 mutations co-opt nascent transcription factor networks in partnership with androgen receptor to enhance prostate tumorigenicity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.13.688312v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Acute Myeloid Leukemia Relapse after Bromodomain Inhibitor Treatment or Chemotherapy is Characterized by Myc-Ras Transcriptional Remodeling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.13.688312v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adult and pediatric acute myeloid leukemias (AMLs) harbor distinct mutational profiles, including a higher incidence of RAS and other signaling mutations in young patients. Here we show that the BET inhibitor PLX51107 potently suppresses the growth of NRAS-mutant AML cell lines, and that these activities are enhanced by co-treatment with the MEK inhibitor PD0325901. Controlled preclinical trials in primary mouse Nras-mutant AMLs revealed single agent efficacy of PLX51107 that was enhanced by PD0325901. Leukemias that relapsed during treatment developed intrinsic drug resistance characterized by transition to a more primitive state, up-regulation of Myc target genes, and down-regulation of Ras-associated transcriptional programs. AMLs that relapsed after frontline chemotherapy showed similar transcriptional remodeling. These studies demonstrate transcriptional plasticity in primary AMLs that relapse following in vivo treatment with either targeted agents or chemotherapy, and support evaluating BET inhibition in leukemias with monocytic differentiation and RAS mutations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Souza, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batingana, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wandler, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgess, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meshinchi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bollag, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shannon, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.13.688312</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Acute Myeloid Leukemia Relapse after Bromodomain Inhibitor Treatment or Chemotherapy is Characterized by Myc-Ras Transcriptional Remodeling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.13.688357v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Surviving phage attack dynamically regulates bacterial immunity to defeat counterdefenses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.13.688357v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial immune systems employ diverse mechanisms to restrict phage infection, yet the regulation of defense expression in response to different infection outcomes remains poorly understood. Here, we find that restricted phage infection potentiates immunity by inducing an increase in immune protein abundance, establishing a heightened state of immunity that is critical for overcoming phage-encoded counterdefenses. This dynamic regulation is dependent on a conserved WYL domain repressor, suggesting this is a widespread strategy in bacterial immunity. In contrast, productive phage infection triggers the horizontal transfer of the mobile element carrying the immune system, ensuring its persistence within the bacterial population. Finally, we demonstrate that harnessing this regulatory logic provides a powerful genetic tool for identifying phages that encode counterdefenses. Together, our work reveals that the fate of an infection dictates divergent outcomes for the expression and dissemination of bacterial immunity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oshiro, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunham, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gill, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chouldjian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piya, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mutalik, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seed, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.13.688357</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Surviving phage attack dynamically regulates bacterial immunity to defeat counterdefenses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.13.688391v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modulating MyoD1 dosage activates alternate cell fate beyond myogenic differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.13.688391v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcription factor (TF) expression and dosage regulate developmental cell fate decisions. Increased TF dosage has been predicted to enhance expression of high-affinity target genes but also increase the binding of lower-affinity loci. The relative importance of high- versus lower-affinity TF binding in guiding cell fate decisions remains unclear.

To test the roles of TF dosage, we examined the effects of increasing the dosage of MyoD1, the "master regulator of myogenesis", on skeletal muscle differentiation. Unexpectedly, increased MyoD1 dosage inhibited canonical myogenesis and redirected myoblast differentiation towards forming spontaneously contracting myotubes. This novel phenotype was driven by the MyoD1-dose-dependent upregulation of non-myogenic genes, including cell adhesion genes whose ectopic expression also inhibited classical myogenic differentiation and enabled myotube contraction.

Live-cell single-molecule imaging showed that elevated MyoD1 dosage increased total chromatin binding and CUT&RUN profiling demonstrated that this increase occurred via preferential binding to lower-affinity loci. Integration of CUT&RUN, ATAC-seq and RNA-seq experiments revealed that increased MyoD1 binding correlated to the upregulation of otherwise lowly expressed genes. These findings suggest that increased MyoD1 dosage induced a selective gene regulatory expansion from high- to lower-affinity cis-regulatory elements, activating a broader ensemble of target genes, revealing a TF dose-dependent mechanism that can trigger distinct developmental programs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Whitney, O. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dailey, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKenna, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darzacq, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.13.688391</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modulating MyoD1 dosage activates alternate cell fate beyond myogenic differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.14.688544v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Climate warming and urbanization may expand dengue transmission risk in California 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.14.688544v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundWhile primarily a disease of tropical and subtropical regions, dengue outbreaks are increasing in non-endemic regions due to environmental change and increasing travel and trade. For these non-endemic regions, estimating the risk of dengue is challenging as transmission is driven by both local environmental conditions and the introduction of viremic travelers. In this study, we aimed to estimate current and future dengue risk in California, USA--a region that has recently experienced its first cases of locally-acquired dengue.

MethodsWe modeled dengue risk as the product of three key components needed for local transmission--vector presence, temperature-suitability for pathogen transmission, and viral introductions via travel-associated cases--estimated using vector and case surveillance, sociodemographic, and environmental data. We estimated risk for locations and months where local transmission was reported in 2023-2024 to define a  threshold level of risk. We then projected monthly, census tract-level risk under both current conditions and future scenarios of climate warming and urban expansion.

FindingsApproximately 18.2 million (95% CI: 17.9-18.3) California residents--primarily in the Central Valley and the Los Angeles and San Diego metropolitan areas--currently live in areas where peak monthly dengue risk exceeds levels estimated during observed local transmission. Under moderate scenarios of climate warming and urban expansion, an additional 4.1 million (95% CI: 3.7-4.6) California residents may be at risk by mid-century, with the largest increase in risk estimated for September and for the Sacramento Valley and coastal southern California regions. Outside the summer months and beyond the Central Valley and southern California, current and future risk remains low due to one or more major bottlenecks to transmission.

InterpretationOur study identifies the specific regions and months conducive to dengue transmission in the non-endemic setting of California. At present, this covers a substantial portion of the state and is projected to expand under on-going climate warming and urbanization. Our results underscore the need for sustained vector control, and timely detection and management of travel-associated cases.

Research in ContextO_ST_ABSEvidence before this studyC_ST_ABSDengue is considered endemic in over 125 countries and rapidly expanding its range, aided by climate warming, urbanization, and global travel and trade. Estimating transmission risk in newly emerging regions is critical for public health preparedness and depends on both local environmental conditions and the introduction of viremic travelers. We searched PubMed from database inception to May 8, 2025, for articles published in English using search terms "dengue", "model", "non-endemic", and their common textual variants. We identified 75 relevant studies modeling dengue transmission risk in non-endemic settings. However, nearly all were focused on one or two major determinants of transmission (eg, climate, vector population dynamics, or case importations) and/or did not include future projections. We found no studies that developed and validated a model of dengue transmission risk in non-endemic settings that incorporated vector, pathogen, and human suitability factors, and applied this model to project future risk.

Added value of this studyThis study provides a novel approach to model dengue transmission risk in emerging regions that integrates the major factors driving transmission--vector presence, temperature suitability, and travel-associated cases. We apply this model to California--an emerging center of transmission risk in the continental USA--to identify the times and regions where risk exceeds levels observed during recent local transmission. We found that approximately 18.2 million California residents may be at risk based on this threshold, with an additional 4.1 million potentially at risk by mid-century under a moderate scenario of warming and urban expansion.

Implications of all the available evidenceOur study identifies the hotspots of dengue transmission risk at a fine spatial and temporal resolution (census tract, month) in a highly populous and globally-connected region of emerging dengue risk. These risk estimates, and the regionally-specific bottlenecks to transmission that we identify can inform targeted disease surveillance and prevention strategies. Further, our findings have implications for other emerging regions including the southern USA and southern Europe, suggesting that the risk of local dengue transmission may increase under ongoing climate warming, urbanization, and global travel.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Couper, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sipin, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sambado, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rennie, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shanebeck, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyberger, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collender, P. P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngo, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Remais, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacDonald, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.14.688544</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Climate warming and urbanization may expand dengue transmission risk in California]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.14.688552v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MLT-11 is necessary for C. elegans embryogenesis and conserved sequences play distinct roles in cuticle structure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.14.688552v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Apical extracellular matrices (aECMs) are associated with many epithelia and many form a protective layer against biotic and abiotic threats in the environment. Despite their importance, we lack a deep understanding of their structure and dynamics in development and disease. C. elegans molting offers a powerful entry point to understanding developmentally programmed aECM remodeling. Here, we show that the poorly characterized putative protease inhibitor gene, mlt-11, is directly regulated by the NHR-23 transcription factor. We identify key cis-regulatory elements required for robust mlt-11 expression. An internal MLT-11::mNeonGreen translational fusion transiently localized to the aECM in the cuticle and embryo. MLT-11::mNeonGreen was also detected in lining openings to the exterior (vulva, rectum, mouth). mlt-11 is necessary to pattern all layers of the adult cuticle, and reduction of MLT-11 levels disrupted the barrier function of the cuticle. Deletion of conserved Kunitz protease inhibitor domains or intervening sequences produced a range of defects including either left or right rollers, and small separations of the cuticle along the length of the animal (microblisters). MLT-11 is processed into at least two fragments and internal and C-terminal mNeonGreen knock-ins display distinct localization patterns. Predicted mlt-11 null mutations caused fully penetrant embryonic lethality and elongation defects. Together, this work suggests that MLT-11 localizes similarly to pre-cuticle components and conserved sequences play distinct roles in promoting proper assembly of the aECM.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ragle, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turzo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vo, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, V. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daly, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clancy, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levenson, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.14.688552</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MLT-11 is necessary for C. elegans embryogenesis and conserved sequences play distinct roles in cuticle structure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.16.688059v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Persistent trade-offs balance competition and colonization across centuries 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.16.688059v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial competition drives rapid adaptation, often forcing organisms to specialize in new ecological niches. Adaptations that improve competitive ability can reduce performance in other environments creating trade-offs. Whether such trade-offs persist in nature--or are eroded as lineages adapt through compensatory changes--remains largely unknown. Here we show that a trade-off between competitive ability and host colonization has been stably maintained in natural Pseudomonas populations for centuries. Wild plant-pathogenic Pseudomonas compete using tailocins--phage-derived molecular weapons that bind to specific cell-surface receptors. Genomic surveys and functional assays reveal that the most broadly lethal tailocins remain rare--while the tailocins production increases competitive killing, it also compromises plant colonization. We determine that the polymorphisms behind this trade-off are not transient -- historical genomes spanning two centuries show that the trade-off has been maintained for at least 10-10 generations. Our results demonstrate that, in natural populations, a trade-off between competition and pathogenicity is fundamental and not easily overcome.

SignificanceWhen a microbe colonizes a host, it must both establish infection and outcompete other organisms. Short-term experiments show that gains in competitive ability can reduce colonization, creating trade-offs, but whether microbes resolve these conflicts over long evolutionary timescales is unknown. We show that a trade-off between competitive killing and host colonization has been stably maintained for centuries in natural Pseudomonas populations infecting Arabidopsis thaliana. Tailocins--phage-derived weapons--provide strong competitive advantages, yet their production reduces colonization success, explaining why the most broadly lethal variants remain rare. Genomic surveys and historical genomes spanning two centuries reveal that the polymorphisms underlying this trade-off have persisted across 10-10 generations. Understanding such long-lived constraints can inform antimicrobial strategies that exploit evolutionary trade-offs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Backman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caullireau, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bleak, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bezrukov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Girardi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawks, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lasky, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Latorre, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erberich, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neumann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perkins, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Symeonidi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azadi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horvath, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muszynski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lang, P. L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karasov, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burbano, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.16.688059</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Persistent trade-offs balance competition and colonization across centuries]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.16.688697v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Overcoming the eIF2α Brake in Human Cell-Derived Translation Systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.16.688697v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell-free translation from human cells is a powerful platform for studying mammalian gene expression and building synthetic biology tools, but productivity is often curtailed by inhibitory phosphorylation of eIF2 on residue Ser52. Here we systematically explored complementary strategies to bypass this initiation block across editable and hard-to-edit human cell types. In Expi293F suspension cells, precise genome editing of EIF2S1 to block Ser52 phosphorylation (eIF2-S52A) produced high-activity extracts. Genetic knockout of EIF2AK2 (PKR)-the principal eIF2 kinase engaged in eIF2 phosphorylation in Expi293F lysates-also improved translation, further establishing eIF2 phosphorylation as the dominant bottleneck in Expi293F translation extracts. Because genome editing is impractical in many contexts including primary human cells, we also implemented expression-based rescue of eIF2 phosphorylation: stable piggyBac integration of truncated GADD34 (PPP1R15A) and K3L, a viral eIF2 decoy, under control of a Tet-inducible promotor in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and primary human fibroblasts. After differentiating engineered KOLF2.1J iPSCs into cardiomyocytes, we found that stable GADD34/K3L expression increased translation output in cardiomyocyte translation extracts. Using the piggyBac expression system in primary fibroblasts also resulted in improved translational output. Together these data pinpoint eIF2 phosphorylation as the key barrier to robust translation in human cell translation extracts. They also show that editing eIF2 or removing PKR is optimal where genome editing is feasible, while providing a portable GADD34/K3L expression cassette enables production of translationally active lysates from systems where genome editing is challenging or not possible.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aleksashin, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shelke, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cate, J. H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.16.688697</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Overcoming the eIF2α Brake in Human Cell-Derived Translation Systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.16.688711v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MORPH2DIAG: Automated Structural MRI Preprocessing and Tissue Segmentation for Interpretable Machine and Deep Learning-Based Neuroanatomical Classification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.16.688711v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Structural MRI provides a noninvasive window into brain morphology, yet the reproducibility and interpretability of morphometric analyses remain limited by inconsistent preprocessing, variable spatial alignment, and heterogeneous feature construction. We introduce MORPH2DIAG, a fully automated, atlas-free morphometric pipeline that integrates standardized preprocessing, tissue segmentation, spatial normalization, data-driven subtyping, and machine- and deep-learning classification within a single, modular framework. The pipeline performs intensity normalization, morphological cleanup, PCA-informed affine alignment, isotropic rescaling, and Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) segmentation to generate quantitative gray-matter (GM), white-matter (WM), and cerebrospinal-fluid (CSF) maps. Global tissue fractions were used to derive latent neuroanatomical subtypes via unsupervised K-means clustering, revealing progressive GM-CSF gradients consistent with patterns commonly observed along normative-to-atrophic structural continua observed in neurodegeneration. To capture finer-grained spatial heterogeneity, a voxel-wise K-means parcellation yielded parcel-level intensity means and variances that served as regional morphometric descriptors. These global and parcel-level features were integrated into a unified evaluation suite comparing classical machine learning models (Random Forests, Logistic Regression, XGBoost) with lean, deep, and hybrid multilayer perceptrons (MLPs) trained using focal loss, label smoothing, stochastic weight averaging, and nested cross-validation with PCA-based dimensionality reduction. Across methods, the hybrid MLP achieved the highest macro-F1 and balanced accuracy, demonstrating strong discriminative performance for the discovered morphometric subtypes. Collectively, MORPH2DIAG establishes a fully automated, atlas-free framework that unites unsupervised structural subtype discovery with interpretable machine and deep learning, providing a reproducible foundation for MRI-based morphometric profiling and automated detection of neurodegenerative-like patterns.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bangera, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pospisil, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bengtsson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.16.688711</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MORPH2DIAG: Automated Structural MRI Preprocessing and Tissue Segmentation for Interpretable Machine and Deep Learning-Based Neuroanatomical Classification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.16.688715v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A chromosome-level genome assembly of a vernal pool specialist amphibian, the Western Spadefoot, Spea hammondii 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.16.688715v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We assembled and annotated a chromosome-level reference genome for the Western Spadefoot, Spea hammondii (Anura, Scaphiopodidae) representing one of only three amphibians included in the California Conservation Genomics Project (CCGP). Spea hammondii is a vernal pool breeding anuran native to California and northwestern Baja California which has undergone both range contractions and local extirpations across its distribution, primarily due to habitat loss and degradation and drought. The species is recognized by the state of California as a Species of Special Concern and is proposed for listing under the United States Endangered Species Act.

Using the established CCGP pipeline, this S. hammondii genome was produced using Pacific Biosciences HiFi long-reads and Omni-C proximity ligation, resulting in a de novo genome assembly 1.14 Gb in length, distributed across 479 scaffolds (scaffold N50 = 120.8 Mb; largest scaffold = 183.6 Mb) with a BUSCO completeness score of 90.9% using a conserved tetrapod ortholog set. Our assembly shows high base accuracy (QV = 63.7) and low frameshift error in coding regions (QV 50.42). Annotation of this genome yielded 20,434 genes with a BUSCO completeness score of 94.7%. This reference genome, in combination with range-wide resequencing data from CCGP, will facilitate statewide population genomic assessments to delineate conservation units, quantify inbreeding and genomic load, and test for adaptive variation associated with vernal pool hydrology and drought tolerance, all of which are important considerations in the proposed federal listing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thompsky, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beraut, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escalona, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espinoza, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sacco, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahasrabudhe, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seligmann, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tofflemier, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaffer, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.16.688715</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A chromosome-level genome assembly of a vernal pool specialist amphibian, the Western Spadefoot, Spea hammondii]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.17.688783v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Model of ocular surface ion and water transport predicts efficacy of dry eye therapeutics targeting epithelial transport and tear fluid dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.17.688783v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The composition and volume of tear fluid lining the ocular surface are governed by the rates of lacrimal gland secretion, tear film evaporation, nasolacrimal drainage, and epithelial ion and water transport. Tear fluid hyperosmolality and reduced volume are key drivers of dry eye disease (DED) pathogenesis. We constructed a mathematical model to compute the composition and volume of tear fluid and epithelial cell compartments, with transport parameters specified for the mouse eye from published data and in vivo measurements of ocular surface potential differences. The model accounted for transcellular and paracellular transport across the epithelia under open-circuit conditions utilizing flux equations for individual transport mechanisms, with mass balance constraints on solute and water content in cytoplasm and tear fluid. Under DED conditions established by reduced lacrimal secretion and increased evaporation, the model predicted the efficacy of currently available DED therapies including punctal plugs, humidification goggles, lacrimal gland stimulation, and artificial tears eye drops. The model also predicted the limited efficacy of anti-absorptive and pro-secretory drugs targeting epithelial ion transporters, and the high efficacy of targeting epithelial water permeability or paracellular ion permeability. The modeling herein provided quantitative predictions to prioritize novel targets for DED and drive the development of new therapies.

Author SummaryDry eye disease (DED) affects billions of adults worldwide, but a full picture is lacking of how the tear film becomes abnormally thin and hyperosmolar. The computer model built here links four processes - tear production by the lacrimal gland, tear fluid evaporation, tear drainage through tear ducts, and transport of solutes and water across eye surface epithelial cells - to predict the thickness and composition of the tear film in various conditions. Model parameters were selected using published data and electrical measurements of voltage changes across the ocular surface produced by ion transport. The model predicted that existing therapies, such as punctal plugs, moisture goggles, or stimulating tear production, can substantially increase tear thickness or lower saltiness. The model also predicted limited efficacy of drug therapies in current development that target ion transport, and identified epithelial cell water transport and paracellular ion permeability as novel targets for DED treatment. By making ocular surface transport mechanisms explicit and testable, our work offers a roadmap for development of new therapies that restore a healthy tear film, a major unmet medical need.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Verma, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindgren, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cil, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tradtrantip, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasricha, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verkman, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.17.688783</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Model of ocular surface ion and water transport predicts efficacy of dry eye therapeutics targeting epithelial transport and tear fluid dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.17.688911v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure and mechanism of microtubule stabilization and motor regulation by MAP9 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.17.688911v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) regulate the organization of microtubules and control intracellular transport, but their individual contributions to microtubule dynamics and motor regulation remain poorly understood. Here, we identify MAP9 as a critical factor that stabilizes microtubules and facilitates neuronal morphogenesis. MAP9 knockdown abolishes the outgrowth of neurites, a phenotype not observed through the loss of other neuronal MAPs. Cryo-electron microscopy revealed that, unlike other MAPs that bind along protofilaments, MAP9 binds around the microtubule as a long alpha helix using five consecutive repeats. This unique binding mode enables MAP9 to staple adjacent protofilaments, thereby preventing microtubule depolymerization. We also showed that MAP9 selectively permits kinesin-3 motility while hindering kinesin-1 through interactions with a divergent loop-8 of their motor domains. Our results establish MAP9 as a key MAP required for neuronal growth and uncover how it differentially regulates intracellular transport driven by kinesin motors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cetin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taheri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golcuk, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monroy, B. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ori-McKenney, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gur, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogales, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yildiz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.17.688911</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure and mechanism of microtubule stabilization and motor regulation by MAP9]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.17.688971v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parallel and non-parallel features of adaptive radiation in Yucatan pupfishes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.17.688971v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the extent of parallelism across adaptive radiations remains a central problem in evolutionary biology. We used whole-genome resequencing of 123 individuals to compare the adaptive radiation of Cyprinodon pupfishes in Lake Chichancanab, Mexico, to an independent radiation of San Salvador Island (SSI) pupfishes in the Bahamas, and assess the repeatability of adaptive genetic architecture, sources of adaptive variation, and stages of selection. Despite rapid craniofacial divergence of trophic specialists within 8-15 kya, only two candidate genes (0.5%; 2/426) were shared between Caribbean radiations. Although adaptive introgression played a major role in SSI, we found minimal evidence of adaptive introgression in Chichancanab, likely due to the geographic isolation of this inland lake. Instead, de novo mutations provided a substantial source of adaptive variation (30.6%) for the endemic zooplanktivore, 15 times higher than the endemic scale-eater on SSI. However, in parallel with SSI, we found strong evidence that adaptive divergence occurred in stages, first on regulatory and standing genetic variation, then on de novo and nonsynonymous mutations. Consistent with adaptive variants near opsin and spermatogenesis genes, functional categories unique to Chichancanab, we found greater visual acuity and divergent sperm morphology in lab-reared zooplanktivores relative to generalists using laboratory assays. Consistent with extensive adaptive de novo mutations in WNT10A and rapid diversification of tooth size in the zooplanktivore, we found that experimental inhibition of the Wnt pathway in generalists resulted in narrower oral teeth. We conclude that de novo mutations, not introgression, can drive rapid adaptive radiations in isolated environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kustra, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palominos, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chau, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golwala, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez Zapata, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cetz Paredes, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cortes Sanchez, F. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mar-Silva, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mex, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tralka, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badillo-Aleman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitter-Soto, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gracida-Juarez, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arroyave, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.17.688971</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parallel and non-parallel features of adaptive radiation in Yucatan pupfishes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.18.688525v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Binary vector origin predictably determines Agrobacterium-mediated transformation outcome across eukaryotic kingdom 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.18.688525v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Agrobacterium-mediated transformation (AMT) is the primary means of genetic engineering in plants and many fungi, but the factors that control transformation outcomes--efficiency, transgene insertion number, and transgene integrity--remain poorly characterized. Although transformation outcomes dictate an events potential utility in both industrial and academic contexts, AMT remains largely unoptimized for these metrics. Here, we systematically analyze the impact of the transgene-harboring binary vector on transformation outcomes across plant and fungal species. Through a comparison of different plasmid origin of replication (ORI) families and engineered copy number variants, our results reveal that the ORI family--not plasmid copy number--dictates T-DNA insertion number, backbone inclusion, and transformation efficiency, while plasmid copy number tuning alters efficiency without changing ORI family-specific signatures. Independent of plasmid copy number across kingdoms, the most widely used pVS1 ORI-based vectors (e.g. pCambia) result in significantly more insertions per transformant and high levels of transgene silencing compared to the less-utilized pSa ORI family, which enriches for more uniform single insertion events. Furthermore, we demonstrate that ORI-dependent transformation outcomes in yeast predictably reflect those in Arabidopsis. Together, these results lay the foundation for future binary vector design aimed at achieving more predictable, controllable, and optimized transformation outcomes across diverse eukaryotic hosts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Szarzanowicz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Busche, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lapp, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geiselman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waldburger, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duong, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunkard, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmons, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gladden, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.18.688525</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Binary vector origin predictably determines Agrobacterium-mediated transformation outcome across eukaryotic kingdom]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.19.689067v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dengue Virus NS1 Binds Ephrin B1 to Trigger Endothelial Dysfunction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.19.689067v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dengue virus (DENV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is the most prevalent and medically important mosquito-borne viral pathogen. Infected cells secrete the viral non-structural protein 1 (NS1) into the bloodstream, where it can interact with endothelial cells to induce vascular leak. Host factors involved in NS1-mediated endothelial dysfunction are incompletely understood, leading us to investigate the host interactome of DENV NS1 in endothelial cells via a comparative mass spectrometry approach. We identified ephrin B1 (EFNB1) as a critical host factor in NS1-mediated endothelial barrier dysfunction and show that phosphorylation of EFNB1 is necessary for induction of barrier dysfunction. Further, we map the interface of the EFNB1-NS1 complex through biochemical and computational approaches, and we show that EFNB1-Fc-fusion proteins can act as decoys to block NS1-induced barrier dysfunction in vitro and in vivo. This study provides insights into the mechanism of flavivirus NS1-mediated endothelial barrier dysfunction and new avenues to target vascular leak.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pahmeier, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammond, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flory, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez-Posada, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duarte, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardona-Ospina, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ball, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjang, L. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beatty, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biering, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scaturro, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.19.689067</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dengue Virus NS1 Binds Ephrin B1 to Trigger Endothelial Dysfunction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.19.689361v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA switch model for localization and translation of the myelin basic protein mRNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.19.689361v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oligodendrocytes myelinate the central nervous system by extending cellular projections that ensheath axons and elongate to form lipid-rich myelin. Classic studies visualizing RNA dynamics showed that myelin basic protein (MBP), one of the most abundant myelin proteins, is locally synthesized at the myelin sheath through the transport and local translation of Mbp mRNA. Mbp transport requires its 1.5-kb 3 untranslated region (3 UTR) and prior work identified candidate sub-sequences that may act as cis-acting transport stimulating RNA elements, including one with putative secondary structure. Here, a high-throughput reporter assay, dimethyl sulfate (DMS)-based RNA structure probing, and microscopy in primary rat oligodendrocytes identify a structured 127-nt region that we name the Mbp localization signal (MLS) as both necessary and sufficient for RNA enrichment to oligodendrocyte projections. Lysate pulldown experiments further identify hnRNP-F - a known constituent of the Mbp RNA granule that can suppress mRNA translation - as associated with the MLS; paradoxically, binding of this protein should compete with the ordered MLS RNA structure. These results suggest a model in which the MLS switches between two RNA conformations with distinct protein partners during the transition from Mbp mRNA transport to Mbp translation at the myelin sheath. Such regulation of RNA behavior by structure switching may generalize to other eukaryotic mRNAs whose behaviors shift across space and time.

Significance StatementIn the brain, oligodendrocyte cells generate myelin, a type of insulation that wraps around neuronal axons in order to facilitate fast electrical signaling. A critical step in myelination is the local translation of MBP (myelin basic protein) in the myelin sheath. This requires the transport of Mbp mRNA, an incompletely understood phenomenon that we revisit using two recent approaches for mRNA structure and function. We refine a 127-nt region that is necessary and sufficient for mRNA transport to the myelin sheath. A proteomic screen reveals that this myelin localization signal (MLS) associates with a translation-suppressing protein called hnRNP-F, suggesting a model where Mbp mRNA switches between two states, one for transport and one for translation at the myelin sheath.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Topkar, V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ambiel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valenzuela, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshimura, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuchero, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, M.-m.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.19.689361</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA switch model for localization and translation of the myelin basic protein mRNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.19.689402v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Force-responsive symmetric cell divisions orient stomata along global tissue axes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.19.689402v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stomata, microscopic pores that regulate gas exchange in plants, are patterned according to conserved pathways that regulate their physiology. Here, we identify a new mode of stomatal patterning that depends on previously unrecognized regulation of the final symmetric cell division that creates paired guard cells. Symmetric cell divisions are aligned by tensile stress at both the subcellular and supracellular scales, creating a globally polarized stomatal field that tracks the major axes of tissue growth. By identifying KATANIN as a critical regulator of symmetric division orientation, we show that stress-based division orientation is required to prepattern stomatal morphology and pore creation. We find that expansion of neighboring cells non-autonomously controls symmetric division orientation, linking stomatal alignment to overall leaf shape. Finally, we show that polarized stomatal fields are widespread across plant genera and their species-specific alignment patterns are consistent with the force-based mechanism we identify in Arabidopsis. This force-responsive pathway provides a unifying model that explains long-standing observations of stomatal organization across species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hartman, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, B. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goetz, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cleveland, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muroyama, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.19.689402</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Force-responsive symmetric cell divisions orient stomata along global tissue axes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.20.687493v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diverse infection models demonstrate robust resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to innate immunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.20.687493v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a robust activator of innate immunity. However, there is little evidence that innate immune mechanisms control Mtb before the onset of adaptive immunity. Prior work has generally used specific pathogen-free (SPF) mouse models and relatively large infectious doses, which may obscure the capacity of innate immunity to control Mtb. Here, we performed ultra-low dose Mtb infections and found that the initial innate immune response was unable to curb even minimal Mtb infectious doses. Additionally, we primed the immune systems of C57BL/6 mice by co-housing with "pet shop" mice prior to Mtb exposure. Co-housed mice were as susceptible to Mtb infection as SPF mice. To more specifically pre-activate innate immunity at the site of Mtb infection, we also infected the lungs of mice with Legionella pneumophila (Lp) prior to Mtb. Innate immunity alone can clear large doses (>100,000 CFU) of Lp from the lung within a few days. However, pre-infection with Lp only modestly reduced Mtb CFU compared to mice infected with only Mtb, indicating that Mtb can robustly replicate even in the presence of a strong innate inflammatory response. We performed single-cell RNA-sequencing on myeloid cells from mice either infected with Mtb alone or mice primed with Lp. We found that Lp priming before Mtb infection induced measurable changes in myeloid cells responding to Mtb, but these changes had little effect on innate control of Mtb. Together, these data demonstrate the robust resistance of Mtb to innate immune clearance under diverse experimental conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fairgrieve, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brydon, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavez, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotov, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vance, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.20.687493</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diverse infection models demonstrate robust resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to innate immunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.20.689564v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Modular Toolkit For Theophylline-Dependent Synthetic Auxotrophs Via Riboswitch-Gated Essential Genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.20.689564v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synthetic auxotrophs are a useful means for developing genetically encoded biocontainment systems. Current methods for developing synthetic auxotrophs are complicated or expensive, limiting access and adoption of biocontainment technologies. To address this gap, we developed a simple and modular platform for creating synthetic auxotrophs based on ligand-dependent translational gating of essential genes. By inserting a theophylline-responsive riboswitch upstream of essential genes in Escherichia coli, we created strains whose viability depends on the presence of theophylline. We systematically applied this approach to 29 essential genes, obtained ligand-dependent growth phenotypes for 19 targets, and found that 18 of these essential genes yielded stringent live-die synthetic auxotrophs. These strains exhibited robust theophylline dependence with escape frequencies ranging from 1 x 10-5 to 1 x 10-6 (most below limit of detection). Our modular design allows for the rapid (<1 week), low-cost, and reliable generation of synthetic auxotrophs. This work introduces ligand-dependent translational control as a new mechanism for engineering synthetic auxotrophy and provides an accessible platform that expands the biocontainment toolkit.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Lopez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Overly, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.20.689564</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Modular Toolkit For Theophylline-Dependent Synthetic Auxotrophs Via Riboswitch-Gated Essential Genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.20.689567v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tom70-mediated mitochondria-nuclear envelope contacts regulate nuclear pore complex inheritance during gametogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.20.689567v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gametogenesis rejuvenates the cellular lineage and excludes senescence-associated factors from gametes. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, this involves sequestration of nuclear constituents into the Gametogenesis-Uninherited Nuclear Compartment (GUNC), which is excluded from gametes. Here we identify the conserved mitochondrial import receptor Tom70 as a key regulator of GUNC-mediated exclusion. Loss of TOM70 disrupts the sequestration of nuclear pore complexes, but not senescence-associated aggregates and nucleolar components, into the GUNC. Tom70s role appears independent of its canonical function in mitochondrial import and instead reflects a meiosis-specific requirement for mitochondria-nuclear envelope tethering. During meiosis II, Tom70 concentrates around the GUNC, where it recruits the nuclear envelope tethering protein Cnm1. Loss of CNM1 partially phenocopies tom70{Delta}, consistent with parallel tethering interactions. These findings uncover a previously unrecognized organelle contact-dependent pathway that remodels the nuclear envelope to support selective nuclear inheritance. More broadly, they highlight how organelle contacts integrate with nuclear quality control to safeguard gamete integrity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ruediger, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Styler, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawyer, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spiri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brar, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jorgens, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ünal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.20.689567</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tom70-mediated mitochondria-nuclear envelope contacts regulate nuclear pore complex inheritance during gametogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.20.689601v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exome Sequencing and Allele Dosage Analysis of Coast Redwood, a Hexaploid Conifer, Identifies a Major Population Break South of San Francisco Bay 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.20.689601v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractThe coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) is a long-lived, hexaploid conifer of high ecological, cultural, and economic value whose range has been greatly reduced by historical logging [1]. Effective restoration and conservation depend on understanding patterns of genetic differentiation across the redwood range to delineate populations for management prioritization. Yet, past range-wide studies provided only a partial picture of population structure in coast redwood as they relied on a limited set of genetic markers [2, 3] or limited sampling, as sequencing was done on the same range-wide provenance collection [4, 5]. Here, we analyze 334,029 SNPs from a new range-wide set of 220 individuals using a dosage-based approach that accounts for polyploidy. Principal coordinates and neighbor-joining analyses reveal clear latitudinal genetic differentiation, with a distinct break south of San Francisco Bay. Outlier SNP analysis indicates new candidate loci involved in salinity tolerance, climate stress response, and nutrient uptake, suggesting potential local adaptation. These results point to the central role of geography in shaping genetic variation in coast redwood and give scientific basis for designing new conservation strategies and future experiments, including assisted migration, provenance trials, and restoration planning aimed at preserving the species into the future.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nikolaeva, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santangelo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dodd, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.20.689601</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exome Sequencing and Allele Dosage Analysis of Coast Redwood, a Hexaploid Conifer, Identifies a Major Population Break South of San Francisco Bay]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.21.689519v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Increased mannosylation of extracellular vesicles in Long COVID plasma provides a potential therapeutic target for Galanthus nivalis agglutinin (GNA) affinity resin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.21.689519v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is no proven therapy for Long COVID, a post-acute illness characterized by a myriad of diverse symptoms including fatigue, dyspnea, and brain fog following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been implicated in Long COVID pathogenesis by promoting viral and inflammatory signaling with their molecular cargo. In this study, we investigated whether EV abundance and glycome characteristics are altered in plasma from people with Long COVID and whether they can be targeted for removal using a glycan-binding affinity resin. Large (100-500 nm) and small (40-200 nm) EVs were isolated from plasma of participants in the post-acute phase of COVID-19 and analyzed by nanoparticle flow cytometry to measure concentration and glycan characteristics. Plasma of those with Long COVID contained elevated levels of both large and small EVs, and mannose-positive large EVs were significantly increased in comparison to recovered controls (p < 0.05). EV capture assays using Galanthus nivalis agglutinin (GNA) affinity resin demonstrated small EV removal positively correlated with mannose-positive EV abundance (r = 0.341, p < 0.05). NanoString analyses identified seven EV-associated miRNAs significantly depleted by GNA affinity resin treatment of plasma. PROGENy pathway inference of validated miRNA-mRNA interactions suggests these reductions may lead to a downregulation of JAK-STAT signaling and upregulation of Estrogen, VEGF, and PI3K pathways, resulting in a favorable rebalancing of immune and tissue-repair networks. These findings reveal specific glycome EV-miRNA cargo signatures in Long COVID and the potential clinical benefits of a lectin capture therapeutic strategy to remove these pathogenic vesicles and their inflammatory cargo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pesqueira Sanchez, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Necochea Campion, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalhuisen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fehrman, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chhabra, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deeks, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henrich, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peluso, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaRosa, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.21.689519</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Increased mannosylation of extracellular vesicles in Long COVID plasma provides a potential therapeutic target for Galanthus nivalis agglutinin (GNA) affinity resin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.21.689547v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SPRINT-MS: A high-throughput platform for identifying protein-protein interactions using pooled IP-MS and sparse signal recovery. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.21.689547v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present SPRINT-MS (SParse Reconstruction of INTeractions by Mass Spectrometry), an integrated experimental and computational platform to accelerate the discovery of protein-protein interactions (PPIs). PPIs, which govern critical cellular and physiological processes such as development and disease, form extensive networks that vary across time, conditions, and cell types, creating a complex, high-dimensionality problem. Thus, there is a pressing need for universally applicable tools capable of mapping and quantifying PPI networks and their context-dependent dynamics with high efficiency. SPRINT-MS combines an innovative antibody (or lysate) pooling scheme, immunopurification-mass spectrometry (IP-MS), and a novel sparse signal reconstruction algorithm to enable pooled PPI capture experiments. This approach increases throughput by an order of magnitude, while reducing sample input requirements. We demonstrate that SPRINT-MS, applied to 30 bait proteins of interest via either antibody or lysate pooling, is comparable to standard individual IP-MS experiments in the identification of PPIs and recapitulation of known interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Street, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majumdar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothamel, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gogus, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brar, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rube, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovanovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.21.689547</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SPRINT-MS: A high-throughput platform for identifying protein-protein interactions using pooled IP-MS and sparse signal recovery.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.21.689628v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Observations of anisotropic paramagnetic and diamagnetic susceptibility in the primate brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.21.689628v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bulk magnetic susceptibility in the brain white matter is known to be diamagnetic and anisotropic due to the ordered myelin lipids. While paramagnetic iron is widely present in the brain, it is typically not considered to contribute to anisotropy. Using experimental MRI and computational techniques, this study explores the competing contribution of diamagnetic and paramagnetic substances to the susceptibility anisotropy. Multi-echo gradient-echo imaging and diffusion-weighted imaging data from a paraformaldehyde-fixed post-mortem chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus) brain was analyzed. A computational method, DECOMPOSE-QSM, was used to separate paramagnetic susceptibility and diamagnetic susceptibility components. As expected, diamagnetic components showed significant anisotropy; unexpectedly, paramagnetic components also exhibited strong anisotropy in deep gray matter and parts of white matter. This may arise from the geometric arrangement of iron-rich cellular compartments, such as oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia, along nerve fibers. This method enables further exploration of tissue-specific contributions to susceptibility anisotropy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gkotsoulias, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grassle, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaeger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gone Bi, Z. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crockford, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wittig, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moeller, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.21.689628</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Observations of anisotropic paramagnetic and diamagnetic susceptibility in the primate brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.21.689675v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NK2R signaling governs intestinal lipid mobilization and mucosal inflammation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.21.689675v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuropeptidergic control of lipid metabolism is conserved and increasingly implicated in metabolic diseases, but receptor-level mechanisms remain unclear. Here we identify the neurokinin-2 receptor (NK2R) as a central node linking tachykinin signals to intestinal lipid mobilization, epithelial composition, and mucosal inflammation. Across complementary genetic and pharmacological perturbations, modulation of NK2R drives bidirectional effects. Loss or blockade of NK2R increases postprandial triglyceridemia and expands intestinal lipid stores, whereas agonism suppresses chylomicron output, reduces adiposity, and improves glycemia in diet-induced obesity. Transcriptomic and cellular analyses indicate coordinated upregulation of lipid-metabolic programs with a concomitant dampening of immune pathways in the absence of NK2R, accompanied by sex-specific remodeling of secretory lineages and male-biased protection from colitis. NK2R signaling also shaped the fecal microbiota in a genotype- and diet-dependent manner, highlighting crosstalk among neuropeptide signaling, epithelial physiology, and host-microbe interactions. These findings position NK2R as a molecular switch for intestinal lipid handling and mucosal inflammation and suggest that NK2R-targeted agonists or antagonists could be deployed as context- and sex-dependent therapeutic strategies for metabolic disease and inflammatory bowel disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Perez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Littlejohn, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennelly, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen-Tran, V. T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Athanacio, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joesph, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amso, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tontonoz, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinivasan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.21.689675</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NK2R signaling governs intestinal lipid mobilization and mucosal inflammation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.21.689830v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Machine Learning Analysis of the Human Initiator Reveals New Insights into the Interrelationships between the TATA box, Initiator, and DPR 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.21.689830v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The initiator (Inr) is the starting point for the transcription of many genes. Here, we generated highly predictive machine learning models of the human Inr region, and determined that the Inr is present in about 60% of natural promoters, identified a novel TATA-specific Inr, and detected the overlapping but functionally distinct TCT motif. Quantitative genome-wide analyses revealed a strict and synergistic interaction between the Inr and DPR, a duality between the TATA and DPR, a flexible and sometimes independent function of the TATA box in relation to the Inr, and different properties of the TCT motif in humans and Drosophila.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rhyne-Carrigg, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vo ngoc, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medrano, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillespie, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadonaga, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.21.689830</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Machine Learning Analysis of the Human Initiator Reveals New Insights into the Interrelationships between the TATA box, Initiator, and DPR]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.21.689845v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Determining gene specificity from multivariate single-cell RNA sequencing data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.21.689845v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An important application of single-cell genomics experiments is to identify genes specific to biological categories or experimental conditions. Although numerous approaches have been proposed to identify such genes, we consider an axiomatic approach based on defining properties that a specificity measure should have. This leads us to develop ember (Entropy Metrics for Biological ExploRation), which we show is the only method satisfying four key desired properties for a specificity measure. Applying ember to eight tissues from eight founder mouse strains, we find that gene specificity is often unintuitive: canonical markers can be supplanted, housekeeping genes are context-dependent, and mouse strain can drive unexpected cell type switching. Unsupervised learning on entropy metrics uncovers shared genes specialized to male gonads and kidney, as well as genes specific to non-consecutive developmental stages in the kidney. To facilitate further exploration of gene specificity in mice, we have also developed a comprehensive specificity database, along with a web interface and API. Extending ember to a human PBMC dataset collected from 255 diverse individuals, we find that variation in PBMCs is largely localized to classical monocytes. We also find genes with unique specificity by sex, age and ancestral background. Together, these applications establish ember as a powerful tool and provide a roadmap for elucidating the impact of human genetic variation using the murine model.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Swarna, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Booeshaghi, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rebboah, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kathail, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wold, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mortazavi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pachter, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.21.689845</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Determining gene specificity from multivariate single-cell RNA sequencing data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.24.690127v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Histones and nucleoid-associated proteins in Methanosarcina acetivorans mediate recovery from stress and stasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.24.690127v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many archaea encode both histones and Nucleoid-Associated Proteins (NAPs), which we refer to collectively as archaeal DNA Binding Proteins (DBPs). Whether these DBPs jointly work to compact the genome or have distinct functions remains unknown. Here, we have developed the methanogen, Methanosarcina acetivorans, as a platform to study the function of archaeal DBPs in vivo. M. acetivorans encodes one archaeal histone, hmaA, and two copies of the archaea-specific NAP, mc1 (mc1a & mc1b). We found that each DBP is individually dispensable, but at least one copy of mc1 appears to be required for growth. The growth of the single and double DBP deletion mutants was, by and large, like the parent strain under optimal growth conditions. However, after exposure to stresses or extended periods of incubation in stationary phase, the DBP deletion strains often recovered growth much faster than the parent strain. Conversely, over-expression of DBPs led to a delay in growth recovery that could be abrogated by introducing point mutations in DNA-binding residues. Together, our data suggest that histone and archaea-specific NAPs have partially overlapping roles in M. acetivorans and likely protect the genome after exposure to stress or during prolonged periods of growth stasis. Our findings emphasize that there is no unified function for histones across the tree of life and instead imply that archaeal histones join the ranks of other archaeal NAPs in having strain-specific functions.

ImportanceThough it is known that many archaea encode histones in tandem with archaea-specific Nucleoid-Associated Proteins (NAPs), the interplay between these two classes of DNA-Binding Proteins (DBPs) in vivo is not known. Most studies on archaeal DBPs have focused either on archaea known to form histone-based chromatin, or on strains which lack histones and compact their genomes exclusively with archaea-specific NAPs. Our study, therefore, fills an important gap in the literature by characterizing DBPs in a model methanogen, Methanosarcina acetivorans, which encodes both histones and archaea-specific NAPs. While no DBP is essential, at least one copy of MC1 appears to be needed, likely for genome compaction. In addition, mutants lacking DBPs had a growth advantage after being subject to stresses or long periods of growth stasis, indicating that DBPs likely function in genome maintenance when growth has stalled or stopped.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nayak, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baskevitch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.24.690127</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Histones and nucleoid-associated proteins in Methanosarcina acetivorans mediate recovery from stress and stasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.24.690279v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AlphaFlex: Ensembles of the human proteome representing disordered regions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.24.690279v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over a third of residues in the canonical human proteome are predicted to fall within intrinsically disordered protein regions (IDRs), which do not adopt stable folded structures. These IDRs play critical roles in biological regulation and organization, including as targets for post-translational modifications, scaffolds and mediators of biomolecular condensates. To address the pressing need for valid structural models providing biological relevance and enabling functional insight, we developed the AlphaFlex workflow, using IDPConformerGenerator or IDPForge to calculate fully atomistic conformer ensembles for proteins predicted to have disordered regions, modeled in the context of highly confident folded domains from AlphaFold2. We illustrate our approach by generating conformational ensembles of the human proteins in the AlphaFold2 database, with completed AlphaFlex models deposited in the Protein Ensemble Database that is mirrored in UniProt. This transformative resource of AlphaFlex ensembles provides more realistic and biologically relevant full-length protein models for proteins with IDRs, which we illustrate for scaffold proteins with folded domains connected by IDRs, those with IDRs that interact with folded domains, regulatory and condensate proteins requiring exposed binding elements, and a conditionally folding IDR.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Castro, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghafouri, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Attafi, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fawzi, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tosatto, S. C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monzon, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moses, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Head-Gordon, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forman-Kay, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.24.690279</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AlphaFlex: Ensembles of the human proteome representing disordered regions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.26.690863v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distributed activity in the human posterior putamen distinguishes goal-directed from habitual control in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.26.690863v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How do some individuals rapidly form habits while others maintain flexible, goal-directed control? Using multivariate fMRI decoding in 199 participants, we show that distributed neural activity patterns in the left posterior putamen during initial learning predict individual behavioral strategy on a subsequent outcome devaluation test. This prediction generalized across two independent cohorts of healthy adults and psychiatric patients with heterogeneous diagnoses and was anatomically specific to the posterior putamen. Critically, predictive neural signatures were present during training, before strategy expression after devaluation, enabling prospective classification of habitual versus goal-directed behavior. These findings demonstrate that stable individual differences in behavioral control are reflected in circumscribed brain activity during learning, highlighting the posterior putamen as a candidate neural marker of habit propensity with potential clinical relevance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kluen, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gera, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Man, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, O. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fransen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cockburn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feusner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tadayon-Nejad, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Doherty, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.26.690863</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distributed activity in the human posterior putamen distinguishes goal-directed from habitual control in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.26.690638v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Efficient in vivo mammalian neuron editing using peptide-mediated CRISPR enzyme delivery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.26.690638v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-mediated genome editing of the central nervous system (CNS) has the potential to revolutionize the treatment of neurological disorders, including neurodegenerative disorders such as Huntingtons disease (HD). However, the development of CRISPR therapeutics for the CNS has been hindered by challenges associated with delivery, specifically the lack of a clinically compatible, non-viral delivery technology facilitating genome editing of neurons in vivo. For most indications, two key obstacles must be overcome before therapeutic genome editing of the brain is feasible: non-toxic intracellular delivery of CRISPR cargo into neurons and establishment of strategies enabling targeted brain regions to be edited efficiently. While viral vectors have shown promise in pre-clinical models, non-viral approaches present distinct advantages: ease of manufacture as well as the transient presence of CRISPR machinery, which tempers risks of genotoxicity and immunogenicity. Peptide-enabled ribonucleoprotein (RNP) delivery of CRISPR (PERC) has emerged as a promising non-viral delivery strategy for CRISPR enzymes with initial use in primary human immune cells. In this study, we report the development of Neuro-PERC, a streamlined and optimized approach for in vivo editing of mammalian neurons. Administration of Neuro-PERC reagents via convection-enhanced delivery (CED) mediated efficient and well-tolerated neuronal genome editing. Neuro-PERC enabled robust neuronal editing in the brain of both small and large animal reporter models, and increased survival in a severe murine model of Huntingtons disease. These results establish CED-administered Neuro-PERC as a candidate delivery technology to hasten clinical translation of CRISPR-based therapies for diseases of the CNS.

SummaryNeuro-PERC, a peptide-mediated CRISPR enzyme delivery technology, enables efficient in vivo mammalian neuronal editing in the brain of mice and pigs, extending survival in a murine model of Huntingtons disease when administered via convection-enhanced delivery (CED).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Manohar, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Travis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munjal, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baehr, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahnama, L. M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyung Kang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haddad, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asija, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noel, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peddireddy, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chouhan, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyman, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnappa, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Killebrew, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hua Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snow, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byrne, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boosani, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otero, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bringas, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Brien, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocco, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmerly, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sran, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidensticker, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saville, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaitan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmelzle, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramanyam, P. N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samaranch, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wells, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehrenberg, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clelland, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murthy, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lonser, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Had</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.26.690638</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Efficient in vivo mammalian neuron editing using peptide-mediated CRISPR enzyme delivery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.26.690792v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Uncovering senescent fibroblast heterogeneity connects DNA damage response to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.26.690792v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular senescence is a largely heterogeneous state of cell stress that deleteriously accumulates with age. Many types of heterogeneity in senescence have been described; however, cellular senescence within the same cell type has only started to be documented. Here, we show primary, human lung fibroblasts from donors who are healthy or diagnosed with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) exhibit a subtle form of heterogeneity over time after DNA damage. Moreover, senescent IPF lung fibroblasts display a dysregulated transcriptional-protein DNA damage response (DDR). Weighted gene correlation network analysis (WGCNA) reveals unique and known targets linking senescent IPF lung fibroblast heterogeneity to genes associated with DNA damage and repair, cytokine and chemokine responses, and extracellular matrix (ECM) signaling. We combine our healthy and IPF senescent gene expression signatures to develop a novel gene set of senescence-associated genes that identify disease-relevant cells in human single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) data. Collectively, our results uncover human-relevant senescence signatures, highlight IPF-specific DDR, cytokine and chemokine, and ECM targets, and expand our understanding of how a dysregulated DDR contributes to senescent cell heterogeneity in IPF.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hughes, J.-W. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pujari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandholm, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Croll, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monk, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshua, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butterfield, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horton, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Senchyna, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coelho, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, T.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deguchi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Saux, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deinhardt-Emmer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellerby, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vitari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hogoboam, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laslavic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desprez, P.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quarta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campisi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.26.690792</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Uncovering senescent fibroblast heterogeneity connects DNA damage response to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.26.690550v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bioenergetic responses to β-adrenergic stimulation in beige adipocyte depend on actomyosin driven forces 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.26.690550v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Beige (BeAT) and white adipoctyes (WAT) reside within the same fat depots but differ in their responses to {beta}-adrenergic stimulation. While both activate classical PKA-mediated pathways, only beige adipocytes show induction of UCP1 expression and enhanced mitochondrial respiration, suggesting additional mechanisms that distinguish their responses. Here we uncover a parallel, non-canonical biomechanical pathway specific to beige adipocytes that is essential for thermogenic activation. Mechanistically, {beta}-AR stimulation induces a rapid Myh9-mediated actomyosin contraction and stiffening in beige, but not white, adipocytes that activates focal adhesion kinase (FAK), which we show to be critical for the expression of oxidative and thermogenic genes including UCP1 and PLIN5. These findings reveal a new biomechanical Myh9-FAK signaling arm downstream of b-adrenergic activation that differentiates thermogenic from white adipocytes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ling, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dempsey, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalindjian, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verghese, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liparulo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stahl, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.26.690550</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bioenergetic responses to β-adrenergic stimulation in beige adipocyte depend on actomyosin driven forces]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.26.690838v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interpretable Thermodynamic Score-based Classification of Relaxation Excursions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.26.690838v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Classification and regression are cornerstones of computational biology and science at large, from identifying cell types to stratifying patients by disease state. Current deep learning classifiers provide accurate predictions but offer neither uncertainty estimates nor insight into which features matter most. On the other hand, while diffusion models excel at generating new samples from learned distributions, they have seen limited use in classification and prediction tasks. We introduce a physics-inspired conceptual approach, which we name Keeping SCORE, that transforms diffusion models into probabilistic engines for classification and regression. By measuring dissipation along noising trajectories under different class assumptions, we calculate exact class likelihoods and quantify prediction confidence. Our approach is naturally accompanied by feature attributions that identify which input variables drive each decision, providing interpretability without modifying existing trained models. We test our framework across image recognition tasks (handwritten digits, natural photos), single-cell genomics (distinguishing cell identities, mapping gene perturbation effects), and molecular biophysics (predicting mutation impacts on protein folding energy), showing accurate probability estimates alongside explanations through physically meaningful coordinates. This connection between non-equilibrium statistical mechanics and modern AI approaches creates interpretable, uncertainty-aware predictions for biological discovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kuznets-Speck, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pholraksa, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prashnani, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaikuntanathan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goyal, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.26.690838</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interpretable Thermodynamic Score-based Classification of Relaxation Excursions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.28.691080v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Induced ubiquitination bypasses canonical ERAD to drive ER protein degradation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.28.691080v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Heterobifunctional proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) have emerged as a powerful strategy to degrade disease-relevant proteins, enabling targeting of previously "undruggable" proteins. Current degrader molecules primarily target cytosolic substrates, yet nearly one-third of the proteome resides in or transits the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), including receptors, secreted factors, and biosynthetic enzymes with high therapeutic relevance. Whether ER-localized proteins can be broadly targeted for induced degradation remains an open question. To address this gap, we employed a panel of fluorescent reporter cell lines and used the dTAG chemical-genetic system to recruit cytosolic E3 ligases. While lumenal substrates segregated from the cytosol were resistant to degradation, recruitment of cytosolic ligases effectively degraded ER membrane proteins across multiple topologies and with post-translational modifications. CRISPR genetic screens revealed that the induced degradation required the expected cullin RING ligase complexes but surprisingly bypassed ER-associated degradation (ERAD) machinery, with the exception of the AAA ATPase VCP. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that substrate ubiquitination was essential for VCP binding, and cleavage of ubiquitin chains released VCP, suggesting a model in which VCP directly extracts substrates independent of a dislocation apparatus. Extending this strategy to an endogenous substrate, we synthesized an HMGCR ERAD-TAC by linking atorvastatin to a cereblon E3 ligase recruiter and found that HMGCR degradation was likewise VCP-dependent. Together, these findings demonstrate that ER membrane proteins are generally susceptible to induced degradation via cytosolic ligase recruitment, uncovering a VCP-centered mechanism that operates independently of membrane-embedded ERAD machinery. This work establishes foundational principles for extending targeted protein degradation to the early secretory pathway.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTTargeted protein degradation has transformed drug discovery. Nearly one-third of the proteome reside in or transit the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), a compartment rich in therapeutically relevant but structurally complex targets. Whether these ER proteins can be broadly degraded using PROTACs has remained unknown. Here, we define the minimal requirements for degrading ER membrane proteins by recruiting cytosolic E3 ligases. Using chemical-genetic tools, genetic screens, and a statin-based degrader, we show that ubiquitination engages the VCP extraction machinery, enabling degradation of diverse ER membrane proteins independent of canonical ER-associated degradation components. These findings reveal a ubiquitin-driven route for membrane protein turnover, expand the landscape of druggable ER proteins, and establish principles for designing degraders operating in the early secretory pathway.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tomlinson, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kroskrity, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deol, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomura, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olzmann, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.28.691080</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Induced ubiquitination bypasses canonical ERAD to drive ER protein degradation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.29.691276v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A model of transcriptional bursting dynamics based on coupling between chromatin and enhancer states 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.29.691276v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In recent years, it has become evident that transcription is not always a continuous process. Rather, many genes exhibit bursting behavior characterized by discrete periods of transcriptional activity and inactivity. While transcriptional bursting has been broadly observed across different organisms, from bacteria to mammals, we lack a mechanistic understanding of the molecular events that regulate this widespread process. Specifically, how the expression of a  bursty gene is quantitatively determined by different molecular factors such as the concentration of transcription factors (TF) and architecture of the enhancers is not well understood. Here, we introduce a model based on the interplay between chromatin state and TF binding in order to describe bursting dynamics. We leverage the widespread Monod-Wyman-Changeux two-state model to predict the dependence of transcriptional bursting dynamics on TF concentration, binding affinity, and number of TF binding sites. We use the model to qualitatively reproduce the behavior of bursting dynamics observed in the C. elegans gonad. Overall, we provide a tractable model for transcriptional bursting that offers mechanistic insights into the factors regulating transcriptional bursting and generates experimentally testable predictions capable of uncovering the molecular basis of this widespread process.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Axelrod, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Binshtok, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gebelein, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sprinzak, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.29.691276</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A model of transcriptional bursting dynamics based on coupling between chromatin and enhancer states]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.11.28.691208v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Semi-supervised Retrieval of Functional Residues Through the Integration of Protein Language Models and Gene Ontology Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.11.28.691208v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationExperimental studies of protein function often focus on mechanistic descriptions, characterizing how specific sites and residues contribute to activity. Abstractions such as domains and active sites enable quantitative descriptions of how protein features act biologically. Thanks to the abundance of high-quality sequence and function data, machine learning has achieved great success in directly predicting protein function. However, translating functional characterizations into mechanistic ones on the level of the domains, binding sites, or motifs remains challenging. This represents a semi-supervised problem: sequences and global functional labels are available, but local annotations must be inferred.

ResultsWe investigate the unsupervised discovery of functionally active protein regions by integrating protein sequence models with functional information. We first formalize the residue-level functional annotation problem by constructing unified evaluation datasets linking Gene Ontology functions to annotated residues. Eight datasets are assembled, spanning levels of specificity from single active-site residues to domains covering up to 60% of a protein. We then introduce a new class of function-conditioned generative models that more accurately predict functionally important residues than existing approaches, including interpretability methods and PSSM entropy estimation, across multiple benchmark datasets.

Availabilitygithub.com/mofradlab/go_interp

Contactmofrad@berkeley.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dickson, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mouline, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamadon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mofrad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.11.28.691208</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Semi-supervised Retrieval of Functional Residues Through the Integration of Protein Language Models and Gene Ontology Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.11.29.691321v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disentangling Superpositions: Interpretable Brain Encoding Model with Sparse Concept Atoms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.11.29.691321v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Encoding models using word embeddings or artificial neural network (ANN) features reliably predict brain responses to naturalistic stimuli, yet interpreting these models remains challenging. A central limitation is superposition: distinct semantic features become entangled along correlated directions in dense embeddings when latent features outnumber embedding dimensions. This entanglement renders regression weights non-identifiable--different combinations of semantic directions can produce identical predictions, precluding principled interpretation of voxel selectivity. To address this, we introduce the Sparse Concept Encoding Model, which transforms dense embeddings into a higher-dimensional, sparse, non-negative space of learned concept atoms. This transformation yields an axis-aligned semantic basis where each dimension corresponds to an interpretable concept, enabling direct readout of conceptual selectivity from voxel weights. When applied to fMRI data collected during story listening, our model matches the prediction performance of conventional dense models while substantially enhancing interpretability. It enables novel neuroscientific analyses such as disentangling overlapping cortical representations of time, space, and number, and revealing structured similarity among distributed conceptual maps. This framework offers a scalable and interpretable bridge between ANN-derived features and human conceptual representations in the brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zeng, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallant, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.11.29.691321</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disentangling Superpositions: Interpretable Brain Encoding Model with Sparse Concept Atoms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.01.687254v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Advancing High-Resolution 7T Diffusion MRI: Evaluating Phase-Encoding Correction Strategies for Distortion Correction from Basic to Four-Way Acquisitions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.01.687254v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeHigh-resolution 7T diffusion MRI (dMRI) is limited by image artifacts that compromise anatomical accuracy. The purpose of this study was to systematically evaluate phase-encoding (PE) acquisition and correction strategies to determine which methods best mitigate geometric distortions and improve data reproducibility.

MethodsFive healthy adults were each scanned twice on a 7T MRI scanner (0.9 mm isotropic resolution), using a highly oversampled dMRI protocol with four PE directions (AP, PA, RL, LR). From this dataset, we created and processed eleven time-equivalent, 10-minute acquisitions, ranging from uncorrected single-PE data to comprehensive 4-way PE schemes. These strategies were quantitatively compared on their geometric alignment with T1-weighted images and on the scan-rescan reproducibility of DTI-derived metrics.

Results(1) All distortion-corrected schemes significantly improved geometric accuracy over uncorrected data; (2) Strategies correcting with a full set of reversed-PE (2-way) diffusion weighted images (DWIs) outperformed the common approach of using only a single reversed b=0 image; and (3) a 4-way PE acquisition consistently provided the highest image fidelity and reproducibility. The optimized acquisition enabled high-quality reconstruction of both long-range and fine-scale superficial white matter pathways.

ConclusionFor high-resolution 7T dMRI, multi-PE acquisition is essential to achieve accurate geometry and stable microstructural estimates (i.e., less residual EPI distortion and better scan-rescan agreement). A 4-way PE scheme provides the most accurate and reproducible results for microstructural and connectivity modeling.

Data statementData will be made available in BIDS format upon acceptance of the manuscript. To be updated with DOI.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schilling, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckett, A. J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amandola, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feinberg, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bunge, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vu, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.01.687254</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Advancing High-Resolution 7T Diffusion MRI: Evaluating Phase-Encoding Correction Strategies for Distortion Correction from Basic to Four-Way Acquisitions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.01.691707v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A foundation model for microbial growth dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.01.691707v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial growth dynamics contain rich information about microbial populations, which support applications from antibiotic testing to microbiome engineering. However, the high dimensionality of growth data and the scarcity of large, task-specific datasets have limited generalizable modeling analysis across systems. Here, we develop a foundation model for microbial growth dynamics. It is a large-scale, self-supervised representation model trained on [~]370,000 experimental and simulated growth curves spanning diverse microbial species, environmental conditions, and community contexts. The model learns lower-dimensional latent embeddings that capture essential dynamical features of raw growth data and enable accurate reconstruction of these data. The concise representations enhance predictive performance in diverse downstream applications. Using these embedding, we achieve few-shot learning for antibiotic classification and concentration prediction, accurate forecasting of simulated and experimental communities, and inference of total abundance from relative-abundance data. By extracting transferable representations from heterogeneous datasets, our model provides a general framework for analyzing and predicting microbial community dynamics from limited measurements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Holmes, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shyti, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duncker, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maddamsetti, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simsek, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamrick, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Son, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villalobos, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shende, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kholina, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baig, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynch, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopatkin, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chory, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>You, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.01.691707</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A foundation model for microbial growth dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.02.691808v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reciprocal interactions between EMT and BMP signalling drive collective cell invasion. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.02.691808v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During collective cell invasion, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and morphogen signalling-mediated cell fate specification are traditionally viewed as a linear cascade: morphogens drive cell fates that activate EMT programs. Here, we uncover reciprocal coupling between EMT initiation and BMP signalling mediated by SNAI2 and SMAD1. Using substrate-induced EMT in ex vivo explants, we demonstrate that EMT initiation upregulates SMAD1 expression, priming cells for BMP signalling competence across germ layers. Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals SNAI2 and SMAD1 co-expression in EMT initiation regions, and SNAI2 overexpression is sufficient to induce ectopic SMAD1 expression in vivo. While BMP signalling is dispensable for EMT initiation, it regulates cell fate proportions, dispersal dynamics, precursor region depletion rates, and migration directionality. This coupling provides a mechanism for synchronising cell fate specification with invasion progression during axis elongation, positioning EMT as a process that actively modulates morphogen competence to coordinate tissue-level cell behaviours during collective cell invasion.

HighlightsO_LIEMT initiation directly primes BMP pathway competence.
C_LIO_LISNAI2 overexpression is sufficient to drive ectopic SMAD1 expression.
C_LIO_LIBMP signalling is spatiotemporally restricted to EMT initiation zones.
C_LIO_LIBMP signalling tunes cell fate proportions and invasion dynamics.
C_LI



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=132 SRC="FIGDIR/small/691808v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (64K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1ae1e78org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@526260org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@b892f1org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1b74815_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Takahashi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neaverson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Busby, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Twarowski, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camacho de la Macorra, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serrano Najera, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steventon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.02.691808</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reciprocal interactions between EMT and BMP signalling drive collective cell invasion.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.04.692316v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-throughput screening reveals mechanisms of environmental control of germination in a fungal thermophile 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.04.692316v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Thermothelomyces thermophilus is a filamentous fungus isolated from self-heating compost. Unlike most of the fungal kingdom, this species exhibits a growth optimum at 45{degrees}C and is intolerant of temperatures below 30{degrees}C. To investigate genetic contributors to temperature-dependent fitness in this system, we implemented a large-scale insertional mutagenesis approach. We generated thousands of T. thermophilus mutants and cultured them at temperature extremes in standard medium. Phenotyping-by-sequencing identified dozens of disrupted loci representing candidate determinants of thermophilic life history, including several annotated in metal transport. We then validated a subset of screen hits with a directed, single-gene knockout paradigm. The results revealed a temperature-dependent regulatory logic for germination, the developmental decision by which a fungal spore initiates growth. Surprisingly, most mutants germinated far better at 50{degrees}C than the wild-type in standard medium and showed markedly slower germination at lower temperatures, consistent with altered germination regulation rather than enhanced intrinsic heat tolerance. We hypothesized that T. thermophilus has evolved sophisticated regulatory machinery to block germination at high temperature unless environmental conditions are favorable. As a proof of concept, we surveyed media conditions and established that elevated zinc dampened germination of wild-type T. thermophilus at 50{degrees}C but promoted it at lower temperature; mutation experiments made clear that such sensitivity was mediated in part by the zinc transporter zip. We interpret these results under a model in which T. thermophilus integrates temperature and nutrient availability to control the transition from spore dormancy to vegetative growth, a developmental decision that shapes fitness outcomes across temperatures.

SignificanceFungal thermophiles thrive at temperatures that represent the upper limits of eukaryotic life. The regulatory and developmental mechanisms that shape their temperature-dependent fitness remain poorly understood. In this work, we elucidate how Thermothelomyces thermophilus integrates temperature cues with other environmental inputs during germination, a key life-cycle stage for dispersal. Our findings highlight germination regulation as an important contributor to fitness at elevated temperatures in a thermophilic eukaryote. These insights are of basic biological interest and provide a foundation for rational strategies to modulate temperature-dependent performance in industrial strains, with applications for high-temperature bioprocessing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ogunyewo, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleming, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fort, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huberman, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brem, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.04.692316</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-throughput screening reveals mechanisms of environmental control of germination in a fungal thermophile]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.03.690226v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Androgen receptor contributes to radioresistance through DNA repair and autophagy in AR-positive prostate cancer cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.03.690226v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Androgen receptor (AR) is a critical therapeutic target in prostate cancer (PCa), and androgen blockade is known to act synergistically with radiation therapy. However, the mechanisms through which AR modulates radiation response are not yet fully understood. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of AR in mediating radioresistance in PCa. AR-positive LNCaP and castration-resistant C4-2 cells exhibited significantly higher radioresistance than AR-negative cells, as determined by apoptosis and cell viability assays. Following irradiation, most LNCaP cells were arrested in the G1 phase, accompanied by rapid p53 activation and p21 induction. Consistently, AR silencing significantly increased radiosensitivity and reduced DNA-PKcs expression and phosphorylation, suggesting that AR enhances DNA repair, likely through non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). At the cellular level, irradiation markedly induced macroautophagy in LNCaP and C4-2 cells, as evidenced by increased LC3B-II accumulation and autophagic vacuole formation, and the upregulation of 11 autophagy-related genes was identified by whole-transcriptomic analysis. To assess their functional relevance, we performed siRNA-mediated knockdown of selected autophagy-related genes and assessed cell viability and Annexin V/PI staining. Notably, BECN1 and LC3 knockdown significantly enhanced radiosensitivity, with BECN1 knockdown showing an effect comparable to that observed with AR silencing. These results suggest that radiation-induced autophagy promotes the survival of AR-positive prostate cancer cells. Moreover, immunohistochemical analysis of ex vivo-irradiated, patient-derived PCa tissues from patients with newly diagnosed high-Gleason score prostate cancer undergoing prostatectomy further demonstrated that radiation-induced autophagy supports the survival of high-grade AR-positive tumor cells. Collectively, our findings reveal that AR promotes radioresistance in PCa by enhancing both DNA repair and autophagy.

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=138 SRC="FIGDIR/small/690226v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (45K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@3f713corg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1233a11org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1b94e5eorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@c8338c_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kudo, K.-i.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chosco, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anzules, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Achanta, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wenning, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhee, J.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohebnasab, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadimin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.03.690226</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Androgen receptor contributes to radioresistance through DNA repair and autophagy in AR-positive prostate cancer cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.06.692780v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural Basis of Human Kinetochore-Microtubule Coupling by the Ndc80 and Ska Complexes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.06.692780v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The outer kinetochore (KT) physically links chromosomes to dynamic microtubule (MT) plus ends, coupling to both polymerizing and depolymerizing tips to support chromosome movements while maintaining robust attachment. In human cells, the Ska complex is thought to function analogously to the yeast Dam1 complex and to cooperate with Ndc80 at the outer KT to ensure stable KT-MT interactions. However, the molecular basis for this cooperation remains poorly understood. We have obtained structures of human Ska and Ndc80 complexes simultaneously bound to MTs, showing how Ska interacts with MT across several tubulin dimers. Ndc80 and Ska complexes engage with each other across adjacent protofilaments "sandwiching" the -tubulin C-terminal tail in the process. We also identify an anchoring interaction between a distinct bending point within the Ndc80 coiled-coil and a tethering helix and nearby phosphorylation sites (T358/T360) in SKA3. Our findings shed light on how human outer KT components collaboratively engage dynamic MT ends to contribute to robust KT-MT attachment and fidelity during chromosome segregation in mitosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yildiz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogales, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.06.692780</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural Basis of Human Kinetochore-Microtubule Coupling by the Ndc80 and Ska Complexes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.03.692158v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Visual Semantic Encoding and Identification of Naturalistic Movies via High-Density Diffuse Optical Tomography 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.03.692158v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding how the brain represents meaning in real-world contexts is essential for both fundamental neuroscience and clinical applications. Brain encoding and decoding models from naturalistic stimuli provide a powerful window into semantic representations. Yet, existing approaches rely on a constrained scanning environment, or on conventional fNIRS, which has been limited to sparse sampling and/or block-design paradigms. Here, we tested whether high-density diffuse optical tomography (HD-DOT), an advanced high-density tomographic optical imaging method, can support semantic encoding and decoding using naturalistic movies. We collected 3.5 hours of naturalistic movie viewing data from six participants using stimuli labeled with 1,708 categories. Encoding models robustly predicted voxel-level responses, yielding single semantic category maps consistent with prior fMRI studies. In complementary decoding analyses, we showed that DOT responses captured sufficient semantic content to identify which clips participants viewed. To assess organization across individuals, we identified a shared low-dimensional semantic space that captures common semantic dimensions. Finally, clustering analyses revealed interpretable higher-order semantic dimensions like social and animate agents, objects vs natural organisms, and textural scenes, consistently mapped across the cortex. These findings demonstrate that DOT can recover distributed, high-dimensional semantic representations from naturalistic movies, bridging fMRI-level semantic mapping with the accessibility of optical imaging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fehner, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fogarty, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilhelm, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bajracharya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markow, Z. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hines, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trobaugh, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huth, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Culver, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.03.692158</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Visual Semantic Encoding and Identification of Naturalistic Movies via High-Density Diffuse Optical Tomography]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.05.692691v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-efficiency, transgene-free plant genome editing by viral delivery of an engineered TnpB 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.05.692691v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome editing has revolutionized plant biology research. However, efficient and straightforward delivery of editing reagents remains a major challenge. Viral delivery systems can address these issues, but CRISPR-Cas nucleases are often too large for viral vectors. Recently, smaller editors like TnpBs have been identified, but wild-type TnpBs are significantly less active than commonly used Cas9 nucleases. Here, we optimized a tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-based system to deliver newly discovered, highly active engineered ISDra2 TnpB variants. Our results demonstrate that the eTnpBc variant delivered via TRV enables effective somatic editing in systemic leaves and achieves up to 90% editing efficiency at target loci, significantly higher than that of wild-type ISDra2 TnpB. Additionally, up to 89% of offspring exhibit a mutant phenotype, with editing efficiencies reaching 100%. The design principles outlined here are expected to accelerate broader adoption of eTnpBc for transformation- and transgene-free genome editing in plants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nagalakshmi, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thornton, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinesh-Kumar, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.05.692691</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-efficiency, transgene-free plant genome editing by viral delivery of an engineered TnpB]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.09.692773v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stable Inheritance of Transgene and Yellow Fluorescent Protein Gene Expression in Progeny of Transgenic Cacao (Theobroma cacao) Plants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.09.692773v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic engineering tools have the potential to rapidly and precisely improve the genome of slow-to-breed cacao. We previously developed an efficient protocol for transforming cacao using cotyledonary explants derived from secondary somatic embryos via Agrobacterium tumefaciens. In this study, we demonstrate that our transformation protocol is successful in elite cultivars, INIAPG-038 and Matina 1-6, producing fertile seeds with stable visual marker inheritance regardless of whether the transgenic plants were used as the pollen or ovule donor. Three vectors were used in the transformations, each containing genes for enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (eyfp) and neomycin phosphotransferase II (nptII). Three transgenic INIAPG-038 events and one transgenic Matina 1-6 event were used to evaluate seed fertility and the stability of transgene inheritance in cacao seeds and plants. The T1 progeny of these four transgenic events were analyzed for YFP expression and transgene presence. YFP expression segregated at a 1:1 ratio in all events when the transgenic plants were crossed with non-transgenic plants, while a 3:1 segregation was observed when transgenic events were crossed with each other. The transgenic plants exhibited a normal phenotype compared to non-transgenic control plants, producing seeds with a 97% germination rate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Austin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vrla, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marelli, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staskawicz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, M.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.09.692773</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stable Inheritance of Transgene and Yellow Fluorescent Protein Gene Expression in Progeny of Transgenic Cacao (Theobroma cacao) Plants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.06.692772v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GUANinE v1.1 Reveals Complementarity of Supervised and Genomic Language Models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.06.692772v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThere has been much debate about the benefits of supervised versus unsupervised learning on genomes. Answering the question of "which is better?" requires the development of comprehensive benchmarks spanning representative functional and evolutionary tasks. Importantly, such benchmarks need large sample sizes to enable well-powered ranking of models under equivalent evaluation, such as L2-regularized probing (linear evaluation).

ResultsHaving developed such an assessment (GUANinE v1.1), we can conclude that the answer is both: each paradigm outperforms on certain tasks and offers key advantages over the other. Supervised sequence-to-function models excel at annotating functional states characterized by chromatin accessibility, histone marks, or CTCF binding, while unsupervised language models outper-form on evolutionary conservation and related tasks without being limited to data-rich organisms. Our hundreds of new evaluations since v1.0 provide evidence for a direct tradeoff between input context size and model parameter count when on a fixed compute budget, which we depict with novel metrics like parameters/base pair. We also describe two new large-scale variant interpretation tasks: cadd-snv measuring proxy deleteriousness, and clinvar-snv measuring clinical pathogenicity. We find that conservation scores, and by extension, language models, dominate deleteriousness prediction, but successfully translating deleteriousness to pathogenicity remains challenging.

ConclusionsGUANinE v1.1 is a large-scale and thorough evaluation of pretrained genomic models. We identify uniquely performant models across tasks, and we conclude by suggesting hybrid-supervised language models may define the next era of genomic sequence modeling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>robson, e. s.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ioannidis, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.06.692772</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GUANinE v1.1 Reveals Complementarity of Supervised and Genomic Language Models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.08.693037v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Y-linked editors for invasive rodent control 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.08.693037v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Invasive rodents are major contributors to biodiversity loss, particularly on islands where native species have evolved in their absence, rendering them vulnerable to predation. Genetic biocontrol offers a promising suite of species-specific technologies that may contribute to rodent suppression and elimination. Here, we evaluate the potential of Y-linked genome editors (YLEs), which contain a nuclease that disrupts a female-essential fertility or viability gene, to suppress or eliminate a mouse population on a small, isolated island. We benchmark YLEs against other self-limiting genetic biocontrol tools, such as sterile male releases, and self-sustaining tools, such as population suppression gene drives and Y-linked X chromosome-shredders. We use the MouseGD simulation framework to model the inheritance patterns of these systems in the context of rodent life history, calculating elimination probabilities, times to elimination and other outcomes for a range of construct designs, fitness costs and release schemes. We find that YLEs are more efficient than other self-limiting tools, and are capable of achieving rodent elimination within a short timeframe for modest release sizes. For a mouse population size of 10,000, elimination is predicted within five years for releases of 350 males per month, and within ten years for releases of 150 males per month. This scale of production is well within existing capabilities, potentially enabling suppression to encompass a larger spatial scale. We found that elimination could be achieved for YLEs targeting both haploinsufficient and haplosufficient target genes; but for a more restrictive parameter space for the haplosufficient case. Gene drives were predicted to achieve suppression and elimination for smaller release sizes; but also to spread to non-target populations. In contrast, YLEs do not bias inheritance and hence display minimal spillover. Altogether, these characteristics present YLEs as a promising, ecologically-manageable biocontrol tool for elimination of invasive rodents and conservation of native species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Verma, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akbari, O. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.08.693037</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Y-linked editors for invasive rodent control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.08.693079v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proteasome activator Blm10 maintains cellular proteostatic balance and gamete quality in budding yeast 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.08.693079v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The proteasome is the central macromolecular complex that is responsible for regulated protein degradation in eukaryotic cells. Its best characterized substrates are ubiquitinated proteins that are targeted to the 26S proteasome complex, consisting of a 19S regulatory particle (RP) capping the barrel-shaped 20S core peptidase (CP). The CP can interact with other caps that modulate its function, including Blm10/PA200, a large monomeric protein whose biological function is not well understood. Blm10 is highly upregulated during gametogenesis in budding yeast, suggestive of a natural stage-specific modulation of proteasome composition. Here, we investigate the function Blm10 during yeast gametogenesis, identifying it as a weak activator of the proteasome that can displace the 19S RP from the CP. Due to this competition for the CP, overexpression of Blm10 can lead to attenuation of ubiquitin-dependent degradation and consequent proteostatic defects. Cells lacking Blm10 also display markers of proteostatic stress, including Hsp104 foci and heat sensitivity, suggesting that Blm10 safeguards normal proteostatic balance. We find that Blm10 is important for maintaining gamete fitness and ensuring normal rejuvenation of aged cells following gametogenesis. Overall, our data suggest a role for Blm10-proteasomes in maintaining gamete proteostasis through fine-tuning of proteasome activity and prevention of protein aggregation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reyes, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos-Ortiz, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spiri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doron-Mandel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovanovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brar, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.08.693079</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proteasome activator Blm10 maintains cellular proteostatic balance and gamete quality in budding yeast]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.09.693260v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparing Multislice Simulations of MD Simulations with CryoEM Exposes Membrane Prediction Errors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.09.693260v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cryo-electron microscopy (cryoEM) is a powerful tool for atomic- and molecular-resolution structure determination, while molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are similarly powerful tools for predicting molecular trajectories. Given the challenges in estimating biomolecule dynamics with cryoEM alone, MD simulations are employed to forecast molecular motions and to interpret cryoEM reconstructions. Few methods, however, can evaluate MD predictions directly. Here, we use multislice wave propagation to project sampled snapshots of MD trajectories, either coarse-grained (CG) or all-atom (AA), into simulated cryoEM 3D reconstructions. We compared simulated and experimental images of low- and high-curvature membranes to show that MD simulations qualitatively reflect the fluidity and thus the contrast of biological membranes observed by cryoEM. MD simulations also correctly predicted bilayer dimensions for single component flat bilayers observed in cryoEM images. However, Martini3 CG-MD simulations failed to predict changes in membrane thickness induced by high curvature and with heterogeneous lipid compositions. We pinpointed the misbehavior of polyunsaturated lipid tails and cholesterol in Martini3 simulations as the main error sources contributing to inaccurate bilayer thicknesses. Our comparisons also explain membrane structure discrepancies between cryoEM and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). Further testing of MD predictions by direct comparisons between simulated and experimental cryoEM images should lead to the development of more accurate MD force fields.

Statement of SignificanceMolecular dynamics (MD) simulations are frequently employed to predict the dynamics of biological macromolecules and assemblies, but these predictions remain difficult to validate experimentally. Cryo-electron microscopy (cryoEM) can be used to directly image the conformational ensemble of macromolecules, but images of Coulombic potential cannot be easily compared to snapshots of atoms from MD simulations. Here, we show that a physics-based multislice image projection algorithm accurately converts MD trajectories to simulated cryoEM 2D images and 3D reconstructions. Using this approach, we identify consistencies and discrepancies between MD simulations and cryoEM experiments. Notably, coarse-grained MD performs poorly compared to all-atom MD when simulating membranes composed of mixtures of lipids that include cholesterol and polyunsaturated lipids, providing observables for MD force field improvement.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mohammed, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lincoff, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natale, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ophus, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grabe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frost, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moss, F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.09.693260</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparing Multislice Simulations of MD Simulations with CryoEM Exposes Membrane Prediction Errors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.09.693245v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Perturbational single-cell profiling of patient tumors defines lineage- and context-specific programs of innate immune resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.09.693245v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractDespite promise in preclinical models, most immuno-oncology drug candidates fail in clinical trials. These failures reflect limitations in our ability to directly model the response of human tumor and immune cells to immunotherapies. To address this gap and test the effect of innate immune agonists, we developed PERCEPT, an approach that uses ex vivo perturbational single-cell RNA sequencing to compare the response of immunomodulatory treatments with unstimulated controls directly in patient samples. Using PERCEPT, we tested cytokines and innate immune agonists in melanoma and Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) and identified the dsRNA mimetic, RIG-I agonist, Stem Loop RNA (SLR) 14 as a powerful inducer of anti-viral states and enhancer of T cell activation. We compared transcriptional  responder and  non-responder patient samples and identified midkine (MDK), a multifunctional cytokine, as a potent repressor of IFN signaling in both tumor and immune cells. MDK expression dampened MHC-I presentation in human tumor cells and reduced activation of antigen-presenting cells, disrupting tumor immunity at multiple levels. In contrast to prior studies, we identified MDK as specifically enriched in neuroendocrine cancers such as MCC and small cell lung cancer compared with melanoma, suggesting the importance of lineage- and context-specific targeting. Our results demonstrate the utility of high-dimensional controlled perturbation of patient samples to identify mechanisms of innate immune response and resistance and demonstrate an actionable path towards clinical development of MDK-inhibiting therapies including FDA-approved ALK inhibitors in neuroendocrine cancers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Perry, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fei, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nassar, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghadermarzi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackie, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nie, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clulo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ouerghi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumit, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaskolko, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caldera, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kyrysyuk, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lum, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naqash, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elliott, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanderwalde, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capelletti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adeyelu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barry, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hugaboom, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bacchiocchi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kluger, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosenberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwasaki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braun, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clune, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Dijk, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olino, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishizuka, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.09.693245</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Perturbational single-cell profiling of patient tumors defines lineage- and context-specific programs of innate immune resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.09.693295v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Machine learning-based prediction of human structural variation and characterization of associated sequence determinants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.09.693295v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Structural variants (SVs) represent a major source of genetic diversity and play key roles in human disease and evolution. Yet, the extent to which local sequence context shapes the likelihood of structural variant formation remains poorly quantified. Here, we develop machine learning models to predict the occurrence of SVs across the human genome and characterize genomic determinants associated with their formation. We developed both a sequence only-based convolutional neural network (CNN) model as well as a random forest approach integrating diverse genomic annotations. Both models achieve high predictive performance individually (>90% AUROC) which can be further improved in an ensemble. The predictive ability of these models demonstrates that SV-prone regions can be accurately inferred from sequence context. Model interpretability techniques reveal key genomic contributors to SVs, including effects of sequence motifs such as microhomology and non-canonical DNA structures, as well as the presence of SV hotspots. We find that different classes of SVs exhibit distinct sequence determinants, with transposable elements and inversions displaying particularly unique signatures. Moreover, predicted SV probability correlates with allele frequency and gene functional constraint, indicating the potential utility of the model for variant effect prediction. These findings demonstrate that machine learning models trained on local sequence features can identify unstable genomic regions and provide a framework for quantifying SV susceptibility and SV variant effects in personalized genomics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lou, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ioannidis, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sudmant, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.09.693295</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Machine learning-based prediction of human structural variation and characterization of associated sequence determinants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.12.694031v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovery of Non-Degradative Covalent Molecular Glues for Transcriptional Reprogramming 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.12.694031v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcriptional reprogramming through induced proximity has emerged as a powerful strategy for modulating the expression of oncogenic and tumor-suppressive genes. Inspired by transcriptional reprogramming approaches such as transcriptional/epigenetic chemical inducers of proximity (TCIPs) that link BCL6 inhibitors to transcriptional regulators, we sought to develop covalent ligands that rewire BCL6 proximity to selectively suppress MYC transcriptional output while derepressing BCL6 target loci. Through a chemistry-driven and chemoproteomics-enabled design strategy, we generated a panel of BCL6-based electrophile-bearing hybrid ligands and identified a nondegradative molecular glue, ZD-1-186, that potently suppresses MYC and robustly induces CDKN1A (p21) in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cells. ZD-1-186 downregulates MYC more effectively than BCL6 inhibitors or degraders, while strongly derepressing canonical BCL6 targets, including p21. Through BCL6 pulldown proteomics, ZD-1-186 induced a selective recruitment of the noncanonical BAF complex subunit BRD9 to BCL6 and covalently modified BRD9 at C288. Pharmacologic inhibition or genetic knockdown of BRD9 attenuated ZD-1-186-mediated MYC suppression and blunted p21 induction. Transcriptomic profiling of ZD-1-186 showed simultaneous derepression of BCL6-repressive loci and suppression of MYC transcriptional programs. These findings demonstrated that ZD-1-186 acted as a transcriptional rewiring glue, recruiting BRD9 to BCL6-repressive loci to activate tumor-suppressive transcription, while also potentially redirecting BCL6 to BRD9-bound oncogenic loci. Overall, our work provides a blueprint for the rational discovery and design of electrophile-enabled, nondegradative molecular glues for targeted transcriptional rewiring.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duong, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandji, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomura, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.12.694031</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovery of Non-Degradative Covalent Molecular Glues for Transcriptional Reprogramming]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.13.694145v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Degraded sensory coding in a mouse model of Scn2a-related disorder and its rescue by CRISPRa gene activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.13.694145v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in SCN2A, a sodium channel gene expressed in cortical pyramidal (PYR) cells, lead to a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by autism, intellectual disability, and cortical sensory dysfunction. In Scn2a+/- mice, PYR dendritic excitability and synapses are impaired, but cortical information processing deficits are unknown. In the whisker somatosensory cortex, we found strongly degraded somatotopic tuning of PYR cells, profoundly blurred whisker maps, and impaired population coding, despite normal overall firing rates. This constitutes a robust biomarker for Scn2a-related cortical dysfunction. Parvalbumin (PV) interneurons were also unexpectedly hypofunctional. We tested for rescue of coding deficits in post-critical period, young adult mice by viral delivery of CRISPR activation (CRISPRa) reagents that upregulate Scn2a. CRISPRa treatment normalized cortical sensory representations at the single-unit and map levels. This suggests that therapy to increase Scn2a expression may be effective in normalizing cortical function in Scn2a loss-of-function disorder, even in older children or adults.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vandemark, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monday, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahituv, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satapathy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamada, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahituv, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bender, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldman, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.13.694145</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Degraded sensory coding in a mouse model of Scn2a-related disorder and its rescue by CRISPRa gene activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.14.692434v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Virus-like particles enable targeted gene engineering and pooled CRISPR screening in primary human myeloid cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.14.692434v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Primary human myeloid cells are promising candidates for immunotherapy, yet efficient and scalable technologies for genetic engineering and screening in these cells are limited. Here we present a virus-like particle (VLP)-based toolkit that delivers diverse CRISPR genome editing modalities to human monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells with high efficiency while preserving viability and innate immune responsiveness. VLP-mediated delivery of ribonucleoprotein payloads supports gene knockout, base editing and epigenetic silencing, and enables site-specific integration of large DNA sequences when combined with AAV donors for homology-directed repair. Leveraging sgRNA delivery via VPX-lentivirus combined with Cas9 protein delivery via engineered virus-like particle (eVLP) treatment ("SLICeVLP"), we performed the first pooled loss-of-function screens in human macrophages. We uncovered regulators of TNF production and CD80 expression in human macrophages, converging on TNFAIP3 as a central regulator of inflammatory polarization. TNFAIP3 ablation promoted a pro-inflammatory cell state that is resistant to suppressive polarization, and augmented cytotoxicity of engineered HER2 CAR-macrophages. Taken together, this technology platform enables unbiased discovery and characterization of functional gene targets in primary human myeloid cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jung, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devant, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ching, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ota, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamilton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinhart, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngo, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandoval, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urs, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allain, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tada, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nunez, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landau, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eyquem, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carnevale, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.14.692434</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Virus-like particles enable targeted gene engineering and pooled CRISPR screening in primary human myeloid cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.11.693783v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Octopamine instructs head direction plasticity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.11.693783v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many plasticity rules rely on adjusting the strength of synapses between pairs of cells based on their coincident activity. We uncovered a new mechanism for coincidence detection in the Drosophila head direction network. To maintain an accurate sense of direction, head direction neurons that signal orientation during navigation must learn to anchor to relevant external sensory cues in novel environments. Yet the synaptic mechanism for this form of unsupervised learning is unknown in any organism. In Drosophila, GABAergic visual inputs converge onto head direction neurons, and these inhibitory synapses change strength with experience to learn the relationship between visual landmarks and head direction. However, how coincident pre- and postsynaptic activity is detected across this inhibitory synapse is not understood. We discovered that neurons which release the monoamine octopamine close a feedback loop that conveys postsynaptic head direction activity onto presynaptic terminals of visual inputs. This octopamine pathway is required for anchoring the head direction network to visual cues. Furthermore, pairing structured activation of octopamine neurons with a visual cue is sufficient to drive rapid plasticity, even without postsynaptic head direction cell activity. Previous work has extensively characterized coincidence detection mechanisms at excitatory synapses; our work defines a novel mechanism for coincidence detection at an inhibitory synapse, in which postsynaptic activity is relayed via a neuromodulatory neuron onto presynaptic terminals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Plitt, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner-Evans, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Co, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Layden, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eddison, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayaraman, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, Y. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.11.693783</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Octopamine instructs head direction plasticity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.13.694147v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
δ2-Protocadherins organize parallel indirect basal ganglia circuits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.13.694147v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The basal ganglia (BG) contain multiple parallel neural circuits, each of which may control different behaviors. However, how the distinct parallel BG circuits are molecularly organized is not known. Here we show that two {delta}2-protocadherins (PCDHs), PCDH17 and PCDH10, which are homophilic cell-adhesion molecules, establish and define two distinct indirect BG circuits that regulate different behaviors. PCDH17 and PCDH10 are expressed in a complementary expression pattern in the BG, anatomically defining two parallel indirect BG connections. Indirect pathway-specific Pcdh17 and Pcdh10 conditional knockout (cKO) mice show impaired establishment of the indirect BG circuits in a region-preferential manner. Finally, the Pcdh17-cKO mice show defects in task learning, while the Pcdh10-cKO mice show defects in motor/sensory habituation. These results identify PCDH17 and PCDH10 as the molecular organizers for two distinct indirect BG circuits regulating different behaviors and reveal the molecular mechanisms for organizing parallel BG circuits.

TeaserDistinct protocadherins organize parallel indirect basal ganglia circuits that regulate task learning or sensorimotor habituation
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hoshina, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boeckers, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson-Venkatesh, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoshina, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsumoto, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rally, V. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sant, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inoue, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Umemori, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.13.694147</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[δ2-Protocadherins organize parallel indirect basal ganglia circuits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.13.691658v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiparametric Assessment of TNNI3 Variant Phenotypes in Human iPSC-Cardiomyocytes Correlates with Disease Severity in Patients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.13.691658v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe routine genetic testing of cardiomyopathy patients has significantly accelerated the identification of causative cardiomyopathy variants. However, translating these genetic insights into effective patient management poses significant challenges, since the impact of gene variants on physiological function and clinical outcomes is not yet fully understood. Therefore, there is an urgent need for large-scale methods to assess the effects of genetic variants on cardiomyocyte physiology and to establish correlations between functional phenotypes and clinical severity.

MethodsWe developed a high throughput imaging platform to measure force generation and calcium handling throughout the cardiac cycle of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs). By expressing variants of a sarcomeric protein [cardiac Troponin-I (TNNI3)] in a healthy genetic background, we were able to assess sarcomeric calcium sensitivity as well as systolic and diastolic function. Analysis of these parameters distinguished subgroups of variants, and permitted the correlation of in vitro physiological effects with a measure of disease severity in a single-center cardiomyopathy cohort.

ResultsCombining contractile force and calcium cycling measurements accurately distinguished known pathogenic from non-pathogenic TNNI3 variants and also revealed pathogenicity of two variants of unknown significance (VUS) that occurred in two families, suggesting the ability to prospectively discern pathogenicity. Clustering of TNNI3 variants based on quantitative physiological phenotypes identified subgroups that correlated with age of disease onset across a well-characterized cardiomyopathy patient cohort, showing clinical relevance of the in vitro phenotypes. Interestingly, normalized measures of in vitro diastolic function correlated with age of onset (R2 = 0.6), but calcium sensitivity, which accurately predicted pathogenicity, did not translate into disease severity.

ConclusionsA high throughput in vitro platform that measures multidimensional cardiomyocyte function can link subgroups of human genetic variants in TNNI3 with differential patient outcomes. Comprehensive determination of variant effects on disease-relevant cardiomyocyte function will help classify variants into different pathogenic mechanisms leading to variable disease severity, and potentially lead to class-targeted ameliorative strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Staudt, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Floyd, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunn, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carhuamaca, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serrano, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hnatiuk, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parikh, V. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashley, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mercola, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.13.691658</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiparametric Assessment of TNNI3 Variant Phenotypes in Human iPSC-Cardiomyocytes Correlates with Disease Severity in Patients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.15.694525v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Translational Downregulation of 5' TOP mRNAs During T Cell Exhaustion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.15.694525v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
T cell exhaustion is a dysfunctional state that arises during chronic infections and cancer, characterized by impaired effector functions and sustained expression of inhibitory receptors. While transcriptional, epigenetic, and metabolic rewiring have been well documented in exhausted T cells, a comprehensive understanding of how translation is regulated in this state remains incomplete. To address this gap, we performed ribosome profiling and RNA sequencing on exhausted human CD8+ T cells to globally assess translational control. Our analyses reveal a marked repression of 5 terminal oligopyrimidine (TOP) mRNAs during exhaustion. Unexpectedly, we demonstrate that this translational repression occurs despite evidence of elevated mTOR activity in exhausted T cells. These findings uncover a previously unknown layer of translational control in exhausted T cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pledger, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ambavaram, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cate, J. H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.15.694525</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Translational Downregulation of 5' TOP mRNAs During T Cell Exhaustion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.16.694742v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A map of the cortical functional network mediating naturalistic navigation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.16.694742v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Navigation through the real world requires close coordination of perception, planning, and motor actions. Prior neuroimaging studies that used controlled stimuli and tasks have suggested that navigation-related information is represented broadly across the human cerebral cortex. While three regions in the anterior visual cortex have been well-studied1, the extent and functional properties of regions in the parietal and prefrontal cortices are not as well-characterized 2. To map and characterize the full cortical network that underpins active navigation in the real world, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to record brain activity from participants performing a naturalistic navigation task. Banded ridge regression was used to fit high-dimensional encoding models for 28,134 features to this data. Results show that naturalistic navigation is supported by a network of 11 functionally distinct cortical regions: five prefrontal and three parietal regions, along with three regions in the visual cortex that had been identified and characterized in previous studies. Analysis of encoding model weights shows that these 11 regions transform perceptual inputs through decision-making processes to produce action outputs, and are organized along distributed cortical functional gradients. These results provide a unified description of the functional properties and organization of the cortical network that mediates naturalistic navigation. We anticipate that these maps will provide rich targets to inform more targeted future studies of human navigation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meschke, E. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallant, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.16.694742</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A map of the cortical functional network mediating naturalistic navigation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.17.694973v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Self-renewal of neuronal mitochondria through asymmetric division 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.17.694973v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondrial ATP production is essential for life. Mitochondrial function depends on the spatio-temporal coordination of nuclear and mitochondrial genome expression, yet how this coordination occurs in highly polarized cells such as neurons remains poorly understood. Using high-resolution imaging in mouse peripheral sensory neurons and zebrafish larvae, we identified a sub-population of mitochondria enriched in mtDNA that are positioned at the collateral branch points of long sensory neurites, both in vitro and in vivo. While the mitochondria in neurites are generally depleted of mtDNA, those at axon branch points preferentially engage in mtDNA replication and transcription, accumulate nuclear-encoded mitochondrial mRNA, and are spatially linked to nascent cytosolic peptide synthesis. The mtDNA-positive mitochondrial pool exhibits asymmetric genome partitioning at division, shedding highly motile daughters that lack mtDNA. Asymmetric division rejuvenates the membrane potential of the mtDNA-rich, biogenesis-dedicated mitochondria. We also found that, in peripheral sensory neurons, axonal mitochondria rarely fuse or share matrix contents, explaining how differentiated daughters maintain their distinct composition and fate after fission. Thus, division-coupled mitochondrial self-renewal is yoked to neurite topology in sensory neurons, patterning mitochondrial diversity and homeostasis from micron to meter scales.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Waingankar, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zurita, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lang, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vuong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shami, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bautista, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drerup, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.17.694973</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Self-renewal of neuronal mitochondria through asymmetric division]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.16.694722v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Goldilocks effect drives plant diversification on middle-aged Hawaiian islands 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.16.694722v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Islands are ideal mesocosms for studying dispersal, speciation, and extinction, but our understanding of insular radiations has long been limited by the difficulty of estimating the timing and tempo of island evolution in the absence of fossils and methods that explicitly account for the role of paleogeography in diversification. We introduce a new generalizable model, TimeFIG, which jointly infers paleogeographically-informed biogeographic rates, ancestral species ranges, and divergence times without using fossils. Using TimeFIG, we reconstruct the phylogeny of Hawaiian Kadua, an ecomorphologically diverse but understudied plant lineage in the coffee family (Rubiaceae), and estimate dispersal, speciation, and extinction rates simultaneously with divergence times and ancestral ranges. Our results support a range of colonization times, either corresponding with the rise of the oldest modern island, Kauai, or with older now-eroded, northwestern islands. We detect strong effects of island isolation on dispersal rates, and find highest diversification rates when islands are "middle-aged" (i.e., Goldilocks effect). Our unified spatiotemporal framework unlocks new possibilities for historical biogeography, enabling rigorous tests of foundational hypotheses in island biology and evolutionary theory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lichter-Marck, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swiston, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendes, F. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>May, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neupane, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldwin, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ronsted, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, W. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zapata, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landis, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.16.694722</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Goldilocks effect drives plant diversification on middle-aged Hawaiian islands]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.19.695558v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of novel ubiquitin receptors on the 26S proteasome by photo-crosslinking mass spectrometry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.19.695558v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The 26S proteasome is the endpoint of the ubiquitin-proteasome system, an essential pathway for maintaining cellular homeostasis through targeted degradation of misfolded, damaged, and obsolete proteins. Substrates labeled with ubiquitin are directed to the 26S proteasome by binding to one or more ubiquitin receptors. However, ubiquitin-dependent degradation occurs even when the canonical receptor sites are mutated, suggesting the presence of additional, unidentified binding sites. Here we created photo-crosslinkable probes for ubiquitin interactions by incorporating the unnatural amino acid p-benzoyl-L-phenylalanine into ubiquitin. We show that these probes can be used to measure apparent affinities for known receptors and to reveal novel ubiquitin-binding sites on the yeast 26S proteasome. Through photo-crosslinking mass-spectrometry experiments we identified a groove on the top of the proteasome, formed by Rpn2, Rpn9, Rpn10, and Rpn12, that serves as an additional ubiquitin-binding interface. Our photo-crosslinkable probes thus serve as versatile tools for the characterization of ubiquitin-protein interactions and the identification of ubiquitin-binding domains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacRae, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harimoto, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.19.695558</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of novel ubiquitin receptors on the 26S proteasome by photo-crosslinking mass spectrometry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.19.695584v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Excitatory nicotinic signaling drives action potential bursting in dopaminergic axons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.19.695584v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) facilitate striatal dopamine transmission but also suppress dopamine release during high-frequency stimulation, suggesting they act as as low pass filters of dopamine release. Because axonal excitability is key a determinant of transmission, we combined axonal recordings and calcium imaging to define the physiological conditions under which nAChRs bidirectionally control dopaminergic axons. Activation of cholinergic interneuron (CINs) recruited nAChRs to enhance dopaminergic axon signals under moderate activation but suppressed signals after strong high-frequency stimulation. Axonal recordings revealed that single-pulse striatal stimulation triggered a rapid ([~]125 Hz) burst of 2-3 nAChR-driven spikes in dopaminergic axons followed by a brief refractory period that inhibited further axon spiking. In sum, we show that nAChRs mainly enhance local excitability of striatal dopaminergic axons but also trigger axonal bursting that suppresses axonal excitability. This mechanism expands the computational power of dopaminergic axons and explains the apparent nAChR-mediated low-pass filtering of dopamine release.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kramer, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yanez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clever, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khaliq, Z. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.19.695584</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Excitatory nicotinic signaling drives action potential bursting in dopaminergic axons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.20.695663v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
OCTRON - a general purpose segmentation and tracking pipeline for behavioral experiments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.20.695663v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
OCTRON is a pipeline for markerless segmentation and tracking of animals in behavioral experiments. By combining Segment Anything Models (SAM 2) for rapid annotation, YOLO11 models for training, and state-of-the-art multi-object trackers, OCTRON enables unsupervised segmentation and tracking of multiple animals with complex, deformable body plans. We validate its versatility across species - from transparent marine annelids to camouflaging cuttlefish - demonstrating robust, general-purpose applicability for behavioral analysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jacobsen, R. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Eekelen, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humphrey, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Rooij, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arenas, O. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lumpkin, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maccuro, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buresch, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seuntjens, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obenhaus, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.20.695663</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[OCTRON - a general purpose segmentation and tracking pipeline for behavioral experiments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.22.695989v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Balanced polymorphism in a floral transcription factor underlies an ancient rhythm of daily sex alternation in avocado 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.22.695989v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In avocado and certain wild relatives in Lauraceae, pollination occurs via a synchronized rhythm of floral sex timing between two hermaphroditic flowering types. A-type plants present female-phase flowers in the morning and male-phase flowers in the afternoon, while B-types show the complementary pattern, a form of heterodichogamy. We map this dimorphism in avocado to a genomic region overlapping a single strong candidate gene, SDMYB, where a dominant haplotype confers A-type flowering. SDMYB belongs to a subgroup of R2R3 MYB transcription factors established as key regulators of floral maturation in diverse species with links to circadian jasmonate signaling. Haplotypes at this locus form an ancient trans-species polymorphism maintained by negative frequency-dependent balancing selection over 44 million years, and they segregate in at least 26 non-avocado species, including in a genus where this mating system has not been reported. Across several species examined, rhythmic diel SDMYB expression is associated with biphasic floral anthesis, and the dominant allele, which contains nonsynonymous changes in conserved functional domains, exhibits a cis-regulated phase delay, corresponding to the delayed 2nd anthesis of A-types. The coupling of dichogamy with diel flower movements, widespread among magnoliids, is a likely precursor to daily forms of heterodichogamy. Absence of the SDMYB polymorphism in true cinnamon, which exhibits a highly similar mating system, suggests the possibility that heterodichogamy has convergently evolved within Lauraceae.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Groh, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>dos Santos, M. F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Dios, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ackerman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solares, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Focht, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seymour, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaut, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arpaia, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coop, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.22.695989</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Balanced polymorphism in a floral transcription factor underlies an ancient rhythm of daily sex alternation in avocado]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.23.696243v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Concreteness shapes semantic representations in bilingual brains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.23.696243v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Behavioral studies show that humans process concrete words more similarly across languages than abstract words. This suggests that in bilingual brains, semantic representations may be more similar across languages for concrete concepts than for abstract concepts, but existing neuroimaging evidence is inconclusive. Here, we analyzed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data from fluent Chinese-English bilinguals who read several hours of naturalistic narratives in both languages. We used encoding models to estimate voxelwise tuning towards concrete and abstract concepts in each language separately. We then quantified the similarity of cortical semantic representations across languages. First, we find that the cortical organization of concreteness tuning is consistent across languages. Second, semantic representations are similar across languages for both concrete-tuned voxels and abstract-tuned voxels. Third, we find that for abstract concepts, cross-language similarity of semantic representations may be driven by emotionality. Overall, these findings reveal how concreteness affects semantic representations in bilingual brains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lamarre, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, X. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deniz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.23.696243</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Concreteness shapes semantic representations in bilingual brains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.24.695929v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recruitment of Fpt1 to tRNA genes requires TFIIIB and the N-terminal TPR array of TFIIIC subunit {tau}131 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.24.695929v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transfer-RNA genes (tDNAs) in budding yeast recruit varying amounts of Fpt1, a regulator of RNA polymerase III (RNAPIII) occupancy. Fpt1 occupancy resembles that of the general transcription factor TFIIIC but how Fpt1 is recruited to tDNAs remains unclear. Here we show that both TFIIIB and TFIIIC are required for Fpt1 binding under active as well as repressive RNAPIII conditions. Depletion of TFIIIB reduced Fpt1 occupancy without affecting TFIIIC. In contrast, TFIIIC depletion led to reduced Fpt1 and a gene-specific reduction in TFIIIB occupancy. Moreover, upon depletion of TFIIIC, Fpt1 and TFIIIB were lost to different extents. We identified the C-terminal intrinsically disordered region of Fpt1 as critical for increased Fpt1 binding under repressive conditions. Within this region, a short -helix was predicted to interact with the N-terminal tetratricopeptide repeat array of the TFIIIC subunit {tau}131, a region also known to interact with TFIIIB. Deletion of this -helix abrogated stress-induced Fpt1 recruitment to tDNAs, as did mutations in the predicted interaction surface of {tau}131, while having a milder effect on TFIIIB occupancy. Together, these findings uncovered a dual and dynamic mechanism of Fpt1 recruitment to tDNAs with independent contributions of TFIIIB and TFIIIC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>van Breugel, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seifert-Davila, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakker, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meeussen, J. V. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoogvliet, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novell Cardona, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Welsem, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ammerlaan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baudin, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celie, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lenstra, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Leeuwen, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.24.695929</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recruitment of Fpt1 to tRNA genes requires TFIIIB and the N-terminal TPR array of TFIIIC subunit {tau}131]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.24.696392v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Homology of the dark cells of Paleozoic liverworts with the specialized oil body cells of modern liverworts (Marchantiophyta) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.24.696392v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIOil bodies are a synapomorphy of liverworts (Marchantiophyta), a major group of land plants with a sparse fossil record. Paleozoic liverworts sometimes possess dark cells that appear similar in distribution to liverwort oil body cells. The Middle Devonian Metzgeriothallus sharonae provides an opportunity for comparison with modern liverworts.
C_LIO_LIShale samples were collected and the carbonaceous fossils isolated by acid maceration. Museum shale specimens of Pallaviciniites devonicus were also obtained and processed. The relative location, composition, frequency and spatial distribution of the fossil dark cells was compared to that of oil cells in extant taxa.
C_LIO_LIChemical characterization of the fossil dark cells is consistent with cells that contained lipids, the main component of oil bodies. Quantitative analyses revealed that the frequency and spatial distribution of dark cells are comparable to oil body cells. The dark cells of M. sharonae show clumping near the thallus edge, suggesting an anti-herbivore function.
C_LIO_LIThese results support the hypothesis that the dark cells of Paleozoic liverworts and the oil body cells of extant lineages are homologous structures with a shared developmental origin, providing a new character that can be used to assign fossils and that sheds light on the evolution and function of liverwort oil bodies.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tremblay, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mercadal, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.24.696392</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Homology of the dark cells of Paleozoic liverworts with the specialized oil body cells of modern liverworts (Marchantiophyta)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.24.696408v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evidence for an ancient master sex determination gene in Hymenoptera 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.24.696408v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The vast majority of Hymenopterans determine sex by haplodiploidy, in which males and females develop from haploid unfertilized and diploid fertilized eggs, respectively. At the molecular level, the majority of Hymenoptera are thought to determine sex by so-called Complementary Sex Determination (CSD). Under CSD, sex is determined by the feminizing effects of one or more allele-rich loci, in which the feminizing function is imparted by the interactions of functionally distinct alleles. Because of high allelic diversity, most diploids are heterozygous and develop as females, whereas haploid individuals develop as males, as do rare homozygous diploids. Despite diverse empirical results suggesting that CSD is widespread in Hymenopterans, and substantial theoretical and empirical study of the consequences of CSD, the molecular biology of CSD has received little attention outside of the honeybee, Apis mellifera. Available evidence provides support for divergent perspectives ranging from a single (nearly) universally-conserved CSD locus or a pattern dominated by evolutionary turnover with different genes serving as the CSD gene(s) in different lineages. Recently, a novel non-coding RNA gene named ANTSR was shown to serve as a CSD gene in different ant lineages, and the authors suggested that ANTSR might serve as a more broadly-conserved CSD gene. To assess the role of ANTSR role in CSD across diverse Hymenoptera, we studied syntenic conservation and polymorphism patterns in the broad ANTSR locus, genome-wide sequence from available male and female diploid Formica ants, and data from a sibling cross for Bombus terrestris. We find evidence that ANTSR is a conserved CSD gene across diverse Aculeata, the largest group of Hymenoptera, and provide preliminary evidence that Formica may have multiple CSD loci including ANTSR.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Velasquez, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McClure, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pineda, L. I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell, V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camaya, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, G. D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandes, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flowers, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raymond, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rico, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velazquez, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Condon, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbett-Detig, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brelsford, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.24.696408</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evidence for an ancient master sex determination gene in Hymenoptera]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.27.696668v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuropathologically validated MRI to tau PET synthesis via Covariate-modulated attention networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.27.696668v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tau PET is a powerful tool to assess tau pathology in vivo; however, in comparison to MRI, its development is more recent, is rarely available at scale, and substantially more difficult to acquire. Here, we present Covariate-Modulated Attention UNet (CoMA-UNet) to synthesize subject-specific 3D tau PET from T1 MRI while incorporating in the synthesis procedure readily available covariates. Across six external validation datasets, CoMA-UNet reproduced regional patterns of tau PET uptake showing strong agreement with true PET that was generalizable across tracers. Next, we submitted the synthetic tau PET to a series of downstream clinically relevant tasks. First, MMSE associations between the synthetic tau PET were statistically indistinguishable from true PET. Second, the synthetic tau PET achieved out-of-sample diagnostic classification of dementia with an AUROC=0.99. Third, out-of-sample synthetic tau PET tracked longitudinal progression with subject-level slopes closely matching true PET. Fourth, in two independent autopsy cohorts, voxel wise synthetic tau PET images closely followed neuropathologically defined Braak-stages. These findings demonstrate that the novel CoMA-UNet MRI-based synthesis augmented with covariate information can approximate tau PET with sufficient accuracy for downstream scientific and clinical applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Borhi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyu, R. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jagust, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giorgio, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.27.696668</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuropathologically validated MRI to tau PET synthesis via Covariate-modulated attention networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.29.696958v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Type 2 diabetes Reprograms Bone Marrow Hematopoiesis and Dysregulates Immune Signaling in Response to Stroke 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.29.696958v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) worsens stroke outcomes, but the underlying mechanisms linking T2DM to systemic immune dysfunction remain unclear. We investigated whether T2DM alters bone marrow (BM) hematopoiesis and dysregulate immune signaling following ischemic stroke in mice. Single-cell RNA sequencing, GeoMx digital spatial profiling (DSP), nCounter, and flow cytometry were used to analyze BM cells from control (db/+, Ctrl) and diabetic (db/db, T2DM) mice underwent experimental stroke or sham surgery. Diabetes caused marked structural remodeling of BM, with reduced cellularity and imbalance of hematopoietic lineages. Pseudotime trajectory analysis revealed impaired differentiation and maturation signatures of hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC1) and granulocytes, and overactivation toward monocytes in diabetes after stroke. CellChat analysis demonstrated reorganization of intercellular communication, with hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC1) and monocytes emerging as dominant signaling hubs through upregulated MIF, SIRP, and THBS pathways. AUCell enrichment indicated increased glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation but reduced interferon-{gamma} (IFN-{gamma}) signaling, reflecting metabolic activation coupled with immune dysregulation. DSP and nCounter further confirmed upregulation of genes in the MIF, SIRP and THBS pathways in CD115 monocytes and Ly6G neutrophils, indicating proinflammatory and migratory activation in diabetic bone marrow. Our data suggest that T2DM reprograms hematopoiesis and signaling networks, leading to maladaptive myeloid responses and impaired immune regulation after stroke. This maladaptive BM environment amplifies inflammation and limits repair, linking diabetic metabolic stress to worsened ischemic outcomes. Targeting bone marrow immune dysfunction may offer a therapeutic strategy to improve stroke recovery in diabetic patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tu, C.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.29.696958</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Type 2 diabetes Reprograms Bone Marrow Hematopoiesis and Dysregulates Immune Signaling in Response to Stroke]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.30.696417v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential retinoic acid responses across testicular development in vitro 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.30.696417v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spermatogonial differentiation is controlled by distinct spatial and temporal activities of metabolizing enzymes and signaling molecule formation. In vitro models are reductionist ways to examine the interactions between Sertoli cells and spermatogonial stem cells, which may be therapeutic targets for infertility that cause non-obstructive azoospermia, due to either Sertoli-cell only syndrome, hypospermatogenesis or maturation arrest. Here, we find that nanomolar doses of isotretinoin are sufficient to drive Stra8 expression in vitro, an interaction that is both dose-dependent and inhibitable. We compare complex in vitro models (CIVMs) seeded from cells isolated post-natal day 5 (PND 5) and post-natal day 10 (PND 10) Sprague Dawley rat testis. The CIVMs maintain metabolic capacity to produce bioactive retinoids form retinol. We also investigate the impact of common media supplementations on spermatogonial phenotype and find that they can impact the expression of Stra8 and Plzf as markers of early differentiating and undifferentiated spermatogonia, respectively. These results highlight the power of in vitro models to investigate the dynamics of the spermatogonial niche.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hansen, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatem, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amory, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faustman, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.30.696417</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential retinoic acid responses across testicular development in vitro]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.30.697113v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) induce dose-dependent neonatal ventriculomegaly following intracerebroventricular administration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.30.697113v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell-type-specific expression of synthetic/endogenous proteins or genetic sequences has significantly advanced our understanding of the central nervous system (CNS). Adeno-associated virus (AAV)-delivery to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) mediates transfection of target cells to enable sustained delivery of secretory proteins into the CSF, offering promising avenues for both CNS therapy and mechanistic studies. However, despite the advantages afforded by AAV tropism-based cellular selectivity and transgene delivery, both preclinical studies and clinical trials report short- and long-term adverse effects, particularly immune activation. Especially relevant for CSF biology, CNS immune insults raise the risk of CSF dysregulation, including hydrocephalus. These risks may be exacerbated in pediatric populations, where ongoing CNS development, including immature meninges, choroid plexus (ChP), and skull structures, may further impair any ability to compensate for CSF dysregulation. To systematically address these risks and provide guidelines for minimizing CNS immune insults by AAVs, we test the dose-dependent effects of intracerebroventricular (ICV) injections of 3 AAV serotypes (AAV2/5, AAV2/4, and AAV.PHP.eB) to neonatal (P0.5) CD1 mouse pups. Histological analysis verified AAV2/5 tropism limited to ChP epithelial cells (CPECs), whereas AAV.PHP.eB transfected both CPECs and ependymal regions. By contrast, AAV2/4 shows limited transfection in the brain. Further, we find that ICV injections of all 3 AAV serotypes at the high dose (4x109 genome copy GC/pup) induced ventriculomegaly by P7.5, while the low dose (1x109 GC/pup) was well tolerated. Additionally, high-dose AAV2/5 tropism became more permissive, transfecting the ChP and also ependymal cells and some neurons. Longitudinal MRI of P0.5 pups with high-dose AAV2/5 ICV injections highlighted quick progression of ventriculomegaly. CSF ELISA analysis detected elevated pro-inflammatory cytokine CCL2 in AAV2/5 and AAV2/4 high-dose groups, indicating CNS inflammation. Moreover, decreased CSF TTR concentrations in high-dose groups suggest ChP dysfunction. We further revealed that earlier in utero high-dose ICV AAV2/5 injections at E13.5 induced even more severe ventriculomegaly and that adult animals were also susceptible to ventriculomegaly after high-dose AAV ICV delivery. Taken together, our data emphasize critical safety considerations of CSF-based AAV delivery, particularly during brain development. Further, these results call for an optimized dosage for perinatal ICV AAV applications.

HighlightsO_LICSF-administration of AAVs results in unique cellular tropism in neonatal brains.
C_LIO_LIIntracerebroventricular AAV delivery induces dose-dependent neonatal ventriculomegaly.
C_LIO_LINeonatal ventriculomegaly by AAV overdose develops quickly and progressively.
C_LIO_LIAAV overdose ventriculomegaly correlates with ChP/CSF dyshomeostasis and inflammation.
C_LIO_LIAdult and embryonic brains are also susceptible to dose-dependent AAV-induced ventriculomegaly.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noguera, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humphries, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fame, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.30.697113</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) induce dose-dependent neonatal ventriculomegaly following intracerebroventricular administration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.31.697204v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quenching corrinoid-based interactions in a model bacterial coculture. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.31.697204v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial community structure is driven, in part, by the metabolic interdependencies of resident microbes. Thus, manipulating specific metabolic interactions represents one attractive way to both understand how microbial communities perform complex functions and alter them for therapeutic or environmental effects. However, it is not yet possible to control the availability of those metabolites produced by some members of the community that are required by others. Here, we report the development of a metabolite  quenching strategy that disrupts a specific metabolic interaction involving corrinoids, the vitamin B12 family of cofactors, by applying a high-affinity corrinoid-binding protein, BtuG, to bacteria engaged corrinoid cross-feeding. Using a model coculture composed of Sinorhizobium meliloti, a bacterium that produces a corrinoid (cobalamin), and an Escherichia coli strain engineered to be corrinoid-dependent, we demonstrate corrinoid quenching by sequestration of extracellular corrinoid and show that BtuG specifically blocks corrinoid-dependent growth. We use this tool to calculate the amount of cobalamin released by S. meliloti cells and find that the cobalamin release rate is dependent on the growth phase of the producer, increasing to a maximum of approximately 40 cobalamin molecules per minute per cell in late exponential phase. This work establishes a strategy to selectively block microbial interactions that may be more broadly applied to dissecting community structure and function. We expect that applying high-affinity  molecular sponges to quench nutrient sharing will allow for the identification of key nutrients that structure microbial communities and empower precision microbiome manipulation strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hallberg, Z. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez-Aponte, Z. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaudinier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taga, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.31.697204</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quenching corrinoid-based interactions in a model bacterial coculture.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.04.697560v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
When exploration replaces storage: how eye movements shape visual working memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.04.697560v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Visual working memory (VWM) is traditionally studied while constraining eye movements and limiting access to visual input, yet in natural vision humans constantly explore and resample their environment. Only a few studies have examined VWM utilization when participants were allowed to interact with the environment and found that participants often preferred to resample their environment rather than rely on VWM storage. However, since eye movements were not controlled in these studies, the link between VWM utilization and free visual exploration remained unknown. In two experiments (N = 40), we investigated how visual exploration shapes reliance on VWM versus perceptual input. Participants searched for a common target across two item sets and could either store multiple items for comparison or repeatedly resample the sets by switching between them. Results revealed that when switching was achieved through eye movements, participants consistently relied more on visual resampling and less on VWM; in contrast, when switching required a manual response, they shifted toward greater VWM use. This pattern persisted even when peripheral input was equated, suggesting that natural exploration through eye movements reduces the cognitive cost of acquiring visual information, leading to a strategic reduction in VWM use. Our findings challenge fixation-based approaches to VWM research and highlight the importance of studying cognition under ecological viewing conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qais, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuval-Greenberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.04.697560</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[When exploration replaces storage: how eye movements shape visual working memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.07.698022v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Convergence of Cortical and Thalamic Origins of Free Behavior Modulation of Mouse Primary Visual Cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.07.698022v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The quality of sensory information flow in the brain may be affected by uninstructed free animal behavior. However, the specific circuit pathways that merge sensory and free behavior remain obscure. In mouse primary visual cortex (V1), we combine two-photon calcium imaging of cortical neurons and thalamo-cortical LGN (lateral geniculate nucleus) boutons with simultaneous measurements of facial movements. When controlling for spurious time-structured  nonsense correlations, we observed representations of both eye movements and non-ocular facial movement features in both LGN bouton and V1 cortical neuron activity during grating input stimulation. Further, the correlation between V1 neurons and facial movement is larger for grating stimulation compared to blank stimulation, likely due to the integration of LGN inputs and modulation of V1 from higher brain centers during grating stimulation. Together, our results suggest a convergence of uninstructed non-visual signals from a persistent top-down pathway and a stimulus-gated bottom-up pathway in primary visual cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, H. Y. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gozel, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doiron, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.07.698022</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Convergence of Cortical and Thalamic Origins of Free Behavior Modulation of Mouse Primary Visual Cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.08.698005v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Architecting cis-regulation to quantitatively tune gene expression in cereals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.08.698005v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Precise modulation of gene expression via cis-regulatory editing holds promise for non-transgenic crop improvement, but the sequence-to-function relationships that govern plant promoter activity remain poorly understood. Here, we develop a massively parallel reporter assay (MPRA) in Sorghum bicolor to systematically measure the effects of >30,000 CRISPR-like mutations-deletions, substitutions, and motif insertions-across entire native promoters and 5' untranslated regions (UTRs) of three photosynthesis genes: PsbS, Raf1, and SBPase. We find that gene expression is most tunable within a [~]500 base pair core promoter region, where mutational effects are reproducible across biological replicates and predictive of protein output. Within these regions, we identify compact deletions and motif insertions that strongly increase protein production (>30-fold relative to wild type), exceeding the performance of transgenic enhancer elements. Mutation-effect relationships are gene-specific, highlighting the need for tailored regulatory maps. Our results establish a high-throughput strategy for cis-regulatory fine-mapping that enables crop improvements via minimal, precise, and non-transgenic gene edits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Groover, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, F. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benegas, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moubarak, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georgieva, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemaux, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staskawicz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niyogi, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.08.698005</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Architecting cis-regulation to quantitatively tune gene expression in cereals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.07.697811v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Statistical Atlas-Based Surrogate Model of Biventricular Wall Mechanics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.07.697811v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Here we use a statistical atlas of end-diastolic (ED) and end-systolic (ES) biventricular shapes - previously derived from the UK Biobank imaging substudy - to generate meshes for finite element (FE) simulations of ventricular wall mechanics. The models used the Holzapfel-Ogden constitutive law for passive material properties and a time-varying elastance model of systolic tension development. Simulated ED and ES deformations were projected onto the shape atlas and the principal components were used to train a multi-layer perceptron as a surrogate model. The input layer included shape modes of the unloaded ventricular geometry, and material parameters and ventricular pressures at ED and ES. After training with 444 simulations, the surrogate model achieved a mean square error in predicted displacements of < 2 mm and volumetric overlaps with FE-predicted deformed shapes > 97%, demonstrating good fidelity to the simulated ground truth. This approach may enable accurate prediction of ventricular wall mechanics without computationally expensive finite element analysis, offering a more feasible method for rapid, subject-specific cardiac modeling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Robles, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konanur, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finsberg, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundnes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCulloch, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.07.697811</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Statistical Atlas-Based Surrogate Model of Biventricular Wall Mechanics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.09.698545v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stepwise DNA unwinding gates TnpB genome-editing activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.09.698545v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
TnpB is a compact RNA-guided endonuclease and evolutionary ancestor of CRISPR-Cas12 that offers a promising platform for genome engineering. However, the genome-editing activity of TnpBs remains limited and its underlying determinants are poorly understood. Here, we used biochemical and single-molecule assays to examine the DNA-unwinding mechanism of Youngiibacter multivorans TnpB (Ymu1 TnpB). DNA unwinding proceeds through formation of a partially unwound intermediate state to a fully unwound open state. The open state forms inefficiently and collapses readily in the absence of negative supercoiling. An optimized variant, Ymu1-WFR, stabilizes formation of both the intermediate and open states, resulting in enhanced DNA cleavage in vitro and increased genome editing in vivo. These findings identify the physical basis for the observed minimal activities of natural TnpBs, revealing how stabilizing specific unwinding states enables efficient DNA targeting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saffarian-Deemyad, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ur-Rehman, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vohra, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skopintsev, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trinidad, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langeberg, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamalu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amerasekera, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doherty, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aris, K. D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Sayyad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thornton, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wasko, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esain-Garcia, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeTurk, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobsen, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryant, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.09.698545</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stepwise DNA unwinding gates TnpB genome-editing activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.09.698749v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Overcoming steric inhibition of antibody-dependent phagocytosiswith tall adhesions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.09.698749v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Macrophages recognize and phagocytose opsonized target cells, including those coated with IgG antibodies. This process relies on binding of IgG to Fc{gamma} receptors (Fc{gamma}R) expressed on the macrophage surface, resulting in formation of a phagocytic synapse. Since the surface of both macrophages and target cells are densely packed with macromolecules of diverse sizes, most of which are not directly involved in phagocytic signaling, it is possible for tall  bystander proteins to sterically interfere with Fc{gamma}R engagement. Here, we use cell-like target particles to show that bystander proteins can inhibit phagocytosis by blocking synapse formation. We then demonstrate that adding a tall binding protein to the target particle can overcome inhibition by the crowded environment and substantially recover phagocytosis, a process we call kinetic enhancement. Using a cell-free system of giant unilamellar vesicles and synthetic binders, we demonstrate that kinetic enhancement is a tunable feature of interface formation that can determine whether short binders engage, and we present theory and computer simulations to explain the nonmonotonic dependence of phagocytosis on tall binding protein surface density. These findings point to a strategy for overcoming surface crowding on phagocytic targets by re-engineering transition states with tall adhesion proteins, one that could be used to promote short receptor binding at other cell-cell junctions.

Significance StatementMacrophages contribute to our immune defenses by phagocytosing pathogens and diseased cells. To accomplish this, they must first establish close contacts between receptors on their membranes and antibodies or other ligands decorating target cells. However, macrophage binding to the target can be disrupted by the presence of tall neighboring proteins and glycans-- bystander molecules--that sterically prevent the two surfaces from coming into close contact. Counterintuitively, this inhibition can be overcome by the addition of even taller binding proteins between the macrophage and target cell, albeit at low concentrations. Using live cell and in vitro experiments, theory, and computer simulations, we show that tall binders can promote close contact that enables phagocytosis, even in the presence of bystander proteins that would normally block close contact.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Joffe, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chorlay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huzar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasnain, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geissler, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fletcher, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.09.698749</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Overcoming steric inhibition of antibody-dependent phagocytosiswith tall adhesions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.09.698755v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular signatures and cellular responses underlying hypoxic adaptation in sea turtles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.09.698755v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are transcriptional regulators that orchestrate the canonical response to low-oxygen tension in animal cells. Vertebrates possess three HIF- isoforms, which arose from two gene duplication events of the ancestral HIF-1 gene. Here, we examined whether the HIF gene family (HIF-1, HIF-2, HIF-3, and HIF-1N inhibitor) shows evidence of positive selection in hypoxia-tolerant reptiles (Testudines), compared evolutionary patterns within the family, and assessed the transcriptional response to hypoxia in primary cells derived from a hypoxia-tolerant (Caretta caretta) and a non-tolerant (Sceloporus occidentalis) reptile. We found that HIF-1, HIF-2, and HIF-1N are highly conserved across reptiles, whereas HIF-3 is under positive selection in Testudines. We also identified multiple novel regulatory motifs unique to Testudines. Transcriptional signatures of hypoxia exposure indicated stark differences between lizards and turtles. Whereas lizard cells exhibited a canonical response to hypoxia, characterized by enriched cell-survival pathways, sea turtle cells exhibit a robust, distinctive transcriptional response involving enriched pathways related to protein synthesis, quality maintenance, and mitochondrial integrity. Surprisingly, cis-regulatory element analysis did not show HIFs as key regulators of the transcriptional response in either species. Instead, TFDP1 in lizard cells and E2F1 in sea turtle cells emerged as potential key regulators. TFDP1 regulates the cell cycle, specifically DNA synthesis and cell cycle progression, while E2F regulates DNA-damage response, apoptosis, metabolism, and fatty acid biosynthesis. These results suggest that the reptilian response to hypoxia is shaped by transcriptional plasticity, while highlighting key regulatory mechanisms driving hypoxic adaptation in sea turtle cells. However, positive selection of HIF-3 and novel HIF motifs suggest a combined, but yet to be uncovered, contribution of regulatory and coding sequence evolutionary mechanisms shaping hypoxia tolerance in Testudines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arango, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selleghin-Veiga, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno-Santillan, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ensminger, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazquez, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarvin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nery, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godard-Codding, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazquez-Medina, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.09.698755</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular signatures and cellular responses underlying hypoxic adaptation in sea turtles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.10.698835v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A robust human airway organoid platform enables scalable expansion and trajectory mapping of pulmonary neuroendocrine cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.10.698835v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pulmonary neuroendocrine cells (PNECs) are rare chemosensory epithelial cells, facultative stem cells, and a cell-of-origin for neuroendocrine lung cancers, yet the mechanisms governing their differentiation and heterogeneity are poorly understood. Here we establish NEr-fAOs, a human fetal airway organoid platform that robustly enriches PNECs, and identify a cooperative requirement for dual GSK3 and NOTCH inhibition to drive directed PNEC differentiation. This strategy yields stable cultures with up to 60-fold expansion of PNECs whose transcriptomes closely match fetal and adult PNECs. In addition to PNEC-enrichment, NEr-fAOs retain diverse airway epithelial cell types, preserving epithelial complexity. Time-resolved single-cell transcriptomics maps PNEC trajectories in NEr-fAOs, resolving precursor and mature states. Comparative analyses further reveal a distal airway bias in NEr-fAOs and enrichment for lower-airway progenitors. NEr-fAOs thus provide a scalable, tractable platform to dissect human PNEC biology and distal airway progenitor hierarchies relevant to lung development, cancer, and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Candeli, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>den Hartigh, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marco, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Villacana, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Gonzales, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gandhi, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sgualdino, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spence, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Sousa Lopes, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McFaline-Figueroa, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clevers, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dayton, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.10.698835</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A robust human airway organoid platform enables scalable expansion and trajectory mapping of pulmonary neuroendocrine cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.11.698903v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lactate-Driven Heterogeneity of Immune Checkpoint Expression in Breast and Lung Cancer Cell Lines 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.11.698903v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tumor-derived lactate is increasingly recognized as an immunosuppressive metabolite within the tumor microenvironment (TME), with emerging evidence highlighting its role beyond metabolism to include epigenetic and immune regulatory functions. While prior studies have primarily focused on individual immune checkpoints, most prominently PD-L1, it remains unclear whether lactate broadly coordinates the expression of multiple immune regulatory pathways across distinct tumor types, particularly in the context of chronic exposure mimicking glycolytic tumors. Here, we investigated the relationship between lactate-producing metabolism and immune checkpoint gene expression in four human cancer cell lines representing breast and lung cancer: MCF7 (estrogen receptor-positive breast), MDA-MB-231 (triple-negative breast), A549 (non-small cell lung), and H82 (small cell lung). By manipulating glucose availability and exposure duration to model acute (6 h) versus chronic (48 h) lactate production, and by pharmacologically inhibiting lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) with oxamate, we quantified extracellular lactate accumulation and assessed transcriptional responses of a panel of immune checkpoints (PD-L1, CD80, CD73, LGALS9, VISTA, PVR, CD47, FGL1, STING) and lactate-associated genes (MCT1, MCT4, LDHA, HCAR1) via qPCR. Chronic high-glucose conditions produced robust, LDH-dependent lactate accumulation and were associated with coordinated, lineage-specific remodeling of multiple checkpoint transcripts, whereas acute exposure induced minimal changes. MDA-MB-231 and A549 cells displayed striking but distinct checkpoint patterns under chronic lactate-producing conditions: MDA-MB-231 cells showed strong co-induction of PD-L1 and CD80, while A549 cells exhibited dominant CD80 induction with modest PD-L1 upregulation. H82 cells upregulated PD-L1 alongside CD73, LGALS9, CD47, and CD80, whereas MCF7 cells demonstrated more modest yet coordinated increases across several checkpoints. Chronic glucose exposure resulted in sustained, LDH-dependent lactate accumulation and coordinated induction of multiple immune checkpoint genes, with distinct lineage-specific patterns, e.g., robust PD-L1/CD80 upregulation in MDA-MB-231 versus CD80 dominance in A549. Unsupervised clustering and principal component analysis revealed that duration of glucose exposure, rather than acute glucose availability, was the primary axis of variation and that MCT4 and HCAR1 clustered with strongly induced checkpoints, consistent with a transcriptional program linking lactate export and sensing to immune regulation.

These findings support a model in which lactate acts as an upstream regulator of a broader immune escape program, potentially via mechanisms like lactylation and HCAR1 signaling. This work highlights the limitations of single-checkpoint blockade strategies in solid tumors and underscores the potential of targeting lactate metabolism to enhance immunotherapy efficacy in breast and lung cancers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>San-Millan, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pickard, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirsch, F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivard, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.11.698903</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lactate-Driven Heterogeneity of Immune Checkpoint Expression in Breast and Lung Cancer Cell Lines]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.11.698928v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Estimate of the mutation rate in the endangered Devils Hole pupfish provides support for the drift-barrier hypothesis at an outlying extreme 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.11.698928v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutation rates vary by three orders of magnitude across eukaryotes. The drift-barrier hypothesis proposes that drift overwhelms selection for lower mutation rates in small populations, leading to higher mutation rates over time due to gradual accumulation of mutator alleles. Here, we test this hypothesis in the smallest long-term isolated population in the world, the critically endangered Devils Hole pupfish (Cyprinodon diabolis). We estimated germline mutation rates in embryonic lethal and adult populations using autozygous segments caused by recent inbreeding events. Our estimate, 8.09 x 10-9 per base pair per generation, is significantly higher than the average rate for actinopterygian fishes of 5.97 x 10-9 (95% CI = 4.39 x 10-9 - 7.55 x 10-9) and is lower than expected but still consistent with predictions from the drift-barrier hypothesis of 1.23 x 10-8 (95% CI = 7.81 x 10-9 - 1.93 x 10-8), based on a recent meta-analysis of vertebrate mutation rates by Bergeron et al. (2023). We find that embryonic lethal individuals have a higher mutation rate than mature adults, potentially reflecting a segregating lethal mutator allele or damage to the cellular environment during embryo death. We also analyzed the mutational spectra of germline mutations and find that spectra between embryonic lethal and mature adults were similar, as is the spectra in Devils Hole pupfish and other fishes, despite differences in environmental temperature and oxygen stresses. Mutation rates in this critically endangered species provide new insights at one extreme into the mechanisms driving mutation rate variation across vertebrates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tian, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerdoncuff, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feuerbacher, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwemm, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gumm, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moorjani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.11.698928</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Estimate of the mutation rate in the endangered Devils Hole pupfish provides support for the drift-barrier hypothesis at an outlying extreme]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.12.699009v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Designing AI-programmable therapeutics with the EDEN family of foundation models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.12.699009v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to interpret, modify, and design DNA has driven many of the most significant advances in modern medicine, from diagnostics, biologics, and vaccines to cell and gene therapies. However, the inherent complexity of biological systems means that most modern medicines are still engineered using bespoke, labor-intensive processes.

To address the need for a generalisable and programmable approach to therapeutic design, we introduce the EDEN (environmentally-derived evolutionary network) family of metagenomic foundation models, including a 28 billion parameter model trained on 9.7 trillion nucleotide tokens from BaseData1. This dataset, at the time of training, contained more than 10 billion novel genes from over 1 million new species, and is intentionally enriched for environmental and host-associated metagenomes, phage sequences, and mobile genetic elements, enabling the model to learn from diverse and novel cross-species evolutionary mechanisms and apply them to key challenges in human health.

EDEN achieves state-of-the-art performance across a series of predictive and generative genomic and protein benchmarks. To demonstrate the models broad applicability across biology, we evaluate EDENs capacity for programmable therapeutic design by challenging a single architecture to design biological novelty across three distinct therapeutic modalities, disease areas and biological scales:

(i) large gene insertion, (ii) antibiotic peptide design, and (iii) microbiome design.

First, we demonstrate AI-programmable Gene Insertion (aiPGI), in which EDEN designs de novo large serine recombinases (LSRs) capable of inserting large pieces of DNA at desired target sites in the human genome when prompted only on 30 nucleotides of DNA sequence from the desired target site. In low-N experimental validation, EDEN generated multiple active recombinases for all tested disease-associated genomic loci (ATM, DMD, F9, FANCC, GALC, IDS, P4HA1, PHEX, RYR2, USH2A) and 4 potential safe harbor sites in the human genome. EDEN achieves an overall functional hit rate of 63.2% across diverse DNA prompts when prompted on only 30bp of DNA from outside the training data.

50% of EDEN-generated LSRs were active in human cells, achieving therapeutically relevant levels of CAR insertion in primary human T cells. We also show that EDEN can generate active bridge recombinases when prompted on the associated guide RNA alone, with sequence identities to training and public data as low as 65%. These results pave the way for a new generation of cell and gene therapies by opening the door to rapid, programmable and site-specific integration of large genetic payloads without double-strand breaks. This offers an alternative to the safety, efficiency and payload limitations inherent in viral or nuclease-based editing at thousands of currently intractable human therapeutic targets.

Second, we use the same model to generate a focused low-N library of novel antimicrobial peptides where 97% showed activity, with top candidates achieving single-digit micromolar potency against critical-priority multidrug-resistant pathogens.

Third, to demonstrate that EDEN captures inter-genomic features, we design a gigabase-scale microbiome with over 94,000 synthetic metagenomic assemblies, including prophage genomes and correct cross-species metabolic pathway completions. The EDEN-generated synthetic microbiome covers 9,067 species with a biome-specific taxonomic accuracy of 99%. Over 1,500 of the generated species were outside the fine-tuning dataset while retaining the correct microecological properties and biome association, thus significantly expanding genetic and taxonomic diversity.

Together, these results establish a new strategic direction for AI-programmable therapeutics, in which a single foundation model architecture designs candidate therapeutics across diverse modalities and disease areas. This suggests that the combination of billions of years of evolutionary data with specific therapeutic records offers a clear, scaling-driven path to making therapeutic design a predictable engineering discipline.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=141 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/699009v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (59K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1e23e28org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@5ef3a2org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1cd32b8org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@bd0345_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Munsamy, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayres, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greco, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kam, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minto-Cowcher, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>St John, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohnuud, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakalar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pecoraro, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D.T. Torres, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kollasch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sirelkhatim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farina, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGinnis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sridhar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oteri, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takhibakhshi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dona, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimko, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steenbeke, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papadopoulos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krolick, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spoendlin, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bara, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilber, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferruz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rvachoc, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaleil, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereno, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emerson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dew, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tadimeti, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frame, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolton, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ru</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.12.699009</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Designing AI-programmable therapeutics with the EDEN family of foundation models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.12.698943v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An engineered nanobody inhibitor for molecular-to-circuit control of opioid receptor function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.12.698943v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Opioid receptors (ORs) orchestrate pain relief, reward, and dependence, yet their signaling arises from diverse cell types and subcellular compartments that cannot be selectively interrogated with existing pharmacological or genetic approaches. Single-domain antibodies, or nanobodies (Nbs), can probe receptor states, but their potential as tools for controlling native receptor signaling at the system level has remained unexplored. Here, we engineer a suite of high-affinity intracellular Nbs that bind active ORs through structure-guided evolution and in silico design. Iterative optimization yields Nb64, a potent inhibitor that rapidly suppresses transducer engagement, receptor internalization, and downstream signaling, including endogenous pathways in neuronal cells. Organelle targeting highlights Nb64s capacity to control OR activity with subcellular precision, while bio-reversible cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) conjugation enables non-genetic cytosolic delivery. Cell-type-specific expression of Nb64 in VTA interneurons attenuates fentanyl-evoked dopamine release and behavioral responses in mice, demonstrating targeted control of opioid actions in vivo. Nb64 provides a versatile strategy for dissecting OR biology and establishes a generalizable framework for precision inhibition of native GPCR signaling in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Valbret, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamothe-Molina, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papadogkonaki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koehl, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arafiles, J. V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro Tuchman, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radoux-Mergault, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canziani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Von Zastrow, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosloff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hackenberger, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manglik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patriarchi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoeber, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.12.698943</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An engineered nanobody inhibitor for molecular-to-circuit control of opioid receptor function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.13.699388v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adapting a two-photon scanning microscope for simultaneous single-photon imaging of an infrared dopamine sensor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.13.699388v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We describe a novel method for adapting a two-photon scanning microscope to enable simultaneous detection of two-photon generated visible fluorescence and single-photon generated near-infrared (nIR) fluorescence. In this configuration, nIR fluorescence is routed through a single-mode optical fiber before detection by a photomultiplier tube. This fiber coupling offers two advantages: first, the optical fiber functions as a pinhole aperture, allowing for improved optical sectioning of the nIR signal; second, it minimizes nIR background fluorescence. To validate the effectiveness of this design, we conducted two sets of experiments. First, we compare two fluorescence indicators of the neurotransmitter dopamine: the genetically encoded indicator GRABDA and single walled carbon nanotube based optical nanosensors (nIRCats). Although nIRCats exhibit lower affinity for dopamine than GRABDA, this property allows for identification of high concentration release sites in the striatum. Second, we simultaneously imaged depolarization-induced calcium changes and dopamine release in the retina. Together, these results demonstrate the utility of integrating confocal nIR detection into a two-photon platform for simultaneous functional imaging across complementary spectral channels.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tarchick, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caval-Holme, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mocellin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Komatsu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.13.699388</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adapting a two-photon scanning microscope for simultaneous single-photon imaging of an infrared dopamine sensor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.14.699543v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Client distribution between Chlamydomonas FDX1 and FDX2 in carbon, nitrogen and sulfur assimilation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.14.699543v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plant-type ferredoxins (Fd) comprise small, soluble protein families that distribute electrons from photosystem I to various client proteins within the chloroplast stroma. In Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, the major, constitutively expressed FDX1/PetF supports Fd-NADP+ reductase (FNR) in NADPH production. The highly similar FDX2 is present only when its preferred nitrogen (N) source ammonium is absent, supplying Fd-dependent nitrite reductase (NiR) for nitrate/nitrite assimilation. Surprisingly, despite accumulating to [~]10% of FDX1 abundance and preferential interaction with NiR, fdx2 mutants are asymptomatic when grown on nitrate, requiring to additionally deplete FDX1 for growth to be halted. A fdx1 knockout itself appears lethal, severe fdx1 knockdowns have reduced growth rates both in phototrophic and photoheterotrophic conditions, independent of the N source. Transcriptome analyses of fdx1 mutants revealed expression patterns similar to sulfur (S) deficient algae, and fdx1 strains have a reduced total cellular S content. S assimilation requires Fd-dependent sulfite reductase (SiR) activity, an enzyme distantly related to FDX2 client NiR. Expression defects are partially alleviated; growth and S content are less impacted with FDX2 expression. Our mutant analysis shows the two major Fds in Chlamydomonas focus on a specific subset of Fd-dependent metabolism, mostly supplying Fd-dependent enzymes involved in macronutrient assimilation (C/N/S).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schmollinger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kusi-Appiah, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villegas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stainbrook, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Halloran, T. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strenkert, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.14.699543</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Client distribution between Chlamydomonas FDX1 and FDX2 in carbon, nitrogen and sulfur assimilation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.15.698504v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Urban soils along the Kern River and Los Gatos Creek are hotspots for Coccidioides in the San Joaquin Valley of California 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.15.698504v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coccidioidomycosis (Valley fever) is acquired through inhalation of spores produced by fungi in the genus Coccidioides. Coccidioides is commonly detected in, and cultivated from, the lung tissue of native rodents and the soils within their burrows. Coccidioidomycosis is acquired by exposure to environmentally produced spores and is not spread between hosts. Thus, determining the location of rodent burrows with soils harboring Coccidioides will be critical for understanding coccidioidomycosis incidence and modelling how Coccidioides distributions will be affected by global change. Coccidioides is readily detected in rodent burrows on undisturbed land, has not been detected on agricultural land, and is unstudied on urban land. To test the hypothesis that Coccidioides is in urban soil, we sampled rodent burrow soils from the banks of two water ways, the Kern River and Los Gatos Creek, which transect two cities, Bakersfield and Coalinga, in the San Joaquin Valley of California. To test the hypothesis that Coccidioides would not be detected at higher elevations, we extended our sampling of rodent burrows along waterways into the mountains of California. From 1178 soil and settled dust samples, we find that Coccidioides is found in urban riparian environments in Bakersfield and Coalinga, on riparian land on the floor of the San Joaquin Valley but not at higher elevations and is negatively correlated with modeled soil moisture. Coccidioides shows significant co-occurrence patterns with animal-associated fungal taxa, but no broader relationships with the greater fungal community. Our results warrant caution when excavating urban rodent burrows in the region.

Author SummaryCoccidioidomycosis, or Valley fever, is caused by a fungus that primarily infects people when its spores become airborne and are inhaled. Although the fungus is found in the burrows of rodents, its presence in cities has been unclear. We investigated whether urban environments in Californias San Joaquin Valley, an area with high Valley fever incidence, harbor the fungus. By sampling more than a thousand soils and settled dust samples along riparian areas (waterways and adjacent environments) in Bakersfield and Coalinga, we found that the fungus that causes Valley fever, Coccidioides, occurs in urban riparian zones. The fungus was restricted to low elevations and was more likely to be detected in drier soils. We also compared positive and negative soils using DNA-based surveys of fungi. While the broader fungal community showed no strong relationship to Coccidioides, several species tied to animal activity were more common in positive samples, supporting a link to rodent hosts. These findings show that urban waterways can serve as habitat for Coccidioides. Because these areas lie within major population centers, identifying and avoiding disturbance of rodent burrows may reduce exposure risk, and future models of Valley fever should account for riparian corridors and local ecological conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wagner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radosevich, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montoya, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Remais, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.15.698504</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Urban soils along the Kern River and Los Gatos Creek are hotspots for Coccidioides in the San Joaquin Valley of California]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.15.699786v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitigating Bias in Spatial Transcriptomic Pipelines via Human Feedback 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.15.699786v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biological discovery from experimental data, particularly large-scale assays, requires extensive preprocessing, during which raw outputs (e.g., images, sequences) are processed into structured forms that are more amenable to analysis. While statistical methods for such processed data are at the core of computational biology, the problem of coping with uncertainties introduced during preprocessing is a significant and underexplored issue. We address this issue in the context of differential expression analysis in spatial transcriptomics, which depends on a series of preprocessing steps, including demarcation of cell regions (segmentation), quantification of gene expression in cells, and cell-type annotation. We introduce Corrected Spatial Differential Expression (CSDE), a method that builds on Prediction-Powered Inference to leverage a small set of expert-validated data points (cells) to account for uncertainty due to preprocessing errors. Using two case studies, we demonstrate that CSDE produces more reliable and calibrated estimates of differential expression compared to the prevalent approach that neglects the impact of preprocessing. CSDE incorporates an efficient workflow to generate the required expert-annotated data, and is available as open-source at https://github.com/YosefLab/CSDE.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boyeau, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bates, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ergen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.15.699786</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitigating Bias in Spatial Transcriptomic Pipelines via Human Feedback]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.19.700200v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A family of archaeal hibernation factors that bind in tandem and protect ribosomes in dormant cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.19.700200v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Under nutrient limitation or stress, ribosome hibernation factors inactivate and protect ribosomes. Although ribosome hibernation plays an important role in microbes, we lack a complete understanding of this process in archaea. Here, we identify a family of hibernation factors, which we designate as single ribosomal subunit inhibitors (SriA-SriD), from the methanogenic archaeon Methanosarcina acetivorans. All four sri genes are encoded in an operon and each Sri protein inhibits protein synthesis in vitro. Deletion of sri genes in M. acetivorans impaired growth recovery after prolonged stationary phase and also led to depletion of the small ribosomal subunit. Cryo-EM structures show that Sri proteins bind to the ribosome in tandem and form conserved protein-protein interfaces. Sri is broadly distributed across archaeal phyla and sri genes frequently co-occur. Together, these findings establish Sri proteins as a distinct group of hibernation factors that protect ribosomes during dormancy and expand our understanding of ribosome hibernation in archaea.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nissley, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shulgina, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kivimae, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nayak, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cate, J. H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.19.700200</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A family of archaeal hibernation factors that bind in tandem and protect ribosomes in dormant cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.16.699971v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluating the reliability of functional near-infrared spectroscopy data in the context of a reasoning paradigm 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.16.699971v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a portable, motion-tolerant neuroimaging method particularly well suited for developmental and naturalistic research. To evaluate the utility of fNIRS for studying individual differences and longitudinal changes, we measured activation and functional connectivity during a relational reasoning task in young adults (N = 73). We sought to (1) establish whether fNIRS captures frontoparietal activation patterns consistent with prior fMRI studies using similar paradigms, (2) assess the effect of the amount of data (number of task blocks) on signal strength and precision, (3) assess the paradigms measurement properties in the form of intra- and interindividual stability of activation and functional connectivity within and across testing sessions, and (4) examine whether grouping channels into anatomical regions of interest (ROIs) conferred benefits to the above. We observed robust task-evoked activation across lateral prefrontal and parietal cortices, with effect sizes on par with prior fMRI studies. Generally, we observed diminishing returns in effect size and measurement precision beyond [~]7 minutes. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability varied across metrics; while they were very low for a specific task contrast, they were extremely high for functional connectivity, confirming the robustness of channel- and ROI-level connectivity as a stable marker of functional architecture. Exploratory analyses supported prior observations of lower signal quality in participants with darker skin tones and hair, underscoring the need for inclusive methodological strategies. Together, these findings highlight key design considerations for optimizing longitudinal and individual-differences research on higher-level cognition, particularly in diverse and developmentally variable populations.

HighlightsO_LIWe measured within- and between-session reliability of fNIRS metrics
C_LIO_LICollecting more data yielded diminishing returns in effect size and precision
C_LIO_LIThere were tradeoffs to aggregating channel data into regions of interest
C_LIO_LIGeneral task activation was more reliable than a specific task contrast
C_LIO_LIFunctional connectivity showed extremely high test-retest reliability
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kelly, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bortfeld, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joyner, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bunge, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.16.699971</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluating the reliability of functional near-infrared spectroscopy data in the context of a reasoning paradigm]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.17.700100v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Memory erasure by dopamine-gated retrospective learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.17.700100v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Erasing outdated memories is crucial for adaptive behavior. Yet once a cue-outcome association is learned, repeated cue exposure without outcome suppresses conditioned behavior without erasing the underlying memory. This allows rapid behavioral recovery when outcomes are reintroduced. Here, we confirm this limitation for standard "prospective extinction" protocols that present cues without the associated outcome, but show that true memory erasure is achieved by inverting the paradigm: presenting outcomes without associated cues, i.e., "retrospective extinction". We demonstrate that orbitofrontal cortex activity at outcome is necessary for the rapid behavioral recovery following prospective extinction, and that mesolimbic dopamine activity at outcome is necessary for retrospective extinction. These findings reconceptualize extinction mechanisms and suggest complementary strategies to mitigate relapse and erase maladaptive memories.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jeong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zsembik, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farouq, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belur, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinivasan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, S. M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garr, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooke, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janak, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leyton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Namboodiri, V. M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.17.700100</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Memory erasure by dopamine-gated retrospective learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.20.700496v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sequence models conditioned on splicing factor expression predict splicing in unseen tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.20.700496v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Predicting how RNA splicing varies across tissues is important for understanding the impact of genetic variation and identifying splicing-based disease mechanisms. Although many sequence-based deep learning models have been developed to predict splicing, most predict splice sites rather than full splicing events, are restricted to tissues seen during training, or do not account for trans-regulatory variation such as differences in splicing factor expression. Here, we present Splice Ninja, a sequence-based deep learning model that predicts percent spliced-in (PSI) values for individual splicing events across tissues by conditioning on the expression levels of 301 splicing factors. Trained on PSI measurements from many different human tissues and cell types, Splice Ninja is evaluated on three entirely held-out tissues. Despite not seeing these tissues during training, it makes accurate PSI predictions and can identify a substantial fraction of splicing events with high tissue-specificity. Its performance is comparable to Pangolin [1], which is trained directly on the test tissues, but falls short of TrASPr [2], a substantially larger model also trained on the test tissues. Splice Ninja demonstrates that integrating trans-regulatory context into sequence-based splicing models enables generalization to new cellular environments. This framework offers a promising direction for building robust, context-aware predictors of alternative splicing. Our code is available at https://github.com/anikethjr/splice_ninja.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reddy, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sudmant, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ioannidis, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.20.700496</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sequence models conditioned on splicing factor expression predict splicing in unseen tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.20.700694v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hierarchical Reconfiguration of Neurocognitive Task Set Representations Mediates Cognitive Flexibility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.20.700694v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cognitive control organizes contexts, stimuli, and actions into hierarchically structured representations that support flexible, goal-directed behavior. This organization allows appropriate actions to be selected in response to changing demands, contexts, and sensory inputs. Critically, different hierarchical levels place unequal demands on flexibility: sensory-motor plans must be updated rapidly to enable behavioral flexibility, whereas higher-level contextual goals are typically updated less frequently. A behavioral consequence of managing these demands is the task switch cost, the performance penalty observed when task representations are reconfigured across trials. Here, we investigated the behavioral and neural sources of switch costs using a hierarchical control task that dissociates context reconfiguration from subordinate rule switching. Functional MRI and behavioral data were collected from healthy human participants (both male and female). Behaviorally, subordinate rule switches were faster than context switches but were more strongly influenced by task-irrelevant perceptual changes, whereas context switches were relatively insensitive to such interference. To characterize the neural basis of these effects, we introduced a novel measure "neural distance", which quantifies trial-to-trial reconfiguration of multivoxel activity patterns. Across the brain, larger neural distances predicted larger RT switch costs, linking representational reorganization to behavioral performance. Importantly, representational reconfiguration differed across hierarchical levels and anatomical systems. Subordinate rule updating was modulated by perceptual input and expressed in distributed perceptual and motor networks, whereas context reconfiguration engaged the lateral middle frontal cortex and was comparatively insulated from interference. Our results reveal the structure of neural representations supporting flexible updating and interference-shielded contextual representations subserving control behavior.

SignificanceDaily activities often require a mixture of both high and low flexibility demands that need to be performed concurrently. Driving requires maintaining a stable destination goal while rapidly updating motor plans (brake, accelerate, turn, etc.) in response to changing sensory information. Although people perform such tasks with ease, it remains unclear how neural and cognitive representations are structured to respond to these different demands. The present study suggests that sensory-motor plans prioritize high flexibility by allowing greater influence from sensory inputs, which can create interference across brain networks when that input is task-irrelevant. Contextual information is shielded from this interference by representing contexts as distinctly as possible in the lateral prefrontal cortex, resulting in slower but more stable context switching.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leach, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.20.700694</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hierarchical Reconfiguration of Neurocognitive Task Set Representations Mediates Cognitive Flexibility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.20.700717v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative genomics of Tandem Repeat variation in apes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.20.700717v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tandem repeats (TRs) are highly mutable DNA elements that comprise nearly 8% of the human genome and influence gene regulation, protein coding, and disease. Despite their functional importance, our understanding of TR evolution remains limited, as their repetitive nature has hindered accurate sequencing, annotation, and cross-species comparison. As a result, we lack a population-aware evolutionary framework to quantify TR conservation, divergence, and mutational dynamics across species. Here, using telomere-to-telomere (T2T) reference genomes for seven ape species and population-scale long reads for humans and chimpanzees, we generated a comprehensive comparative catalog of STRs and VNTRs. We identified over 3 million TR loci per ape genome and nearly 2 million homologous loci between humans and chimpanzees. TR diversity and conservation are strongly structured by genomic context, with coding and untranslated regions exhibiting reduced polymorphism and divergence, while intronic and intergenic regions show elevated variability. Heterozygosity varies systematically across species, motif lengths, and functional categories, and mutation rates show strong concordance between indirect and pedigree-based estimates. Using a divergence-diversity ratio framework, we identified TRs under extreme evolutionary regimes that are enriched in genes involved in nervous system development, synaptic function, and cell signaling. Together, these results establish a population and species-resolved framework for studying TR evolution and interpreting TR variation in functional contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>de Lima Adam, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sudmant, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohlfs, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.20.700717</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative genomics of Tandem Repeat variation in apes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.16.699983v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Linking genomic and phenotypic traits to interaction outcomes in a synthetic phyllosphere community 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.16.699983v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Predicting microbiome function remains challenging as microbial interactions scale from pairwise encounters to emergent community properties. This is particularly true of disease protective microbial consortia, where pathogen invasion has typically been studied either in terms of single biocontrol agents or in terms of microbiome diversity at the full community level, but rarely in between. Focusing on a 16-member synthetic tomato phyllosphere bacterial community, we combined reciprocal spent-media growth assays of over 600 pairwise and community-level combinations with comparative genomics to dissect the ecological and metabolic drivers of community interactions. Across the interaction network, negative interactions dominated, with community-derived spent media consistently exerting stronger inhibitory effects on bacterial growth across the community than any single-species filtrate. While two isolates (Exiguobacterium sibiricum and Bacillus thuringiensis) exhibited strong inhibitory effects in monoculture assays, community spent media analyses revealed that no single strain was responsible for the pathogen-suppressive phenotype observed in community, indicating that protection against Pseudomonas syringae is an emergent property of the particular community composition. Furthermore, using correlations and cross-validated multivariate models, inhibition strengths were poorly predicted by either genomic annotations or phenotypic strategies. Instead, community context strongly constrained environmental modification and buffered strain-specific effects observed in isolation. Together, these results demonstrate that microbial community function cannot easily be inferred from pairwise interactions or individual strain properties alone, and that both direct and indirect interactions shape phyllosphere community structure and function, with emergent properties such as pathogen suppression arising from collective properties rather than the presence/absence or dominance of individual keystone taxa.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Batarseh, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collado, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehlferber, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez-Navarrete, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koskella, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.16.699983</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Linking genomic and phenotypic traits to interaction outcomes in a synthetic phyllosphere community]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.19.700487v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Strong sustained type I IFN signaling acts cell intrinsically to impair IFNγ responses and cause tuberculosis susceptibility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.19.700487v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) causes over one million annual deaths, but most infected individuals never exhibit symptoms. Type I interferons (IFNs) have emerged as a major factor driving Mtb susceptibility, but how type I IFNs impair immunity to Mtb is a key unresolved question. Here we show that an early and primary effect of type I IFN during Mtb infection is the cell-intrinsic impairment of IFN{gamma} signaling. IFN{gamma} signaling was selectively impaired in the subset of infected macrophages experiencing high and sustained levels of type I IFN signaling. Genetic elimination of RESIST, a recently described positive regulator of type I IFN production, specifically eliminated the high and sustained type I IFN response, fully restored IFN{gamma} signaling, and rescued Mtb susceptibility without affecting basal type I IFN responses. Our results demonstrate that strong and sustained type I IFN responses specifically and cell-intrinsically impair responsiveness to IFN{gamma} to cause Mtb susceptibility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fattinger, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavez, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witt, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parisi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turcotte, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brydon, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fairgrieve, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhaliwal, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotov, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vance, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.19.700487</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Strong sustained type I IFN signaling acts cell intrinsically to impair IFNγ responses and cause tuberculosis susceptibility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.21.700667v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Histone 3 lysine 9 dimethylation by the G9a-GLP heterodimer requires intranucleosomal product reading 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.21.700667v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Repressive histone methyltransferases carry a catalytic ("write") domain and a separate domain specialized for recognizing ("reading") the reaction product. This read-write configuration acts as a positive feedback mechanism for epigenetic maintenance and the growth of repressive chromatin domains. Feedback exhibits as catalytic stimulation and is understood to act towards a proximal (trans) nucleosome. Whether this stimulation affects a specific methylation transition and whether it is restricted to trans-stimulation remains opaque. Here, we dissect the positive feedback in the heterodimeric histone 3 lysine 9 (H3K9) mono- and dimethlyase G9a-GLP, which carries two catalytic SET and two product-reading Ankyrin repeat (ANK) domains. We find that reading by both ANK domains is required for H3K9 di-, but not monomethylation on nucleosomes and for tight binding to them. As this read-writing occurs on dilute mononucleosomes, we propose that intranucleosomal feedback occurs for G9a-GLP. Swapping the ANK domains results in loss of dimethylation while maintaining nucleosome binding, indicating catalytic coupling of nucleosome methylation intermediates to reading. Crosslinking mass spectrometry reveals specific G9a surfaces that contact nucleosomal methylation intermediates. Structural approaches reveal how these surfaces position the G9a ANK domain on the methylation-intermediate nucleosome and stabilize G9a-GLP on chromatin during the reaction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yousefi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simental, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whedon, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trnka, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darling, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panning, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Sady, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.21.700667</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Histone 3 lysine 9 dimethylation by the G9a-GLP heterodimer requires intranucleosomal product reading]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.21.700959v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Jumbo circular extrachromosomal elements of methane-oxidizing archaea with variably extensive metabolic and defense gene repertoires 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.21.700959v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Archaeal extrachromosomal elements (ECEs) are arguably the least well understood of all genetic elements, and few have > 200 kbp ("jumbo") genomes. Here, we report circular, jumbo ECEs with genomes of up to 535 kbp in length that associate with anaerobic methane-oxidizing Methanoperedens archaea. Notably, a 409-kbp genome related to jumbo ECEs is integrated into a subset of the [~]4.2 Mbp Methanoperedens chromosomes at the tRNA-Asp genes. This represents the largest integrative element in Archaea and supports the jumbo ECE - host association. Multiple genome alignment and phylogenetic analyses suggest that the large sizes were developed by extensive DNA acquisition from Methanoperedens. The newly identified ECEs encode, and in some cases express, metabolic genes such as tetrahydromethanopterin S-methyltransferase exclusively involved in methane oxidation, and genes for nitrogen and sulfur compound transformations. Also encoded are defense systems, some of which are absent in hosts, such as hybrid Type I/Type III-A CRISPR-Cas systems. In contrast to viruses and plasmids, they have host-like replication machinery and occur at stable copy ratios of 1.44 {+/-} 0.24 : 1 to the host. Overall, our results reveal a spectrum of jumbo ECEs of Methanoperedens, ranging from plasmid-like to minichromosome-like.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, L.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolody, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valentin-Alvarado, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lei, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachdeva, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.21.700959</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Jumbo circular extrachromosomal elements of methane-oxidizing archaea with variably extensive metabolic and defense gene repertoires]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.20.700519v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Federated single-cell QTL meta-analysis reveals novel disease mechanisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.20.700519v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic effects on gene expression are often cell type-specific and obscured in bulk analyses. To resolve this context-dependent regulation, we performed a federated cis-eQTL meta-analysis across 12 PBMC datasets (2,032 individuals, 2.5 million cells). Across six immune cell types, we identified cis-eQTLs for 6,592 genes and fine-mapped 14,985 independent loci. Notably, the 42% of eQTLs that were undetected in a bulk eQTL study on 43,301 whole blood samples also showed stronger enrichment for disease GWAS loci. We further identified three genome-wide significant and 65 suggestive loci affecting the abundance of (rare) immune cell types and validated these using previously reported hematological GWAS and bulk-derived trans-eQTLs. Integrating single-cell cis-eQTLs with bulk trans-eQTLs enabled us to anchor 6,382 trans-eGenes (37.2% novel) to upstream regulators and reconstruct directed gene regulatory relationships. For example, a hemorrhoidal disease-associated variant showed a CD4+ T cell-specific cis-eQTL on BACH1 that colocalized with 45 immune and metabolic trans-eGenes. These results demonstrate the power of single-cell QTL meta-analysis in interpreting complex trait genetics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kaptijn, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michielsen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neavin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ripoll-Cladellas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alquicira-Hernandez, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korshevniuk, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oelen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vochteloo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warmerdam, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ando, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ban, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayaraa, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Blokland, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Considine, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dieng, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edahiro, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groot, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Harst, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heinig, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hon, C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Idaghdour, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kathail, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Klein, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Losert, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manikanda, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moody, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naeem, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mokrab, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nawijn, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Netea, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niewold, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okada, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawcer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soulama, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stegle, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsepilov, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, W.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajagopalan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shahin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.20.700519</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Federated single-cell QTL meta-analysis reveals novel disease mechanisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.23.700382v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Efficient transgene-free multiplexed genome editing via viral delivery of an engineered TnpB. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.23.700382v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Virus-induced genome editing (VIGE) using compact RNA-guided endonucleases is a transformational new approach in plant biotechnology, enabling tissue-culture-independent and transgene-free genome editing (Hu et al. 2025; Liu et al. 2025; Weiss et al. 2025). We recently established a VIGE approach for heritable editing at single loci in Arabidopsis by delivering the compact genome editor ISYmu1 TnpB (Ymu1) and its guide RNA (gRNA) via Tobacco Rattle Virus (TRV) (Weiss et al. 2025). Here, we greatly improved this approach by devising a multiple gRNA expression system and by utilizing an engineered high-activity Ymu1 variant (Ymu1-WFR) (Zhou et al. 2026) to develop an efficient multiplexed genome editing platform.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weiss, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamalu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirnowski, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingelsson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amerasekera, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vohra, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trinidad, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freitas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinmetz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ambrose, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobsen, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.23.700382</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Efficient transgene-free multiplexed genome editing via viral delivery of an engineered TnpB.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.23.701188v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Supported membrane assay probes PLCγ1 activity in LAT condensates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.23.701188v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phospholipase C-{gamma}1 (PLC{gamma}1) plays a critical role linking T cell receptor activation with downstream signaling pathways including calcium. PLC{gamma}1 activation in T Cells relies on phosphotyrosine-mediated recruitment to the membrane-bound scaffold LAT, which becomes crosslinked through a bond percolation network with Grb2 and other scaffold and signaling molecules to form a signaling condensate. PLC{gamma}1 in these LAT condensates becomes activated, leading to induction of extracellular calcium influx. While PLC{gamma}1-driven calcium signaling is clearly correlated with LAT condensation, it is less clear how--or if-- the LAT condensation state facilitates PLC{gamma}1 activity. Here we develop an image-based PLC{gamma}1 activity assay in supported bilayers that enables simultaneous measurement of both PLC{gamma}1 recruitment to phosphorylated LAT and PLC{gamma}1-catalyzed hydrolysis of PIP2 in the membrane. The condensation state of LAT is independently controlled by adjusting levels of co-condensation proteins such as Grb2, SOS, GADS, and SLP76. The hydrolysis product, diacylglycerol (DAG), remains in the membrane and is monitored as a readout of catalytic activity using a DAG sensor based on the C1b (DAG binding) domain of PKC{theta}. Assays are performed directly with mammalian cell lysate containing fluorescent PLC{gamma}1 fusion constructs. The results reveal that PLC{gamma}1 is highly active when recruited to dispersed LAT and that the condensed state does not promote activity. Overall, this assay platform reveals that despite the correlation between PLC{gamma}1 signal gating and LAT condensation, the physical environment of the condensate itself is not a key regulator of PLC{gamma}1 signaling. More broadly, this assay system offers a quantitative means of probing how PLC{gamma}1 activity is controlled at the membrane.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DeGrandchamp, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajesh, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lew, L. J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groves, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.23.701188</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Supported membrane assay probes PLCγ1 activity in LAT condensates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.25.701616v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The evolution of genetic drift over 50,000 generations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.25.701616v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Random variation in reproductive success--genetic drift--profoundly shapes genetic diversity and evolutionary trajectories. The strength of drift depends on the variance in descendant number, [Formula], which governs key evolutionary outcomes: for instance, the establishment probability of a beneficial mutation scales inversely with [Formula]. However, whether [Formula] itself evolves over long timescales has remained unclear, because allele-frequency fluctuations depend on drift only through the effective population size, [Formula], which blends census population size with descendant-number variance. Here, we disentangle these components by using model-based Bayesian inference combined with joint tracking of (i) frequency fluctuations of neutrally barcoded lineages and (ii) census population sizes across growth cycles in the E. coli Long-Term Evolution Experiment. Analyzing 33 clones spanning the ancestor through 50,000 generations in two replicate populations (Ara-2 and Ara+2), we find that the strength of genetic drift evolved markedly--and divergently--between the two replicate populations. Both census size and [Formula] changed substantially through time, with most variation in Ne driven by shifts in [Formula] rather than census size. After approximately 2,000 generations, the [Formula] of the two populations diverged sharply: Ara+2 generally remained close to a bottleneck-only null expectation, whereas Ara-2 exhibited 1.5-5xstronger drift, consistent with an evolved increase in stochasticity during growth. Because establishment probability scales as [Formula], a beneficial mutation of given effect is roughly twice as likely to establish in Ara+2 as in Ara-2. Our results demonstrate that the key parameter governing genetic drift can itself evolve, with direct consequences for adaptation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ascensao, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallatschek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.25.701616</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The evolution of genetic drift over 50,000 generations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.27.702130v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coupling high-throughput protease enzymology with viral replication reveals biochemical constraints of viral fitness 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.27.702130v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proteases govern essential biological processes and are key drug targets, yet how protease sequence variation quantitatively reshapes biochemical parameters and constrains biological fitness remains poorly understood. Here, we integrate high-throughput in vitro enzymology with cellular assays to link protease sequence, biochemistry, and fitness. We extend a microfluidic platform for high-throughput protease enzymology (HT-MEKpro), which is broadly applicable across protease families and catalytic classes, enabling measurement of catalytic turnover (kcat), Michaelis constant (KM), inhibitor potency (IC50), and relative substrate specificity for 102-103 variants. Applied to the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro), HT-MEKpro generated parallel catalytic and inhibitory landscapes for >400 variants. Integration with viral replication and in-cell cleavage assays reveals that variants with altered substrate specificity fail to support replication, suggesting imbalanced polyprotein processing as a constraint on viral fitness. More broadly, these data can enable mechanistically grounded modeling of protease sequence-property relationships and inform strategies for pharmacological modulation beyond active-site inhibition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aidlen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vo, W. V. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosecrans, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurianowicz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chuo, S.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asper, G. P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Posner, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muir, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freitas, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ott, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craik, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taha, T. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinney, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.27.702130</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coupling high-throughput protease enzymology with viral replication reveals biochemical constraints of viral fitness]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.28.702353v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Divergent Electrophysiological Responses in the Human Hippocampus During Verbal Memory Processing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.28.702353v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The profile of electrophysiological responses in the human hippocampus (HPC) during verbal memory processing has remained complex and unclear. Here, we studied 26 patients implanted with intracranial electrodes across 187 HPC sites (50% left, 2-18 per patient). During memory encoding and retrieval, a subset of HPC responsive sites demonstrated increased ripple events, along with elevated high-frequency (HFA >50 Hz), and low-frequency (LFA 1-8 Hz) activity. A nearly equal number of sites showed no changes in ripple rate but increased LFA power and a delayed response-locked decrease in HFA power. More importantly, both successful encoding as well as recognition of remembered words were strongly associated with the coordination of the timing of LFA and HFA increases across the two clusters of responsive HPC sites. Using direct cortical electrical stimulations, we confirmed overlapping, but partially distinct, cortical connections to the functionally distinct HPC clusters. Our findings suggest a mesoscale mosaic functional organization within the human HPC where adjacent sites with divergent electrophysiological responses may have specialized roles during verbal memory processing. More importantly, our findings suggest that successful human memory depends on the coordination of the timing of low and high frequency local fields generated across these functionally divergent neuronal population sites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quabs, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staalduinen, E. K. v.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pantis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marais, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stieger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutsch, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buch, V. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parvizi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.28.702353</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Divergent Electrophysiological Responses in the Human Hippocampus During Verbal Memory Processing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.29.702501v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A highly conserved two-gene operon is crucial for lipoarabinomannan localization, pathogenesis, and cell envelope function in Mycobacterium abscessus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.29.702501v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mycobacterium abscessus is an emerging threat, causing infections that are difficult to treat due to intrinsic resistance to most antibiotics. Determinants of M. abscessus physiology and pathogenesis remain poorly understood, hampering therapeutic development. Here, we show that in M. abscessus, the lprg-mfs operon is essential for virulence in macrophages and in mice. Loss of lprg-mfs in M. abscessus causes accumulation of the glycolipid lipoarabinomannan (LAM) on the cell surface and in culture supernatant suggesting that this system participates in LAM import. This contrasts with its proposed role in M. tuberculosis where lprg-mfs has been implicated in the export of various lipids. Consistent with altered lipid distribution, the lprg-mfs mutant displays severe defects in mycomembrane permeability, fluidity, and integrity, and expression of mfs alone restores only a subset of these phenotypes, revealing a surprising uncoupling of envelope fluidity and permeability. Using a suppressor screen to further investigate factors that control the distribution of lipoarabinomannan we find that a point mutation in the unannotated gene MAB_0995 can fully or partially complement all deletion mutant phenotypes. Our data also show that lipoarabinomannan in the mycomembrane is dynamically regulated in response to environmental conditions, including hypoxia and macrophage infection. Together, these findings redefine the role of LprG/Mfs in mycobacterial cell envelope homeostasis and reveal unexpected plasticity in mycomembrane lipid regulation in M. abscessus.

ImportanceThe emerging pathogen Mycobacterium abscessus causes life-threatening lung infections in certain patients that are extremely difficult to treat due to its intrinsic resistance to most antibiotics. However, the process by which this organism establishes infection is poorly understood, as are the specific determinants of antibiotic tolerance. Better knowledge of the genes required for virulence and impermeability to antibiotics in M. abscessus could enable to development of more effective treatments. The significance of this study is the demonstration that the lprg-mfs operon is required both for pathogenesis and for impermeability in M. abscessus. Further, our study shows a correlation between cell envelope characteristics and the distribution of the molecule lipoarabinomannan, suggesting a specific mechanism by which these crucial characteristics are mediated.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Campbell-Kruger, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balakhmet, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.29.702501</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A highly conserved two-gene operon is crucial for lipoarabinomannan localization, pathogenesis, and cell envelope function in Mycobacterium abscessus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.27.699563v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Global population structures and demographic history of Suillus luteus, a pine co-introduced ectomycorrhizal fungus associated with exotic forestry and invasion. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.27.699563v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human colonization since the 19th century has resulted in the global spread of pines across the Southern Hemisphere, well beyond their original northern boreal distribution. Such introductions moved not only the pines but also expanded the distribution of their symbiotic partners. Although the introduction of pines is documented through historical records, little is known about the introduction history of their ectomycorrhizal fungi, which are critical symbionts for the survival and invasion of pines. Using Suillus luteus as an example, population genomic analyses of 208 individuals across both native and introduced ranges showed that all introductions originated from Europe, likely mediated by human activities along with pine introductions. With the exception of North America, introduced populations were genetically differentiated from the Europe population, with varying magnitudes of population expansion in different introduced regions, often linked to forestry practices. Genetic variation within the native European population followed isolation by distance, but not in the introduced range, highlighting the disparity in the spatial genetic patterns of native versus exotic habitats. This study provides insight into the population genetics of a globally introduced ectomycorrhizal fungus whose introduction process is likely applicable to other pine-co-introduced ectomycorrhizal fungi.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ke, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bazzicalupo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruytinx, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lofgren, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruns, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Branco, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Looney, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirose, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tedersoo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peintner, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rojas, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, H.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plett, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipzen, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barry, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grigoriev, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoeksema, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vilgalys, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.27.699563</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Global population structures and demographic history of Suillus luteus, a pine co-introduced ectomycorrhizal fungus associated with exotic forestry and invasion.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.27.702131v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A genetically encoded ionic-stress sensor reveals protons as a sleep driver 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.27.702131v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dynamic ionic changes are hallmarks of physiological and behavioral state transitions, including sleep in animals. Although biosensors for specific cellular ions are widely available, real-time monitoring of overall ionic strength in living organisms remains challenging. Here, we present a genetically encoded nuclear translocation ionic sensor (GENTIS) that enables direct visualization of ionic stress in vivo. Using GENTIS in C. elegans, we uncover rhythmic elevations in ionic strength during larval molting transitions that coincide with the lethargus sleep. Cytosolic proton ionic increase through inhibition of v-ATPase is sufficient to induce GENTIS nuclear translocation and evoke behavioral quiescence, characterized by reduced feeding and activation of sleep-active neurons. Apical membrane v-ATPases undergo disassembly during lethargus and under sleep-inducing stress conditions, leading to proton accumulation. Notably, this proton-mediated sleep is suppressed by proton buffering with ammonium. Together, these findings establish GENTIS as a powerful tool for tracking ionic strength dynamics in living organisms and support protons as a physiological driver of sleep.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ji, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bian, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, C.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.27.702131</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A genetically encoded ionic-stress sensor reveals protons as a sleep driver]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.27.702185v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Volume EM reveals three-dimensional architecture of the desmosome in epithelial cells and tissue models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.27.702185v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Desmosomes are a type of cell-cell adhesive junction present in cardiac tissue and epithelial tissues such as the epidermis. These intercellular junctions anchor to the intermediate filament cytoskeleton, providing mechanical integrity to the tissues in which they reside. Our understanding of desmosome architecture has largely been influenced by observations of two-dimensional images obtained through conventional electron microscopy. Here, using focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy, we report the three-dimensional ultrastructure of desmosomes in A431 and S1 human mammary epithelial cells. We also reveal differences in desmosome ultrastructure at homo- and heterotypic junctions of human nasal airway epithelial cells. Quantitative analyses of these volume EM datasets reveal variations in desmosome size, shape, and organization. Importantly, we report the presence of discontinuities or "holes" within the desmosome outer dense plaque, a novel feature that is observed in either one or both halves of a desmosome. This study provides the first comprehensive description of the epithelial desmosome as a three-dimensional structure, and emphasizes the need to investigate the effects of dynamic morphogenetic processes and disease states on desmosome ultrastructure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bharathan, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmer, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lhamo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jorgens, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inman, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mennella, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kowalczyk, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.27.702185</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Volume EM reveals three-dimensional architecture of the desmosome in epithelial cells and tissue models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.28.702329v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Methionine metabolism and the NOP2 methyltransferase are essential for MYC-Driven liver tumorigenesis. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.28.702329v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide and has been increasing in developed nations.1,2 The MYC oncogene or its paralogs are frequently amplified or overexpressed in subtypes of cancer associated with stem cell-like features and worse clinical outcomes,3,4 including in liver cancer.5 Unfortunately, selective inhibitors that target MYC or its transcriptional program are not yet clinically available for therapy of HCC. Here, we identified methionine metabolism as a selective vulnerability for MYC but not RAS-driven liver cancers. MYC-driven liver cancer cells are methionine dependent, with markedly diminished tumor growth when mice are fed a methionine low diet. While RAS-driven liver cancer was resistant to a low methionine diet. S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), the predominant methyl donor, partially rescues cell proliferation following methionine depletion, suggesting that methylation processes are especially critical in the context of MYC high tumor cells. Heavy isotope methionine tracing in MYC high cells identified increased levels of m5C nucleotides. We found NOP2, an rRNA m5C-methyltransferase, was regulated by both MYC overexpression and methionine abundance linking the two processes. Methionine depletion reduced methylation of multiple 28S rRNA residues as did NOP2 knockdown. Depletion of NOP2 selectively inhibited MYC liver cancer cell proliferation and in vivo tumor growth. Thus, methionine catabolism is critical for MYC-driven liver tumorigenesis and the rRNA methyltransferase NOP2 may serve as a new therapeutic target in liver cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berdan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramani, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomura, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goga, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.28.702329</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Methionine metabolism and the NOP2 methyltransferase are essential for MYC-Driven liver tumorigenesis.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.29.702647v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
H4K20me3 and CTCF act reciprocally at TAD boundaries to regulate cell state transitions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.29.702647v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromatin is organized into topologically associating domains (TADs) that are critical for gene regulation. Transitions between cell states, such as proliferation and quiescence, involve genome-scale chromatin dynamics and transcriptional changes, but the underlying mechanisms are not well-understood. Here we show that the reversible shift between proliferation and quiescence is regulated by the opposing action of CTCF and the histone modification H4K20me3. CTCF is a boundary element that defines TADs, while H4K20me3 has previously been associated with heterochromatin, chromatin compaction, and repetitive elements. Using CUT&Tag, RNA-seq, and functional perturbations, we demonstrate that H4K20me3 and CTCF compete for chromatin, including at TAD boundary elements, with increased H4K20me3 in quiescent cells antagonizing CTCF activity in proliferating cells. Manipulation of H4K20me3 levels shows that in quiescent cells, elevated H4K20me3 alters the chromatin landscape, leading to more compact chromatin architecture, elongated nuclei, and induction of a quiescence gene expression program. Conversely, CTCF binding is associated with open chromatin conformation, rounder nuclei, expression of proliferation-associated genes, lower levels of quiescence marker p27/CDKN1B, and cell division in cultured cells and mice. Fibroblasts deficient for H4K20me3 methyltransferase KMT5C are more proliferative, with reduced expression of quiescence genes, and KMT5C-deficient mice are larger. Our findings reveal a reversible antagonistic interplay between H4K20me3 and CTCF that modulates the functional outcome of chromatin architecture to effect changes in cellular state. This new paradigm for regulation of the proliferation-quiescence transition suggests a molecular basis for common developmental transitions and disorders of proliferation.

HighlightsO_LIH4K20me3, a mark associated with heterochromatin, and CTCF compete for chromatin boundary elements
C_LIO_LICTCF and H4K20me3 play opposing roles, with increased CTCF in proliferating cells and elevated H4K20me3 in quiescent cells
C_LIO_LIModulating H4K20me3 or CTCF reversibly shifts cells between proliferative and quiescent state
C_LIO_LIMice with reduced H4K20me3 are larger, consistent with hyperproliferation
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Atai, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitra, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohn, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corvalan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jelinek, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voisin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ambrus, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarathy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sparks, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonitto, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunkwu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coller, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.29.702647</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[H4K20me3 and CTCF act reciprocally at TAD boundaries to regulate cell state transitions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.29.702701v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantitative muscle color as a proxy for structural and functional characteristics during muscle remodeling in Gryllus lineaticeps 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.29.702701v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the cellular and physiological mechanisms underlying muscle remodeling requires model systems that allow rapid, reliable, and quantitative assessment of muscle state. The cricket Gryllus lineaticeps naturally undergoes non-pathological striated muscle breakdown (histolysis), making it a promising system for studying this process. However, current assessments of muscle state are largely qualitative, subjective, and poorly standardized across experiments. Here, we developed and validated a continuous, quantitative muscle color metric to objectively capture histolysis progression and functional changes in muscle. We show that this metric robustly tracks variation in muscle color across remodeling stages, including the challenging fully transparent stage, and strongly predicts protein content, mitochondrial abundance, and iron content in a muscle- and trait-specific manner. The reproducibility of these relationships across independent datasets demonstrates the generality and robustness of this approach. By providing a rapid, objective, and biologically informative proxy of muscle state, this framework not only advances the utility of G. lineaticeps as a model for muscle remodeling but also offers a strategy for exploring the cellular dynamics underlying age-related muscle diseases and disorders, addressing an increasing public health concern in aging populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Laturney, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martins, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.29.702701</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantitative muscle color as a proxy for structural and functional characteristics during muscle remodeling in Gryllus lineaticeps]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.29.702607v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analysis of the assembly, stabilization and maturation of the multiphasic TAZ biomolecular condensates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.29.702607v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phase separation is an important mechanism ensuring efficient regulation and function in Hippo signaling. Particularly, phase separation of nuclear TAZ has been demonstrated to be essential for its activity. However, the mechanisms of TAZ condensate assembly and maturation are yet undefined. Here we explored these mechanisms using FRAP with two laser beam sizes complemented by microscopy and cell biology approaches. We show that TAZ condensates are multiphasic, with a more stable core and labile periphery. TAZ initially forms small nascent clusters, likely via self-nucleation through the CC domain. These gradually mature into larger condensates through interaction with additional proteins via the WW domain. The condensates are further stabilized/activated by interaction with transcription factors and complexes including TEAD4 and P-TEFb. Of note, the ability of TAZ to form mature condensates is essential for its activities in cellular morphogenesis and tumorigenesis. Our study presents detailed mechanistic analysis of TAZ phase separation, revealing a highly dynamic nature of TAZ condensate maturation and activation.

TeaserTAZ condensates grow from nascent clusters into mature condensates by interactions with transcription factors and complexes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shapira, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grig, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jing, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfenson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henis, Y. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.29.702607</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analysis of the assembly, stabilization and maturation of the multiphasic TAZ biomolecular condensates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.30.702911v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Science should be machine-readable 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.30.702911v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We develop a machine-automated approach for extracting results from papers, which we assess via a comprehensive review of the entire eLife corpus. Our method facilitates a direct comparison of machine and peer review, and sheds light on key challenges that must be overcome in order to facilitate AI-assisted science. In particular, the results point the way towards a machine-readable framework for disseminating scientific information. We therefore argue that publication systems should optimize separately for the dissemination of data and results versus the conveying of novel ideas, and the former should be machine-readable.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Booeshaghi, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luebbert, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pachter, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.30.702911</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Science should be machine-readable]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.02.703194v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluating the applicability of kinship analyses for sedimentary ancient DNA datasets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.02.703194v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Kinship reconstruction in ancient populations provides key insights into past social organization and evolutionary history. Sedimentary ancient DNA (sedaDNA) enables access to deep-time human populations in the absence of skeletal remains. However, it is characterized by severe degradation and the potential mixture of genetic material from multiple individuals, raising questions about its suitability for kinship inference. Here, we use extensive simulations to evaluate the feasibility and limitations of kinship inference in sparse and damaged sedaDNA data, with a focus on Neandertals. We find that the main obstacle to accurate kinship inference in sedaDNA is the presence of multiple contributors to a given sample. To address this, we introduce a simple heterozygosity-based test to identify samples containing DNA from multiple individuals. Guided by these results, we analyze published Neandertal sedaDNA from the Galeria de las Estatuas site to assess the practical limits of kinship inference in real sedimentary ancient DNA data. Together, our results define methodological considerations and practical limits for kinship inference in sedimentary ancient DNA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cohen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zavala, E. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moorjani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.02.703194</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluating the applicability of kinship analyses for sedimentary ancient DNA datasets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.02.700737v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LUCas: Light-Uncaged Cas13a using photocleavable interfering guide RNAs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.02.700737v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR diagnostics have emerged as powerful tools for detecting infectious diseases, with the RNA endonuclease Cas13a enabling sensitive and specific, amplification-free RNA detection through collateral trans-cleavage of fluorescent reporters. However, background cleavage from unbound enzyme, contaminating nucleases, and unsynchronized initiation of reactions limits assay sensitivity and interpretability. A strategy to precisely control the onset of Cas13a catalytic activity, essentially a molecular "starting gun", would address these challenges and expand assay design space. Here, we introduce Light-Uncaged Cas13a (LUCas), a light controllable system that directly gates Cas13a using a photocleavable interfering guide RNA (pc-igRNA) that suppresses trans-cleavage activity even in the presence of target RNA. Brief UV illumination releases this suppression, restoring full activity. Quantitative kinetic analysis reveals an approximately 100-fold suppression of trans-cleavage activity prior to photo-activation. Importantly, LUCas also suppresses target-independent background activity, enabling a predictive, background-limited determination of assay sensitivity. Using measured kinetic parameters, we predict and experimentally validate the limit-of-detection of the LUCas system. Finally, we demonstrate a multiplexed detection strategy termed "temporal barcoding," which enables quantitative detection of viral co-infections in a single bulk reaction. Together, these results establish LUCas as a general framework for mechanistically informed, light-based control of Cas13a activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ng, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnamurthy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dextre, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chorlay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ott, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fletcher, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.02.700737</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LUCas: Light-Uncaged Cas13a using photocleavable interfering guide RNAs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.02.701812v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Retinal waves shape starburst amacrine cell dendrite development through a direction-selective dendritic computation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.02.701812v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During development, dendrites undergo structural plasticity in response to neural activity; however, whether spatiotemporal activity patterns can instruct dendritic growth remains unclear. Prior to vision, the developing mouse retina exhibits spontaneous retinal waves with a nasal propagation bias that mimics forward optic flow. Here, we reveal that starburst amacrine cells use direction-selective dendritic computations to transform this propagation bias into asymmetric dendrite growth, linking activity patterns to structural development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pitcher, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzales, A. S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habib, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feller, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.02.701812</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Retinal waves shape starburst amacrine cell dendrite development through a direction-selective dendritic computation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.02.702952v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nested birth-death processes are competitive with parameter-heavy neural networks as time-dependent models of protein evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.02.702952v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most statistical phylogenetics analyses use relatively simple continuous-time finite-state Markov models of point substitution to describe molecular evolution, often keeping sequence length fixed, ignoring insertions and deletions (indels) entirely, and making little (if any) allowance for variations in selection pressure due to interactions between amino acids. The simplistic assumptions of these models limit the realism of phylogenetics. We extend the TKF92 model - the canonical hierarchical model combining an outer birth-death process for indels with an inner finite-state Markov chain for substitutions - by introducing additional nesting and latent states, allowing for structural heterogeneity. We compare these TKF92 extensions (which are derived as exact solutions of instantaneous processes, and in which evolutionary time naturally appears as a matrix exponential coefficient) to two classes of neural seq2seq model that are not derived in such a way, but instead take evolutionary time as an input feature: the first class of model being constrained to enforce a TKF92-like structure, and the second lacking any such constraint. We evaluate the per-character perplexities of all models on splits of the PFam database of aligned protein domains. A nested TKF-based model with only 32,000 parameters is highly competitive with neural networks containing tens of millions of parameters, outperforming all but two of the neural architectures tested. Our results indicate that approaches grounded in molecular evolutionary theory may be more parameter-efficient and provide a better fit to real alignments than unconstrained alternatives, supporting the incorporation of CTMC-based model structure within future neural phylogenetic approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Large, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.02.702952</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nested birth-death processes are competitive with parameter-heavy neural networks as time-dependent models of protein evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.02.703366v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparison of environmental DNA and bulk DNA metabarcoding for assessing terrestrial arthropod diversity across three habitat types on Guam 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.02.703366v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA based methods offer a rapid and cost-effective way for detecting species occurrence and monitoring biodiversity; among them bulk DNA metabarcoding is well-established, and recently developed environmental DNA (eDNA)-based methods offer a non-destructive alternative. With a goal to develop suitable methods for assessing insect biodiversity in ecosystems for which DNA reference libraries are not well developed and incomplete, such as remote islands, we compared established bulk DNA metabarcoding methods with eDNA across three replicated terrestrial ecosystem types (limestone forest, degraded forest, and grassland) in Guam. Using two mitochondrial COI primer pairs, we performed bulk DNA metabarcoding of standard entomological collection methods (malaise traps, pan traps, vegetation beating), and compared the assessment of biodiversity with that from different eDNA sources (flowers, spider webs, leaves, tree trunks). In our samples, eDNA and bulk DNA metabarcoding both detected a large proportion of overall taxa (OTUs, 86.6% and 60.3%, respectively). Although DNA metabarcoding detected significantly more taxa, eDNA proved to be a reasonable non-destructive alternative. As expected, because of limitations in existing reference databases for remote habitats, species-level identification was achieved for only a few OTUs. Overall, the sampling approach was the dominant driver of arthropod diversity, explaining [~]17% of the observed variation, while habitat type accounted for [~]4%. Thus, each sampling approach captured some unique diversity signals and contributed to the complementary effect of maximizing detection. For rapid insect biodiversity surveys of terrestrial arthropods, we recommend an integrated metabarcoding approach, and in sensitive habitats where insect capture is undesirable, eDNA offers a powerful alternative to monitor diversity and community change.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Bayer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calaor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>C. Andersen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>P. Economo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krehenwinkel, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillespie, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roderick, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>P. Puliafico, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.02.703366</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparison of environmental DNA and bulk DNA metabarcoding for assessing terrestrial arthropod diversity across three habitat types on Guam]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.04.703737v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis for curvature generation and functional specialization in spirochete flagella 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.04.703737v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spirochetes are a distinctive phylum of spiral-shaped bacteria, defined by their curved periplasmic flagella, which drive motility by deforming the cell body and enabling efficient corkscrew-like propulsion through viscous environments. Despite their clinical importance, the molecular mechanisms underlying flagellar assembly, curvature and thus motility, remain poorly understood. Here we used cryo-electron microscopy combined with visual proteomic analysis to determine near-atomic resolution structures of two distinct flagellar filaments natively isolated from T. denticola, a major oral pathogen. Our structures reveal that filament curvature is generated by the asymmetric decoration of a conserved FlaB core by multiple sheath proteins, including FlaA1/2/3 and two previously uncharacterized proteins, termed FlaL1 and FlaL2. We show that the sheath imposes differential axial compaction on the FlaB core: FlaA1 expands the lattice at the outer curvature, FlaA2/3 compress the lattice at the inner curvature, and FlaL proteins stabilize these asymmetric interactions. Incorporation of distinct FlaB homologs contributes to assembled filament identity, with FlaB3 forming thin filaments and FlaB1/2 interacting with the sheath to form thick filaments. Comparative analysis reveals that FlaL proteins are conserved amongst some Treponema species and several other spirochetes, indicating that asymmetric assembly represents a modular solution to the mechanical demands of periplasmic flagella. These findings provide a structural framework for understanding functional specialization in bacterial filaments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Troman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fenno, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goetting-Minesky, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynolds, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veith, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosal, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.04.703737</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis for curvature generation and functional specialization in spirochete flagella]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.04.703782v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dorsal skin biopsies: A non-lethal sampling method for studying amphibians, including the highly endangered Harlequin frogs (Bufonidae: Atelopus) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.04.703782v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Non-lethal sampling methods are increasingly essential for amphibian research as global declines intensify and many species persist in small, vulnerable populations. Skin biopsies offer a promising alternative to whole-animal collection and other minimally invasive approaches; however, systematic evaluations of recovery and impacts on body condition remain limited. Here, we assess the effects of small (2-mm) dorsal skin biopsies in four frog species, including three highly endangered Harlequin frogs (Atelopus bomolochos, A. balios, A. longirostris) and the Gualataco marsupial frog (Gastrotheca riobambae). Under controlled laboratory conditions and in semi-natural enclosures, we monitored wound healing, survival, and body mass trajectories in biopsied and control individuals over a one-month period. Across all species, biopsy sites fully healed within approximately three weeks, following consistent stages of re-epithelialization and subsequent repigmentation. No biopsy-related mortality was observed, and body mass did not differ between biopsied and control individuals, indicating no detectable effects of skin biopsies on body condition during the wound-healing period. Occasional minor post-biopsy reactions resolved without intervention within the observation period. We additionally report anecdotal field recovery observations for three other species (A. coynei, A. laetissimus, and A. sp. aff. longirostris), indicating survival and visible wound closure following release. Together, these results indicate that small dorsal skin biopsies represent a safe, non-lethal sampling method for amphibians, including highly endangered taxa. By providing sufficient tissue for diverse downstream applications--such as chemical analyses, genomics, transcriptomics, microbiome characterization, and disease detection--this approach expands the range of questions that can be addressed while minimizing harm to threatened species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Navarrete Mendez, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riera, A. B. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teran-Valdez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naydenova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coloma, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarvin, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.04.703782</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dorsal skin biopsies: A non-lethal sampling method for studying amphibians, including the highly endangered Harlequin frogs (Bufonidae: Atelopus)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.04.700910v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stereoselective methyl-swapping demonstrates target specificity of cognitive enhancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.04.700910v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Integrated Stress Response (ISR) couples cellular stress sensing to translational control, playing a critical role in the homeostatic regulation of cell health. However, prolonged and unmitigated ISR activation becomes maladaptive and drives the progression of a wide range of pathologies, including cognitive decline. Pharmacological inhibition of the ISR with the small, drug-like molecule ISRIB has proven remarkably effective in reversing cognitive deficits and pathology in animal models, highlighting its potential for therapeutic intervention in humans. We engineered an allele-specific ISRIB analog (mISRIB) that selectively targets a mutant form of eIF2B, the molecular target of ISRIB, without affecting wild-type eIF2B. Notably, mISRIB treatment in mice homozygous for the eIF2B mutant allele enhances synaptic plasticity and long-term memory, confirming the on-target mechanism underlying ISRIBs cognitive benefits. Our results provide a framework for dissecting the ISRs contributions within complex cellular networks, such as those governing brain function, with precise temporal and spatial resolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boone, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalwadi, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Croll, T. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamazaki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prescott, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minopoli, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biscocho, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arthur, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laughlin, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klope, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egea, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoof, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawrence, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renslo, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa-Mattioli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frost, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walter, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.04.700910</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stereoselective methyl-swapping demonstrates target specificity of cognitive enhancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.06.704502v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Token Alignment for Verifying LLM-Extracted Text 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.06.704502v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large language models excel at text extraction, but they sometimes hallucinate. A simple way to avoid hallucinations is to remove any extracted text that does not appear in the original source. This is easy when the extracted text is contiguous (findable with exact string matching), but much harder when it is discontiguous. Techniques for finding discontiguous phrases depend heavily on how the text is split--i.e., how it is tokenized. In this study, we show that splitting text along subword boundaries, with LLM-specific tokenizers, and aligning extracted text with ordered alignment algorithms, improves alignment by about 50% compared to word-level tokenization. To demonstrate this, we introduce the Berkeley Ordered Alignment of Text (BOAT) dataset, a modification of the Stanford Question Answering Dataset (SQuAD) that includes non-contiguous phrases, and BIO-BOAT a biomedical variant built from 51 bioRxiv preprints. We show that text-alignment methods form a partially ordered set, and that ordered alignment is the most practical choice for verifying LLM-extracted text. We implement this approach in taln, which enumerates ordinal subword alignments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Booeshaghi, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streets, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.06.704502</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Token Alignment for Verifying LLM-Extracted Text]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.06.704504v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In vivo aberration measurement and correction for ultrafast FACED two-photon fluorescence microscopy of the brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.06.704504v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ultrafast two-photon fluorescence microscopy (2PFM) based on free-space angular-chirp-enhanced delay (FACED) enables megahertz line scanning and kilohertz frame rates for in vivo brain imaging. However, optical aberrations from the imaging system and brain tissue degrade spatial resolution, signal, and contrast at depth. Here we integrate adaptive optics (AO) with FACED 2PFM to achieve synapse-resolving ultrafast imaging in the living mouse brain. Because FACED generates a one-dimensional array of temporally delayed, spatially separated excitation foci at 1 gigahertz, we developed a focus-averaging, frequency-multiplexed aberration measurement method that simultaneously measures and corrects the average aberration across all FACED foci using a segmented deformable mirror. We validated the accuracy of our method in correcting both system and artificial aberrations. When applied to in vivo morphological imaging of the mouse brain, AO enhances resolution, signal, contrast of dendritic shafts, spines, and boutons. Functionally, AO improves cerebral blood flow imaging by increasing plasma signal and kymograph contrast over large fields of view; when used for glutamate imaging, it amplifies transient amplitudes and reveals visually evoked glutamate release that were undetectable without correction. Together, these results establish AO-FACED 2PFM as a powerful approach that combines ultrafast imaging with high spatial resolution for structural and functional imaging in the living mouse brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.06.704504</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In vivo aberration measurement and correction for ultrafast FACED two-photon fluorescence microscopy of the brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.09.704886v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A mechanism-aware stoichiometry platform resolves functional viral thresholds and induces antiviral hypersensitivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.09.704886v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antiviral discovery is frequently hindered by a  stoichiometric blind spot--a lack of resolution regarding the functional density of viral enzymes required for replication. Traditional screening pipelines rely on target-based or phenotypic assays that cannot distinguish between simple molecular binding and the crossing of a functional  stoichiometric cliff. Here, we present a mechanism-aware platform that resolves these enzymatic requirements with single-virion precision. By integrating quantitative cryo-electron microscopy and genomic validation with Monte Carlo modeling, we map the stoichiometric landscapes of HIV-1 Protease (PR) and Reverse Transcriptase (RT). We uncover a striking disparity in enzymatic demand: a high-redundancy  buffering capacity for PR ([~]40 monomers) contrasted with a high-threshold requirement for RT ([~]95 subunits). We demonstrate that by systematically  de-buffering the virion, our platform induces a state of antiviral hypersensitivity, enabling the detection of therapeutic activity in novel and clinical inhibitors that remain invisible to traditional workflows. Furthermore, this multiplexed profiling enables de novo target identification, as inhibitors trigger failure exclusively on their respective stoichiometric arms. This platform provides a deterministic roadmap for de-risking drug discovery and identifying viral sub-stoichiometric vulnerabilities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Clinger, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durden, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daurelle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preece, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peppel, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallegos, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waheed, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohn, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacArthur, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petersen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yildiz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freed, E. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saffarian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.09.704886</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A mechanism-aware stoichiometry platform resolves functional viral thresholds and induces antiviral hypersensitivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.09.704939v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CAZyme domain architectures suggest fine-scale functional differentiation among anaerobic fungi and bacteria during lignocellulose conversion to volatile fatty acids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.09.704939v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anaerobic fermentation with microbial communities (microbiomes) is an emerging platform for conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to biofuels and bioproducts. The process relies on diverse anaerobic microbes that interact to deconstruct and convert lignocellulosic biomass into a range of products, such as volatile fatty acids (VFAs), which can be achieved by arresting methanogenesis during fermentation. However, defining the distinct functional roles played by various fungi and bacteria during anaerobic biodegradation remains poorly understood. Here, we performed parallel enrichment experiments from cow faeces, goat faeces, and anaerobic digester sludge, selecting for fungal or bacterial dominated communities that convert sorghum biomass into VFAs. Subsequently we reconstructed metabolic networks across these enrichments based on recovered bacterial metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) and fungal isolate genomes and profiled their metabolic activity using metatranscriptomics to identify potential functional niches. Our findings implicate diverse bacteria affiliated with the Bacteroidales and Lachnospiraceae in the direct conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to propionate and butyrate, respectively, whereas Neocallimastix-dominated fungal enrichments converted lignocellulose to lactate, acetate and formate. Analysis of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) revealed fine-scale differences between microbes that expressed unique multi-functional enzymes linking two or more CAZymes together with distinct carbohydrate binding motifs, implicating lignocellulose structure as a key driver of selection and niche differentiation. Most of these multi-functional enzymes localized complementary degradation functions together, likely conferring synergistic degradation effects within and between microbiome members. We anticipate that these findings will help inform efforts to develop synthetic microbiomes with tailored functionality for low-cost conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to fuels and bio-based chemicals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lawson, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lankiewicz, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia Martin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Malley, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.09.704939</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CAZyme domain architectures suggest fine-scale functional differentiation among anaerobic fungi and bacteria during lignocellulose conversion to volatile fatty acids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.09.704954v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inference of admixture in dogs from whole genome sequences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.09.704954v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundUnderstanding the genetic architecture of domestic dogs provides unique insights into the processes of domestication, breed formation, and the genetic basis of complex traits and diseases. Dog populations, characterized by their diverse morphologies and behaviors, also exhibit extensive evidence of historical and ongoing admixture. This widespread mixing, driven by both natural migration and selective breeding practices, has profoundly shaped the genomic landscape of modern dog breeds. Though global admixture has been extensively estimated in human population studies, where the number of subgroups is typically limited, there has been more limited analysis in canines, where there may be dozens of ancestral groups, or breeds.

ResultsHere we present a procedure for estimating global admixture in dogs from whole genome sequence data using SCOPE. We created a reference population of 65 dog breeds that included 349 individuals, from which we determined breed-informative SNPs. We demonstrate that SCOPE can accurately infer breed composition in both simulated and real admixed samples, even at low sequencing depths. We also characterized the genetic similarity between our reference dog breeds and recovered previously reported relationships.

ConclusionThis approach allows us to identify the strength of the genetic signature of breeds and place error bounds on admixture estimates. It also provides evidence that admixture can be accurately inferred in subjects that may originate from multiple ancestral populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kislik, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubbi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pellegrini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.09.704954</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inference of admixture in dogs from whole genome sequences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.09.704652v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Telomere length of both parents contribute to heritable POT1 cancer-predisposition syndrome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.09.704652v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Germline mutations in POT1 are linked to familial cancer predisposition, and somatic POT1 mutations occur recurrently in tumors. These mutations promote oncogenesis by enabling aberrant telomere elongation. For inherited POT1 mutations, a critical question is the extent to which elongated telomeres are transmitted to the next generation from the POT1 carrier parent and whether the inherited hyper-elongated telomeres elevate cancer risk. Using a nanopore sequencing approach that provides haplotype-specific telomere length measurements, we examined telomere inheritance in families harboring POT1 mutations. We found that individuals preferentially inherit their longest telomeres from the carrier parent, consistent with extensive telomere elongation in the carrier germline, whereas their comparatively short telomeres originate from the non-carrier parent. Analysis of carrier and non-carrier siblings showed that both sets of parental telomeres are longer in POT1 carriers, yet the shortest non-carrier-derived telomeres undergo disproportionately greater elongation than those inherited from the carrier parent. This identifies a mechanism of genetic anticipation in which the inheritance of long telomeres from one parent drives excessive extension of shorter telomeres. These findings demonstrate that telomere length inherited from both parents jointly defines the telomere-based tumor suppressor mechanism.

Summary sentenceAllele specific nanopore sequencing reveals that POT1 mutations reshape germline and somatic telomere dynamics, uncovering a novel mechanism of generational anticipation driven by preferential elongation of short inherited telomeres.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blake, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichols, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Artandi, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hockemeyer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.09.704652</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Telomere length of both parents contribute to heritable POT1 cancer-predisposition syndrome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.09.704935v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phthalate exposure induces inflammatory signaling and alters mitochondrial respiration in marine mammal and human cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.09.704935v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phthalate plasticizers are contaminants of emerging concern that interfere with the synthesis, secretion, and transport of hormones and receptors, altering the immune response and energy balance. Phthalate metabolites have been detected in marine mammals globally, and while studies on phthalate toxicity in marine mammals are beginning to emerge, a comprehensive understanding of the cellular response to these compounds remains elusive. Here, we investigated the transcriptional and bioenergetic responses to mono-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP), the active metabolite of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), in primary dermal derived from northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris), common dolphins (Delphinus delphis), and humans. MEHP exposure did not induce cytotoxicity in any species, but triggered distinct, species-specific changes in gene expression and mitochondrial metabolism. Human cells showed the greatest transcriptional response to MEHP, upregulating detoxification, antioxidant, and inflammatory genes, and downregulating lipid metabolism pathways. Although mitochondrial respiration declined only at the highest dose, sustained extracellular acidification rates and increased glycolytic gene expression indicate a metabolic shift toward glycolysis. In contrast, elephant seal cells upregulated antioxidant and immune genes while maintaining mitochondrial respiration until the highest MEHP dose, alongside increased expression of genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation, the TCA cycle, and mitochondrial dynamics, suggesting a delayed shift to glycolysis and a potential evolutionary adaptation to sustain mitochondrial function during energy-demanding conditions such as breath-hold diving. Dolphin cells exhibited fewer transcriptional changes, which were enriched for hormone signaling and mitotic pathways, and showed dose-dependent declines in both oxygen consumption and extracellular acidification rates, even at the lowest MEHP concentration, alongside upregulation of stress and hypoxia-related genes. Together, these findings highlight distinct cellular strategies for coping with phthalate exposure and likely species-specific susceptibility to toxicant-induced stress. This study provides new insights into how marine mammals respond to plastic-derived contaminants at the cellular level, reinforcing the need for species-specific ecotoxicological risk assessments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Piotrowski, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno-Santillan, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crocker, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goksoyr, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazquez-Medina, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.09.704935</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phthalate exposure induces inflammatory signaling and alters mitochondrial respiration in marine mammal and human cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.10.705051v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SHANK3-CAMSAP2 interaction links synapses to dendritic microtubule organisation in PV neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.10.705051v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The microtubule cytoskeleton plays an essential role in establishing and maintaining neuronal polarity. In neurons, microtubules are initially generated at the centrosome which gradually loses this role in development. In mature neurons, microtubules are stabilised by the microtubule minus end-binding protein CAMSAP2. How and where microtubule minus ends are anchored within dendrites of mammalian neurons remains an open question. Here, we show that microtubules are directly attached to the postsynaptic density of excitatory synapses through an interaction of CAMSAP2 with the scaffolding protein SHANK3. This process is particularly relevant in parvalbumin-positive GABAergic neurons, in which excitatory synapses are predominantly located directly on the dendritic shaft in direct proximity to microtubules. Notably, this association is strongly enhanced by the Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)-associated SHANK3L68P mutation, leading to an increase of synaptic levels of CAMSAP2. This promotes an increased microtubule association with the synapse and alters microtubule dynamics. Downregulation of CAMSAP2 in SHANK3L68P parvalbumin neurons tips the balance between site-specific microtubule stabilisation and dynamics, reshaping dendritic architecture, connecting SHANK3-CAMSAP2 dependent microtubule regulation to synaptic ASD pathology.

TeaserInteraction between synapses and microtubules is enhanced in parvalbumin neurons bearing the ASD-associated SHANK3 L68P mutation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hacker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hecht-Bucher, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamborelle, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doil, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fanutza, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brueckner, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez-Rios, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smaczniak, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufmann, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekkers, D. H. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demmers, J. A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moutin, M.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikhaylova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.10.705051</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SHANK3-CAMSAP2 interaction links synapses to dendritic microtubule organisation in PV neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.10.705148v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In Vivo Cardiac Prime Editing Corrects the Pathogenic Mutation and Rescues Cardiomyopathy Phenotypes in a Novel Humanized RBM20 Mouse Model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.10.705148v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Heart disease affects millions of individuals and prime editing (PE) may enable curative therapies that address the underlying drivers of heart disease. Here we describe the establishment and optimization of an in vivo cardiac PE platform which mediates efficient editing in the heart with no detectable editing in the liver. We performed a proof-of-concept test on RNA binding motif protein 20 (RBM20), which if mutated, can cause dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in humans. Our dual-AAV based PE therapeutic rescued cardiomyopathy phenotypes in the heterozygous Rbm20R636Q mouse model. To further develop PE targeting human RBM20, we introduced a novel humanized mouse model carrying human RBM20 wildtype (WT) or R634Q mutant sequences and displaying RBM20 cardiomyopathy phenotypes. Our human RBM20 PE therapeutic efficiently corrected the pathogenic mutation and rescued phenotypes in the humanized RBM20 mouse model. Our findings demonstrate the potential of in vivo cardiac PE in treating heart disease, offer a valuable humanized DCM mouse model for developing various therapies, and present an optimized in vivo PE platform that can be adopted for targeting other organs and tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rollosson, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Easter, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dee-Hoskins, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greer-Short, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoey, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lombardi, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivey, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.10.705148</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In Vivo Cardiac Prime Editing Corrects the Pathogenic Mutation and Rescues Cardiomyopathy Phenotypes in a Novel Humanized RBM20 Mouse Model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.10.705172v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tracking Transgenes with Color: RUBY as a Visual Marker in CRISPR-Edited Mutant Plants in Two Triticum Species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.10.705172v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas9 is a powerful tool for precise genome editing in plants, but the presence of foreign DNA, such as T-DNA, raises regulatory concerns and complicates mutant screening and field studies of edited material. Detecting plants with good transgene expression and later removing the T-DNA from edited plants is both time-consuming and costly. To address this, we developed a system that uses the non-destructive RUBY reporter, linked to the CRISPR-Cas9 cassette, and expressed under the ZmUbi1 promoter. To assess the applicability of the system, it was tested on two Triticum species, targeting three genes in either tetraploid or hexaploid wheat. Strong correlations were observed in both T0 and T1 plants between betalain content and Cas9 expression, allowing for the quick identification of plants likely to be edited. Furthermore, the RUBY reporter could be used to select against the transgenic CRISPR-Cas9 cassette in subsequent generations at both the seed and seedling stages, thereby reducing the number of plants that need to be screened to identify edited lines without a T-DNA. This approach, using a nondestructive reporter, enabled rapid distinction between transgene expression in primary transgenics and served as a negative selection in the T1 generation, streamlining selection towards edited and T-DNA-free progeny.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kumar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palayur, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lunde, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krasileva, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milner, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.10.705172</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tracking Transgenes with Color: RUBY as a Visual Marker in CRISPR-Edited Mutant Plants in Two Triticum Species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.10.705199v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Shared somatosensory-motor neural population dynamics track motor recovery after stroke 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.10.705199v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SO_SCPLOWUMMARYC_SCPLOWAlthough somatosensation is known to be important for precise hand control, how coordinated activity across sensory and motor cortical areas supports hand movements and object interactions is unclear. We simultaneously recorded neural activity from dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) and Area 2 of the primary somatosensory cortex in three rhesus macaques performing a reach-to-grasp task during recovery from a primary motor cortex (M1) lesion. Using dual-area latent factor analysis, we decomposed population activity into cross-area factors (CFs) shared between PMd and Area 2 and within-area factors (WFs) local to each region. Shared CFs tracked hand kinematics closely despite explaining less overall variance. Strikingly, the emergence of long-timescale, stereotyped sensory-motor cross-area dynamics was correlated with recovery of prehension and object grasping, whereas changes in within-area dynamics were not correlated with recovery. These findings suggest that restoration of coordinated sensory-motor population dynamics is important for recovery of skilled hand function after injury.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Heimbuch, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khanna, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novik, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morecraft, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganguly, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.10.705199</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Shared somatosensory-motor neural population dynamics track motor recovery after stroke]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.14.705928v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
scAmp analyzes focal gene amplifications at single-cell resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.14.705928v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oncogene amplification on extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA) is a common driver of tumor progression and is associated with acquired drug resistance and poor patient survival. While whole genome sequencing (WGS) studies have revealed the landscape of genes amplified on ecDNA in tumors, it remains challenging to study the subclonal heterogeneity and functional (e.g., transcriptomic) consequences of ecDNA on tumors. To address this, we introduce scAmp: a probabilistic algorithm for detecting and analyzing ecDNA from single-cell datasets. We demonstrate scAmps improved accuracy over WGS approaches on well-characterized cell-lines and its applicability to clinical histopathology. We further showcase scAmp by analyzing 73 patient tumors profiled with single-cell ATAC-seq, where we analyze the subclonal evolution of ecDNA+ subclones and identify the effect of ecDNA amplifications on the chromatin accessibility landscape of cancer cells. Together, we anticipate that scAmp will broadly enable further studies - both retrospective and prospective - that dissect critical questions of how ecDNA affect cancer cells and the tumors in which they reside.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jones, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiser, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hung, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agarwal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luebeck, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gnanasekar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howitt, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curtis, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraft, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amiri, V. V. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satpathy, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bafna, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mischel, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.14.705928</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[scAmp analyzes focal gene amplifications at single-cell resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.13.705865v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cellular Chemical Dynamics Governing Signal Transduction and Adaptive Gene Expression: Beyond Classical Kinetics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.13.705865v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular adaptation is inherently nonstationary processes with complex stochastic dynamics1-5. Despite remarkable progress in quantitative biology6-11, a quantitative understanding of the cell adaptation dynamics in terms of the underlying cellular network remains elusive. Here, we present the next-generation chemical dynamics model and theory for cellular networks, providing an effective, quantitative description of the adaptive gene expression dynamics in living cells responding to external stimuli. Unlike conventional kinetics, chemical dynamics of cellular network modules are characterized by their reaction-time distributions, rather than by rate coefficients12. For a general model of cell signal transduction and adaptive gene expression, we derive exact analytical expressions for the time-dependent mean and variance of protein numbers produced in response to external stimuli, validated by accurate stochastic simulations. These results provide a unified, quantitative explanation of the stochastic responses of diverse E. coli genes to antibiotic stress and transcriptional induction. Our analysis reveals existence of a general quadratic relationship between the mean and variance of activation times across diverse genes. The gene activation process influences transient dynamics of downstream protein levels, but not their steady-state levels. In contrast, post-translational maturation process affects both transient dynamics and steady-state variability of mature protein levels. This finding indicates that the gene expression variability measured by fluorescent reporter proteins depends on the maturation time of the reporters. This work suggests a new direction for the development of digital twins of living cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeung, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, G. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koh, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.13.705865</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cellular Chemical Dynamics Governing Signal Transduction and Adaptive Gene Expression: Beyond Classical Kinetics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.17.706416v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diet-Microbiome Analysis in a Healthy Cohort Reveals Potential Role of Intestinal Microbiota in Metabolism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.17.706416v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Both preclinical and clinical studies have revealed the indisputable importance of intestinal bacterial community composition in pathogenesis of various disease states, from obesity to neurodegeneration. Diet remains one of the most important factors shaping human intestinal microbiota composition. In this study, we investigated diet-microbiome interactions in a healthy cohort of 88 participants from Atlanta and Calgary. We examine microbial composition (16S rRNA sequencing) with dietary records using Spearman Correlation tests with Benjamini-Hochberg multiple hypothesis correction to make community-level comparisons between dietary scores and microbial diversity index scores. Predictive models were used for molecular-level comparisons between microbial gene pathways and molecules. Among generalized dietary and microbial indices, we identified a negative association between dietary whole grain consumption and a microbial dysbiosis score. Comparisons between dietary food groups and bacterial family abundance reveal significant associations between dairy consumption and Lactobacillaceae abundance, dietary unsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratio and Clostridia Cluster Family XIII, salt intake and Lachnospiraceae, and consumption of  greens and beans and Veillonellaceae. Predictive models of microbial gene pathways and molecules reveal significant positive associations between several dietary fatty acids and microbial short-chain fatty acid fermentation pathways, and between dietary lignans and archaeal methanogenesis pathways. Overall, these associations may inform future explorations on specific dietary interventions to impact the gut microbiome.

IMPORTANCEIn this study, we compare dietary records and composition of intestinal microbes in a cohort of 88 participants. We identified associations between dietary consumption of dairy and the presence of dairy-consuming bacteria called Lactobacteriaceae and between consumption of dietary fats and the presence of fat-consuming bacteria called Clostridia. Using predictive analysis, we identify specific fatty acids associated with specific biochemical pathways found in Clostridia that might underlie these associations, in addition to an association between archaeal microbes and dietary consumption of estrogen-binding molecules called lignans, which are commonly found in whole grains and vegetables. Overall, our study generates useful associations between diet and intestinal microbes that can be tested in experiments that may help scientists use diet to control intestinal microbes in order to improve human health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Trang, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gulick, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Truell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodkhe, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiseni, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gravdal, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirubakaran, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziegler, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reimer, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraft, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.17.706416</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diet-Microbiome Analysis in a Healthy Cohort Reveals Potential Role of Intestinal Microbiota in Metabolism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.19.706797v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Visual semantic tuning across the cortex shifts between tasks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.19.706797v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Attention is a powerful mechanism that dynamically optimizes brain representations to prioritize behaviorally-relevant information. While previous studies focusing on single tasks have demonstrated that attention shifts tuning towards attended targets, real-world behavior often requires humans to switch between tasks with different demands. How does visual semantic tuning in the human brain shift to support the behavioral demands of different naturalistic tasks? To answer this question, we used voxelwise encoding models to compare visual semantic tuning across the human cerebral cortex between two distinct naturalistic tasks, movie watching and navigation. Results show that visual semantic tuning in the cortex differed substantially between tasks. Principal component analysis reveals that during navigation, tuning shifts increase the representation of vehicles and traffic signs compared to movie watching, and that these shifts were localized to distinct functional networks. These tuning shifts reconfigure the human brains representations of object categories based on their behavioral relevance. These findings demonstrate that visual semantic tuning in the brain dynamically shifts towards task-relevant information across naturalistic tasks, optimizing functional representations to achieve diverse behavioral goals.

Significance statementIn real-world situations, we switch between many tasks with behaviorally distinct goals that require us to attend to different targets. Here we show that visual semantic tuning across the human cortex shifts between passive movie-watching and active navigation. These tuning shifts increase the representation of behaviorally-relevant objects, such as cars during navigation. Tuning shifts towards different object categories are distributed across distinct functional networks, suggesting that they engage different cognitive mechanisms. These results show that visual semantic tuning in the human brain is highly task-dependent and is optimized to represent behaviorally-relevant information.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallant, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.19.706797</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Visual semantic tuning across the cortex shifts between tasks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.19.706815v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Representations of semantic relations in the human cerebral cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.19.706815v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An essential aspect of human cognition is the ability to explicitly think about semantic relations between concepts. Neuroimaging studies have found that individual concepts are encoded by distributed patterns of cortical activity, but relatively little is known about how semantic relations between concepts are encoded in the brain. Some theoretical models suggest that relation representations are embedded within concept representations, while others suggest that relation representations are independent of any specific concept pair. We designed a study to compare how semantic relations and concepts are encoded across the cerebral cortex. To characterize how relations are encoded across cortex, fMRI was used to record brain activity while six participants each answered over one thousand questions about different semantic relations. We find that relations are encoded independently of the specific concepts that are connected in any particular instance of the relation. Our results further suggest that relations and concepts are represented in the same set of cortical regions, and that, within these regions, each location is preferentially selective for specific relations. Overall, these results suggest that in the human cerebral cortex, relations and concepts may have the same type of functional representation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, X. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deniz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallant, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.19.706815</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Representations of semantic relations in the human cerebral cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.19.706898v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep models of protein evolution in time generate realistic evolutionary trajectories and functional proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.19.706898v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Models of protein evolution are foundational to biology, underpinning essential techniques such as phylogenetic tree inference, ancestral sequence reconstruction, multiple sequence alignment, variant effect prediction, and protein design. Historically, for computational tractability, these models have relied on the simplifying - but biologically unrealistic - assumption that sites in a given protein evolve independently of each other. A crucial test of any evolutionary model is its ability to simulate realistic evolutionary trajectories, but the independent-sites assumption leads to simulations that poorly reflect the complexity of natural protein evolution. Here we introduce PEINT (Protein Evolution IN Time), a flexible and generalizable deep learning framework for modeling how the entire protein sequence evolves over time while incorporating complex interactions between sites. This framework enables learning realistic patterns of constrained evolutionary transitions directly from millions of protein sequences spanning diverse fold families. Furthermore, unlike classical models that require pre-aligned sequences, PEINT learns indel dynamics directly from raw, unaligned sequences, thereby eliminating potential biases from alignment errors that can lead to incorrect inference of evolutionary patterns. By capturing higher-order epistatic interactions and modeling insertion-deletion processes that classical models typically ignore, PEINT accurately reproduces key signatures of natural evolution, including conservation patterns and family-specific dynamics. When simulating evolution along phylogenetic trees, PEINT generates highly novel sequences that preserve protein function, which we validate through experimental characterization of simulated carbonic anhydrase variants that retain enzymatic activity. PEINT thus enables realistic simulation of protein evolution that explores new sequence space while respecting structural and functional constraints. This evolution-informed generative modeling framework offers a powerful new tool for advancing both phylogenetic inference and protein engineering.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koehl, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prillo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.19.706898</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep models of protein evolution in time generate realistic evolutionary trajectories and functional proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.19.706910v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Induction and regulation of a reversible form of suspended animation in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.19.706910v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Suspended animation, a state of extreme quiescence with microscopically invisible movement and development, is a remarkable yet poorly understood stress resilience strategy in animals. Here, we describe a newly discovered form of suspended animation inducible by high-population density in isosmotic liquids in C. elegans throughout larval development and adulthood. Transcriptomic, metabolomic and live-cell activity reporter imaging analyses reveal striking molecular and cellular landscape changes by such liquid-induced suspended animation (LISA), including remodeling of gene expression programs, energy metabolites, lysosomal and mitochondrial morphology. Genetic screens identify mutants with altered stress responses and survival against LISA. While key endo-lysosomal regulators promote survival during LISA, organelle remodeling and a neuronal axis via downstream neuropeptide and cAMP/PKA signaling orchestrate behavioral awakening from LISA. Our findings define a facile paradigm for reversible SA, providing a powerful model system to uncover key molecular and cellular mechanisms governing an extreme case of reversible life arrest and dormancy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Catrow, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearce, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balakrishnan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.19.706910</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Induction and regulation of a reversible form of suspended animation in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.21.707213v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A distinct class of conjugative megaplasmids includes potential vehicles for prophage dissemination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.21.707213v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Closely related prophages are frequently found in phylogenetically distant bacteria in the human gut, despite limited evidence of productive phage infections across broad host ranges. Thus, it remains unclear how the wide distribution of prophages could emerge. Here, we identify a potential mechanism of prophage dissemination. We describe two deeply diverged groups of conjugative megaplasmids (>300 kilobases) in the human gut microbiome, which we term Hodors. Hodors encode conserved replication, partitioning, and type IV secretion systems, together with a complex surface-associated gene module. A subset of Hodors harbor complete, intact prophage genomes, and closely related prophages are detected across phylogenetically distant Bacillota lineages, including both Bacilli and Clostridia. Further analysis indicates that Hodor-associated prophages can exist as extracellular particles and demonstrate their transcriptional activity. Our findings support a model in which conjugative megaplasmids act as composite mobile platforms that disseminate prophage genomes across bacterial lineages, providing a mechanistic explanation for the widespread occurrence of closely related prophages in phylogenetically distant gut bacteria and effectively decoupling lysogenic host range from infective host range.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yuan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West-Roberts, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anantharaman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camargo, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koonin, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.21.707213</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A distinct class of conjugative megaplasmids includes potential vehicles for prophage dissemination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.23.707474v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolic stress reveals widespread accumulation of cap-unmethylated RNAs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.23.707474v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA polymerase II transcripts are capped with N7-methylguanosine (mG), a conserved modification essential for mRNA function. Although traditionally viewed as constitutive, we developed a mass spectrometry-based method to demonstrate that in both yeast and mammalian cells, a substantial population of mRNAs lack cap methylation in response to SAM-limiting conditions and oxidative stress, which may be frequently encountered across organisms. Through developing two transcriptome-wide approaches, we found that methylation is enriched on specific transcripts and uncovered an unexpected connection between histone H3K36me3 and cap methylation, with both marks preferentially associated with stress-responsive MAPK signaling pathways. Strikingly, cap-unmethylated mRNAs exhibit features of canonical mRNAs--they are polyadenylated, exported to the cytosol, and translated. Enforced cap methylation reduces cell growth under SAM limitation, suggesting that unmethylated mRNAs confer an adaptive advantage during stress. These findings establish mRNA cap methylation as a dynamic, regulated modification and a previously underappreciated layer of gene expression control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xing, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freitas, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutter, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dang, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingolia, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tu, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.23.707474</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolic stress reveals widespread accumulation of cap-unmethylated RNAs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.23.707491v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeted knockout of CYP79A1 reduces cyanogenic potential in grain sorghum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.23.707491v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sorghum bicolor is a climate-resilient C4 crop used for food, forage, and bioenergy, but broader adoption is constrained by accumulation of the cyanogenic glucoside dhurrin, which releases toxic hydrogen cyanide (HCN) upon tissue damage. Dhurrin levels are high in juvenile tissues, creating risk for grazing animals and limiting use in mixed crop-livestock systems. Here, we establish a CRISPR-Cas9 genome-editing strategy targeting CYP79A1 -- whose product catalyzes the first committed step in dhurrin biosynthesis -- in the elite grain sorghum inbred RTx430, yielding transgene-free lines with stable, heritable reduction in cyanogenic potential across vegetative development. Homozygous cyp79a1 knockouts were negligibly cyanogenic, whereas heterozygous plants exhibited approximately half the cyanogenic potential of unedited controls. Consistent with established livestock grazing guidelines, only homozygous knockouts fell below thresholds considered hazardous for incidental grazing. This work establishes CYP79A1 as a practical and heritable genome-editing target for reducing sorghum cyanogenesis and provides a clear path for deployment of low-cyanogenic alleles in elite breeding backgrounds.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Groover, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aregawi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staskawicz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemaux, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.23.707491</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeted knockout of CYP79A1 reduces cyanogenic potential in grain sorghum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.23.707497v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Automated localization of calling birds with small passive acoustic arrays in complex soundscapes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.23.707497v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurately localizing vocalizing animals from passive acoustic recordings remains challenging in complex outdoor soundscapes. Although automated detection and classification of bird calls have advanced rapidly, reliable spatial localization has lagged, particularly for small arrays of autonomous recorders operating without manual intervention. Here we describe a fully automated pipeline for three-dimensional localization of bird vocalizations using distributed networks of 4 to 6 GPS-synchronized recorders deployed in heterogeneous forest environments.

Our framework integrates automated multi-recorder event matching, frequency-selective FFT-based cross-correlation for time-difference-of-arrival (TDOA) estimation, geometric cycle-consistency filtering to resolve ambiguous cross-correlation peaks, and nonlinear optimization of source location and effective sound speed.

Applied to multi-year datasets from three field sites, the localizations exhibit strong concordance of localizations with independently known landscape features and species-specific habitat associations. These analyses indicate that small, practical arrays can recover ecologically meaningful spatial structure in complex soundscapes without manual curation.

This preprint documents the current state of the system and its performance under realistic field conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eisen, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, P. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanz-Matias, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.23.707497</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Automated localization of calling birds with small passive acoustic arrays in complex soundscapes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.23.707602v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Title: Optogenetic WNT signaling drives germ layer self-organization in a human gastruloid model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.23.707602v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In vitro stem cell models of human gastrulation have been an advance for developmental biology, though elucidating mechanisms of germ layer formation remains challenging. While investigating whether spatially-patterned signaling is required for germ layer formation, we tested a "salt-and-pepper" signaling strategy in which WNT was optogenetically activated in a subset of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) uniformly mixed into an aggregate. Following mesendodermal specification, WNT-activated cells spatially segregated into a hemisphere, then underwent further differentiation and organization into mesoderm and endoderm. RNAseq-based lineage analysis revealed that WNT activation non-autonomously induced TGF{beta}/BMP signaling, leading to robust emergence of an anterior visceral endoderm-like population that patterned adjacent neural and mesendodermal fates. Transcriptional profiles and trajectories closely mirrored those observed during human gastrulation. Moreover, TGF{beta} or cadherin perturbation disrupted germ layer formation or spatial organization, respectively. This simple model thus enables mechanistic dissection of complex human lineage specifications and organization during gastrulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schaffer, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMullin, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmermann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Repina, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhalerao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nowakowski, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.23.707602</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Title: Optogenetic WNT signaling drives germ layer self-organization in a human gastruloid model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.23.707545v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural Control of Autonomic Arousal During Threat Anticipation Revealed by High-Resolution Cardiac Contractility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.23.707545v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The sympathetic nervous system prepares the organism for adaptive action by shaping physiological, affective, and behavioral responses to environmental demands. Yet, how sympathetic signals dynamically couple with neural systems supporting emotional experience and behavior remains poorly understood, in part because common indices such as skin conductance responses lack sufficient temporal resolution to track these dynamics. Here, we evaluated trans-radial electrical bioimpedance velocimetry (TREV), a non-invasive measure of beat-to-beat cardiac contractility, and compared it with skin conductance responses during threat anticipation and simultaneous fMRI. Participants (n=60) completed a threat-of-shock paradigm requiring goal-directed action. Cardiac contractility increased during threat anticipation, covaried with skin conductance responses, and independently predicted self-reported emotional intensity. Critically, threat-related increases in contractility--but not skin conductance--tracked threat-related modulation of activation in dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, posterior parietal cortex, and cerebellum, with contractility-modulated cerebellar activation predicting faster motor responses under threat. These findings establish TREV-derived cardiac contractility as a physiological signal linking sympathetic drive with neural responding, emotional experience, and adaptive behavioral mobilization during emotion-guided action.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stasiak, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dundon, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rizor, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barandon, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villanueva, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babenko, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabugo, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grafton, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lapate, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.23.707545</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural Control of Autonomic Arousal During Threat Anticipation Revealed by High-Resolution Cardiac Contractility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.24.706846v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Divergent Biological Consequences of APOE Isoforms Across Industrialized and Non-Industrial Environments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.24.706846v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The apolipoprotein {varepsilon}4 (APOE {varepsilon}4) isoform directly alters cholesterol and immune biology and is associated with an increased risk of neurodegenerative and cardiometabolic disease in industrialized settings; nevertheless, APOE {varepsilon}4--which is ancestral in humans--has persisted over evolutionary time. One potential explanation is that the costs and benefits of APOE {varepsilon}4 were significantly different in the environments in which humans evolved compared to those we experience today. In support, previous work has suggested that living in a high pathogen environment, engaging in high levels of physical activity, or eating a low fat diet can dampen the detrimental effects of APOE {varepsilon}4, and has revealed positive effects for fertility. However, direct tests of whether APOE isoforms are associated with different biological outcomes in non-industrial versus industrialized contexts are lacking. Working with the Turkana of Kenya and the Orang Asli of Peninsular Malaysia--two Indigenous groups in which individuals of shared ancestry span a continuum of subsistence, non-industrial to urban, industrialized lifestyles--we investigated how APOE genotypes impact cholesterol, immunological, and reproductive traits and tested for genotype x environment (GxE) interactions. First, we confirmed established genotype effects across lifestyles, showing that more APOE {varepsilon}4 alleles are associated with higher total cholesterol, higher LDL cholesterol, and lower HDL cholesterol. Second, we tested for lifestyle interactions, finding lifestyle-dependent effects of genotype on innate immune biomarkers in the Orang Asli but not Turkana. Finally, we show that more APOE {varepsilon}4 alleles are correlated with an extended reproductive lifespan, however this effect is relatively weak, is not consistent across populations, and does not correspond with a higher reproductive output. Together, our study provides evidence that industrialized environments can modify the biology of APOE {varepsilon}4; however, we find that APOE {varepsilon}4 is not universally beneficial in non-industrial contexts, highlighting the role of local environmental variation in determining its specific costs and benefits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Watowich, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petersen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brassington, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodenberg, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huat, T. B. T. A. T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tam, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schellenberg, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sayed, I. b. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahumbu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muhoya, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurven, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trumble, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Njeru, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martins, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayroles, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, Y. A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkataraman, V. v.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraft, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lea, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.24.706846</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Divergent Biological Consequences of APOE Isoforms Across Industrialized and Non-Industrial Environments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.26.708276v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activation of PPARγ redirects fibro-adipogenic progenitors to replace ectopic bone with fat in models of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva and trauma-induced heterotopic ossification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.26.708276v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The pathologic, osteogenic differentiation of fibroadipogenic progenitor cells (FAPs) is the primary recognized contributor to ectopic bone formation in fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) and trauma-induced heterotopic ossification (HO). Both conditions are characterized by up-regulated BMP signaling - the former by a gene mutation rendering the BMP receptor ACVR1 susceptible to activation by inflammatory ligands (Activin A), and the latter by up-regulated presence of BMP2 ligand in the setting of unmutated BMP receptor. We performed an unbiased assessment of FDA-approved therapies which would optimally target the transcriptional aberrations observed in developing FOP and HO lesions based on publicly-available datasets. This analysis uncovered rosiglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR{gamma}) agonist as the highest scoring therapeutic option across three data sets for both conditions. Rosiglitazone treatment eliminated ectopic bone lesions in a mouse model of FOP, and replaced these lesions with ectopic adipose tissue; similarly, systemic and local rosiglitazone treatment eliminated ectopic bone lesions in a mouse model of trauma-induced HO and replaced these lesions with ectopic adipose tissue. Our findings were corroborated by a single case report from 2010 showing positive results with rosiglitazone in a non-diabetic patient with FOP, with no subsequent studies. Overall, our findings suggest that a previously FDA-approved therapeutic is likely to be a successful therapeutic agent for both FOP and trauma-induced HO, both conditions for which current therapeutic options remain inadequate.

One Sentence SummaryWe show that a previously FDA-approved therapeutic known to induce adipogenesis reduces ectopic bone and induces ectopic fat formation in diseases of heterotopic ossification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koirala, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanumantharao, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegel, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sekhon, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maridas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishina, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agarwal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.26.708276</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activation of PPARγ redirects fibro-adipogenic progenitors to replace ectopic bone with fat in models of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva and trauma-induced heterotopic ossification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.27.708039v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computational modelling of natural cell-to-cell heterogeneity reveals key parameters that control the diversity of human pancreatic islet β-cell excitability in response to glucose 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.27.708039v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Insulin-producing {beta}-cells demonstrate remarkable heterogeneity in their individual responsiveness to glucose, and that cellular heterogeneity contributes to coordinating islet activity and glucose homeostasis. Our current understanding of how variation in cell-intrinsic factors control cellular excitability and insulin secretion is informed by foundational experiments conducted on dispersed single {beta}-cells. Such studies are limited in their ability to link multiple electrical or metabolic properties within a single cell and preclude the ability to relate, post hoc, each parameters contribution to glucose responsiveness. Computational modelling represents a unique and underutilized tool to integrate and investigate the role of natural {beta}-cell heterogeneity in physiologic glucose responses. Herein, we utilize a high-volume single-cell electrophysiology "patch-seq" dataset to define the physiologically relevant sources of variability in human {beta}-cell electrophysiology and model their influence on single-cell glucose responses. Three thousand in silico human {beta}-cells were fitted to physiologically relevant variations in glucokinase activity, K+ current, Na+ current, Ca2+ current, and exocytotic function. Four dominant electrical phenotypes arose at low (2 mM) and high (20 mM) glucose: silent, bursting, spiking, and depolarized. Approximately 50% of uncoupled {beta}-cells remained electrically silent at high glucose. Furthermore, Na+ channel half-inactivation voltage was a major predictor of the silent and spiking phenotypes at each glucose concentration, and of cells that transition from silent to spiking when glucose increased. Indeed, experimentally observed variation in Na+ channel voltage dependence was second only to variation in ATP-sensitive potassium channel conductance in determining {beta}-cell excitability. Our data-driven computational modelling highlights the functional importance of electrical heterogeneity in human {beta}-cell glucose responses, and provides a useful tool for generating testable hypotheses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goswami, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koepke, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baghelani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macdonald, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kravets, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Light, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.27.708039</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computational modelling of natural cell-to-cell heterogeneity reveals key parameters that control the diversity of human pancreatic islet β-cell excitability in response to glucose]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.27.708287v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Orca vowels and consonants: convergent spectral structures across cetacean and human speech 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.27.708287v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The vocal communication system of orcas (Orcinus orca) has so far been analyzed primarily in terms of the fundamental frequency (F0) modulations, i.e. the frequency of their phonic lips vibration. The calls have been divided into clicks, pulsed calls, whistles and types thereof. By analyzing 61 hours of on-orca acoustic recordings and controlling for the effect of high-frequency components (HFC) and F0, we report structured formant patterns in orca vocalizations including diphthongal trajectories. Broadband spectrogram analysis reveals previously unreported formant patterns that appear independent of F0 and HFC and are hypothesized to result from air sac resonances. This study builds on the recent report of formant structure in vowel- and diphthong-like calls in another cetacean, sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus). Using linguistic techniques, we further demonstrate that some calls are reminiscent of human consonant-vowel sequences, featuring bursts or abrupt decreases in amplitude. We also show that individual sparsely distributed clicks gradually transition into high frequency tonal calls, which aligns with analysis of sperm whale codas as vocalic pulses. The paper makes methodological contributions to the cetacean communication research by analyzing orca vocalizations with both narrowband and broadband spectrograms. The reported patterns are hypothesized to be actively controlled by whales and may carry communicative information. The spectral patterns shown in this study provide an added dimension to the orca communication system that merits further analysis and demonstrates convergent evolutions of similar phonological features in cetaceans (orca and sperm whale) and human communication systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Begus, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruber, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.27.708287</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Orca vowels and consonants: convergent spectral structures across cetacean and human speech]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.01.708901v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Contrastive Alignment of Expression and Copy Number Highlights Dosage-Insensitive Genes in Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.01.708901v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Copy number variations (CNVs) are a hallmark of cancer genomes, yet the relationship between CNV and gene expression is not strictly deterministic. Some genes maintain stable expression despite copy number changes through regulatory compensation. Identifying these dosage-insensitive genes is challenging, requiring methods that distinguish true regulatory escape from technical noise in heterogeneous single-cell data. Here, we present a contrastive learning framework that learns a shared latent space aligning single-cell RNA-seq expression profiles with inferred CNV patterns. Our key innovation is hard negative mining: explicitly training on cell pairs with similar CNV but divergent expression patterns, which represent potential dosage insensitivity. By combining InfoNCE loss with hard negative triplet loss, we learn embeddings where expression-CNV distance quantifies regulatory concordance. We apply this framework to 10 lung adenocarcinoma patients (80k cells) from the GSE131907 atlas, classifying cancer cells as "concordant" (expression follows CNV) or "discordant" (expression escapes CNV). Differential expression analysis between these groups reveals two gene categories: escape genes upregulated in discordant cells despite CNV status, and compensation genes downregulated in discordant cells. Pooled analysis across 40,775 cancer cells identifies significant escape genes including VSIG4, FCGR1A, TREM2, and MARCO, as well as compensation genes such as MALAT1, CCL5, and CD8A. These genes represent candidate therapeutic targets and biomarker hypotheses for CNV-independent tumor behavior. Our approach provides a generalizable frame-work for discovering regulatory escape mechanisms in cancer using standard single-cell RNA-seq data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goswami, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.01.708901</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Contrastive Alignment of Expression and Copy Number Highlights Dosage-Insensitive Genes in Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.02.709011v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Medulloblastoma-Associated KBTBD4 Mutations Disrupt PP2A-A Orphan Quality Control 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.02.709011v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Medulloblastoma, the most common malignant pediatric brain tumor, arises from developmental aberrations of cerebellar precursor cells. The CUL3-RING ubiquitin ligase adaptor KBTBD4 is recurrently mutated in medulloblastoma subgroups 3 and 4. While KBTBD4 mutations confer a gain-of-function phenotype leading to aberrant degradation of transcriptional repressors, endogenous targets of this E3 ligase remain unknown. Here, we identify the PP2A-A scaffolding subunit of the PP2A phosphatase as a CRL3KBTBD4 substrate. Using a combination of proteomics, cell biology, biochemical reconstitution, and cryo-EM structural analyses, we show that CRL3KBTBD4 mediates orphan quality control by targeting free PP2A-A for degradation to safeguard phosphatase activity. Loss of KBTBD4 or its mutation in medulloblastoma cause PP2A-A accumulation, hence affecting phospho-dependent signaling pathways in cancer development. Disease mutations in KBTBD4 thus elicit a dual phenotype: gain-of-function degradation of transcriptional repressors combined with loss of PP2A quality control, which dysregulates multiple signaling events implicated in cancer, including telomere length regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baur, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sathe, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lunardi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krebs, A.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haakonsen, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waszak, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lingner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciulli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rape, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thoma, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.02.709011</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Medulloblastoma-Associated KBTBD4 Mutations Disrupt PP2A-A Orphan Quality Control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.02.709071v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid residual bead quantification for cell therapy manufacturing using Raman spectroscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.02.709071v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adoptive cell therapies are transforming the treatment of cancer and autoimmunity by enhancing patients own immune cells to fight disease. In cell therapy manufacturing, immunomagnetic beads are used to isolate and activate target cells for gene transfer but must be removed downstream to [&le;]10 beads per 300,000 cells. Current quantification requires time-intensive and error-prone manual counting using brightfield microscopy, while existing automated approaches struggle with variable bead-cell morphology and tedious sample preparation steps. Raman spectroscopy offers rapid, morphology-independent detection using molecular signatures generated by inelastic light scattering. Here, we leverage immunomagnetic beads strong Raman signatures to quantify them in area scans from dried samples, achieving single bead resolution and accurate counting of bead clusters with and without cells. Using low power ([&le;]7 mW) and exposure times ([&ge;]0.5 s), the average area under 3 signature Raman peaks (1110 cm-1, 1346 cm-1, and 1595 cm-1) are measured and input to a linear regression model, achieving a mean squared error (MSE) of <0.2 beads. Our results show Raman spectroscopy as a robust, automated approach for bead counting in existing pipelines with potential to improve the safety and throughput of cell therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morales, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravichandran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badawy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tadesse, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.02.709071</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid residual bead quantification for cell therapy manufacturing using Raman spectroscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.03.709416v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recovering signatures of archaic introgression using ancestral recombination graphs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.03.709416v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neanderthal and Denisovan genomes have reshaped our understanding of archaic introgression. Yet, the limited number of archaic genomes sequenced and the reliance on unadmixed outgroups have left much of this history unresolved. We introduce TRACE, a method to identify archaic ancestry using features of ancestral recombination graphs inferred from contemporary genomes alone. Simulations show that TRACE reliably detects archaic introgression without requiring archaic genomes or unadmixed outgroups. Applied to 1000 Genomes data, TRACE recovers known Neanderthal and Denisovan introgression and reveals signals of ghost admixture from previously uncharacterized hominins in both Africans and non-Africans. Strikingly, ghost ancestry persists in Neanderthal and Denisovan ancestry deserts, challenging their interpretation as Homo sapiens-specific regions. In Oceanians, TRACE finds deep lineages enriched in Denisovan--and not Neanderthal--regions, supporting a model of super-archaic gene flow. TRACE provides a scalable framework for mapping the legacy of archaic introgression in the absence of archaic genome sequences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biddanda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Dushlaine, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moorjani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.03.709416</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recovering signatures of archaic introgression using ancestral recombination graphs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.03.709456v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Novel Pilus System in Candidate Phyla Radiation Bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.03.709456v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Candidate Phyla Radiation (CPR) represents a bacterial superphylum estimated to include between 15-50% of all bacterial species, yet CPR bacteria remain challenging to culture and have been primarily identified through metagenomic approaches. Candidatus Mycosynbacter amalyticus is a parasitic CPR bacteria that specifically targets Gordonia amarae, a hydrophobic actinobacterium with a mycolic-acid rich cell envelope. Previous cryo-electron tomography indicated that Ca. M. amalyticus assembles thin extracellular filaments that are important for host interaction, yet their molecular identity remains unknown. Here, we applied single-particle cryo-electron microscopy to determine high-resolution structures of these filaments (2.8 and 3.6 [A]), enabling the unambiguous identification of two previously uncharacterized pilins from the experimental density maps. These pilins, designated PamA and PamB, assemble into unique helical filaments distinct from all previously characterized filaments in both domain architecture and assembly mechanism. Despite low sequence identity, both PamA and PamB share conserved structural principles including Ig-like folds and donor-strand exchange-mediated assembly. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that Pam pilins are exclusive to CPR bacteria, with homologues distributed predominantly across the classes Saccharimonadia and Microgenomatia. Analysis of the conserved pam operon identifies putative chaperones (PamC and PamD) and assembly factors structurally homologous to chaperone-usher pili components, suggesting an analogous but distinct assembly pathway. These findings expand the known diversity of bacterial pilus systems and demonstrate the power of structural approaches for characterizing uncharacterized proteins encoded within CPR genomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Troman, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose, J. J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrovski, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosal, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.03.709456</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Novel Pilus System in Candidate Phyla Radiation Bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.06.709959v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Optimized RNF126-Targeting Covalent Handle for Molecular Glue Degraders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.06.709959v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Molecular glue degraders represent a powerful modality for targeting proteins that are refractory to traditional inhibition. However, rational design principles for molecular glue degraders remain poorly defined. Previously, we reported a chemistry-centric strategy to identify covalent degradative handles that, when appended to established ligands, convert non-degradative inhibitors into molecular glue degraders by engaging permissive E3 ligases. This effort identified a fumarate-based electrophilic handle that covalently modified the E3 ligase RNF126, enabling degradation of multiple protein targets when transplanted across diverse ligands. Despite its conceptual impact, the high intrinsic reactivity and cytotoxicity of the fumarate handle limited its translational utility. Here, we report the development of an optimized and metabolically stabilized RNF126-targeting covalent handle incorporating a trans-cyclobutane linker that exhibits reduced glutathione reactivity and diminished cytotoxicity while retaining robust degradative activity. When appended to the BET bromodomain inhibitor JQ1, this optimized handle yielded a potent and selective BRD4 degrader whose activity was dependent on RNF126. Importantly, transplantation of this handle onto a previously non-inhibitory ligand targeting the androgen receptor (AR) and its truncation variant, AR-V7, enabled selective degradation of both AR and AR-V7 in androgen-independent prostate cancer cells, thereby robustly inhibiting AR transcriptional activity beyond the established AR antagonist enzalutamide. Collectively, these findings demonstrate an optimized RNF126-based covalent handle for the rational development of molecular glue degraders against transcriptional regulators, including undruggable variants such as AR-V7.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Modi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toriki, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stieger, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chew, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsao, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nishikawa, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKenna, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomura, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.06.709959</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Optimized RNF126-Targeting Covalent Handle for Molecular Glue Degraders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.06.710195v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tubulin C-terminal tails are pH sensors that regulate microtubule function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.06.710195v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Changes in intracellular pH are critical for maintaining homeostasis, mediating signaling pathways, and enabling cellular responses to stress, injury, and disease. There is increasing evidence that clusters of acidic residues, primarily glutamates, are both highly prevalent and conserved in disordered regions of proteins and can play an important role in cellular pH response. Tubulin C-terminal tails (CTTs) are glutamate rich regions which protrude from the microtubule surface. These tails are a primary site of for both post-translational modifications and binding of microtubule-associated proteins. Motivated by these observations, we measured the pH response of tubulin CTTs using NMR spectroscopy, circular dichroism, and computational simulations. We find that glutamate residues in CTTs taken from organisms across eukaryotes exhibit a robust upshift in their pKa values, that the sequential context of glutamate residues creates hot spots for protonation, and that hydrogen bonding between side chains stabilizes interactions that alter the conformation of the CTT. To determine whether the CTT pH response plays a potentially important role in microtubule interactions, we measured the pH dependence of the binding of the yeast kinesin-5, Cin8, to microtubules. We find that Cin8 binding is modulated by pH in a CTT-dependent manner. Our results demonstrate that acidic clusters are important mediators of cellular pH response and establish that pH can regulate interactions at the microtubule surface.

Significance StatementVariation in cellular pH is important for cell function in changing environmental conditions or developmental states. Here we probe protonation of the glutamate-rich C-terminal tails of tubulin, revealing the existence of and mechanism driving the anomalously high pH response and subsequent regulation of microtubule binding. Our results demonstrate that acidic clusters are important mediators of cellular pH response and establish pH-based regulation of interactions at the microtubule surface.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Whited, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeLear, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrer-Imbert, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acharya, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castaneda, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sept, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hough, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.06.710195</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tubulin C-terminal tails are pH sensors that regulate microtubule function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.07.710289v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The extreme diversity of retinal amacrine cells has deep evolutionary roots 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.07.710289v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Amacrine cells (ACs) comprise a heterogeneous class of inhibitory neurons in the vertebrate retina, exhibiting morphological and functional complexity rivaling that of cortical interneurons. Here, we integrate single-cell and single-nucleus transcriptomic atlases from 24 vertebrate species to reconstruct the evolutionary origins of this extreme diversity. We identify 42 orthologous AC types (oACs), most of which exhibit a one-to-one correspondence across amniotes and, in many cases, across vertebrates. While core molecular identities are conserved, AC types vary in abundance and gene expression across species, likely reflecting adaptations to distinct visual ecologies. AC diversity scales with that of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), indicative of co-evolution. Finally, we suggest that ACs arose from an AC-RGC hybrid precursor, with glycinergic ACs diverging early in vertebrate evolution, followed by a bifurcation between RGCs and GABAergic ACs. Together, these findings establish a unified evolutionary framework for understanding the diversity, development, and function of a class of inhibitory neurons across vertebrates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tommasini, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monavarfeshani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinesh, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hahn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tangeman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marre, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puthussery, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shekhar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.07.710289</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The extreme diversity of retinal amacrine cells has deep evolutionary roots]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.09.710622v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential impacts of fall versus spring prescribed burns on microbial biomass, richness, and composition in young mixed conifer forests 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.09.710622v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prescribed burns aim to restore ecological processes and mitigate high-severity wildfire risks. Historically, California wildfires occur in summer or fall, but due to limited burning opportunities, prescribed burns occur in fall and spring. Yet, whether the burn season affects ecological outcomes is largely unknown. Here, we test prescribed burn season impacts on soil burn severity, bacterial and fungal abundance, richness, and composition as assessed with 16S and 18S qPCR and 16S and ITS2 Illumina MiSeq. We implemented a Before-After-Control-Impact design with 9 California montane mixed conifer forest stands (4 fall, 4 spring, 1 unburned control). We assessed resilience by collecting 6 sub-samples per stand at 6 time points ranging from pre-fire to 3 days, 1 and 6 months, and 1 and 2 years after fall and spring burns. Fall burns significantly reduced bacterial and fungal abundance and richness, whereas spring burns did not. Indeed, at 24 days after fall burns compared to pre-fire, bacterial and fungal richness were reduced by 24-30%, with richness of ectomycorrhizal fungi reduced by 45% and saprobic fungi by 28%. After the fall burn, fungal richness recovered within a year and fungal abundance within 6 months, whereas bacterial abundance and richness recovered in 2 years. Bacterial and fungal communities experienced compositional turnovers after both burns, with the emergence of several genera of "fire-loving" pyrophilous bacteria (Massilia, Paenibacillus) and fungi (Geminibasidium, Pyronema, Neurospora). Our findings suggest that, although seasonal differences were evident, both fall and spring prescribed burns mitigate wildfire impacts while promoting the succession of pyrophilous microbes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhilik, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pulido Barriga, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Homyak, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>York, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glassman, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.09.710622</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential impacts of fall versus spring prescribed burns on microbial biomass, richness, and composition in young mixed conifer forests]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.10.710632v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Shape Factor Analysis as a Quantitative Framework for Assessing Spheroid and Organoid Morphology and Invasiveness 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.10.710632v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Morphological changes of spheroids and organoids are widely used as in vitro indicators of healthy and diseased tissue functions; however, quantitative methods to classify spheroid and organoid morphology are limited. In clinical breast imaging, radiologists use tumor shape as a prognostic marker, with irregular margins associated with invasive disease and increased malignancy. Here, we adapted this approach for translational research and developed a custom MATLAB algorithm to quantify the variance in radial lengths of invasive protrusions in spheroids and organoids. First, we analyzed digital phantoms by both ImageJ/FIJI shape descriptors and our radial length analysis to evaluate the capabilities of each measurement method. Subsequently, we performed the same comparisons with images from experimental spheroid and organoid datasets. We demonstrate that multivariate shape factor analysis, including radial length analysis, enables more reliable and comprehensive quantification of spheroid and organoid morphologies than standard shape descriptors alone. By enabling numerical morphological readouts, shape factor analysis can enhance phenotypic profiling of spheroids and organoids and provide valuable metrics for in vitro studies including high-throughput and drug screening workflows.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schutrum, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hur, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowley, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ling, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pirtz, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ralston, C. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikitin, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischbach, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.10.710632</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Shape Factor Analysis as a Quantitative Framework for Assessing Spheroid and Organoid Morphology and Invasiveness]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.09.710576v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spt5's central KOW domains and the Pol II Stalk Collaborate to Regulate Chromatin and 3'-End Processing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.09.710576v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spt5 is a universally conserved multidomain transcription elongation factor that acts as a component of all Pol II elongation complexes. Structural studies indicate that several of Spt5s central KOW domains lie adjacent to the Pol II stalk, composed of subunits Rpb4 and Rpb7. However, their in vivo functions are unknown. Here we show that Spt5 and Rpb4/7 jointly modulate 3-end formation and co-transcriptional chromatin integrity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We identify mutations in the SPT5 KOW2-3 domains and RPB7 that cause cryptic initiation of transcription and alter 3-end formation of RNA transcripts. Molecular readthrough assays reveal allele-specific changes at both GAL10 and SNR13, consistent with impacts on CPF/CF- and NNS-dependent termination. Proteomic experiments with isolated KOW2-3 domain enrich factors from both pathways as well as chromatin regulators, overlapping known Rpb7 interactors. Together, these findings support a model in which Spt5 KOW2-3/Pol II stalk region acts as a recruitment platform that coordinates pre-mRNA processing and chromatin dynamics during elongation, revealing new roles for the central KOW domains of Spt5.

SummaryThis work describes a cooperative in vivo function for Spt5s central KOW domains and the Pol II stalk in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Allele-specific genetics and reporter assays show cooperative effects of SPT5 and RPB4/7 on cryptic initiation and 3'-end formation; double-mutant analyses reveal synthetic interactions. RT-qPCR at GAL10 and SNR13 demonstrates regulation of both poly(A) and non-coding transcript termination. Spt5 KOW pull-down proteomics enrich poly(A) and non-coding termination factors, as well as chromatin regulators that overlap with known Rpb7 interactors. Together, the data support a model in which Spt5 and the Pol II stalk coordinate chromatin integrity and termination during elongation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morton, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doody, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naik, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paniagua, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delahunty, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yates, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustamante, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartzog, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.09.710576</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spt5's central KOW domains and the Pol II Stalk Collaborate to Regulate Chromatin and 3'-End Processing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.11.711073v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hyperface: a naturalistic fMRI dataset for investigating human face processing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.11.711073v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Faces convey information that guides social behavior, yet neuroimaging studies investigating human face processing typically use static images with small sets of identities under artificial conditions. Controlled designs limit our ability to characterize human face processing under naturalistic conditions or test whether computational models generalize beyond the laboratory. To address this gap, here we release hyperface, a naturalistic face viewing fMRI dataset designed to investigate human face processing in response to faces portrayed in videos mimicking more ecologically valid conditions. Twenty-one participants watched 707 unique face video clips that vary systematically in identity, gender, age, ethnicity, expression, and head orientation. Each clip was rated by independent observers, and pairwise similarity judgments were collected through a behavioral arrangement task. Technical validation confirms high data quality with low motion, high tSNR, and high inter-subject correlation in visual and face-processing regions. The hyperface dataset is part of a comprehensive experimental framework to investigate human face processing: all 21 participants also watched "The Grand Budapest Hotel," performed a dynamic face localizer task, and 10 participants completed an additional face identity task with personally familiar and visually familiarized faces. These datasets are publicly available and enable within-subject comparisons across paradigms. Together they provide a unique resource for characterizing human face processing under naturalistic conditions and for benchmarking computational models against human brain responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Visconti di Oleggio Castello, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiahui, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feilong, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Villemejane, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haxby, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gobbini, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.11.711073</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hyperface: a naturalistic fMRI dataset for investigating human face processing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.11.711183v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamin-2 promotes Atg9A retrieval from phagophores during autophagy. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.11.711183v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autophagy involves the rapid growth of phagophores through membrane addition. This growth is triggered by vesicles containing the Atg9A protein. However, Atg9A is not incorporated into mature autophagosomes. We now demonstrate that Dynamin-2 (Dnm2) colocalizes with the BAR domain protein Endophilin-B1 (EndoB1/Bif-1/SH3GLB1) and other autophagy proteins when autophagy is induced. Our data suggest that Atg9A is retrieved from phagophores via fission, with Dnm2 acting as the membrane scission protein. Blocking Atg9A recycling, either by mutating Dnm2, using RNA interference, or applying chemical inhibitors, results in Atg9A remaining in autophagosomes and being degraded during autophagy. Overall, these findings provide new insights into the roles of membrane-scission proteins in autophagy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>van der Bliek, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caliri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martorell Riera, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolitsida, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iriondo Martinez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itskanov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steffen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koehler, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.11.711183</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamin-2 promotes Atg9A retrieval from phagophores during autophagy.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.12.710296v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human auditory cortex preferentially tracks speech over music without explicit attention 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.12.710296v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our brains constantly filter incoming sounds to understand our environment. While extensively studied in adults, how this ability develops across childhood remains unclear. We recorded intracranial brain activity from 54 participants aged 4-21 while they watched movie clips containing simultaneous speech and music. We used deep neural networks to separate the mixed audio into isolated speech and music streams, then built encoding models to determine which stream best predicted neural responses in the auditory cortex. Although participants heard only the original mixture with no instruction to attend to either stream, higher-order auditory regions including the superior temporal gyrus (STG), superior temporal sulcus (STS) and middle temporal gyrus (MTG), responded preferentially to speech. This speech-bias strengthened with age in STG, suggesting that this region progressively sharpens its representation of socially relevant sound across development. These findings indicate that speech prioritization in the developing brain emerges automatically, without directed attention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Agravat, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Field, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georges, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leisawitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foox, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asghar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyler-Kabara, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iqbal, M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watrous, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamilton, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.12.710296</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human auditory cortex preferentially tracks speech over music without explicit attention]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.13.711558v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stage-dependent biotic interactions may not be important for stochastic competitive dynamics with little variation in stage structure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.13.711558v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIStage-dependent interactions, in which different life cycle stages (e.g., juveniles, adults) exert different per-capita competitive effects, are widespread across ecological communities. However, whether explicitly accounting for such ontogenetic variation improves forecasts of stochastic community dynamics remains unclear. We tested how the strength of stage dependence and species life-history strategy influence the predictive accuracy of community models that either include or ignore stage-specific interactions.
C_LIO_LIWe constructed stochastic two-species competition models using stage-structured matrix population models spanning five virtual life histories along the fast-slow continuum. Density dependence was imposed separately on juvenile survival, adult survival, progression, retrogression, or fertility, and the strength of stage dependence varied from adult-driven to juvenile-driven competition. We then fitted deterministic projection models with and without stage-dependent interaction terms to simulated time series and quantified predictive performance over 100 time-step forecasts using mean absolute percentage error (MAPE).
C_LIO_LIIncreasing stage dependence consistently reduced the predictive accuracy of models that ignored stage structure. However, absolute prediction errors remained small across all scenarios (MAPE < 0.7%), even under strong stage dependence. The influence of life-history strategy depended on which vital rate was density dependent: when juvenile survival was density dependent, faster life histories showed larger errors; when progression, retrogression, or fertility were density dependent, slower life histories exhibited greater errors; and when adult survival was density dependent, no consistent life-history effect emerged. Across simulations, temporal variation in population structure was low (coefficient of variation < 0.036), and prediction error was strongly associated with the magnitude of structural fluctuations rather than life-history pace per se.
C_LIO_LISynthesis. Stage-dependent interactions can, in principle, alter stochastic competitive dynamics, but their practical importance for ecological forecasting depends on the extent to which population stage structure fluctuates through time. When environmental stochasticity dominates and stage structure remains near equilibrium, simpler models that ignore stage dependence provide robust approximations of community dynamics. Our results identify conditions under which demographic detail is necessary for forecasting and highlight the central role of structural variability in linking life-history strategy to community-level dynamics.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blonder, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salguero-Gomez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.13.711558</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stage-dependent biotic interactions may not be important for stochastic competitive dynamics with little variation in stage structure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.13.711613v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Abundance-activity decoupling in sulfur-cycling bacteria reflects viral infection types in meromictic lakes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.13.711613v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Meromictic lakes serve as analogs for redox-stratified ancient oceans with well-mixed surface waters and anoxic bottoms. Purple and green sulfur bacteria (PSB, GSB) dominate the anoxic zones where light penetrates, and their biosignatures can be used to guide interpretations of geologic records. However, PSB and GSB biosignatures do not directly reflect the microbial community composition of modern lakes, posing a challenge for their interpretation. Here, we investigate this decoupling by integrating metagenomics, metatranscriptomics, and metaHi-C virus-host linkages with the geochemical profiles of three meromictic lakes. In the phototrophic microbial plates, PSBs transcriptional activity far exceeded their abundance (73% of the total microbial community activity versus 30% of the abundance), while GSBs displayed the opposite pattern. Concurrently, PSBs were exclusively associated with temperate viruses, while GSBs were targeted by lytic infections. Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and viruses encoding genes for sulfate reduction were most active where sulfide concentration was lowest. These results reveal that viral replication strategies are associated with the decoupling between abundance and activity in anoxygenic phototrophs and sulfate reducers. These relationships could accelerate sulfur regeneration, contribute to sustaining phototrophy, and ultimately reflect in the lakes bulk biosignatures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Walker, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varona, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Beirne, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werne, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luque, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilhooly, W. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosco-Santos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silveira, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.13.711613</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Abundance-activity decoupling in sulfur-cycling bacteria reflects viral infection types in meromictic lakes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.13.711634v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antarctic marine microplastics reveals environmental persistence and rapid evolution of Candida auris 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.13.711634v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Candida (Candidozyma) auris is a critical priority fungal pathogen that emerged two decades ago near simultaneously on multiple continents. Since emergence, C. auris resistance to all four classes of antifungal drugs has been described, including pan-drug resistant isolates, sometimes evolving within patients. Here, we confirm the first isolation of C. auris from Antarctica and show cold-adapted phenotypes and an affinity for binding to nylon. We also provide evidence to suggest mutator phenotypes contribute to the rapid evolution of C. auris and are responsible for the emergence of multiple, distinct genetic clades worldwide. Isolates in clades I, III and IV with a mutator phenotype displayed elevated mutation rates compared to non-auris Candida species. This phenotype had a complex genetic basis and was associated with drug resistance mutations. We postulate that the mutator phenotype has a significant effect on evolutionary potential and is responsible for the emergence and rapid spread of drug-resistance C. auris and novel genetic clades.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>van Rhijn, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hepo-oja, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duggan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alsharqi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gifford, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steenwyk, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brackin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdolrasouli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borman, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuomo, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armstrong-James, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrer, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Usher, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhodes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.13.711634</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antarctic marine microplastics reveals environmental persistence and rapid evolution of Candida auris]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.12.710679v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A strong start for sustained success: inclusivity through a national group mentorship program for first-year graduate students 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.12.710679v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the United States, STEM graduate programs and workforce do not represent the demographics of the population. Obstacles, including a lack of transparency, community, and accessible information in navigating academia, disproportionately affect students from underserved backgrounds. Peer mentoring networks can address these disparities. Here, we describe Cientifico Latino, Inc.s Graduate Student Engagement and Community (CL-GSEC) program, a nationwide, group-based peer mentorship program that has served first-year graduate students across the U.S., especially those from underserved backgrounds. Surveys indicate CL-GSEC positively impacts the first-year graduate experience. We highlight key program features, challenges, and insights, such as financial strains faced by first-year graduate students. We offer suggestions for how faculty and departments can better support students during this critical early stage of graduate training. We hope that reporting on CL-GSECs program structure, evaluations, and findings will guide educational leaders in expanding programming for junior graduate students.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Labra, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tornini, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez Salazar, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cossio, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gelpi, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubio Perez, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leana-Sandoval, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, O. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.12.710679</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A strong start for sustained success: inclusivity through a national group mentorship program for first-year graduate students]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.13.711368v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping frog genomic diversity on a continental scale 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.13.711368v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic diversity is vital to adaptation and survival as environments change, yet we lack information about the spatial distribution of genetic variation for most wildlife populations. Here, we present new georeferenced, genome-wide data for 2,481 individuals from 46 frog species and leverage recent methods to visualize and analyze diversity within and across species. Our study identified several consistent spatial patterns of genomic diversity in eastern North American frogs. More than half (56.8%) of species exhibited a latitudinal gradient in genomic diversity, but we found little evidence for an association between genomic diversity and human disturbance. We further provide a general framework for mapping "hot spots" of high diversity and "cold spots" of low diversity to highlight priority areas for maintaining genomic diversity across multiple species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barrow, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDaniels, C. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishop, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amador, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiley, D. L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eberle, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mason, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosario Sanchez, E. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giermakowski, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jongsma, G. F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michelsohn, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nava Martinez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omlor, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres Lopez, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warwick, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webster, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.13.711368</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping frog genomic diversity on a continental scale]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.13.711705v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Beyond Neural Noise: Critical Dynamics Predict Slower Reaction Times in Adults With and Without ADHD 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.13.711705v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Historically, neural variability observed during task was interpreted as "noise," assumed to obscure meaningful signal and thus something to be minimized both analytically by researchers and functionally by the brain. Changes to this signal-to-noise ratio have been proposed as a possible neural mechanism behind the increased reaction-time variability (RTV) in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, not all variability is the same - in some cases, variability can have some underlying "statistical structure" that can be beneficial to information processing. The challenge lies in distinguishing meaningful variability from random noise. The edge-of-synchrony critical point, which describes a system poised between synchronous and asynchronous regimes, could be a good theoretical framework to study these different types of neural variability. In this study, we investigate whether changes in criticality and oscillatory dynamics preceded slower behavioral responses during a bimodal continuous performance task in ADHD. We find evidence that, prior to slower responses, neural dynamics shift toward criticality in both ADHD and control groups, suggesting that increase variability in ADHD and during attention lapses are related to structured variability and not necessarily random noise. Notably, these findings run counter predictions based on the proposed model and previous literature on neural noise in this population, challenging predictions of edge-of-synchrony criticality as a unifying account of neural variability and behavioral performance. Furthermore, this effect did not emerge at the between-subject level, underscoring the limitations of relying on between-subject correlations to infer neural mechanisms.

Impact StatementOur findings add new perspective to the hypothesis that links neural variability to reaction time variability in adults with and without ADHD. We found that neural dynamics shift towards criticality prior to slow reaction times in adults with and without ADHD, but in ADHD, dynamics lie closer to criticality regardless of response type, suggesting a different "attractor" state.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DallaVecchia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zink, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connell, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betts, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noah, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliva, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reid, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simpson, G. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karalunas, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lenartowicz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.13.711705</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Beyond Neural Noise: Critical Dynamics Predict Slower Reaction Times in Adults With and Without ADHD]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.16.712262v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Preferential formation of NUP98-KDM5A condensates at specific H3K4me3-rich loci drives leukemogenic gene expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.16.712262v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromosomal translocations involving NUP98 generate fusion proteins that alter gene expression programs, yet the fundamental principles governing their gene targeting and condensate behavior remain poorly understood. Using NUP98-KDM5A as a model, we integrate cellular imaging, in vitro reconstitution, and genomic analyses to dissect how chromatin engagement shapes condensate formation. We find that NUP98-KDM5A forms sub-diffraction-limited, gel-like condensates whose assembly is potentiated by binding to H3K4me3. This interaction creates a quantitative targeting mechanism in which, at the native expression level, condensates preferentially form at genomic loci with high local H3K4me3 density. Such local density-dependent recruitment explains selective enrichment at the leukemogenic HOX gene clusters, despite widespread presence of H3K4me3 across the genome. Analysis of single-cell sequencing data from patients further supports a correlation between local H3K4me3 density and transcriptional activation in NUP98-KDM5A-driven leukemia. Together, our findings reveal how activating chromatin marks and condensate-forming proteins synergize to generate specificity within euchromatin, offering a generalizable framework for understanding how chromatin-associated condensates interpret epigenetic landscapes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Berrocal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandoval, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khetan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narlikar, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galonic Fujimori, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.16.712262</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Preferential formation of NUP98-KDM5A condensates at specific H3K4me3-rich loci drives leukemogenic gene expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.18.712670v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Component A2 is a redox-sensitive archaeal ATPase activated by methyl-coenzyme M reductase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.18.712670v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Methyl-coenzyme M reductase (MCR) is the primary source of biogenic methane on Earth. In the active site of MCR, a nickel (Ni)-containing porphyrin (F430) must be in the Ni1+ oxidation state to initiate catalysis. The reductive activation of MCR, i.e., reduction of F430 to its Ni1+ state, is an ATP-dependent process, but the underlying ATPase and its precise role remain unknown. Component A2 is an ATP-binding protein that associates with MCR but, since it was reported to lack ATPase activity, its putative function was designated as an ATP-carrier protein. In contrast, recent structural insights into the MCR activation complex suggest that component A2 might hydrolyze ATP to drive conformational changes required for enzyme activation. Here, we provide direct biochemical evidence that component A2 is a bona fide ATPase that hydrolyzes ATP under strictly anaerobic conditions and only upon interaction with MCR. Mutational analyses reveal that component A2 must be bound to ATP prior to association with MCR and that residues involved in ATP hydrolysis do not impact protein-protein interaction. The two nucleotide-binding domains of A2 act cooperatively but display asymmetric contributions to ATP hydrolysis and MCR engagement. In addition, a distinctive N-terminal zinc-binding motif (ZBM) is required for maximal ATPase activity but is dispensable for MCR binding. Phylogenetic analyses reveal that this ZBM distinguishes component A2 from related ABC-type ATPases. Together, these findings identify component A2 as a distinct class of remodeling ATPases that powers conformational changes underlying the reductive activation of MCR.

Significance StatementA large fraction of methane on Earth is generated by methanogenic archaea using the enzyme methyl coenzyme-M reductase (MCR). The maturation of MCR is a multi-step ATP-dependent process but the role of ATP and the corresponding ATPase(s) have remained unclear. Here, we show that component A2, a protein that is universally conserved in archaea that encode MCR and related enzymes, hydrolyzes ATP only upon interaction with MCR under anaerobic conditions. Our findings, together with recent structural studies, indicate that component A2-mediated ATP hydrolysis facilitates the reductive activation of MCR during the final step of its maturation. These results clarify a key step in the biogenesis of a central enzyme involved in biological methane production.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adler, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nayak, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.18.712670</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Component A2 is a redox-sensitive archaeal ATPase activated by methyl-coenzyme M reductase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.17.711941v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development and assessment of tailored illustrations to enhance community understandings of genetics topics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.17.711941v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectivesEffective communication about genetics concepts is essential for collaborative anthropological genetics research. However, communication can be challenging because many ideas are abstract and may be especially unfamiliar to communities with limited access to formal education. Indeed, there are no widely adopted models for communicating such information, nor a clear understanding of the social factors that may shape participant engagement. Here, we conducted a qualitative and quantitative, community-driven study to understand how illustrations can be useful to support concept sharing with two Indigenous groups--the Orang Asli of Peninsular Malaysia and the Turkana of Kenya.

MethodsWe used a two phase approach to create and evaluate how illustrations can bolster communication about genetics concepts. First, we created images illustrating answers to frequently asked questions about genetics, iteratively updating the illustrations based on participant feedback. Second, we conducted 92 interviews to evaluate the finalized illustrations effectiveness. Finally, we analyzed the interview data using thematic analyses, multivariable modeling, and multiple correspondence analyses to identify patterns in participant understanding and feedback, including age, sex, market integration, and schooling.

ResultsParticipants reported high interest in genetics research (92%) and broadly positive perceptions of the illustrations. Familiar, locally-grounded imagery was preferred and associated with greater perceived clarity, while more technical illustrations were more frequently reported as confusing. Quantitative analyses showed strong internal consistency across measures of engagement and understanding, with modest variation by degree of market-integration, schooling, and sex.

DiscussionOur findings demonstrate that community-specific visualizations, co-developed through iterative feedback, can effectively support engagement with genetics research in participant communities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arner, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCabe, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seyler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zamri, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>A/P Tan Boon Huat, T. B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tam, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinyua, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngoci Njeru, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, Y. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurven, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicholas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayroles, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkataraman, V. v.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraft, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lea, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.17.711941</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development and assessment of tailored illustrations to enhance community understandings of genetics topics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.17.712507v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolic adaptation to maternal hyperglycemia via ACLY-dependent acetyl-CoA production drives epigenetic remodeling and dysregulated placental development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.17.712507v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractsGestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common metabolic complication of pregnancy that is paradoxically associated with both fetal overgrowth and fetal growth restriction (FGR). While maternal hyperglycemia is widely presumed to drive macrosomia through excessive nutrient supply, the mechanisms underlying FGR remain poorly understood. Here, using a mouse model that recapitulates the small-for-gestational-age (SGA) phenotype observed in human GDM pregnancies, we identify placental underdevelopment as a principal driver of FGR. Despite systemic nutrient abundance, hyperglycemic placentas exhibit reduced mass and an increased fetal-to-placental weight ratio, indicative of placental insufficiency. Mechanistically, maternal hyperglycemia induces anabolic metabolic rewiring while suppressing oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), accompanied by upregulation and nuclear redistribution of ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY). ACLY converts glucose-derived carbon into acetyl-CoA in the cytosol and nucleus, thereby coupling glycolytic flux to lipid and hexosamine biosynthesis as well as to global histone hyperacetylation. This hyperacetylation-associated epigenetic reprogramming activates metabolic, innate immune, and inflammatory gene programs while repressing pro-proliferative and anti-apoptotic pathways. Consequently, placental growth is compromised despite nutrient excess. Importantly, activation of the ACLY-acetyl-CoA axis and global histone hyperacetylation is consistently observed in human GDM placentas across diverse birth outcomes, suggesting a conserved metabolic-epigenetic adaptation to maternal hyperglycemia. Together, these findings identify ACLY-dependent acetyl-CoA production as a central metabolic node linking maternal hyperglycemia to chromatin remodeling and placental development control, thereby reshaping fetal growth trajectories.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>QI, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.17.712507</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolic adaptation to maternal hyperglycemia via ACLY-dependent acetyl-CoA production drives epigenetic remodeling and dysregulated placental development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.18.712579v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Simultaneous broad protection against Ebola Sudan, Marburg and Lassa viruses conferred by a DNA primed MVA-vectored multivalent vaccine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.18.712579v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sub-Saharan Africa continues to experience recurrent outbreaks of zoonotic viral diseases that spill over unpredictably from animal reservoirs into human populations. In many regions, mpox co-circulates with viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) caused by Ebola Sudan virus (SUDV), Marburg virus (MARV), and Lassa fever virus (LASV). Overlapping clinical syndromes that these VHF cause challenge surveillance, diagnostics and timely deployment of effective countermeasures. A single vaccine capable of protecting against these biologically and genetically distinct pathogens would markedly reduce the cost and complexity of outbreak response, lessen dependence on emergency international aid, and strengthen long-term health system resilience. Here, we report on the development of an MVA-based mpox vaccine engineered to express computationally designed, broad-coverage antigens targeting SUDV, MARV and LASV. In preclinical challenge studies, this multivalent vaccine elicited robust immune responses and conferred significant protection against lethal infection from all three pathogens in parallel challenge experiments. These findings establish preclinical proof-of-concept for a single, broadly protective VHF vaccine and support its clinical development for deployment across diverse settings in Sub-Saharan Africa.

SignificanceOutbreak control in Sub-Saharan Africa is challenged by the co-circulation of different high consequence human infections such as mpox and diverse viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHF) such as SUDV, MARV, and LASV pathogens. These VHFs have overlapping early clinical syndromes, complicating triage and delaying effective targeted interventions. We developed a single MVA-based vaccine encoding computationally designed, conserved antigens from all three VHFs encoded within the MVA vector analogous to the licensed mpox vaccine. In simultaneous challenge models, this multivalent vaccine elicited robust humoral and cellular responses and conferred significant protection against lethal infection by each hemorrhagic fever pathogen. This work provides preclinical proof-of-concept for a unified, broadly protective countermeasure compatible with existing MVA-mpox vaccine manufacturing and deployment experience. By reducing dependence on rapid differential diagnostics and streamlining logistics relative to maintaining multiple pathogen-specific vaccine stockpiles, this approach can lower costs, accelerate response, and increase equity of access during syndromic outbreaks. The platforms engineered antigen breadth and human safety profile of MVA together support a pragmatic translational pathway toward clinical evaluation and regional readiness for zoonotic spillover events that are intensifying with human and environmental changes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kobasa, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfranger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krause, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedosyuk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiegand, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandig, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leupold, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asbach, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Storisteanu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalender, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prevost, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tailor, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vendramelli, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warner, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Truong, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parthasarathy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holbrook, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carnell, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sujit, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashokan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whittaker, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ugwu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Happi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frost, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinsley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safronetz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heeney, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.18.712579</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Simultaneous broad protection against Ebola Sudan, Marburg and Lassa viruses conferred by a DNA primed MVA-vectored multivalent vaccine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.18.712702v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis of receptor retro-translocation in peroxisomal protein import 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.18.712702v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Peroxisomes import all matrix proteins post-translationally from the cytosol, a process that requires recycling of cargo receptors across the peroxisomal membrane. The membrane-embedded ubiquitin ligase, composed of Pex2, Pex10, and Pex12, is central to this process, but its mechanism remains unclear. Here we determined cryo-electron microscopy structures of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Pex2-10-12 complex in closed and open states bound to Pex8, an essential factor of previously undefined function. The structures reveal how Pex2-10-12 gates its retro-translocation pore to control receptor entry and how the closed-to-open transition repositions the Pex10 RING domain to enable receptor mono-ubiquitination. Pex8 docks onto Pex2-10-12 from the matrix and guides receptors into the pore. Functional analyses show that the receptors N-terminal segment downstream of its mono-ubiquitination site initiates a loop insertion into the pore. These findings establish how Pex2-10-12 coordinates receptor recognition, retro-translocation, and ubiquitination, providing the molecular basis for receptor recycling in peroxisomal protein import.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dempsey, N. W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cope, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.18.712702</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis of receptor retro-translocation in peroxisomal protein import]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.19.712954v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BioReason-Pro: Advancing Protein Function Prediction with Multimodal Biological Reasoning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.19.712954v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein function annotation is fundamental to understanding biological mechanisms, designing therapeutics, and advancing biomedical research. Current computational methods either rely on shallow sequence similarity or treat function prediction as isolated classification tasks, failing to capture the integrative reasoning across sequence, structure, domains, and interactions that expert biologists perform to infer function. We introduce BioReason-Pro, the first multimodal reasoning large language model (LLM) for protein function prediction that integrates protein embeddings with biological context to generate structured reasoning traces. A key input into BioReason-Pro is the set of GO term predictions made by GO-GPT, our autoregressive transformer that captures hierarchical and cross-aspect dependencies of GO terms. BioReason-Pro is trained via supervised fine-tuning on synthetic reasoning traces generated by GPT-5 for over 130K proteins and further optimized through reinforcement learning. It achieves 73.6% Fmax on GO term prediction and an LLM judge score of 8/10 on functional summaries, substantially outperforming previous methods. Evaluations with human protein experts show that BioReason-Pro annotations are preferred over ground truth UniProt annotations in 79% of cases. Remarkably, BioReason-Pro de novo predicted experimentally confirmed binding partners with per-residue attention localizing to the exact contact residues resolved in cryo-EM structures of those complexes. Together, GO-GPT and BioReason-Pro establish a framework for protein function prediction that combines precise ontology modeling with interpretable biological reasoning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fallahpour, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seyed-Ahmadi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Idehpour, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibrahim, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naimer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adduri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Güloglu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Castro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fallahpour, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cembellin-Prieto, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stiles, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nemcko, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nevue, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moon, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sosnick, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markham, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M. Y. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salvador, A. F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maddison, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thaiss, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricci-Tam, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plosky, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burke, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodarzi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.19.712954</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BioReason-Pro: Advancing Protein Function Prediction with Multimodal Biological Reasoning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.19.712913v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Revealing the benefit of eye motion for acuity under emulated cone loss 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.19.712913v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Retinal degenerative diseases progressively erode the cone photoreceptor mosaic, reducing the retinas spatial sampling power, yet visual acuity is remarkably resilient to cone loss. Prior work has shown that clinically normal visual acuity (20/25 or better) can persist despite up to 50% of cone cells being lost (Ratnam et al. 2013, Foote et al. 2018). However, studies on individuals with retinal degeneration are limited by patient recruitment and cannot control for patients stage of disease progression, creating the need for an experimental paradigm that can mimic these diseases in healthy subjects. The Oz Vision system creates visual percepts through programmable, per-cell stimulation of thousands of cone cells. We reprogram this system to emulate cone loss in healthy eyes by withholding stimulation from a subset of randomly-selected cones, rendering them inactive, in a method we term "cone dropout." Using this approach, we characterize the visual systems robustness to cone loss, showing that visual acuity declines nonlinearly with increasing cone dropout. Importantly, we uncover the compensatory benefit that eye motion provides under cone-deprived conditions, finding that at the highest level of dropout, a visual system with eye motion has an equivalent acuity to a static dropout condition with nearly twice as many sampling elements. Through analysis of eye motion and stimulation data, we find that this benefit arises from the additional information accumulated by "surviving" cones as they sample more of the letter through fixational eye motion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Doyle, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roorda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.19.712913</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Revealing the benefit of eye motion for acuity under emulated cone loss]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.20.709941v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rational reduction of a sorghum SynCom that preserves growth promotion reveals flavonoid-mediated plant microbe interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.20.709941v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIPlant growth is influenced by the composition of its associated microbiome. The inherent complexity and functional redundancy of natural plant microbiomes presents a formidable barrier to understanding the myriad biological interactions therein. Efforts have been made to develop synthetic microbial communities (SynComs) that can provide a rigorous and generalizable framework for the rational design of next-generation microbial products for sustainable agriculture. We test multiple strategies for stable, plant growth promoting SynCom design and evaluate the phenotypic and molecular impacts of a successful plant-SynCom interaction.
C_LIO_LIWe designed 4 distinct, reduced-complexity variants of SynCom SRC1 and assessed their capacities for colonization, stability, and plant growth promotion. To understand the impact on plant performance of our highest performing SynCom variant, we characterized the hosts longitudinal transcriptional response to SynCom inoculation and corroborated the results with metabolomics analysis.
C_LIO_LIThe top performing SynCom stably colonized sorghum roots and rhizospheres, elicited plant growth promotion, and induced dynamic spatiotemporal gene transcription in sorghum roots and shoots defined by modulation of growth-defense tradeoff machinery and enhanced flavonoid production.
C_LIO_LIThe resultant reduced-complexity SynCom is a highly stable, soil-independent, plant growth promoting, and demonstrates the utility of colonization-based selection criteria, integrated with longitudinal transcriptomic and metabolomic characterization.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pettinga, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fonseca-Garcia, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krause, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ploemacher, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clendinen, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handakumbura, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egbert, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman-Derr, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.20.709941</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rational reduction of a sorghum SynCom that preserves growth promotion reveals flavonoid-mediated plant microbe interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.20.712802v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ca2+ influx through ER-plasma membrane contacts is required for brown fat thermogenesis and metabolic health 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.20.712802v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) exhibits exceptional metabolic plasticity, rapidly increasing energy expenditure to sustain thermogenesis during cold exposure. This high metabolic activity imposes substantial demands on cellular systems, requiring robust adaptive mechanisms to maintain homeostasis and prevent cellular stress. Yet, the pathways that support and coordinate these adaptive responses in brown adipocytes remain incompletely understood. Here, we identify a cold-induced adaptive program in BAT characterized by the formation of endoplasmic reticulum-plasma membrane (ER-PM) contact sites and the activation of store-operated calcium entry (SOCE), which is essential for maintaining brown adipocyte health during thermogenic activation. Cold exposure enhances ER-PM contacts and upregulates the expression of STIM and Orai proteins, key mediators of SOCE. Loss of STIM in brown adipocytes disrupts intracellular Ca{superscript 2} homeostasis and induces aberrant aggregation of ER membranes. STIM deficiency also impairs cold-induced mitochondrial fission resulting in hyperfused mitochondria with reduced oxidative capacity, independently of UCP1 abundance. Importantly, mice lacking STIM in BAT exhibit impaired lipid oxidation, are cold intolerant and develop exacerbated peripheral insulin resistance when challenged with a high-fat diet. Together, these findings identify ER-PM remodeling and STIM-mediated SOCE as a central regulator that links organelle architecture to brown adipocyte function and contributes to whole-body metabolic homeostasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dogan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Artico, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues Santos, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hakam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lapenta, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jorgens, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Widenmaier, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parlakgul, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arruda, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.20.712802</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ca2+ influx through ER-plasma membrane contacts is required for brown fat thermogenesis and metabolic health]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.23.713726v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mueller glia-vasculature interactions in the developing retina 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.23.713726v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coordinated signaling among neurons, glia, and the vasculature is essential for the formation of a functional nervous system, yet how these relationships emerge during development remains unclear. Here, we investigated the developmental interplay between neural activity, Muller glia, and the retina vasculature in mice. Using quantitative confocal imaging from postnatal day 5 to eye-opening, we mapped the emergence of the superficial, intermediate, and deep vasculature layers and found that they emerged normally in mice lacking the {beta}2-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, despite a dramatic reduction in cholinergic signaling. Tip cell density and overall vessel growth were unchanged, indicating cholinergic wave activity is not required for the emergence of retinal vasculature.

We next defined the developmental timeline of Muller glia-vascular interactions. Sparse labeling and immunohistochemistry revealed that Muller glial lateral processes closely associate with endothelial tip cells during intermediate- and deep-layer angiogenesis and establish Aquaporin-4-enriched endfeet at vascular contact sites from the earliest stages of growth, even when vessel trajectories are perturbed.

Finally, two-photon calcium imaging combined with simultaneous electrophysiology demonstrated that Muller glial endfeet exhibit robust, compartmentalized calcium transients during development. Although a subset of events was temporally correlated with retinal waves, enhancing neurotransmitter spillover selectively increased wave-associated activity in glial stalks but not endfeet. These findings indicate that calcium signaling at the glial-vascular interface is largely independent of spontaneous neuronal activity. Together, our results support a model in which Muller glia engage growing vessels through an activity-independent, parallel developmental program that may provide instructive cues for retinal angiogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Monshietehadi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarchick, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conley, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abhayaratne, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.23.713726</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mueller glia-vasculature interactions in the developing retina]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.23.713813v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Point cloud local ancestry inference (PCLAI): continuous coordinate-based ancestry along the genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.23.713813v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Local ancestry inference (LAI) predicts a discrete ancestry label for each segment of an individuals genome and has become integral to studying population history, genetic variation, and polygenic trait association. We present a new local ancestry paradigm that eschews discrete categorical labels and instead performs inference in a continuous coordinate space. We call this method "point cloud local ancestry inference" (PCLAI), since it represents an individuals genetic ancestry as a point cloud with each point corresponding to a small haplotypic segment in their genome. This formulation works in any co-ordinate space (for instance, geographic or principal components) permitting the representation of continuous genetic variation at the haplotypic-segment level without resorting to artificially constructed discrete labels. We illustrate PCLAI by training on ancient samples from multiple time periods separately, yielding chromosome paintings based on geography that are time-stratified and provide insight into how individuals genomic segments moved across space and time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Geleta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mas Montserrat, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ioannidis, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ioannidis, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.23.713813</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Point cloud local ancestry inference (PCLAI): continuous coordinate-based ancestry along the genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.24.713977v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chiral methionine oxidation reagents reveal stereospecific proteome modifications 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.24.713977v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Life is predicated on chirality, a molecular asymmetry akin to the left and right versions of human hands. Here we show that privileged protein residues are predisposed for chiral regulation. We developed enantiomeric oxaziridine reagents that systematically identify pro-(S) and pro-(R) methionine oxidation sites across proteomes that can be erased by stereospecific methionine sulfoxide reductase enzymes A and B, respectively. These probes reveal that chiral regulation of methionine oxidation-reduction processes can allosterically regulate protein function, as shown in cell and murine models of oxidative stress where selective (R)-methionine sulfoxide formation on M69 of biphenyl hydrolase-like protein leads to hydrolase inhibition and amplification of proteome N-homocysteinylation modifications. This work introduces a platform for characterizing sites of asymmetric methionine oxidation and the functional consequences concomitant with an individual chiral single-atom modification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Valero, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page, A. C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertoch, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alsarhan, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alazali, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinivas, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reeves, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skakuj, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coffey, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Virgil, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nafie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dao, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunawan, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dukor, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stahl, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toste, F. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.24.713977</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chiral methionine oxidation reagents reveal stereospecific proteome modifications]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.25.714350v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Apical Localization of RNA Polymerases Modulate Transcription Dynamics and Supercoiling Domains Revealed by Cryo-ET 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.25.714350v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Summary

The canonical B-form DNA helix and its protein interactions are well-characterized, yet the behavior of torsionally constrained DNA, ubiquitous in cells, remains underexplored. Using cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET), we 3D-reconstructed entire negatively supercoiled DNA substrates with bound RNA polymerase (RNAP), revealing DNA supercoiling conformational diversity and its interplay with molecular motors. RNAP and DNA-binding proteins like dCas9 preferentially localize at plectoneme apices during transcription, acting as torsional blocks. Together, dCas9 and RNAP on opposing plasmid apices can segregate "twin-supercoiling domains" without the need for external DNA end-tethering. The generation of twin domains reveals as regions of reduced supercoiling and the presence of multiple transcribing RNAP complexes. Negative supercoiling and apex localization of RNAP favor initiation but disfavor elongation, leading to slow-moving RNAP clusters. Topoisomerase I relieves RNAP pauses by removing them from apical constraints; the resulting RNAP load-and-release process from the apex provides a molecular mechanism for the "transcriptional bursting" phenomenon.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canari-Chumpitaz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Onoa, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Cleir, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Requejo, K. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustamante, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.25.714350</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Apical Localization of RNA Polymerases Modulate Transcription Dynamics and Supercoiling Domains Revealed by Cryo-ET]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.25.714313v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IDPForge: Deep Learning of Proteins with Global and Local Regions of Disorder 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.25.714313v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although machine learning has transformed protein structure prediction of folded protein ground states with remarkable accuracy, intrinsically disordered proteins and regions (IDPs/IDRs) are defined by diverse and dynamical structural ensembles that are predicted with low confidence by algorithms such as AlphaFold and RoseTTAFold. We present a new machine learning method, IDPForge (Intrinsically Disordered Protein, FOlded and disordered Region GEnerator), that exploits a transformer protein language diffusion model to create all-atom IDP ensembles and IDR disordered ensembles that maintains the folded domains. IDPForge does not require sequence-specific training, back transformations from coarse-grained representations, nor ensemble reweighting, as in general the created IDP/IDR conformational ensembles show good agreement with solution experimental data, and options for biasing with experimental restraints are provided if desired. We envision that IDPForge with these diverse capabilities will facilitate integrative and structural studies for proteins that contain intrinsic disorder, and is available as an open source resource for general use.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>De Castro, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forman-Kay, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Head-Gordon, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.25.714313</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IDPForge: Deep Learning of Proteins with Global and Local Regions of Disorder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.25.714321v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Complex benthic habitats retain larvae sinking in response to soluble cues: field study of coral reefs in wave-driven flow 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.25.714321v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many benthic marine invertebrates disperse by releasing microscopic larvae carried by ocean currents to new sites, where they must settle into appropriate habitats and metamorphose to recruit. Species whose larvae settle in response to water-borne chemical cues live in topographically complex habitats. To study whether sinking in response to dissolved cues affects retention of larvae within complex habitats exposed to ambient water flow moving faster than larvae sink, we used the reef-dwelling sea slug, Phestilla sibogae, whose competent larvae stop swimming and sink in response to dissolved cue from their prey coral, Porites compressa. We conducted field experiments where dye-labelled water, neutrally buoyant particles, and larval mimics (particles that sank at the velocity of larvae of P. sibogae) were released together upstream of reefs of branching corals to determine if larval sinking in water above and within a reef affects larval retention within the reef. Wave-driven water flow measured above a reef in the field had instantaneous velocities peaking at 0.3 m s-1, driving slow net advection of water shoreward at [~]0.02 m s-1. Much slower wave-driven flow moved through the interstices within the reef. In this field flow, sinking by larval mimics caused their retention within a reef after dye-labelled water and neutrally buoyant particles had left. Such retention of sinking larvae within topographically complex benthic communities enhances successful recruitment by exposing larvae to high concentrations of cue for long periods, allowing them time to sink to surfaces, adhere, and undergo metamorphosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koehl, M. A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadfield, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.25.714321</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Complex benthic habitats retain larvae sinking in response to soluble cues: field study of coral reefs in wave-driven flow]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.27.714056v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metagenomic strain-resolved DNA modification patterns link extrachromosomal genetic elements to host strains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.27.714056v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA modification is central to microbial defense against extrachromosomal genetic elements (ECEs), consequently ECEs tend to adopt their hosts modification patterns. Shared ECE-host modification patterns enable linking ECEs to their hosts, but modification detection tools are designed for single genomes and are ineffective at metagenome scale. Here, we present MODIFI, software for detecting DNA modifications in metagenomes. MODIFI assumes that each k-mer in a metagenome is mostly unmodified and calculates background signal levels for that k-mer from PacBio HiFi reads, eliminating the need for matched control experiments. MODIFI ECE-host linkages were validated using >1,000 isolate and mock microbiome datasets. Illustrating the approach, we identified 315 strain-resolved, non-redundant ECE-host linkages in environmental and human metagenomes. In infant gut microbiomes, a chromosomal inversion in Enterococcus faecalis alters host and associated plasmid methylation motifs simultaneously. Overall, MODIFI solves a major bottleneck in DNA modification analysis and provides a foundational tool for understanding microbial epigenomics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guitor, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valentin-Alvarado, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, L.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoelmerich, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steininger, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Portik, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkinson, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morowitz, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hess, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diamond, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachdeva, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.27.714056</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metagenomic strain-resolved DNA modification patterns link extrachromosomal genetic elements to host strains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.27.714832v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-Molecule Methods to Investigate Mechanisms of Transcription by RNA Polymerase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.27.714832v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single molecule methods have become prevalent tools in elucidating molecular processes across various life science fields over the past three decades, driving breakthroughs in understanding their underlying molecular mechanisms. In our study, we employed two single-molecule methods, Forster Resonance Energy Transfer (smFRET) and high-resolution optical tweezers, to investigate the transcription of Mycobacterium tuberculosis RNA polymerase (MtbRNAP) from initiation through to termination. We aim to provide a set of comprehensive biophysical tools to deepen our current understanding of MtbRNAP and its transcription factors. These experimental assays represent an important step towards unraveling the molecular dynamics and interactions that support transcription in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrera-Asmat, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustamante, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.27.714832</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-Molecule Methods to Investigate Mechanisms of Transcription by RNA Polymerase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.26.714376v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Conserved Metabolic Oxidative Axis Underlies Immune Cell Cryo-vulnerability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.26.714376v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immunotherapy has emerged as a transformative approach for treating cancer and other diseases, yet its widespread deployment requires effective cryopreservation strategies to enable scalable global distribution. However, many immune cell types remain acutely vulnerable to freeze-thaw stress, and the underlying mechanisms of this cryo-vulnerability are not well defined. In this study, we combined metabolic flux analysis, ROS quantification, lipidomics, and preclinical xenograft models to investigate how metabolic state influences cryopreservation outcomes. We found that immune cell activation induces a metabolic shift characterized by elevated glucose utilization and excessive ROS production, leading to profound post-thaw loss of viability and function, as demonstrated by a [~]25% survival rate in natural killer (NK) cells. Targeted pretreatments--including inhibitors of glucose metabolism, antioxidants, and suppression of lipid peroxidation--restored post-thaw recovery to nearly 90% while preserving effector activity and antitumor efficacy. Similar protective effects were observed across {beta} T cells, {gamma}{delta} T cells, and macrophages, defining a conserved metabolic-oxidative pathway of cryo-vulnerability and offering applicable strategies to enhance immune cell preservation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mo, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustamante, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.26.714376</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Conserved Metabolic Oxidative Axis Underlies Immune Cell Cryo-vulnerability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.26.714432v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The diploid reference genome of a human embryonic stem cell line 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.26.714432v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Advances in DNA sequencing and assembly technologies are spurring a shift from haploid reference genomes to sample-specific diploid assemblies. Here, we generated the first telomere-to-telomere (T2T) diploid reference for the widely used human embryonic stem cell (hESC) line, H9 (WAe009-A). This haplotype-resolved assembly is highly accurate with comprehensive annotation of genes, segmental duplications, methylation, and chromatin conformation. Pangenomic and phased-locus inference point to H9s mixed ancestry with a predominant European component. H9-specific genomic features include near-perfect telomeres [~]1.65-fold longer than other T2T assemblies, consistent with telomerase activity during pluripotency; chromosome 17 inversions that can predispose offspring to neurological syndromes; and expansions of ncRNA clusters, with overall genomic stability maintained despite extensive culturing. Mapping multi-omic datasets to the genome, we demonstrate the power of this resource for allele-specific, high-precision transcriptomic, genetic, and epigenetic analyses, with far-reaching implications for human development and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pacar, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ungaro, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dallali, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medico, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hebbar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diekhaus, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Tommaso, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geleta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowe, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balacco, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ackerman, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mochi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ioannidis, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawarkar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishna Sudhakar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Croft, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanzer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarvis, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Formenti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salama, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giunta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.26.714432</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The diploid reference genome of a human embryonic stem cell line]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.26.714443v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Linking genotype to longevity under genealogical discordance in Sebastes rockfishes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.26.714443v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWRockfishes (genus Sebastes) show extreme variation in longevity among closely related species, but the evolutionary history of this young radiation is highly complex. To unpack these relationships and to associate genotypes with phenotypes, we quantified genealogical discordance among 55 Sebastes species and implemented a phyloGWAS framework that incorporates discordant gene histories into genotype-longevity association tests. We found that genealogical discordance is extremely high: the inferred species tree topology differed among several ILS-aware methods, with most internal branches having low concordance factors regardless of which method was used. Nevertheless, some phylogenetic structure was shared by all inferred species trees. We used simulations to assess the statistical properties of phyloGWAS applied to complex traits using different genetic relatedness matrices (GRMs) and under varying levels of discordance. Adding an accurate GRM reduced false positives relative to a model without relatedness, but GRMs only modestly increased power to detect true positives. Using multiple approaches on the Sebastes data, phyloGWAS identified several variants associated with longevity. Our results indicate that extreme genealogical discordance is a core feature of Sebastes evolution and that phyloGWAS can help in connecting genotype to phenotype under these conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mo, Y. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sudmant, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hahn, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.26.714443</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Linking genotype to longevity under genealogical discordance in Sebastes rockfishes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.27.714625v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic encoding of climate-responsive stomatal developmental plasticity in tomato 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.27.714625v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Flexible developmental programs enable plants to customize their organ size and cellular composition. In leaves of eudicots, the stomatal lineage produces two essential cell types, stomata and pavement cells, and plants can adjust the total numbers and ratios of these cell types in response to external cues. Central to this flexibility is the stomatal lineage-initiating transcription factor, SPEECHLESS (SPCH). Here we explore the mechanisms underlying SPCHs involvement in environmental response. Using multiplexed CRISPR/Cas9 editing of SlSPCH cis-regulatory sequences in tomato, we identified variants with altered stomatal development responses to drought, light and temperature cues. By creating and live-cell tracking translational reporters of SlSPCH and its paralogues SlMUTE and SlFAMA, we revealed the corresponding cellular events that lead to the environmental change-driven responses in stomatal production and leaf form. Plants bearing the novel reporters and SlSPCH variants are powerful resources for fundamental and applied studies of tomato resilience in response to climate change.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nir, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Budrys, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suraev, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>PRODJINOTO, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erberich, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tirnover, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zafrir, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kutcher, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smoot, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergmann, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.27.714625</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic encoding of climate-responsive stomatal developmental plasticity in tomato]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.29.711974v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Panmap: Scalable phylogeny-guided alignment, genotyping, and placement on pangenomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.29.711974v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pangenomes capture population-level variation but remain computationally challenging at scale. We present Panmap, a tool that leverages evolutionary structure to place, align, and genotype sequencing reads against mutation-annotated pangenomes containing up to millions of genomes. Panmap introduces a phylogenetically compressed k-mer index that stores only sequence differences along branches, enabling efficient comparison of reads to both sampled genomes and inferred ancestors. This approach reduces index size by up to 600-fold and construction time by over three orders of magnitude relative to existing tools. Panmap places a 100x coverage SARS-CoV-2 sample onto 20,000 genomes in 0.4 seconds and onto 8 million genomes in under two minutes. Furthermore, it enables accurate haplotype identification and abundance estimation in metagenomic samples and sensitive placement of ancient environmental DNA without prior alignment. Our approach makes large-scale pangenomes directly amenable to read mapping, genome assembly, alignment-free phylogenetic placement, and metagenomic analysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kramer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayala, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Sanctis, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karim, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinrichs, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turakhia, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbett-Detig, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.29.711974</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Panmap: Scalable phylogeny-guided alignment, genotyping, and placement on pangenomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.27.714943v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA demethylation suppresses a state of enhanced cellular pluripotency and regeneration competence in Arabidopsis. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.27.714943v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The plant kingdom exhibits a wide range of phenotypic variation in capacity to regenerate tissues and organs, from whole-plant vegetative propagation via cuttings, to recalcitrance even under optimized tissue culture. Currently, the molecular pathways underpinning this phenotypic variation are poorly understood. Here, we report that Arabidopsis mutants of the DNA demethylase pathway exhibit dramatically enhanced regeneration and the ability to propagate whole plants from cuttings without the use of exogenous hormones. Vegetatively propagated plants possess a shared regeneration signature of de novo DNA methylation gains at the transcription start sites of many genes, including approximately 30 genes involved in cellular pluripotency and tissue regeneration. These methylation changes can be inherited through sexual reproduction and result in exacerbated transcriptomic changes. We propose that loss of the DNA demethylase pathway unlocks a path on the epigenetic landscape towards increased pluripotency and tissue-culture-free regeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smoot, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hochman, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.27.714943</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA demethylation suppresses a state of enhanced cellular pluripotency and regeneration competence in Arabidopsis.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.30.715389v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Local interaction networks reconstructed from global biodiversity data improve pollinator restoration decision making 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.30.715389v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Global pollinator declines threaten the health of ecosystems and food systems, underscoring the urgency of conservation actions such as habitat restoration. However, data gaps on plant use among pollinators continue to limit reliable design of restoration plant mixes. To address this, we present NECTAR (Network-Enhanced Conservation Tool for Analysis and Recommendation), a new modular framework that integrates multiple data modalities-including species distributions, phenometrics, and phylogenetic data-to infer flower visitation and host plant interactions from spatial, temporal, and phylogenetic overlap, generating spatially explicit plant-insect interaction networks that guide planting recommendations for pollinator habitat restoration. We demonstrate the utility of NECTAR by generating a large plant-insect metaweb across California, comprising 1,247,081 spatially explicit interactions for 5,131 pollinator species and 5,178 native plant species. Predicted networks recovered significantly more interactions than null models, demonstrating that integrating multiple ecological constraints improves interaction prediction. In realistic restoration simulations, NECTARs data-driven plant mix recommendations support up to 2.8 times more pollinator species compared to existing resources and random selection of plants. This optimization facilitates the inclusion of multiple goals and constraints, and provides complementary decision-making information to existing resources. NECTAR offers a scalable, evidence-based framework for translating increasingly available global biodiversity data into locally actionable restoration guidance, with broad potential to improve pollinator habitat restoration worldwide.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baiotto, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cosma, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheung, Y. Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narango, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarville, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Echeverri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horne, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seltmann, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleri, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owens, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lequerica Tamara, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boren, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doneski, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guralnick, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guzman, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.30.715389</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Local interaction networks reconstructed from global biodiversity data improve pollinator restoration decision making]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.30.715394v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Estimation of chloroplast macromolecular complex copy numbers and subunit stoichiometries during the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cell cycle 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.30.715394v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An unbiased, quantitative view of biomolecules in a living cell is a prerequisite for accurate modeling approaches and informs our understanding of cellular metabolism at scale. In this work, we used the total protein approach (TPA), in which the total protein mass of a given proteomics sample is used as a calibrator for absolute protein quantification, to determine protein abundances during the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii diurnal cycle. We use external, independently measured quantitative markers (metals, pigments) to assess the absolute protein abundances in unlabeled whole cell extracts. We calculate protein abundances in fg / cell of 7322 Chlamydomonas proteins, 2266 of which were captured in every time point, including the major proteins involved in the light reactions, photoprotection, proteostasis and fatty acid metabolism during a cell cycle. As expected, Rubisco large and small subunits are present in a 1:1 stoichiometry, with the large subunit being the most abundant protein in our data set, averaging 5.05 x 106 molecules per cell, reflecting 2.7% of the total protein mass. We noticed that PSII is the most abundant complex involved in the light reactions with 2.08 x 106 complexes per cell. PSI averages 1.75 x 106 complexes per cell and cytochrome b6f averages 0.77 x 106 complexes per cell. The TPA is a robust tool to study proteome dynamics quantitatively, while avoiding artefacts due to biochemical fractionation. Our proteome data set with an unprecedented temporal resolution is a valuable resource to assess protein abundances during the cell cycle in the reference alga Chlamydomonas.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schmollinger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strenkert, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purvine, S. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicora, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soubeyrand, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basset, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merchant, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.30.715394</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Estimation of chloroplast macromolecular complex copy numbers and subunit stoichiometries during the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cell cycle]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.30.715396v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporal AI model predicts drivers of cell state trajectories across human aging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.30.715396v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Foundational AI models have recently shown promise for predicting the impact of perturbations on cell states. However, current models typically consider only one cell state at a time, limiting their ability to learn how cellular responses unfold over time, particularly across long trajectories such as diseases of aging. Here, we develop a temporal AI model, MaxToki, trained on nearly 1 trillion gene tokens including cell state trajectories across the human lifespan to generate cell states across long timelapses of human aging. MaxToki generalized to unseen trajectories through in-context learning and predicted novel age-modulating targets that were experimentally verified to influence age-related gene programs and functional decline in vivo. MaxToki represents a promising strategy for temporal modeling to accelerate the discovery of interventions for programming therapeutic cellular trajectories.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gomez Ortega, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadadur, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunitomi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kothen-Hill, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, J. U. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurtoglu, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reid, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Washizu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zanders, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ancheta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lichtarge, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phan, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Combes, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tadimeti, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimmeler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamanaka, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexanian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theodoris, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.30.715396</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporal AI model predicts drivers of cell state trajectories across human aging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.31.713900v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping the mammalian dark metabolome by in vivo isotope tracing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.31.713900v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite decades of biochemical study, a comprehensive map of the mammalian metabolome remains elusive. Mass spectrometry-based metabolomics detects thousands of small molecule-associated signals in mammalian tissues, but it is currently unclear how many of these reflect products of endogenous metabolism. Here, we leverage systematic in vivo isotope tracing to infer the biosynthetic origins of unidentified metabolites. We administered 26 different isotopically labelled nutrients to mice, measured circulating and tissue metabolite labelling by mass spectrometry, and developed a statistical framework to infer the number of carbon atoms incorporated from each of these precursors into more than 4,000 putative metabolites. We show this information can be harnessed for biosynthesis-aware structure elucidation using a multimodal AI model that co-embeds isotopic labelling patterns with chemical structures. This approach revealed several previously unrecognized families of mammalian metabolites, including cysteine-derived alkylthiazolidines, dithioacetal mercapturic acid derivatives, short-chain N-acyltaurines, acylglycyltaurines, and N-oxidized taurines. It further uncovered a family of mevalonate-derived isoprenoid metabolites that includes 2,3-dihydrofarnesoic acid, which is markedly depleted in both mouse and human aging. Age-related depletion of these isoprenoids is driven by impaired coenzyme A synthesis. Our work establishes the biosynthetic precursors for thousands of unidentified metabolites and reveals multiple previously unrecognized branches of mammalian metabolism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>MacArthur, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raeber, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schueppert, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayres, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordova, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neinast, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leiva, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, V. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>AbuSalim, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jankowski, C. S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samarah, L. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roichman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peace, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivanov, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renzo, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oschmann, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayroles, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olszewski, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabinowitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skinnider, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.31.713900</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping the mammalian dark metabolome by in vivo isotope tracing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.31.715614v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromosomal rearrangements 1 and sequence similarity drivepreferential allosyndetic introgression from a wild relative into wheat 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.31.715614v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recombination in polyploid genomes is generally constrained to homologous or homoeologous chromosomes; however, how chromosomal rearrangements influence recombination between chromosomes remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that large-scale chromosomal rearrangements in the wild relatives of wheat are associated with recombination involving non-homoeologous chromosomes or arms during alien gene introgression under conditions that permit homoeologous recombination mediated by ph1b. Using a wheat chromosome 6A monosomic-induced 6AS*6CL Robertsonian translocation combined with ph1b-mediated recombination, we generated 17 independent recombinants carrying a new stem rust resistance gene, Sr69, from Aegilops caudata chromosome arm 6CL. Unexpectedly, 94.1% (16 of 17) of recombinants resulted from exchanges with wheat group-7 chromosomes rather than with the homoeologous group-6 chromosome. Comparative sequence- and marker-based analyses identified a 67-Mb rearranged interval on Ae. caudata 6CL that corresponds to telomeric regions of the long arms of wheat group-7 chromosomes. Sequence similarity within this interval was quantitatively associated with recombination frequency, with higher similarity corresponding to more frequent translocations. Physical and optical mapping showed that recombination within the rearranged interval generated compensating 7A/6C, 7B/6C, and 7D/6C translocations, whereas recombination outside this region produced non-compensating 6A/6C exchanges. An independent case involving the powdery mildew resistance gene Pm7C showed a similar correspondence between a rearranged 7CL region and preferential introgression into wheat 7DS. Together, these results indicate that ph1b-mediated recombination involving structurally altered chromosomes is driven by local chromosomal structure and sequence similarity rather than strict homoeologous group identity. This provides a mechanistic basis for harnessing untapped beneficial genes from structurally rearranged alien genomes.

Significance StatementAlien gene introgression is a powerful strategy for wheat improvement, typically relying on ph1b-mediated recombination between homoeologous chromosomes. The genomic basis and outcomes of introgression from structurally rearranged alien chromosomes remain unclear. Here, we show that ph1b-induced recombination can efficiently target wheat-allosyntenic blocks in rearranged alien genomes, preferentially transferring genes from structurally altered alien segments into their syntenic regions on wheat chromosomes of different homoeologous groups. Crossover formation is governed by extended sequence similarity within corresponding intervals rather than strict collinearity across entire homoeologous chromosomes. As many wild species exhibit extensive genome rearrangement, these findings and methodologies expand access to underexploited genetic diversity embedded within highly rearranged wild genomes for wheat improvement.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ye, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chotewutmontri, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandal, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whetten, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gale, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friesen, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters Haugrud, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faris, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klindworth, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.31.715614</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromosomal rearrangements 1 and sequence similarity drivepreferential allosyndetic introgression from a wild relative into wheat]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.02.716166v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enabling the prediction of phage receptor specificity from genome data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.02.716166v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Predicting which receptor a phage binds to from genome sequence alone has remained an intractable challenge, principally because the experimental phenotypic data required to train and validate predictive models have not been available at sufficient scale. Here we address this by conducting 1,050 genome-wide genetic screens across 255 taxonomically diverse Escherichia coli dsDNA phages, assigning host receptors to 193 phages across 19 receptor classes. Comparative genomics and AlphaFold3 structural modelling resolved the sequence determinants of specificity to defined receptor-binding protein domains and individual residues. Machine learning models trained on this dataset predicted host receptor identity from phage genome sequence alone without prior annotation of receptor-binding genes, achieving perfect precision and greater than 80% recall on 49 independently validated phages, and yielding predictions for 1,050 of 1,875 E. coli phage genomes in NCBI. Domain swaps redirected receptor specificity as predicted, and a single amino acid substitution proved both necessary and sufficient to switch recognition between two distinct porins. These results demonstrate that systematic phenotyping at scale makes sequence-based prediction of molecular interaction specificity tractable, with direct implications for phage-based medicine, microbiome engineering and the broader challenge of inferring host-pathogen interaction outcomes from sequence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moriniere, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noonan, A. J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kazakov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pena, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svab, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera-Lopez, E. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maucourt, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roux, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koskella, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutschbauer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudley, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mutalik, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.02.716166</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enabling the prediction of phage receptor specificity from genome data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.01.714264v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CRISPR/Cas9-mutagenesis reveals that varying dependence on HSF1 is associated with differences in coral heat tolerance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.01.714264v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coral reefs face declines due to increasing water temperatures associated with climate change. Major research efforts have focused on determining the mechanisms corals can use to adapt to heat stress and identifying molecular indicators for this adaptation. CRISPR/Cas9-based genomic editing promises a new avenue to study gene function in corals; however, these methods are limited by the annual spawning of corals in the wild. Here, we shifted spawning of the reef-building coral Galaxea fascicularis to access gametes multiple times a year in the lab. We discovered the remarkable plasticity and programmability in coral spawning, which enabled the development of a genetically tractable model coral. To investigate the molecular responses of corals to heat stress, we profiled transcriptional changes in heat-tolerant G. fascicularis and heat-sensitive Acropora millepora during acute heat stress. Comparison of the transcriptional responses to heat stress in larvae of the two species revealed that A. millepora has a stronger magnitude of the early heat stress response than G. fascicularis. This increased response in A. millepora included the upregulation of the conserved transcriptional regulator of heat stress response, Heat Shock Transcription Factor 1 (HSF1), and its predicted targets. CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis of HSF1 in both species showed that the heat-tolerant G. fascicularis is less dependent on HSF1 than A. millepora for survival during acute heat stress. These results suggest that differences in HSF1 expression after heat exposure contribute to variation in coral heat tolerance and may be used as biomarkers to predict heat tolerance in wild corals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Swinhoe, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tinoco, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarfati, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henderson, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kowalewski, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meier, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urban, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maruyama, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawrence, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hulett, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engelke, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craggs, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bay, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cleves, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.01.714264</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CRISPR/Cas9-mutagenesis reveals that varying dependence on HSF1 is associated with differences in coral heat tolerance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.02.716191v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human TBC1 domain-containing kinase is a class I multidomain pseudokinase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.02.716191v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
TBCK-related encephalopathy (TBCKE) is a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with biallelic mutations in TBCK. Despite the increasing number of reported cases worldwide, the biochemical and biophysical properties of TBCK remain unclear, hindering molecular understanding of its role in disease. Here, we present the successful expression, purification, and biochemical characterization of full-length human TBCK produced in Spodoptera frugiperda cells. Biochemical and biophysical analyses reveal that the catalytically inactive pseudokinase domain of TBCK lacks nucleotide binding, consistent with the absence of the canonical VAIK, HRD, and DFG motifs required for catalysis. These findings support that TBCK is a class I pseudokinase and provide a foundation for future structural and functional studies to elucidate its biological role.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maurya, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheek, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iavarone, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.02.716191</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human TBC1 domain-containing kinase is a class I multidomain pseudokinase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.02.716205v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA damage drives a unique, Alzheimer's disease-relevant senescent state in neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.02.716205v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alzheimers disease (AD) shares molecular hallmarks with the canonical drivers of cellular senescence. Senescent cells have also been shown to accumulate in the brain with age, yet the mechanisms linking AD pathology to the accumulation of senescent cells in the brain remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that DNA damage in patient-derived directly induced neurons (iNs) drives a senescent-like cell state with relevance to AD. DNA damage-induced senescent iNs show significant transcriptional concordance with human AD neurons and a weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) uncovers candidate regulators associated with the senescent-like state in neurons. Direct comparison of iNs to the original patient fibroblasts reveals striking cell-type specific senescence signatures following DNA damage. iNs adopt a p21-associated senescent-like state characterized by a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) and predicted activation of NF-{kappa}1. In contrast, fibroblasts develop a p16-associated senescent state lacking a SASP phenotype and show a predicted repression of NF-{kappa}1. Early responses to DNA damage further reveal divergent DNA damage response (DDR), with neurons exhibiting higher accumulation of damage lesions relative to fibroblasts. Together, these findings demonstrate that DNA damage drives a unique senescent-like neuronal state that models molecular features of AD, while also revealing fundamental cell-type specific differences in senescent-like phenotypes and DDR.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hughes, J.-W. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandholm, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Croll, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Senchyna, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butterfield, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McHugh, T. L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deguchi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilsabeck, T. A. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mak, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davtyan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blurton-Jones, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herdy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higuchi-Sanabria, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gage, F. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellerby, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desprez, P.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campisi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.02.716205</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA damage drives a unique, Alzheimer's disease-relevant senescent state in neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.03.716414v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Repurposing anti-phage defenses to differentially arrest the viral lifecycle reveals the regulatory logic of a parasitic satellite 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.03.716414v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mobile genetic elements frequently encode defense mechanisms to protect their bacterial hosts from viral attack. In Vibrio cholerae, these defensive elements include phage-inducible chromosomal island-like elements (PLEs), which are phage satellites that act as highly specialized parasites of the lytic phage ICP1. While PLE transcriptional activation upon ICP1 infection is known to be temporally regulated, the underlying regulatory logic and dependencies on the progression of the phages developmental program required for activation remain unclear. In this study, we took a novel approach to define these dependencies by introducing independent anti-phage defense systems, BREX and DarTG, as molecular roadblocks to impede the ICP1 lifecycle. We discovered that, for both ICP1 and PLE, late-stage gene expression is fundamentally uncoupled from genome replication, representing a striking departure from the standard paradigm for double-stranded DNA phages. While BREX restricts ICP1 to an immediate-early transcriptional state that stalls PLE activation, DarTG allows the phage to execute its full transcriptional cascade despite the total block in DNA replication. This permissive environment provides the necessary cues for complete PLE induction, revealing that the extent of ICP1 transcriptional progression is a key determinant of PLE transcriptional activation. Unlike other phage satellites that rely on a single cue for activation, our results demonstrate that PLE uses a progressive licensing strategy that relies on multiple cues tied to milestones in the phages developmental program. This regulatory architecture ensures robust PLE activation resilient to phage escape.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bagdatli, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seed, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.03.716414</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Repurposing anti-phage defenses to differentially arrest the viral lifecycle reveals the regulatory logic of a parasitic satellite]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.01.713023v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Expanding the scope of redox-balance growth coupling techniques with a carbon cofeeding strategy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.01.713023v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metabolic engineering to produce molecules not naturally synthesized by the host often requires directed evolution to improve pathway enzyme performance. Growth-coupled selection can dramatically increase directed-evolution throughput, and manipulation of redox balance has proven effective for tying reductase fitness to microbial growth. However, most redox-balance selections require feeding the reductase substrate because of stoichiometric constraints. This is impractical for many biosynthetic pathways either due to practical limitations on cost or complexity of bulk substrate synthesis, or the lack of an ability to transport substrate into cells, for example intracellular acyl-CoA/ACP intermediates. Here we define stoichiometric constraints that make substrate feeding necessary for many acetyl-CoA-derived reduction pathways in NADPH-imbalanced hosts. We overcome these constraints with a dual-feedstock strategy in which glucose provides reducing power while acetate supplies additional acetyl-CoA without directly perturbing redox balance. In an engineered E. coli selection strain, acetate co-feeding enabled growth coupling of acetaldehyde, 3-hydroxybutyrate, and mevalonate production and produced a linear correlation between product formation and growth. We then used this selection to evolve a class II HMG-CoA reductase (HMGR) from Delftia acidovorans toward NADPH utilization, enriching variants with improved NADPH-dependent activity. Finally, propionate co-feeding enabled growth coupling of propionyl-CoA reduction, supporting the generality of carbon co-feeding for selecting enzymes in pathways involving acyl-chain elongation and reduction.

HighlightsO_LIStoichiometric limits of redox-balance growth coupling are defined
C_LIO_LIAcetate co-feeding supplies acetyl-CoA without perturbing redox balance
C_LIO_LICo-feeding enables growth coupling of acetaldehyde, 3-HB, and mevalonate
C_LIO_LIGrowth coupling enables evolution of HMGR toward NADPH specificity
C_LIO_LIPropionate co-feeding extends growth coupling to additional acyl-CoA substrates
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cowan, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cawthon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillers, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perea, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grabovac, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saleh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petzold, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keasling, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.01.713023</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Expanding the scope of redox-balance growth coupling techniques with a carbon cofeeding strategy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.02.716163v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Methanol-specific methyltransferase isozymes have large carbon kinetic isotope effects that impact methane isotopic signatures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.02.716163v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The stable hydrogen and carbon isotopic composition of methane is widely used to determine its sources. Methanogenic growth on methanol generates methane with significantly lower 13C/12C ratios relative to other substrates, which is often used as a marker for this metabolism in environmental samples. The biochemical basis for the unusual isotope effect associated with methanol growth is currently unknown. Here, we grew Methanosarcina acetivorans on methanol and measured the change in the carbon and hydrogen stable isotopic compositions of the methane. We coupled these results with an inverse modeling approach to calculate the kinetic isotopic effects (KIEs) of the rate-limiting step, catalyzed by the methanol-specific methyltransferase complex (MTA). Through this process, we estimate the carbon KIE of MTA (13{varepsilon}MTA) as -65.5 {per thousand} and the hydrogen KIE of MTA (2{varepsilon}MTA) as -56 {per thousand}. Next, we show that the 13{varepsilon}MTA contributes substantially to the large isotopic effect observed for methylotrophic methanogenesis on methanol. We also show that mutant strains that express only a single copy of the MTA complex (either MtaC1B1A1, MtaC2B2A1, or MtaC3B3A1) have 13{varepsilon}MTA and 2{varepsilon}MTA that are indistinguishable from the wild-type strain. Finally, based on a thermodynamic analysis, we propose that methanol activation by MTA will remain rate-limiting, even at low environmental methanol concentrations, and the large 13{varepsilon}MTA would be expressed in situ as well.

ImportanceMethane is a potent greenhouse gas, and distinguishing between its biological sources is vital for modeling global carbon cycles. Methylotrophic methanogenesis produces methane with a uniquely depleted carbon isotope signature. However, the biochemical mechanisms driving this fractionation have remained unclear. In this study, we identify the methanol-specific methyltransferase (MTA) complex as the primary driver of these large carbon isotope effects. By utilizing Methanosarcina acetivorans mutants, we demonstrate that these effects are consistent across different MTA isozymes. Our results suggest these signatures are intrinsic to the enzyme complex and persist at low substrate concentrations. These findings provide a critical biochemical foundation for using stable isotopes to track microbial methane production in diverse natural ecosystems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gropp, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stolper, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nayak, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.02.716163</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Methanol-specific methyltransferase isozymes have large carbon kinetic isotope effects that impact methane isotopic signatures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.04.716470v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DrugPlayGround: Benchmarking Large Language Models and Embeddings for Drug Discovery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.04.716470v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large language models (LLMs) are in the ascendancy for research in drug discovery, offering unprecedented opportunities to reshape drug research by accelerating hypothesis generation, optimizing candidate prioritization, and enabling more scalable and cost-effective drug discovery pipelines. However there is currently a lack of objective assessments of LLM performance to ascertain their advantages and limitations over traditional drug discovery platforms. To tackle this emergent problem, we have developed DrugPlayGround, a framework to evaluate and benchmark LLM performance for generating meaningful text-based descriptions of physiochemical drug characteristics, drug synergism, drug-protein interactions, and the physiological response to perturbations introduced by drug molecules. Moreover, DrugPlayGround is designed to work with domain experts to provide detailed explanations for justifying the predictions of LLMs, thereby testing LLMs for chemical and biological reasoning capabilities to push their greater use at the frontier of drug discovery at all of its stages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Head-Gordon, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.04.716470</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DrugPlayGround: Benchmarking Large Language Models and Embeddings for Drug Discovery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.05.716596v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Septins regulate cytokinesis and multicellular development in the closest living relatives of animals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.05.716596v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Septins are cytoskeletal proteins that regulate cytokinesis in fungi and animals, yet their functions in choanoflagellates -- the closest living relatives of animals -- have remained unknown. Salpingoeca rosetta, a choanoflagellate that switches between unicellular and multicellular forms, encodes four septins closely related to animal and fungal septins. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated disruption of S. rosetta septins revealed that a subset regulate cell size, with two mutants exhibiting an elevated frequency of oversized cells and one exhibiting smaller cells. Three of the four septins were required for proper rosette colony development, while two also regulated rosette structural integrity. Characterization of Sros_septA, which showed the strongest phenotype, revealed a role in cytokinesis: mutant cells exhibited late-stage cytokinesis failure, resulting in enlarged, multinucleated cells. Cytokinesis failure rate increased in uninduced Sros_septA mutant cells and was further elevated upon rosette induction, suggesting that the multicellular context places heightened demands on the septin cytoskeleton. Endogenously tagged Sros_SeptA dynamically redistributed from the basal pole in interphase cells to the cleavage furrow and nascent intercellular bridge during cell division. These findings identify septins as regulators of cytokinesis and multicellular development in S. rosetta and offer a framework for exploring how cell division regulation contributed to the emergence of animal multicellularity.

Significance StatementO_LISeptins are cytoskeletal proteins that regulate cell division in fungi and animals, but their functions in choanoflagellates - the closest living relatives of animals - were unknown.
C_LIO_LIUsing CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing in Salpingoeca rosetta, we show that septins regulate both cell size and multicellular colony development. SeptA, whose gene disruption produced the strongest phenotype, localizes dynamically to the cleavage furrow and regulates cytokinesis, with cell size and division defects that are exacerbated during multicellular rosette development.
C_LIO_LIThese findings raise the possibility that elaboration of the extracellular matrix during animal origins imposed new mechanical demands on dividing cells, linking the evolution of cell adhesion to the evolution of cytokinetic regulation.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carver, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.05.716596</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Septins regulate cytokinesis and multicellular development in the closest living relatives of animals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.05.716562v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gut microbiome-dependent IL-1 signaling is a mediator of ACVR1R206H-driven heterotopic ossification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.05.716562v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inflammatory diseases cause significant morbidity and mortality, but their pathobiology is often difficult to dissect due to complex genetic-environmental interactions. Genetic forms of heterotopic ossification, such as fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP), reduce genetic variability, allowing careful dissection of non-genetic drivers of inflammation. While >95% of FOP patients harbor the ACVR1R206H mutation, patients exhibit significant variability in disease progression, suggesting a role of environmental drivers. Here, we identify the gut microbiome as a regulator of inflammation-driven HO in FOP. Metagenomic profiling of cohabitating FOP/unaffected sibling pairs revealed a pathogenic gut microbiome profile in FOP patients (Bray-Curtis, p < 0.05). In Pdgfr-Cre/Acvr1R206H (FOP) mice, gut microbiome ablation by antibiotics reduced spontaneous HO formation (47.4% reduction, p < 0.05) and reduced plasma IL-1 pathway activity. IL-1{beta} blockade in FOP mice suppressed trauma-induced HO formation. These findings identify a gut microbiome-IL-1-HO axis with modifiable targets for developing treatments for HO and related inflammatory conditions.

One Sentence SummaryAntibiotic disruption of the gut microbiome reduces HO in FOP mice via an IL-1 mediated pathway.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Herzog, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zamarioli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moody, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierce, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hohl, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takimoto, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyalina, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wentworth, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, V. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isadora Mamikunian, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunt, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrien, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsiao, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.05.716562</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gut microbiome-dependent IL-1 signaling is a mediator of ACVR1R206H-driven heterotopic ossification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.07.717076v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decoding concept representations in aphasia after stroke 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.07.717076v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many stroke survivors with aphasia struggle to map their thoughts into words or motor plans. Neuroprostheses that decode concept representations could help these individuals communicate by predicting the words, phrases, or sentences that they are struggling to produce. Here we decoded concept representations measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) from participants with different aphasia profiles. The decoders generated continuous word sequences that could describe the concepts that the participants were hearing about, seeing, or imagining. To forecast how this approach would generalize across the heterogeneity of aphasia profiles, we characterized how stroke affects the anatomical organization and information capacity of conceptual processing. Mapping how concepts are organized across the brain, we found that conceptual tuning during non-linguistic processing was largely consistent between the participants with aphasia and neurologically healthy participants. Comparing information processing between the participants with aphasia and neurologically healthy participants, we found that both groups processed similar amounts of non-linguistic information. Our findings indicate that concept representations can be largely spared in individuals with aphasia and demonstrate how these representations can be decoded to support communication.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millanski, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wauters, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anders, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamapant, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huth, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henry, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.07.717076</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decoding concept representations in aphasia after stroke]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
</rdf:RDF>
